source stringlengths 31 207 | text stringlengths 12 1.5k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal%20prime%20%28recreational%20mathematics%29 | In recreational number theory, a minimal prime is a prime number for which there is no shorter subsequence of its digits in a given base that form a prime. In base 10 there are exactly 26 minimal primes:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 19, 41, 61, 89, 409, 449, 499, 881, 991, 6469, 6949, 9001, 9049, 9649, 9949, 60649, 666649, 946669, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049 .
For example, 409 is a minimal prime because there is no prime among the shorter subsequences of the digits: 4, 0, 9, 40, 49, 09. The subsequence does not have to consist of consecutive digits, so 109 is not a minimal prime (because 19 is prime). But it does have to be in the same order; so, for example, 991 is still a minimal prime even though a subset of the digits can form the shorter prime 19 by changing the order.
Similarly, there are exactly 32 composite numbers which have no shorter composite subsequence:
4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 70, 72, 75, 77, 111, 117, 171, 371, 711, 713, 731 .
There are 146 primes congruent to 1 mod 4 which have no shorter prime congruent to 1 mod 4 subsequence:
5, 13, 17, 29, 37, 41, 61, 73, 89, 97, 101, 109, 149, 181, 233, 277, 281, 349, 409, 433, 449, 677, 701, 709, 769, 821, 877, 881, 1669, 2221, 3001, 3121, 3169, 3221, 3301, 3833, 4969, 4993, 6469, 6833, 6949, 7121, 7477, 7949, 9001, 9049, 9221, 9649, 9833, 9901, 9949, ...
There are 113 primes congruent to 3 mod 4 which have no shorter prime congruent to 3 mod 4 subsequence:
3, 7, 11, 19, 5 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena%20V.%20Pitjeva |
Elena Vladimirovna Pitjeva (Елена Владимировна Питьева) is a Russian astronomer working at the Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. She has published over 100 articles, as listed in Google Scholar and the Astrophysics Data System in the field of solar system dynamics and celestial mechanics.
She began employment activity as an engineer-observer at the Astrophysical observation station of the Astronomical Observatory of Leningrad State University in Byurakan (Armenia). Then Pitjeva worked at the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy of the USSA Academy of Science and the Institute Applied Astronomy RAS since the date of its foundation in 1988 as researcher and senior researcher. At present she is head of the Laboratory of Ephemeris Astronomy of this institute.
Major research interests of Pitjeva include the construction of numerical ephemerides of the planets, the determination of the planets' and asteroids' masses, the parameters of planet rotation and planetary topography, the solar corona and oblateness and general relativity testing. She is one of creators of the numerical Ephemerides of Planets and the Moon (EPM) of IAA RAS that originated in the seventies of the past century and have been developed since that time. The version of the EPM2004 ephemeris has been adopted as the ephemeris basis of Russian Astronomical Yearbook since 2006. The updated EPM2008 ephemerides are available to outside users via ftp.
The works of Pitjeva hav |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90uro%20%C4%90akovi%C4%87%20%28company%29 | Đuro Đaković Grupa d.d. is a Croatian metal mechanical engineering group based in Slavonski Brod, Croatia. The company is named after Đuro Đaković, a prominent Yugoslav communist of the Interwar period.
The company's origins date to the establishment of a metal engineering factory in Brod in 1921, it expanded throughout the 20th century, becoming a major regional enterprise of its type, active in rail vehicle manufacture including locomotives, industrial boilers, power plant construction, and large scale metal structures including bridges. In the 1990s the company was privatised and a number of businesses became separate entities — the remainder were grouped under the 'Đuro Đaković Holding d.d.' group.
History
Background
In 1921, the company Prva jugoslavenska tvornica vagona strojeva i mostova dd Brod na Savi (First Yugoslavian wagon, machinery and bridge factory company, Brod on the Sava) was established, with 125000 shares of 400 crowns. The factory buildings were constructed by 1922. Croatian industrialist Aleksandar Ehrmann was leading in attracting foreign investment into the firm in 1923.
In 1926, the company constructed its first bridge (over the Tisza near Titel), and its first railway vehicle, and first steam boiler. In 1928 the company produced its first tram (for Belgrade). Development of the company continued in the 1930s with the factory beginning to produce vessels for the chemical industry, cranes, and powered railway vehicles.
During the Invasion of Yu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nir%20Shaviv | Nir Joseph Shaviv (, born July 6, 1972) is an Israeli‐American physics professor. He is professor at the Racah Institute of Physics of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
He is known for his solar and cosmic-ray hypothesis of climate change which disagrees with the scientific consensus on human-caused climate change. In 2002, Shaviv hypothesised that passages through the Milky Way's spiral arms appear to have been the cause behind the major ice-ages over the past billion years. In his later work, co-authored by Jan Veizer, a low upper limit was placed on the climatic effect of .
His best known contribution to the field of astrophysics was to demonstrate that the Eddington luminosity is not a strict limit, namely, that astrophysical objects can be brighter than the Eddington luminosity without blowing themselves apart. This is achieved through the development of a porous atmosphere that allows the radiation to escape while exerting little force on the gas. The theory was correctly used to explain the mass-loss in Eta Carinae's giant eruption, and the evolution of classical nova eruptions.
Education and career
Shaviv started taking courses at the Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa at age 13. After a 3-year service in the IDF Unit 8200, he received in 1994 a Master of Science in physics and a doctorate during 1994–96. During 1996–99, he was a Lee DuBridge Prize Fellow at Caltech's TAPIR (Theoretical Astrophysics) group. During 1999–2001, he was in a postdoctorate positi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1/2%20%2B%201/4%20%2B%201/8%20%2B%201/16%20%2B%20%E2%8B%AF | In mathematics, the infinite series is an elementary example of a geometric series that converges absolutely. The sum of the series is 1.
In summation notation, this may be expressed as
The series is related to philosophical questions considered in antiquity, particularly to Zeno's paradoxes.
Proof
As with any infinite series, the sum
is defined to mean the limit of the partial sum of the first terms
as approaches infinity.
By various arguments, one can show that this finite sum is equal to
As approaches infinity, the term approaches 0 and so tends to 1.
History
Zeno's paradox
This series was used as a representation of many of Zeno's paradoxes. For example, in the paradox of Achilles and the Tortoise, the warrior Achilles was to race against a tortoise. The track is 100 meters long. Achilles could run at 10 m/s, while the tortoise only 5. The tortoise, with a 10-meter advantage, Zeno argued, would win. Achilles would have to move 10 meters to catch up to the tortoise, but the tortoise would already have moved another five meters by then. Achilles would then have to move 5 meters, where the tortoise would move 2.5 meters, and so on. Zeno argued that the tortoise would always remain ahead of Achilles.
The Dichotomy paradox also states that to move a certain distance, you have to move half of it, then half of the remaining distance, and so on, therefore having infinitely many time intervals. This can be easily resolved by noting that each time interval is a t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1/4%20%2B%201/16%20%2B%201/64%20%2B%201/256%20%2B%20%E2%8B%AF | In mathematics, the infinite series is an example of one of the first infinite series to be summed in the history of mathematics; it was used by Archimedes circa 250–200 BC. As it is a geometric series with first term and common ratio , its sum is
Visual demonstrations
The series lends itself to some particularly simple visual demonstrations because a square and a triangle both divide into four similar pieces, each of which contains the area of the original.
In the figure on the left, if the large square is taken to have area 1, then the largest black square has area × = . Likewise, the second largest black square has area , and the third largest black square has area . The area taken up by all of the black squares together is therefore , and this is also the area taken up by the gray squares and the white squares. Since these three areas cover the unit square, the figure demonstrates that
Archimedes' own illustration, adapted at top, was slightly different, being closer to the equation
See below for details on Archimedes' interpretation.
The same geometric strategy also works for triangles, as in the figure on the right: if the large triangle has area 1, then the largest black triangle has area , and so on. The figure as a whole has a self-similarity between the large triangle and its upper sub-triangle. A related construction making the figure similar to all three of its corner pieces produces the Sierpiński triangle.
Proof by Archimedes
Archimedes encounters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventually%20%28mathematics%29 | In the mathematical areas of number theory and analysis, an infinite sequence or a function is said to eventually have a certain property, if it doesn't have the said property across all its ordered instances, but will after some instances have passed. The use of the term "eventually" can be often rephrased as "for sufficiently large numbers", and can be also extended to the class of properties that apply to elements of any ordered set (such as sequences and subsets of ).
Notation
The general form where the phrase eventually (or sufficiently large) is found appears as follows:
is eventually true for ( is true for sufficiently large ),
where and are the universal and existential quantifiers, which is actually a shorthand for:
such that is true
or somewhat more formally:
This does not necessarily mean that any particular value for is known, but only that such an exists. The phrase "sufficiently large" should not be confused with the phrases "arbitrarily large" or "infinitely large". For more, see Arbitrarily large#Arbitrarily large vs. sufficiently large vs. infinitely large.
Motivation and definition
For an infinite sequence, one is often more interested in the long-term behaviors of the sequence than the behaviors it exhibits early on. In which case, one way to formally capture this concept is to say that the sequence possesses a certain property eventually, or equivalently, that the property is satisfied by one of its subsequences , for some .
For exampl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandelet%20%28computer%20science%29 | Bandelets are an orthonormal basis that is adapted to geometric boundaries. Bandelets can be interpreted as a warped wavelet basis. The motivation behind bandelets is to perform a transform on functions defined as smooth functions on smoothly bounded domains. As bandelet construction utilizes wavelets, many of the results follow. Similar approaches to take account of geometric structure were taken for contourlets and curvelets.
See also
Wavelet
Multiresolution analysis
Scale space
References
External links
Bandelet toolbox on MatLab Central
Wavelets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20A.%20Matheny | Brigadier General William Albert Matheny, (June 5, 1902 – August 8, 1973) a native of Carrington, North Dakota, entered the Army Air Corps as a flying cadet in February 1928, two years after his graduation from Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with a degree in electrical engineering.
He was awarded the William H. Cheney Award in 1929 following his graduation from pilot training and commissioning as a second lieutenant in the Air Corps. The Cheney Award is presented by the chief of staff annually for an act of valor, extreme fortitude or self-sacrifice and humanitarian interest, performed during the preceding year in connection with aircraft.
General Matheny served with distinction during World War II in the Asiatic-Pacific theater of operations, taking part in the Central Pacific campaigns. He was decorated by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Pacific Fleet commander, for his outstanding service in the Pacific theater during World War II. In early 1948 he assumed command of the U.S. Air Force Advisory Group in Greece.
General Matheny entered the Air Defense Command in June 1950, with his assignment as commanding officer of the 28th Air Division of the Western Air Defense Force at Hamilton Air Force Base, California, and subsequent reassignment to the command of the 34th Air Division, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico.
Prior to his assignment as chief of staff Allied Air Forces Northern Europe with headquarters at Kolsas, Norway, General Matheny commanded the 31st Ai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20field | Spin field may refer to:
Spinor field, assignment of a spinor to every point in space, used in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
A kind of Torsion field, used in pseudophysics. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine | S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) is the organosulfur compound with the formula ONSC(CH3)2CH(NHAc)CO2H. It is a green solid.
SNAP is an S-nitrosothiol and is used as a model for the general class of S-nitrosothiols which have received much attention in biochemistry because nitric oxide and some organic nitroso derivatives serve as signaling molecules in living systems, especially related to vasodilation.
SNAP is derived from the amino acid penicillamine. S-Nitrosoglutathione is a related agent.
References
Alpha-Amino acids
Sulfur compounds
Nitroso compounds
Secondary amino acids
Amides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Chalmers | Alan Francis Chalmers (; born 1939) is a British-Australian philosopher of science and associate professor at the University of Sydney. His son, David Chalmers, is also a noted philosopher, working in philosophy of mind at NYU.
Education
Chalmers was born in Bristol, England in 1939, and was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics at the University of Bristol in 1961, and his Master of Science in physics from the University of Manchester in 1964. His PhD on the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell was awarded by the University of London in 1971.
Career
Chalmers went to Australia as a postdoctoral fellow in 1971. He was a member of the Department of General Philosophy from 1972 to 1986, and from 1986 to 1999 was the head of the Department of the History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Sydney, where he remains an honorary associate professor. Since 1999 Chalmers has been a visiting scholar at the Flinders University Philosophy Department.
Chalmers was elected a fellow of the Academy of Humanities in 1997. He was awarded the Centenary Medal by the Australian government for ‘Services to the Humanities in the area of History and Philosophy of Science’. From 1999 to 2010, Alan Chalmers became a visiting scholar in the Department of Philosophy at Flinders University, and was also a visiting fellow in the Center of Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh from 2003 to 2004.
His primary research interest is the philosophy of science an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20G%C3%BCssfeldt | Dr Paul Güssfeldt (spelled Güßfeldt in German) (14 October 1840 – 18 January 1920) was a German geologist, mountaineer and explorer.
Biography
Güssfeldt was born in Berlin, where he also died almost 80 years later. After attending the Collège Français in his home city, he studied natural sciences and mathematics in Heidelberg (where he joined the Vandalia student corps), from 1859 to 1865, and then in Berlin, Gießen and Bonn.
When the first expedition was sent out by the German African Society () in 1872, he was chosen its leader. The expedition sailed to the coast of the Kingdom of Loango, but was shipwrecked near Freetown on 14 January 1873 and lost all its stores and equipment. Although Güssfeldt succeeded in establishing a station on the coast, he was unable to penetrate into the interior, and returned to Germany in the summer of 1875. In 1876 he visited Egypt and the Arabian Desert (with Georg August Schweinfurth).
