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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalent%20and%20shy%20sets | In mathematics, the notions of prevalence and shyness are notions of "almost everywhere" and "measure zero" that are well-suited to the study of infinite-dimensional spaces and make use of the translation-invariant Lebesgue measure on finite-dimensional real spaces. The term "shy" was suggested by the American mathematician John Milnor.
Definitions
Prevalence and shyness
Let be a real topological vector space and let be a Borel-measurable subset of is said to be prevalent if there exists a finite-dimensional subspace of called the probe set, such that for all we have for -almost all where denotes the -dimensional Lebesgue measure on Put another way, for every Lebesgue-almost every point of the hyperplane lies in
A non-Borel subset of is said to be prevalent if it contains a prevalent Borel subset.
A Borel subset of is said to be shy if its complement is prevalent; a non-Borel subset of is said to be shy if it is contained within a shy Borel subset.
An alternative, and slightly more general, definition is to define a set to be shy if there exists a transverse measure for (other than the trivial measure).
Local prevalence and shyness
A subset of is said to be locally shy if every point has a neighbourhood whose intersection with is a shy set. is said to be locally prevalent if its complement is locally shy.
Theorems involving prevalence and shyness
If is shy, then so is every subset of and every translate of
Every shy Borel set admits |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MWE | MWE may refer to:
Manufacturer's Weight Empty
McDermott Will & Emery, international law firm
Merowe Airport, Sudan - IATA code
Midwest Express, now Midwest Airlines
Minimal working example, in computer science
Multiword expression
MWe may refer to:
Megawatt electrical |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Nordin | Peter Nordin (August 9, 1965 – October 12, 2020) was a Swedish computer scientist, entrepreneur and author who has contributed to artificial intelligence, automatic programming, machine learning, and evolutionary robotics.
Studies and early career
Peter Nordin was born in 1965 in Helsingborg but moved to Gothenburg in 1967, where he was raised. He began studies at Chalmers University of Technology in 1984 and completed the M.S. in computer science and engineering in 1988 and studied economics. He then worked as a knowledge engineer for artificial intelligence (AI) company, Infologics AB, focusing on research and development of knowledge-based systems and complex system configuration.
Nordin began his research while at Infologics AB, Sweden. His work led to several European research projects (ESPRIT) including projects in machine learning (autonomous vehicles) and methodologies for AI system development. He began his research in Genetic Programming (GP) in 1992. In 1993, he started Dacapo AB, a research and development company. He invented a method for automatic induction of binary machine code using genetic programming and researched how to produce machine code with genetic programming. In 1997 he co-founded the American company RML Technologies, Inc. with commercial GP software. Nordin spent a large portion of 1995 and 1996 at the University of Dortmund, where he completed his doctoral studies. At Dortmund University he initiated research in evolutionary robotics. and de |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Thomson%20%28executive%29 | James JA. Thomson is an American businessman who was the RAND Corporation's president and chief executive officer from August 1989 through October 2011 and a member of the RAND staff since 1981.
Education
Thomson holds a B.S. in physics from the University of New Hampshire (1967) and an M.S. and Ph.D. in physics from Purdue University. He was a postdoctoral research associate in physics (1972) and did basic research in experimental nuclear physics (1972–1974) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He has honorary doctorates from Purdue University, Pepperdine University, and the University of New Hampshire.
Career
Thomson previously served as director of RAND's research programs in national security, foreign policy, defense policy, and arms control; vice president in charge of the Project AIR FORCE division; and executive vice president.
From 1977 to January 1981, Thomson was a member of the National Security Council staff at the White House, where he was primarily responsible for defense and arms control matters related to Europe. He was on the staff of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1974-1977.
Affiliations
Thomson is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, New York; the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London; and the board of the Los Angeles World Affairs Council. He is a director of AK Steel Corporation, Encysive Pharmaceuticals, and Object Reservoir.
Articles
Unclassified Work at RAND
External links
Doctor of Science honorary degree re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20sup%C3%A9rieure%20de%20chimie%20organique%20et%20min%C3%A9rale | École Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale (ESCOM) is a French grande école located in Compiègne, France. It is a private school founded in 1957.
Students graduate with a master's degree in chemical engineering, with emphasis on the study of organic and inorganic chemistry. Work experience in the field, materialized by internships within corporate or research environments, is required from students throughout their curriculum..
In September 1991, ESCOM relocated from Paris to Cergy-Pontoise and in September 2008, it moved again to Compiègne.
References
External links
Official website
Compiègne
Educational institutions established in 1957
1957 establishments in France |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scene%20generator | A scene generator is a computer model that creates a world representation using phenomenology, physics, and behavioral models, to achieve a useful rendition of the domain of interest. Usually found associated with the synthetic modeling of electro-magnetic spectral domains like Optical (Visible, IR, UV) or Radio Frequency. A hyperspectral scene generator is when multiple electro-magnetic spectra can be handled simultaneously.
References
Simulation software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20measure | In mathematics, a measure on a real vector space is said to be transverse to a given set if it assigns measure zero to every translate of that set, while assigning finite and positive (i.e. non-zero) measure to some compact set.
Definition
Let V be a real vector space together with a metric space structure with respect to which it is complete. A Borel measure μ is said to be transverse to a Borel-measurable subset S of V if
there exists a compact subset K of V with 0 < μ(K) < +∞; and
μ(v + S) = 0 for all v ∈ V, where
is the translate of S by v.
The first requirement ensures that, for example, the trivial measure is not considered to be a transverse measure.
Example
As an example, take V to be the Euclidean plane R2 with its usual Euclidean norm/metric structure. Define a measure μ on R2 by setting μ(E) to be the one-dimensional Lebesgue measure of the intersection of E with the first coordinate axis:
An example of a compact set K with positive and finite μ-measure is K = B1(0), the closed unit ball about the origin, which has μ(K) = 2. Now take the set S to be the second coordinate axis. Any translate (v1, v2) + S of S will meet the first coordinate axis in precisely one point, (v1, 0). Since a single point has Lebesgue measure zero, μ((v1, v2) + S) = 0, and so μ is transverse to S.
See also
Prevalent and shy sets
References
Measures (measure theory) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20Health%20Research%20Institute%20%28Melbourne%29 | The Mental Health Research Institute (MHRI) is a former Australian medical research institute that was focused upon improving the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of major mental disorders. The MHRI was active between 1956 and 2012, when it was merged with the Florey Neuroscience Institutes to form the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health. Based in Melbourne, Victoria, the research efforts of the MHRI were focused on understanding schizophrenia, bipolar and major mood disorders, and Alzheimer's disease.
History
The Mental Health Research Institute was founded in 1956 as part of the Victorian Health Department. At that time the Institute specialised in common mental disorders in the community, with a focus on risk factors, prevention and appropriate treatment. The building was located close to the original Royal Park Hospital in .
A working party established in 1983 recommended that a major expansion and re-organisation should take place. This resulted in more emphasis on neuroscience and the creation of a fully independent research organisation. In 1987 the Institute was incorporated in Victoria, and subsequently grew rapidly from an initial staff of three to over 100 staff prior to its merger. A modern neuroscientific research centre was completed in 1994 at a cost of 5.5 million. Prior to its merger, the Institute occupied a purpose built facility that houses clinical and research laboratories with strong molecular and in-vivo capabilities.
Prior to its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20and%20technology%20in%20Argentina | The most important aspects of science and technology in Argentina are concerned with medicine, nuclear physics, biotechnology, nanotechnology, space and rocket technology and several fields related to the country's main economic activities. According to the World Bank, Argentine exports in high-technology are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.
Benefiting from Latin America's highest literacy rates since shortly after President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento made primary education universally available in the 1860s and 1870s, Argentine researchers and professionals at home and abroad continue to enjoy a high standing in their fields. Argentine Bernardo Houssay was the first Latin American awarded with a Nobel Prize in sciences. Educated in a National University, Houssay went on to establish Argentina's National Research Council, a centerpiece in Argentine scientific and technological development, fifty years on. Many other Argentines have contributed to scientific development around the world, though sometimes having to emigrate to do so. Probably for that, the Argentine education is referred as the Latin American docta (in Spanish: La docta Latinoamericana), which originates from the Latin docta (learned). Argentina was ranked 73rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2021.
Eminences in their fields
Despite its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20administration | Data administration or data resource management is an organizational function working in the areas of information systems and computer science that plans, organizes, describes and controls data resources. Data resources are usually stored in databases under a database management system or other software such as electronic spreadsheets. In many smaller organizations, data administration is performed occasionally, or is a small component of the database administrator’s work.
In the context of information systems development, data administration ideally begins at system conception, ensuring there is a data dictionary to help maintain consistency, avoid redundancy, and model the database so as to make it logical and usable, by means of data modeling, including database normalization techniques.
Data resource management
According to the Data Management Association (DAMA), data resource management is "the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs of an enterprise".
Data Resource management may be thought of as a managerial activity that applies information system and other data management tools to the task of managing an organization’s data resource to meet a company’s business needs, and the information they provide to their shareholders.
From the perspective of database design, it refers to the development and maintenance of data models to facilitate data sharing between different systems, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal%20loop | In solar physics, a coronal loop is a well-defined arch-like structure in the Sun's atmosphere made up of relatively dense plasma confined and isolated from the surrounding medium by magnetic flux tubes. Coronal loops begin and end at two footpoints on the photosphere and project into the transition region and lower corona. They typically form and dissipate over periods of seconds to days and may span anywhere from in length.
Coronal loops are often associated with the strong magnetic fields located within active regions and sunspots. The number of coronal loops varies with the 11 year solar cycle.
Origin and physical features
Due to a natural process called the solar dynamo driven by heat produced in the Sun's core, convective motion of the electrically conductive plasma which makes up the Sun creates electric currents, which in turn create powerful magnetic fields in the Sun's interior. These magnetic fields are in the form of closed loops of magnetic flux, which are twisted and tangled by solar differential rotation (the different rotation rates of the plasma at different latitudes of the solar sphere). A coronal loop occurs when a curved arc of the magnetic field projects through the visible surface of the Sun, the photosphere, protruding into the solar atmosphere.
Within a coronal loop, the paths of the moving electrically charged particles which make up its plasma—electrons and ions—are sharply bent by the Lorentz force when moving transverse to the loop's magnetic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%20Medal | Price Medal is a medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, for investigations of outstanding merit in solid-earth geophysics, oceanography, or planetary sciences. The medal is named after Albert Thomas Price. It was first awarded in 1994 and was initially given every three years. In 2005 this switched to every two years, and from 2014 it has been awarded every year.
