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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMBI | UMBI or Umbi may refer to:
Usa Marine Biological Institute, Japan
University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, U.S.
UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, National University of Malaysia
Mount Umbi, Kurmuk (woreda), Ethiopia
"Umbi", track on 2001 album Kristnihald undir Jökli by Quarashi
Umbi Films, production company of Gurinder Chadha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl%20Cuero | Raúl Gonzalo Cuero Rengifo (born 1948 in Buenaventura, Colombia) is a Colombian professor of microbiology. From 1988 through 2012 he was a professor at Prairie View A&M University researching biological resistance to ultraviolet light. The work was supported in part by NASA and led to at least one publication and patent. During this period, Colombian media portrayed Cuero as "one of the greatest scientists in the world" who was internationally acknowledged as one of the greatest Colombian inventors, stated he had over 100 publications in scientific journals, and claimed he had won a significant award from NASA. Since 2012, he has been the research director of International Park of Creativity, an organization of which he is the founder.
References
External links
Raul Cuero's website
Living people
Microbiologists
Colombian biologists
Prairie View A&M University people
People from Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca
University of Valle alumni
Heidelberg University (Ohio) alumni
1948 births
Colombian people of African descent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic%20automaton | In mathematics and computer science, the probabilistic automaton (PA) is a generalization of the nondeterministic finite automaton; it includes the probability of a given transition into the transition function, turning it into a transition matrix. Thus, the probabilistic automaton also generalizes the concepts of a Markov chain and of a subshift of finite type. The languages recognized by probabilistic automata are called stochastic languages; these include the regular languages as a subset. The number of stochastic languages is uncountable.
The concept was introduced by Michael O. Rabin in 1963; a certain special case is sometimes known as the Rabin automaton (not to be confused with the subclass of ω-automata also referred to as Rabin automata). In recent years, a variant has been formulated in terms of quantum probabilities, the quantum finite automaton.
Informal Description
For a given initial state and input character, a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) has exactly one next state, and a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) has a set of next states. A probabilistic automaton (PA) instead has a weighted set (or vector) of next states, where the weights must sum to 1 and therefore can be interpreted as probabilities (making it a stochastic vector). The notions states and acceptance must also be modified to reflect the introduction of these weights. The state of the machine as a given step must now also be represented by a stochastic vector of states, and a state a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman%20metric | In physics, the Lemaître–Tolman metric, also known as the Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi metric or the Tolman metric, is a Lorentzian metric based on an exact solution of Einstein's field equations; it describes an isotropic and expanding (or contracting) universe which is not homogeneous, and is thus used in cosmology as an alternative to the standard Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric to model the expansion of the universe. It has also been used to model a universe which has a fractal distribution of matter to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe. It was first found by Georges Lemaître in 1933 and Richard Tolman in 1934 and later investigated by Hermann Bondi in 1947.
Details
In a synchronous reference system where and , the time coordinate (we set ) is also the proper time and clocks at all points can be synchronized. For a dust-like medium where the pressure is zero, dust particles move freely i.e., along the geodesics and thus the synchronous frame is also a comoving frame wherein the components of four velocity are . The solution of the field equations yield
where is the radius or luminosity distance in the sense that the surface area of a sphere with radius is and is just interpreted as the Lagrangian coordinate and
subjected to the conditions and , where and are arbitrary functions and is the matter density. We can also assume and that excludes cases resulting in crossing of material particles during its motion. To each particle there |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptor%20hypothesis | The adaptor hypothesis is a theoretical scheme in molecular biology to explain how information encoded in the nucleic acid sequences of messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the amino acids that make up proteins during the process of translation. It was formulated by Francis Crick in 1955 in an informal publication of the RNA Tie Club, and later elaborated in 1957 along with the central dogma of molecular biology and the sequence hypothesis. It was formally published as an article "On protein synthesis" in 1958. The name "adaptor hypothesis" was given by Sydney Brenner.
Crick postulated that there must exist a small molecule to precisely recognise and bind the mRNA sequences while amino acids are being synthesised. The hypothetical adaptor molecule was later established to be a hitherto unknown nucleic acid, transfer RNA (tRNA).
Development
In 1953, English biophysicist Francis Crick and American biologist James Watson, working together at the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, worked out the correct description of the structure of DNA, one of the major genetic materials. In their follow-up paper the same year, they introduced the concept of genetic information alongside the notion that DNA and protein cloud be related. By 1954, it was becoming to be understood that DNA, RNA (only messenger RNA was understood at the time, but only as a vague nucleic acid, and identified as such only in 1960) and proteins were related as components of the same genetic in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav%20Balcar | Bohuslav Balcar (; 1943 – 2017) was a Czech mathematician. He was a senior researcher at the Center for Theoretical Study (CTS), and a professor at Charles University in Prague. His research interests were mainly related to foundations of mathematics.
Balcar received his Ph.D. in 1966 from Charles University. His Ph.D. supervisor was Petr Vopěnka.
References
External links
Balcar's bio at CTS
2017 deaths
1943 births
20th-century Czech mathematicians
21st-century Czech mathematicians
Set theorists
Czechoslovak mathematicians
Charles University alumni
Academic staff of Charles University |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal%20Genetics%20Stock%20Center | Established in 1960, the Fungal Genetics Stock Center is the main open repository for genetically characterized fungi. The FGSC is a member of the World Federation for Culture Collections and is a leading collection in the US Culture Collection Network Research Coordination Network .
Holdings
The FGSC distributes strains of Neurospora and Aspergillus, as well as limited numbers of Fusarium, Magnaporthe and many strains from current fungal genome projects.
In the 1980s and 1990s the FGSC added molecular materials including cloned genes, cloning vectors and gene libraries to the collection.
As more fungal genomes have been sequenced, the FGSC has re-evaluated the definition of a genetic system. This has led them to expand the collection, with additional materials including strains from genome programs and mutant collections for organisms such as Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus nidulans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans.
As a genetic repository, the FGSC has always endeavored to represent the diversity of genetic materials available. To that end, they hold large numbers of strains of a few different species. More specifically, strains from 76 different species representing 23 different genera. Of these, there are more than ten strains for only nineteen different species.
These strains have been deposited by 310 different individuals, 64 of whom have deposited only one strain. The FGSC also holds a number of non-accessioned strains including the wild-type strai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual%20physics | Conceptual physics is an approach to teaching physics that focuses on the ideas of physics rather than the mathematics. It is believed that with a strong conceptual foundation in physics, students are better equipped to understand the equations and formulas of physics, and to make connections between the concepts of physics and their everyday life. Early versions used almost no equations or math-based problems.
Paul G. Hewitt popularized this approach with his textbook Conceptual Physics: A New Introduction to your Environment in 1971. In his review at the time, Kenneth W. Ford noted the emphasis on logical reasoning and said "Hewitt's excellent book can be called physics without equations, or physics without computation, but not physics without mathematics." Hewitt's wasn't the first book to take this approach. Conceptual Physics: Matter in Motion by Jae R. Ballif and William E. Dibble was published in 1969. But Hewitt's book became very successful. As of 2022, it is in its 13th edition. In 1987 Hewitt wrote a version for high school students.
The spread of the conceptual approach to teaching physics broadened the range of students taking physics in high school. Enrollment in conceptual physics courses in high school grew from 25,000 students in 1987 to over 400,000 in 2009. In 2009, 37% of students took high school physics, and 31% of them were in Physics First, conceptual physics courses, or regular physics courses using a conceptual textbook.
This approach to teaching |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandragora | Mandragora may refer to:
Biology
Any of the species of the plant genus Mandragora, including
Mandragora autumnalis, mandrake or autumn mandrake
Mandragora caulescens, Himalayan mandrake
Mandragora officinarum, mandrake or Mediterranean mandrake, the type species of the genus
Mandragora turcomanica, Turkmenian mandrake
Bryonia alba, known as false mandrake and English mandrake
Arts and entertainment
Mandragora (novel), 1991 novel by David McRobbie
Mandragora (film), 1997 film by Wiktor Grodecki
Mandragora (band), UK psychedelic rock band
Mandragora Movies, Romanian film production company
La Mandrágora, Chilean Surrealist group
Mandragora, ballet by Karol Szymanowski
The Masque of Mandragora, A story in the BBC TV series "Doctor Who"
Other uses
Rolando Mandragora (born 1997), Italian footballer
Mandragora (demon), familiar demons who appear in the figures of little men without beards
See also
Mandrake (disambiguation)
The Mandrake, a play by Niccolò Machiavelli, whose Italian title is La Mandragola |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinplasmonics | Spinplasmonics is a field of nanotechnology combining spintronics and plasmonics. The field was pioneered by Professor Abdulhakem Elezzabi at the University of Alberta in Canada. In a simple spinplasmonic device, light waves couple to electron spin states in a metallic structure. The most elementary spinplasmonic device consists of a bilayer structure made from magnetic and nonmagnetic metals. It is the nanometer scale interface between such metals that gives rise to an electron spin phenomenon. The plasmonic current is generated by optical excitation and its properties are manipulated by applying a weak magnetic field. Electrons with a specific spin state can cross the interfacial barrier, but those with a different spin state are impeded. Essentially, switching operations are performed with the electrons spin and then sent out as a light signal.
Spinplasmonic devices potentially have the advantages of high speed, miniaturization, low power consumption, and multifunctionality. On a length scale that is less than a single magnetic domain size, the interaction between atomic spins realigns the magnetic moments. Unlike semiconductor-based devices, smaller spinplasmonics devices are expected to be more efficient in transporting the spin-polarized electron current.
See also
Plasmon
Spintronics
Spin pumping
Spin transfer
List of emerging technologies
References
A. Y. Elezzabi. (December 2007). "The dawn of spinplasmonics". Nano Today 2 (6), p. 48.
Further reading
Press r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej%20Schinzel | Andrzej Bobola Maria Schinzel (5 April 1937 – 21 August 2021) was a Polish mathematician studying mainly number theory.
Education
Schinzel received an MSc in 1958 at Warsaw University, Ph.D. in 1960 from Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences where he studied under Wacław Sierpiński, with a habilitation in 1962. He was a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
Career
Schinzel was a professor at the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IM PAN). His principal interest was the theory of polynomials. His 1958 conjecture on the prime values of polynomials, known as Schinzel's hypothesis H, both extends the Bunyakovsky conjecture and broadly generalizes the twin prime conjecture. He also proved Schinzel's theorem on the existence of circles through any given number of integer points.
Schinzel was the author of over 200 research articles in various branches of number theory, including elementary, analytic and algebraic number theory. He was the editor of Acta Arithmetica for over four decades.
Private life
Andrzej Schinzel was the oldest brother of a Polish chess master Władysław Schinzel (born 1943).
References
External links
Schinzel's page at IM PAN (list of publications)
Andrzej Schinzel's picture
1937 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Polish mathematicians
21st-century Polish mathematicians
Number theorists
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
University of Warsaw alumni
People from Sandomierz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahalomethane | Tetrahalomethanes are fully halogenated methane derivatives of general formula CFkCllBrmInAtp, where:Tetrahalomethanes are on the border of inorganic and organic chemistry, thus they can be assigned both inorganic and organic names by IUPAC: tetrafluoromethane - carbon tetrafluoride, tetraiodomethane - carbon tetraiodide, dichlorodifluoromethane - carbon dichloride difluoride.
Each halogen (F, Cl, Br, I, At) forms a corresponding halomethane, but their stability decreases in order CF4 >
CCl4 > CBr4 > CI4 from exceptionally stable gaseous tetrafluoromethane with bond energy 515 kJ·mol−1 to solid tetraiodomethane, depending on bond energy.
Many mixed halomethanes are also known, such as CBrClF2.
Uses
Fluorine, chlorine, and sometimes bromine-substituted halomethanes were used as refrigerants, commonly known as CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons).
See also
Monohalomethane
Dihalomethane
Trihalomethane
Inorganic carbon compounds
Nonmetal halides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20gain | In electrical engineering, the power gain of an electrical network is the ratio of an output power to an input power. Unlike other signal gains, such as voltage and current gain, "power gain" may be ambiguous as the meaning of terms "input power" and "output power" is not always clear. Three important power gains are operating power gain, transducer power gain and available power gain. Note that all these definitions of power gains employ the use of average (as opposed to instantaneous) power quantities and therefore the term "average" is often suppressed, which can be confusing at occasions.
Operating power gain
The operating power gain of a two-port network, , is defined as:
where
is the maximum time-averaged power delivered to the load, where the maximization is over the load impedance, i.e., we desire the load impedance which maximizes the time-averaged power delivered to the load.
is the time-averaged input power to the network.
If the time-averaged input power depends on the load impedance, one must take the maximum of the ratio, not just the maximum of the numerator.
Transducer power gain
The transducer power gain of a two-port network, , is defined as:
where
is the average power delivered to the load
is the maximum available average power at the source
In terms of y-parameters this definition can be used to derive:
where
is the load admittance
is the source admittance
This result can be generalized to z, h, g and y-parameters as:
where
is a z, h, g o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20R.%20Cotton | William R. Cotton is an American cloud physicist and mesoscale meteorology educator. He is a professor emeritus in the Department of Atmospheric Science at the Colorado State University (CSU).