He made several first ascents in the Alps, including Piz Scerscen with Hans Grass and Caspar Capat on 13 September 1877 via the north-west spur (the Eisnase route). On 12 August 1878, Hans Grass, Johann Gross and he first climbed the Biancograt north ridge of Piz Bernina. He made winter ascents of the Grandes Jorasses and the Gran Paradiso, as well as putting up several new routes on Mont Blanc, including the Peuterey ridge on 15–19 August 1893 (with Emile Rey, Christian Klucker and César Ollier). Pointe Güssfeldt (4,112 m), the highest summit on the Aigui |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme%20disease%20microbiology | Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is caused by spirochetal bacteria from the genus Borrelia, which has 52 known species. Three main species (Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia burgdorferi s.s.) are the main causative agents of the disease in humans, while a number of others have been implicated as possibly pathogenic. Borrelia species in the species complex known to cause Lyme disease are collectively called Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) not to be confused with the single species in that complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto which is responsible for nearly all cases of Lyme disease in North America.
Borrelia are microaerophilic and slow-growing—the primary reason for the long delays when diagnosing Lyme disease have been found to have greater strain diversity than previously estimated. The strains differ in clinical symptoms and/or presentation as well as geographic distribution.
Except for Borrelia recurrentis (which causes louse-borne relapsing fever and is transmitted by the human body louse), all known species are believed to be transmitted by ticks.
Species and strains
Until recently, only three genospecies were thought to cause Lyme disease (borreliosis): B. burgdorferi s.s. (the predominant species in North America, but also present in Europe); B. afzelii; and B. garinii (both predominant in Eurasia).
Thirteen distinct genomic classifications of Lyme disease bacteria have been identified worldwide. These include but are not limited to B. b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20Corps%20Institute | The Marine Corps Institute, commonly referred to as MCI, developed and maintained a curriculum of Marine Corps education. Subjects included infantry strategy/tactics, leadership skills, MOS qualifications, personal finance, and mathematics. Completion of MCI courses was generally required for promotion to the next Marine enlisted rank.
History
Founded in part by then-Col. John A. Lejeune, since February 1920, the Marine Corps Institute facilitated the training and education of individual Marines. MCI ensured access to products and provided opportunities to improve performance, to enhance Professional Military Education, and to provide promotion opportunity, together with sponsors of Marine Corps education and training programs.
As a tenant company of the Marine Barracks Washington, MCI also coordinated and executed the Hosting and Parade Escort plan for the Evening and Sunset Parades. It provided ceremonial Officers and NCOs for the Parade Staffs and other assigned ceremonies in order to promote the Marine Corps heritage and to enhance the Marine Corps image to the general public.
MCI company also maintained individual MOS and Battle Skills proficiency both in garrison and field environments to prepare the individual Marine for combat.
The Marine Corps Institute was located at the historic Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., S.E.
On 1 September 2015, the Marine Corps Institute Distance Learning mission transitioned to the College of Distance Education and Training |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%20%28biology%29 | In biology, a test is the hard shell of some spherical marine animals and protists, notably sea urchins and microorganisms such as testate foraminiferans, radiolarians, and testate amoebae. The term is also applied to the covering of scale insects. The related Latin term testa is used for the hard seed coat of plant seeds.
Etymology
The anatomical term "test" derives from the Latin testa (which means a rounded bowl, amphora or bottle).
Structure
The test is a skeletal structure, made of hard material such as calcium carbonate, silica, chitin or composite materials. As such, it allows the protection of the internal organs and the attachment of soft flesh.
In sea urchins
The test of sea urchins is made of calcium carbonate, strengthened by a framework of calcite monocrystals, in a characteristic "stereomic" structure. These two ingredients provide sea urchins with a great solidity and a moderate weight, as well as the capacity to regenerate the mesh from the cuticle. According to a 2012 study, the skeletal structures of sea urchins consist of 92% of "bricks" of calcite monocrystals (conferring solidity and hardness) and 8% of a "mortar" of amorphous lime (allowing flexibility and lightness). This lime is constituted itself of 99.9% of calcium carbonate, with 0.1% structural proteins, which make sea urchins animals with an extremely mineralized skeleton (which also explains their excellent conservation as fossils).
In foraminiferans
The test of foraminifera, a group of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20zoology | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to zoology:
Zoology – study of animals. Zoology, or "animal biology", is the branch of biology that relates to the animal kingdom, including the identification, structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek word ζῷον (zōon), i.e. "animal" and λόγος, (logos), i.e. "knowledge, study". To study the variety of animals that exist (or have existed), see list of animals by common name and lists of animals.
Essence of zoology
Animal
Fauna
Branches of zoology
Branches by group studied
Arthropodology - study of arthropods as a whole
Carcinology - the study of crustaceans
Myriapodology - study of milli- and centipedes
Arachnology - study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen, collectively called arachnids
Acarology - study of mites and ticks
Entomology - study of insects
Coleopterology - study of beetles
Lepidopterology - study of butterflies
Melittology - study of bees
Myrmecology - study of ants
Orthopterology - study of grasshoppers
Herpetology - study of amphibians and reptiles
Batrachology - study of amphibians including frogs and toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians
Cheloniology - study of turtles and tortoises
Saurology - study of lizards
Serpentology - study of snakes
Ichthyology - study o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance%20parameters | Impedance parameters or Z-parameters (the elements of an impedance matrix or Z-matrix) are properties used in electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and communication systems engineering to describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks. They are also used to describe the small-signal (linearized) response of non-linear networks. They are members of a family of similar parameters used in electronic engineering, other examples being: S-parameters, Y-parameters, H-parameters, T-parameters or ABCD-parameters.
Z-parameters are also known as open-circuit impedance parameters as they are calculated under open circuit conditions. i.e., Ix=0, where x=1,2 refer to input and output currents flowing through the ports (of a two-port network in this case) respectively.
The Z-parameter matrix
A Z-parameter matrix describes the behaviour of any linear electrical network that can be regarded as a black box with a number of ports. A port in this context is a pair of electrical terminals carrying equal and opposite currents into and out-of the network, and having a particular voltage between them. The Z-matrix gives no information about the behaviour of the network when the currents at any port are not balanced in this way (should this be possible), nor does it give any information about the voltage between terminals not belonging to the same port. Typically, it is intended that each external connection to the network is between the terminals of just one port, so tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peano%20existence%20theorem | In mathematics, specifically in the study of ordinary differential equations, the Peano existence theorem, Peano theorem or Cauchy–Peano theorem, named after Giuseppe Peano and Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a fundamental theorem which guarantees the existence of solutions to certain initial value problems.
History
Peano first published the theorem in 1886 with an incorrect proof. In 1890 he published a new correct proof using successive approximations.
Theorem
Let be an open subset of with
a continuous function and
a continuous, explicit first-order differential equation defined on D, then every initial value problem
for f with
has a local solution
where is a neighbourhood of in ,
such that for all .
The solution need not be unique: one and the same initial value may give rise to many different solutions .
Proof
By replacing with , with , we may assume . As is open there is a rectangle .
Because is compact and is continuous, we have and by the Stone–Weierstrass theorem there exists a sequence of Lipschitz functions converging uniformly to in . Without loss of generality, we assume for all .
We define Picard iterations as follows, where . , and . They are well-defined by induction: as
is within the domain of .
We have
where is the Lipschitz constant of . Thus for maximal difference , we have a bound , and
By induction, this implies the bound which tends to zero as for all .
The functions are equicontinuous as for we have
so by the Arzelà–Asco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20World%20Agriculture%20and%20Ecology%20Group | The New World Agriculture and Ecology Group (NWAEG) is an organization focused on sustainable agriculture, conservation biology and social justice.
History
Originally known as the New World Agriculture Group, NWAEG (pronounced "new-ag") became active in the 1980s. NWAEG drew inspiration from the 1970s-1980s Science for the People movement, and many of its founding members were active in Science for the People.
NWAEG's best-known project was an intensive effort to provide agricultural research and extension services to the Nicaraguan people during the Sandinista era. Cuba and Chiapas, Mexico are locations of other NWAEG projects, exemplifying the group's informal focus on Latin America.
References
External links
Cornell University NWAEG Chapter
International environmental organizations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20force | In physics, a body force is a force that acts throughout the volume of a body. Forces due to gravity, electric fields and magnetic fields are examples of body forces. Body forces contrast with contact forces or surface forces which are exerted to the surface of an object.
Fictitious forces such as the centrifugal force, Euler force, and the Coriolis effect are other examples of body forces.
Definition
Qualitative
A body force is simply a type of force, and so it has the same dimensions as force, [M][L][T]−2. However, it is often convenient to talk about a body force in terms of either the force per unit volume or the force per unit mass. If the force per unit volume is of interest, it is referred to as the force density throughout the system.
A body force is distinct from a contact force in that the force does not require contact for transmission. Thus, common forces associated with pressure gradients and conductive and convective heat transmission are not body forces as they require contact between systems to exist. Radiation heat transfer, on the other hand, is a perfect example of a body force.
More examples of common body forces include;
Gravity,
Electric forces acting on an object charged throughout its volume,
Magnetic forces acting on currents within an object, such as the braking force that results from eddy currents,
Fictitious forces (or inertial forces) can be viewed as body forces. Common inertial forces are,
Centrifugal force,
Coriolis force,
Euler force (o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Samson | William Byars Samson (born 1943, in Forfar) is a Scottish astronomer, academic, computer scientist and a researcher in the fields of Astronomy, Databases, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life.
Will Samson graduated with a degree in mathematics from University of St. Andrews in 1966. He earned his PhD in Astronomy in 1971 from the University of Edinburgh. In 1976, Samson went on to study at Heriot-Watt University where he obtained his MSc in Computer Science."
Early years
William Samson's earliest fascination with the skies came when he was seven years old and his mother took him outside to point out great winter constellations like the Plough and Orion. Another inspiration was his music teacher at Forfar Academy, Willie Bernard, who took the class on a trip to the Mills Observatory. "He did that when he got fed up trying to teach us to sing."
Bill then aged 12 went back home with great fascination of the celestial constellations and built his first telescope using old spectacle lenses scrounged from an optician in Forfar, that he put into a cardboard tube. According to Samson, "It wasn’t wonderful, but good enough to see craters on the moon." He then went on to build his second and third telescopes from kits. The fourth one he built from scratch by grinding a disc of plate glass to make a mirror.
Career
In 1971 he was appointed as the scientific officer at Home Office until 1973. In 1973, he became a lecturer of computer science at Dundee Institute of Technology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor | Photoreceptor can refer to:
In anatomy/cell biology:
Photoreceptor cell, a photosensitive cell in the retina of vertebrate eyes
Simple eye in invertebrates (Ocellus), photoreceptor organ ("simple eye") of invertebrates often composed of a few sensory cells and a single lens
Eyespot apparatus (microbial photoreceptor), the photoreceptor organelle of a unicellular organism that allows for phototaxis
In biochemistry:
Photoreceptor protein, a chromoprotein that responds to being exposed to a certain wavelength of light by initiating a signal transduction cascade
Photopigment, an unstable pigment that undergoes a physical or chemical change upon absorbing a particular wavelength of light; also see
Photosynthetic pigment, molecules involved in transducing light into chemical energy
In technology:
Photodetector or photosensor, a device that detects light by capturing photons
See also
Eye (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood%20maximal%20function | In mathematics, the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator M is a significant non-linear operator used in real analysis and harmonic analysis.
Definition
The operator takes a locally integrable function f : Rd → C and returns another function Mf.
For any point x ∈ Rd, the function Mf returns the maximum of a set of reals, namely the set of average values of f for all the balls B(x, r) of any radius r at x. Formally,
where |E| denotes the d-dimensional Lebesgue measure of a subset E ⊂ Rd.
The averages are jointly continuous in x and r, therefore the maximal function Mf, being the supremum over r > 0, is measurable. It is not obvious that Mf is finite almost everywhere. This is a corollary of the Hardy–Littlewood maximal inequality.
Hardy–Littlewood maximal inequality
This theorem of G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood states that M is bounded as a sublinear operator from Lp(Rd) to itself for p > 1. That is, if f ∈ Lp(Rd) then the maximal function Mf is weak L1-bounded and Mf ∈ Lp(Rd). Before stating the theorem more precisely, for simplicity, let {f > t} denote the set {x | f(x) > t}. Now we have:
Theorem (Weak Type Estimate). For d ≥ 1, there is a constant Cd > 0 such that for all λ > 0 and f ∈ L1(Rd), we have:
With the Hardy–Littlewood maximal inequality in hand, the following strong-type estimate is an immediate consequence of the Marcinkiewicz interpolation theorem:
Theorem (Strong Type Estimate). For d ≥ 1, 1 < p ≤ ∞, and f ∈ Lp(Rd),
there is a constant Cp,d > 0 such that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asayan | Asayan, originally known as was a talent search variety show that aired on TV Tokyo from 1995 to 2002. Some idols that were originally discovered through Asayan auditions produced by Tsunku, formed groups that worked under the umbrella group, later to be named as the Hello! Project.
Morning Musume and Chemistry were formed from idols that made a debut in Asayan, but also solo artists like Ami Suzuki and Yumi Matsuzawa debuted in the show.
