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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafi%20Yoeli | Rafi Yoeli is an Israeli pilot, inventor, designer of two proposed flying cars (Urban Aeronautics X-Hawk, Tactical Robotics Cormorant), and CEO of Urban Aeronautics Ltd., which he founded in Yavne, Israel in 2000.
Early life and education
Yoeli was born in Tel Aviv, circa 1950, and later served as a reserve officer in the Israeli Air Force. He attended Technion – Israel Institute of Technology.
Career
Following his Israeli Air Force service, Yoeli joined Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd., then was with Boeing in Seattle for 18 months. In 1989, Yoeli founded Aero Design & Development Ltd (AD&D, Ltd.), acting as managing director. In 2001, he started his own company in Israel, Urban Aeronautics, to develop "robots and flying machines."
During the 2000s and 2010s, Yoeli designed and tested the Tactical Robotics Cormorant, formerly AirMule or Mule, a flying car unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), built by Tactical Robotics Ltd., another subsidiary of Urban Aeronautics Ltd.
Designer
Yoeli envisioned a hovering vehicle similar to helicopters, but with rotors below the cockpit and passenger seating above it. He developed a plan for a flying rescue vehicle that, while still able to hover, would not have the restrictions that helicopters have, due to rotors, enabling his flying car to work in crowded terrains as in a city or urban area, where rescue would normally be much harder or impossible. Though initially designing a flying car modeled after a sports car; Yoeli realized that a car |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20math | Singapore math (or Singapore maths in British English) is a teaching method based on the national mathematics curriculum used for first through sixth grade in Singaporean schools. The term was coined in the United States to describe an approach originally developed in Singapore to teach students to learn and master fewer mathematical concepts at greater detail as well as having them learn these concepts using a three-step learning process: concrete, pictorial, and abstract. In the concrete step, students engage in hands-on learning experiences using physical objects which can be everyday items such as paper clips, toy blocks or math manipulates such as counting bears, link cubes and fraction discs. This is followed by drawing pictorial representations of mathematical concepts. Students then solve mathematical problems in an abstract way by using numbers and symbols.
The development of Singapore math began in the 1980s when Singapore's Ministry of Education developed its own mathematics textbooks that focused on problem solving and developing thinking skills. Outside Singapore, these textbooks were adopted by several schools in the United States and in other countries such as Canada, Israel, the Netherlands, Indonesia, Chile, Jordan, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines and the United Kingdom. Early adopters of these textbooks in the U.S. included parents interested in homeschooling as well as a limited number of schools. These textbooks be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylation | Carboxylation is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid is produced by treating a substrate with carbon dioxide. The opposite reaction is decarboxylation. In chemistry, the term carbonation is sometimes used synonymously with carboxylation, especially when applied to the reaction of carbanionic reagents with CO2. More generally, carbonation usually describes the production of carbonates.
Organic chemistry
Carboxylation is a standard conversion in organic chemistry. Specifically carbonation (i.e. carboxylation) of Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds is a classic way to convert organic halides into carboxylic acids.
Sodium salicylate, precursor to aspirin, is commercially prepared by treating sodium phenolate (the sodium salt of phenol) with carbon dioxide at high pressure (100 atm) and high temperature (390 K) – a method known as the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. Acidification of the resulting salicylate salt gives salicylic acid.
Many detailed procedures are described in the journal Organic Syntheses.
Carboxylation catalysts include N-Heterocyclic carbenes and catalysts based on silver.
Carboxylation in biochemistry
Carbon-based life originates from carboxylation that couples atmospheric carbon dioxide to a sugar. The process is usually catalysed by the enzyme RuBisCO. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the enzyme that catalyzes this carboxylation, is possibly the single most abundant protein on Earth.
Many carboxylases, including Acetyl-CoA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Shapiro%20%28ecologist%29 | Arthur M. Shapiro (born January 6, 1946) is a professor of evolution and ecology at the University of California, Davis. He graduated with an AB in biology from University of Pennsylvania and completed his PhD in Entomology at Cornell in 1970.
References
External links
DATELINE article about Arthur Shapiro
CBS local news
The Butterfly Man
Science Daily
1946 births
American ecologists
Living people
University of California, Davis faculty
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%20Saloma | Caesar Aya-ay Saloma is a professor of the National Institute of Physics (NIP) at the University of the Philippines College of Science and a member of the National Academy of Science and Technology.
He previously served as Chancellor of the University of the Philippines Diliman (March 2011- February 2014), Dean of the College of Science (June 2006 - March 2011) and Director of NIP (June 2000 - May 2006).
Education
Saloma (born 28 March 1960) obtained his BS, MS, and PhD degrees from the University of the Philippines Diliman in 1981, 1984, and 1989, respectively. As a Monbukagakusho scholar, he started working in optics in October 1987. His dissertation on speckle reduction in laser microscopy was supervised by Shigeo Minami and Satoshi Kawata of Osaka University.
He spent his childhood in Baclayon, Bohol and attended high school at the Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary in nearby Tagbilaran City. He is included in the Marquis Who's Who in Science and Engineering 2016-2017 (12th Edition) and in the Ultimate List of 15 Asian Scientists To Watch that was published by Asian Scientist Magazine on 15 May 2011.
Profile
In 2004 Saloma received the Galileo Galilei Award from the International Commission for Optics in recognition of his significant contributions in the field of optics that were accomplished under comparatively unfavorable conditions. He is the first scientist from an ASEAN member country to receive the Galileo Award.
In 2006, the UP Board of Regents appointed him |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Physics%20of%20Basketball | The Physics of Basketball is a non-fiction book by John Fontanella first published on November 15, 2006 that explores the scientific side of basketball. It is written from the perspective of a fan of the game and then through the eyes of a physicist.
John Fontanella has been a physics professor at the United States Naval Academy since 1971 and was a college basketball player for Westminster College in New Wilmington, PA. As a senior in 1967, he was a NAIA First Team All-American. He then earned an NCAA postgraduate scholarship to Case Western Reserve where he earned his Ph.D. in Physics. He is currently focusing his research on naval applications of dielectrics.
External links
Johns Hopkins' Book Site
John Fontanella's site
Popular physics books
Basketball mass media
2006 non-fiction books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeosyops | Palaeosyops (Greek: "old" (paleos), "boar" (kapros), "face" (ops)) is a genus of small brontothere which lived during the early to middle Eocene.
Biology and size
It was about the size of small cattle, with a weight of 600–800 kg depending on the species.
These animals are commonly found in Wyoming fossil beds primarily as fossilized teeth. From all of the species of this animal, it is concluded that P. major was the largest, reaching the size of a small cow. Its describer, Joseph Leidy, erroneously thought that Palaeosyops consumed both plants and animals after examining the fang-like canines. However, it is now known that all brontotheres were strict herbivores, and that many, if not most genera of hornless brontotheres had fang-like canines, possibly for both defense from predators, and intraspecific competition.
References
External links
Academy of Natural Sciences
Brontotheres
Eocene mammals of North America
Prehistoric placental genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniable%20authentication | In cryptography, deniable authentication refers to message authentication between a set of participants where the participants themselves can be confident in the authenticity of the messages, but it cannot be proved to a third party after the event.
In practice, deniable authentication between two parties can be achieved through the use of message authentication codes (MACs) by making sure that if an attacker is able to decrypt the messages, they would also know the MAC key as part of the protocol, and would thus be able to forge authentic-looking messages. For example, in the Off-the-Record Messaging (OTR) protocol, MAC keys are derived from the asymmetric decryption key through a cryptographic hash function. In addition to that, the OTR protocol also reveals used MAC keys as part of the next message, after they have already been used to authenticate previously received messages, and will not be re-used.
See also
Deniable encryption
Plausible deniability
Malleability
Undeniable signature
References
Cryptographic protocols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Steglich | Frank Steglich (born 14 March 1941) is a German physicist and the founding director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids in Dresden, Germany.
Education and career
Steglich was born in Dresden and studied physics in the University of Münster and the University of Göttingen, where he received his PhD under Rudolf Hilsch.
Steglich discovered the first heavy fermion superconductor, CeCu2Si2, while working as a research associate in Cologne, Germany in 1979. CeCu2Si2 is the first metallic system to be discovered in which the superconductivity is driven by electron-electron interactions, rather than the electron-phonon interaction that is responsible for conventional BCS superconductivity. The discovery of this material revolutionized research into superconductivity, establishing the reality of electronically mediated superconductivity and foreshadowing the discovery of a wide range of heavy electron superconductors, and the subsequent discovery of electronically mediated pairing in cuprates high temperature superconductors. The first published report of the phenomenon occurred in 1979, by which time Steglich had taken up a faculty position at the University of Darmstadt, and confirmed the existence of bulk superconductivity through the measurement of the specific heat anomaly at the transition temperature of Tc=0.5K.
Honors and awards
Steglich won the Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize and the Gay-Lussac-Humboldt Prize in 1989, the American Physical Societ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward%20kinematics | In robot kinematics, forward kinematics refers to the use of the kinematic equations of a robot to compute the position of the end-effector from specified values for the joint parameters.
The kinematics equations of the robot are used in robotics, computer games, and animation. The reverse process, that computes the joint parameters that achieve a specified position of the end-effector, is known as inverse kinematics.
Kinematics equations
The kinematics equations for the series chain of a robot are obtained using a rigid transformation [Z] to characterize the relative movement allowed at each joint and separate rigid transformation [X] to define the dimensions of each link. The result is a sequence of rigid transformations alternating joint and link transformations from the base of the chain to its end link, which is equated to the specified position for the end link,
where [T] is the transformation locating the end-link. These equations are called the kinematics equations of the serial chain.
Link transformations
In 1955, Jacques Denavit and Richard Hartenberg introduced a convention for the definition of the joint matrices [Z] and link matrices [X] to standardize the coordinate frame for spatial linkages. This convention positions the joint frame so that it consists of a screw displacement along the Z-axis
and it positions the link frame so it consists of a screw displacement along the X-axis,
Using this notation, each transformation-link goes along a serial chai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20DeWitt | David J. DeWitt (July 20, 1948) is a computer scientist specializing in database management system research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prior to moving to MIT, DeWitt was the John P. Morgridge Professor (Emeritus) of Computer Sciences at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was also a Technical Fellow at Microsoft, leading the Microsoft Jim Gray Systems Lab at Madison, Wisconsin. Professor DeWitt received a B.A. degree from Colgate University in 1970, and a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1976. He then joined the University of Wisconsin-Madison and started the Wisconsin Database Group, which he led for more than 30 years.
Professor DeWitt is known for his research in the areas of parallel databases, benchmarking, object-oriented databases, and XML databases.
He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (1998) for the theory and construction of database systems. He is also a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
He received the ACM SIGMOD Innovations Award (now renamed SIGMOD Edgar F. Codd Innovations Award) in 1995 for his contributions to the database systems field. In 2009, ACM recognized the seminal contributions of his Gamma parallel database system project with the ACM Software System Award. Also in 2009, he received the IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award for his contributions to the database systems field.
DeWitt Clause
Several commercial database vendors include an end-user license agreement provision, known as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Knutson | Thomas R. Knutson is a climate modeller at the US Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). His research covers hurricane activity, the link between climate change and hurricane incidence and intensity, and climate change detection and attribution.
Biography
He served as a contributing author on working group 1 of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. He is an Associate Editor of the American Meteorological Society's Journal of Climate. He has published in Science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal of Geophysical Research, Journal of Climate, Tropical Cyclone Research and Review, Tellus A and the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.
In 2004, Knutson published a paper suggesting that increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide would lead to more intense hurricanes. This finding was subsequently supported by independent research. Knutson was invited to discuss his thesis on Ron Reagan's MSNBC talk show, but the invitation was withdrawn after the White House intervened.
Selected works
References
External links
GFDL home page
biographical sketch
Donaghy, T., et al. (2007) "Atmosphere of Pressure" a report of the Government Accountability Project (Cambridge, Mass.: UCS Publications), page 30
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration personnel
American climatologists
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change contribu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Naughton | Jeffrey Naughton is a computer scientist and former professor and department chair of Computer Sciences at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he was one of the leaders of the Wisconsin Database Group. He was lead of Google's Madison office until 2022.
Career
Naughton received a bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1982 and a Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1987. He was a member of the faculty at Princeton University from 1987-1989.