Price Medallists
Source: Royal Astronomical Society (unless otherwise noted)
1994
1997 Catherine Constable
2000 Jean-Louis Le Mouël
2003 Y. Kaminde
2005 Gillian Foulger
2007 Andrew Jackson
2009 Malcolm Sambridge
2011 Roger Searle
2013 Kathryn Whaler
2014 Seth Stein
2015 John Brodholt
2016 John Tarduno
2017 Richard Holme
2018 Stuart Crampin
2019 Catherine Johnson
2020 Phil Livermore
2021 Emily Brodsky
2022 Hrvoje Tkalcic
2023 Rhian Jones
See also
List of astronomy awards
List of geophysicists
List of geophysics awards
List of prizes named after people
References
Awards of the Royal Astronomical Society
Awards established in 1994
1994 establishments in the United Kingdom
Geophysics awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenylstibine | Triphenylstibine is the chemical compound with the formula Sb(C6H5)3. Abbreviated SbPh3, this colourless solid is often considered the prototypical organoantimony compound. It is used as a ligand in coordination chemistry and as a reagent in organic synthesis.
Like the related molecules triphenylamine, triphenylphosphine and triphenylarsine, SbPh3 is pyramidal with a propeller-like arrangement of the phenyl groups. The Sb-C distances average 2.14-2.17 Å and the C-Sb-C angle are 95°.
SbPh3 was first reported in 1886, being prepared from antimony trichloride by the reaction:
6 Na + 3 C6H5Cl + SbCl3 → (C6H5)3Sb + 6 NaCl
An alternative method treats phenylmagnesium bromide with SbCl3.
References
Organoantimony compounds
Phenyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo%20Niram | Romeo Niram (born 1974 in Buzescu, Romania) is a figurative painter of Jewish origin, living and working in Madrid, Spain.
Art
Romeo Niram's artistic work is connected to physics above all, but also to philosophy, theology, literature, and cinema.
His work was presented in the series "Brâncuși E=mc2" at the conference "Art and Physics" in Tel Aviv, organized by the cultural association New Vision Rromani. The series identifies similarities in between physics and sculpture, in Albert Einstein's cosmology and Constantin Brâncuși's art.
In 2008, a thesis on his series "Diary - Mircea Eliade – Essay" was presented by art critic Begoña Fernández Cabaleiro at the International Congress of Art History, University of Murcia, Spain.
Selected artwork
At the invitation of the Reales Tercios General Manuel Fuentes Cabrera, Romeo Niram painted in 2009 the portrait of Prince Felipe and Princess Leticia of Spain, and offered the painting to the couple on their 5th wedding anniversary. The painting is entitled "The Gate of the Kiss of Asturias". Its frame was made by Bogdan Ater; it represents Brâncuși's sculpture The Gate of the Kiss.
Cultural activity
In 2004, Niram founded in Lisbon "Diaspora", the first bilingual cultural newspaper in Portugal.
In Spain, he founded the fine arts magazine “Niram Art”, which received several awards for cultural journalism (Best Arts Magazine) from the Movement for Contemporary Art in Portugal. The magazine contains articles in four languages, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular%20polymer | In polymer chemistry and materials science, the term "polymer" refers to large molecules whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units. Supramolecular polymers are a new category of polymers that can potentially be used for material applications beyond the limits of conventional polymers. By definition, supramolecular polymers are polymeric arrays of monomeric units that are connected by reversible and highly directional secondary interactions–that is, non-covalent bonds. These non-covalent interactions include van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, Coulomb or ionic interactions, π-π stacking, metal coordination, halogen bonding, chalcogen bonding, and host–guest interaction. The direction and strength of the interactions are precisely tuned so that the array of molecules behaves as a polymer (that is, it behaves in a way that can be described by the theories of polymer physics) in dilute and concentrated solution, as well as in the bulk.
In conventional polymers, monomeric units are linked by strong covalent bonds and have excellent properties as materials; however, high temperatures and pressures are typically required for processing due to polymer entanglement in the highly viscous melt. Supramolecular polymers combine good material properties with low-viscosity melts that are easy to handle. Additionally, some supramolecular polymers have unique characteristics, such as the ability to self-heal fractures. Although covalent polymers can be recycled, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient%20of%20subspace%20theorem | In mathematics, the quotient of subspace theorem is an important property of finite-dimensional normed spaces, discovered by Vitali Milman.
Let (X, ||·||) be an N-dimensional normed space. There exist subspaces Z ⊂ Y ⊂ X such that the following holds:
The quotient space E = Y / Z is of dimension dim E ≥ c N, where c > 0 is a universal constant.
The induced norm || · || on E, defined by
is uniformly isomorphic to Euclidean. That is, there exists a positive quadratic form ("Euclidean structure") Q on E, such that
for
with K > 1 a universal constant.
The statement is relative easy to prove by induction on the dimension of Z (even for Y=Z, X=0, c=1) with a K that depends only on N; the point of the theorem is that K is independent of N.
In fact, the constant c can be made arbitrarily close to 1, at the expense of the
constant K becoming large. The original proof allowed
Notes
References
Banach spaces
Asymptotic geometric analysis
Theorems in functional analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich%20Gossweiler | Rich Gossweiler is a research scientist with Google whose area of expertise is in HCI, interaction design, front-end web development, and System architecture.
Education
Gossweiler graduated from the College of William and Mary, majoring in Computer Science and minoring in mathematics. He received both his master's degree and Ph.D. from the University of Virginia, focusing on computer science and perceptual psychology in relation to 3D graphics and VR. He was Randy Pausch's first Ph.D. student.
Career
Gossweiler is currently researching new search models, user experiences and collaborative applications for Google. He has worked at Hewlett-Packard, IBM Almaden Research Center, Xerox PARC, SGI and NASA where he worked at NASA Ames participating in the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission.
References
External links
Google employees
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Scientists at PARC (company) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20conjugate%20root%20theorem | In mathematics, the complex conjugate root theorem states that if P is a polynomial in one variable with real coefficients, and a + bi is a root of P with a and b real numbers, then its complex conjugate a − bi is also a root of P.
It follows from this (and the fundamental theorem of algebra) that, if the degree of a real polynomial is odd, it must have at least one real root. That fact can also be proved by using the intermediate value theorem.
Examples and consequences
The polynomial x2 + 1 = 0 has roots ± i.
Any real square matrix of odd degree has at least one real eigenvalue. For example, if the matrix is orthogonal, then 1 or −1 is an eigenvalue.
The polynomial
has roots
and thus can be factored as
In computing the product of the last two factors, the imaginary parts cancel, and we get
The non-real factors come in pairs which when multiplied give quadratic polynomials with real coefficients. Since every polynomial with complex coefficients can be factored into 1st-degree factors (that is one way of stating the fundamental theorem of algebra), it follows that every polynomial with real coefficients can be factored into factors of degree no higher than 2: just 1st-degree and quadratic factors.
If the roots are and , they form a quadratic
.
If the third root is , this becomes
.
Corollary on odd-degree polynomials
It follows from the present theorem and the fundamental theorem of algebra that if the degree of a real polynomial is odd, it must have at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Riesz%20extension%20theorem | The M. Riesz extension theorem is a theorem in mathematics, proved by Marcel Riesz during his study of the problem of moments.
Formulation
Let be a real vector space, be a vector subspace, and be a convex cone.
A linear functional is called -positive, if it takes only non-negative values on the cone :
A linear functional is called a -positive extension of , if it is identical to in the domain of , and also returns a value of at least 0 for all points in the cone :
In general, a -positive linear functional on cannot be extended to a -positive linear functional on . Already in two dimensions one obtains a counterexample. Let and be the -axis. The positive functional can not be extended to a positive functional on .
However, the extension exists under the additional assumption that namely for every there exists an such that
Proof
The proof is similar to the proof of the Hahn–Banach theorem (see also below).
By transfinite induction or Zorn's lemma it is sufficient to consider the case dim .
Choose any . Set
We will prove below that . For now, choose any satisfying , and set , , and then extend to all of by linearity. We need to show that is -positive. Suppose . Then either , or or for some and . If , then . In the first remaining case , and so
by definition. Thus
In the second case, , and so similarly
by definition and so
In all cases, , and so is -positive.
We now prove that . Notice by assumption there exists at least one for which , and so |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical%20Fluid%20Dynamics%20Laboratory%20Coupled%20Model | Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model (GFDL CM2.5) is a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) developed at the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in the United States. It is one of the leading climate models used in the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, along with models developed at the Max Planck Institute for Climate Research, the Hadley Centre and the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Composition
Atmosphere
The atmospheric component of the CM2.X models employs a 24-level atmosphere with horizontal resolution of 2° in east–west and 2.5° in north–south directions. This resolution is sufficient to resolve the large mid-latitude cyclones responsible for weather variability. It is too coarse, however, to resolve processes such as hurricanes or intense thunderstorm outbreaks. The atmosphere includes a representation of radiative fluxes, mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer, representations of the impacts of stratus and cumulus clouds, a scheme for representing drag on upper level winds caused by gravity waves, changes in the spatial distribution of ozone and the ability to represent the impact of multiple greenhouse gases.
Ocean
The ocean component is a 50-level ocean, run at a resolution of 1° in the east–west direction and varying in the north–south direction from 1 degree in the polar regions to 1/3 of a degree along the equator. This resolution is sufficient to resolve the equatorial current system, but is too |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyllysine | Methyllysine is derivative of the amino acid residue lysine where the sidechain ammonium group has been methylated one or more times.
Such methylated lysines play an important role in epigenetics; the methylation of specific lysines of certain histones in a nucleosome alters the binding of the surrounding DNA to those histones, which in turn affects the expression of genes on that DNA. The binding is affected because the effective radius of the positive charge is increased (methyl groups are larger than the hydrogen atoms they replace), reducing the strongest potential electrostatic attraction with the negatively charged DNA.
It is thought that the methylation of lysine (and arginine) on histone tails does not directly affect their binding to DNA. Rather, such methyl marks recruit other proteins that modulate chromatin structure.
In Protein Data Bank files, methylated lysines are indicated by the MLY or MLZ acronyms.