Background
Cotton earned a B.A. in mathematics at University at Albany, The State University of New York (SUNY) in 1964, a M.S. in meteorology at SUNY in 1966, and a Ph.D. in meteorology at Pennsylvania State University (PSU) in 1970. He was appointed to the academic faculty at the CSU Department of Atmospheric Science in 1974. He assumed the position of an assistant professor in the department where he is now a tenured professor. He has been actively involved in observation and computer simulation of cumulus clouds and thunderstorms as well as other intermediate-scale cloud systems. His current interests are largely in the area of observation and modeling of larger clusters of thunderstorms that occur preferentially at night over the central United States, the simulation of severe thunderstorms including tornadoes and the application of the RAMS cloud-resolving atmospheric model to forecasting agriculture and aviation impact variables. He has held positions at the Experimental Meteorological Laboratory (ERL), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the United States Department of Commerce, and served as the head of the Numerical Simulation Group from 1970 to 1974. In 2010 Cotton became professor emeritus.
Mesoscale modeling
Working with students who provided |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew%20McDermott | Drew McDermott (December 27, 1949 – May 26, 2022) was a professor of Computer Science at Yale University. He was known for his contributions in artificial intelligence and automated planning.
Education
Drew McDermott earned B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
He became a tenured full professor at Yale in 1983. He served as Chair of the Department from 1991 to 1995. He retired in 2018.
Research
His research has been in the area of artificial intelligence, with side excursions into philosophy. His Ph.D. dissertation was in the area of automated planning. In that work, he coined the term "task network" to refer to hierarchies of abstract and concrete actions and policies. He did seminal work in non-monotonic logic in the early 1980s, and was an advocate for the "logicist" methodology in AI, defined as formalizing knowledge and reasoning in terms of deduction and quasideduction. In 1987 he published a paper criticizing the logicist approach. The critique was based partly on a previous paper (with Steve Hanks) pointing out a flaw with all known approaches to nonmonotonic temporal reasoning, embodied in what is now called the Yale shooting problem.
Artificial intelligence
Although new approaches have since been found, McDermott turned to other areas of AI, such as vision and robotics, and began working on automated planning again. His work on planning focused on the "classical" case rather than on hierarchical task network plannin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Liu%20%28civil%20engineer%29 | Henry Liu (June 3, 1936 – December 1, 2009) was an American civil engineer and the president of Freight Pipeline Company (FPC), now known as EcologicTech.
Liu earned his PhD in civil engineering from Colorado State University with research on fluid mechanics, and then worked as a professor of civil engineering at University of Missouri (MU) in Columbia, Missouri for over 20 years. At MU, he was also director of the Capsule Pipeline Research Center, a joint state/industry initiative funded by the National Science Foundation to develop capsule pipeline technology to transport freight; an innovative application of pipelines to transfer solids instead of fluids.
In 2001, after his retirement, Liu founded FPC, the company which developed a new type of Fly ash brick, a building brick made from a waste by-product of coal power plants, using an environmentally sustainable manufacturing process.
Liu had spent most of his working career compressing industrial freight using hydraulic presses. In 1999, he was given some fly ash by a client, and decided to compress it "just to see what would come out." Liu mixed the fly ash with water and applied 4,000 psi (28 MPa) of pressure. After two weeks, he found that the mixture had set into blocks with the strength of concrete. Owing to the high concentration of calcium oxide in fly ash, the bricks can be described as "self-cementing".
Liu used a National Science Foundation grant of $600,000 to perfect the manufacturing technique over an eigh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20Plant%20Biology | Functional Plant Biology is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal published by CSIRO Publishing. The journal publishes papers of a broad interest that advance knowledge on mechanisms by which plants operate and interact with their environment. Of specific interest are mechanisms and signal transduction pathways by which plants adapt to extreme environmental conditions such as high and low temperatures, drought, flooding, salinity, pathogens, and other major abiotic and biotic stress factors.
The current editor-in-chief is Sergey Shabala (University of Tasmania).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in ABOA/Streamline, AGRICOLA, Biological Abstracts, Biology and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier BIOBASE, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents (Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences), Current Contents (Life Sciences), Reference Update, Scopus and TEEAL.
Impact factor
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 2.491.
References
External links
Botany journals
CSIRO Publishing academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Lipton | Richard Jay Lipton (born September 6, 1946) is an American computer scientist who is Associate Dean of Research, Professor, and the Frederick G. Storey Chair in Computing in the College of Computing at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He has worked in computer science theory, cryptography, and DNA computing.
Career
In 1968, Lipton received his undergraduate degree in mathematics from Case Western Reserve University. In 1973, he received his Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University; his dissertation, supervised by David Parnas, is entitled On Synchronization Primitive Systems. After graduating, Lipton taught at Yale 1973–1978, at Berkeley 1978–1980, and then at Princeton 1980–2000. Since 2000, Lipton has been at Georgia Tech. While at Princeton, Lipton worked in the field of DNA computing. Since 1996, Lipton has been the chief consulting scientist at Telcordia. In 1999, Lipton was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for the application of computer science theory to practice.
Karp–Lipton theorem
In 1980, along with Richard M. Karp, Lipton proved that if SAT can be solved by Boolean circuits with a polynomial number of logic gates, then the polynomial hierarchy collapses to its second level.
Parallel algorithms
Showing that a program P has some property is a simple process if the actions inside the program are uninterruptible. However, when the action is interruptible, Lipton showed that through a type of reduction and analysis, it can be shown that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Antunes | Alexander "Sandy" Antunes, (born 4 April 1967 in Baltimore, Maryland) is a Maryland-area astronomer, author, and role playing game designer. He graduated from Boston University in 1989 with a dual major in astronomy and physics, received a master's degree in astronomy from Penn State in 1992, and received his PhD in computational astrophysics from George Mason University in 2005. He is an associate professor of Astronautical Engineering at Capitol Technology University.
Astronomy
Antunes has been published in numerous journal articles, including Science. In his work for NASA, he designed the mission-scheduling software used for XTE, Astro-E2, and Swift missions. He was the science scheduler for the NASA/ISAS ASCA mission from 1992 to 1994.
Antunes is currently working on Project Calliope, a pico-satellite designed to convert space sensor data to music. Additionally, he has authored four books for O'Reilly Media: DIY Satellite Platforms, Surviving Orbit the DIY Way. DIY Instruments for Amateur Space and has recently completed the fourth book in the series: DIY Comms and Control for Amateur Space. He was featured on Episode 10, "Space Invaders," of "The Big Picture with Kal Penn" in May 2015, launching a high-altitude balloon with his students and explaining what it takes to get into space.
Gaming
Antunes has been active in the gaming community since 1992. With his wife, Emma, he founded the industry-focused role-playing game website RPGnet in 1996. He has published a mont |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof%20Ebert | Christof Ebert (born 1964 in Stuttgart) is a German computer scientist and entrepreneur.
He studied electrical engineering and computer sciences from 1984 to 1990 at the University of Stuttgart and Kansas State University. In 1994, he received his Ph.D. at the University of Stuttgart on complexity control during the product life-cycle. From 1994 to 2007, he worked at Alcatel: first in Stuttgart, then, in 1996, in Antwerp, and, as of 2001, in Paris. As director of engineering, he had global responsibility for software platforms and technology. Recognizing his contributions in productivity improvement, systems engineering, and product lifecycle management, he was named member of Alcatel's technical academy. In 2006, he founded Vector Consulting Services, where he is managing director and Partner.
Christof is an adjunct professor at the University of Stuttgart and has authored several books and over 150 scientific publications. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Software and the Journal of Systems and Software and is chair of the conference series IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE). Being an IEEE Distinguished Visitor, he is working on requirements engineering, product management and software engineering.
Further reading
Christof Ebert: Global Software and IT Wiley, New York, USA, 2011,
Christof Ebert and Reiner Dumke: Software Measurement Springer, 2. edition, New York 2007,
External links
Vector Consulting Services
Blog on Soft |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n | Alfvén may refer to:
People
Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995), Swedish plasma physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate
Hugo Alfvén (1872–1960), Swedish composer, conductor, violinist, and painter
Marie Triepcke Krøyer Alfvén (1867–1940), commonly known as Marie Krøyer, Danish painter, wife of Hugo
Other
Alfvén wave, a type of magnetohydrodynamic wave, named after Hannes Alfvén
1778 Alfvén, an asteroid discovered in 1960, named after Hannes Alfvén |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobasys | Cobasys LLC supplies nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, battery control systems, and packaged solutions for automotive applications, uninterruptable power supplies, telecommunications applications, and distributed power generation. For 8 years ending in 2009, Cobasys was a 50-50 joint venture between California-based Chevron Corporation and Michigan-based Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. (also called ECD Ovonics, ECD, or Ovonics) The intermediary hierarchy of ownership was that Cobasys LLC was owned by Chevron's subsidiary Chevron Technology Ventures LLC, and ECD Ovonics' subsidiary Ovonic Battery Company. Cobasys spent $180 million in funding from Chevron Technology Ventures, and the two owners were unable to agree on further funding of the company. After arbitration between the owners had stalled, a buyer was found.
On July 14, 2009, the sale of Cobasys to SB LiMotive Co. Ltd., an electric vehicle battery joint venture between Samsung SDI Co. Ltd. and Robert Bosch GmbH, was announced. The joint venture ended in 2012, with Bosch taking full control of Cobasys.
Battelle-Geneva's pioneering work on NiMH, 1967
The pioneering work on NiMH batteries - essentially based on sintered Ti2Ni+TiNi+x alloys for the negative electrode and NiOOH-electrodes for the positives - was performed at the Battelle Geneva Research Center starting after its invention in 1967: The development work was sponsored over nearly 2 decades by Daimler-Benz Comp./Stuttgart and by Volkswagen AG. within |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20A.%20S.%20Hall | Charles A. S. Hall (born 1943) is an American systems ecologist and ESF Foundation Distinguished Professor at State University of New York in the College of Environmental Science & Forestry.
Biography
Hall was born near Boston, and received a B.A. in biology from Colgate University, and an M.A. from Penn State University. He trained as systems ecologist by Howard Odum at the University of North Carolina, where he received a PhD.
Since then he has had a diverse career at Brookhaven Laboratory, The Ecosystems Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Cornell University, University of Montana and, for the last 20 years, at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY ESF).
Hall, professor of systems ecology at SUNY-ESF teaches a freshman course called The Global Environment and the Evolution of Human Culture and graduate-level courses in Systems Ecology, Ecosystems, Energy systems, Tropical Development and Biophysical Economics.
Hall retired from full-time teaching in June 2012, and he now works to consolidate his life work into a format that will continue to be useful for future research.
Work
Hall's research interests are in the field of Systems ecology with strong interests in biophysical economics, and the relation of energy to society. His work has involved streams, estuaries and tropical forests but focused increasingly on human-dominated ecosystems in the US and Latin America. His research reflects his interest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylomorphism%20%28computer%20science%29 | In computer science, and in particular functional programming, a hylomorphism is a recursive function, corresponding to the composition of an anamorphism (which first builds a set of results; also known as 'unfolding') followed by a catamorphism (which then folds these results into a final return value). Fusion of these two recursive computations into a single recursive pattern then avoids building the intermediate data structure. This is an example of deforestation, a program optimization strategy. A related type of function is a metamorphism, which is a catamorphism followed by an anamorphism.
Formal definition
A hylomorphism can be defined in terms of its separate anamorphic and catamorphic parts.
The anamorphic part can be defined in terms of a unary function defining the list of elements in by repeated application ("unfolding"), and a predicate providing the terminating condition.
The catamorphic part can be defined as a combination of an initial value for the fold and a binary operator used to perform the fold.
Thus a hylomorphism
may be defined (assuming appropriate definitions of & ).
Notation
An abbreviated notation for the above hylomorphism is .
Hylomorphisms in practice
Lists
Lists are common data structures as they naturally reflect linear computational processes. These processes arise in repeated (iterative) function calls. Therefore, it is sometimes necessary to generate a temporary list of intermediate results before reducing this list to a s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bsoft | Bsoft is a collection of programs and a platform for development of software for image and molecular processing in structural biology. Problems in structural biology are approached with a highly modular design, allowing fast development of new algorithms without the burden of issues such as file I/O. It provides an easily accessible interface, a resource that can be and has been used in other packages. Several workflows such as for single particle analysis and tomography are supported with parameter exchange as well as the ability to do distributed processing across heterogeneous clusters of computers.
Technical details
Version: 1.8.8
OS support: Unix (Mac OS X, IRIX, Linux, AIX, Solaris, Tru64), OpenVMS
Format support:
Images: BioRad, Brix, CCP4, Digital Instruments, Digital Micrograph, DSN6, EM, Goodford, GRD, Imagic, JPEG, MFF, Image Magick, MRC, PIC, PIF, PNG, Spider, Suprim, TIFF, RAW
Micrograph parameters: STAR (Bsoft dictionary), XML (Bsoft schema), EMX (EM exchange format schema)
Sequences: EMBL, Fasta, Genbank, Phylip, PIR, STAR, Text
Molecular modeling: Gromacs, PDB, STAR/mmCIF, Text, WAH
General modeling: Chimera marker model, STAR (Bsoft dictionary), XML (Bsoft schema)
Publications
Heymann JB (2001) Bsoft: Image and molecular processing in electron microscopy. Journal of Structural Biology 133(2/3), 156 - 169.
Heymann JB and Belnap DM (2007) Bsoft: Image processing and molecular modeling for electron microscopy. Journal of Structural Biology 157(1), |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Gabor%20Medal%20and%20Prize | The Dennis Gabor Medal and Prize (previously the Duddell Medal and Prize until 2008) is a prize awarded biannually by the Institute of Physics for distinguished contributions to the application of physics in an industrial, commercial or business context. The medal is made of silver and is accompanied by a prize and a certificate.