Professor Naughton is a Fellow of the ACM, recipient of the University of Wisconsin Vilas Award for excellence in research, and author of over 100 technical papers. In addition, he was the recipient of the Wisconsin Student ACM Chapter (SACM) "Cow Award" for excellence in classroom teaching.
Naughton joined Google in February 2016. He was a distinguished scientist and the site lead of Google Madison until 2022. He is currently a SVP and Engineering Fellow at Celonis.
References
External links
Professor Naughton's homepage
Living people
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Stanford University alumni
Princeton University faculty
American computer scientists
Database researchers
Place of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20%28meteorology%29 | Giovanni is a Web interface that allows users to analyze NASA's gridded data from various satellite and surface observations.
Giovanni lets researchers examine data on atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric temperature, water vapor and clouds, atmospheric aerosols, precipitation, and ocean chlorophyll and surface temperature. The primary data consist of global gridded data sets with reduced spatial resolution. Basic analytical functions performed by Giovanni are carried out by the Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS).
Giovanni is an acronym for GES-DISC Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure.
It allows access to data from multiple remote sites, supports multiple data formats including Hierarchical Data Format (HDF), HDF-EOS, network Common Data Form (netCDF), GRIdded Binary (GRIB), and binary, and multiple plot types including area, time, Hovmoller, and image animation.
References
J. G. Acker and G. Leptoukh, Online Analysis Enhances Use of NASA Earth Science Data, EOS, January 9, 2007, vol. 88, pages 14 and 17 (the American Geophysical Union's weekly newspaper).
External links
Meteorological data and networks
Atmospheric chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20V.%20Houston | William Vermillion Houston (January 19, 1900 – August 22, 1968) was an American physicist who made contributions to spectroscopy, quantum mechanics, and solid-state physics as well as being a teacher and administrator. He became the second president of Rice University in 1946.
His family name is pronounced HOW-stun, in contrast to the pronunciation of the city of Houston in which he lived for much of his career.
Education
Houston began his college education in 1916 at Ohio State University (OSU) where he earned his baccalaureate degree in physics. He served in the military during 1918 and 1919. After teaching physics at the University of Dubuque for one year, he entered graduate studies at the University of Chicago and studied under Albert A. Michelson, who had won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907, and Robert Millikan who would win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923 for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect. It was at this time that Houston began his experimental work on the fine structure of hydrogen and was awarded an M.S. in 1922. In 1922, he returned to Ohio State, where he was an instructor in physics and studied spectroscopy under A. D. Cole. Houston was granted his Ph.D. in 1925, after which he went to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) on a National Research Fellowship, largely because Millikan had left Chicago for Caltech in 1922. At Caltech Houston continued his work in spectroscopy and making |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviation%20%28statistics%29 | In mathematics and statistics, deviation is a measure of difference between the observed value of a variable and some other value, often that variable's mean. The sign of the deviation reports the direction of that difference (the deviation is positive when the observed value exceeds the reference value). The magnitude of the value indicates the size of the difference.
Types
A deviation that is a difference between an observed value and the true value of a quantity of interest (where true value denotes the Expected Value, such as the population mean) is an error.
A deviation that is the difference between the observed value and an estimate of the true value (e.g. the sample mean; the Expected Value of a sample can be used as an estimate of the Expected Value of the population) is a residual. These concepts are applicable for data at the interval and ratio levels of measurement.
Unsigned or absolute deviation
In statistics, the absolute deviation of an element of a data set is the absolute difference between that element and a given point. Typically the deviation is reckoned from the central value, being construed as some type of average, most often the median or sometimes the mean of the data set:
where
Di is the absolute deviation,
xi is the data element,
m(X) is the chosen measure of central tendency of the data set—sometimes the mean (), but most often the median.
Measures
Mean signed deviation
For an unbiased estimator, the average of the signed deviations acr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donostia%20International%20Physics%20Center | The Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Foundation was established in 1999 in the framework of a collaboration agreement reached by the Education and Industry Departments of the Basque Government, the University of the Basque Country, the Regional Government of Gipuzkoa, the City of Donostia and the Kutxa savings bank. Iberdrola participated in the venture during 2000-2003. In 2004 Naturcorp Multiservicios joined the project, followed by Telefónica in 2005.
The DIPC was born as an intellectual center aimed at fostering and providing for the development of highest level basic research in material science. Since its early days, the DIPC has been an open institution, bound to the University of the Basque Country, committed to the internationalization of all basic science engaged in the Basque Country related to physics and material science.
External links
DIPC website
Basque Country (autonomous community)
University of the Basque Country
Scientific organizations established in 1999
1999 establishments in Spain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20Biosciences%20Institute | The Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI) is an organization dedicated to developing new sources of energy and reducing the impact of energy consumption. It was created in 2007 to apply advanced knowledge of biology to the challenges of responsible, sustainable energy production and use.
Its main goal is to develop next-generation biofuels—that is, biofuels that are made from the non-edible parts of plants and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Funded by BP, which initially agreed to contribute $500 million over a 10-year-period, with $350 million slated for academic research, EBI is a joint initiative between the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and the energy company. It is the largest public-private venture of its kind. All research from its academic labs is published and publicly available. More information about the EBI is available to the public through the EBI Bulletin and its magazine, Bioenergy Connection, which cover emerging trends in the field of bioenergy.)
EBI was designed as a creative, multidisciplinary institution. Because bioenergy research is so complex, the institute promotes a holistic view by encouraging scientists from many disciplines – biology, chemistry, botany, environmental science, economics, and others – to collaborate on investigations.
The institute's main research areas are:
feedstock development (work on plant sources of biofuel)
biomass depolym |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeat%20unit | In polymer chemistry, a repeat unit or repeating unit (or mer) is a part of a polymer whose repetition would produce the complete polymer chain (except for the end-groups) by linking the repeat units together successively along the chain, like the beads of a necklace.
A repeat unit is sometimes called a mer (or mer unit). "Mer" originates from the Greek word meros, which means "a part". The word polymer derives its meaning from this, which means "many mers". A repeat unit (mer) is not to be confused with the term monomer, which refers to the small molecule from which a polymer is synthesized.
One of the simplest repeat units is that of the addition polymer polyvinyl chloride,
-[CH2-CHCl]n-, whose repeat unit is -[CH2-CHCl]-.
In this case the repeat unit has the same atoms as the monomer vinyl chloride CH2=CHCl. When the polymer is formed, the C=C double bond in the monomer is replaced by a C-C single bond in the polymer repeat unit, which links by two new bonds to adjoining repeat units.
In condensation polymers (see examples below), the repeat unit contains fewer atoms than the monomer or monomers from which it is formed.
The subscript "n" denotes the degree of polymerisation, that is, the number of units linked together. The molecular mass of the repeat unit, MR, is simply the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms within the repeat unit. The molecular mass of the chain is just the product nMR. Other than monodisperse polymers, there is normally a molar mass distributi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%20and%20the%20New%20Physics | God and the New Physics is a 1983 popular science book written by English scientist Paul Davies.
Overview
The book deals fundamentally with cosmology although throughout the text several sciences are mentioned, such as: physics, mathematics, neurology, and philosophy. It deals with a wide variety of philosophical problems, such as the nature of God, miracles, free will, time, and consciousness. Davies seeks to explain the changing roles of religion and science, and the way in which physics is giving insights into what were once considered solely religious or philosophical questions.
The book is written at a level which makes it suitable for all kinds of readers, from experts to beginners.
See also
About Time
1984 non-fiction books
Popular physics books
Books by Paul Davies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Van%20Brummelen | Glen Robert Van Brummelen (born May 20th, 1965) is a Canadian historian of mathematics specializing in historical applications of mathematics to astronomy.
He is president of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Mathematics, and was a co-editor of Mathematics and the Historian's Craft: The Kenneth O. May Lectures (Springer, 2005).
Life
Van Brummelen earned his PhD degree from Simon Fraser University in 1993, and served as a professor of mathematics at Bennington College from 1999 to 2006. He then transferred to Quest University Canada as a founding faculty member. In 2020, he became the dean of the Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences at Trinity Western University in Langley, BC.
Glen Van Brummelen has published the first major history in English of the origins and early development of trigonometry, The Mathematics of the Heavens and the Earth: The Early History of Trigonometry. His second book, Heavenly Mathematics: The Forgotten Art of Spherical Trigonometry, concerns spherical trigonometry.
He teaches courses on the history of mathematics and trigonometry at MathPath, specifically Heavenly Mathematics and Spherical Trigonometry. He is also well known for the glensheep and the "glenneagon", a variant on the enneagon (as well as to a lesser extent the glenelephant, and to even lesser extent the glenturtle), a two-dimensional animal he coined at MathPath.
Works
The Mathematics of the Heavens and the Earth: The Early History of Trigonometry Princeton; Ox |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmos%20College%20of%20Natural%20Sciences%20and%20Oceanography | The Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography is a natural science college at Nova Southeastern University in Florida. The college offers programs in subjects like biology and mathematics and conducts oceanographical research.
Degree Programs
The college offers multiple bachelor's, master's and doctoral programs.
B.S. in Biology
B.S. in Chemistry
B.S. in Marine Biology
B.S. in Mathematics
B.S. in Environmental Science/Studies
M.S. in Biological Sciences
M.S. in Marine Science
Ph.D. in Marine Biology/Oceanography
Facilities
The college has a presence at two campuses: in the Parker Building on the Fort Lauderdale/Davie Campus, and the Oceanographic Center, located on a site on the ocean side of Port Everglades, adjacent to the port's entrance. The center has a boat basin and affords immediate access to the Gulf Stream, the Florida Straits, and the Bahama Banks. The center is composed of three buildings, and several modulars. The main two-story building houses seven laboratories, conference rooms, workroom, and 13 offices. A second building contains a large two-story warehouse and staging area, classroom, biology laboratory, electron microscopy laboratory, darkroom, machine shop, carpentry shop, electronics laboratory, the library, student computer lab, computing center, and 15 offices. A one-story building contains a wetlab/classroom, coral workshop, and an X-ray facility. A modular laboratory is used for aquaculture studies. The Oceanographic Center grows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya%20Lifshitz | Ilya Mikhailovich Lifshitz (, ; January 13, 1917 – October 23, 1982) was a leading Soviet theoretical physicist, brother of Evgeny Lifshitz. He is known for his works in solid-state physics, electron theory of metals, disordered systems, and the theory of polymers.
Work
Ilya Lifshitz was born into a Ukrainian Jewish family in Kharkov, Kharkov Governorate, Russian Empire (now Kharkiv, Ukraine). Together with Arnold Kosevich, in 1954 Lifshitz established the connection between the oscillation of magnetic characteristics of metals and the form of an electronic surface of Fermi (Lifshitz–Kosevich formula) from de Haas–van Alphen experiments.
Lifshitz was one of the founders of the theory of disordered systems. He introduced some of the basic notions, such as self-averaging, and discovered what is now called Lifshitz tails and Lifshitz singularity.
In perturbation theory, Lifshitz introduced the notion of spectral shift function, which was later developed by Mark Krein.
A phase transition involving topological changes of the material's Fermi surface is called a Lifshitz phase transition.
Starting from the late 1960s, Lifshitz started considering problems of statistical physics of polymers. Together with his students Alexander Yu. Grosberg and Alexei R. Khokhlov, Lifshitz proposed a theory of coil-to-globule transition in homopolymers and derived the formula for the conformational entropy of a polymer chain, that is referred to as the Lifshitz entropy.
References
External l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn%20Tng | Shawn Tng, 唐志瑋, is a singer and composer from Singapore.
Early life and education
Tng studied Computer Science at National University of Singapore.
Music career
Tng was part of a Singaporean pop group, Three Springs, comprising Jeremy Wong, Willie Tan and him. Tng was dubbed by Hong Kong's media as the new Eric Moo.
Tng started his music career with the release his first solo album "相信" in 1994, followed by his second album "觉醒" in 1995.
Tng wrote a theme song titled "决定" for the popular TCS Channel 8 TV serial "真心男儿".
In 1995, Tng subsequently launched his singing career in Taiwan releasing his first album there "爱你的我能怎么做".
In 1995, Tng released a duet with Annie Yi titled "守侯".