References
Alpha-Amino acids
Basic amino acids
Diamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyllysine | Acetyllysine (or acetylated lysine) is an acetyl-derivative of the amino acid lysine. There are multiple forms of acetyllysine: this article is about N-ε-acetyl-L-lysine; the other form is N-α-acetyl-L-lysine.
In proteins, the acetylation of lysine residues is an important mechanism of epigenetics. It functions by regulating the binding of histones to DNA in nucleosomes and thereby controlling the expression of genes on that DNA. Non-histone proteins are acetylated as well. Unlike the functionally similar methyllysine, acetyllysine does not carry a positive charge on its side chain.
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) catalyze the addition of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA onto certain lysine residues of histones and non-histone proteins. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from acetylated lysines.
Acetyllysine can be synthesized from lysine by the selective acetylation of the terminal amine group.
References
Alpha-Amino acids
Acetamides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDiarmid%27s%20inequality | In probability theory and theoretical computer science, McDiarmid's inequality is a concentration inequality which bounds the deviation between the sampled value and the expected value of certain functions when they are evaluated on independent random variables. McDiarmid's inequality applies to functions that satisfy a bounded differences property, meaning that replacing a single argument to the function while leaving all other arguments unchanged cannot cause too large of a change in the value of the function.
Statement
A function satisfies the bounded differences property if substituting the value of the th coordinate changes the value of by at most . More formally, if there are constants such that for all , and all ,
Extensions
Unbalanced distributions
A stronger bound may be given when the arguments to the function are sampled from unbalanced distributions, such that resampling a single argument rarely causes a large change to the function value.
This may be used to characterize, for example, the value of a function on graphs when evaluated on sparse random graphs and hypergraphs, since in a sparse random graph, it is much more likely for any particular edge to be missing than to be present.
Differences bounded with high probability
McDiarmid's inequality may be extended to the case where the function being analyzed does not strictly satisfy the bounded differences property, but large differences remain very rare.
There exist stronger refinements to this anal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Mawer | Simon Mawer ( ; born 1948, England) is a British author who lives in Italy.
Life and work
Born in 1948 and was educated at Millfield School in Somerset and at Brasenose College, Oxford, Mawer took a degree in Zoology and has worked as a biology teacher for most of his life. He published his first novel, Chimera, (Hamish Hamilton, 1989) at the comparatively late age of forty-one. It won the McKitterick Prize for a first novel by an author over the age of forty. Mendel's Dwarf followed three works of modest success and established him as a writer of note on both sides of the Atlantic. The New York Times described it as a "thematically ambitious and witty novel". Uzo optioned film rights, and then later Barbra Streisand optioned them.
The novels The Gospel of Judas and The Fall came next, followed by Swimming to Ithaca, a novel partially inspired by his childhood on the island of Cyprus. The non-fiction A Place in Italy (1992), written in the wake of A year in Provence, followed and recounts the first two years in the Italian village where he lived. He then published another non-fiction book, Gregor Mendel: Planting the Seeds of Genetics, published in conjunction with the Field Museum of Chicago as a companion volume to the museum's concurrent exhibition of the same name.
In 2009, Mawer published The Glass Room, a novel about a modernist villa built in a Czech city. His 2012 book The Girl Who Fell from the Sky was received positively on both sides of the Atlantic, described a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo%20Folegatti | Ronaldo Folegatti (April 30, 1958, Rio de Janeiro – August 1, 2007, Teresópolis) was a Brazilian composer, guitarist, and record producer.
Folegatti started playing the guitar at age 10. He studied mathematics and received a master's degree in science.
When he was twenty-two, he moved to Germany and started a career in music. He released his first album, Sound of Watercolors, in Germany in 1990. He recorded his second album, Lust, Comics & Some Other Dreams, with Till Brönner and Ronnie Stevenson. The album crossed several genres: jazz, big band, free jazz, and Brazilian. In 1995 he moved to Brazil. Five years later two more albums came out, Mazy Tales and Anjos & Estrellas.
In 2005 he released Jamming!, with guest appearances by Randy Brecker, Will Lee, Joel Rosenblatt Zé Canuto, Teo Lima, Marcelo Martins, and Ada Rovatti. During the next two years he was treated for cancer. He died in 2007, leaving four albums unfinished and unreleased.
Discography
Sounds of Watercolors (Blue Orchid, 1991)
Lust, Comics & Some Other Dreams (Blue Orchid, 1992)
Mazy Tales (Folegatti, 2000)
Anjos & Estrellas (Folegatti, 2000)
Histórias de Beijos (Folegatti, 2002)
Jamming! (Apria, 2005)
References
1958 births
Brazilian male guitarists
Brazilian composers
Brazilian jazz guitarists
Brazilian record producers
Brazilian people of Italian descent
2007 deaths
20th-century guitarists
20th-century male musicians
Male jazz musicians |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annesley%20Somerville | Annesley Ashworth Somerville (16 November 1858 – 15 May 1942) was a schoolteacher turned politician. He taught for forty years before turning to politics, then for twenty years served as a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.
Somerville was born at Ballincollig in County Cork in Ireland and studied mathematics at Queen's College, Cork (BA 1875), and at Trinity College, Cambridge (BA 1880), where he was also a Mathematical Scholar. He then became a schoolmaster, first at Wellington College and then at Eton College.
He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Windsor at the 1922 general election, and served until he died in office in 1942.
References
External links
1858 births
1942 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Windsor
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Politicians from County Cork
Alumni of University College Cork
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Scientists from County Cork
19th-century Irish mathematicians
20th-century Irish mathematicians |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRC%20Mitochondrial%20Biology%20Unit | The MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (formerly the MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit) is a department of the School of Clinical Medicine at the University of Cambridge, funded through a strategic partnership between the Medical Research Council and the University. It is located at the Addenbrooke’s Hospital / Cambridge Biomedical Campus site in Cambridge, England. The unit is concerned with the study of the mitochondrion, as this organelle has a varied and critical role in many aspects of eukaryotic metabolism and is implicated in many metabolic, degenerative, and age-related human diseases.
History
The Unit was founded in 1927 using a donation from Sir William Dunn, who left £1 million to charity on his death in 1912. Part of this money was used to fund what was then called the Dunn Nutritional Laboratory, with its research supported by the Medical Research Council (MRC). Its original research focus was to investigate the role of vitamins in human health. Under the directorship of Egon Kodicek this focus changed to more general nutritional research. The Unit was restructured in 1998 under the directorship of Professor Sir John Walker to focus on mitochondrial research. The Unit was renamed in 2009 to the Mitochondrial Biology Unit to reflect its mitochondrial expertise. In March 2017 the Unit was transferred from the MRC to the University of Cambridge. The current director of the Unit is Professor Judy Hirst.
The Unit has three major scientific aims:
To understand the fundament |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation%20%28population%20genetics%29 | In population genetics, fixation is the change in a gene pool from a situation where there exists at least two variants of a particular gene (allele) in a given population to a situation where only one of the alleles remains. That is, the allele becomes fixed.
In the absence of mutation or heterozygote advantage, any allele must eventually be lost completely from the population or fixed (permanently established at 100% frequency in the population). Whether a gene will ultimately be lost or fixed is dependent on selection coefficients and chance fluctuations in allelic proportions. Fixation can refer to a gene in general or particular nucleotide position in the DNA chain (locus).
In the process of substitution, a previously non-existent allele arises by mutation and undergoes fixation by spreading through the population by random genetic drift or positive selection. Once the frequency of the allele is at 100%, i.e. being the only gene variant present in any member, it is said to be "fixed" in the population.
Similarly, genetic differences between taxa are said to have been fixed in each species.
History
The earliest mention of gene fixation in published works was found in Motoo Kimura's 1962 paper "On Probability of Fixation of Mutant Genes in a Population". In the paper, Kimura uses mathematical techniques to determine the probability of fixation of mutant genes in a population. He showed that the probability of fixation depends on the initial frequency of the allele and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20modularity | In cognitive neuroscience, visual modularity is an organizational concept concerning how vision works. The way in which the primate visual system operates is currently under intense scientific scrutiny. One dominant thesis is that different properties of the visual world (color, motion, form and so forth) require different computational solutions which are implemented in anatomically/functionally distinct regions that operate independently – that is, in a modular fashion.
Motion processing
Akinetopsia, a term coined by Semir Zeki, refers to an intriguing condition brought about by damage to the Extrastriate cortex MT+ (also known as area V5) that renders humans and monkeys unable to perceive motion, seeing the world in a series of static "frames" instead and indicates that there might be a "motion centre" in the brain. Of course, such data can only indicate that this area is at least necessary to motion perception, not that it is sufficient; however, other evidence has shown the importance of this area to primate motion perception. Specifically, physiological, neuroimaging, perceptual, electrical- and transcranial magnetic stimulation evidence (Table 1) all come together on the area V5/hMT+. Converging evidence of this type is supportive of a module for motion processing. However, this view is likely to be incomplete: other areas are involved with motion perception, including V1, V2 and V3a and areas surrounding V5/hMT+ (Table 2). A recent fMRI study put the number of motio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried%20Scherer | Siegfried Scherer (born 7 April 1955, Oberndorf am Neckar) is a German biologist, since 1991 Professor of Microbiology at the Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephan since 1991, where he is Managing Director of the Nutrition and Food Research Center ZIEL. Scherer is not a prominent creationist as often purported. He believes that religion and science are two different ways of approaching reality. He is married to anthropologist Sigrid Hartwig-Scherer.
Biography
Scherer studied biology, chemistry and physics at the University of Konstanz. In 1977, he passed the state examination in chemistry and physics, and in 1980, the diploma and state examination in biology. In 1983, he earned his PhD in plant physiology. From 1983 to 1988, he researched plant physiology and biochemistry at the University of Konstanz. In 1984, he received the Byk company's research award, and in 1986, he April assumed a research position for field studies at China and Mongolia with the Chinese Academy of Science. From 1988 to 1989, he was on a research scholarship from German Academic Exchange Service at the Virginia Tech Department of Biochemistry.
After this, Scherer had a post-doctoral position at the University of Konstanz from 1989 to 1991. That year, he was on habilitation at University of Konstanz in plant physiology and microbial ecology, then became Professor extraordinarius at the Technical University of Munich, a Director of the Microbiology Department at the Research Center for Milk and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Marshall%2C%20Baron%20Marshall%20of%20Goring | Walter Charles Marshall, Baron Marshall of Goring (5 March 1932 – 20 February 1996) was a noted theoretical physicist and leader in the UK's energy sector.