Cast
MC
Narration
1995 Japanese television series debuts
2002 Japanese television series endings
1990s Japanese television series
2000s Japanese television series
Japanese variety television shows
TV Tokyo original programming |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele-specific%20oligonucleotide | An allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is a short piece of synthetic DNA complementary to the sequence of a variable target DNA. It acts as a probe for the presence of the target in a Southern blot assay or, more commonly, in the simpler dot blot assay. It is a common tool used in genetic testing, forensics, and molecular biology research.
An ASO is typically an oligonucleotide of 15–21 nucleotide bases in length. It is designed (and used) in a way that makes it specific for only one version, or allele, of the DNA being tested. The length of the ASO, which strand it is chosen from, and the conditions by which it is bound to (and washed from) the target DNA all play a role in its specificity. These probes can usually be designed to detect a difference of as little as 1 base in the target's genetic sequence, a basic ability in the assay of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), important in genotype analysis and the Human Genome Project. To be detected after it has bound to its target, the ASO must be labeled with a radioactive, enzymatic, or fluorescent tag. The Illumina Methylation Assay technology takes advantage of ASO to detect one base pair difference (cytosine versus thymine) to measure methylation at a specific CpG site.
Example
The human disease sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation in the codon for the sixth amino acid of the blood protein beta-hemoglobin. The normal DNA sequence G-A-G codes for the amino acid glutamate, while the mutation changes t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Hills%20Engineering%20College | Green Hills Engineering College is an engineering college situated in Kumarhatti, Solan district of Himachal Pradesh.
History
The College was established in 2003 with affiliation from Himachal Pradesh University. It started with four core branches, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electronics & Communication Engineering. In 2008 it added Information Technology. In 2010, Civil Engineering was added.
In 2016 it merged its Information Technology course with Computer Science & Engineering.
Academics
Affiliations
The College is affiliated to Himachal Pradesh Technical University and Himachal Pradesh University. The college received the approval of All India Council for Technical Education in 2003. It received candidacy status from International Accreditation Organization (U.S.A.).
Academic programmes
Bachelor's in Technology
The college offers 4 year courses in:
Civil Engineering
Computer Science & Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Master's in Technology
The college offers 2 year courses in:
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Recognition
International Accreditation Organization (United States of America) granted Candidacy Status.
College Chairman Sh. Kirpal Singh Pasricha received the "Best Entrepreneur Award" in India from Minister Shashi Tharoor on 15 February 2013 from "Engineering Watch".
The College was awarded t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s%20inequalities | In mathematics, the Newton inequalities are named after Isaac Newton. Suppose a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and let denote the kth elementary symmetric polynomial in a1, a2, ..., an. Then the elementary symmetric means, given by
satisfy the inequality
If all the numbers ai are non-zero, then equality holds if and only if all the numbers ai are equal.
It can be seen that S1 is the arithmetic mean, and Sn is the n-th power of the geometric mean.
See also
Maclaurin's inequality
References
D.S. Bernstein Matrix Mathematics: Theory, Facts, and Formulas (2009 Princeton) p. 55
Isaac Newton
Inequalities
Symmetric functions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali%20covering%20lemma | In mathematics, the Vitali covering lemma is a combinatorial and geometric result commonly used in measure theory of Euclidean spaces. This lemma is an intermediate step, of independent interest, in the proof of the Vitali covering theorem. The covering theorem is credited to the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Vitali. The theorem states that it is possible to cover, up to a Lebesgue-negligible set, a given subset E of Rd by a disjoint family extracted from a Vitali covering of E.
Vitali covering lemma
There are two basic version of the lemma, a finite version and an infinite version. Both lemmas can be proved in the general setting of a metric space, typically these results are applied to the special case of the Euclidean space . In both theorems we will use the following notation: if is a ball and , we will write for the ball .
Finite version
Theorem (Finite Covering Lemma). Let be any finite collection of balls contained in an arbitrary metric space. Then there exists a subcollection of these balls which are disjoint and satisfy Proof: Without loss of generality, we assume that the collection of balls is not empty; that is, n > 0. Let be the ball of largest radius. Inductively, assume that have been chosen. If there is some ball in that is disjoint from , let be such ball with maximal radius (breaking ties arbitrarily), otherwise, we set m := k and terminate the inductive definition.
Now set . It remains to show that for every . This is clear if . Otherwise, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa%20de%20los%20%C3%81ngeles%20Alvari%C3%B1o%20Gonz%C3%A1lez | María de los Ángeles Alvariño González (, October 3, 1916 – May 29, 2005), known as Ángeles Alvariño, was a Spanish fishery research biologist and oceanographer globally recognized as an authority in plankton biology. She was the first woman ever appointed as scientist aboard any British or Spanish exploration ship. She discovered 22 new species of marine animals and published over a hundred scientific books, essays, and articles. In her late career she studied the history of early marine scientific exploration.
Early days
María de los Ángeles Alvariño Gonzalez was born in Serantes (Ferrol, Galicia), Spain on October 3, 1916, the daughter of Antonio Alvariño Grimaldos, a physician, and Maria del Carmen Gonzales Diaz-Saavedra de Alvariño. From an early age she showed an interest in the natural sciences and read her father's book on zoology. She attended the lycée Concepcion Arenal in Ferrol and in 1931 attended the University of Santiago de Compostela where she graduated summa cum laude in 1933. The titles of her dissertations were "Social Insects" and "Women in Don Quixote".
"Creativity and imagination are the basic ingredients for the scientists, as in the arts, because science is an art…" she later explained when she was asked about her diverse interests.
In 1934, she was admitted at the Complutense University of Madrid to study Natural Sciences, but had to interrupt her studies as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War. During this period, she devoted herself to the s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Solvik | Peter Solvik is an American venture capitalist in technology companies. He was formerly a chief information officer at Cisco Systems, Inc.
Education
Solvik got his undergraduate degree in 1980 from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, the school's first graduate with a dual degree in business and computer science.
Career
Information technology
After graduating, Solvik joined Texas Instruments, and moved to Apple as the personal computing sector took off, where he ran its AppleLink group. After 11 years at Apple, he served as Senior Vice President and CIO of Cisco Systems, Inc. from 1993 until 2002. While at Cisco, Solvik was an executive sponsor of internal initiatives such as the creation of Status Agent, which allowed customers to track the status of their own orders online. He was instrumental in Cisco's acquisition of over 100 companies, including Calico Technology.
In August 2000, BusinessWeek recognized Solvik as a "standout" CIO for his leadership of Cisco's e-sales and supply chain management initiatives, which had resulted in a reduction of $1.5 billion in costs by using Internet technologies across a wide range of areas, including human resources and manufacturing. In December 2000, Network World named him one of its "25 most powerful people in networking". That same year, B to B magazine named him one of its "Top 25 E-Champions".
Venture capital
Solvik is co-founder and Managing Director of Jackson Square Ventures (fka Sigma West), a venture capital |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20University%20of%20Bangladesh | Green University of Bangladesh (GUB) () is a private university in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It offers BSc in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), BSc in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE), BSc in Textile Engineering, Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Master of Business Administration (MBA), BSS in Journalism and Media Communication, Bachelor of Law (LLB), Bachelor of English, Bachelor of Sociology, Master of Law (LLM), among others.
The university is accredited by the government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, and its curricula and programs have been approved by the Bangladesh University Grants Commission, the only national accreditation authority in Bangladesh. The President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is the Chancellor of Green University of Bangladesh. The Vice Chancellor, the Pro-Vice Chancellor, and the Treasurer are appointed by the President of the country in his capacity as the Chancellor of the university.
History
Green University of Bangladesh (GUB) was founded in 2003 under the Private University Act 1992.
Administration
The university has four faculties. Each faculty has departments. A dean is the head of each faculty, while departments are headed by chairpersons.
List of vice-chancellors
Prof. Md. Golam Samdani Fakir (May 2013 – 2023)
Prof Dr Khawza Iftekhar Uddin Ahmed (Acting)
Faculties and Departments
Faculty of Science and Engineering
Undergraduate programs
B.Sc. in Computer Science and Engineering
B.Sc. in Elect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%20equation | In mathematics, in the field of control theory, a Sylvester equation is a matrix equation of the form:
It is named after English mathematician James Joseph Sylvester. Then given matrices A, B, and C, the problem is to find the possible matrices X that obey this equation. All matrices are assumed to have coefficients in the complex numbers. For the equation to make sense, the matrices must have appropriate sizes, for example they could all be square matrices of the same size. But more generally, A and B must be square matrices of sizes n and m respectively, and then X and C both have n rows and m columns.
A Sylvester equation has a unique solution for X exactly when there are no common eigenvalues of A and −B.
More generally, the equation AX + XB = C has been considered as an equation of bounded operators on a (possibly infinite-dimensional) Banach space. In this case, the condition for the uniqueness of a solution X is almost the same: There exists a unique solution X exactly when the spectra of A and −B are disjoint.
Existence and uniqueness of the solutions
Using the Kronecker product notation and the vectorization operator , we can rewrite Sylvester's equation in the form
where is of dimension , is of dimension , of dimension and is the identity matrix. In this form, the equation can be seen as a linear system of dimension .
Theorem.
Given matrices and , the Sylvester equation has a unique solution for any if and only if and do not share any eigenvalue.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20space | In mathematics, there are a few topological spaces named after M. K. Fort, Jr.
Fort space
Fort space is defined by taking an infinite set X, with a particular point p in X, and declaring open the subsets A of X such that:
A does not contain p, or
A contains all but a finite number of points of X.
Note that the subspace has the discrete topology and is open and dense in X.
X is homeomorphic to the one-point compactification of an infinite discrete space.
Modified Fort space
Modified Fort space is similar but has two particular points. So take an infinite set X with two distinct points p and q, and declare open the subsets A of X such that:
A contains neither p nor q, or
A contains all but a finite number of points of X.
The space X is compact and T1, but not Hausdorff.
Fortissimo space
Fortissimo space is defined by taking an uncountable set X, with a particular point p in X, and declaring open the subsets A of X such that:
A does not contain p, or
A contains all but a countable number of points of X.
Note that the subspace has the discrete topology and is open and dense in X. The space X is not compact, but it is a Lindelöf space. It is obtained by taking an uncountable discrete space, adding one point and defining a topology such that the resulting space is Lindelöf and contains the original space as a dense subspace. Similarly to Fort space being the one-point compactification of an infinite discrete space, one can describe Fortissimo space as the one-p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orr%E2%80%93Sommerfeld%20equation | The Orr–Sommerfeld equation, in fluid dynamics, is an eigenvalue equation describing the linear two-dimensional modes of disturbance to a viscous parallel flow. The solution to the Navier–Stokes equations for a parallel, laminar flow can become unstable if certain conditions on the flow are satisfied, and the Orr–Sommerfeld equation determines precisely what the conditions for hydrodynamic stability are.
The equation is named after William McFadden Orr and Arnold Sommerfeld, who derived it at the beginning of the 20th century.
Formulation
The equation is derived by solving a linearized version of the Navier–Stokes equation for the perturbation velocity field
,
where is the unperturbed or basic flow. The perturbation velocity has the wave-like solution (real part understood). Using this knowledge, and the streamfunction representation for the flow, the following dimensional form of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation is obtained:
,
where is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, is its density, and is the potential or stream function. In the case of zero viscosity (), the equation reduces to Rayleigh's equation. The equation can be written in non-dimensional form by measuring velocities according to a scale set by some characteristic velocity , and by measuring lengths according to channel depth . Then the equation takes the form
,
where
is the Reynolds number of the base flow. The relevant boundary conditions are the no-slip boundary conditions at the channel top |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavitt-Riedler%20Pumping%20Engine | The Leavitt-Riedler Pumping Engine (1894) is a historic steam engine located in the former Chestnut Hill High Service Pumping Station, in Boston, Massachusetts. It has been declared a historic mechanical engineering landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The pumping station was decommissioned in the 1970s, and turned into the Metropolitan Waterworks Museum in 2011.
The engine drew steam from a coal-fired boiler, and had a pump valve mechanism which allowed its high-speed operation at a hydraulic head of .
The engine was designed by engineer Erasmus Darwin Leavitt, Jr., of Cambridge, Massachusetts, with a pump valve invented by Prof. Alois Riedler of the Royal Technical College of Charlottenburg (now the Technical University of Berlin) in Berlin, Germany. It was built by N. F. Palmer Jr. & Co. and the Quintard Iron Works, in New York.
In 1894, it was installed as Engine No. 3 of the Chestnut Hill High Station, later named the Boston Water Works. At its normal speed of 50 revolutions per minute, it pumped 25 million gallons of water in 24 hours. According to Carol Poh Miller, when first brought into operation, the engine attracted national attention as "the most efficient pumping engine in the world".
The engine was taken out of service in 1928 but remains in its original location and it is open for public viewing as an exhibit in the Metropolitan Waterworks Museum.
Components and operation
The engine itself is of an unusual triple-expansion, three-cr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois%20Riedler | Alois Riedler (May 15, 1850 - October 25, 1936) was a noted Austrian mechanical engineer, and, as professor in Germany, a vigorous proponent of practically-oriented engineering education.
Riedler was born in Graz, Austria, and studied mechanical engineering at the Technische Hochschule (TH) Graz from 1866-1871. After graduation he took on a succession of academic appointments. He first became an assistant at the TH Brünn (1871-1873); then in 1873 moved to the TH Vienna, first as an assistant, then from 1875 onwards as a designer of machines. From 1880 to 1883, Riedler worked as associate professor at the TH Munich. In 1883 he became full professor at the TH Aachen.