In 1996, Tng wrote a theme song titled "See The Sunrise" for RTHK's annual "Solar Project"(太阳计划) which was performed by popular singers Kit Chan, Jacky Cheung, Leon Lai, Vivian Chow, Tai Zheng Xiao and some other RTHK's DJs. Also viewable at "See the Sunrise"
In 1996, Tng performed the theme song for the animation series Street Fighter (街頭霸王).
In 1996, Tng participated in the Hong Kong CASH 香港作曲家及作詞家協會 Contest and won the 1st Runner-up.
In 1997, Liu Wen Zheng(刘文正) named Shawn Tng as one of the rising stars of the Mandarin pop scene in 1996–97.
In 1997, Yin Xia (银霞) starred in Shawn Tng's 决定 (Decision) music video.
Tng retired from the music scene in 1997.
Career
Tng joined Microsoft in 1999.
Discography
Albums
Compilation
Featured in
Awards
References
20th-century Singaporean m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Koob | George F. Koob (born 1947) is a Professor and former Chair of the Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders at the Scripps Research Institute and Adjunct Professor of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of California, San Diego. In 2014 he became the director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
Biography
Koob holds a B.S. in zoology from Pennsylvania State University (1969) and a Ph.D. in Behavioral Physiology from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (1972). Subsequently he was a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Cambridge.
An authority on addiction and stress, Koob has published over 750 scientific papers and has received continuous funding for his research from the National Institutes of Health, including the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). He was, until 2014, the Director of the NIAAA Alcohol Research Center at the Scripps Research Institute, Consortium Coordinator for NIAAA's multi-center Integrative Neuroscience Initiative on Alcoholism, and Co-Director of the Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research. He has trained 10 predoctoral and 64 postdoctoral fellows. Koob is the former Editor-in-Chief for the journal Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior and for the Journal of Addiction Medicine. He won the Daniel Efron Award for excellence in research from the Amer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Chasalow | Eric David Chasalow (born 1955) is an American composer of acoustic and electronic music. He is Graduate Dean at Brandeis University, and Director of BEAMS, the Brandeis Electro-Acoustic Music Studio.
Biography
He was born in Newark, New Jersey on May 25, 1955 and was trained in music and biology at Bates College, Maine, where he was awarded a B.A. in 1977. He enrolled at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston in 1975–76 to study composition. Between 1977 and 1985 he studied at Columbia University, earning the Doctor of Musical Arts in 1985 studying under Mario Davidovsky and the flute under Harvey Sollberger.
He served as executive director of the Guild of Composers from 1980 to 1985 and of the Music Alliance in New York from 1988 to 1990. In 1983 he held a National Endowment for the Arts composer’s fellowship, in 1984, 1986, and 1998 Norlin/MacDowell fellowships, and in 1986-87 the Charles Ives fellowship of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and a Guggenheim fellowship. In 1989 and 1994 he awarded prizes by the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM).
In 1990 he joined the faculty of Brandeis University, becoming chairman of the music department in 1996.
His music is published by G. Schirmer, McGinnis & Marx (New York) and Edition Bim (Bulle, Switzerland) and appears on CDs from New World Records, ICMC.
Selected works
INSTRUMENT AND TAPE
Shatter and Glide (2012-13) string trio and tape. Network for New Music commission (11:00)
I’m Just Sa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20E.%20McCarty | Richard E. McCarty is the William D. Gill Professor of Biology at Johns Hopkins University. He also served as Dean of The Johns Hopkins Krieger School of Arts and Sciences for several years. In addition to lecturing in the Biology Department, McCarty oversees a research laboratory, in which graduate and undergraduate students, and post-doctoral fellows conduct various plant biochemistry-related research.
He received his B.A. degree from Johns Hopkins, as well as his Ph.D. degree. He has published dozens of scientific papers about his plant biology research, and is on the review board of several scientific journals as well.
McCarty is the son of Maclyn McCarty, American geneticist who found that the genetic material of living cells is composed of DNA.
References
Johns Hopkins profile of Richard E. McCarty
Biotechnology faculty highlights
21st-century American biochemists
Science teachers
American science writers
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMB | LMB is the abbreviation of:
La Martiniere College for Boys, Kolkata
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, a research institute in Cambridge, England
Left Mouse Button on a mouse (computing)
Leptomycin B, an inhibitor of protein export from the cell nucleus
Liga Mexicana de Beisbol, the Mexican Baseball League
Line Mode Browser, the first multi-platform web browser
Lois McMaster Bujold, science fiction and fantasy author |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision%20tests%20of%20QED | Quantum electrodynamics (QED), a relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics, is among the most stringently tested theories in physics. The most precise and specific tests of QED consist of measurements of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant, α, in various physical systems. Checking the consistency of such measurements tests the theory.
Tests of a theory are normally carried out by comparing experimental results to theoretical predictions. In QED, there is some subtlety in this comparison, because theoretical predictions require as input an extremely precise value of α, which can only be obtained from another precision QED experiment. Because of this, the comparisons between theory and experiment are usually quoted as independent determinations of α. QED is then confirmed to the extent that these measurements of α from different physical sources agree with each other.
The agreement found this way is to within ten parts in a billion (10−8), based on the comparison of the electron anomalous magnetic dipole moment and the Rydberg constant from atom recoil measurements as described below. This makes QED one of the most accurate physical theories constructed thus far.
Besides these independent measurements of the fine-structure constant, many other predictions of QED have been tested as well.
Measurements of the fine-structure constant using different systems
Precision tests of QED have been performed in low-energy atomic physics experiments, high-energy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff%20%28disambiguation%29 | Chaff is dry inedible plant material.
Chaff may also refer to:
Chaff (countermeasure), a radar countermeasure for aircraft or other targets
Chaff algorithm, an algorithm for solving instances of the boolean satisfiability problem
Chaffing and winnowing, a method in cryptography to protect a message without encryption
Chaff (newspaper), a former students' newspaper of Massey University Students' Association
See also
"Gumbo Chaff" or "Gombo Chaff", an American song
Chaff cutter, a mechanical device for cutting straw or hay |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Wakeham |
Sir William Arnot Wakeham FREng (born 25 September 1944) is a British chemical engineer. From 2001 to 2009 he was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Southampton.
Education
Wakeham received his undergraduate and graduate degrees in physics at Exeter University.
Career
He served as a research associate at Brown University, in Providence, Rhode Island. In 1971 he was appointed lecturer in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology at Imperial College, London. He was successively Reader in 1979, Professor of Chemical Physics in 1985, and head of the Department of Chemical Engineering in 1988.
His academic specialty is thermodynamics, particularly the thermophysical properties of fluids and intermolecular forces.
In 1996 he was appointed Pro-Rector (Research) and subsequently also Deputy Rector and Pro-Rector (Resources) at Imperial College, holding these positions simultaneously. He oversaw the college's medical school formation in 1997 from the merger of St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School (formerly Charing Cross Hospital Medical School and Westminster Hospital Medical School), the Royal Postgraduate Medical School and the National Heart and Lung Institute.
In 2007 the then Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills, Rt. Hon. John Denham MP invited him to chair a review of UK physics which reported in October 2008.
He is a visiting professor at Imperial College. He is a member of the En |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Bowie%20Medal | The William Bowie Medal is awarded annually by the American Geophysical Union for "outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research". The award is the highest honor given by the AGU and is named in honor of William Bowie, one of the co-founders of the Union.
Past recipients
Source: AGU
See also
List of geophysicists
List of geophysics awards
List of prizes named after people
References
Bowie Medal
Bowie Medal
Bowie Medal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Anthony%20Lawrence | Peter Anthony Lawrence (born 23 June 1941) is a British developmental biologist at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology and the Zoology Department of the University of Cambridge. He was a staff scientist of the Medical Research Council from 1969 to 2006.
Education
Lawrence was educated at Wennington School in Wetherby, and then at St Catharine's College, Cambridge on a Harkness Fellowship; he gained his doctorate as a student of Vincent Wigglesworth for work on Oncopeltus fasciatus (milkweed bug)
Career and research
Lawrence's main discoveries lie in trying to understand what type of information is required to shape an animal and generate a pattern (such as on a butterfly wing or a fingerprint). He is the principal advocate of the idea that cells in a gradient of a morphogen develop according to their local concentration of the morphogen and that this mechanism is used to generate patterns of cells. Together with Ginés Morata, he has helped establish the compartment theory first proposed by Antonio Garcia-Bellido. In this hypothesis, a set of cells collectively builds a territory (or "compartment"), and only that territory, in the animal. As development proceeds, a "selector gene" switches on in a subset of this clone of cells, and the clone becomes divided into two sets of cells that construct two adjacent compartments. Much of the evidence for the theory comes from studies on the Drosophila fly wing.
For the last twenty years he has been working, in collaboration with Ga |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperEdit | Tumult Whisk (originally Tumult HyperEdit) is an application for Apple's Mac OS X developed by Jonathan Deutsch.
Development
In 2003, while studying computer science at Indiana's Purdue University, Jonathan Deutsch wrote HyperEdit to create a live HTML editor that would remove the need to save an HTML file and reload it in a browser to test each change. French news site MacGeneration said live preview was a novel idea in 2003. HypedEdit's live preview was built on Apple's newly released open-source WebKit web rendering engine. It was initially released as donationware.
HyperEdit was renamed to Whisk with the release of version 2.0. Whisk was released as shareware with a free trial, and some of its code was taken from Deutsch's "Hype" web animation application.
Features
The software is primarily targeted at web developers, combining a HTML (including CSS), PHP and JavaScript editor in one lightweight program. It offers customizable syntax highlighting for these web languages.
Its features include W3C validation (which underlines mistakes in red), a JavaScript debugger, code snippets, and a real-time preview in the application's right pane.
Reception
Macworld Robert Ellis rated HyperEdit 4.5 mice out of 5, praising its live previewing and describing it as a lower-cost, less-bloated alternative to Adobe GoLive or Macromedia Dreamweaver. Charles Arthur also praised it in The Independent and The Guardian, saying that its live preview turned a normally "miserable task" into s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Manuelidis | Laura Manuelidis is a physician and neuropathologist at Yale University.
Career
Manuelidis earned her B.A. degree from Sarah Lawrence College, where she studied poetry, and her M.D. is from Yale Medical School. She is head of the section of Neuropathology in the department of Surgery at Yale and is also a member of the Neuroscience and Virology faculty. She has been active on numerous government committees including the Advisory Panel on Alzheimer's disease and US FDA advisory panel, has been a member of editorial boards, and chair of international meetings. She has also published 3 books of poetry.
Achievements
Manuelidis has made major contributions in two areas: A) the discovery of large chromosomal DNA repeats and the elucidation of their role in the organization and structure of chromosomes in metaphase and interphase nuclei; B) the experimental investigation of the infectious agents that cause human Transmissible Encephalopathy (TSE) diseases including Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), kuru and BSE ("mad cow disease"). Transmission to small animals and cells in culture exposed basic biologic and molecular agent facts most consistent with an exponentially replicating ~25 nm viral particle that contains an essential but unknown nucleic acid for infection. This contrasts with the assertion that the host encoded amyloid forming prion protein, without nucleic acid, is the infectious agent.
Chromosome Sequence and Structure
Early in her career, Manuelidis discovered majo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinement | Refinement may refer to:
Mathematics
Equilibrium refinement, the identification of actualized equilibria in game theory
Refinement of an equivalence relation, in mathematics
Refinement (topology), the refinement of an open cover in mathematical topology
Refinement (category theory)
Other uses
Refinement (computing), computer science approaches for designing correct computer programs and enabling their formal verification
Refining, a process of purification
Refining (metallurgy)
Refinement (culture), a quality of cultural sophistication
Refinement (horse), a racehorse ridden by jockey Tony McCoy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1D | 1D, 1-D, or 1d can refer to:
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
Astra 1D, a satellite
Canon EOS-1D, Canon's first professional digital camera
Long March 1D, a satellite
One-dimensional space in physics and mathematics
One Direction, an English-Irish boy band
Penny (British pre-decimal coin), routinely abbreviated 1d.