The original Duddell award was instituted by the Council of The Physical Society in 1923 to the memory of William du Bois Duddell, the inventor of the electromagnetic oscillograph. Between 1961 and 1975 it was awarded in alternate odd-numbered years and thereafter annually.
In 2008 the award was renamed in honour of Dennis Gabor, the Hungarian – British physicist who developed holography, for which he received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics. The prize also switched to being awarded in alternate even-numbered years.
Gabor Medallists
The following have been awarded the Gabor Medal and Prize:
Duddell Medallists
The following have been awarded the Duddell Medal and Prize:
See also
Institute of Physics Awards
List of physics awards
List of awards named after people
References
External links
Awards established in 1923
1923 establishments in the United Kingdom
Awards of the Institute of Physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%20O%27Dorney | Evan Michael O'Dorney (born September 16, 1993) is an American mathematician who is a postdoctoral associate at Carnegie Mellon University. As a home-schooled high school student and college student, he won many contests in mathematics and other subjects, including the 2007 Scripps National Spelling Bee, 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, four International Math Olympiad medals, and three Putnam Fellowships. A 2013 report by the National Research Council called him "as famous for academic excellence as any student can be".
Education and competitions
As a home-schooled high school student, O'Dorney attended classes at the University of California, Berkeley from 2007 to 2011. He was the winner of the 2007 Scripps National Spelling Bee,
and an interview O'Dorney did on CNN with Kiran Chetry after he won the Scripps Spelling Bee later became a viral video in which he misspelled the word scombridae. During this time he was a four-time International Math Olympiad medalist, with two gold and two silver medals.
In 2010, he won $10,000 (half for himself and half for the Berkeley Mathematics Circle) in a national "Who Wants to Be a Mathematician" contest, held at that year's Joint Mathematics Meetings in San Francisco. In 2011, he won the Intel Science Talent Search for a project entitled "continued fraction convergents and linear fractional transformations".
O'Dorney started attending Harvard College in 2011, where he studied mathematics. He jumped straight into graduate classes i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaldert%20Wapstra | Aaldert Hendrik Wapstra (24 April 1922, Utrecht – 2 December 2006, Naarden) was a Dutch physicist renowned for his work on the Atomic Mass Evaluation. He worked on the Atomic Mass Evaluation originally with Josef Mattauch at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry and later on with his colleague Georges Audi at Université de Paris-Sud. For this work he obtained the SUNAMCO medal of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) in September 2004.
Wapstra studied physics at Utrecht University and obtained his PhD with the dissertation Decay schemes of Pb209, Bi207 and Bi214 and the binding energies of the heavy nuclei at the University of Amsterdam in 1953. He became a full professor in 1955 at the department of experimental physics at the Technische Hogeschool, now the Technical University in Delft, Netherlands. On 18 March 1963 Wapstra entered the board of the IKO, now known as NIKHEF, as the scientific director of nuclear spectroscopy. He became the director in 1971, succeeding Van Lieshout, where he continued on until 1982. He retired in 1987.
Publications
Everling, Friedrich; König, L. A.; Mattauch, Josef H. E.; Wapstra, Aaldert H.; Relative Nuclidic Masses, Nuclear Physics, 18, 529 (1960)
Audi, Georges; Wang, Meng; Wapstra, Aaldert H.; Kondev, Filip G.; MacCormick, Marion; Xu, Xing; and Pfeiffer, Bernd; The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (I). Evaluation of input data, adjustment procedures, Chinese Physics C36, 1287 (2012)
Wang, Meng; Audi, Georges; Wa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%20metric | In mathematics, the Carathéodory metric is a metric defined on the open unit ball of a complex Banach space that has many similar properties to the Poincaré metric of hyperbolic geometry. It is named after the Greek mathematician Constantin Carathéodory.
Definition
Let (X, || ||) be a complex Banach space and let B be the open unit ball in X. Let Δ denote the open unit disc in the complex plane C, thought of as the Poincaré disc model for 2-dimensional real/1-dimensional complex hyperbolic geometry. Let the Poincaré metric ρ on Δ be given by
(thus fixing the curvature to be −4). Then the Carathéodory metric d on B is defined by
What it means for a function on a Banach space to be holomorphic is defined in the article on Infinite dimensional holomorphy.
Properties
For any point x in B,
d can also be given by the following formula, which Carathéodory attributed to Erhard Schmidt:
For all a and b in B,
with equality if and only if either a = b or there exists a bounded linear functional ℓ ∈ X∗ such that ||ℓ|| = 1, ℓ(a + b) = 0 and
Moreover, any ℓ satisfying these three conditions has |ℓ(a − b)| = ||a − b||.
Also, there is equality in (1) if ||a|| = ||b|| and ||a − b|| = ||a|| + ||b||. One way to do this is to take b = −a.
If there exists a unit vector u in X that is not an extreme point of the closed unit ball in X, then there exist points a and b in B such that there is equality in (1) but b ≠ ±a.
Carathéodory length of a tangent vector
There is an associated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolarizer | A depolarizer or depolariser, in electrochemistry, according to an IUPAC definition, is a synonym of electroactive substance, i.e., a substance which changes its oxidation state, or partakes in a formation or breaking of chemical bonds, in a charge-transfer step of an electrochemical reaction.
In the battery industry, the term "depolarizer" has been used to denote a substance used in a primary cell to prevent buildup of hydrogen gas bubbles. A battery depolarizer takes up electrons during discharge of the cell; therefore, it is always an oxidizing agent. The term "depolarizer" can be considered as outdated or misleading, since it is based on the concept of "polarization" which is hardly realistic in many cases.
Polarization
Under certain conditions for some electrochemical cells, especially if they use an aqueous electrolyte, hydrogen ions can be converted into hydrogen atoms and H2 molecules. In the extreme case, bubbles of hydrogen gas might appear at one of the electrodes. If such a layer of hydrogen or even H2 gas bubbles appear on the positive plate of a battery, they interfere with the chemical action of the cell. An electrode covered with gases is said to be polarized. Polarization in galvanic cells causes the voltage and thus current to be reduced, especially if the bubbles cover a large fraction of a plate. Depolarizers are substances which are intended to remove the hydrogen, and therefore, they help to keep the voltage at a high level. However, this concept is ou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon%20Institute%20of%20Marine%20Biology | The Oregon Institute of Marine Biology (or OIMB) is the marine station of the University of Oregon. This marine station is located in Charleston, Oregon at the mouth of Coos Bay. Currently, OIMB is home to several permanent faculty members and a number of graduate students. OIMB is a member of the National Association of Marine Laboratories (NAML). In addition to graduate research, undergraduate classes are offered year round, including marine birds and mammals, estuarine biology, marine ecology, invertebrate zoology, molecular biology, biology of fishes, biological oceanography, and embryology.
The Loyd and Dorothy Rippey Library, one of eight branches of the UO Libraries, was added to the campus in 1999. The Rippey Library is open to the public by appointment, and the Oregon Card Program allows Oregon residents 16 years old and over to borrow from the collection.
The Charleston Marine Life Center (or CMLC) is a public museum and aquarium on the edge of the harbor in Charleston, OR, across the street from the OIMB campus. Displays aimed at visitors of all ages emphasize the diversity of animal and plant life in local marine ecosystems. Visitors learn where to interact with marine organisms in their natural environments and how local scientists study the life histories, evolution and ecology of underwater plants and animals.
History
The University of Oregon first established OIMB as a summer research and education program in 1924, operating out of tents along the beach |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Milking%20Zebu | The Australian Milking Zebu (AMZ) is a composite breed of dairy cattle, developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia during the mid-1950s. To develop the breed, the CSIRO bred Sahiwal and Red Sindhi cattle from Pakistan with Jersey cattle. Some Illawarra, Guernsey and Friesian genetics were also included. The development of the breed was governed by strict selection for heat tolerance, milk production and cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) resistance to result in the modern AMZ breed.
AMZ cattle have the color, markings and general shape of Jersey cattle, but also show their Sahiwal and Red Sindhi ancestry with their loose skin.
Cows produce approximately 2,700 kg of milk per lactation.
See also
Australian Friesian Sahiwal
References
Cattle breeds originating in Australia
Dairy cattle breeds
Agricultural research |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapp/Langley/Crawford%20Complex | The Clapp-Langley-Crawford halls complex (often referred to as CLC), comprises three inter-connected buildings (Clapp, Langley, and Crawford Halls) and the Life Science Annex that house the Department of Biological Science and the Department of Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.
Clapp Hall
George Hubbard Clapp Hall is a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District. The six-story Gothic Revival structure, designed by Trautwein & Howard, was completed in 1956 and serves as the primary facility of the University of Pittsburgh Department of Biological Sciences. It contains laboratories, classrooms, a greenhouse, and an amphitheater-style lecture hall with 404 seats.
Langley Hall
Langley Hall is the second unit of the natural science quadrangle (along with Clapp Hall and Crawford Hall). Langley Hall is named after Samuel Pierpont Langley, a former University of Pittsburgh professor who was a renowned astronomer, an aviation pioneer, and the director of Allegheny Observatory.
Langley Hall's construction was begun in 1959 made possible by a $2.5 million grant ($ million today) from the General State Authority. Completed in 1961 in the International Style, Langley Hall was originally the home of the Department of Geology, Department of Psychology, and the Department of Biology, (now part of the Department of Biological Sciences).. It was originally conceived as an annex to Clapp Hall, to which it i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus%20Macintyre | Angus John Macintyre FRS, FRSE (born 1941) is a British mathematician and logician who is a leading figure in model theory, logic, and their applications in algebra, algebraic geometry, and number theory. He is Emeritus Professor of Mathematics, at Queen Mary University of London.
Education
After undergraduate study at the University of Cambridge, he completed his PhD at Stanford University under the supervision of Dana Scott in 1968.
Career and research
From 1973 to 1985, he was Professor of Mathematics at Yale University. From 1985 to 1999, he was Professor of Mathematical Logic at Merton College at the University of Oxford. In 1999, Macintyre moved to the University of Edinburgh, where he was Professor of Mathematics until 2002, when he moved to Queen Mary College, University of London. Macintyre was the first Scientific Director of the International Centre for Mathematical Sciences (ICMS) in Edinburgh.
Macintyre is known for many important results. These include classification of aleph-one categorical theories of groups and fields in 1971, which was very influential in the development of geometric stability theory. In 1976, he proved a result on quantifier elimination for p-adic fields from which a theory of semi-algebraic and subanalytic geometry for p-adic fields follows (in analogy with that for the real field) as shown by Jan Denef and Lou van den Dries and others. This quantifier elimination theorem was used by Jan Denef in 1984 to prove a conjecture of Jean-Pierr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20H.%20Fowler | James H. Fowler (born February 18, 1970) is an American social scientist specializing in social networks, cooperation, political participation, and genopolitics (the study of the genetic basis of political behavior). He is currently Professor of Medical Genetics in the School of Medicine and Professor of Political Science in the Division of Social Science at the University of California, San Diego. He was named a 2010 Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation.
Background
Fowler earned a bachelor's degree from Harvard College in 1992, a master's degree in International Relations from Yale University in 1997, and a Ph.D. in Government from the Harvard University in 2003. He was also a Peace Corps volunteer in Ecuador from 1992 to 1994. In 2010, he was named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers.
Research
Fowler's research centers on social networks. He is best known for his studies of the social spread of obesity, smoking, and happiness in the Framingham Heart Study, but he has also studied the network of legislative cosponsorships in the U.S. Congress and the network of U.S. Supreme Court precedents.
Studies by Nicholas A. Christakis and Fowler suggested a variety of individuals' attributes like obesity, smoking cessation, and happiness rather than being individualistic, are causally correlated by contagion mechanisms that transmit these behaviors over long distances within social networks. A debate over the statistical models used to establis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie%20Brand-Miller | Janette Cecile Brand-Miller (born 1952), also known as Jennie Brand-Miller, Janette Cecile Brand and GI Jennie, is an Australian academic who holds a chair in human nutrition in the School of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Sydney. She is best known for her research and publications on the glycemic index, a term originated by David J. Jenkins of the University of Toronto, and its role in human health.
Research interests
Her research interests focus on all aspects of carbohydrates—diet and diabetes, the glycemic index of foods, insulin resistance, lactose intolerance and oligosaccharides in infant nutrition.
Brand-Miller holds a special interest in evolutionary nutrition and the diet of Australian Aborigines. As a nutrition lecturer in 1981, she was investigating Aboriginal bushfood when she came across the glycemic index, a nutritional concept devised by David J. Jenkins and colleagues from the University of Toronto. The glycemic index has since changed the way the world thinks about food, nutrition and dieting.
Publications
Brand-Miller has played a major role in educating the community on the glycemic index. Her books about the low GI diet, including The New Glucose Revolution, have sold more than two million copies since 1996. The most recent title in the series, The Low GI Diet, was published in September 2004. She has published 16 books and 200 journal articles.
The Australian paradox: added sugar consumption
She has come under attack by economi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematicheskii%20Sbornik | Matematicheskii Sbornik (, abbreviated Mat. Sb.) is a peer reviewed Russian mathematical journal founded by the Moscow Mathematical Society in 1866. It is the oldest successful Russian mathematical journal. The English translation is Sbornik: Mathematics. It is also sometimes cited under the alternative name Izdavaemyi Moskovskim Matematicheskim Obshchestvom or its French translation Recueil mathématique de la Société mathématique de Moscou, but the name Recueil mathématique is also used for an unrelated journal, Mathesis. Yet another name, Sovetskii Matematiceskii Sbornik, was listed in a statement in the journal in 1931 apologizing for the former editorship of Dmitri Egorov, who had been recently discredited for his religious views; however, this name was never actually used by the journal.