Early life
The son of Frank Marshall and Amy Pearson, he attended the grammar school St Illtyd's Boys College
(now St Illtyd's Catholic High School).
He studied mathematical physics at Birmingham University and gained a PhD there under Rudolf Peierls.
Career
He joined the Theoretical Physics Division at AERE Harwell in 1954, succeeding Brian Flowers as Head of that Division in 1960 and becoming Director of AERE in 1968; he eventually was appointed Chairman of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority in 1981.
CEGB
As a champion of nuclear power, he was appointed, in 1983, to be chairman of the Central Electricity Generating Board. He was also highly sceptical of fusion power, famously noting that "fusion is an idea with infinite possibility and zero chance of success."
In 1989, with the government's plan to reorganise and privatise electricity generation, the position of Chairman of the CEGB disappeared. He was made Chairman of National Power which included a large number of the coal- and oil-fired power stations and all of the nuclear power stations. National Power was a division of the CEGB until it was privatised in 1990. This was done as he had a close association with nuclear power, from the early years. But before the privatisation process was complete, the city was not happy with the nuclear component in Na |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Review%20of%20Food%20Science%20and%20Technology | The International Review of Food Science and Technology is a British yearly food science and technology publication done by Sovereign Publications in the United Kingdom for the International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST).
Its publication deals with issues on food science and technology, including food allergy, food chemistry, food engineering, food processing, and product development.
The editor-in-chief in 2007 was Peter Berry Ottaway.
External links
Official website
Annual journals
English-language journals
Publications with year of establishment missing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TerraNova%20%28test%29 | TerraNova is a series of standardized achievement tests used in the United States designed to assess K-12 student achievement in reading, language arts, mathematics, science, social studies, vocabulary, spelling, and other areas.
The test series is published by CTB/McGraw-Hill. On June 30, 2015 McGraw-Hill Education announced that Data Recognition Corporation (DRC) had agreed to acquire "key assets" of the CTB/McGraw-Hill assessment business.
TerraNova was created with an update in 1996 CTB to the California Achievement Tests and the California Tests of Basic Skills.
TerraNova are used by many Department of Defense Dependents Schools. The state of California used the test as part of the CAT/6 or California Achievement Tests, 6th edition as part of the statewide STAR testing program, though only in certain grades. The CAT series of tests have been available for quite some time and before many US states began developing their own standards-based tests as part of an overall testing movement in the United States, which began in the early 2000s. The CAT were also widely used outside of California to assess student achievement.
TerraNova are used widely throughout the United States.
Tests
The tests are usually multiple choice and answered with bubble sheets. Many sections take fifteen minutes to a few hours, and the tests sometimes extend to over one day. Fifth grade and above include short answers. The results are nationally norm-referenced, meaning that students' scores ref |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPAD%20%28complexity%29 | In computer science, PPAD ("Polynomial Parity Arguments on Directed graphs") is a complexity class introduced by Christos Papadimitriou in 1994. PPAD is a subclass of TFNP based on functions that can be shown to be total by a parity argument. The class attracted significant attention in the field of algorithmic game theory because it contains the problem of computing a Nash equilibrium: this problem was shown to be complete for PPAD by Daskalakis, Goldberg and Papadimitriou with at least 3 players and later extended by Chen and Deng to 2 players.
Definition
PPAD is a subset of the class TFNP, the class of function problems in FNP that are guaranteed to be total. The TFNP formal definition is given as follows:
A binary relation P(x,y) is in TFNP if and only if there is a deterministic polynomial time algorithm that can determine whether P(x,y) holds given both x and y, and for every x, there exists a y such that P(x,y) holds.
Subclasses of TFNP are defined based on the type of mathematical proof used to prove that a solution always exists. Informally, PPAD is the subclass of TFNP where the guarantee that there exists a y such that P(x,y) holds is based on a parity argument on a directed graph. The class is formally defined by specifying one of its complete problems, known as End-Of-The-Line:
G is a (possibly exponentially large) directed graph with every vertex having at most one predecessor and at most one successor. G is specified by giving a polynomial-time computab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound%20heterozygosity | In medical genetics, compound heterozygosity is the condition of having two or more heterogeneous recessive alleles at a particular locus that can cause genetic disease in a heterozygous state; that is, an organism is a compound heterozygote when it has two recessive alleles for the same gene, but with those two alleles being different from each other (for example, both alleles might be mutated but at different locations). Compound heterozygosity reflects the diversity of the mutation base for many autosomal recessive genetic disorders; mutations in most disease-causing genes have arisen many times. This means that many cases of disease arise in individuals who have two unrelated alleles, who technically are heterozygotes, but both the alleles are defective.
These disorders are often best known in some classic form, such as the homozygous recessive case of a particular mutation that is widespread in some population. In its compound heterozygous forms, the disease may have lower penetrance, because the mutations involved are often less deleterious in combination than for a homozygous individual with the classic symptoms of the disease. As a result, compound heterozygotes often become ill later in life, with less severe symptoms. Although compound heterozygosity as a cause of genetic disease had been suspected much earlier, widespread confirmation of the phenomenon was not feasible until the 1980s, when polymerase chain reaction techniques for amplification of DNA made it cost |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie%20Laurens | Stephanie Laurens (born in Ceylon, now Sri Lanka), is a best-selling Australian author of romance novels.
Biography
Stephanie Laurens was born on 14 August 1953 in Sri Lanka. When she was 5, her family moved to Melbourne, where she was raised. After continuing through school and earning a PhD in Biochemistry in Australia, Laurens and her husband moved to Great Britain, taking one of the last true overland journeys from Kathmandu to London.
Once in London, Laurens and her husband both began work as research scientists in Kent. They lived in an area surrounded by history. Their own cottage was built in the 16th century, while next door were the protected ruins of an early Roman villa, and nearby was a 14th-century castle.
After four years in England, Laurens and her husband returned to Australia, where she continued to work in cancer research, eventually heading her own research laboratory. One evening she realised that she did not have any more of her favourite romance novels to read. After years of thinking about writing her own novel, during nights and weekends for the next several months she began crafting her own story. That manuscript, Tangled Reins, was the first of her books to be published. After achieving a level of success with her novels, Laurens "retired" from scientific research and became a full-time novelist. Her novels are primarily historical romances set in the Regency time period.
Stephanie Laurens and her husband live in Melbourne with their two cats.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip%20counting | Skip counting is a mathematics technique taught as a kind of multiplication in reform mathematics textbooks such as TERC. In older textbooks, this technique is called counting by twos (threes, fours, etc.).
In skip counting by twos, a person can count to 10 by only naming every other even number: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. Combining the base (two, in this example) with the number of groups (five, in this example) produces the standard multiplication equation: two multiplied by five equals ten.
References
Mathematics education
Multiplication |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryman%20line | In mathematics, a Countryman line (named after Roger Simmons Countryman Jr.) is an uncountable linear ordering whose square is the union of countably many chains. The existence of Countryman lines was first proven by Shelah. Shelah also conjectured that, assuming PFA, every Aronszajn line contains a Countryman line. This conjecture, which remained open for three decades, was proven by Justin Moore.
References
Roger S. Countryman, Jr. Spaces having a -monotone base. Preprint, 1970.
Order theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Orlando%20Lawrence%20Award | The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award was established in 1959 in honor of a scientist who helped elevate American physics to the status of world leader in the field.
E. O. Lawrence was the inventor of the cyclotron, an accelerator of subatomic particles, and a 1939 Nobel Laureate in physics for that achievement. The Radiation Laboratory he developed at Berkeley during the 1930s ushered in the era of "big science", in which experiments were no longer done by an individual researcher and a few assistants on the table-top of an academic lab but by large, multidisciplinary teams of scientists and engineers in entire buildings full of sophisticated equipment and huge scientific machines. During World War II, Lawrence and his accelerators contributed to the Manhattan Project, and he later played a leading role in establishing the U.S. system of national laboratories, two of which (Lawrence Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore) now bear his name.
Shortly after Lawrence's death in August 1958, John A. McCone, Chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, wrote to President Eisenhower suggesting the establishment of a memorial award in Lawrence's name. President Eisenhower agreed, saying, "Such an award would seem to me to be most fitting, both as a recognition of what he has given to our country and to mankind, and as a means of helping to carry forward his work through inspiring others to dedicate their lives and talents to scientific effort." The first Lawrence Awards were given |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma%20Weiss | Soma Weiss (January 27, 1898 – January 31, 1942) was a Hungarian-born American physician.
Early life
Soma Weiss was born in 1898 in Bistriţa, Transylvania, Austro-Hungarian Empire. He studied physiology and biochemistry in Budapest. Immediately after the end of World War I, he immigrated to the United States and qualified in medicine in 1923. He was from Jewish ancestry.
Ernest Sachs Jr., a neurosurgeon who was Goldman Sachs's founder Marcus Goldman's great-grandson, was Weiss's cousin.
Career
After initially working at Cornell University, Weiss moved to Harvard Medical School (HMS) in 1925, and in 1939 became physician-in-chief at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (which merged to form Brigham and Women's Hospital in 1980) and Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic at HMS. He published more than 200 peer-reviewed articles, the majority relating to cardiovascular diseases and pharmacology.
Death
Weiss died suddenly on January 31, 1942, four days after turning 43. He had developed a sudden, excruciating and enduring headache one day, which he recognized as a ruptured intracranial aneurysm; he made it home, where he was briefly cared for by medical staff he had trained, but soon died.
Legacy
In April 1940, Weiss worked with his students, which included his cousin (and future neurosurgeon) Ernest Sachs Jr., to launch the Harvard Medical School (HMS) Undergraduate Research Assembly; after Weiss's death, it was renamed the Soma Weiss Student Research Day. The Scholar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazonov%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Sazonov's theorem, named after Vyacheslav Vasilievich Sazonov (), is a theorem in functional analysis.
It states that a bounded linear operator between two Hilbert spaces is γ-radonifying if it is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator. The result is also important in the study of stochastic processes and the Malliavin calculus, since results concerning probability measures on infinite-dimensional spaces are of central importance in these fields. Sazonov's theorem also has a converse: if the map is not Hilbert–Schmidt, then it is not γ-radonifying.