In 1888 he joined the TH Berlin as Professor for Mechanical Engineering, where he remained until retirement in 1920. From 1899 to 1900, he was appointed the school's principal (rector) and led discussions on how to celebrate its 100th anniversary. As a result, Riedler and Adolf Slaby (1849–1913) convinced Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859–1941) to allow Prussian technical universities to award doctorates. Although the government did not immediately consent, this effort led eventually to the school's reconstitution as today's Technical University of Berlin.
Riedler first received international recognition for his reports on the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (1876) and Paris Exposition Universelle (1878). He was later widely known for his efficient, high-speed pumps widely adopted in waterworks and in draining mines. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant%20algebroid | In a field of mathematics known as differential geometry, a Courant geometry was originally introduced by Zhang-Ju Liu, Alan Weinstein and Ping Xu in their investigation of doubles of Lie bialgebroids in 1997. Liu, Weinstein and Xu named it after Courant, who had implicitly devised earlier in 1990 the standard prototype of Courant algebroid through his discovery of a skew symmetric bracket on , called Courant bracket today, which fails to satisfy the Jacobi identity. Both this standard example and the double of a Lie bialgebra are special instances of Courant algebroids.
Definition
A Courant algebroid consists of the data a vector bundle with a bracket , a non degenerate fiber-wise inner product , and a bundle map subject to the following axioms,
where are sections of E and f is a smooth function on the base manifold M. D is the combination with d the de Rham differential, the dual map of , and κ the map from E to induced by the inner product.
Skew-Symmetric Definition
An alternative definition can be given to make the bracket skew-symmetric as
This no longer satisfies the Jacobi-identity axiom above. It instead fulfills a homotopic Jacobi-identity.
where T is
The Leibniz rule and the invariance of the scalar product become modified by the relation and the violation of skew-symmetry gets replaced by the axiom
The skew-symmetric bracket together with the derivation D and the Jacobiator T form a strongly homotopic Lie algebra.
Properties
The bracket is n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilton%20and%20Colburn%20J-factor%20analogy | Chilton–Colburn J-factor analogy (also known as the modified Reynolds analogy) is a successful and widely used analogy between heat, momentum, and mass transfer. The basic mechanisms and mathematics of heat, mass, and momentum transport are essentially the same. Among many analogies (like Reynolds analogy, Prandtl–Taylor analogy) developed to directly relate heat transfer coefficients, mass transfer coefficients, and friction factors Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy proved to be the most accurate.
It is written as follows,
This equation permits the prediction of an unknown transfer coefficient when one of the other coefficients is known. The analogy is valid for fully developed turbulent flow in conduits with Re > 10000, 0.7 < Pr < 160, and tubes where L/d > 60 (the same constraints as the Sieder–Tate correlation). The wider range of data can be correlated by Friend–Metzner analogy.
Relationship between Heat and Mass;
See also
Reynolds analogy
Thomas H. Chilton
References
Geankoplis, C.J. Transport processes and separation process principles (2003). Fourth Edition, p. 475.
External links
Lecture notes on mass transfer coefficients: http://facstaff.cbu.edu/rprice/lectures/mtcoeff.html
Transport phenomena
Analogy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebulliometer | In physics, an ebulliometer () is an instrument designed to accurately measure the boiling point of liquids by measuring the temperature of the vapor–liquid equilibrium either isobarically (at constant pressure) or isothermally (at constant temperature).
The primary components in a Świętosławski ebulliometer, which operates isobarically, are the boiler, the Cottrell pumps, the thermowell, and the condenser. Such an ebulliometer can be used for extremely accurate measurements of boiling temperature, molecular weights, mutual solubilities, and solvent purities by using a resistance thermometer (RTD) to measure the near-equilibrium conditions of the thermowell.
The ebulliometer is frequently used for measuring the alcohol content of dry wines. See also Sweetness of wine and Oechsle scale.
References
Laboratory equipment
Science and technology in Poland
Polish inventions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String-net%20liquid | In condensed matter physics, a string-net is an extended object whose collective behavior has been proposed as a physical mechanism for topological order by Michael A. Levin and Xiao-Gang Wen. A particular string-net model may involve only closed loops; or networks of oriented, labeled strings obeying branching rules given by some gauge group; or still more general networks.
Overview
The string-net model is claimed to show the derivation of photons, electrons, and U(1) gauge charge, small (relative to the Planck mass) but nonzero masses, and suggestions that the leptons, quarks, and gluons can be modeled in the same way. In other words, string-net condensation provides a unified origin for photons and electrons (or gauge bosons and fermions). It can be viewed as an origin of light and electron (or gauge interactions and Fermi statistics).
However, their model does not account for the chiral coupling between the fermions and the SU(2) gauge bosons in the standard model.
For strings labeled by the positive integers, string-nets are the spin networks studied in loop quantum gravity. This has led to the proposal by Levin and Wen, and Smolin, Markopoulou and Konopka that loop quantum gravity's spin networks can give rise to the standard model of particle physics through this mechanism, along with fermi statistics and gauge interactions. To date, a rigorous derivation from LQG's spin networks to Levin and Wen's spin lattice has yet to be done, but the project to do so is called |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds%20of%20New%20Zealand | The birds of New Zealand evolved into an avifauna that included many endemic species found in no other country. As an island archipelago, New Zealand accumulated bird diversity, and when Captain James Cook arrived in the 1770s he noted that the bird song was deafening.
The mix includes species with unusual biology such as the kākāpō which is the world's only flightless, nocturnal parrot which also exhibits competitive display breeding using leks.
There are also many species that are similar to neighbouring land areas. A process of colonisation, speciation and extinction has been at play over many millions of years, including recent times. Some species have arrived in human recorded history while others arrived before but are little changed.
History after human settlement
When humans arrived in New Zealand about 700 years ago the environment changed quickly. Several species were hunted to extinction, most notably the moa (Dinornithidae) and Haast's eagle (Hieraaetus moorei). The most damage was caused by habitat destruction and the other animals humans brought with them, particularly rats – the Polynesian rat or kiore introduced by Māori and the brown rat and black rat subsequently introduced by Europeans. Mice, dogs, cats, stoats, weasels, pigs, goats, deer, hedgehogs, and Australian possums also put pressure upon native bird species. The flightless birds were especially sensitive.
Consequently, many bird species became extinct, and others remain critically endangered. S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20self-assembly | In chemistry and materials science, molecular self-assembly is the process by which molecules adopt a defined arrangement without guidance or management from an outside source. There are two types of self-assembly: intermolecular and intramolecular. Commonly, the term molecular self-assembly refers to the former, while the latter is more commonly called folding.
Supramolecular systems
Molecular self-assembly is a key concept in supramolecular chemistry. This is because assembly of molecules in such systems is directed through non-covalent interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi-stacking interactions, and/or electrostatic) as well as electromagnetic interactions. Common examples include the formation of colloids, biomolecular condensates, micelles, vesicles, liquid crystal phases, and Langmuir monolayers by surfactant molecules. Further examples of supramolecular assemblies demonstrate that a variety of different shapes and sizes can be obtained using molecular self-assembly.
Molecular self-assembly allows the construction of challenging molecular topologies. One example is Borromean rings, interlocking rings wherein removal of one ring unlocks each of the other rings. DNA has been used to prepare a molecular analog of Borromean rings. More recently, a similar structure has been prepared using non-biological building blocks.
Biological systems
Molecular self-assembly underlies the construction of biologic macro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YGC | YGC may refer to:
Yale Glee Club, a collegiate choir in the U.S.
Young Greens of Canada, a political party youth wing
Ysbyty Glan Clwyd, a hospital in Wales, UK
Yeast Extract Glucose Chloramphenicol Agar, a growth medium, used in microbiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20extension | In mathematics, specifically module theory, given a ring R and an R-module M with a submodule N, the module M is said to be an essential extension of N (or N is said to be an essential submodule or large submodule of M) if for every submodule H of M,
implies that
As a special case, an essential left ideal of R is a left ideal that is essential as a submodule of the left module RR. The left ideal has non-zero intersection with any non-zero left ideal of R. Analogously, an essential right ideal is exactly an essential submodule of the right R module RR.
The usual notations for essential extensions include the following two expressions:
, and
The dual notion of an essential submodule is that of superfluous submodule (or small submodule). A submodule N is superfluous if for any other submodule H,
implies that .
The usual notations for superfluous submodules include:
, and
Properties
Here are some of the elementary properties of essential extensions, given in the notation introduced above. Let M be a module, and K, N and H be submodules of M with K N
Clearly M is an essential submodule of M, and the zero submodule of a nonzero module is never essential.
if and only if and
if and only if and
Using Zorn's Lemma it is possible to prove another useful fact:
For any submodule N of M, there exists a submodule C such that
.
Furthermore, a module with no proper essential extension (that is, if the module is essential in another module, then it is equal to that mod |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Basolo | Fred Basolo (11 February 1920 – 27 February 2007) was an American inorganic chemist. He received his Ph.D. at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1943, under Prof. John C. Bailar, Jr. Basolo spent his professional career at Northwestern University. He was a prolific contributor to the fields of coordination chemistry, organometallic, and bioinorganic chemistry, publishing over 400 papers. He supervised many Ph.D. students. With colleague Ralph Pearson, he co-authored the influential monograph "Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions", which illuminated the importance of mechanisms involving coordination compounds. This work, which integrated concepts from ligand field theory and physical organic chemistry, signaled a shift from a highly descriptive nature of coordination chemistry to a more quantitative science.
Biography
Giovanni Basolo and Catherina Morena Basolo immigrated from the Piedmont area of Italy to Illinois. They had three children there; the youngest was Alfredo Basolo (he began calling himself "Fred" when he entered elementary school). He was educated in the local public schools, then entered Southern Illinois Normal School (now Southern Illinois University, receiving his B.Ed. in 1940. He transferred to University of Illinois for graduate school, receiving his M.Ch in 1942 and his Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1943. He spent the remaining World War II years performing vital research at Rohm & Haas. In Fall 1946 he accepted a position as Instructor of Chemistr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Medical%20Research | The Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany, is a facility of the Max Planck Society for basic medical research. Since its foundation, six Nobel Prize laureates worked at the Institute: Otto Fritz Meyerhof (Physiology), Richard Kuhn (Chemistry), Walther Bothe (Physics), André Michel Lwoff (Physiology or Medicine), Rudolf Mößbauer (Physics), Bert Sakmann (Physiology or Medicine) and Stefan W. Hell (Chemistry).
History
The institute was opened in 1930 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research, and was re-founded as a Max Planck Institute in 1948. Its original goal was to apply the methods of Physics and Chemistry to basic medical research, e.g. radiation therapy for cancer treatment, and it included departments of Chemistry, Physiology, and Biophysics. In the 1960s, new developments in biology were reflected with the establishment of the Department of Molecular Biology. Toward the end of the 1980s and during the 1990s, investigations began into the specific functions of muscle and nerve cells. New departments were established in Cell Physiology (1989-2008), Molecular Cell Research (1992-1999), Molecular Neurobiology (1995), Biomedical Optics (1999) and Biomolecular Mechanisms (2002). The independent junior research groups for Ion Channel Structure (1997-2003) and Developmental Genetics of the Nervous System (1999-2005) were also founded.
The Present
The institute currently has four departments: Biomolecular Mechanisms (Ilme Schlichting) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial%20measure | In mathematics, specifically in measure theory, the trivial measure on any measurable space (X, Σ) is the measure μ which assigns zero measure to every measurable set: μ(A) = 0 for all A in Σ.
Properties of the trivial measure
Let μ denote the trivial measure on some measurable space (X, Σ).
A measure ν is the trivial measure μ if and only if ν(X) = 0.
μ is an invariant measure (and hence a quasi-invariant measure) for any measurable function f : X → X.
Suppose that X is a topological space and that Σ is the Borel σ-algebra on X.
μ trivially satisfies the condition to be a regular measure.
μ is never a strictly positive measure, regardless of (X, Σ), since every measurable set has zero measure.
Since μ(X) = 0, μ is always a finite measure, and hence a locally finite measure.
If X is a Hausdorff topological space with its Borel σ-algebra, then μ trivially satisfies the condition to be a tight measure. Hence, μ is also a Radon measure. In fact, it is the vertex of the pointed cone of all non-negative Radon measures on X.
If X is an infinite-dimensional Banach space with its Borel σ-algebra, then μ is the only measure on (X, Σ) that is locally finite and invariant under all translations of X. See the article There is no infinite-dimensional Lebesgue measure.
If X is n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn with its usual σ-algebra and n-dimensional Lebesgue measure λn, μ is a singular measure with respect to λn: simply decompose Rn as A = Rn \ {0} and B = {0} and observe that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinct%20data%20structure | In computer science, a succinct data structure is a data structure which uses an amount of space that is "close" to the information-theoretic lower bound, but (unlike other compressed representations) still allows for efficient query operations. The concept was originally introduced by Jacobson to encode bit vectors, (unlabeled) trees, and planar graphs. Unlike general lossless data compression algorithms, succinct data structures retain the ability to use them in-place, without decompressing them first. A related notion is that of a compressed data structure, insofar as the size of the stored or encoded data similarly depends upon the specific content of the data itself.
Suppose that is the information-theoretical optimal number of bits needed to store some data. A representation of this data is called:
implicit if it takes bits of space,
succinct if it takes bits of space, and
compact if it takes bits of space.
For example, a data structure that uses bits of storage is compact, bits is succinct, bits is also succinct, and bits is implicit.