The first editor of the journal was Nikolai Brashman, who died before its first issue (dedicated to his memory) was published. Its current editor-in-chief is Boris Kashin.
Selected articles
Notable articles published in Matematicheskii Sbornik have included:
. Translated in Transl. Amer. Math. Soc. 34 (2): 39–68, 1963. This paper by Sergei Sobolev introduced Sobolev spaces and Sobolev inequalities. In 2009, Laurent Saloff-Coste wrote that "there are few articles that have turned out to be as influential and important."
English translation
From 1967 to 1993 (volumes 1–74) the English version was titled Mathematics of the USSR. Sbornik (ISSN 0025-5734).
Since 1993 (volumes 75–) it has |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimiter%20Skordev | Dimiter Skordev () (born 1936 in Sofia) is a professor in the Department of Mathematical Logic and Applications, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Sofia. Chairman of the department in 1972-2000. Doyen and pioneer of mathematical logic research in Bulgaria who developed a Bulgarian school in the theory of computability, namely the algebraic (or axiomatic) recursion theory. He was the 1981 winner of Acad. Nikola Obreshkov Prize, the highest Bulgarian award in mathematics, bestowed for his monograph Combinatory Spaces and Recursiveness in Them.
Skordev's field of scientific interests include computability and complexity in analysis, mathematical logic, generalized recursion theory, and theory of programs and computation.
Skordev has more than 45 years of lecturing experience in calculus, mathematical logic, logic programming, discrete mathematics, and computer science. He has authored about 90 scientific publications including two monographs, and was one of the authors of the new Bulgarian phonetic keyboard layout proposed (but rejected) to become a state standard in 2006.
Notes
References
Dimiter Skordev
Historical notes on the development of mathematical logic in Sofia
1936 births
Living people
20th-century Bulgarian mathematicians
21st-century Bulgarian mathematicians
Mathematical logicians
Bulgarian logicians
Bulgarian philosophers
Scientists from Sofia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20System%20of%20Quantities | The International System of Quantities (ISQ) consists of the quantities used in physics and in modern science in general, starting with basic quantities such as length and mass, and the relationships between those quantities. This system underlies the International System of Units (SI) but does not itself determine the units of measurement used for the quantities.
The system is formally described in a multi-part ISO standard ISO/IEC 80000 (which also defines many other quantities used in science and technology), first completed in 2009 and subsequently revised and expanded.
Base quantities
The base quantities of a given system of physical quantities is a subset of those quantities, where no base quantity can be expressed in terms of the others, but where every quantity in the system can be expressed in terms of the base quantities. Within this constraint, the set of base quantities is chosen by convention. There are seven ISQ base quantities. The symbols for them, as for other quantities, are written in italics.
The dimension of a physical quantity does not include magnitude or units. The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a base quantity is a single upper-case letter in roman (upright) sans-serif type.
Derived quantities
A derived quantity is a quantity in a system of quantities that is defined in terms of only the base quantities of that system. The ISQ defines many derived quantities and corresponding derived units.
Dimensional expression of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Mathematical%20Logic%20%28Bulgarian%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%29 | The Department of Mathematical Logic at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences was created by the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics in implementation of Government Decree N0. 236 of November 3, 1959.
Its first chairman was Boyan Petkanchin (1907–87) who worked to promote and disseminate the knowledge of mathematical logic both in the professional mathematical community in Bulgaria and as popular science.
Vladimir Sotirov and Radoslav Pavlov joined the department in 1970, followed by George Gargov, Anatoly Buda, Lyubomir Ivanov, Slavyan Radev and Solomon Passy in 1976-89. In 1996-2000 the department was joined by Dimiter Dobrev, Jordan Zashev and Dimitar Guelev.
From 1971 to 1989 the department was merged with the corresponding division of the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics at Sofia University, with Dimiter Skordev heading the integrated structure since 1971. In 1989 the institutional relationship with Sofia University was severed, and the department resumed as a division of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, headed since then by Lyubomir Ivanov.
The logicians Bogdan Dyankov, Hristo Smolenov, Veselin Petrov and Marion Mircheva stayed with the department for various periods of time, all of them coming from the Institute of Philosophy at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences once the latter was dissolved on account of the dissident activities of its members in 1989.
The research of the department is mostly in the area of algebraic recursion theory, modal, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyan%20Petkanchin | Boyan Petkanchin () (April 8, 1907 – March 3, 1987) was a prominent Bulgarian mathematician, working in geometry and foundation of mathematics. As a first chairman of the Department of Mathematical Logic at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences he worked to promote and disseminate the knowledge of mathematical logic both in the professional mathematical community in Bulgaria and as popular science.
External links
Historical notes on the development of mathematical logic in Sofia
1907 births
1987 deaths
Bulgarian logicians
20th-century Bulgarian mathematicians
20th-century Bulgarian philosophers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi%20Bakeri | Mehdi Bakeri (; 1954 – 16 March 1985) was an Iranian soldier in the Iran–Iraq War. He graduated in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Tabriz. During the Iranian revolution of 1979 he joined the protesters. After the beginning of the Iran–Iraq War he joined to the Sepah. He became martyr in a combat by Iraqi troops in southern Iraq.
Early life
Bakeri was born in Miandoab, West Azerbaijan Province in a religious Iranian Azerbaijani family. He lost his mother when he was a child. His brother actively participated in opposition groups that opposed the Shah's regime and finally was killed by the regime. Bakeri might have entered these groups through his brother. After graduating from high school he was accepted by the University of Tabriz in Mechanical Engineering. When he entered the university, he continued his activities against the regime. Bakeri and his friends played an important role in holding protests against regime in Tabriz. According to classified documents, he was under surveillance of West Azerbaijan's SAVAK.
Career
After the victory of the Islamic Revolution and formation of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, he joined this institution. Bakeri served as mayor for nine months and later as the public prosecutor of Urmia, West Azerbaijan.
His wedding party was the same day as the start of Iran–Iraq War. He left his family to join the Iranian forces in the battlefront just two days later. He was appointed as the commander of the 31st Ashura Division |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguishing%20attack | In cryptography, a distinguishing attack is any form of cryptanalysis on data encrypted by a cipher that allows an attacker to distinguish the encrypted data from random data. Modern symmetric-key ciphers are specifically designed to be immune to such an attack. In other words, modern encryption schemes are pseudorandom permutations and are designed to have ciphertext indistinguishability. If an algorithm is found that can distinguish the output from random faster than a brute force search, then that is considered a break of the cipher.
A similar concept is the known-key distinguishing attack, whereby an attacker knows the key and can find a structural property in the cipher, where the transformation from plaintext to ciphertext is not random.
Overview
To prove that a cryptographic function is safe, it is often compared to a random oracle. If a function were a random oracle, then an attacker is not able to predict any of the output of the function. If a function is distinguishable from a random oracle, it has non-random properties. That is, there exists a relation between different outputs, or between input and output, which can be used by an attacker for example to find (a part of) the input.
Example
Let T be a sequence of random bits, generated by a random oracle and S be a sequence generated by a pseudo-random bit generator. Two parties use one encryption system to encrypt a message M of length n as the bitwise XOR of M and the next n bits of T or S respectively. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara%20Steelman | Sara G. Steelman (born 1946 in Wichita, Kansas) of Indiana, Pennsylvania, American biologist and politician, served seven terms as a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1991 until 2002. Steelman is married to John Henry Steelman, a mathematics professor at Indiana University. She is a 1963 graduate of Southeast High School in Wichita, Kansas. She graduated with a degree in Zoology from the University of Chicago in 1967 and earned a Ph.D. in behavioural genetics from Stanford University in 1976. She moved to Indiana in 1986 when her husband joined the faculty at Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
She was first elected to represent the 62nd legislative district in 1990, defeating Republican Paul Wass. She was also a supporter of reform of house rules to provide more openness and more participation by rank and file legislators. She proposed a keg registration law to combat underage drinking.
She was defeated for re-election in 2002 by 24-year-old Republican Dave L. Reed. Both candidates made improving the local economic climate part of their platforms. As a challenger, Reed raised $120,000 for the campaign and knocked on 11,000 doors in the district. During the campaign, Steelman "erupted" on the district's airwaves with taxpayer-funded "public service announcements" for the first time in a decade.
She then worked as director of the Indiana Arts Council.
References
Living people
1946 births
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representative |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%20Lecture | The Noether Lecture is a distinguished lecture series that honors women "who have made fundamental and sustained contributions to the mathematical sciences". The Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM) established the annual lectures in 1980 as the Emmy Noether Lectures, in honor of one of the leading mathematicians of her time. In 2013 it was renamed the AWM-AMS Noether Lecture and since 2015 is sponsored jointly with the American Mathematical Society (AMS). The recipient delivers the lecture at the yearly American Joint Mathematics Meetings held in January.
The ICM Emmy Noether Lecture is an additional lecture series, sponsored by the International Mathematical Union. Beginning in 1994 this lecture was delivered at the International Congress of Mathematicians, held every four years. In 2010 the lecture series was made permanent.
The 2021 Noether Lecture was supposed to have been given by Andrea Bertozzi of UCLA, but it was cancelled due to Bertozzi's connections to policing.
The cancellation was made during the George Floyd protests: "This decision comes as many of this nation rise up in protest over racial discrimination and brutality by police".
Noether Lecturer
ICM Emmy Noether Lecturers
See also
Falconer Lecture
Kovalevsky Lecture
List of mathematics awards
List of things named after Emmy Noether
References
External links
Lists of women scientists
Women in mathematics
Science awards honoring women
Awards and prizes of the Association for Women in Ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Keen | Linda Jo Goldway Keen (born August 9, 1940, in New York City, New York) is a mathematician and a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Since 1965, she has been a professor in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at Lehman College of The City University of New York and a Professor of Mathematics at The Graduate Center of The City University of New York.
Professional career
As a high school student she attended the Bronx High School of Science. She received her Bachelor of Science degree from the City College of New York, then studied at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, earning her Doctor of Philosophy in mathematics in 1964. She wrote her thesis on Riemann surfaces under the direction of Lipman Bers at NYU.
Keen has worked at the Institute for Advanced Study, Hunter College, University of California at Berkeley, Columbia University, Boston University, Princeton University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as at various mathematical institutes in Europe and South America. After her initial appointment in 1965, in 1974 Keen was promoted to Full Professor at Lehman College and the CUNY Graduate Center. She served as Executive Officer of the Mathematics Program at the Graduate Center before retiring in 2017.
Keen served as president of the Association for Women in Mathematics during 1985-1986 and as vice-president of the American Mathematical Society during 1992-1995. She served on the board of trustees of the A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20geodesic | In mathematics, a complex geodesic is a generalization of the notion of geodesic to complex spaces.
Definition
Let (X, || ||) be a complex Banach space and let B be the open unit ball in X. Let Δ denote the open unit disc in the complex plane C, thought of as the Poincaré disc model for 2-dimensional real/1-dimensional complex hyperbolic geometry. Let the Poincaré metric ρ on Δ be given by
and denote the corresponding Carathéodory metric on B by d. Then a holomorphic function f : Δ → B is said to be a complex geodesic if
for all points w and z in Δ.
Properties and examples of complex geodesics
Given u ∈ X with ||u|| = 1, the map f : Δ → B given by f(z) = zu is a complex geodesic.
Geodesics can be reparametrized: if f is a complex geodesic and g ∈ Aut(Δ) is a bi-holomorphic automorphism of the disc Δ, then f o g is also a complex geodesic. In fact, any complex geodesic f1 with the same image as f (i.e., f1(Δ) = f(Δ)) arises as such a reparametrization of f.
If
for some z ≠ 0, then f is a complex geodesic.
If
where α denotes the Caratheodory length of a tangent vector, then f is a complex geodesic.
References
Hyperbolic geometry
Geodesic (mathematics) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej%20Nowak | Andrzej Nowak may refer to:
Andrzej Nowak (civil engineer), (born 1945), professor in civil engineering at Auburn University
Andrzej Nowak (psychologist) (born 1953), Polish psychologist and professor
Andrzej Nowak (ice hockey) (1956–2013), Polish ice hockey player
Andrzej Nowak (historian) (born 1960), Polish historian and professor at Jagiellonian University
Andrzej Nowak (musician) (born 1959), Polish guitar player with TSA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elroy%20M.%20Avery | Elroy McKendree Avery, Ph.D., LL.D. (July 14, 1844 – December 1, 1935) was school principal, politician, author, and historian. Avery was an Ohio State Senator in the 1890s before becoming an early resident of west Pasco County, Florida and was the first mayor of New Port Richey, Florida. As an author, Avery wrote school textbooks about physics and chemistry as well as books about the history of the United States, Cleveland, and New Port Richey.
Avery was born in Erie, Michigan as the elder son of Caspar Hugh and Dorothy (Putnam) Avery. He fought in the American Civil War achieving the rank of Sergeant-Major while with the 11th Michigan Cavalry. Also in the 1860s, he worked as a writer for the Detroit Tribune. In Battle Creek, Michigan, he was a high school principal in 1869 and married Catherine Hitchcock Tilden on July 2, 1870.