Statement of the theorem
Let G and H be two Hilbert spaces and let T : G → H be a bounded operator from G to H. Recall that T is said to be γ-radonifying if the push forward of the canonical Gaussian cylinder set measure on G is a bona fide measure on H. Recall also that T is said to be a Hilbert–Schmidt operator if there is an orthonormal basis } of G such that
Then Sazonov's theorem is that T is γ-radonifying if it is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator.
The proof uses Prokhorov's theorem.
Remarks
The canonical Gaussian cylinder set measure on an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space can never be a bona fide measure; equivalently, the identity function on such a space cannot be γ-radonifying.
See also
References
Stochastic processes
Theorems in functional analysis
Theorems in measure theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Smith%20%28Canadian%20poet%29 | John William Smith (10 August 1927 – 16 March 2018) was a Canadian poet.
Early years
Born in Toronto, Ontario to English immigrant parents, Smith earned a degree in mathematics and physics from the University of Toronto. He then studied philosophy in London, and later returned to Toronto to earn an MA in English.
Career
After earning his Master's degree in English, Smith remained in Toronto and taught high school English for seven years. Later, he moved to Prince Edward Island to teach at Prince of Wales College. He served a term as Dean of Arts at the University of Prince Edward Island, taught there for many years, and is currently Professor Emeritus.
As the author of several volumes of verse, Smith's work has appeared in a number of anthologies, including The New Poets of Prince Edward Island (1991), Landmarks (2001), and Coastlines: Poetry of Atlantic Canada (2002). An interview with Smith is included in Meetings with Maritime Poets: Interviews (2006) by Anne Compton.
In 2002, Smith was the first to be appointed poet laureate of Prince Edward Island, and held the position until 2004.
Smith died on 16 March 2018, aged 90.
Bibliography
Winter in Paradise (Charlottetown: Square Deal, 1972)
Of the Swimmer Among the Coral and of the Monk in the Mountains (Charlottetown: Square Deal, 1976)
Sucking Stones (Dunvegan, ON: Quadrant,1982)
Midnight Found You Dancing (Charlottetown: Ragweed,1986)
Strands the Length of the Wind (Charlottetown: Ragweed,1993)
Fireflies in the Magnol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMN | JMN may refer to:
Janamorcha Nepal, a political party of Nepal
Johan Mangku Negara (Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm), a Malaysian federal award
Journal of Molecular Neuroscience
Makuri language |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Rule | Dr Margaret Helen Rule, (27 September 1928 – 9 April 2015) was a British archaeologist. She is most notable for her involvement with the project that excavated and raised the Tudor warship Mary Rose in 1982.
Early life
Rule, née Martin, was born in Buckinghamshire on 27 September 1928. She studied chemistry at the University of London.
Rule changed to a career in archaeology where she initially helped evacuate bomb sites in London after the Second World War.
Career
Fishbourne Roman Palace
In the 1960s, Rule assisted in the discovery, excavation and ultimately became the first curator of the Fishbourne Roman Palace near Chichester, West Sussex. Rule subsequently was integral for transforming the site into a viable tourist attraction.
Mary Rose
Rule was still the curator of the Fishbourne Roman Palace, when she began her work in maritime archaeology.
Rule assisted fellow marine archaeologist Alexander McKee in the 1960s where she was consulted on the initial search for the wreck of Henry VIII's war ship Mary Rose in the Solent, due to her local reputation as a land archaeologist. Here the Mary Rose 1967 Committee was founded, later to be formalised as the Mary Rose Trust in 1979.
During this time Rule learned to dive with the Southampton branch of the British Sub-Aqua Club in order to supervise and work on the wreck for herself.
Rule played a pivotal role in both the publicity and campaign for vital backing in order to raise the Mary Rose.
A notable addition to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy%20Davis | Katherine L. Davis (born June 24, 1956) is an American politician and entrepreneur. She was the 48th lieutenant governor of Indiana, and the first woman to serve in that office.
Early life and education
Davis was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1978. Her professional career started out with Cambridge Collaborative, a research and development consulting firm owned by her father. She was an acoustics consultant where she analyzed vibrations in submarines. She attributes her experiences at the firm as her inspiration for much of her present career. She earned her master's degree from Harvard Business School and relocated to Indiana in 1982. After moving to Indiana, she went to work for the Cummins Engine Company where she spent several years leading their manufacturing operations.
Career
Early career
Davis was appointed by former Indiana Governor Evan Bayh as the Deputy Commissioner of the Indiana Department of Transportation. She served in the position from 1989 to 1994 where she oversaw the transportation plans of the state.
Davis was appointed as state Budget Director by Governor Bayh in 1995. She was in charge of the state's $10 billion budget before being appointed by Governor Frank O'Bannon to the position of Secretary of the Family and Social Services Administration. While in this position, she was in charge of a $4 billion budget as well as more than 11,000 empl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20survival%20curve | A cell survival curve is a curve used in radiobiology. It depicts the relationship between the fraction of cells retaining their reproductive integrity and the absorbed dose of radiation. Conventionally, the surviving fraction is depicted on a logarithmic scale, and is plotted on the y-axis against dose on the x-axis.
The linear quadratic model is now most often used to describe the cell survival curve, assuming that there are two mechanisms to cell death by radiation: A single lethal event or an accumulation of harmful but non-lethal events. Cell survival fractions are exponential functions with a dose-dependent term in the exponent due to the Poisson statistics underlying the stochastic process. Whereas single lethal events lead to an exponent that is linearly related to dose, the survival fraction function for a two-stage mechanism carries an exponent proportional to the square of dose. The coefficients must be inferred from measured data, such as the Hiroshima Leukemia data. With higher orders being of lesser importance and the total survival fraction being the product of the two functions, the model is aptly called linear-quadratic.
See also
Dose fractionation
Dose–response relationship
Chronic radiation syndrome
External links
Curves
Radiobiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterization%20%28disambiguation%29 | Characterization is representation of a character in a narrative or dramatic work of art.
Characterization or characterisation may also refer to:
Characterisation (law), a procedure to resolve a lawsuit
Characterization (materials science), the use of external techniques to probe into the internal structure and properties of a material
Characterization (mathematics), a concept in mathematics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20A.%20Plane | Robert Allen Plane (1927 – August 6, 2018) was an American retired chemistry professor and college administrator. He served as Provost of Cornell University from 1969 to 1973 and president and chief executive officer of Clarkson University from 1974 until 1985. From 1991 to 1995, he was president of Wells College.
Plane graduated from Evansville College (now called University of Evansville) in Indiana in 1948 with a bachelor's degree, and from the University of Chicago in 1951 with a doctorate.
Books
Chemistry by Michell J. Sienko and Robert A. Plane (Hardcover - Jun 1974)
Elements of Inorganic Chemistry (The Physical inorganic chemistry series) by Robert A Plane (1965)
The Quality of Life Nineteen Essays of Cornell Faculty by Stuart M., Jr., James H. Clancy, et al.; Brady, Hans A., Robert A. Plane, Urie Bronfenbrenner, Allan P. Sindler, et al. Brown (Hardcover - 1968)
Wine Acidity: Taste, Measurement, Control (American Wine Society manual) by Robert A Plane (1983)
References
External links
History of Cornell's Provosts
1927 births
2018 deaths
Cornell University faculty
University of Chicago alumni
University of Evansville alumni
Clarkson University
American chemists
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Wells College faculty
Scientists from New York (state) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKM | CKM may refer to:
Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix in particle physics
CKM (magazine), a Polish men's magazine
C. K. McClatchy High School
Cotton Keays & Morris, an Australian pop music band
Creatine kinase, muscle, an enzyme
CKM (gene), a gene that in humans encodes the enzyme creatine kinase, muscle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydron%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, the hydron, informally called proton, is the cationic form of atomic hydrogen, represented with the symbol . The general term "hydron", endorsed by the IUPAC, encompasses cations of hydrogen regardless of their isotopic composition: thus it refers collectively to protons (1H+) for the protium isotope, deuterons (2H+ or D+) for the deuterium isotope, and tritons (3H+ or T+) for the tritium isotope.
Unlike most other ions, the hydron consists only of a bare atomic nucleus. The negatively charged counterpart of the hydron is the hydride anion, .
Properties
Solute properties
Other things being equal, compounds that readily donate hydrons (Brønsted acids, see below) are generally polar, hydrophilic solutes and are often soluble in solvents with high relative static permittivity (dielectric constants). Examples include organic acids like acetic acid (CH3COOH) or methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H). However, large nonpolar portions of the molecule may attenuate these properties. Thus, as a result of its alkyl chain, octanoic acid (C7H15COOH) is considerably less hydrophilic compared to acetic acid.
The unsolvated hydron (a completely free or "naked" hydrogen atomic nucleus) does not exist in the condensed (liquid or solid) phase. Although superacids are sometimes said to owe their extraordinary hydron-donating power to the presence of "free hydrons", such a statement is highly misleading: even for a source of "free hydrons" like , one of the superacidic cations pres |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance%20Hoffman | Lance J. Hoffman is Emeritus Professor of Computer Science at The George Washington University (GW) in Washington, DC. He initiated and taught the first course on computer security in a regular accredited degree program in the United States at the University of California, Berkeley in 1970 and established the computer security program there and at GW and led GW’s to national recognition as a Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education.
He is the author or editor of numerous articles and five books on computer security and privacy. His teaching innovations also include multidisciplinary courses on electronic commerce and network security and the development of a portable educational network for teaching computer security. He also directed the National Science Foundation computer security scholarship programs ("CyberCorps") at GW.
A Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, Dr. Hoffman has served on a number of Advisory Committees including those of the Center for Democracy and Technology, the Federal Trade Commission, and the ACM Conference on Computers, Freedom, and Privacy, and has occasionally testified before Congress on security and privacy-related issues.
Dr. Hoffman was co-editor of a special section of Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery on electronic voting in 2000 and wrote one of the early reports on issues with electronic voting in 1987, funded by a grant from the Markle Foundation. His later research inte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydron | Hydron has the following meanings:
Hydron (chemistry), a positive hydrogen cation
Hydron (He-Man), a character in the He-Man universe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Olson | Richard Randolph "Randy" Olson is a marine biologist-turned-filmmaker who earned his Ph.D. in Biology from Harvard University (1984) and became a tenured professor of marine biology at the University of New Hampshire (1992) before changing careers by moving to Hollywood and entering film school at the University of Southern California.
He has written and directed a number of short films and feature documentaries which have premiered at film festivals such as Tribeca Film Festival and Telluride Film Festival. Most of his films draw on his science background, involve humor, and address major science issues such as the decline of the world's oceans, the controversy around the teaching of evolution versus intelligent design, and the attacks on global warming science.
