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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-up | In chemistry, work-up refers to the series of manipulations required to isolate and purify the product(s) of a chemical reaction. The term is used colloquially to refer to these manipulations, which may include:
deactivating any unreacted reagents by quenching a reaction.
cooling the reaction mixture or adding an antisolvent to induce precipitation, and collecting or removing the solids by filtration, decantation, or centrifugation.
changing the protonation state of the products or impurities by adding an acid or base.
separating the reaction mixture into organic and aqueous layers by liquid-liquid extraction.
removal of solvents by evaporation.
purification by chromatography, distillation or recrystallization.
The work-up steps required for a given chemical reaction may require one or more of these manipulations. Work-up steps are not always explicitly shown in reaction schemes. Written experimental procedures will describe work-up steps but will usually not formally refer to them as a work-up.
Examples
Isolation of Benzoic Acid
The Grignard reaction between phenylmagnesium bromide (1) and carbon dioxide in the form of dry ice gives the conjugate base of benzoic acid (2). The desired product, benzoic acid (3), is obtained by the following work-up:
The reaction mixture containing the Grignard reagent is allowed to warm to room temperature in a water bath to allow excess dry ice to evaporate.
Any remaining Grignard reagent is quenched by the addition of water.
D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Messerschmitt | David G. Messerschmitt (born May 21, 1945) is an engineer and professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences in the UC Berkeley College of Engineering. He retired from UC Berkeley in 2005. At present he is conducting research at Berkeley, is a visiting professor in the Software Business Laboratory at the Helsinki University of Technology, and is doing research on interstellar communications at the SETI Institute. Messerschmitt also serves on the Advisory Council of METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence).
Biography
His notable past research includes the advancement of digital transmission systems, including contributions that made digital telephony possible over the existing telephone network, the use of VLSI to realize functions in the telephone network, and VLSI architectures to solve signal processing challenges. His work has increasingly been devoted to software. In 1984 Messerschmitt wrote Blosim, a software-based block diagram simulation system for digital signal processing simulations. He also contributed to a successor to Blosim called Ptolemy, which is still being actively developed and used. When the UC Berkeley School of Information was created he co-founded courses on network applications and strategic technology, and later served as interim dean of the school. His research interests and curriculum development for the past decade have been largely devoted to the business of sof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFG | SFG may refer to:
Military
Special Forces Group (Belgium)
Special Forces Group (Japan)
Special Forces (United States Army)#Special Forces groups
Science and Technology
Sum-frequency generation in optical physics
Signal-flow graph
Superior frontal gyrus, in the human brain
Systemic functional grammar
Other
San Francisco Giants, a Major League Baseball team
L'Espérance Airport, IATA airport code |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Dunn | Arthur Tempest Blakiston Dunn (12 August 1860 in Whitby, Yorkshire – 20 February 1902 in Ludgrove near Barnet, Hertfordshire) was a noted amateur footballer who founded the English boarding school, Ludgrove, in 1892.
Education
Dunn, son of a Cambridge University mathematics professor, was educated at Eton College, then entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1880, graduating B.A. in 1884, and M.A. in 1887.
Football career
Dunn played football for Eton College, and was a Cambridge University football blue in 1883 and 1884.
C.W. Alcock described Dunn, who usually played inside-left as "A good centreforward, rather light, but has plenty of pluck, and is a sure shot at goal", and "has great pace, and both dribbles and middles well". Later in his playing career he moved into defence, appearing as right-back at both his England international appearances in 1892.
Dunn played in two FA Cup Finals for Old Etonians, contributing a pass to William Anderson for the only goal, thus winning the trophy 1–0 in 1882 against Blackburn Rovers, and being a runner-up in 1883 when his team lost 2–1 to Blackburn Olympic in extra time. During the latter game he went off with a knee injury early in the second half, an incident that many believed cost his side the cup, as with no substitutes allowed in those days the Old Etonians had to play on with ten men. Both finals were played at Kennington Oval.
He played four times for England, starting with a 7–0 thrashing of Ireland at Liverpool on 24 Fe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tale | In mathematics, more specifically in algebra, the adjective étale refers to several closely related concepts:
Étale morphism
Formally étale morphism
Étale cohomology
Étale topology
Étale fundamental group
Étale group scheme
Étale algebra
Other
Étale (mountain) in Savoie and Haute-Savoie, France
See also
Étalé space
Etail, or online commerce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Stanhope%2C%202nd%20Earl%20Stanhope | Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl Stanhope, FRS (15 August 1714 – 7 March 1786) was a British peer.