Implicit structures are thus usually reduced to storing information using some permutation of the input data; the most well-known example of this is the heap.
Succinct indexable dictionaries
Succinct indexable dictionaries, also called rank/select dictionaries, form the basis of a number of succinct representation techniques, including binary trees, -ary trees and multisets, as well as suffix trees and arrays. The basic p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMUcam | A CMUcam is a low cost computer vision device intended for robotics research. CMUcams consist of a small video camera and a microcontroller with a serial interface. While other digital cameras typically use a much higher bandwidth connector, the CMUcam's lightweight interface allows it to be accessed by microcontrollers. More importantly, the on-board microprocessor supports simple image processing and color blob tracking, making rudimentary computer vision capable in systems that would previously have far too little power to do such a thing. It has been used in past years by the high-school FIRST Robotics Competition as a way of letting participants' robots track field elements and navigate autonomously. The CMUcam also has an extremely small form factor. For these reasons, it is relatively popular for making small, mobile robots.
The original design was originally made by Carnegie Mellon University, who has licensed it to various manufacturers.
Current Version
Pixy2 is the latest in the line of CMUcam sensors. It adds line tracking capability and an onboard light source to the previous CMUcam5, aka original Pixy. These sensors are produced in collaboration with Charmed Labs in Austin, TX.
External links
Robotics hardware
Image sensor technology in computer vision
Lua (programming language)-scriptable hardware |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huainan%20Mining%20Group | Huainan Coal Mining Group () is a coal mining company based in Huainan, Anhui, China, and is involved in bituminous and anthracite coal mining, washing, and sales, as well as other industries such as real estate and civil engineering. Previously known as the Huainan Mining Bureau, the company changed to its current name in 1998.
Company developments
Huainan Mining gained approval for a new coal project from the National Energy Administration in Bojianghaizi County, Inner Mongolia, in 2015. The coal mine is estimated to yield 3 million tonnes per year, after a total investment into the project of about 2.804 billion yuan ($448.6 million).
In December 2016, China Construction Bank, the country's second biggest lender, signed a 30 billion yuan debt-for-equity framework agreement with Huainan Mining Group, to be provided over a five-year term. The agreement included the provision of financial services by CCB, including investment banking and settlement services.
References
Coal companies of China
Government-owned companies of China |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20matrix%20%28linear%20differential%20equation%29 | In mathematics, a fundamental matrix of a system of n homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations
is a matrix-valued function whose columns are linearly independent solutions of the system.
Then every solution to the system can be written as , for some constant vector (written as a column vector of height ).
One can show that a matrix-valued function is a fundamental matrix of if and only if and is a non-singular matrix for all
Control theory
The fundamental matrix is used to express the state-transition matrix, an essential component in the solution of a system of linear ordinary differential equations.
See also
Linear differential equation
Liouville's formula
Systems of ordinary differential equations
References
Matrices
Differential calculus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Austrian | Robert Austrian (Baltimore, 12 April 1916 – Philadelphia, 25 March 2007) was an American infectious diseases physician and, along with Maxwell Finland, one of the two most important researchers into the biology of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the 20th century.
Austrian received his MD from Johns Hopkins University and did his fellowships in Infectious Diseases at Johns Hopkins and New York University. He went on to found the Infectious Diseases division and fellowship program at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and held the endower Robert Herr Musser chair there from 1962-1986. He later continued research at Kings County Hospital and SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University.
Austrian's awards include the Maxwell Finland plenary lecture at the Infectious Diseases Society of America annual session in 1974, entitled “Random gleanings from a life with the pneumococcus” and the 1978 Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award. His Lasker award was for the development and clear demonstration of the efficacy of a purified vaccine of capsular polysaccharides in the prevention of pneumococcal disease. Prior to the Austrian polysaccharide vaccine scientists had prepared simpler whole bacteria and capsular polysaccharide vaccines but they were not accepted as standard of care by the medical community. Several medical authorities touted this era as “the end of infectious diseases” due to the remarkable mortality benefits derived from new antimicrobials and anti-para |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigil%20Friis-Christensen | Eigil Friis-Christensen (29 October 1944 – 21 September 2018) was a Danish geophysicist specializing in space physics.
Career
Friis-Christensen received a Magisterkonferens (Ph.D. equivalent) in Geophysics from University of Copenhagen in 1971. In 1972, he was a geophysicist at the Danish Meteorological Institute. His interest in solar activity began in August, in his tent, when he experienced an extreme solar storm:
"I was in Greenland, on my first assignment in my new job as geophysicist at the Danish Meteorological Institute, setting up a chain of magnetometer stations on the west coast... watching ink pens of my recorder going so wild that they nearly tore the paper chart apart -- we had no digital recording at that time -- and I wondered whether such big events could also have an influence in the lower atmosphere, on weather and climate. That storm cut off my contact to the outside world for nine days -- all radio communication was blacked out -- so I had lots of time to reflect on the enormity of the forces at play."
Between 1976 and 1997, he was the Principal Investigator of the Greenland Magnetometer Array.
Between 1991 and 1997, he was Head of the Solar-Terrestrial Physics Division, Danish Meteorological Institute. In 1992, he was also the Project scientist on the first Danish satellite, Ørsted, which was launched February 1999.
He was an Adjunct Professor of geophysics and space physics 1996 to 2006 at the Niels Bohr Institute of University of Copenhagen an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsen%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Tsen's theorem states that a function field K of an algebraic curve over an algebraically closed field is quasi-algebraically closed (i.e., C1). This implies that the Brauer group of any such field vanishes, and more generally that all the Galois cohomology groups H i(K, K*) vanish for i ≥ 1. This result is used to calculate the étale cohomology groups of an algebraic curve.
The theorem was published by Chiungtze C. Tsen in 1933.
See also
Tsen rank
References
Theorems in algebraic geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20domain | In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of several domains, and a domain may appear in a variety of different proteins. Molecular evolution uses domains as building blocks and these may be recombined in different arrangements to create proteins with different functions. In general, domains vary in length from between about 50 amino acids up to 250 amino acids in length. The shortest domains, such as zinc fingers, are stabilized by metal ions or disulfide bridges. Domains often form functional units, such as the calcium-binding EF hand domain of calmodulin. Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins.
Background
The concept of the domain was first proposed in 1973 by Wetlaufer after X-ray
crystallographic studies of hen lysozyme and papain
and by limited proteolysis studies of immunoglobulins. Wetlaufer defined domains as stable units of protein structure that could fold autonomously. In the past domains have been described as units of:
compact structure
function and evolution
folding.
Each definition is valid and will often overlap, i.e. a compact structural domain that is found amongst diverse proteins is likely to fold independently within its structural environment. Nature |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel%20mass%20fraction | In combustion physics, fuel mass fraction is the ratio of fuel mass flow to the total mass flow of a fuel mixture. If an air flow is fuel free, the fuel mass fraction is zero; in pure fuel without trapped gases, the ratio is unity. As fuel is burned in a combustion process, the fuel mass fraction is reduced. The definition reads as
where
is the mass of the fuel in the mixture
is the total mass of the mixture
References
Chemical physics
Combustion
Engineering ratios |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitors%20from%20Oz | Visitors from Oz: The Wild Adventures of Dorothy, the Scarecrow, and the Tin Woodman is an unofficial sequel to the Oz book series. Published in 1998, it was written by Martin Gardner and illustrated by Ted Enik. It follows up after the last Oz book written by L. Frank Baum.
Gardner employs a mathematics puzzle (involving a Klein bottle) to bring the three Oz characters to Earth in 1998, where Dorothy becomes involved in the machinations of two movie producers. Contemporary references to Rudy Giuliani, the Internet, and television newscasts are unusual, at the least, in an Oz book. Gardner's whimsy encompasses the ancient Greek gods, characters from Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its 1871 sequel Through the Looking-Glass, and an ursine detective called Sheerluck Brown.
Gardner's attempt at contemporizing Oz might be compared to Dave Hardenbrook's similar attempt in his The Unknown Witches of Oz (2000).
References
Rahn, Suzanne. The Wizard of Oz: Shaping an Imaginary World. New York, Twayne, 1998.
Tuerk, Richard Carl. Oz in Perspective. Jefferson, NC, McFarland, 2007.
External links
1998 American novels
Books based on The Wizard of Oz
Books based on Alice in Wonderland
Works by Martin Gardner
1998 children's books
Sequel novels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Science%20and%20Religion | The Center for the Study of Science and Religion (CSSR), now known as the Research Cluster on Science and Subjectivity (RCSS), focuses on the intersection between the humanities and natural sciences, supported by the Columbia University Department of Biology. The CSSR was founded in the summer of 1999 by Robert Pollack, Professor of Biological Sciences at Columbia University, Adjunct Professor of Religion at Columbia University, and Adjunct Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York. It serves as a forum for the examination of issues that lie at the boundary of two complementary ways of comprehending the world; namely, religion and science.
Within the The Earth Institute
Questions formally addressed by CSSR include:
* Development and equitable sharing of water resources between nations in the Jordan River Valley, with Upmanu Lall
* Long term women's health effects of human egg harvesting, with Wendy Chavkin
* American slavery and memory, with Patricia J. Williams
CSSR offered courses, varying in length and content, for undergraduates, graduate students, clergy, and professional students.
CSSR sponsored one major symposium about every two years, and four or more guest lectures each semester. CSSR symposia have included:
Mind and Reality, February 25 & 26, 2005
Love and its Obstacles, November 7, 2004
Destructive Emotions: Neuroscience, Psychology and Buddhism, January 28, 2003
A Colloquium on the Centennial of William Ja |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Vacuum%20Science%20and%20Technology | The Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published in two parts, A and B, by the American Institute of Physics on behalf of the American Vacuum Society. It was established in 1964 and the editor-in-chief is Eray Aydil (University of Minnesota).
History
1964–1982 Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology
1983–present Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films
1983–1990 Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics Processing and Phenomena
1991–present Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures
Part A
Part A covers applied surface science, electronic materials and processing, fusion technology, plasma technology, surface science, thin films, vacuum metallurgy, and vacuum technology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 1.724.
Part B
Part B covers vacuum and plasma processing of various materials, their structural characterization, microlithography, and the physics and chemistry of submicrometer and nanometer structures and devices. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 1.398.
References
External links
Physics journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1964
Bimonthly journals
American Institute of Physics academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20product%20of%20quadratic%20forms | In mathematics, the tensor product of quadratic forms is most easily understood when one views the quadratic forms as quadratic spaces. If R is a commutative ring where 2 is invertible (that is, R has characteristic ), and if and are two quadratic spaces over R, then their tensor product is the quadratic space whose underlying R-module is the tensor product of R-modules and whose quadratic form is the quadratic form associated to the tensor product of the bilinear forms associated to and .
In particular, the form satisfies
(which does uniquely characterize it however). It follows from this that if the quadratic forms are diagonalizable (which is always possible if 2 is invertible in R), i.e.,
then the tensor product has diagonalization
Quadratic forms
Tensors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton%20number | In fluid dynamics, the Morton number (Mo) is a dimensionless number used together with the Eötvös number or Bond number to characterize the shape of bubbles or drops moving in a surrounding fluid or continuous phase, c.
It is named after Rose Morton, who described it with W. L. Haberman in 1953.
Definition
The Morton number is defined as
where g is the acceleration of gravity, is the viscosity of the surrounding fluid, the density of the surrounding fluid, the difference in density of the phases, and is the surface tension coefficient. For the case of a bubble with a negligible inner density the Morton number can be simplified to
Relation to other parameters
The Morton number can also be expressed by using a combination of the Weber number, Froude number and Reynolds number,
The Froude number in the above expression is defined as
where V is a reference velocity and d is the equivalent diameter of the drop or bubble.
References
Dimensionless numbers
Bubbles (physics)
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Haber%20Institute%20of%20the%20Max%20Planck%20Society | The Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society (FHI) is a science research institute located at the heart of the academic district of Dahlem, in Berlin, Germany.
The original Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, founded in 1911, was incorporated into the Max Planck Society and simultaneously renamed for its first director, Fritz Haber, in 1953.
The research topics covered throughout the history of the institute include chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics, colloid chemistry, atomic physics, spectroscopy, surface chemistry and surface physics, chemical physics and molecular physics, theoretical chemistry, and materials science.
During World War I and World War II, the research of the institute was directed towards Germany's military needs.
To the illustrious past members of the Institute belong Herbert Freundlich, James Franck, Paul Friedlander, Rudolf Ladenburg, Michael Polanyi, Eugene Wigner, Ladislaus Farkas, Hartmut Kallmann, Otto Hahn, Robert Havemann, Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer, Iwan N. Stranski, Ernst Ruska, Max von Laue, Gerhard Borrmann, Rudolf Brill, Kurt Moliere, Jochen Block, Heinz Gerischer, Rolf Hosemann, Kurt Ueberreiter, Alexander Bradshaw, Elmar Zeitler, and Gerhard Ertl.
Nobel Prize laureates affiliated with the institute include Max von Laue (1914), Fritz Haber (1918), James Franck (1925), Otto Hahn (1944), Eugene Wigner (1963), Ernst Ruska (1986), Gerhard Ertl (2007).