1D, the hexadecimal code for the Group Separator control character
See also
ID (disambiguation)
LD (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic%20diagram | In mechanical engineering, a kinematic diagram or kinematic scheme (also called a joint map or skeleton diagram) illustrates the connectivity of links and joints of a mechanism or machine rather than the dimensions or shape of the parts. Often links are presented as geometric objects, such as lines, triangles or squares, that support schematic versions of the joints of the mechanism or machine.
For example, the figures show the kinematic diagrams (i) of the slider-crank that forms a piston and crank-shaft in an engine, and (ii) of the first three joints for a PUMA manipulator.
|- style="text-align:center;"
| ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
| PUMA robot || and its kinematic diagram
Linkage graph
A kinematic diagram can be formulated as a graph by representing the joints of the mechanism as vertices and the links as edges of the graph. This version of the kinematic diagram has proven effective in enumerating kinematic structures in the process of machine design.
An important consideration in this design process is the degree of freedom of the system of links and joints, which is determined using the Chebychev–Grübler–Kutzbach criterion.
Elements of machines
Elements of kinematics diagrams include the frame, which is the frame of reference for all the moving components, as well as links (kinematic pairs), and joints. Primary Joints include pins, sliders and other elements that allow pure rotation or pure linear motion. Higher order joints also exist that allow a com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Reiter | Paul Reiter is a professor of medical entomology at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France. He is a member of the World Health Organization Expert Advisory Committee on Vector Biology and Control. He was an employee of the Center for Disease Control (Dengue Branch) for 22 years. He is a specialist in the natural history, epidemiology and control of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever, West Nile fever, and malaria. He is a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society.
Criticism of the IPCC
Reiter says he was a contributor to the third IPCC Working Group II (Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability) report, but resigned because he "found [himself] at loggerheads with persons who insisted on making authoritative pronouncements, although they had little or no knowledge of [his] speciality". After ceasing to contribute he says he struggled to get his name removed from the Third report
"After much effort and many fruitless discussions, I decided to concentrate on the USGCCRP and resigned from the IPCC project. My resignation was accepted, but in a first draft I found that my name was still listed. I requested its removal, but was told it would remain because "I had contributed". It was only after strong insistence that I succeeded in having it removed."
Reiter is sceptical about the IPCC process, as seen in his 25 April 2006, testimony to the United States Senate:
"A galling aspect of the debate is that this spurious 'science' is endorsed in the public forum by influential p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Flynn | Eugene Victor Flynn is an American-born mathematician. He is currently a professor of mathematics at the University of Oxford.
Biography
Flynn was born in Washington, D.C., the son of academic James Flynn who took up a position at the University of Otago. He first studied at the University of Otago, before taking a PhD at Trinity College, Cambridge, supervised by J. W. S. Cassels. He then spent a year as an assistant professor at the University of Michigan, returning to Cambridge as a research fellow at Robinson College. He then moved to the University of Liverpool, including four years as head of the pure mathematics department there. In 2005 he left Liverpool to move to the University of Oxford; he took up a fellowship at New College in October 2005 and was appointed a university professor of mathematics in October 2006.
His fields of specialisation are the arithmetic of elliptic curves and algebraic geometry.
Family
Flynn's father, James Flynn, was primarily involved in the research of intelligence and is noteworthy for his work on the Flynn effect; he died in 2020. Victor Flynn's parents met on a picket line protesting against segregation in the USA. Their daughter Natalie Flynn is a clinical psychologist in Auckland, New Zealand.
References
External links
Home page
1962 births
Living people
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of Robinson College, Cambridge
University of Michigan fa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Segal | Daniel Segal (born 1947) is a British mathematician and a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford. He specialises in algebra and group theory.
He studied at Peterhouse, Cambridge, before taking a PhD at Queen Mary College, University of London, in 1972, supervised by Bertram Wehrfritz, with a dissertation on group theory entitled Groups of Automorphisms of Infinite Soluble Groups. He is an Emeritus Fellow of All Souls College at Oxford, where he was sub-warden from 2006 to 2008.
His postgraduate students have included Marcus du Sautoy and Geoff Smith. He is the son of psychoanalyst Hanna Segal and brother of philosopher Gabriel Segal as well of Michael Segal, a senior civil servant.
Publications
Articles
Books
Polycyclic Groups, Cambridge University Press 1983; 2005 pbk edition
with J. Dixon, M. Du Sautoy, A. Mann Analytic pro-p-groups, Cambridge University Press 1999, Paperback edn. 2003
ed. with M. Du Sautoy, A. Shalev New horizons in pro-p-groups, Birkhäuser 2000 Paperback edn. 2012
with Alexander Lubotzky Subgroup growth, Birkhäuser 2003 Paperback edn. 2012
Words: notes on verbal width in groups, London Mathematical Society Lecture Notes, vol. 361, Cambridge University Press 2009
References
Living people
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of London
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Group theorists
Algebraists
1947 births |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Buzzard | Kevin Mark Buzzard (born 21 September 1968) is a British mathematician and currently a professor of pure mathematics at Imperial College London. He specialises in arithmetic geometry and the Langlands program.
Biography
While attending the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe he competed in the International Mathematical Olympiad, where he won a bronze medal in 1986 and a gold medal with a perfect score in 1987.
He obtained a B.A. degree (Parts I & II) in Mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was Senior Wrangler (achiever of the highest mark), and went on to complete the C.A.S.M. He then completed his dissertation, entitled The levels of modular representations, under the supervision of Richard Taylor, for which he was awarded a Ph.D. degree.
He took a lectureship at Imperial College London in 1998, a readership in 2002, and was appointed to a professorship in 2004. From October to December 2002 he held a visiting professorship at Harvard University, having previously worked at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (1995), the University of California Berkeley (1996-7), and the Institute Henri Poincaré in Paris (2000).
He was awarded a Whitehead Prize by the London Mathematical Society in 2002 for "his distinguished work in number theory", and the Senior Berwick Prize in 2008.
In 2017, he launched an ongoing formalization project and blog involving the Lean theorem prover and has since promoted the use of computer proof assistants in future mathematics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostatic | The term isostatic may refer to:
Isostatic depression in geodynamics
Isostatic powder compaction in metallurgy and ceramic engineering
Isostatic press in manufacturing
See also
Isostasy in geology: gravitational equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere
Statically determinate structures in physics and engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom%E2%80%93Mather%20stratified%20space | In topology, a branch of mathematics, an abstract stratified space, or a Thom–Mather stratified space is a topological space X that has been decomposed into pieces called strata; these strata are manifolds and are required to fit together in a certain way. Thom–Mather stratified spaces provide a purely topological setting for the study of singularities analogous to the more differential-geometric theory of Whitney. They were introduced by René Thom, who showed that every Whitney stratified space was also a topologically stratified space, with the same strata. Another proof was given by John Mather in 1970, inspired by Thom's proof.
Basic examples of Thom–Mather stratified spaces include manifolds with boundary (top dimension and codimension 1 boundary) and manifolds with corners (top dimension, codimension 1 boundary, codimension 2 corners), real or complex analytic varieties, or orbit spaces of smooth transformation groups.
Definition
A Thom–Mather stratified space is a triple where is a topological space (often we require that it is locally compact, Hausdorff, and second countable), is a decomposition of into strata,
and is the set of control data where is an open neighborhood of the stratum (called the tubular neighborhood), is a continuous retraction, and is a continuous function. These data need to satisfy the following conditions.
Each stratum is a locally closed subset and the decomposition is locally finite.
The decomposition satisfies the axiom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20and%20inventions%20of%20Leonardo%20da%20Vinci | Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was an Italian polymath, regarded as the epitome of the "Renaissance Man", displaying skills in numerous diverse areas of study. While most famous for his paintings such as the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper, Leonardo is also renowned in the fields of civil engineering, chemistry, geology, geometry, hydrodynamics, mathematics, mechanical engineering, optics, physics, pyrotechnics, and zoology.
While the full extent of his scientific studies has only become recognized in the last 150 years, during his lifetime he was employed for his engineering and skill of invention. Many of his designs, such as the movable dikes to protect Venice from invasion, proved too costly or impractical. Some of his smaller inventions entered the world of manufacturing unheralded. As an engineer, Leonardo conceived ideas vastly ahead of his own time, conceptually inventing the parachute, the helicopter, an armored fighting vehicle, the use of concentrated solar power, the car and a gun, a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics and the double hull. In practice, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy, astronomy, civil engineering, optics, and the study of water (hydrodynamics).
One of Leonardo's drawings, the Vitruvian Man, is a study of the proportions of the human body, linking art and science in a single work that has come to represent the concept of macrocosm and microcosm in Renaissance humanism.
Approach to scientific investigation
Duri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Legge | Gordon Ernest Legge (born January 22, 1948) is currently the Distinguished McKnight University Professor and former chair of the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota. Legge is the director of the Minnesota Laboratory for Low-Vision Research.
Legge received a bachelor's degree in Physics from MIT in 1971, and a master's degree in Astronomy from Harvard in 1972. In 1976, Legge obtained his Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from Harvard under the direction of R.J.W. Mansfield. Legge did his postdoctoral training with Fergus Campbell at the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge University. In 1977, Legge joined the faculty of the University of Minnesota.
Legge studies the roles of vision in reading, object recognition, and spatial navigation. Legge's major research interest is in reading with normal vision and low vision (visual impairment). Legge is the author of a series of papers known as the "Psychophysics of Reading" series, published in peer-reviewed scientific journals between 1985 and 2002. These have been summarized and reviewed in the book "Psychophysics of reading in normal and low vision", which also contains a CDROM with the original articles.
Together with J. Stephen Mansfield, Legge also developed the MNREAD test , which has become an internationally accepted standard test for measurement of reading acuity and reading speed in low vision clinics and clinical research.
Legge also sat on the Committee on Currency Features Usable by the Visually I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20Wayne%20Wymore | Albert Wayne Wymore (February 1, 1927 – February 24, 2011) was an American mathematician, systems engineer, Professor Emeritus of Systems and Industrial Engineering of the University of Arizona, and one of the founding fathers of systems engineering.
Biography
Wymore received both his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in mathematics from the Iowa State University early 1950s. In 1956 he received his PhD in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison under the Supervision of Associate Professor William F. Eberlein for the thesis "On the Weak Compactness in Functional Analysis".
With his PhD in pure mathematics, Wymore started his career in industry for two years. In 1956 he joined the faculty of University of Arizona, where in 1957 he established Universities first computing center, and the department of Systems and Industrial Engineering as part of the College of Engineering. Wymore became the first Chairman of Systems and Industrial Engineering (SIE) Department at the University of Arizona. He was also one of the first Fellows of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE).
Publications
A selection:
1967. A Mathematical Theory of Systems Engineering: The Elements. Krieger, Huntington, NY.
1976. Systems Engineering Methodology for Interdisciplinary Teams, Wiley, New York.
1992. Engineering Modeling and Design, with Bill Chapman and A. Terry Bahill, CRC Press Inc.
1993. Model-Based Systems Engineering, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
References
External links
Webpage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric%20chemistry%20observational%20databases | Over the last two centuries many environmental chemical observations have been made from a variety of ground-based, airborne, and orbital platforms and deposited in databases. Many of these databases are publicly available. All of the instruments mentioned in this article give online public access to their data. These observations are critical in developing our understanding of the Earth's atmosphere and issues such as climate change, ozone depletion and air quality. Some of the external links provide repositories of many of these datasets in one place. For example, the Cambridge Atmospheric Chemical Database, is a large database in a uniform ASCII format. Each observation is augmented with the meteorological conditions such as the temperature, potential temperature, geopotential height, and equivalent PV latitude.
Ground-based and balloon observations
NDSC observations. The Network for the Detection for Stratospheric Change (NDSC) is a set of high-quality remote-sounding research stations for observing and understanding the physical and chemical state of the stratosphere. Ozone and key ozone-related chemical compounds and parameters are targeted for measurement. The NDSC is a major component of the international upper atmosphere research effort and has been endorsed by national and international scientific agencies, including the International Ozone Commission, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The primary in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20the%20East%20College%20of%20Computer%20Studies%20and%20System | The University of the East College of Computer Studies and Systems pioneered in the offering of a baccalaureate degree in Computer Science in the University Belt area starting 1988. Presently the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) has identified the University of the East as a Center of Excellence in Information Technology Education.