The son of James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope, and Lucy Pitt, he succeeded to his father's titles in 1721. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society from 1735, and had a lifelong interest in mathematics. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1774. He privileged the pursuit of science and mathematics over politics and became close to prominent natural philosophers such as Joseph Priestley and Benjamin Franklin. As a patron of various mathematicians, he came into contact with Thomas Bayes, one of the founders of Bayesian inference.
On 25 July 1745, he married Grizel Hamilton, daughter of Charles Hamilton, Lord Binning. They had two sons:
Philip Stanhope, Viscount Mahon (24 June 1746 – 6 July 1763).
Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope (3 August 1753 – 15 December 1816).
References
Sharon McGrayne The Theory That Would Not Die (Yale 2011) Ch 1.
1714 births
1786 deaths
Earls Stanhope
Fellows of the Royal Society
Philip
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm%20separation%20theorem | In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, Sturm separation theorem, named after Jacques Charles François Sturm, describes the location of roots of solutions of homogeneous second order linear differential equations. Basically the theorem states that given two linear independent solutions of such an equation the zeros of the two solutions are alternating.
Sturm separation theorem
If u(x) and v(x) are two non-trivial continuous linearly independent solutions to a homogeneous second order linear differential equation with x0 and x1 being successive roots of u(x), then v(x) has exactly one root in the open interval (x0, x1). It is a special case of the Sturm-Picone comparison theorem.
Proof
Since and are linearly independent it follows that the Wronskian must satisfy for all where the differential equation is defined, say . Without loss of generality, suppose that . Then
So at
and either and are both positive or both negative. Without loss of generality, suppose that they are both positive. Now, at
and since and are successive zeros of it causes . Thus, to keep we must have . We see this by observing that if then would be increasing (away from the -axis), which would never lead to a zero at . So for a zero to occur at at most (i.e., and it turns out, by our result from the Wronskian that ). So somewhere in the interval the sign of changed. By the Intermediate Value Theorem there exists such that .
On the other hand, there ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois%20Haibt | Lois B. Mitchell Haibt (born 1934) is an American computer scientist best known for being a member of the ten-person team at IBM that developed FORTRAN, the first successful high-level programming language. She is known as an early pioneer in computer science.
Education and career
Haibt studied mathematics at Vassar College with an academic scholarship. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1955. While at Vassar, Haibt worked at Bell Laboratories during the summer.
Immediately after graduating from Vassar, Haibt began working at IBM. She started with an annual salary of $5,100, despite her lack of prior programming experience. This sum was almost double the amount that she would have made at Bell Laboratories. Haibt inferred that any job with such a high salary would be difficult, but fascinating. She was part of an academically diverse team of ten young people with varying academic degrees and unrelated areas of expertise, such as crystallography and cryptography. Experience with mathematics was their one common connection. Haibt was the only woman on the team.
According to Haibt, the team worked well together: "No one was worried about seeming stupid or possessive of his or her code. We were all just learning together." The FORTRAN team worked nontraditional hours so that they could have unlimited access to the IBM 704 computer. They frequently rented rooms at the nearby Langdon Hotel in order to sleep during the day and work at night.
In 1957, Haibt attended Columb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschberg%27s%20algorithm | In computer science, Hirschberg's algorithm, named after its inventor, Dan Hirschberg, is a dynamic programming algorithm that finds the optimal sequence alignment between two strings. Optimality is measured with the Levenshtein distance, defined to be the sum of the costs of insertions, replacements, deletions, and null actions needed to change one string into the other. Hirschberg's algorithm is simply described as a more space-efficient version of the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm that uses divide and conquer. Hirschberg's algorithm is commonly used in computational biology to find maximal global alignments of DNA and protein sequences.
Algorithm information
Hirschberg's algorithm is a generally applicable algorithm for optimal sequence alignment. BLAST and FASTA are suboptimal heuristics. If x and y are strings, where length(x) = n and length(y) = m, the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm finds an optimal alignment in O(nm) time, using O(nm) space. Hirschberg's algorithm is a clever modification of the Needleman–Wunsch Algorithm, which still takes O(nm) time, but needs only O(min{n, m}) space and is much faster in practice.