Structure
There are five departments with a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%20Cross | Triple Cross or triple cross may refer to:
Papal cross, also called a triple cross
The three-barred Russian Orthodox cross
The three-barred Maronite cross
Triple Cross (1966 film), a British film directed by Terence Young
The Triple Cross, a 1992 Japanese film directed by Kinji Fukasaku
Triple cross hybrid, in biology via crossbreeding
See also
XXX (disambiguation)
Double cross (disambiguation)
"Treble Cross", the 21st episode of the British Supermarionation television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Trevithick | Paul Byers Trevithick (born 1959) is currently a client partner and senior director at EPAM, advisor to early-stage startups, technologist, privacy advocate, and entrepreneur.
Education
He grew up in Ottawa, Canada, attended MIT, and received a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering and computer science in 1981 and was a research assistant at the MIT Media Lab in 1981 and 1982.
Career
In 1981, he co-founded Lightspeed Computers which was ultimately acquired by DuPont. He was CEO and co-founder in 1985 of Archetype, Inc. which became the Pageflex division of Bitstream Inc. in April 1997. Trevithick then served as Bitstream's vice president of marketing, and starting in August 1998 its president.
Trevithick has contributed to World Wide Web Consortium, PODI, Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), and ITU-T standards efforts. He was granted the Seybold Industry Vision award in 1999.
Trevithick led the development of the Experimental Laboratory for Investigating Collaboration, Information-sharing, and Trust (ELICIT) web-based platform under contract to the United States Department of Defense (OASD/NII) Command and Control Research Program (CCRP). ELICIT is a tool used in social science research.
He joined EPAM in Dec 2013 and is currently a client partner and senior director.
Work on information privacy and personal data
From 2003 to 2009, Trevithick worked on open source identity software for Internet security, and privacy for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical%20system%20design | Graphical system design (GSD) is a modern approach to designing measurement and control systems that integrates system design software with COTS hardware to dramatically simplify development. This approach combines user interfaces, models of computation, math and analysis, Input/output signals, technology abstractions, and various deployment target. It allows domain experts, or non- implementation experts, to access to design capabilities where they would traditionally need to outsource a system design expert.
This approach to system design is a super-set of electronic system-level (ESL) design. Graphical system design expands on the EDA-based ESL definition to include other types of embedded system design including industrial machines and medical devices. Many of these expanded applications can be defined as "the long tail" applications.
System-level design
Graphical system design is an approach to designing an entire system, using more intuitive graphical software and off-the-shelf (non-custom) hardware devices to refine the design, create initial prototypes and even use for the few run of deployments. The approach may involve Algorithm engineering. The approach can prove successful when designers need to get something to market quickly (medical video: ) or with a team of non-embedded experts like Boston Engineering to create a mechatronics-based machine.
"Graphical system design is a complementary but encompassing platform-based approach that includes embedded and elec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola%20J.%20May | Lola J. May (October 29, 1923 – March 13, 2007) was a mathematics educator, consultant, author, producer of audio-visual materials, an early proponent of the new math educational process, and a household name among mathematics.
Life
Her father was a salesman and her mother was a homemaker. Her father taught her mathematics every night using a movable blackboard and a collection of coins. She found her early schooling boring and too strict, and she did not initially consider becoming a teacher.
A native of Kenosha, Wisconsin and a summa cum laude graduate of the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1945, where she received her B.S. in mathematics and science. After teaching high school for three years, she studied and achieved her master's degree in mathematics at Northwestern University in 1950 and her doctorate in mathematics education from there in 1964. She taught mathematics at New Trier Township High School in the Chicago area until 1960, and was a mathematics consultant at the Winnetka, Illinois public schools until 1998. Her summers were often spent teaching at the university level, but she taught mathematics to all grades over the course of her career.
She promised herself to make her students laugh and ask questions. She did not want her students to be bored by or scared of mathematics. She succeeded; her students cheered when they figured out the answers to math problems and lamented when class time with Dr. May was over.
May explained, "The big thing I have going |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20Research%20and%20Development%20on%20Information%20Technology%20and%20Telecommunication%20%28Albania%29 | The Centre for Research and Development on Information Technology and Telecommunication (), formerly known as INIMA or Institute of Informatics and Applied Mathematics is a research institute on technology in Tirana, Albania, affiliated since 2007 with the Polytechnic University of Tirana. It was founded in 1986 on the basis of the Center of Computational Mathematics (QMLL). The latter former was founded in 1971, depending from Tirana University (UT) and, in 1973, when the Academy of Sciences of Albania was founded, became one of the scientific institutions the Academy was composed of.
Having some of the most prominent experts in informatics and applied mathematics, INIMA has played a prime hand role in all informatics developments in Albania, in introduction of modern methods and technologies in different domains of Albanian reality such as: economics, engineering, geology&mining, medicine and health care, farming, animal breeding, etc.; in the preparation of new specialists as well as in offering different scientific services, installation and maintenance of computer systems, etc.
In 2007, with a Council of Ministers decision (#146 dated 28 March 2007), INIMA was dissolved and restructured as part of the Polytechnic University of Tirana. INIMA was renamed to "Centre for Research and Development on Information Technology and Telecommunication" (after Council of Ministers' decision #824 dated 05.12.2007).
See also
List of universities in Albania
References
Educational o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawabata%20evaluation%20system | The Kawabata evaluation system (KES) is used to measure the mechanical properties of fabrics. The system was developed by a team led by Professor Kawabata in the department of polymer chemistry, Kyoto University Japan.
KES is composed of four different machines on which a total of six tests can be performed:
Tensile & shear tester – tensile, shear
Pure bending tester – pure bending
Compression tester – compression
Surface tester – surface friction and roughness
The evaluation can include measurement of the transient heat transfer properties associated with the sensation of coolness generated when fabrics contact the skin during wear. The KES not only predicts human response but understands the perception of softness.
External links
Discussion of Kawabata System at NC State U website
References
Textiles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%20acid%20dating | Amino acid dating is a dating technique used to estimate the age of a specimen in paleobiology, molecular paleontology, archaeology, forensic science, taphonomy, sedimentary geology and other fields. This technique relates changes in amino acid molecules to the time elapsed since they were formed.
All biological tissues contain amino acids. All amino acids except glycine (the simplest one) are optically active, having a stereocenter at their α-C atom. This means that the amino acid can have two different configurations, "D" or "L" which are mirror images of each other. With a few important exceptions, living organisms keep all their amino acids in the "L" configuration. When an organism dies, control over the configuration of the amino acids ceases, and the ratio of D to L moves from a value near 0 towards an equilibrium value near 1, a process called racemization. Thus, measuring the ratio of D to L in a sample enables one to estimate how long ago the specimen died.
Factors affecting racemization
The rate at which racemization proceeds depends on the type of amino acid and on the average temperature, humidity, acidity (pH), and other characteristics of the enclosing matrix. Also, D/L concentration thresholds appear to occur as sudden decreases in the rate of racemization. These effects restrict amino acid chronologies to materials with known environmental histories and/or relative intercomparisons with other dating methods.
Temperature and humidity histories of micro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser%20Filter | A Fraser Filter, named after Douglas Fraser, is typically used in geophysics when displaying VLF data. It is effectively the first derivative of the data.
If represents the collected data then is the average of two values. Consider this value to be plotted between point 1 and point 2 and do the same with points 3 and 4:
If represents the space between each station along the line then
is the Fraser Filter of those four values.
Since is constant, it can be ignored and the Fraser Filter considered to be
.
References
Geophysics
Linear filters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneser%27s%20theorem%20%28differential%20equations%29 | In mathematics, the Kneser theorem can refer to two distinct theorems in the field of ordinary differential equations:
the first one, named after Adolf Kneser, provides criteria to decide whether a differential equation is oscillating or not;
the other one, named after Hellmuth Kneser, is about the topology of the set of all solutions of an initial value problem with continuous right hand side.
Statement of the theorem due to A. Kneser
Consider an ordinary linear homogeneous differential equation of the form
with
continuous.
We say this equation is oscillating if it has a solution y with infinitely many zeros, and non-oscillating otherwise.
The theorem states that the equation is non-oscillating if
and oscillating if
Example
To illustrate the theorem consider
where is real and non-zero. According to the theorem, solutions will be oscillating or not depending on whether is positive (non-oscillating) or negative (oscillating) because
To find the solutions for this choice of , and verify the theorem for this example, substitute the 'Ansatz'
which gives
This means that (for non-zero ) the general solution is
where and are arbitrary constants.
It is not hard to see that for positive the solutions do not oscillate while for negative the identity
shows that they do.
The general result follows from this example by the Sturm–Picone comparison theorem.
Extensions
There are many extensions to this result, such as the Gesztesy–Ünal criterion.
Statemen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation%20theory | In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, a nontrivial solution to an ordinary differential equation
is called oscillating if it has an infinite number of roots; otherwise it is called non-oscillating. The differential equation is called oscillating if it has an oscillating solution.
The number of roots carries also information on the spectrum of associated boundary value problems.
Examples
The differential equation
is oscillating as sin(x) is a solution.
Connection with spectral theory
Oscillation theory was initiated by Jacques Charles François Sturm in his investigations of Sturm–Liouville problems from 1836. There he showed that the n'th eigenfunction of a Sturm–Liouville problem has precisely n-1 roots. For the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation the question about oscillation/non-oscillation answers the question whether the eigenvalues accumulate at the bottom of the continuous spectrum.
Relative oscillation theory
In 1996 Gesztesy–Simon–Teschl showed that the number of roots of the Wronski determinant of two eigenfunctions of a Sturm–Liouville problem gives the number of eigenvalues between the corresponding eigenvalues. It was later on generalized by Krüger–Teschl to the case of two eigenfunctions of two different Sturm–Liouville problems. The investigation of the number of roots of the Wronski determinant of two solutions is known as relative oscillation theory.
See also
Classical results in oscillation theory are:
Kneser's the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginny%20Rorby | Ginny Rorby (born 9 August 1944) is an American young adult novelist. She was raised in Winter Park, Florida and lived in Miami during her career as a Pan American flight attendant. She studied biology at the University of Miami and went on to receive an M.F.A. in creative writing from Florida International University. She was co-director of the Mendocino Coast Writers Conference (www.mcwc.org) for eight years. She lives in northern California.
Works
Dolphin Sky (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996)
Hurt Go Happy (Starscape, 2006) was chosen as one of the top 100 books to read and share by the New York Public Library in 2007 for its wonderful description of a deaf young teen who befriends a chimpanzee that signs.
The Outside of a Horse (Dial Penguin, 2010)
Lost in the River of Grass (Lerner Books, 2011)
How to Speak Dolphin (Scholastic Press, 2017)
Freeing Finch (Tom Doherty Associates, 2019)
External links
Ginny Rorby's Website
Mendocino Coast Writers Conference
FIU Creative Writing Program
1944 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
Florida International University alumni
University of Miami alumni
Writers from Miami
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Flight attendants
Novelists from Florida |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALMS1 | Alstrom syndrome 1 also known as ALMS1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ALMS1 gene.
Molecular biology
The gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 2 (2p13.2) on the plus (Watson) strand. It is 224,161 bases in length organised into 23 exons. The encoded protein has 4,167 amino acids and molecular weight of 460,937 Da. Three isoforms are known. The protein itself has a large tandem-repeat domain comprising 34 imperfect repetitions of 47 amino acids. Mutations associated with disease are usually found in exons 8, 10 and 16.
The gene is expressed in fetal tissues including the aorta, brain, eye, kidney, liver, lung, olfactory bulb, pancreas, skeletal muscle, spleen and testis. The protein is found in the cytoplasm, centrosome, cell projections and cilium basal body. During mitosis it localizes to both spindle poles.
Function
Knockdown of Alms1 by short interfering RNA in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells caused defective ciliogenesis. Cilia were stunted and treated cells lacked the ability to increase calcium influx in response to mechanical stimuli.
Disease association
Mutations in the ALMS1 gene have been found to be causative for Alström syndrome with a total of 81 disease-causing mutations.
Multiple mutations are known: the current (2007) total is 79. These include both nonsense and frameshift mutations. Most of the mutations have been found in exons 8,10 and 16.
Discovery
The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, USA with the Un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosion%20protection | Explosion protection is used to protect all sorts of buildings and civil engineering infrastructure against internal and external explosions or deflagrations. It was widely believed until recently that a building subject to an explosive attack had a chance to remain standing only if it possessed some extraordinary resistive capacity. This belief rested on the assumption that the specific impulse or the time integral of pressure, which is a dominant characteristic of the blast load, is fully beyond control.
Techniques
Avoidance
Avoidance makes it impossible for an explosion or deflagration to occur, for instance by means of suppressing the heat and the pressure needed for an explosion using an aluminum mesh structure such as eXess, by means of consistent displacement of the O2 necessary for an explosion or deflagration to take place, by means of padding gas (f. i. CO2 or N2), or, by means of keeping the concentration of flammable content of an atmosphere consistently below or above the explosive limit, or by means of consistent elimination of ignition sources.
Constructional
Constructional explosion protection aims at pre-defined, limited or zero damage that results from applied protective techniques in combination with reinforcement of the equipment or structures that must be expected to become subject to internal explosion pressure and flying debris or external violent impact.
Method selection
The technology of protection can range in price dramatically but where the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoindole | In organic chemistry and heterocyclic chemistry, isoindole consists of a benzene ring fused with pyrrole. The compound is an isomer of indole. Its reduced form is isoindoline. The parent isoindole is a rarely encountered in the technical literature, but substituted derivatives are useful commercially and occur naturally. Isoindoles units occur in phthalocyanines, an important family of dyes. Some alkaloids containing isoindole have been isolated and characterized.