History
In 1984, the University began offering computer courses as part of the BS in Business Administration program. These courses were available for both credit-earning subjects and non-degree computer courses. In 1986, the CCSS was known as the Computer Institute for Studies and Systems (CISS). Initially, the institute offered non-degree computer training programs in consortium with the University of the Philippines until 1987. Nati C. San Gabriel served as the Director of the CISS and later became the Dean when the Institute was established as a College.
After Dean San Gabriel’s retirement in 1997, Presidio R. Calumpit Jr.-who was crucial to the transformation of the CISS into the CCSS-became the second CCSS Dean in May 1997. An Economics graduate of CAS Manila and a Master of Science in Computer Science graduate of the Ateneo de Manila University, Dean Calumpit holds the CCSS deanship to this day, along with being the National President of the Philippine Society of Information Technology Educators Foundation Inc. (PSITE) and a Member of the Board of Directors of the Philippine Computer Society (PCS), both for SY 2004-2005.
The UE Mana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C5%9Fe%20Soysal | Ayşe Soysal (born June 24, 1948) is a Turkish mathematician. She was the president of Boğaziçi University in Istanbul during 2004 to 2008.
Life and career
Born in 1948, she received her high school diploma in 1967 from the American College for Girls in Istanbul. She received her bachelor's degrees with high honors in Mathematics and Physics from Boğaziçi University formerly (Robert College) in 1971.
Soysal pursued further education in the United States, where she received her master's (1973) and doctoral (1976) degrees in mathematics from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
She was appointed as a member of faculty in Boğaziçi University's Department of Mathematics as an assistant professor (yardımcı doçent) in 1976. In her long term of instruction, Soysal was renowned as a polite and student-friendly professor. She was appointed associate professor (docent) in 1981 and full professor (natively professor) in 1991. Since 2009, Soysal is teaching at Koç University's Department of Mathematics as an adjunct professor.
Soysal also held office as vice dean of the School of Arts and Sciences, and the chairman of the Department of Mathematics. Between 1992 and 2004, Soysal was elected dean of the School of Arts and Sciences for four consecutive terms. She also represented Boğaziçi University in the Interuniversity Council (Üniversitelerarası Kurul) and she held board membership for the Turkey branch of UNESCO.
Soysal was appointed as the president (natively rektor) of Boğaziçi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni%20A.%20Sarcone | Gianni A. Sarcone (born March 20, 1962) is a visual artist and author who collaborates with educational publications, writing articles and columns on topics related to art, science, and mathematics education. He has contributed to several science magazines, including Focus Junior (Italy), Query-CICAP (Italy), Rivista Magia (Italy), Alice & Bob / Bocconi University (Italy), Brain Games (USA), and Tangente (France). Sarcone has over 30 years of experience as a designer and researcher in the areas of visual creativity, recreational mathematics and educational games.
Visual research
Considered a leading authority on visual perception by academic institutions, Sarcone was invited to serve as a juror at the Third Annual "Best Illusion of the Year Contest" held in Sarasota, Florida (USA). His optical illusion projects 'Mask of Love' and 'Autokinetic Illusion' were named among the top 10 best optical illusions in the 2011 and 2014 "Best Illusion of the Year Contests", respectively. In 2017, he placed third in the contest for his ‘Dynamic Müller-Lyer Illusion’.
Amongst other notable projects, he created and designed an “hypnoptical” visual illusion that was used in the logo and institutional signage of the 2014 Grec Festival of Barcelona, a significant cultural event featuring avant-garde musical, dance, and theater performances.
On October 16, 2021, for the International Observe the Moon Night, his joint work “Moona Lisa” has been selected as Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Guggenheim%20Fellowships%20awarded%20in%201981 | List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1981.
1981 U.S. and Canadian Fellows
Walter Abish, Writer, New York City
Claude Abraham, Professor Emeritus French, University of California, Davis
Alice Adams, Artist, Bronx, New York
Eric G. Adelberger, Professor of Physics, University of Washington
Reginald Edgar Allen, Professor of Philosophy and Classics, Northwestern University
David Hershel Alpers, William B. Kountz Professor of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
Peter G. Anastos, Choreographer, Cincinnati, Ohio
Elliot Aronson, Emeritus Professor of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz
Margaret Atwood, Writer, Toronto
James L. Axtell, William J. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Humanities, College of William and Mary
Edward Bakst, Film Maker, New York City
Rudolf Baranik, Deceased. Fine Arts
Pranab Kumar Bardhan, Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley
Edward Barnes, Composer, New York City
Elizabeth Ann Bates, Professor of Psychology & Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego
Larry Thomas Bell, Composer, Boston
Peter Mayo Bell, Geophysicist, Carnegie Institution of Washington's Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, DC
Warren Frank Benson, Composer; Emeritus Professor of Composition, Eastman School of Music
Darwin K. Berg, Professor of Biology, University of California, San Diego
Albert Jeffrey Berger, Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, School of Medicine
Marshall Howard Berm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Eckart | Carl Henry Eckart (May 4, 1902 – October 23, 1973) was an American physicist, physical oceanographer, geophysicist, and administrator. He co-developed the Wigner–Eckart theorem and is also known for the Eckart conditions in quantum mechanics, and the Eckart–Young theorem in linear algebra.
Early life
Eckart was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He began college in 1919 at Washington University in St. Louis where he received his B.S. and M.S. degrees with a major in engineering. However, due to Arthur Holly Compton, a physics faculty member and later Chancellor, Eckart was influenced to continue his education in physics at Princeton, where he went in 1923 on an Edison Lamp Works Research Fellowship. Eckart was awarded his Ph.D. in 1925.
During his graduate studies, Eckart co-authored a paper with Karl Compton, brother of Arthur Compton on low-voltage arcs, particularly the oscillatory phenomena arising in the diffusion of electrons against low-voltage fields. He continued this line of work after receipt of his Ph.D. on a National Research Council Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) during the period 1925 to 1927.
Max Born, director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen and co-developer of the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics with Werner Heisenberg, came to Caltech in the winter of 1925 and gave a lecture on his work. Born’s lecture gave Eckart the impetus to investigate the possible general operato |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo%E2%80%93Lewis%20equation | The Mayo–Lewis equation or copolymer equation in polymer chemistry describes the distribution of monomers in a copolymer. It was proposed by Frank R. Mayo and Frederick M. Lewis.
The equation considers a monomer mix of two components and and the four different reactions that can take place at the reactive chain end terminating in either monomer ( and ) with their reaction rate constants :
The reactivity ratio for each propagating chain end is defined as the ratio of the rate constant for addition of a monomer of the species already at the chain end to the rate constant for addition of the other monomer.
The copolymer equation is then:
with the concentrations of the components in square brackets. The equation gives the relative instantaneous rates of incorporation of the two monomers.
Equation derivation
Monomer 1 is consumed with reaction rate:
with the concentration of all the active chains terminating in monomer 1, summed over chain lengths. is defined similarly for monomer 2.
Likewise the rate of disappearance for monomer 2 is:
Division of both equations by followed by division of the first equation by the second yields:
The ratio of active center concentrations can be found using the steady state approximation, meaning that the concentration of each type of active center remains constant.
The rate of formation of active centers of monomer 1 () is equal to the rate of their destruction () so that
or
Substituting into the ratio of monomer consumption rat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Energy%20Systems%20of%20Ukraine | United Energy Systems of Ukraine, (UESU) (), was a natural gas trading company in Ukraine. In the years 1995 and 1996, it was the largest natural gas importer in Ukraine. The company was affected by a series of financial irregularities leading to criminal charges against the principals and closure of the company in 2009.
Origin
In 1989, Yulia Tymoshenko founded a family cooperative in Dnipropetrovsk. In 1991, Tymoshenko, her husband, Oleksandr, and Olexandr Gravetsas created the Ukrainian Petrol Company, a vendor of gasoline to farmers in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. In 1995, the company was reorganized into the United Energy Systems of Ukraine.
UESU bought gas from RAO Gazprom (Russia). However, UESU was largely held by a Turkish company, United Energy International Limited (UEIL) and the perhaps inflated payments of Ukraine gas customers was filtered through a number of international locations (allowing a distribution of profits – hundreds of millions of dollars – amongst the energy oligarchs involved), before Russia was paid.
Growth and decline
In 1997, UESU formed a consortium that was responsible for supplies of natural gas to Ukraine from Russia. By 1996 and 1997, UESU was the biggest gas trading company in Ukraine and had branched out into other areas. In early 1997, it controlled several banks, had stakes in metallurgy and machine building companies and in two airports; participated in Bulgarian and Turkish pipelines; and controlled several local and national newspap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sono%20arsenic%20filter | The Sono arsenic filter was invented in 2006 by Abul Hussam, who is a chemistry professor at George Mason University (GMU) in Fairfax, Virginia. It was developed to deal with the problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater. The filter is now in use in Hussam's native Bangladesh.
Development
Farmers had been drinking fresh groundwater from wells, whereas previously they had had to use ponds and mudholes which were contaminated with bacteria and viruses. However, these wells were also contaminated with naturally occurring high concentrations of poisonous arsenic, causing skin ailments and cancers. Awareness of the problem developed through the 1990s.
Allan Smith, an epidemiologist at the University of California at Berkeley, observed that the arsenic problem affects millions of people worldwide:
Hussam developed his filter after years of testing hundreds of prototypes. The final version contains 20 pounds of shards of porous iron, which bonds chemically with arsenic. It also includes charcoal, sand and bits of brick. It filters nearly all arsenic from well water.
Awards
Hussam was awarded the 2007 Grainger challenge Prize for Sustainability by the National Academy of Engineering. Hussam plans to use 70% of the $1 million engineering prize to distribute filters to needy communities.
See also
Backwashing
Bangladesh
Carbon filtering
Distillation
Filtration
Reverse osmosis
Sand separator
Settling basin
Water purification
References
External links
DWC-Water: Ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul%20Hussam | Abul Hussam () is the inventor of the Sono arsenic filter. He is a chemistry professor at George Mason University (GMU) in Fairfax, Virginia, and a member of advisory board at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology.
Life and career
Hussam was born in Kushtia, and raised in Bangladesh. Hussam moved to the United States in 1978 for graduate studies. Later he received a doctorate in analytical chemistry and became a naturalized citizen of the US. The Centreville, Virginia, resident has spent much of this career trying to devise a solution to the problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater in eastern India and Bangladesh.
Hussam started working on this problem in 1993. His final innovation is a simple, maintenance-free system that uses sand, charcoal, bits of brick and shards of a type of cast iron. The filter removes almost every trace of arsenic from the well water. The wells brought fresh groundwater to farmers and others who previously had been drinking from bacteria- and virus-laced ponds and mudholes.
He also had to devise a way to find an accurate way to measure arsenic in water. This was achieved in the early of the mid-1990s.
The National Academy of Engineering announced on February 1, 2007, that the 2007 Grainger challenge prize for sustainability would go to Hussam. Hussam's invention is already in use today, preventing serious health problems in residents of the professor's native Bangladesh. This includes a $1 million award, which Hussam plans to use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano%20Bakonyi | Dr. Stefano Bakonyi (1892–1969) was a Hungarian writer, consultant, and pioneering engineer. Bakonyi was born near Budapest into a family of modest means. After completing the classic gymnasium, he studied chemistry as a student worker. Between 1914 and 1918, he served in the Hungarian army. He suffered a serious cranio-cerebral injury during this time. After recovering, he worked for an extended period in German industry as well as in English speaking countries. He became a consultant and remained in this specialization when he later went into business on his own. He remained active in this profession for the remainder of his life.
During World War II, the Bakonyi family lived in Bordighera, a city occupied by Nazi forces. Stefano Bakonyi became involved in the international language movement, first as an Esperantist and later, in turn, as an Idist, an Occidentalist, and an Interlinguist. Among his publications was a book about Interlingua and the history of universal language titled Civilization e Lingua Universal. A month before his death, he founded the Foundation Bakonyi pro Lingua Universal in Lucerne Switzerland to underwrite Interlingua publications.
References
Bakonyi, Stephano, Civilisation e Lingua Universal: Essayo historico-cultural e linguistic. Luzern: Hugo Fischer, 1978.
Article The Lone Hand by Stefano Bakonyi on National Library of Australia, Dated 1 May 1920
External links
Bakonyi, Stefano, Civilization e Lingua Universal. Accessed February 3, 2007. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20A.%20Saunders | Dr Denis Allan Saunders, AM, (b. 1947) is an Australian ornithologist and conservationist.