Early life
Olson was born in Heidelberg, Germany, the son of Colonel John Eric Olson, West Point graduate (class of 1939). When he was 4 years old his family moved to Hawaii, where they lived for four years. Olson credits his time near the ocean in these years with his eventual career as a marine biologist. Olson's family subsequently moved to Virginia, then Kansas City, Kansas where he attended high school and began college at the University of Kansas.
Science career
After dropping out of the University of Kansas, he worked on an oceanographic project in Puerto Rico. Olson then returned to college at the University of Washington. There he got involved in marine biological research along the outer coast of the Oly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuarkNet | QuarkNet is a long-term, research-based teacher professional development program in the United States jointly funded by the National Science Foundation and the US Department of Energy. Since 1999, QuarkNet has established centers at universities and national laboratories conducting research in particle physics (also called high-energy physics) across the United States, and have been bringing such physics to high school classrooms. QuarkNet programs are designed and conducted according to “best practices” described in the National Research Council National Science Education Standards report (1995) and support the Next Generation Science Standards (2013).
Data Camp
The summer Boot Camp is an annual national activity allowing teachers to see detectors and colliders, as well as form research groups to process experimental data. Teachers have been working in separate groups investigating triggers released by CMS since early 2011. The groups search the data for evidence of the J/Psi, Z and W bosons. They used Excel to reconstruct the invariant mass of a particle when given the four-vector of that particle's decay products. In addition, participants attend several talks and go on tours of technical areas.
Cosmic Ray Studies
The main QuarkNet student investigations supported at the national level are cosmic ray studies. Working with Fermilab technicians and research physicists, QuarkNet staff have developed a classroom cosmic ray muon detector that uses the same technologies as the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder-DES | In cryptography, Ladder-DES is a block cipher designed in 1994 by Terry Ritter. It is a 4-round Feistel cipher with a block size of 128 bits, using DES as the round function. It has no actual key schedule, so the total key size is 4×56=224 bits.
In 1997, Eli Biham found two forms of cryptanalysis for Ladder-DES that depend on the birthday paradox; the key is deduced from the presence or absence of collisions, plaintexts that give equal intermediate values in the encryption process. He presented both a chosen-plaintext attack and a known-plaintext attack; each uses about 236 plaintexts and 290 work, but the known-plaintext attack requires much more memory.
References
Broken block ciphers
Data Encryption Standard
Feistel ciphers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Crandall | Richard E. Crandall (December 29, 1947 – December 20, 2012) was an American physicist and computer scientist who made contributions to computational number theory.
Background
Crandall was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and spent two years at Caltech before transferring to Reed College in Portland, Oregon, where he graduated in physics and wrote his undergraduate thesis on randomness. He earned his Ph.D in theoretical physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Career
In 1978, he became a physics professor at Reed College, where he taught courses in experimental physics and computational physics for many years, ultimately becoming Vollum Professor of Science and director of the Center for Advanced Computation. He was also, at various times, Chief Scientist at NeXT, Inc., Chief Cryptographer and Distinguished Scientist at Apple, and head of Apple's Advanced Computation Group.
He was a pioneer in experimental mathematics. He developed the irrational base discrete weighted transform, a method of finding very large primes. He wrote several books and many scholarly papers on scientific programming and computation.
Crandall was awarded numerous patents for his work in the field of cryptography and wrote a poker program that could bluff. He also owned and operated PSI Press, an online publishing company.
Personal life
Crandall was part Cherokee and proud of his Native heritage. He fronted a band called the Chameleons in 1981. He was working on an intellectual biography of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhind%20Mathematical%20Papyrus | The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP; also designated as papyrus British Museum 10057 and pBM 10058) is one of the best known examples of ancient Egyptian mathematics. It is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian, who purchased the papyrus in 1858 in Luxor, Egypt; it was apparently found during illegal excavations in or near the Ramesseum. It dates to around 1550 BC. The British Museum, where the majority of the papyrus is now kept, acquired it in 1865 along with the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll, also owned by Henry Rhind. There are a few small fragments held by the Brooklyn Museum in New York City and an central section is missing. It is one of the two well-known Mathematical Papyri along with the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus. The Rhind Papyrus is larger than the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, while the latter is older.
The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus dates to the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. It was copied by the scribe Ahmes (i.e., Ahmose; Ahmes is an older transcription favoured by historians of mathematics), from a now-lost text from the reign of king Amenemhat III (12th dynasty). Written in the hieratic script, this Egyptian manuscript is tall and consists of multiple parts which in total make it over long. The papyrus began to be transliterated and mathematically translated in the late 19th century. The mathematical translation aspect remains incomplete in several respects. The document is dated to Year 33 of the Hyksos king Apophis an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20adaptation | Gaussian adaptation (GA), also called normal or natural adaptation (NA) is an evolutionary algorithm designed for the maximization of manufacturing yield due to statistical deviation of component values of signal processing systems. In short, GA is a stochastic adaptive process where a number of samples of an n-dimensional vector x[xT = (x1, x2, ..., xn)] are taken from a multivariate Gaussian distribution, N(m, M), having mean m and moment matrix M. The samples are tested for fail or pass. The first- and second-order moments of the Gaussian restricted to the pass samples are m* and M*.
The outcome of x as a pass sample is determined by a function s(x), 0 < s(x) < q ≤ 1, such that s(x) is the probability that x will be selected as a pass sample. The average probability of finding pass samples (yield) is
Then the theorem of GA states:
For any s(x) and for any value of P < q, there always exist a Gaussian p. d. f. [ probability density function ] that is adapted for maximum dispersion. The necessary conditions for a local optimum are m = m* and M proportional to M*. The dual problem is also solved: P is maximized while keeping the dispersion constant (Kjellström, 1991).
Proofs of the theorem may be found in the papers by Kjellström, 1970, and Kjellström & Taxén, 1981.
Since dispersion is defined as the exponential of entropy/disorder/average information it immediately follows that the theorem is valid also for those concepts. Altogether, this means that Gaussian adaptation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Schroeder | Jamie Twist Schroeder (born September 9, 1981, in Wilmette, Illinois) is an American rower, and a victorious Oxford Blue.
Education
Schroeder was educated at Choate Rosemary Hall, Connecticut '99, and Stanford University '05 from where she has a BSc in biology and an MSc in bioengineering. She originally enrolled at Northwestern University, where she began rowing in 2001 before transferring to Stanford. She matriculated in 2005 at Christ Church, Oxford where she studied cardiac energetics and earned a doctoral degree in 2010 from the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics.
The Boat Race
At Oxford University, Schroeder was a member of Oxford University Boat Club and took part in the Boat Race in 2006. Both universities had extremely strong intakes that year, with Cambridge boasting several world champions and the Oxford crew including Olympic silver medallists Barney Williams and Jake Wetzel. Oxford, with Schroeder in the five seat, won the epic contest by 5 lengths in a time of 18 minutes 26 seconds.
International rowing career
Schroeder won her first senior international vest in 2003 sitting in the three seat of the United States Coxless Four, which came 7th at the World Championships in Seville. She occupied the two seat a year later when the Four came 10th at the Olympics in Athens. After taking a break from international rowing, Schroeder competed in the single scull at the World Championships at Dorney Lake, Eton, finishing 12th. In preparation for the 2008 B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20David%20Bergmann | Ernst David Bergmann (; 1903 – April 6, 1975) was an Israeli nuclear scientist and chemist. He is often considered the father of the Israeli nuclear program.
Biography
Ernst David Bergmann was born in Germany, His father, Judah Bergmann, was a rabbi. He studied chemistry at the University of Berlin under Wilhelm Schlenk. He was awarded his Ph.D. in 1927. Bergmann continued to work at the university and wrote the "Comprehensive Manual of Organic Chemistry" (Ausführliches Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie) together with Schlenk. The two-volume manual was published in 1932 and 1939, respectively; however, because Bergmann was Jewish his name to be removed from the title page of the second volume.
Bergmann left for London in 1933 soon after the Nazis came to power, and began work with chemist and Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann. He turned down an offer of a position at Oxford from Sir Robert Robinson, an event that Sir Robinson recalled years later with anger.
Bergmann left Europe less than a year later. He immigrated to Mandatory Palestine on January 1, 1934, to work at the Daniel Sieff Research Institute in Rehovot. During World War II he worked on defense projects for the French, English, and Americans. A year after the war, Bergmann returned to Sieff Institute, which went on to become the Weizmann Institute of Science.
Bergmann was married to the chemist Ottilie Blum.
Scientific career
During the next several years Bergmann, who had become famous through his work and connec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20of%20definition | In mathematics, the field of definition of an algebraic variety V is essentially the smallest field to which the coefficients of the polynomials defining V can belong. Given polynomials, with coefficients in a field K, it may not be obvious whether there is a smaller field k, and other polynomials defined over k, which still define V.
The issue of field of definition is of concern in diophantine geometry.
Notation
Throughout this article, k denotes a field. The algebraic closure of a field is denoted by adding a superscript of "alg", e.g. the algebraic closure of k is kalg. The symbols Q, R, C, and Fp represent, respectively, the field of rational numbers, the field of real numbers, the field of complex numbers, and the finite field containing p elements. Affine n-space over a field F is denoted by An(F).
Definitions for affine and projective varieties
Results and definitions stated below, for affine varieties, can be translated to projective varieties, by replacing An(kalg) with projective space of dimension n − 1 over kalg, and by insisting that all polynomials be homogeneous.
A k-algebraic set is the zero-locus in An(kalg) of a subset of the polynomial ring k[x1, ..., xn]. A k-variety is a k-algebraic set that is irreducible, i.e. is not the union of two strictly smaller k-algebraic sets. A k-morphism is a regular function between k-algebraic sets whose defining polynomials' coefficients belong to k.
One reason for considering the zero-locus in An(kalg) and not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Robshaw | Matthew John Barton "Matt" Robshaw is a cryptographer. Formerly a lecturer at Royal Holloway, University of London and a member of the cryptography research group at France Telecom's Orange Labs, he is now a Technical Fellow at Impinj. He coordinated the Symmetric Techniques Virtual Lab (STVL) for ECRYPT. Robshaw's notable work includes the cryptanalysis of a number of cryptographic primitives, including the extension of linear cryptanalysis to use multiple approximations, and the design of the block ciphers Crab and RC6.