Synthesis
The parent isoindole was prepared by flash vacuum pyrolysis of an N-substituted isoindoline. N-Substituted isoindoles, which are easier to handle, can be prepared by dehydration of isoindoline-N-oxides. They also arise by myriad other methods, e.g., starting from xylylene dibromide (C6H4(CH2Br)2).
Structure and tautomerism of 2-H-isoindoles
Unlike indole, isoindoles exhibit noticeable alternation in the C-C bond lengths, which is consistent with their description as pyrrole derivatives fused to a butadiene.
In solution, the 2H-isoindole tautomer predominates. It resembles a pyrrole more than a simple imine. The degree to which the 2H predominates depends on the solvent, and can vary with the substituent in substituted isoindoles.
N-Substituted isoindoles do not engage is tautomerism and are therefore simpler to study.
Isoindole-1,3-diones and related derivatives
The commercially important phthalimide is an isoindole-1,3-dione with two carbonyl groups attached to the heterocyclic ring.
See als |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20A.%20Stradling | Richard Anthony "Tony" Stradling (1937-2002), was a notable English semiconductor physicist, latterly professor of physics at Imperial College London.
Biography
Tony Stradling was born in Solihull, Warwickshire. He received his early education at Solihull School.
He took a First in physics from Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1955, followed by his DPhil studies in the Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford. He was appointed University Lecturer at Oxford and Fellow of Christ Church in 1968. In 1978 he took up the Chair of Natural Philosophy at St Andrews University. He remained in Scotland until 1984, when he moved back to England as Professor of Physics at Imperial College. He held this position until his retirement shortly before his death.
His early work was on the cyclotron resonance of semiconductors moving to magnetophonon resonance. He and his team of students used this effect to investigate a wide range of phenomena in the II-VI, III-V and elemental semiconductors. He pioneered the use of infra-red gas lasers combined with high magnetic fields to carry out cyclotron resonance and impurity spectroscopy measurements. Hydrostatic pressure was another tool for investigating band structure and impurity states in semiconductors that he exploited, particularly at St Andrews. He also investigated the spin and giant magnetoresistance properties of the narrow gap III-V compounds.
One of the legacies of Stradling’s research is his measurement of the effective masses and band parameters o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico%20Habermann | Arie Nicolaas Habermann (26 June 1932 – 8 August 1993), often known as Nico Habermann, was a noted Dutch computer scientist.
Habermann was born in Groningen, Netherlands, and earned his B.S. in mathematics and physics and M.S. in mathematics from the Free University of Amsterdam in 1953 and 1958. After working as a mathematics teacher, in 1967 he received his Ph.D. in applied mathematics from the Eindhoven University of Technology under advisor Edsger Dijkstra.
In 1968, Habermann was invited to join the department of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University as a visiting research scientist. In 1969 he was appointed an associate professor, and was made full professor in 1974, acting department head in 1979, and department head from 1980 to 1988, after which he was named Dean of the new School of Computer Science (established under Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon). He also cofounded Carnegie Mellon's Software Engineering Institute (SEI) in 1985.
Habermann's research included programming languages, operating systems, and development of large software systems. He was known for his work on inter-process communication, process synchronization and deadlock avoidance, and software verification, but particularly for the programming languages ALGOL 60, BLISS, Pascal, and Ada. He also contributed to new operating systems such as Edsger Dijkstra's THE multiprogramming system, the Family of Operating Systems (FAMOS) at Carnegie Mellon, Berlin's Dynamically Adaptable System (DAS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moni%20Naor | Moni Naor () is an Israeli computer scientist, currently a professor at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Naor received his Ph.D. in 1989 at the University of California, Berkeley. His advisor was Manuel Blum.
He works in various fields of computer science, mainly the foundations of cryptography. He is notable for initiating research on public key systems secure against chosen ciphertext attack and creating non-malleable cryptography, visual cryptography (with Adi Shamir), and suggesting various methods for verifying that users of a computer system are human (leading to the notion of CAPTCHA). His research on Small-bias sample space, give a general framework for combining small k-wise independent spaces with small -biased spaces to obtain -almost k-wise independent spaces of small size. In 1994 he was the first, with Amos Fiat, to formally study the problem of practical broadcast encryption. Along with Benny Chor, Amos Fiat, and Benny Pinkas, he made a contribution to the development of Traitor tracing, a copyright infringement detection system which works by tracing the source of leaked files rather than by direct copy protection.
Bibliography
Cynthia Dwork, Jeff Lotspiech and Moni Naor, Digital Signets: Self-Enforcing Protection of Digital Information.
Dalit Naor, Moni Naor and Jeff Lotspiech, Revocation and Tracing Schemes for Stateless Receivers.
David Chaum, Amos Fiat and Moni Naor, Untraceable Electronic Cash, 1990.
Amos Fiat and Moni Naor, Implicit O(1) Probe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Bodanis | David Bodanis is an American speaker, business advisor and writer of bestselling nonfiction books, notably E=mc2: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation, which was translated into 26 languages. Originally from Chicago, he received an undergraduate education in mathematics, physics and economics at the University of Chicago (AB 1977). He lived in France for ten years from his early twenties and has since been based in London.
Early life and education
Bodanis was born and brought up in Chicago, Illinois, and read mathematics, physics and history at the University of Chicago. In his early twenties he moved to Paris, where he began his career as a foreign correspondent for the International Herald Tribune. A move to the South of France followed, and he then split his time between France and London, combining writing with stints as a science presenter on 1980s ITV show, the Wide Awake Club.
Bodanis moved to the UK full-time in the late 1980s, combining writing with teaching social sciences at St Antony's College, Oxford, consulting for the Royal Dutch Shell Scenario Prediction unit, and speaking engagements including at conferences and Davos.
Works
In 1986, Bodanis had his first commercial authorial success with The Secret House: 24 Hours in the Strange & Wonderful World in Which We Spend Our Nights and Days, which reached no 5 on The New York Times Best Seller list and established him as a popular science writer. This book introduces Bodanis’s "microphotography" writi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20Edward%20Freeman | Robert Edward Freeman (born December 18, 1951) is an American philosopher and professor of business administration at the Darden School of the University of Virginia, particularly known for his work on stakeholder theory (1984) and on business ethics.
Biography
Born in Columbus, Georgia, Freeman received a B.A. in mathematics and philosophy from Duke University in 1973 and a Ph.D. in philosophy from Washington University in St. Louis in 1978.
He taught at the University of Minnesota and the Wharton School, and is now Elis and Signe Olsson Professor of Business Administration at the Darden School of the University of Virginia. He is also academic director of the Business Roundtable Institute for Corporate Ethics, and director of the Darden's Olsson Center for Applied Ethics. In 1994 Freeman served as president of the Society for Business Ethics. He is one of the executive editors of the journal Philosophy of Management, and he serves as the editor for the Ruffin Series in business ethics from Oxford University Press.
In 2001 Freeman was awarded the Pioneer Award for Lifetime Achievement by the World Resources Institute and by the Aspen Institute, and in 2005 the Virginia State Council on Higher Education honored him with the Outstanding Faculty Award.
Work
Freeman is particularly known for his work on stakeholder theory originally published in his 1984 book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. He has (co)authored other books on corporate strategy and business et |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolaw | Neurolaw is a field of interdisciplinary study that explores the effects of discoveries in neuroscience on legal rules and standards. Drawing from neuroscience, philosophy, social psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and criminology, neurolaw practitioners seek to address not only the descriptive and predictive issues of how neuroscience is and will be used in the legal system, but also the normative issues of how neuroscience should and should not be used.
The rapid growth of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research has led to new insights on neuroanatomical structure and function, which has led to a greater understanding of human behavior and cognition. As a response, there has been an emergence of questions regarding how these findings can be applied to criminology and legal processes. Major areas of current neurolaw research include courtroom applications, legal implications of neuroscience findings, and how neuroscience-related jurisdiction can be created and applied.
Despite the growing interest in neurolaw and its potential applications, the legal realm recognizes the substantial opportunity for misuse and is proceeding cautiously with novel research outcomes.
History
The term neurolaw was first coined by J. Sherrod Taylor in 1991, in a Neuropsychology journal article analyzing the role of psychologists and lawyers in the criminal justice system. After this publication, scholars from both fields began to network through presentations and dialogs, and st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialization | Specialization or Specialized may refer to:
Academia
Academic specialization, may be a course of study or major at an academic institution or may refer to the field in which a specialist practices
Specialty (medicine), a branch of medical practice
Biology
Cellular differentiation, the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type
Specialty (medicine), a branch of medical science
Generalist and specialist species, in biology and ecology
Specialization in multicellular organisms
Computer science
Partial template specialization, a particular form of class template specialization
Template specialization, a style of computer programming which allows alternative implementations to be provided based on certain characteristics of the parameterized type that is being instantiated
Economics and industry
Departmentalization, refers to the process of grouping activities into departments
Division of labour, the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles
Economic specialization, the separation of tasks within an economy
Flexible Specialization (Post-Fordism), a name given to the dominant system of economic production, consumption and associated socio-economic phenomena, in most industrialized countries since the late 20th century
Network governance, also known as Flexible Specialization
Linguistics
Specialization (linguistics)
Specialized English, a controlled version of the English language used |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20C.%20T.%20Lee | R. C. T. Lee (Lee Chia-Tung ; born 1939 in Shanghai, China), also known as Richard C. T. Lee, received his B.Sc. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering of National Taiwan University and Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from University of California, Berkeley.
He worked for NCR from 1963 to 1964 after he got his M.S. degree. After getting his Ph.D. degree, he joined National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, in 1967 and later worked in Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., in 1974.
He returned to Taiwan in 1975 and started his teaching career in National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. In this university, he had been the chairperson of Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical Engineering. In 1984, after he became the dean of College of Engineering and in 1988, he was appointed as the provost. In 1994, he was the acting president of National Tsing Hua University. From 1994 to 1999, he was the president of Providence University in Shalu, Taiwan and in 1999, he was the president of National Chi Nan University, Puli, Taiwan. He is now a professor of Chi Nan University under the joint appointment of four departments: the Department of Computer Science, the Department of Information Management, the Department of Communication and the Department of Medical Science.
Lee has published roughly 80 papers, all in prestigious academic journals. He has been editors for ten journals. In 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie%20Xide | Xie Xide (; 19 March 1921 – 4 March 2000), also known as Hsi-teh Hsieh and as Hilda Hsieh, was a Chinese physicist. She was president of Fudan University from 1983 to 1989, and remained as advisor to the university from 1989 until her death. She helped to set up the university's Centre for American Studies and founded its Modern Physics Institute in 1977.
Xie also served as a member in the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party from 1982 to 1992.
Biography
Xie Xide was born March 19, 1921, in the port city of Quanzhou in Fujian, southeastern China. She was born into a family that valued education. Her father Xie Yuming had a Ph.D. from University of Chicago and taught at Yenching University in Beijing. Xie Yuming precisely measured the spectrum of hydrogen atom during his study in the US. The famous theoretical physicist, Yang Chen-Ning referred to Xie Yuming as the person that the Nobel Prize missed.
Xide spent part of her childhood in Beijing. She attended Yenching Elementary School and was a top student in school. She met Cao Tianqin when Cao transferred to Yenching. Cao constantly beat Xie in school performance and the two became good friends. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, Xie when to Hunan University to study physics; but she had to withdraw from school due to illness of bone tuberculosis. Different hospitals diagnosed that her illness is not treatable so she returned home to fight the illness with her family's help. Cao started sending her n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders%20Karlsson%20%28physicist%29 | Anders Karlsson (born 1964 in Järna, Sweden) is a Swedish physicist who is working in scientific publishing.
Karlsson graduated 1987 from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm with a Master of Science degree in engineering physics. He received a Ph.D. in 1992 with a thesis on quantum noise in semiconductor lasers and laser amplifiers. In 2001 he became professor of quantum photonics at the Royal Institute of Technology, as part of a position as a special research fellow with the Swedish Research Council from 2001 to 2007. His research areas were quantum photonics and quantum information. In 2004, the multinational research project Karlsson coordinated, IST-QuComm, was awarded the Descartes Prize. The project had demonstrated that quantum cryptography could be used in practice for fundamentally secure communications.
Karlsson was Counselor for Science and Innovation at Embassy of Sweden in Tokyo from 2007 to 2012. In 2012 he joined Elsevier as Vice President of Global Strategic Networks, based in Tokyo, where he covers the Asia-Pacific region.
References
1964 births
Living people
Swedish physicists
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Elsevier people
People from Järna |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked%20poset | In mathematics, a ranked poset is a partially ordered set in which one of the following (non-equivalent) conditions hold: it is
a graded poset, or
a poset with the property that for every element x, all maximal chains among those with x as greatest element have the same finite length, or
a poset in which all maximal chains have the same finite length.
The second definition differs from the first in that it requires all minimal elements to have the same rank; for posets with a least element, however, the two requirements are equivalent. The third definition is even more strict in that it excludes posets with infinite chains and also requires all maximal elements to have the same rank. Richard P. Stanley defines a graded poset of length n as one in which all maximal chains have length n.
References
Order theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20I.%20Masson | David Irvine Masson (6 November 1915 – 27 February 2007) was a British science-fiction writer and librarian.
Biography
Born in Edinburgh, Masson came from a distinguished family of academics and thinkers. His father, Sir Irvine Masson, was a Professor of Chemistry at Durham and Vice-Chancellor at Sheffield, his grandfather, Sir David O. Masson, emigrated to Australia and became Professor of Chemistry at Melbourne while his great-grandfather David M. Masson was Professor of English Literature at Edinburgh, wrote a biography of John Milton and was a friend of Thomas Carlyle and John Stuart Mill.