In 1871, Avery graduated from the University of Michigan and relocated to Cleveland where he continued as a school principal from 1871 to 1879. In 1891 and 1892, Avery was on the Cleveland City Council before being elected to the state senate and serving from 1893 to 1897.
On December 22, 1911, Mrs. Avery died. Elroy Avery worked as a publisher in Cleveland until he retired and moved to New Port Richey, Florida in June 1919. He brought a personal collection of over 1,000 books which he used to help establish the Avery Library and Historical Society on December 22, 1919 and opened the doors on April 10, 1920 (currently the New Port Richey Pub |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Hauptmann | Alexander G. Hauptmann is a Research Professor in the Language Technologies Institute at the Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science. He has been the leader of the Informedia Digital Library which has made seminal strides in multimedia information retrieval and won best paper awards at major conferences. He was also a founder of the international advisory committee for TRECVID.
Biography
Alex Hauptmann started at the Johns Hopkins University in 1978 and received a BA and an MA in Psychology in 1982. For two years he studied Computer Science at the Technische Universitaet Berlin. In 1991 he received a PhD in Computer Science from the Carnegie Mellon University.
From 1984 he was researcher at the Carnegie Mellon University in the CMU speech group. The next two years he was a research associate at the School of Computer Science, since 1994 a System Scientist and since 1998 a Senior System Scientist.
In 2003 he received the Allen Newell Award for Research Excellence, for the Informedia Digital Library, with H. Wactlar, M. Christel, T. Kanade and S. Stevens.
Work
His research interests are in multimedia analysis and indexing, speech recognition, speech synthesis, speech interfaces, interfaces to multimedia systems and language in general. According to Hauptmann (2008) "Over the years his research interests have led him to pursue and combine several different areas of research: man-machine communication, natural language processing and speech understanding".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Moura%20Gon%C3%A7alves | José Moura Gonçalves (January 5, 1914– October 18,1996), Brazilian physician, biomedical scientist, biochemist and educator, one of the pioneers of biochemistry in the country.
Moura Gonçalves studied medicine in Belo Horizonte. While a student, he began to work as an assistant in the laboratory of physiological chemistry of Professor José Baeta Vianna (May 30, 1894-October 01,1967). After graduation, he accepted an invitation to work on the chemistry of proteins and enzymes at the Instituto de Biofísica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, under noted scientist Carlos Chagas Filho. His post-doctoral work was carried out at University of Wisconsin–Madison, in the United States, where he produced what was his most important work, the isolation of a new toxic protein from the venom of rattlesnakes, which he named crotamine.
Returning to Brazil in the first years of the 1950s, he was invited by Dr. Zeferino Vaz to join the new and ambitious project of a research medical school at the hinterland city of Ribeirão Preto, the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto of the Universidade de São Paulo, where he became the chairman of the department of biochemistry, and, after Vaz's departure, the new dean of the medical school, in 1964.
References
References
External links
Interview with José Moura Gonçalves, Canal Ciência, IBICT (in Portuguese)
Leite, FV: O Professor Moura Gonçalves. Revista USP Ribeirão Preto, 2002.
Nóbrega, FG: José Moura Gonçalves. Revista ADUSP, 1998. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMS-55 | AMS-55 may refer to:
USS Seagull (AMS-55), battleship
NBS AMS 55 aka Abramowitz and Stegun, a mathematics textbook |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20History%20of%20Arabic%20Science | The Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science is a three-volume encyclopedia covering the history of Arabic contributions to science, mathematics and technology which had a marked influence on the Middle Ages in Europe. It is written by internationally recognized experts in the field and edited by Roshdi Rashed in collaboration with Régis Morelon.
Volume one covers "Astronomy—Theoretical and applied". Volume two covers "Mathematics and the Physical Sciences". Volume three covers "Technology, Alchemy, and the Life Sciences".
Editions
French edition: ":fr:Histoire des sciences arabes", 3 vol., Le Seuil, Paris, 1997, ().
Arabic edition: "Mawsu‘a Tarikh al-‘ulum al-‘arabiyya", 3 vol., Markaz Dirasat al-Wahda al-‘arabiyya, Beirut, 1997, (, 978-9953-450-73-5).
Contributors
A partial list of contributors include:
Volume 1
R. Morelon and George Saliba (Arabic astronomy)
David A. King (astronomy in Islamic society)
Edward Stewart Kennedy (mathematical geography)
J. Vernet and J. Samsó (Arabic science in Andalusia)
H. Grosset-Grange (Arabic nautical sciences)
Volume 2
A. S. Saidan (numeration and arithmetic)
Boris A. Rosenfeld and A. P. Yushkevich (geometry)
J.-C. Chabrier and M. Rozhanskaya (music and statics)
M.-Th. Debarnot (trigonometry, algebra)
Roshdi Rashed (geometrical optics)
G. Russell (physiological optics)
Volume 3
Donald Routledge Hill (engineering)
A. Miquel (geography)
Toufic Fahd (botany and agriculture)
G. Anawati (Arabic alchemy)
E. Savage-S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemPlusChem | ChemPlusChem is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering chemistry and published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe. It was established in 1929 by E. Votoček and J. Heyrovský and renamed in 1939 to Collection tschechischer chemischer Forschungsarbeiten/Collection des travaux chimiques tchèques/Collection of Czech Chemical Communications for one year. Publication was suspended until 1947, when it resumed publication as Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications. It obtained its current name in 2012.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Chemical Abstracts Service
Chemistry Citation Index
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.210.
References
External links
Chemistry Europe academic journals
Chemistry journals
Academic journals established in 1929
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Wiley-VCH academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Chevalley%20decomposition | In mathematics, the Jordan–Chevalley decomposition, named after Camille Jordan and Claude Chevalley, expresses a linear operator as the sum of its commuting semisimple part and its nilpotent part. The multiplicative decomposition expresses an invertible operator as the product of its commuting semisimple and unipotent parts. The decomposition is easy to describe when the Jordan normal form of the operator is given, but it exists under weaker hypotheses than the existence of a Jordan normal form. Analogues of the Jordan-Chevalley decomposition exist for elements of linear algebraic groups, Lie algebras, and Lie groups, and the decomposition is an important tool in the study of these objects.
Decomposition of a linear operator
Consider linear operators on a finite-dimensional vector space over a field. An operator is semisimple if every T-invariant subspace has a complementary T-invariant subspace (if the underlying field is algebraically closed, this is the same as the requirement that the operator be diagonalizable). An operator x is nilpotent if some power xm of it is the zero operator. An operator x is unipotent if x − 1 is nilpotent.
Now, let x be any operator. A Jordan–Chevalley decomposition of x is an expression of it as a sum
x = xs + xn,
where xs is semisimple, xn is nilpotent, and xs and xn commute. Over a perfect field, such a decomposition exists (cf. #Proof of uniqueness and existence), the decomposition is unique, and the xs and xn are polynomials in x with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulio%20Larr%C3%ADnaga | Tulio Larrínaga (January 15, 1847 – April 28, 1917) was a Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico.
Biography
Born in Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico, Larrínaga attended the Seminario Consiliar of San Ildefonso at San Juan, Puerto Rico. He studied civil engineering at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, and, in 1871, graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
Larrínaga practiced his profession in the United States for some time, returning to Puerto Rico in 1872 where he was appointed architect for the city of San Juan. In 1880, Larrínaga built the first railroad in Puerto Rico and introduced American rolling stock onto the island. For ten years he was the chief engineer of the Provincial Works.
Larrínaga's involvement in politics began in 1898, when he was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Interior in the Autonomist government. Two years later, he was sent by his party as a delegate to Washington, D.C.
Larrínaga served as member of the house of delegates for the district of Arecibo in 1902. In 1904, he was elected as a Unionist Resident Commissioner to the United States. He was reelected twice, serving from March 4, 1905, until March 3, 1911.
Larrínaga also served as delegate from the United States to the Third Pan-American Conference held in Rio de Janeiro in 1906. In 1911, he served as a member of the executive council of Puerto Rico.
Following his political career, Larrínaga resumed the practice of civil engineering in San Juan. He d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Universe%20%28TV%20series%29 | The Universe is an American documentary television series that features computer-generated imagery and computer graphics of astronomical objects in the universe plus interviews with experts who study in the fields of cosmology, astronomy, and astrophysics. The program is produced by Flight 33 Productions and Workaholic Productions.
The series premiered on May 29, 2007, on The History Channel and four subsequent seasons were aired until 2010. Starting from October 25, 2011, new episodes began airing exclusively on H2.
The series currently airs on Viceland and Story Television.
Format
The series covers topics concerning space exploration, the Solar System, and astronomical objects in the universe. It shows CGI renderings of these aforementioned, video footage, photographs, and views from scientists, project managers, engineers, advocates, writers and other experts. The episode "7 Wonders of the Solar System", and Season 6 were produced in 3D. The last two seasons focus on ancient mysteries that related to the universe and retitled as The Universe: Ancient Mysteries Solved.
Episodes
Season 1: 2007
Season 2: 2007–08
Season 3: 2008–09
Season 4: 2009
Season 5: 2010
Season 6: 2011
Season 7: 2012
Season 8: 2014
Season 9: 2015
References
General references
External links
Flight 33 Productions website
History (American TV channel) original programming
2007 American television series debuts
2000s American documentary television series
2010s American documentary televis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20Pong | Plasma Pong is an unfinished video game created by American programmer Steve Taylor when he was attending George Mason University. It is an enhanced version of Atari, Inc.'s Pong where the ball and paddles move through a multicolored substance simulated via fluid dynamics. The game received positive attention, but development was put on hiatus in 2007 after receiving a cease and desist notice from the Pong trademark owner, Atari Interactive.
Gameplay
Two players control a paddle each, at either side of the screen, volleying a ball between them. The environment is a fluid-like plasma which can be pushed and sucked with the paddles.
There are three game modes. In single-player, the player combats a progressively smarter AI in a fluid environment where the fluid moves faster and faster, affecting the ball more and more. Multiplayer is little different, with two players typically sharing a single keyboard to play against each other. The sandbox mode, however, gives the player near total access to color, particle, and fluid motion effects, allowing them to simply play around with the game's fluid dynamics engine and see what interesting motions they can create.
Reception
Wired News included Plasma Pong on a list of the best indie games of 2007. They highlighted the complex but manageable gameplay and beautiful graphics, but criticized the occasionally unpredictable ball control. In June 2007, The Washington Post described the game as "sort of like playing Ping-Pong while floati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia%20Krieger | Cypra Cecilia Krieger-Dunaij (9 April 1894 – 17 August 1974) was an Austro-Hungarian (more specifically, Galician)-born mathematician of Jewish ancestry who lived and worked in Canada.
Krieger was the third person (and first woman) to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics from a university in Canada, in 1930, as well as the third woman to have been awarded a doctorate in any discipline in Canada.
Krieger is well known for having translated two works of Wacław Sierpiński in general topology.
The Krieger–Nelson Prize, awarded annually by the Canadian Mathematical Society since 1995 for outstanding research by a female mathematician, is named in honour of Krieger and Evelyn Nelson.
Early life and education
Krieger was born on 9 April 1894 in Jasło in Galicia.
The town was then part of Austria-Hungary, but is in modern-day Poland.
Her parents, Moses and Sarah Krieger, had two sons and two daughters besides Cecilia.
Krieger began studying mathematics and physics at the University of Vienna in 1919, but moved with her family to Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1920.
Krieger earned a B.A in 1924 and a M.A in 1925 from the University of Toronto.
She obtained her Ph.D from the same university in 1930.
Her thesis, under the supervision of W.J. Webber, was entitled
"On the summability of trigonometric series with localized parameters—on Fourier constants and convergence factors of double Fourier series".
At the University of Toronto
While pursuing her Ph.D, Krieger was appointed as an instructor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C2-Dichloroethane%20%28data%20page%29 | This page provides supplementary chemical data on 1,2-dichloroethane.
Structure and properties
Thermodynamic properties
Vapor pressure of liquid
Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The (s) annotation indicates temperature is equilibrium of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid.
Distillation data
See also:
Tetrachloroethylene (data page)
Spectral data
References
Dichloroethane
Chemical data pages cleanup |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Avis | David Michael Avis (born March 20, 1951) is a Canadian and British computer scientist known for his contributions to geometric computations. Avis is a professor in computational geometry and applied mathematics in the School of Computer Science, McGill University, in Montreal. Since 2010, he belongs to Department of Communications and Computer Engineering, School of Informatics, Kyoto University.
Avis received his Ph.D. in 1977 from Stanford University. He has published more than 70 journal papers and articles. Writing with Komei Fukuda, Avis proposed a reverse-search algorithm for the
vertex enumeration problem; their algorithm generates all of the vertices of a convex polytope.
Selected publications
References
External links
School of Computer Science(McGill Univ.)
David Avis’ homepage(McGill Univ.)
David Avis' homepage(Kyoto Univ.)
http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/a/Avis:David.html
1951 births
Living people
Researchers in geometric algorithms
Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences alumni
Academic staff of McGill University
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Anglophone Quebec people
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvestiya%3A%20Mathematics | Izvestiya: Mathematics is the English translation of the Russian mathematical journal Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Seriya Matematicheskaya () which was founded in 1937. Since 1995, the journal has been published jointly by Turpion, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the London Mathematical Society.
The journal covers all fields of mathematics but pays special attention to: algebra, algebraic geometry, mathematical logic, number theory, mathematical analysis, geometry, topology, and differential equations.