Robshaw received his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1992 from Royal Holloway, University of London.
References
External links
Matt Robshaw's page at Orange Labs
Living people
Modern cryptographers
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.S.%20Lui | John Chi-Shing Lui is a Hong Kong computer scientist. He was the chairman of the Department of Computer Science & Engineering in the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He received his Ph.D. in computer science from UCLA. When he was a Ph.D. student at UCLA, he spent a summer working in IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. After his graduation, he joined the IBM Almaden Research Laboratory/San Jose Laboratory and participated in various research and development projects on file systems and parallel I/O architectures. He later joined the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. For the past several summers, he has been a visiting professor in computer science departments at UCLA, Columbia University, University of Maryland at College Park, Purdue University, University of Massachusetts Amherst and Universita' degli Studi di Torino in Italy.
He actively runs INFOCOM events and service work. He is leading a group of research students in the Advanced Networking & System Research Group. His research interests include theory and mathematics. His current research interests are in theoretical topics in data networks, distributed multimedia systems, network security, OS design issues and mathematical optimization and performance evaluation theory. Lui received various departmental teaching awards and the CUHK Vice-Chancellor's Exemplary Teaching Award in 2001. He is a co-recipient of the IFIP WG 7.3 Performance 2005 Best Student Paper Awa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip%20Zabel | George Washington "Zip" Zabel (February 18, 1891 – May 31, 1970) was a professional baseball pitcher. He played all or part of three seasons in Major League Baseball in 1913-15 for the Chicago Cubs.
Zabel attended Baker University, in Baldwin City, Kansas, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1916 in chemistry.
On June 17, 1915, Zabel set the record for most innings pitched in relief in one game. He came into the game in relief for Bert Humphries with two outs in the first inning, and pitched the final innings to earn the win over the Brooklyn Robins (now the Los Angeles Dodgers) and opposing pitcher Jeff Pfeffer, who pitched the complete game.
After that game, Zabel only played one more start in the majors, as he had begun to experience arm trouble as a result of the game. He then played two years in the minors in Los Angeles and Toronto before retiring from baseball in July 1917. Afterwards, he went to work for Fairbanks Morse in Beloit, Wisconsin, where he eventually rose to the position of chief metallurgist. He continued to work there in various capacities for the next 32 years.
After moving to Beloit, he played for their city baseball team for a season.
In 1919, Zabel became a referee for Beloit's city football team. The only game he is infamously known for as a referee is the game between the Green Bay Packers and Beloit on November 23. In the game he was accused of many bad calls by George Calhoun, Green Bay's manager. Those calls included mistakenly adding 5 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolidoptera%20tachasara | Stolidoptera tachasara is a moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1888.
Distribution
It is found in Mexico and Central America, as well as Venezuela in northern South America. It has also been spotted in Bolivia.
Description
The wingspan is 79–92 mm.
Biology
Adults are on wing nearly year round (except March and December) in Costa Rica.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Thalia geniculata and Prunus annularis.
References
Dilophonotini
Moths described in 1888
Sphingidae of South America
Moths of South America |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28bean%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for beans describes the phenological development of bean plants using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of bean are:
1 For varieties with limited flowering period
2 For varieties in which the flowering period is not limited
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28beet%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for beet describes the phenological development of beet plants using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of beet are:
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aellopos%20fadus | Aellopos fadus, the Fadus sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Pieter Cramer in 1776.
Distribution
It lives in Central America and the northern part of South America.
Description
The wingspan is 57–60 mm.
Biology
Adults are on wing year round in the tropics. They feed on nectar from various flowers, including Abelia species.
References
External links
Aellopos
Moths described in 1776
Sphingidae of South America
Moths of Central America
Taxa named by Pieter Cramer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28bulb%20vegetable%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for bulb vegetables describes the phenological development of bulb vegetable plants, such as onion, leek, garlic and shallot, using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of bulb vegetables are:
1 Seed sown
2 Onion sets, shallot and garlic
3 For onions, garlic
4 For leek
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28canola%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for canola describes the phenological development of canola plants using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of canola are:
1 Stem elongation may occur earlier than stage 19; in this case continue with stage 20
2 Visibly extended internode n develops between leaf n and leaf n+1
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28citrus%29 | The BBCH-scale for citrus is a classification system used in biology to describe the phenological development of citrus plants using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of citrus plants are:
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28coffee%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for coffee describes the phenological development of bean plants using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of coffee plants are:
References
BBCH-scale
Coffee chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20state%20theory | In chemistry, transition state theory (TST) explains the reaction rates of elementary chemical reactions. The theory assumes a special type of chemical equilibrium (quasi-equilibrium) between reactants and activated transition state complexes.
TST is used primarily to understand qualitatively how chemical reactions take place. TST has been less successful in its original goal of calculating absolute reaction rate constants because the calculation of absolute reaction rates requires precise knowledge of potential energy surfaces, but it has been successful in calculating the standard enthalpy of activation (ΔH‡, also written Δ‡Hɵ), the standard entropy of activation (ΔS‡ or Δ‡Sɵ), and the standard Gibbs energy of activation (ΔG‡ or Δ‡Gɵ) for a particular reaction if its rate constant has been experimentally determined. (The ‡ notation refers to the value of interest at the transition state; ΔH‡ is the difference between the enthalpy of the transition state and that of the reactants.)
This theory was developed simultaneously in 1935 by Henry Eyring, then at Princeton University, and by Meredith Gwynne Evans and Michael Polanyi of the University of Manchester. TST is also referred to as "activated-complex theory", "absolute-rate theory", and "theory of absolute reaction rates".
Before the development of TST, the Arrhenius rate law was widely used to determine energies for the reaction barrier. The Arrhenius equation derives from empirical observations and ignores any mechan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotech%20%28disambiguation%29 | Nanotech can refer to:
Nanotechnology, manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale
Nanotech (anthology), a 1998 anthology of science fiction short stories
Nanotech Energy which became Fisker Nanotech
LiftPort Nanotech, part of LiftPort Group |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna%20Fowler | Joanna Sigfred Fowler (born August 9, 1942) is a scientist emeritus at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York. She served as professor of psychiatry at Mount Sinai School of Medicine and director of Brookhaven's Radiotracer Chemistry, Instrumentation and Biological Imaging Program. Fowler studied the effect of disease, drugs, and aging on the human brain and radiotracers in brain chemistry. She has received many awards for her pioneering work, including the National Medal of Science.
Life and education
Fowler was born in Miami, Florida, and attended the University of South Florida, where she received her bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1964. There, she worked in the laboratories of Jack Fernandez. Fowler received her Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Colorado in 1967 and did her postdoctoral work at the University of East Anglia in England and at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Fowler worked at Brookhaven National Laboratory from 1969 until her retirement in January 2014. She is an emeritus professor in the chemistry department at Stony Brook University.
She is married to Frank Fowler, an emeritus professor of organic chemistry at Stony Brook University.
Research and achievements
Fowler's research has led to new fundamental knowledge, development of important scientific tools, and has broad impacts in the application of nuclear medicine to diagnostics and health. She has worked for much of her career developing radiotra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspar%20Gottfried%20Schweizer | Kaspar Gottfried Schweizer (16 February 1816 – 6 July 1873) was a Swiss astronomer who travelled to Moscow in 1845 to become Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at the Survey Institute, and later director of the Moscow University Observatory.
Schweizer was born in 1816 as the son of a pastor at Wila, Switzerland. In 1839, he went to Königsberg to assist Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel. From 1841 to 1845 he worked at Pulkovo Observatory under Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve. Schweizer discovered five comets, and found one NGC object, NGC 7804, on 11 November 1864.
References
External links
Kaspar Gottfried Schweizer, Historische Lexikon der Schweiz
Kaspar Gottfried Schweizer, obituary
Astronomers from the Russian Empire
19th-century Swiss astronomers
Discoverers of comets
1816 births
1873 deaths |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28cotton%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for cotton describes the phenological development of cotton plants Gossypium hirsutum using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of cotton are:
1 Leaves are counted from the cotyledon node (= node 0)
2 Side shoot development may occur earlier, if there is a vegetative side shoot continue with principal growth stage 2. If there is a reproductive side shoot (fruiting branch) continue with the principal growth stage 5
3 Vegetative side shoots are counted from the cotyledon node
4 "pin-head square" or "match-head square" is the first square which forms at the first fruiting position of the first fruiting branch
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28cucurbit%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for cucurbits describes the phenological development of cucurbits, such as cucumber, melon, pumpkin, marrow, squash, calabash and watermelon, using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of cucurbits are:
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28currants%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for currants describes the phenological development of currants, such as blackcurrants and redcurrants, using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of currants are:
Notes
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28faba%20bean%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for faba beans describes the phenological development of faba beans using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of faba beans are:
1 Stem elongation may occur earlier than stage 19; in this case continue with the principal stage 3
2 First internode extends from the scale leaf node to the first true leaf node
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28grape%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for grapes describes the phenological development of grapes using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of grapes are:
See also
Annual growth cycle of grapevines
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28hop%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for hops describes the phenological development of Humulus lupulus (hops) using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of hops are:
References
BBCH-scale
Humulus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20H.%20Walenta | Albert H. Walenta (born 2 October 1943) is professor for experimental physics at the University of Siegen in Germany.
In 1986 he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
External links
Homepage of the group Detector physics and electronics
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Living people
20th-century German physicists
1943 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of the University of Siegen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28Musaceae%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for musaceae describes the phenological development of musaceae using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of musaceae are:
Harvested product
post-harvest or storage treatments take place at stage 99, 909 or 9090
References
External links
A downloadable version of the BBCH Scales
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28olive%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for olive describes the phenological development of olive trees using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of olive trees are:
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28other%20brassica%20vegetables%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for other brassica vegetables describes the phenological development of vegetables such as brussels sprouts, cauliflower and broccoli using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of other brassica vegetables are:
1 For broccoli
2 For brussels sprout
3 For cauliflower and broccoli
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28pea%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for peas describes the phenological development of peas using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of peas are:
1 The first internode extends from the scale leaf node to the first true leaf node
References
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28peanut%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for peanut describes the phenological development of peanuts using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of peanuts are:
1 Leaves are counted from the cotyledon node (= node 0)
2 Side shoot development may occur earlier; in this case continue with principal growth stage 2
4 Only for varieties with a determinate flowering period
5 Criteria of maturity: Pericarp hard, with distinct texture, can be split open easily;
References
BBCH-scale
Peanuts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%20Siegel | Evan Siegel is a professor of Mathematics and Computer Science.