It was no great surprise, therefore, when Masson himself began a career in higher education. Following his graduation from Merton College, Oxford, with a degree in English language and literature he took on the post of assistant librarian at the University of Leeds in 1938.
Except for a stint in the Royal Army Medical Corps during the Second World War from 1940–46, Masson remained a librarian for the rest of his working life.
Following his demobilisation he took on the role of curator of special collections at Liverpool and married his wife, Olive Newton, in 1950 before returning to Leeds in 1956 to become curator of the Brotherton collection, an assemblage of (mostly) English literature including many rare books and manuscripts bequeathed to the University by Lord Brotherton of Wakefield on his death in 1930.
It was during his 23 years at Leeds that he wrote his most well known s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%28I%29%20bromide | Indium(I) bromide is a chemical compound of indium and bromine. It is a red crystalline compound that is isostructural with β-TlI and has a distorted rock salt structure. Indium(I) bromide is generally made from the elements, heating indium metal with InBr3. It has been used in the sulfur lamp. In organic chemistry, it has been found to promote the coupling of α, α-dichloroketones to 1-aryl-butane-1,4-diones. Oxidative addition reactions with for example alkyl halides to give alkyl indium halides and with NiBr complexes to give Ni-In bonds are known. It is unstable in water decomposing into indium metal and indium tribromide. When indium dibromide is dissolved in water, InBr is produced as a, presumably, insoluble red precipitate, that then rapidly decomposes.
See also
Indium halides
References
WebElements
Indium(I) compounds
Bromides
Metal halides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinors%20in%20three%20dimensions | In mathematics, the spinor concept as specialised to three dimensions can be treated by means of the traditional notions of dot product and cross product. This is part of the detailed algebraic discussion of the rotation group SO(3).
Formulation
The association of a spinor with a 2×2 complex Hermitian matrix was formulated by Élie Cartan.
In detail, given a vector x = (x1, x2, x3) of real (or complex) numbers, one can associate the complex matrix
In physics, this is often written as a dot product , where is the vector form of Pauli matrices. Matrices of this form have the following properties, which relate them intrinsically to the geometry of 3-space:
, where denotes the determinant.
, where I is the identity matrix.
where Z is the matrix associated to the cross product .
If is a unit vector, then is the matrix associated with the vector that results from reflecting in the plane orthogonal to .
The last property can be used to simplify rotational operations. It is an elementary fact from linear algebra that any rotation in 3-space factors as a composition of two reflections. (More generally, any orientation-reversing orthogonal transformation is either a reflection or the product of three reflections.) Thus if R is a rotation which decomposes as the reflection in the plane perpendicular to a unit vector followed by the reflection in the plane perpendicular to , then the matrix represents the rotation of the vector through R.
Having effectively encoded |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20representation | In mathematics, the spin representations are particular projective representations of the orthogonal or special orthogonal groups in arbitrary dimension and signature (i.e., including indefinite orthogonal groups). More precisely, they are two equivalent representations of the spin groups, which are double covers of the special orthogonal groups. They are usually studied over the real or complex numbers, but they can be defined over other fields.
Elements of a spin representation are called spinors. They play an important role in the physical description of fermions such as the electron.
The spin representations may be constructed in several ways, but typically the construction involves (perhaps only implicitly) the choice of a maximal isotropic subspace in the vector representation of the group. Over the real numbers, this usually requires using a complexification of the vector representation. For this reason, it is convenient to define the spin representations over the complex numbers first, and derive real representations by introducing real structures.
The properties of the spin representations depend, in a subtle way, on the dimension and signature of the orthogonal group. In particular, spin representations often admit invariant bilinear forms, which can be used to embed the spin groups into classical Lie groups. In low dimensions, these embeddings are surjective and determine special isomorphisms between the spin groups and more familiar Lie groups; this elucidates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdetermined%20system | In mathematics, a system of equations is considered overdetermined if there are more equations than unknowns. An overdetermined system is almost always inconsistent (it has no solution) when constructed with random coefficients. However, an overdetermined system will have solutions in some cases, for example if some equation occurs several times in the system, or if some equations are linear combinations of the others.
The terminology can be described in terms of the concept of constraint counting. Each unknown can be seen as an available degree of freedom. Each equation introduced into the system can be viewed as a constraint that restricts one degree of freedom.
Therefore, the critical case occurs when the number of equations and the number of free variables are equal. For every variable giving a degree of freedom, there exists a corresponding constraint. The overdetermined case occurs when the system has been overconstrained — that is, when the equations outnumber the unknowns. In contrast, the underdetermined case occurs when the system has been underconstrained — that is, when the number of equations is fewer than the number of unknowns. Such systems usually have an infinite number of solutions.
Overdetermined linear systems of equations
An example in two dimensions
Consider the system of 3 equations and 2 unknowns ( and ), which is overdetermined because 3 > 2, and which corresponds to Diagram #1:
There is one solution for each pair of linear equations: for the f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate%20%28materials%20science%29 | Substrate is a term used in materials science and engineering to describe the base material on which processing is conducted. This surface could be used to produce new film or layers of material such as deposited coatings. It could be the base to which paint, adhesives, or adhesive tape is bonded.
A typical substrate might be rigid such as metal, concrete, or glass, onto which a coating might be deposited. Flexible substrates are also used.
With all coating processes, the condition of the surface of the substrate can strongly affect the bond of subsequent layers. This can include cleanliness, smoothness, surface energy, moisture, etc. Some substrates are anisotropic with surface properties being different depending on the direction: examples include wood and paper products.
Coatings
Coating can be by a variety of processes:
Adhesives and Adhesive tapes
Coating and printing processes
Chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition
Conversion coating
Anodizing
Chromate conversion coating
Plasma electrolytic oxidation
Phosphate (coating)
Paint
Enamel (paint)
Powder coating
Industrial coating
Silicate mineral paint
Fusion bonded epoxy coating (FBE coating)
Pickled and oiled, a type of plate steel coating.
Plating
Electroless plating
Electrochemical plating
Polymer coatings, such as Teflon
Sputtered or vacuum deposited materials
Enamel (vitreous)
In optics, glass may be used as a substrate for an optical coating—either an antireflection coating |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro%20Picone | Mauro Picone (2 May 1885 – 11 April 1977) was an Italian mathematician. He is known for the Picone identity, the Sturm-Picone comparison theorem and being the founder of the Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo, presently named after him, the first applied mathematics institute ever founded. He was also an outstanding teacher of mathematical analysis: some of the best Italian mathematicians were among his pupils.
Work
Research activity
Teaching activity
Notable students:
Luigi Amerio
Renato Caccioppoli
Gianfranco Cimmino
Ennio de Giorgi
Gaetano Fichera
Carlo Miranda
Selected publications
(Review of the whole volume I) (available from the "Edizione Nazionale Mathematica Italiana"), reviewed by .
, (Review of the 2nd part of volume I) (available from the "Edizione Nazionale Mathematica Italiana").
, reviewed by and by .
See also
Renato Caccioppoli
Lamberto Cesari
Ennio de Giorgi
Gaetano Fichera
Picone identity
Antonio Signorini
Sturm-Picone comparison theorem
Notes
References
Biographical references
. The "Yearbook" of the renowned Italian scientific institution, including an historical sketch of its history, the list of all past and present members as well as a wealth of information about its academic and scientific activities.
. The brief "participating address" presented to the International congress on the occasion of the celebration of the centenary of birth of Mauro Picone and Leonida Tonelli (held in Rome on May 6–9, 1985) by Luigi Amerio on behalf of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Arkansas%20Office%20of%20Distance%20Education | The Office of Distance Education (ODE) was founded in July 1998 on the campus of the Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences, and the Arts in Hot Springs, Arkansas and is now a part of the University of Arkansas System. Originally established in order to expand educational opportunities in Arkansas’ rural schools, the Office of Distance Education uses H.323-based video conferencing to provide highly qualified, fully certified teachers to school districts nationwide unable to hire qualified faculty locally.
Operations
During its first year of operation, ODE enrolled 228 high school students from 23 school districts across Arkansas. For school year 2010 - 2011, ODE initial enrollment exceeded 3,600 students from approximately one hundred school districts in eight states.
ODE offers complete elementary, middle grades and high school curricula as well as College Board-approved Advanced Placement courses and Concurrent Enrollment courses that allow students to earn college credit.
Of particular note, ODE has been recognized repeatedly by the United States Distance Learning Association for the excellence of its instructors and programming in years 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 including awards for Excellence in Distance Learning Teaching, Excellence in Distance Learning Programing and Leadership in the Field of Distance Education. In addition, ODE was recognized by ComputerWorld as a Laureate in 2010. ODE’s programs are accredited by the North Central Association Commissio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm%E2%80%93Picone%20comparison%20theorem | In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, the Sturm–Picone comparison theorem, named after Jacques Charles François Sturm and Mauro Picone, is a classical theorem which provides criteria for the oscillation and non-oscillation of solutions of certain linear differential equations in the real domain.
Let , for be real-valued continuous functions on the interval and let
be two homogeneous linear second order differential equations in self-adjoint form with
and
Let be a non-trivial solution of (1) with successive roots at and and let be a non-trivial solution of (2). Then one of the following properties holds.
There exists an in such that or
there exists a in R such that .
The first part of the conclusion is due to Sturm (1836), while the second (alternative) part of the theorem is due to Picone (1910) whose simple proof was given using his now famous Picone identity. In the special case where both equations are identical one obtains the Sturm separation theorem.
Notes
References
Diaz, J. B.; McLaughlin, Joyce R. Sturm comparison theorems for ordinary and partial differential equations. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 75 1969 335–339
Heinrich Guggenheimer (1977) Applicable Geometry, page 79, Krieger, Huntington .
Ordinary differential equations
Theorems in analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%2030 | Super 30 is an Indian educational program started in Patna, India under the banner of Ramanujan School of Mathematics. It was founded by Anand Kumar, a mathematics teacher, and Abhayanand, the former D.G.P of Bihar. The program selects 30 talented candidates each year from economically underprivileged sections of Indian society and trains them for the JEE. The program is portrayed in the 2019 film, Super 30, starring Hrithik Roshan as Anand
Kumar, and his school, have been the subject of several smear campaigns, some of which have been carried in Indian media sources.
History
In 2002, Anand Kumar and Abhayanand started Super 30 with the plan to select 30 talented students from economically impoverished sections who could not afford IIT coaching. These 30 students were then prepared to pass IIT-JEE examinations. Anand Kumar's mother, Jayanti Devi, volunteered to cook for the students while Anand Kumar, Abhayanand, and other teachers tutored them. The students were also provided study materials and lodging for a year free of cost.
In the first year of the coaching, 18 out of 30 students made it to IIT. The following year, application numbers soared due to the popularity of the program and written examination was conducted to select 30 students. In 2004, 22 out of 30 students qualified for IIT-JEE, increasing the popularity of the program which attracted even more applications.
In 2005, 26 out of 30 students cleared the IIT-JEE exam, while 28 in 2006 - this despite the fact t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacometrics | Pharmacometrics is a field of study of the methodology and application of models for disease and pharmacological measurement. It uses mathematical models of biology, pharmacology, disease, and physiology to describe and quantify interactions between xenobiotics and patients (human and non-human), including beneficial effects and adverse effects. It is normally applied to quantify drug, disease and trial information to aid efficient drug development, regulatory decisions and rational drug treatment in patients.
Pharmacometrics uses models based on pharmacology, physiology, and disease for quantitative analysis of interactions between drugs and patients. This involves Systems pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and disease progression with a focus on populations and variability.
Mould and Upton provide an overview of basic concepts in population modeling, simulation, and model-based drug development.
A major focus of pharmacometrics is to understand variability in drug response. Variability may be predictable (e.g. due to differences in body weight or kidney function) or apparently unpredictable (a reflection of the current lack of knowledge).
Origins
The term "pharmacometrics" first appeared in literature in the preface of the 1964 book "Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics":The sub-title of the book is, as far as we are aware, a neologism, coined by one of us (A.L.B.), and the word is defined by the main title of the book, which could have been ev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruhat%20order | In mathematics, the Bruhat order (also called strong order or strong Bruhat order or Chevalley order or Bruhat–Chevalley order or Chevalley–Bruhat order) is a partial order on the elements of a Coxeter group, that corresponds to the inclusion order on Schubert varieties.
History
The Bruhat order on the Schubert varieties of a flag manifold or a Grassmannian was first studied by , and the analogue for more general semisimple algebraic groups was studied by . started the combinatorial study of the Bruhat order on the Weyl group, and introduced the name "Bruhat order" because of the relation to the Bruhat decomposition introduced by François Bruhat.
The left and right weak Bruhat orderings were studied by .
Definition
If (W, S) is a Coxeter system with generators S, then the Bruhat order is a partial order on the group W. Recall that a reduced word for an element w of W is a minimal length expression of w as a product of elements of S, and the length ℓ(w) of w is the length of a reduced word.
The (strong) Bruhat order is defined by u ≤ v if some substring of some (or every) reduced word for v is a reduced word for u. (Note that here a substring is not necessarily a consecutive substring.)
The weak left (Bruhat) order is defined by u ≤L v if some final substring of some reduced word for v is a reduced word for u.
The weak right (Bruhat) order is defined by u ≤R v if some initial substring of some reduced word for v is a reduced word for u.
For more on the weak orde |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.