Awards
1998 – received the Individual in Government Award of the International Society for Conservation Biology
1999 – received the IALE Distinguished Scholarship Award of the International Association of Landscape Ecology
2005 – made a member of the General Division of the Order of Australia (AM) for "service to nature conservation, particularly through the study of Australian birds and the development of landscape ecology in Australia"
2006 – awarded the D.L. Serventy Medal of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) for outstanding contributions to publication in the science of ornithology in the Australasian region
References
Olsen, Penny. (2006). D.L. Serventy Medal: Citation. Denis A. Saunders. Emu 106: 339.
Australian ornithologists
Members of the Order of Australia
1947 births
Living people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger%20Wittig | Rüdiger Wittig (born October 17, 1946 in Herne, West Germany) is a professor of geobotany and ecology at the Goethe University Frankfurt in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Career
From 1968 to 1973, Wittig studied biology and chemistry at the Wilhelms-University of Westphalia in Münster and passed the state examination, followed by doctoral studies from 1973 to 1976 (Dr.rer.nat.). Until the completion of his postdoctoral lecture qualification in 1980, he was a research associate at the Wilhelms-University in Münster. From 1980 until 1988, Wittig was professor for botany at the Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf and chair of the department for geobotany at the Institute for Plant Physiology. Since 1989, he has been a professor for ecology and geobotany at the Goethe University Frankfurt in Frankfurt am Main.
In 2002, a specific type of blackberry was named after Rüdiger Wittig: Rubus wittigianus.
Selected publications
Wittig has published over 250 books and articles, including:
R. Wittig: Ökologie der Großstadtflora. G. Fischer, Stuttgart/Jena 1991, 261 S.
Herbert Sukopp u. R. Wittig (Hrsg.): Stadtökologie. G. Fischer, Stuttgart 1993, 402 S.
R. Wittig: Siedlungsvegetation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, 252 S.
R. Wittig u. Bruno Streit (Hrsg.): Ökologie.- UTB basics, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, 303 S.
External links
Description of rubus wittigianus (in German)
20th-century German botanists
Living people
1946 births
21st-century German botanists
Academic staff |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20%28fluid%20dynamics%29 | Shock is an abrupt discontinuity in the flow field and it occurs in flows when the local flow speed exceeds the local sound speed. More specifically, it is a flow whose Mach number exceeds 1.
Explanation of phenomena
Shock is formed due to coalescence of various small pressure pulses. Sound waves are pressure waves and it is at the speed of the sound wave the disturbances are communicated in the medium. When an object is moving in a flow field the object sends out disturbances which propagate at the speed of sound and adjusts the remaining flow field accordingly. However, if the object itself happens to travel at speed greater than sound, then the disturbances created by the object would not have traveled and communicated to the rest of the flow field and this results in an abrupt change of property, which is termed as shock in gas dynamics terminology.
Shocks are characterized by discontinuous changes in flow properties such as velocity, pressure, temperature, etc. Typically, shock thickness is of a few mean free paths (of the order of 10−8 m). Shocks are irreversible occurrences in supersonic flows (i.e. the entropy increases).
Normal shock formulas
Where, the index 1 refers to upstream properties, and the index 2 refers to down stream properties. The subscript 0 refers to total or stagnation properties. T is temperature, M is the mach number, P is pressure, ρ is density, and γ is the ratio of specific heats.
See also
Mach number
Sound barrier
supersonic flow
Flui |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUNY%20TV | CUNY TV is a non-commercial educational television station in New York City, part of the City University of New York's university system. It offers telecourse programming in various subjects ranging from mathematics, physics, and biology to history, art, and social studies. It also provides cultural programming with shows in German, Spanish, and French. The station was first established in 1985 and, in 2009, became a full-capacity HD studio and post-production facility complete with a six-camera mobile production truck.
History
The station was first established in 1985 as CUNY TV.
In 2009, the station transitioned to HDTV and began broadcasting on cable in SD and on WNYE-TV digital channel DTV 25.3 in 720p HD.
In 2012, television and radio studios at CUNY TV were renamed "Himan Brown TV & Radio Studios, after Himan Brown, an American radio producer and director. Since 1999, the station has won numerous television industry awards, including 18 New York Emmy Awards, numerous Telly Awards, and Communicator Awards, for its variety of series and programme specials.
Original programming
The station airs Amy Goodman's Democracy Now! twice a day, as well as daily world news in English from Deutsche Welle. The station also airs many classic and foreign films, especially from Poland, like Professor Jerry Carlson's and City College's film studies programme's show, City Cinematheque. Public affairs shows also include Baruch College's forums. The station also produces and co-prod |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coset%20construction | In mathematics, the coset construction (or GKO construction) is a method of constructing unitary highest weight representations of the Virasoro algebra, introduced by Peter Goddard, Adrian Kent and David Olive (1986). The construction produces the complete discrete series of highest weight representations of the Virasoro algebra and demonstrates their unitarity, thus establishing the classification of unitary highest weight representations.
References
Conformal field theory
Lie algebras |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Henry%20Bristol | William Henry Bristol (July 5, 1859–June 18, 1930) was an inventor, manufacturer, educator, and environmentalist. Bristol was born in Waterbury, Connecticut.
After graduating from the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1884 with an engineering degree, he returned there in 1886 as an instructor and progressed to become a professor of mathematics in 1899. While at Stevens, he patented products including a steel lacing for industrial belts and a pressure chart recorder. The need to manufacture these products led to the founding of the Bristol Company in 1889 with his brother, Franklin, and his father, Benjamin. By 1915, the company was manufacturing the largest and most complete line of industrial instruments in the world, including instruments to measure and record temperature, electricity, pressure, motion, time, flow, and humidity. These instruments were the first to provide an uninterrupted history of manufacturing plant operations; increasing efficiency, improving quality, and allowing higher rates of productivity.
He was awarded the John Scott Medal in 1890. Edward Longstreth Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1894.
In 1904, Professor Bristol invented the first practical pyrometer for measuring high temperatures. This created another new industry and led to the formation of the William H. Bristol Pyrometer Company in New York City.
In 1915, he invented the “Bristolphone” to simultaneously record voices and other sounds with motion in moving pictures. He founde |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20science%20and%20technology%20in%20China | Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines including the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, military technology, mathematics, geology and astronomy.
Among the earliest inventions were the binary code, and one of the earliest examples of genetic sequencing, abacus, the sundial, and the Kongming lantern. The Four Great Inventions,the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing – were among the most important technological advances, only known to Europe by the end of the Middle Ages 1000 years later. The Tang dynasty (AD 618–906) in particular was a time of great innovation. A good deal of exchange occurred between Western and Chinese discoveries up to the Qing dynasty.
The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy, while undergoing its own scientific revolution, at the same time bringing Chinese knowledge of technology back to Europe. In the 19th and 20th centuries the introduction of Western technology was a major factor in the modernization of China. Much of the early Western work in the history of science in China was done by Joseph Needham and his Chinese partner, Lu Gwei-djen.
Mo Di and the School of Names
The Warring States period began 2500 years ago at the time of the invention of the crossbow. Needham notes that the invention of the crossbow "far outstripped the progress in defensive armor", wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabant%20Party | The Brabant Party (Brabantse Partij) was a provincial political party in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It had no parliamentary representation, but it was linked to the Independent Senate Group.
Its main issues were family farmers' rights, investment in nanotechnology, information and communications technology (ICT), sport and culture, and a more open government.
References
External links
Official website
Defunct political parties in the Netherlands
Politics of North Brabant
Regionalist parties in the Netherlands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20graph | In mathematics and computational geometry, the Gabriel graph of a set of points in the Euclidean plane expresses one notion of proximity or nearness of those points. Formally, it is the graph with vertex set in which any two distinct points and are adjacent precisely when the closed disc having as a diameter contains no other points. Another way of expressing the same adjacency criterion is that and should be the two closest given points to their midpoint, with no other given point being as close. Gabriel graphs naturally generalize to higher dimensions, with the empty disks replaced by empty closed balls. Gabriel graphs are named after K. Ruben Gabriel, who introduced them in a paper with Robert R. Sokal in 1969.
Percolation
For Gabriel graphs of infinite random point sets, the finite site percolation threshold gives the fraction of points needed to support connectivity: if a random subset of fewer vertices than the threshold is given, the remaining graph will almost surely have only finite connected components, while if the size of the random subset is more than the threshold, then the remaining graph will almost surely have an infinite component (as well as finite components). This threshold was proved to exist by , and more precise values of both site and bond thresholds have been given by Norrenbrock.
Related geometric graphs
The Gabriel graph is a subgraph of the Delaunay triangulation. It can be found in linear time if the Delaunay triangulation is given.
T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassanpour | Hassanpour is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Amir Hassanpour (1943–2017), Iranian Kurdish scholar
Ardeshir Hassanpour (1962–2007), Iranian physics and electrical scientist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYG | BYG can refer to:
Bang Yong Guk, acronym and stage name of the South Korean rapper.
BYG Actuel, a record label
BYG•DTU, the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASBA%20%28molecular%20biology%29 | Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, commonly referred to as NASBA, is a method in molecular biology which is used to produce multiple copies of single stranded RNA. NASBA is a two-step process that takes RNA and anneals specially designed primers, then utilizes an enzyme cocktail to amplify it.
Background
Nucleic acid amplification is a technique used to produce several copies of a specific segment of RNA/DNA. Amplified RNA and DNA can be used for a variety of applications, such as genotyping, sequencing, and detection of bacteria or viruses. There are two different types of amplification, non-isothermal and isothermal. Non-isothermal amplification produces multiple copies of RNA/DNA through reiterative cycling between different temperatures. Isothermal amplification produces multiple copies of RNA/DNA at a constant reaction temperature. NASBA takes single stranded RNA, anneals primers to it at 65°C, and then amplifies it at 41°C to produce multiple copies of single stranded RNA. In order for successful amplification to occur, an enzyme cocktail containing, Avian Myeloblastosis Reverse Transcriptase (AMV-RT), RNase H, and RNA polymerase is used. AMV-RT synthesizes a complementary DNA strand (cDNA) from the RNA template once the primer is annealed. RNase H then degrades the RNA template and the other primer binds to the cDNA to form double stranded DNA, which RNA polymerase uses to synthesize copies of RNA. One key aspect of NASBA is that the starting material and end |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20structures%20built%20by%20Thomas%20Brassey | Thomas Brassey (7 November 1805 – 8 December 1870) was an English civil engineering contractor and manufacturer of building materials who was responsible for building a large portion of the world's railways in the 19th century. For some of these constructions he was the sole contractor but he usually worked in partnership with other contractors, particularly Peto and Betts.
Railways and associated structures
Brassey arranged the building of over of railway tracks. By 1847 he had built one third of the railways in the United Kingdom and by the time of his death he had built one in twenty of the miles of railway in the world. He also built structures associated with railways - bridges, stations, etc. - and non-railway related structures. The following is an incomplete list of his projects. For the British railways the dates given are the date of the relevant Act of Parliament; for railways elsewhere and for other structures the date given is the date of the contract.
Railway lines
United Kingdom
1830s
1840s
1850s
1860s
Unknown dates
France
75 per cent of the total mileage, including:
Elsewhere in Europe
Canada
Argentina
Australia
India
Mauritius
Tunnels
Stations
Many hundreds, including:
Viaducts and other structures
Many, including:
Bridges
Again a large number, including:
Non-railway projects
References
Brassey |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatolithiasis | Hepatolithiasis is the presence of gallstones in the biliary ducts of the liver. Treatment is usually surgical. It is rare in Western countries, but prevalent in East Asia.
The gallstones are normally found proximal to the left and right hepatic ducts. The causes of the disease are poorly understood, but it is suspected that genetics, diets and environmental causes may contribute. It is more common in those of low socioeconomic status who suffer from malnutrition. Typically it strikes between 50 and 70 years old, with neither men nor women more likely to acquire it.
The prevalence in east Asia ranges is as high as 30-50%, while in the west it is rare. However, immigration has increased its prevalence in the West. Countries that have seen more economic development have also seen a reduction in the rates of the disease.