Since 2008 electronic access to the content back to the first English translation volume has been hosted by IOP Publishing.
The Editor in Chief is V. V. Kozlov, Steklov Institute of Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Indexing and abstracting
The journal is indexed in the following bibliographic databases:
Web of Science (SCI-E)
MathSciNet
Scopus
NASA Astrophysical Data System
INIS
External links
Izvestiya Mathematics on IOPscience (IOP Publishing)
London Mathematical Society
Russian Academy of Sciences
Turpion
References
Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1937
Russian Academy of Sciences academic journals
London Mathematical Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar%20College | Bidhannagar Government College in Salt Lake, Kolkata, established on 25 June 1984, is a West Bengal State University affiliated college run by the Government of West Bengal. It was formerly affiliated to the University of Calcutta. Apart from undergraduate courses, the college offers postgraduate courses in Anthropology, Botany, Chemistry, Education, Microbiology and Zoology.
History
Bidhannagar Government College started on 25 June 1984 in a small building at BF-142, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700064 with a student strength of 52. The founder principal was Dr. Subes Chandra Sarkar. Undergraduate courses in Mathematics and Economics began from the day of opening, while the physics and chemistry departments became functional from the academic session of 1985–86. Honours subjects offered in the Humanities were English, Bengali, history, political science and philosophy. Honours courses in Anthropology, Botany and Microbiology opened during the 2002–2003 session. M.Sc. courses in zoology and microbiology started in 2004. In 2009 Department of Education started their journey.
With the gradual increase in the number of departments and the corresponding student strength, the original building became inadequate. A new, larger mega size urban hi-tech building at EB 2, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700064 was constructed and after construction total area became .
Main building
The present hi-tech mega size building, located on of prime real estate, is a three-storey structure with front gardens and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenraad%20Bron | Coenraad Bron (2 August 1937 – 15 August 2006) was a Dutch computer scientist. He worked with Edsger W. Dijkstra on the THE multiprogramming system. Together with Joep Kerbosch he invented the Bron–Kerbosch algorithm for the clique problem.
Born in Amsterdam, Bron read Chemistry at Utrecht University. After his graduation he moved to Eindhoven University where he started to work in Dijkstra's group. In 1972 he accepted an assistant professorship in Computing Science at Twente University, becoming a full professor there in 1980.
He died in Assen at age 69.
1937 births
2006 deaths
Dutch computer scientists
Scientists from Amsterdam
Utrecht University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Twente
Academic staff of the University of Groningen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20%28disambiguation%29 | In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.
Energy may also refer to:
Science and philosophy
Energy (Aristotle), "actuality" in Aristotelian philosophy
Energy (physics), quantity in physical systems conserved due to time translation symmetry
Energy (signal processing), the energy Es of a continuous-time signal x(t)
Energy (psychological), a postulated principle underlying mental processes
Energy (esotericism), a concept in spirituality and alternative medicine
Energy (journal), a scientific journal published by Elsevier
Energies (journal), a scientific journal published by MDPI
Music
Energy (event), an annual techno-music event in Zurich, Switzerland
Energy Rekords, a record label
Trance Energy or Energy, an annual trance-music event in the Netherlands
Bands
Energy (American band), a punk rock band
Energy (Taiwanese band), a Taiwanese boy group
Energy, a fusion jazz-rock-blues band Energy featuring Tommy Bolin
Albums
Energy (Fourplay album) (2008)
Energy (Jeremy Steig album) (1971)
Energy (Operation Ivy album) (1989)
Energy (Pointer Sisters album) (1978)
Energy (Disclosure album), 2020
Songs
"Energy" (Beyoncé song), 2022
"Energy" (Disclosure song), 2020
"Energy" (Drake song), from If You're Reading This It's Too Late
"Energy" (Keri Hilson song), from In a Perfect World...
"Energy" (Melissa Manchester song), 1985
"Energy" (Nuša Derenda song), entry for t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20L.%20Boyer | Lewis Leonard Boyer (May 19, 1886 – March 12, 1944) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
Born on a farm near Richfield Township, Illinois, Boyer attended the rural schools.
He taught school at Douglas, Franklin, Pin Oak, and Liberty, Illinois from 1904 to 1915, and, while teaching, studied civil engineering.
He moved to Quincy, Illinois, in 1915 and engaged in engineering as county superintendent of highways of Adams County, Illinois, from March 1915 until December 1936.
Boyer was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fifth Congress (January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1939).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1938 to the Seventy-sixth Congress.
He was an unsuccessful candidate for the State senate in 1940 and 1942.
He died in Quincy, Illinois, March 12, 1944.
He was interred in Xander Cemetery, Liberty, Illinois.
References
1886 births
1944 deaths
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
20th-century American politicians |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20L%C3%A9gaut | Marcel Légaut (27 April 1900 – 6 November 1990) was a French Christian philosopher and mathematician.
Biography
Marcel Légaut was born in Paris, where he received his Ph.D. in Mathematics from the École Normale Supérieure in 1925. He taught in various faculties (among them Rennes and Lyon) until 1943. Under the impact of the Second World War and the rapid French defeat in 1940, Légaut acknowledged the lack of certain fundamental aspects in his life as well as in the lives of other university professors and civil servants. That is why he tried to alternate teaching with farm work. After three years his project was no longer accepted and he left the University to live as a shepherd in the Pré-Alpes (Haut-Diois). Légaut had married in 1940, and between 1945 and 1953 he became the father of six children.
Twenty years after this renunciation of his social status (and the consequent rooting in common life), Légaut, almost sixty years old, started a deep and personal reflection around man's condition and existence, which was captured in the two volumes of his main work: Human Accomplishment.
Monsieur Portal, his mentor during his youth, had helped him discover that honesty and intellectual independence are essential to a vigorous, spiritual life. This wasn't usual in the Catholic education of the time, where obedience and adherence to the prevailing doctrine took priority. M. Portal had learned something from the modernist crisis period.
Encouraged in this secular direction by M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Wall%20Kimmerer | Robin Wall Kimmerer (born September 13, 1953) is a Native American botanist, author, an American Distinguished Teaching Professor of Environmental and Forest Biology; and the director of the Center for Native Peoples and the Environment at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF).
She combines Western science with Indigeous environmental knowledge.
Kimmerer has written numerous scientific articles and the books Gathering Moss: A Natural and Cultural History of Mosses (2003), and Braiding Sweetgrass (2013). She narratived an audiobook version released in 2016. Braiding Sweetgrass was republished in 2020 with a new introduction.
Early life and education
Robin Wall Kimmerer was born in 1953 in Upstate New York to Robert and Patricia Wall. Her time outdoors created a deep appreciation for the natural environment. Her enthusiasm for the environment was encouraged by her parents, who began to reconnect with their own Potawatomi heritage while living in upstate New York. Kimmerer is an enrolled citizen of the Citizen Potawatomi Nation.
Kimmerer remained near home for college, attending State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry and receiving a bachelor's degree in botany in 1975. She spent two years working for Bausch & Lomb as a microbiologist. Kimmerer then moved to Wisconsin to attend the University of Wisconsin–Madison, earning her master's degree in botany there in 1979, followed by her PhD in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan%20University%20College%20of%20Engineering%20Sciences | The College of Engineering at Sudan University of Science and Technology was founded in 1975.
History
The college was founded in 1975 after merging six different independent institutes.
Institute of Technical Teachers
Institute of Technicians for Civil Engineering and Architecture
Institute of Technicians for Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
Institute of Textile Technicians
Institute of Surveying Technicians
Institute of Laboratory Technicians
These institutes became departments of the college, which was called the College of Engineering and Scientific Studies at that time.
Offered Degrees
The college directly offers 24 BEng and BTech bachelor degrees with honors.
Engineering Diploma: Undergraduate course usually can be earned in two to three years (four or six semesters).
Master of Science
Doctoral Degrees
Schools and Departments
School of Survey Engineering
Department of Geodesy
Department of Remote Sensing
Department of Geographical Information Systems
School of Civil Engineering
Department of Transportation Engineering
School of Electrical and Nuclear Engineering
Department of Control Engineering
Department of Power and Machines Engineering
Department of Nuclear Engineering
School of Electronics Engineering
Department of Communication Engineering
Department of Computer Engineering
Department of Industrial Electronics
School of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Manufacturing Engineering
Department of Power Engineering
Departme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caret%20%28software%29 | CARET (Computerized Anatomical Reconstruction Toolkit) is a software application for the structural and functional analysis of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. CARET is developed in the Van Essen Laboratory in the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri.
CARET is a free, open-source application distributed in both binary and source formats under the GNU General Public License. CARET runs on FreeBSD, Linux, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows.
CARET's capabilities
Analysis of group anatomical differences using sulcal depth morphometry.
Display of activation foci.
Generation of flat, inflated, spherical surfaces.
Mapping of fMRI volumes onto surfaces.
Surface reconstruction from anatomical MRI volumes using the SureFit algorithm.
Surface reconstruction from contours.
Surface-based registration.
Visualization of contours, surfaces, and volumes.
Related Software
SuMS Database and WebCaret provided on-line storage of surface and volume-based data along with web-based visualization of the data.
See also
AFNI
FMRIB Software Library
FreeSurfer
Neuroimaging
Neuroinformatics
References
External links
CARET Home Page
Computational neuroscience
Medical imaging
Neuroimaging software
Washington University in St. Louis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%20Physics%20and%20Mathematics%20Lyceum | The Ukrainian Physics and Mathematics Lyceum (UPML) is a boarding high school and one of the few science magnet schools in Ukraine. It is located in Kyiv and affiliated with Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.
History
The lyceum was established in 1963 and was known as the Republican Specialized Physics and Mathematics Boarding School until 1992. In total 5,324 students graduated from UPML by 2013. Many of the alumni are winners of National Ukrainian and International Science Olympiads: only between 1963 and 2005 as many as 65 UPML students were awarded medals at International Olympiads in Physics (IPhO), Mathematics (IMO), Chemistry (IChO) and Informatics (IOI), 148 – at all-Soviet Olympiads, 696 – at Ukrainian National Olympiads.
The lyceum is currently publicly funded in its entirety and suffers from regular budget shortfalls. Nevertheless, tuition, board and lodging are free of charge for all admitted students.
In 2007 UPML became the first Ukrainian school with its name visible from outer space.
Alumni
Students of the lyceum study from 8th through 11th grades. Due to the organizational affiliation students of the graduating class (11th grade) have the right to be admitted to engineering and natural sciences departments of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv through a preferential admission process. Between 2000 and 2005 all lyceum graduates were admitted to top universities in Ukraine and overseas: about 90% of them went on to study at Taras Shevch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur%20functor | In mathematics, especially in the field of representation theory, Schur functors (named after Issai Schur) are certain functors from the category of modules over a fixed commutative ring to itself. They generalize the constructions of exterior powers and symmetric powers of a vector space. Schur functors are indexed by Young diagrams in such a way that the horizontal diagram with n cells corresponds to the nth symmetric power functor, and the vertical diagram with n cells corresponds to the nth exterior power functor. If a vector space V is a representation of a group G, then also has a natural action of G for any Schur functor .
Definition
Schur functors are indexed by partitions and are described as follows. Let R be a commutative ring, E an R-module
and λ a partition of a positive integer n. Let T be a Young tableau of shape λ, thus indexing the factors of the n-fold direct product, E × E × ... × E, with the boxes of T. Consider those maps of R-modules satisfying the following conditions
(1) is multilinear,
(2) is alternating in the entries indexed by each column of T,
(3) satisfies an exchange condition stating that if are numbers from column i of T then
where the sum is over n-tuples x' obtained from x by exchanging the elements indexed by I with any elements indexed by the numbers in column (in order).
The universal R-module that extends to a mapping of R-modules is the image of E under the Schur functor indexed by λ.
For an example of the condit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20White%20Webster | John White Webster (May 20, 1793 – August 30, 1850) was an American professor of chemistry and geology at Harvard Medical College. In 1850, he was convicted of murder in the Parkman–Webster murder case and hanged.
Biography
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Webster was from a well-connected family: his grandfather was a successful merchant; his mother, Hannah (White) Webster, was a Leverett; his wife's sister married into the Prescotts; he was friends with the Shaws;, and his Unitarian pastor was the Reverend Francis Parkman Sr. (brother of George). Webster, indulged as a child and pampered in youth, had a petulant and fussy disposition, but was known for his kindly nature.
He graduated from Harvard College in 1811. In 1814, he was among the founders of the Linnaean Society of New England, and was appointed cabinet-keeper of the society's quickly growing collection of specimens in Joy's Buildings in Boston. He graduated from Harvard Medical College in 1815.
Around 1815, he went to London for further study. At Guy's Hospital, he was a surgeon’s pupil, a physician’s pupil, and a surgeon's dresser. He then went to São Miguel Island in the Azores (1817–18). There, he practiced medicine; published his first book; and met the daughter of Thomas Hickling the American vice-consul on the island. Thomas Hickling was also a wealthy merchant who traded in wine and oranges. Vice Consul Hickling's family enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle. Harriet Fredrica Hickling, married Webster on May 16, 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak%20Yaglom | Isaak Moiseevich Yaglom (; 6 March 1921 – 17 April 1988) was a Soviet mathematician and author of popular mathematics books, some with his twin Akiva Yaglom.