One application of the algorithm is finding sequence alignments of DNA or protein sequences. It is also a space-efficient way to calculate the longest common subsequence between two sets of data such as with the common diff tool.
The Hirschberg algorithm can be derived from the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm by observing that:
one can compute the optimal alignme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Bowman | Joel Mark Bowman is an American physical chemist and educator. He currently serves as the Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Theoretical Chemistry at Emory University.
Publications, awards and affiliations
Bowman is the author or co-author of more than 600 publications and is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Sciences. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Research interests
His research interests are in basic theories of chemical reactivity. His AAAS fellow citation cited him “for distinguished contributions to
reduced dimensionality quantum approaches to reaction rates and to the formulation and application of self-consistent field approaches to molecular vibrations.”
Selected publications
.
.
.
.
Vibrational Dynamics of Molecules, World Scientific Publishing, 2022.
References
External links
Bowman's home page at Emory
Living people
21st-century American chemists
Emory University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1948 births |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20group | In mathematics, the classical groups are defined as the special linear groups over the reals , the complex numbers and the quaternions together with special automorphism groups of symmetric or skew-symmetric bilinear forms and Hermitian or skew-Hermitian sesquilinear forms defined on real, complex and quaternionic finite-dimensional vector spaces. Of these, the complex classical Lie groups are four infinite families of Lie groups that together with the exceptional groups exhaust the classification of simple Lie groups. The compact classical groups are compact real forms of the complex classical groups. The finite analogues of the classical groups are the classical groups of Lie type. The term "classical group" was coined by Hermann Weyl, it being the title of his 1939 monograph The Classical Groups.
The classical groups form the deepest and most useful part of the subject of linear Lie groups. Most types of classical groups find application in classical and modern physics. A few examples are the following. The rotation group is a symmetry of Euclidean space and all fundamental laws of physics, the Lorentz group is a symmetry group of spacetime of special relativity. The special unitary group is the symmetry group of quantum chromodynamics and the symplectic group finds application in Hamiltonian mechanics and quantum mechanical versions of it.
The classical groups
The classical groups are exactly the general linear groups over and together with the automorphism grou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slosh%20dynamics | In fluid dynamics, slosh refers to the movement of liquid inside another object (which is, typically, also undergoing motion).
Strictly speaking, the liquid must have a free surface to constitute a slosh dynamics problem, where the dynamics of the liquid can interact with the container to alter the system dynamics significantly. Important examples include propellant slosh in spacecraft tanks and rockets (especially upper stages), and the free surface effect (cargo slosh) in ships and trucks transporting liquids (for example oil and gasoline).
However, it has become common to refer to liquid motion in a completely filled tank, i.e. without a free surface, as "fuel slosh".
Such motion is characterized by "inertial waves" and can be an important effect in spinning spacecraft dynamics. Extensive mathematical and empirical relationships have been derived to describe liquid slosh. These types of analyses are typically undertaken using computational fluid dynamics and finite element methods to solve the fluid-structure interaction problem, especially if the solid container is flexible. Relevant fluid dynamics non-dimensional parameters include the Bond number, the Weber number, and the Reynolds number.
Slosh is an important effect for spacecraft, ships, some land vehicles and some aircraft. Slosh was a factor in the Falcon 1 second test flight anomaly, and has been implicated in various other spacecraft anomalies, including a near-disaster with the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer%20trap | An enhancer trap is a method in molecular biology. The enhancer trap construct contains a transposable element and a reporter gene. The first is necessary for (random) insertion in the genome, the latter is necessary for identification of the spatial regulation by the enhancer. On top of this, the construct usually includes a genetic marker, e.g., the white gene producing red-colored eyes in Drosophila, or ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
The most common and basic enhancer traps are: P[lacZ] from the bacterium E. coli and P[GAL4] from yeast. There exists a large number of fly stocks containing GAL4 insertions and an equally large number of fly stocks containing an UAS DNA sequence followed by a gene of interest, which permits the expression of a large number of genes with different GAL4 "drivers". Rather than generating transgenic flies with the enhancer linked directly to the gene of interest (which takes about a year when starting without the appropriate DNA construct), one transgenic fly is simply mated (crossed) with another transgenic fly.