Biography
Evan Siegel received his PhD in Mathematics from the CUNY Graduate Center in 2000, his MSc in Mathematics from New York University, and his BSc in Mathematics from MIT. He is currently an Associate Professor of Mathematics at New Jersey City University. In addition to his interest in Mathematics, Siegel is interested in the history of the Middle East and has numerous publications on this topic. Siegel does research in sources in Persian, French, Arabic, Turkish, Russian, German, and Georgian.
In 1998-2000 he was an Editorial Board Member of the Journal of Azerbaijani Studies, and in 1994-2002 a Corresponding Secretary of the International Society for Azerbaijani Studies.
Books
An annotated translation of Ahmad Kasravi's History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. (2007)
"Akinchi and Azerbaijani Self-Definition" in Michael Ursinus, Christoph Herzog, & Raoul Motika (ed.), Heidelberger Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Vorderen Orients, vol. 27 (Frankfurt am Main, etc.: Peter Lang, 2001)
"An Azerbaijani Poets' Duel over Iranian Constitutionalism" in Michael Ursinus, Raoul Motika, & Christoph Herzog (eds.), Presse und Öffentlichkeit im Nahen Östen (Istanbul: ISIS Yayinlari, 2000)
"The Politics of Shahid-e Javid" in Werner Ende and Rainer Brunner (eds.), The Twelver Shia in Modern Times: Religious Culture and Political History (Leiden: Brill (Social, Economic and Political Studies of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28pome%20fruit%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for pome fruit describes the phenological development of fruits such as apples and pears using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of pome fruit are:
1 From terminal bud
References
External links
A downloadable version of the BBCH Scales
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic%20growth | In mathematics, a function or sequence is said to exhibit quadratic growth when its values are proportional to the square of the function argument or sequence position. "Quadratic growth" often means more generally "quadratic growth in the limit", as the argument or sequence position goes to infinity – in big Theta notation, . This can be defined both continuously (for a real-valued function of a real variable) or discretely (for a sequence of real numbers, i.e., real-valued function of an integer or natural number variable).
Examples
Examples of quadratic growth include:
Any quadratic polynomial.
Certain integer sequences such as the triangular numbers. The th triangular number has value , approximately .
For a real function of a real variable, quadratic growth is equivalent to the second derivative being constant (i.e., the third derivative being zero), and thus functions with quadratic growth are exactly the quadratic polynomials, as these are the kernel of the third derivative operator . Similarly, for a sequence (a real function of an integer or natural number variable), quadratic growth is equivalent to the second finite difference being constant (the third finite difference being zero), and thus a sequence with quadratic growth is also a quadratic polynomial. Indeed, an integer-valued sequence with quadratic growth is a polynomial in the zeroth, first, and second binomial coefficient with integer values. The coefficients can be determined by taking the Taylor polyno |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28leafy%20vegetables%20forming%20heads%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for leafy vegetables forming heads describes the phenological development of leafy vegetables forming heads, such as cabbage, chinese cabbage, lettuce and endive, using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of leafy vegetables forming heads are:
References
External links
A downloadable version of the BBCH Scales
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20operators | Mathematical operator can refer to:
Operator (mathematics), a concept in mapping vector spaces
Operation (mathematics), the basic symbols for addition, multiplication etc.
Mathematical Operators (Unicode block), containing characters for mathematical, logical, and set notation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCH-scale%20%28leafy%20vegetables%20not%20forming%20heads%29 | In biology, the BBCH-scale for leafy vegetables not forming heads describes the phenological development of leafy vegetables not forming heads, such as spinach, loosehead lettuce, and kale, using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of leafy vegetables not forming heads are:
1. For lettuce varieties without head, spinach and species with rosette-type growth
2. For kale and species without rosette growth
References
External links
A downloadable version of the BBCH Scales
BBCH-scale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Harper%20%28biologist%29 | David George Charles Harper is the senior lecturer in Evolutionary Biology in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Sussex, England. He specifically lectures Animal Diversity, Darwinian Evolution, Cooperation & Conflict in Animal Societies, Conservation in Practice and Applied systematics.
Harper was born in Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham. He earned his doctorate at the University of Cambridge and was a Junior Research Fellow at St John's College, Oxford. In addition to lecturing, he researches the behavioural ecology of passerine birds, especially Robins.
Publications
For full list of publications click here
Maynard Smith, J. & Harper, D.G.C. (2003) Animal Signals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Brickle, N.W. & Harper, D.G.C. (2002). Agricultural intensification and the timing of breeding of Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra. Bird Study 49: 219-236.
Thomas, R.J., Szekely, T, Cuthill, I.C., Harper, D.G.C., Newson, S.E., Frayling, T.D., & Wallis, P.D. (2002) Eye size in birds and the timing of song at dawn. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B. 269: 831-837.
Brickle, N.W. & Harper, D.G.C. (2000) Habitat use by Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra in winter and summer. In Aebischer, N.J., Evans, A.D., Grice, P.V. & Vickery, J.A. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Lowland Farmland Birds: 156-164. Tring: British Ornithologists' Union.
Gosler, A.G. & Harper, D.G.C. (2000) Assessing the heritability of body condition in birds: a challenge exemplified by the Great Tit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20properties%20of%20polynomial%20roots | In mathematics, a univariate polynomial of degree with real or complex coefficients has complex roots, if counted with their multiplicities. They form a multiset of points in the complex plane. This article concerns the geometry of these points, that is the information about their localization in the complex plane that can be deduced from the degree and the coefficients of the polynomial.
Some of these geometrical properties are related to a single polynomial, such as upper bounds on the absolute values of the roots, which define a disk containing all roots, or lower bounds on the distance between two roots. Such bounds are widely used for root-finding algorithms for polynomials, either for tuning them, or for computing their computational complexity.
Some other properties are probabilistic, such as the expected number of real roots of a random polynomial of degree with real coefficients, which is less than for sufficiently large.
In this article, a polynomial that is considered is always denoted
where are real or complex numbers and ; thus is the degree of the polynomial.
Continuous dependence on coefficients
The roots of a polynomial of degree depend continuously on the coefficients. For simple roots, this results immediately from the implicit function theorem. This is true also for multiple roots, but some care is needed for the proof.
A small change of coefficients may induce a dramatic change of the roots, including the change of a real root into a comp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory%20for%20Interactive%20Learning%20Technologies | The Laboratory for Interactive Learning Technologies (LILT), a research group in the Department of Information and Computer Sciences (ICS) of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, pursues a diverse portfolio of cognitive science, human-computer interaction, and social sciences approaches to technology-supported learning, collaboration and online communities. Currently LILT has a strong focus on studying how technology affordances support social processes of learning, ranging from the meaning-making dialogues of small groups to supporting reflective practice in online communities. LILT members are also pursuing new directions in wireless and mobile technologies for education.
The Collaborative Representations project, led by LILT director Dr. Daniel Suthers examines how participants appropriate and are influenced by the affordances of collaborative learning software, and develops strategies for embedding such technologies in educational practice. Dr. Violet Harada and Dr. Suthers co-direct Hawaii Networked Learning Communities (HNLC), studying the use of online community software in support of educators distributed throughout the islands. The software is also being applied to university teaching, with the assistance of Dr. Samuel Joseph and several students. Dr. Joseph leads projects related to wireless and mobile technologies in learning, including second language vocabulary learning and next generation wireless applications. LILT also supports education and outreach efforts r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro%20da%20Fonseca%20%28philosopher%29 | Pedro da Fonseca (Latin, Petrus Fonsecae; Proença-a-Nova, 1528 – Lisbon, 4 November 1599) was a Portuguese Jesuit philosopher and theologian. His work on logic and metaphysics made him known in his time as the Portuguese Aristotle; he projected the 'Cursus Conimbricenses' realized by Manuel de Góis and others.
Works
Institutionum Dialecticarum. Lisbon: 1564.
Commentariorum in Libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis. Rome: 1577.
Isagoge Philosophica. Lisbon: 1591.
See also
Conimbricenses
External links
Pedro da Fonseca’s Isagoge Philosophica and the Predicables from Boethius to the Lovanienses João Madeira
The Birth of Ontology. A selection of Ontologists from 1560 to 1770
Page on Instituto Camões (pt)
Scholasticon, by Jacob Schmutz
1528 births
1599 deaths
16th-century Portuguese Jesuits
Portuguese philosophers
Portuguese theologians
Latin commentators on Aristotle
People from Proença-a-Nova
School of Salamanca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC | PARC or Parc may refer to:
Biology
PARC (gene), a eukaryotic gene/protein
parC, a bacterial gene coding for subunit A of topoisomerase IV
Pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine, a former name for the protein CCL18
Clubs
Pays d'Aix Rugby Club, former name of the French rugby union club now known as Provence Rugby
Entertainment
Parc, an alias of the Swedish trance artist Jezper Söderlund
Parc (film), a 2008 film
Organizations
PARC (company), the Palo Alto Research Center (formerly Xerox PARC)
PARC Management, a theme park and entertainment venue operator
Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
Photography and the Archive Research Centre, an organisation within University of the Arts London
Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, an organization initiated by the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory devoted to conservation of amphibians and reptiles
Portland Anarchist Road Care, a road maintenance organization based in Portland, Oregon
President's Appalachian Regional Commission, a predecessor of the Appalachian Regional Commission
Places
Parc, New York, a census-designated place named for the Plattsburgh Airbase Redevelopment Corporation
Parc, Penrhyndeudraeth, a ruined mansion once owned by the Anwyl of Tywyn Family of Gwynedd, Wales
Parc (HM Prison), a prison in South Wales
Arctic Village Airport (ICAO: PARC), an airport in Arctic Village, Alaska
Other
Parco (disambiguation)
See also
Parc station (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Physics | Journal of Physics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal series; it consists of the following journals.
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics (merged with Journal of Physics F)
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments (renamed as Measurement Science and Technology)
Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics (merged with Journal of Physics C)
Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
Journal of Physics Communications
Journal of Physics: Complexity
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter (merger of Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics and Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics)
Journal of Physics: Conference Series
Journal of Physics: Energy
Journal of Physics: Materials
Journal of Physics: Photonics
See also
Measurement Science and Technology#History
External links
IOP Journals § J
IOP Publishing academic journals
Academic journal series |
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