Yaglom received a Ph.D. from Moscow State University in 1945 as student of Veniamin Kagan. As the author of several books, translated into English, that have become academic standards of reference, he has an international stature. His attention to the necessities of learning (pedagogy) make his books pleasing experiences for students. The seven authors of his Russian obituary recount "…the breadth of his interests was truly extraordinary: he was seriously interested in history and philosophy, passionately loved and had a good knowledge of literature and art, often came forward with reports and lectures on the most diverse topics (for example, on Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, and the Dutch painter M. C. Escher), actively took part in the work of the cinema club in Yaroslavl and the music club at the House of Composers in Moscow, and was a continual participant of conferences on mathematical linguistics and on semiotics."
University life
Yaglom started his higher education at Moscow State University in 1938. During World War II he volunteered, but due to myopia he was deferred from military service. In the evacuation of Moscow he went with his family to Sverdlovsk in the Ural Mountains. He studied at Sverdlovsk State University, graduated in 1942, and when the usual Moscow faculty assembled in Sverdlovsk during the w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Wirtz | Karl Eugen Julius Wirtz (24 April 1910 – 12 February 1994) was a German nuclear physicist, born in Cologne. He was arrested by the allied British and American Armed Forces and incarcerated at Farm Hall for six months in 1945 under Operation Epsilon.
Education
From 1929 to 1934, Wirtz studied physics, chemistry, and mathematics at the University of Bonn, the Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, and the University of Breslau. He received his doctorate in 1934 under C. Schäfer. From 1935 to 1937, he was a teaching assistant to Carl-Friedrich Bonhoeffer at the University of Leipzig. During this period, he became a member of the Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund (NSLB, National Socialist Teachers League), but not the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP, National Socialist German Workers Party).
Some of the more established scientists, such as Max von Laue, could demonstrate more autonomy than the younger and less established scientists. This was, in part, due to political organizations, such as the Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund (NSDDB, National Socialist German University Lecturers League), whose district leaders had a decisive role in the acceptance of an Habilitationsschrift, which was a prerequisite to attaining the rank of Privatdozent necessary to becoming a university lecturer. Hence joining such organizations became a tactical career consideration. In 1938, he completed his Habilitation at the Humboldt University of Berlin wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Robinson%20%28sculptor%29 | John Robinson (4 May 1935 – 6 April 2007) was a British sculptor and co-founder of the Bradshaw Foundation. Accounts of his work may be seen at the Robinson estate website, the website of the Centre for the Popularisation of Mathematics and the June and July 2007, issues of Hyperseeing. Among other distinctions, he was the Official Sculptor for the British Olympic Committee in 1988, and a University of Wales Honorary Fellow, 1992.
Sculpture
Figurative sculptures
Robinson first made a name for himself with representational pieces. His figurative bronzes ranged in scope and scale from life-size commissioned sculptures of children to athletic sculptures, and included a commissioned bust of Queen Elizabeth and another of the Queen Mother. His representational sports figure Acrobats (1980, 5 metres) was first mounted at the Hyatt Regency hotel in Maui, Hawaii. There are another 7 examples around the world, one of which is located outside the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, Australia.
Another of his athletic sculptures, Hammer Thrower, may be seen outside the Bowring Building in Tower Hill, London, at the United States Sports Academy, Daphne, Alabama, and in Melbourne, Australia. Robinson was Official Sculptor for the British Olympic Committee in 1988. His Gymnast is at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, donated by the Australian Olympic Committee.
Abstract symbolic sculptures and tapestries
In 1975, after listening to a Mozart violin concerto, an abstract form came |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen%20Webster | Owen Wright Webster (March 25, 1929 – April 13, 2018) was a distinguished member of the organic and polymer chemistry communities. His polymerization technique for making block copolymer dispersing agents is used by DuPont to make ink-jet printer inks.
Born in Devils Lake, North Dakota, Webster received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of North Dakota in 1951. He received his Ph.D. in organic chemistry from Pennsylvania State University in 1955 under the direction of L. H. Sommer, known for his silicon mechanistic work. After graduation, Webster joined the Central Research Department of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company at the Experimental Station, where he spent his entire industrial career. He is adjunct professor of chemistry at both the University of Alabama and the University of Pennsylvania.
Webster’s early research activities at du Pont involved synthesis of cyanocarbons. His seminal discoveries in this area ranged from tetracyanoethylene oxide, which adds to olefins through its carbon-carbon bond; hexacyanobutadiene, with an oxidation potential near that of bromine; pentacyanocyclopentadiene, an acid as strong as perchloric acid; diiminosuccinonitrile, a remarkable adduct of cyanogen and hydrogen cyanide; and diazodicyanoimidazole, which cleaves to a carbene that forms a bromo ylide with bromobenzene. In other organic research he showed that diazonium compounds undergo 2+4 cycloaddition to dienes.
In the latter half of his stay at DuPont he |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst%20Korsching | Horst Korsching (12 August 1912 – 21 March 1998) was a German physicist. He was arrested by the allied British and American Armed Forces and incarcerated at Farm Hall for six months in 1945 under Operation Epsilon.
Education
Born in Danzig, Korsching began his studies of physics at the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1932. In 1937, he joined the scientific staff at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics), an institute under the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society) and located in Dahlem-Berlin. He received his doctorate under Hermann Schüler.
Career
At the KWIP, he was a colleague of Karl Wirtz, and his research was on determination of the nuclear moment and thermodiffusion. During the war years, he worked on isotope separation under Kurt Diebner and Werner Heisenberg. He went with the staff of the KWIP when it was moved to Hechingen in 1943 to avoid bombing casualties. In late spring 1945, Korsching was arrested by the allied British and American Armed Forces and incarcerated at Farm Hall for six months under Operation Epsilon.
From 1946, after his incarceration, Korsching worked at the Max-Planck Institut für Physik (MPIP), which was the renamed Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik and had been opened in the British Occupation Zone in Göttingen. In 1958, he moved with the MPIP when it was relocated to Munich.
Internal report
The following were published in Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Rese |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20Leslie%20Youd | T. Leslie Youd is an American geotechnical engineer and earthquake engineer, specializing in soil liquefaction and ground failure. He currently lives in Orem, Utah.
Education
Youd received his BES in civil engineering from Brigham Young University in 1964. He then attended Iowa State University where he received his PhD in civil engineering in 1967. He performed post doctoral study in soil mechanics and engineering seismology from 1975 to 1976 at Imperial College of Science and Technology in London.
Research
Youd's research has been primarily concerned with the phenomenon of soil liquefaction, and the associated lateral spreading which can occur. Youd has published over 140 research papers. Youd's best-known papers are on the prediction of the magnitude of lateral spreading.
Awards and honors
Youd was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2005.
Youd was made an honorary member of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2006, an honor bestowed upon fewer than 0.2% of its membership. He received the Distinguished Alumni Award in 2011 at Iowa State University.
Patents
Youd earned patent #4,840,230 for a system to retrievably install instruments into a borehole.
References
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
Iowa State University alumni
American civil engineers
Geotechnical engineers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Callaghan | Sir Paul Terence Callaghan ( ; 19 August 1947 – 24 March 2012) was a New Zealand physicist who, as the founding director of the MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology at Victoria University of Wellington, held the position of Alan MacDiarmid Professor of Physical Sciences and was President of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance.
Biography
Callaghan was born on 19 August 1947, the son of Mavis and Ernest Callaghan. He had an older brother Jim, older sister Jeanine, and younger sister Mary. His maternal grandparents were Agnes and Francis Hogg.
A native of Whanganui, Callaghan attended Wanganui Technical College (now Wanganui City College). He took his first degree in physics at Victoria University of Wellington and subsequently earned a DPhil degree at the University of Oxford, working in low temperature physics. On his return to New Zealand in 1974, he took up a lecturing position at Massey University, where he began researching the applications of magnetic resonance to the study of soft matter. He was made Professor of Physics in 1984, and was appointed Alan MacDiarmid Professor of Physical Sciences in 2001. The following year, as its founding director, he helped establish the multi-university MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology.
Callaghan was President of the Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand (RSNZ), and published over 240 articles in scientific journals, as well as the books Principles of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean%20relation | In mathematics, Euclidean relations are a class of binary relations that formalize "Axiom 1" in Euclid's Elements: "Magnitudes which are equal to the same are equal to each other."
Definition
A binary relation R on a set X is Euclidean (sometimes called right Euclidean) if it satisfies the following: for every a, b, c in X, if a is related to b and c, then b is related to c. To write this in predicate logic:
Dually, a relation R on X is left Euclidean if for every a, b, c in X, if b is related to a and c is related to a, then b is related to c:
Properties
Due to the commutativity of ∧ in the definition's antecedent, aRb ∧ aRc even implies bRc ∧ cRb when R is right Euclidean. Similarly, bRa ∧ cRa implies bRc ∧ cRb when R is left Euclidean.
The property of being Euclidean is different from transitivity. For example, ≤ is transitive, but not right Euclidean, while xRy defined by 0 ≤ x ≤ y + 1 ≤ 2 is not transitive, but right Euclidean on natural numbers.
For symmetric relations, transitivity, right Euclideanness, and left Euclideanness all coincide. However, a non-symmetric relation can also be both transitive and right Euclidean, for example, xRy defined by y=0.
A relation that is both right Euclidean and reflexive is also symmetric and therefore an equivalence relation. Similarly, each left Euclidean and reflexive relation is an equivalence.
The range of a right Euclidean relation is always a subset of its domain. The restriction of a right Euclidean relation to its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyonic%20antitelephone | A tachyonic antitelephone is a hypothetical device in theoretical physics that could be used to send signals into one's own past. Albert Einstein in 1907
presented a thought experiment of how faster-than-light signals can lead to a paradox of causality, which was described by Einstein and Arnold Sommerfeld in 1910 as a means "to telegraph into the past". The same thought experiment was described by Richard Chace Tolman in 1917; thus, it is also known as Tolman's paradox.
A device capable of "telegraphing into the past" was later also called a "tachyonic antitelephone" by Gregory Benford et al. According to current understanding of physics, no such faster-than-light transfer of information is actually possible.
One-way example
Tolman used the following variation of Einstein's thought experiment: Imagine a distance with endpoints and . Let a signal be sent from A propagating with velocity towards B. All of this is measured in an inertial frame where the endpoints are at rest. The arrival at B is given by:
Here, the event at A is the cause of the event at B. However, in the inertial frame moving with relative velocity v, the time of arrival at B is given according to the Lorentz transformation (c is the speed of light):
It can be easily shown that if a > c, then certain values of v can make Δt' negative. In other words, the effect arises before the cause in this frame. Einstein (and similarly Tolman) concluded that this result contains in their view no logical contradic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasparo%20Berti | Gasparo Berti ( 1600–1643) was an Italian mathematician, astronomer and physicist. He was probably born in Mantua and spent most of his life in Rome. He is most famous today for his experiment in which he unknowingly created the first working barometer. Though he was best known for his work in mathematics and physics, little of his work in either survives.
Scientific investigations
Baliani's siphon experiment
In 1630, Giovanni Battista Baliani sent a letter to Galileo Galilei after he noticed that his siphon could not raise water more than about 10 m (34 feet). Galileo proposed that a vacuum held the water up and that it could not hold any more. At the time the existence of vacuums was controversial.
Berti's vacuum experiment
Galileo's ideas, presented in his Discorsi (Two New Sciences), reached Rome in December 1638. Upon reading Galileo's theory, physicists Gasparo Berti and father Raffaello Magiotti decided to seek a better way to test the possibility of producing a vacuum. Magiotti devised such an experiment. Four accounts of the experiment exist, all written some years later. No exact date was given, but since Two New Sciences reached Rome in December 1638, and Berti died before January 2, 1644, science historian W. E. Knowles Middleton places the event to sometime between 1639 and 1643. Present were Berti, Magiotti, Jesuit polymath Athanasius Kircher, and probably Jesuit physicist Niccolò Zucchi.
Berti built an 11 m lead tube, filled it with water, and sealed both |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfold | Unfold may refer to:
Science
Unfoldable cardinal, in mathematics
Unfold (higher-order function), in computer science a family of anamorphism functions
Unfoldment (disambiguation), in spirituality and physics
Unfolded protein response, in biochemistry
Equilibrium unfolding, in biochemistry
Unfolded state (denatured protein), in biochemistry
Maximum variance unfolding (semidefinite embedding), in computer science
Music
Unfold (Marié Digby album), 2008
Unfold (John O'Callaghan album), 2011
Unfold (The Necks album), 2017
"Unfold" (Porter Robinson song), 2021
"Unfold", a song by De La Soul from the 2016 album And the Anonymous Nobody...
See also
Fold (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology%20%28journal%29 | Paleobiology is a scientific journal promoting the integration of biology and conventional paleontology, with emphasis placed on biological or paleobiological processes and patterns. It attracts papers of interest to more than one discipline, and occasionally publishes research on recent organisms when this is of interest to paleontologists.
Paleontology journals
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies
Academic journals established in 1975
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Paleobiology
Cambridge University Press academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profinite | In mathematics, the term profinite is used for
profinite groups, topological groups
profinite sets, also known as "profinite spaces" or "Stone spaces" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20World%20%28magazine%29 | Science World is an educational magazine published by Scholastic Corporation targeting primarily children between grades 6 and 12 and covering many aspects of science, including "physical science, life science/health, earth and space science, environmental science, and technology."
History and profile
Science World was established in 1957 by Street & Smith Publications, Inc. In 1959, Scholastic Magazines, Inc. acquired the title. The magazine is based in New York City.