Some patients have these gallstones with no symptoms and the disease is only detected through abdominal imaging. For those with symptoms, common ones are abdominal pain, jaundice and fever. The gallstones can cause more serious conditions like fibrinolysis disorder or gallstone pancreatitis.
References
External links
Diseases of liver |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal%20sequence | In mathematics, a fractal sequence is one that contains itself as a proper subsequence. An example is
1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...
If the first occurrence of each n is deleted, the remaining sequence is identical to the original. The process can be repeated indefinitely, so that actually, the original sequence contains not only one copy of itself, but rather, infinitely many.
Definition
The precise definition of fractal sequence depends on a preliminary definition: a sequence x = (xn) is an infinitive sequence if for every i,
(F1) xn = i for infinitely many n.
Let a(i,j) be the jth index n for which xn = i. An infinitive sequence x is a fractal sequence if two additional conditions hold:
(F2) if i+1 = xn, then there exists m < n such that
(F3) if h < i then for every j there is exactly one k such that
According to (F2), the first occurrence of each i > 1 in x must be preceded at least once by each of the numbers 1, 2, ..., i-1, and according to (F3), between consecutive occurrences of i in x, each h less than i occurs exactly once.
Example
Suppose θ is a positive irrational number. Let
S(θ) = the set of numbers c + dθ, where c and d are positive integers
and let
cn(θ) + θdn(θ)
be the sequence obtained by arranging the numbers in S(θ) in increasing order. The sequence cn(θ) is the signature of θ, and it is a fractal sequence.
For example, the signature of the golden ratio (i.e., θ = (1 + sqrt(5))/2) begins with
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20Resonance%20Imaging%20%28journal%29 | Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier, encompassing biology, physics, and clinical science as they relate to the development and use of magnetic resonance imaging technology. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was established in 1982 and the current editor-in-chief is John C. Gore. The journal produces 10 issues per year.
External links
Elsevier academic journals
Radiology and medical imaging journals
Academic journals established in 1982
English-language journals
10 times per year journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation%20%28computer%20science%29 | In the theory of programming languages in computer science, deforestation (also known as fusion) is a program transformation to eliminate intermediate lists or tree structures that are created and then immediately consumed by a program.
The term "deforestation" was originally coined by Philip Wadler in his 1990 paper "Deforestation: transforming programs to eliminate trees".
Deforestation is typically applied to programs in functional programming languages, particularly non-strict programming languages such as Haskell. One particular algorithm for deforestation, shortcut deforestation, is implemented in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler. Deforestation is closely related to escape analysis.
See also
Hylomorphism (computer science)
References
Compiler optimizations
Implementation of functional programming languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20brothers%27%20inequality | In mathematics, the Markov brothers' inequality is an inequality proved in the 1890s by brothers Andrey Markov and Vladimir Markov, two Russian mathematicians. This inequality bounds the maximum of the derivatives of a polynomial on an interval in terms of the maximum of the polynomial. For k = 1 it was proved by Andrey Markov, and for k = 2,3,... by his brother Vladimir Markov.
The statement
Let P be a polynomial of degree ≤ n. Then for all nonnegative integers
Equality is attained for Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind.
Related inequalities
Bernstein's inequality (mathematical analysis)
Remez inequality
Applications
Markov's inequality is used to obtain lower bounds in computational complexity theory via the so-called "Polynomial Method".
References
Theorems in analysis
Inequalities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20proof | In mathematics, an elementary proof is a mathematical proof that only uses basic techniques. More specifically, the term is used in number theory to refer to proofs that make no use of complex analysis. Historically, it was once thought that certain theorems, like the prime number theorem, could only be proved by invoking "higher" mathematical theorems or techniques. However, as time progresses, many of these results have also been subsequently reproven using only elementary techniques.
While there is generally no consensus as to what counts as elementary, the term is nevertheless a common part of the mathematical jargon. An elementary proof is not necessarily simple, in the sense of being easy to understand or trivial. In fact, some elementary proofs can be quite complicated — and this is especially true when a statement of notable importance is involved.
Prime number theorem
The distinction between elementary and non-elementary proofs has been considered especially important in regard to the prime number theorem. This theorem was first proved in 1896 by Jacques Hadamard and Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin using complex analysis. Many mathematicians then attempted to construct elementary proofs of the theorem, without success. G. H. Hardy expressed strong reservations; he considered that the essential "depth" of the result ruled out elementary proofs:
However, in 1948, Atle Selberg produced new methods which led him and Paul Erdős to find elementary proofs of the prime |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal%20Bryant | Randal E. Bryant (born October 27, 1952) is an American computer scientist and academic noted for his research on formally verifying digital hardware and software. Bryant has been a faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University since 1984. He served as the Dean of the School of Computer Science (SCS) at Carnegie Mellon from 2004 to 2014. Dr. Bryant retired and became a Founders University Professor Emeritus on June 30, 2020.
Over the years, Dr. Bryant has received many recognitions for his research on hardware and software verification as well as algorithms and computer architecture. His 1986 paper on symbolic Boolean manipulation using Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) has the highest citation count of any publication in the Citeseer database of computer science literature. In 2009 Bryant was awarded the Phil Kaufman Award by the EDA Consortium "for his seminal technological breakthroughs in the area of formal verification."
Early life and education
Bryant was born on October 27, 1952, and is the son of John H. Bryant and Barbara Everitt Bryant, and the grandson of William Littell Everitt, former dean of the electrical engineering department at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (1949–68). His sister is Lois Bryant, a well-known textile artist (https://loisbryantstudio.com/home.html). Bryant was raised in Birmingham, Michigan. Starting in 1970, he attended the University of Michigan, where he received his B.S. in applied mathematics from in 1973. His mast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Feenberg | Eugene Feenberg (October 6, 1906 in Fort Smith, Arkansas – November 7, 1977) was an American physicist who made contributions to quantum mechanics and nuclear physics.
Education
In 1929, Feenberg graduated from the University of Texas at Austin in three years, first in his class; he majored in physics and mathematics. Upon the urging of one of his professors, C. P. Boner, Feenberg then went to Harvard University to study with Edwin C. Kemble for a doctorate in physics. While at Harvard, during 1930 and 1931, he also worked part-time at a Raytheon laboratory, as the Great Depression was in full swing. In 1931, Harvard awarded him a Parker Traveling Fellowship; he left for Europe in the fall of that year. During his stay in Europe, he studied with Arnold Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Wolfgang Pauli at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, and Enrico Fermi at the University of Rome.
Adolf Hitler had been appointed Chancellor in January 1933 and Feenberg was in Leipzig in the spring of that year. He wrote to Kemble of the persecution taking place and the violence in the streets. Harvard called Feenberg back to the Harvard campus, where he finished his doctorate under Kemble in 1933; his thesis was on quantum scattering of slow electrons by neutral atoms. For the next two years at Harvard, he took a position as an instructor and worked on the theory of nuclear forces and structure. During this time at Harvard, he also contributed to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columella%20%28disambiguation%29 | Columella (4–) was a Roman writer.
Columella, meaning little column, may also refer to:
Biology
Columella (auditory system), a part of the auditory system of amphibians, reptiles and birds
Columella (botany), an axis of sterile tissue which passes through the center of the spore-case of mosses and a cellular layer near the tip of a plant's root cap
Columella (gastropod), an anatomical feature of a coiled snail or gastropod shell
Columella (genus), a genus of land gastropods in the family Vertiginidae
Columella (plant), a cultivar of Dutch elm
Columella nasi, the fleshy external end of the nasal septum
In corals, the central axis structure of a corallite formed by the inner ends of the septa
Other uses
Columella (wine), a wine label by South African producer The Sadie Family
Columella; or, The Distressed Anchoret, a 1779 novel by Richard Graves
See also
Collum (disambiguation)
Column (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleman%27s%20inequality | Carleman's inequality is an inequality in mathematics, named after Torsten Carleman, who proved it in 1923 and used it to prove the Denjoy–Carleman theorem on quasi-analytic classes.
Statement
Let be a sequence of non-negative real numbers, then
The constant (euler number) in the inequality is optimal, that is, the inequality does not always hold if is replaced by a smaller number. The inequality is strict (it holds with "<" instead of "≤") if some element in the sequence is non-zero.
Integral version
Carleman's inequality has an integral version, which states that
for any f ≥ 0.
Carleson's inequality
A generalisation, due to Lennart Carleson, states the following:
for any convex function g with g(0) = 0, and for any -1 < p < ∞,
Carleman's inequality follows from the case p = 0.
Proof
An elementary proof is sketched below. From the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means applied to the numbers
where MG stands for geometric mean, and MA — for arithmetic mean. The Stirling-type inequality applied to implies
for all
Therefore,
whence
proving the inequality. Moreover, the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means of non-negative numbers is known to be an equality if and only if all the numbers coincide, that is, in the present case, if and only if for . As a consequence, Carleman's inequality is never an equality for a convergent series, unless all vanish, just because the harmonic series is divergent.
One can also prove Carleman's inequali |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-trans%20isomerase | In biochemistry, cis-trans isomerase is a type of isomerase which catalyzes the isomerization of geometric isomers.
Examples include photoisomerase and immunophilins such as cyclophilin.
External links
Isomerases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametic%20phase | In genetics, a gametic phase represents the original allelic combinations that a diploid individual inherits from both parents. It is therefore a particular association of alleles at different loci on the same chromosome. Gametic phase is influenced by genetic linkage.
References
Genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney%20conditions | In differential topology, a branch of mathematics, the Whitney conditions are conditions on a pair of submanifolds of a manifold introduced by Hassler Whitney in 1965.
A stratification of a topological space is a finite filtration by closed subsets Fi , such that the difference between successive members Fi and F(i − 1) of the filtration is either empty or a smooth submanifold of dimension i. The connected components of the difference Fi − F(i − 1) are the strata of dimension i. A stratification is called a Whitney stratification if all pairs of strata satisfy the Whitney conditions A and B, as defined below.
The Whitney conditions in Rn
Let X and Y be two disjoint (locally closed) submanifolds of Rn, of dimensions i and j.
X and Y satisfy Whitney's condition A if whenever a sequence of points x1, x2, … in X converges to a point y in Y, and the sequence of tangent i-planes Tm to X at the points xm converges to an i-plane T as m tends to infinity, then T contains the tangent j-plane to Y at y.
X and Y satisfy Whitney's condition B if for each sequence x1, x2, … of points in X and each sequence y1, y2, … of points in Y, both converging to the same point y in Y, such that the sequence of secant lines Lm between xm and ym converges to a line L as m tends to infinity, and the sequence of tangent i-planes Tm to X at the points xm converges to an i-plane T as m tends to infinity, then L is contained in T.
John Mather first pointed out that Whitney's condition B implies Whit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Bebey | Francis Bebey (, 15 July 1929 in Douala, Cameroon – 28 May 2001 in Paris, France) was a Cameroonian musicologist, writer, composer, and broadcaster.
Early life
Francis Bebey was born in Douala, Cameroon, on 15 July 1929. Bebey attended college in Douala, where he studied mathematics, before going to study broadcasting at the University of Paris. Moving to the United States, he continued to study broadcasting at New York University. In 1957, Bebey moved to Ghana at the invitation of Kwame Nkrumah, and took a job as a broadcaster.
Music career
In the early 1960s, Bebey moved to France and started work in the arts, establishing himself as a musician, sculptor, and writer. He was also the first African musician to use electric keyboards and programmable drum machines which he set alongside off the traditional African instruments. His most popular novel was Agatha Moudio's Son. While working at UNESCO from 1961-74, he was able to become the head of the music department in Paris. This job allowed him to research and document traditional African music.
Bebey released his first album in 1969. Bebey released over 20 albums on Ozileka, between 1975 and 1997. His music was primarily guitar-based, but he integrated traditional African instruments and synthesizers as well. Though Bebey's music is now widely praised, it created controversy at the time due to its blending of African and Western traditions. His style merged Cameroonian makossa with classical guitar, jazz, pop, and electro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1%20%C4%8Cerm%C3%A1k | Tomáš Čermák (born February 8, 1943 in Ostrava) is a Czech engineer and rector of Technical University of Ostrava (VŠB-TUO).
Life
Tomáš Čermák graduated in 1964 from Brno University of Technology at the faculty of electrical engineering. From 1964 to 1968 he worked as an engineer for the Vitkovice Steel Company. In 1968 he became senior researcher at the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava. In 1981 he became an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. In 1974 he earned his Ph.D. in the field of electrical drives at the Brno University of Technology.
From 1977 to 1990 Čermák was deputy head, head and vice-dean of the Department of Electrical Machines and Drives at VŠB – TUO. In 1991 he earned a full professorship.
Čermák was rector of the Technical University of Ostrava from 1990 to 1997, and vice-rector for R&D and Foreign Affairs from 1997 to 2003. He serves as the rector of VŠB – TUO since 2003.
Čermák is a member of numerous national and international committees, such as vice-president of Czech Universities Council, Member of General Assembly of Czech Academy of Science (AVČR) and founding member of the Czech Engineering Academy (IAČR) and International Centre for Eyecare Education (ICEE). He is also consultant for the Czech government as a member of the State Committee for Scientific Degrees and Chairman of Engineering Division of Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (GAČR).
Since 1997 he has been Chairman of the Board of the Vesuvius (for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail%20Kovalchuk | Mikhail Valentinovich Kovalchuk (; born 21 September 1946) is a Russian physicist and official. He is a brother of Yury Kovalchuk, known as "Putin's personal banker".
Political activity
Since May 26, 2000 Mikhail Kovalchuk has been a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) in physics.
Since 2001 he has been the Scientific Secretary of the Council for Science and High Technologies attached to the President of the Russian Federation.
Since February 2005 he has been the Director of the Kurchatov Institute.
In June 2007 by a decision of the RAS Presidium Mikhail Kovalchuk was appointed acting vice-president of the Academy for nanotechnology. As the Academy Charter stipulates that only full members are eligible for vice-presidency, Kovalchuk, being a corresponding member, can only be acting vice-president, unless the Charter is modified or he is elected full member.
Despite pressure from Vladimir Putin, the RAS rejected Kovalchuk's application for full membership in May 2008. This was seen as the first major blow to Putin's authority since coming to power in 2000 as there was speculation that Putin had wanted Kovalchuk to become President of the RAS.
In June 2023, he was also appointed President of the Polytechnic Museum.
References
1946 births
Living people
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
Members of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation
Russian physicists
Russian politicians
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Academic s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flox | Flox may refer to:
FLOX, in chemistry, a combustion process said to reduce nitrogen oxide formation by suppressing peak flame temperatures
Floxing, in biology, a term describing the sandwiching of a DNA sequence between two lox P sites
See also
C-Flox, abrev. for Ciprofloxacin
O-Flox, abrev. for Ofloxacin
FLOX, abrev. for chemotherapy protocol used in the USA (FOLFLOX in EU), containing Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin
Fl-Ox, a fluorine, liquid oxygen mixture (also written as FLOX), a rocket propellant
Floxx, digital media company
Phlox (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20element | Matrix element may refer to:
The (scalar) entries of a matrix.
Matrix element (physics), the value of a linear operator (especially a modified Hamiltonian) in quantum theory
Matrix coefficient, a type of function in representation theory
Element (software), free and open-source software instant messaging client implementing the Matrix protocol. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COCONUT98 | In cryptography, COCONUT98 (Cipher Organized with Cute Operations and N-Universal Transformation) is a block cipher designed by Serge Vaudenay in 1998. It was one of the first concrete applications of Vaudenay's decorrelation theory, designed to be provably secure against differential cryptanalysis, linear cryptanalysis, and even certain types of undiscovered cryptanalytic attacks.
The cipher uses a block size of 64 bits and a key size of 256 bits. Its basic structure is an 8-round Feistel network, but with an additional operation after the first 4 rounds, called a decorrelation module. This consists of a key-dependent affine transformation in the finite field GF(264). The round function makes use of modular multiplication and addition, bit rotation, XORs, and a single 8×24-bit S-box. The entries of the S-box are derived using the binary expansion of e as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
Despite Vaudenay's proof of COCONUT98's security, in 1999 David Wagner developed the boomerang attack against it. This attack, however, requires both chosen plaintexts and adaptive chosen ciphertexts, so is largely theoretical. Then in 2002, Biham, et al. applied differential-linear cryptanalysis, a purely chosen-plaintext attack, to break the cipher. The same team has also developed what they call a related-key boomerang attack, which distinguishes COCONUT98 from random using one related-key adaptive chosen plaintext and ciphertext quartet under two keys.
References
Broken blo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accepted%20and%20experimental%20value | In science, and most specifically chemistry, the accepted value denotes a value of a substance accepted by almost all scientists and the experimental value denotes the value of a substance's properties found in a localized lab.
See also
Accuracy and precision
Error
Approximation error
References
Analytical chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20Systems%20Biology | Molecular Systems Biology is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering systems biology at the molecular level (examples include: genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbial systems, the integration of cell signaling and regulatory networks), synthetic biology, and systems medicine. It was established in 2005 and published by the Nature Publishing Group on behalf of the European Molecular Biology Organization. As of December 2013, it is published by EMBO Press.
References
External links
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Systems biology
Academic journals established in 2005
English-language journals
Monthly journals
European Molecular Biology Organization academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20C.%20Kemble | Edwin Crawford Kemble (January 28, 1889 in Delaware, Ohio – March 12, 1984) was an American physicist who made contributions to the theory of quantum mechanics and molecular structure and spectroscopy. During World War II, he was a consultant to the Navy on acoustic detection of submarines and to the Army on Operation Alsos.
Education
Kemble began college in 1906 at Ohio Wesleyan University, but he stayed there only one year. He then transferred to the Case School of Applied Science, where he received his B.S. in physics in 1911. At Case, Kemble was a student of Dayton C. Miller, a nationally recognized scientist working in the field of acoustics. Upon graduation from Case, he spent the following year as a physics instructor at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, a school founded in response to the growing demand for education in technology, as was Case. During that year, Miller obtained a graduate fellowship for Kemble at Harvard; the fellowship was personally financed by Harvard Professor Wallace Sabine, a colleague of Miller's in acoustics. Kemble entered graduate school in 1913, with Percy Bridgman as his thesis advisor. This was the year Niels Bohr submitted his first paper on the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Universities in Europe were in the process of making the transition from the predominance of experimental physics to that of theoretical physics, as was the case in the United States. Bridgman, a well-known experimentalist, did, howeve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cautethia%20grotei | Cautethia grotei, or Grote's sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It was described by Henry Edwards in 1882.
Distribution
It resides in the US state of Florida and the islands of the Caribbean.
Description
The wingspan is 28–40 mm.
Biology
There are multiple generations per year in Florida. Adults nectar at various flowers, including Asystasia gangetica and Dracaena fragrans.
Host plants
Larvae have been recorded feeding on various Rubiaceae species, including milkberry (Chiococca alba), black torch (Erithalis fruticosa) and common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus).
Subspecies
Cautethia grotei grotei (Florida, Cuba, the Bahamas, Cayman Islands and possibly Hispaniola and Jamaica. Strays have been found up to Tennessee, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York and even New Hampshire)
Cautethia grotei apira Jordan, 1940 (Cayman Islands)
Cautethia grotei hilaris Jordan, 1940 (Cayman Islands)
References
External links
"Grote's sphinx Cautethia grotei Hy. Edwards, 1882". Butterflies and Moths of North America. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
"Cautethia grotei grotei". Sphingidae of the Americas.
Cautethia
Moths described in 1882 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20colon | The double colon ( :: ) may refer to:
an analogy symbolism operator, in logic and mathematics
a notation for equality of ratios
a scope resolution operator, in computer programming languages
See also
Colon (punctuation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range%20searching | In computer science, the range searching problem consists of processing a set S of objects, in order to determine which objects from S intersect with a query object, called the range. For example, if S is a set of points corresponding to the coordinates of several cities, find the subset of cities within a given range of latitudes and longitudes.
The range searching problem and the data structures that solve it are a fundamental topic of computational geometry. Applications of the problem arise in areas such as geographical information systems (GIS), computer-aided design (CAD) and databases.
Variations
There are several variations of the problem, and different data structures may be necessary for different variations. In order to obtain an efficient solution, several aspects of the problem need to be specified:
Object types: Algorithms depend on whether S consists of points, lines, line segments, boxes, polygons.... The simplest and most studied objects to search are points.
Range types: The query ranges also need to be drawn from a predetermined set. Some well-studied sets of ranges, and the names of the respective problems are axis-aligned rectangles (orthogonal range searching), simplices, halfspaces, and spheres/circles.
Query types: If the list of all objects that intersect the query range must be reported, the problem is called range reporting, and the query is called a reporting query. Sometimes, only the number of objects that intersect the range is required. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey%20Kondrashov | Alexey Simonovich Kondrashov () (born April 11, 1957) worked on a variety of subjects in evolutionary genetics. He is best known for the deterministic mutation hypothesis explaining the maintenance of sexual reproduction, his work on sympatric speciation, and his work on evaluating mutation rates.
Originally from the Soviet Union, A.S. Kondrashov has been working in the United States since the early 1990s. His work currently focuses on measuring rate of spontaneous mutation in Drosophila. Also, he studies selection at the sequence level and protein evolution.
He founded the laboratory of evolutionary genomics in the College of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics at Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Early life and education
Alexey Kondrashov was born on April 11, 1957, in Moscow. His father was the Soviet biophysicist, Simon Shnoll. In the 1960s his family moved to Pushchino where he attended Middle School #1 (1966-1970). After some time, he transferred to the Pushchino's Middle School #2 (1970-1973).
From 1973 to 1978 Kondrashov studied in the College of Genetics of Biology Department of the Moscow State University-Lomonosov. In 1984, he received his Ph.D. degree in Biology form The Moscow State University. In 1990, Kondrashov became an Associate Visiting Scientist in the Department of Genetics at the University of Wisconsin – Madison. He became an Assistant Professor of Ecology and Systematics at Cornell University in 1993, and associate professor in 1996. He is currently a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledinegg%20instability | In fluid dynamics, the Ledinegg instability occurs in two-phase flow, especially in a boiler tube, when the boiling boundary is within the tube. For a given mass flux J through the tube, the pressure drop per unit length (which typically varies as the square of the mass flux and inversely as the density, i.e., as ) is much less when the flow is wholly of liquid than when the flow is wholly of steam. Thus, as the boiling boundary moves up the tube, the total pressure drop falls, potentially increasing the flow in an unstable manner. Boiler tubes normally overcome this (which is effectively a 'negative resistance' regime) by incorporating a narrow orifice at the entry, to give a stabilising pressure drop on entry.
References
Ruspini, Two-phase flow instabilities: A review, IJHMT, 71, 2013
System Instabilities https://web.archive.org/web/20060721232210/http://caltechbook.library.caltech.edu/51/01/chap15.pdf
http://authors.library.caltech.edu/25021/1/chap15.pdf
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L0 | L0 may refer to:
Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
L0 norm, a norm in mathematics
L0 Series, a high-speed maglev train operated by the Japanese railway company JR Central
See also
Level 0 (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk%20Iwaniec | Henryk Iwaniec (born October 9, 1947) is a Polish-American mathematician, and since 1987 a professor at Rutgers University.
Background and education
Iwaniec studied at the University of Warsaw, where he got his PhD in 1972 under Andrzej Schinzel. He then held positions at the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences until 1983 when he left Poland. He held visiting positions at the Institute for Advanced Study, University of Michigan, and University of Colorado Boulder before being appointed Professor of Mathematics at Rutgers University. He is a citizen of both Poland and the United States.
He and mathematician Tadeusz Iwaniec are twin brothers.
Work
Iwaniec studies both sieve methods and deep complex-analytic techniques, with an emphasis on the theory of automorphic forms and harmonic analysis.
In 1997, Iwaniec and John Friedlander proved that there are infinitely many prime numbers of the form . Results of this strength had previously been seen as completely out of reach: sieve theory—used by Iwaniec and Friedlander in combination with other techniques—cannot usually distinguish between primes and products of two primes, say.
In 2001, Iwaniec was awarded the seventh Ostrowski Prize. The prize citation read, in part, "Iwaniec's work is characterized by depth, profound understanding of the difficulties of a problem, and unsurpassed technique. He has made deep contributions to the field of analytic number theory, mainly in modular forms on and sieve |
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