According to the Massachusetts Biotechnology Industry directory, Science World, "brings to life the latest breaking news and discoveries in every field of science, while helping students build critical-thinking and problem-solving skills." They are used in many schools, though a subscription is needed to obtain them.
References
External links
Official Website
Science World Online
1957 establishments in New York City
Children's magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Education magazines
Magazines established in 1957
Magazines published in New York City
Scholastic Corporation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomtronics | Atomtronics is an emerging type of computing consisting of matter-wave circuits which coherently guide propagating ultra-cold atoms. The systems typically include components analogous to those found in electronic or optical systems, such as beam splitters and transistors. Applications range from studies of fundamental physics to the development of practical devices.
Etymology
Atomtronics is a portmanteau of "atom" and "electronics", in reference to the creation of atomic analogues of electronic components, such as transistors and diodes, and also electronic materials such as semiconductors. The field itself has considerable overlap with atom optics and quantum simulation, and is not strictly limited to the development of electronic-like components.
Methodology
Three major elements are required for an atomtronic circuit. The first is a Bose-Einstein condensate, which is needed for its coherent and superfluid properties, although an ultracold Fermi gas may also be used for certain applications. The second is a tailored trapping potential, which can be generated optically, magnetically, or using a combination of both. The final element is a method to induce the movement of atoms within the potential, which can be achieved in several ways. For example, a transistor-like atomtronic circuit may be realized by a ring-shaped trap divided into two by two moveable weak barriers, with the two separate parts of the ring acting as the drain and the source and the barriers acting as th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion-free%20abelian%20group | In mathematics, specifically in abstract algebra, a torsion-free abelian group is an abelian group which has no non-trivial torsion elements; that is, a group in which the group operation is commutative and the identity element is the only element with finite order.
While finitely generated abelian groups are completely classified, not much is known about infinitely generated abelian groups, even in the torsion-free countable case.
Definitions
An abelian group is said to be torsion-free if no element other than the identity is of finite order. Explicitly, for any , the only element for which is .
A natural example of a torsion-free group is , as only the integer 0 can be added to itself finitely many times to reach 0. More generally, the free abelian group is torsion-free for any . An important step in the proof of the classification of finitely generated abelian groups is that every such torsion-free group is isomorphic to a .
A non-finitely generated countable example is given by the additive group of the polynomial ring (the free abelian group of countable rank).
More complicated examples are the additive group of the rational field , or its subgroups such as (rational numbers whose denominator is a power of ). Yet more involved examples are given by groups of higher rank.
Groups of rank 1
Rank
The rank of an abelian group is the dimension of the -vector space . Equivalently it is the maximal cardinality of a linearly independent (over ) subset of .
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi%20Ja%27fari | Allameh Mohammad-Taqi Ja'fari () (15 August 1925 – 16 November 1998) was an Iranian scholar, philosopher, intellectual, and islamic theologist. Ja'fari was a Shia philosopher and thinker in the recent time. He was expert in various fields such as history, logic, metaphysics, philosophy, literature, mysticism, jurisprudence, and philosophy of science.
Biography
Mohammad-Taki Ja'fari was born on 1923 in Tabriz, Iran. He graduated from elementary studies in Tabriz and continued his education in the Talebieh Seminary. Mohammad-Taghi then went to Qom and Tehran Seminaries for benefiting from religious scholars of the time. Thereafter he left Iran for 11 years to attend the School of Theology in Najaf. He achieved his Ijtihad degree when he was 23 years old. Ja'fari returned to Iran and taught in Qom and Tehran.
Works
Interpretation and Criticism of Rumi's Masnavi (15 volumes)
Translation and Interpretation of the Nahj al-Balagha (27 volumes)
Pioneer Culture to the Rescue of Mankind
The Mystery of Life
The Conscience
Positive Mysticism
Imam Hossein's Prayers at the Arafat Desert (Arabic)
The Coordination between Science & Religion (Arabic)
The Conscience
Religion and Moral Ethics
Mabda' A'ala
From One Sea to Another (An Index to the Mathnavi, 4 volumes)
Three Poets – Hafiz, Sa'di and Nizami
An Analysis of Khayyam's Personality
An Interpretation, Review and Analysis of Rumi's Mathnavi
Rumi and Ideologies
What Makes Rumi's Words |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locality-sensitive%20hashing | In computer science, locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) is a fuzzy hashing technique that hashes similar input items into the same "buckets" with high probability. (The number of buckets is much smaller than the universe of possible input items.) Since similar items end up in the same buckets, this technique can be used for data clustering and nearest neighbor search. It differs from conventional hashing techniques in that hash collisions are maximized, not minimized. Alternatively, the technique can be seen as a way to reduce the dimensionality of high-dimensional data; high-dimensional input items can be reduced to low-dimensional versions while preserving relative distances between items.
Hashing-based approximate nearest-neighbor search algorithms generally use one of two main categories of hashing methods: either data-independent methods, such as locality-sensitive hashing (LSH); or data-dependent methods, such as locality-preserving hashing (LPH).
Locality-preserving hashing was initially devised as a way to facilitate data pipelining in implementations of massively parallel algorithms that use randomized routing and universal hashing to reduce memory contention and network congestion.
Definitions
An LSH family
is defined for
a metric space ,
a threshold ,
an approximation factor ,
and probabilities and .
This family is a set of functions that map elements of the metric space to buckets . An LSH family must satisfy the following conditions for any two poi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Maskin | Eric Stark Maskin (born December 12, 1950) is an American economist and mathematician. He was jointly awarded the 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Leonid Hurwicz and Roger Myerson "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory". He is the Adams University Professor and Professor of Economics and Mathematics at Harvard University.
Until 2011, he was the Albert O. Hirschman Professor of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study, and a visiting lecturer with the rank of professor at Princeton University.
Early life and education
Maskin was born in New York City on December 12, 1950, into a Jewish family, and spent his youth in Alpine, New Jersey. He graduated from Tenafly High School in Tenafly, New Jersey, in 1968. In 1972, he graduated with A.B. in mathematics from Harvard College, the undergraduate liberal arts college of Harvard University. In 1974, he earned A.M. in applied mathematics and in 1976 earned a Ph.D. in applied mathematics, both at Harvard University. In 1975–76, he was a visiting student at Darwin College, Cambridge University.
Career and topics
In 1976, after earning his doctorate, Maskin became a research fellow at Jesus College, Cambridge University. In the following year, he joined the faculty at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1985 he returned to Harvard as the Louis Berkman Professor of Economics, where he remained until 2000. That year, he moved to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Je |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gates%20Computer%20Science%20Building%2C%20Stanford | __notoc__
The Gates Computer Science Building, or Gates building for short, is an L-shaped building that houses the Computer Science Department as well as the Computer Systems Laboratory at 353 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford University, California. Construction on the building began in 1994 and was completed in 1996 at a cost of $36 million. It was named after Microsoft founder Bill Gates, who donated $6 million for the building's construction.
The building is organized into an A wing (the western ell) and a B wing (the northern ell). It is secured by an Intellikey system. Blueprints of the building are available online. The building was designed by Robert A.M. Stern Architects of New York City.
See also
Knowledge Systems Laboratory
References
Bibliography
External links
Map:
Buildings and structures completed in 1996
Stanford University buildings and structures
Robert A. M. Stern buildings
Bill Gates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Nobel%20laureates%20in%20Literature | The Nobel Prize in Literature () is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Swedish Academy. The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, Prudhomme received 150,782 SEK, which is equivalent to 8,823,637.78 SEK in January 2018. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
As of 2022, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to 119 individuals. The youngest laureate was Rudyard Kipling, who was 41 years old when he was awarded in 1907. The oldest laureate to receive the prize was Doris Lessing, who was 88 when she was awarded in 2007. It has been awarded posthumously once, to Erik Axel Karlfeldt in 1931. When he received the award in 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak was forced to publicly reject the award under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre made known that he did not wish to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently refused all o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20W.%20Field | For the painter, see Robert Field (painter)
Robert W. Field (born June 13, 1944) is the Haslam and Dewey Professor of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he has been a professor since 1974. His AB degree is in chemistry from Amherst College, and his PhD is in chemistry from Harvard University, where he worked with Bill Klemperer. He was a postdoc with Herbert Broida at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Spectroscopy
He is a physical chemist, specializing in spectroscopy of small molecules in the gas phase. He performed the first microwave-optical and optical-optical double resonance experiments on small molecules, and invented the Stimulated Emission Pumping (SEP, or "PUMP and DUMP") spectroscopic method. He is also particularly known for studies of the molecules acetylene (C2H2) and calcium fluoride (CaF) in the gas phase.
His active research group at MIT includes about eight graduate students and postdocs working on experimental, theoretical and computational physical chemistry of small molecules in the gas phase.
Awards
He is the recipient of the Broida Prize (1980), the Plyler Prize (1988), the Lippincott Award (1990), the Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science (2009), the E. Bright Wilson Award in Spectroscopy (2012), and the Nobel Laureate Signature Award. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the National Academy of Sciences.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Christophe%20Bouissou | Jean-Christophe Matahuira Bouissou (born 28 October 1960) is a French Polynesian politician and leader of the Rautahi political party. He was Vice-President of French Polynesia from 2021 to 2023.
Education and early career
He received his degree in information and mathematics from Graceland University in 1984. His political career began shortly afterward and in 1998 he became Minister of Housing. He went on to become a Labour minister in 2000.
Crises and aftermaths
From 26 October 2004 to 16 February 2005 he was spokesman of the Flosse government, right after the fall of Oscar Temaru’s government due to a motion of censure on 9 October 2004. At that time he also served as Interior Minister and the period has been referred to as one of turmoil. In September 2005 he launched a new pro-autonomy party, the Rautahi party. Although he had been in Flosse's government, by 2010 the two expressed criticisms of each other and had become political rivals.
In October 2007 he was fined for corruption, after favouring his half-brother in social-housing allocation in 2002 while housing minister. In 2013 he was charged with corruption again over his links to New Caledonian businessman Bill Ravel.
In September 2014 he joined the government of Edouard Fritch.
In November 2021 he was appointed vice-president, replacing Tearii Alpha.
In July 2023 he was charged with illegal taking of interests for allegedly using his ministerial position to promote the Ecoparc tourism project in exchange |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail%20bed | Nail bed may refer to:
Nail bed (anatomy), the skin beneath the nail plate
Bed of nails, a device sometimes used in meditation and physics demonstrations
Bed of nails tester, a device used to test printed circuit boards
See also
Bed of nails (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duff%27s | Duff's may refer to:
Duff's Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Brooklyn, NY, USA
Duff's device, computer science implementation by Tom Duff
Duff's Famous Wings, restaurant in Buffalo, New York
See also
Duff (disambiguation)
Duffs, golf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Iliopoulos | John (Jean) Iliopoulos (Greek: Ιωάννης Ηλιόπουλος; 1940) is a Greek physicist. He is the first person to present the Standard Model of particle physics in a single report. He is best known for his prediction of the charm quark with Sheldon Glashow and Luciano Maiani (the "GIM mechanism"). Iliopoulos is also known for demonstrating the cancellation of anomalies in the Standard model. He is further known for the Fayet-Iliopoulos D-term formula, which was introduced in 1974. He is currently an honorary member of Laboratory of theoretical physics of École Normale Supérieure, Paris.
Biography
Iliopoulos graduated from National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) in 1962 as a Mechanical-Electrical Engineer. He continued his studies in the field of Theoretical Physics in University of Paris, and in 1963 he obtained the D.E.A, in 1965 the Doctorat 3e Cycle, and in 1968 the Doctorat d' Etat titles. Between the years 1966 and 1968 he was a scholar at CERN, Geneva. From 1969 till 1971 he was a Research Associate in Harvard University. In 1971 he returned in Paris and began working at CNRS. He also held the director position of the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Ecole Normale Superieure between the years 1991-1995 and 1998-2002. In 2002, Iliopoulos was the first recipient of the Aristeio prize, which has been instituted to recognize Greeks who have made significant contributions towards furthering their chosen fields of science. Iliopoulos and Maiani were jointly awarded the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Rajna | Daniel Rajna born 1968, is a South African ballet dancer. After gaining a BSc in applied mathematics at UCT, he trained at the UCT Ballet school, Cape Town. He joined the former CAPAB Ballet in 1990, before leaving in 1997 to join PACT Ballet in Pretoria. He returned to Cape Town in 1999 and was a principal dancer at the Cape Town City Ballet. He is known for his interpretation of dramatic ballets and his partnership with friend, Tracy Li. He and his wife Leanne Voysey, a former principal dancer with Cape Town City Ballet, have a son Finn (born July 2007). He is the son of composer Thomas Rajna. He has performed as a guest artist in Hong Kong, Zimbabwe, The United States, South Africa and Taiwan. They were also both invited to the 2004 International Ballet Festival of Miami. He retired in August 2007 after several performances of Camille. After retirement Rajna made a radical career change and after studying for three years, joined a civil consultancy as a dam designer. He continued his association with ballet and was asked back on occasion to coach members of the ballet company. In 2015 Rajna and Li were invited to come out of retirement to give two performances of Veronica Paeper's ballet, "Carmen" accompanied by the Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra.
Awards
FNB Vita Award 1999
Balletomanes Award for best male dancer, 1996, 2000, 2002 and 2006
Daphne Levy Award for his partnership with Tracy Li, 2001
Notable roles
Pluto in Orpheus in the Underworld
Albrecht in Gise |
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