See also
Gene trapping
P element
References
Genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request%E2%80%93response | In computer science, request–response or request–reply is one of the basic methods computers use to communicate with each other in a network, in which the first computer sends a request for some data and the second responds to the request. More specifically, it is a message exchange pattern in which a requestor sends a request message to a replier system, which receives and processes the request, ultimately returning a message in response. It is analogous to a telephone call, in which the caller must wait for the recipient to pick up before anything can be discussed. This is a simple but powerful messaging pattern which allows two applications to have a two-way conversation with one another over a channel; it is especially common in client–server architectures.
For simplicity, this pattern is typically implemented in a purely synchronous fashion, as in web service calls over HTTP, which holds a connection open and waits until the response is delivered or the timeout period expires. However, request–response may also be implemented asynchronously, with a response being returned at some unknown later time. When a synchronous system communicates with an asynchronous system, it is referred to as "sync over async" or "sync/async". This is common in enterprise application integration (EAI) implementations where slow aggregations, time-intensive functions, or human workflow must be performed before a response can be constructed and delivered.
In contrast, one-way computer communi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20homogeneous%20symmetric%20polynomial | In mathematics, specifically in algebraic combinatorics and commutative algebra, the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials are a specific kind of symmetric polynomials. Every symmetric polynomial can be expressed as a polynomial expression in complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials.
Definition
The complete homogeneous symmetric polynomial of degree in variables , written for , is the sum of all monomials of total degree in the variables. Formally,
The formula can also be written as:
Indeed, is just the multiplicity of in the sequence .
The first few of these polynomials are
Thus, for each nonnegative integer , there exists exactly one complete homogeneous symmetric polynomial of degree in variables.
Another way of rewriting the definition is to take summation over all sequences , without condition of ordering :
here is the multiplicity of number in the sequence .
For example
The polynomial ring formed by taking all integral linear combinations of products of the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials is a commutative ring.
Examples
The following lists the basic (as explained below) complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials for the first three positive values of .
For :
For :
For :
Properties
Generating function
The complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials are characterized by the following identity of formal power series in :
(this is called the generating function, or generating series, for the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling%20bath | A cooling bath or ice bath, in laboratory chemistry practice, is a liquid mixture which is used to maintain low temperatures, typically between 13 °C and −196 °C. These low temperatures are used to collect liquids after distillation, to remove solvents using a rotary evaporator, or to perform a chemical reaction below room temperature (see Kinetic control).
Cooling baths are generally one of two types: (a) a cold fluid (particularly liquid nitrogen, water, or even air) — but most commonly the term refers to (b) a mixture of 3 components: (1) a cooling agent (such as dry ice or ice); (2) a liquid "carrier" (such as liquid water, ethylene glycol, acetone, etc.), which transfers heat between the bath and the vessel; (3) an additive to depress the melting point of the solid/liquid system.
A familiar example of this is the use of an ice/rock-salt mixture to freeze ice cream. Adding salt lowers the freezing temperature of water, lowering the minimum temperature attainable with only ice.
Mixed-solvent cooling baths
Mixing solvents creates cooling baths with variable freezing points. Temperatures between approximately −78 °C and −17 °C can be maintained by placing coolant into a mixture of ethylene glycol and ethanol, while mixtures of methanol and water span the −128 °C to 0 °C temperature range. Dry ice sublimes at −78 °C, while liquid nitrogen is used for colder baths.
As water or ethylene glycol freeze out of the mixture, the concentration of ethanol/methanol increases. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Nova%20Gorica | The University of Nova Gorica, UNG (), is the fourth university in Slovenia. It is located in the towns of Nova Gorica, Gorizia (in Italy), Vipava, and Ajdovščina.
History
The University of Nova Gorica grew out of the School of Environmental Sciences founded in 1995 by the City Municipality of Nova Gorica and the Jožef Stefan Institute. Later two more institutions joined as the founders: the Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Municipality of Ajdovščina. In March 2006, the former Nova Gorica Polytechnic was renamed the University of Nova Gorica. Today the university has 7 schools and 10 research institutes.
Organization
Faculties and schools:
Graduate school
School for Viticulture and Enology
School of Science
School of Engineering and Management
School of Environmental Sciences
School of Humanities
School of Arts
Research institutes:
Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology
Center for Atmospheric Research
Center for Cognitive Science of Language
Centre for Information Technologies and Applied Mathematics
Research Centre for Humanities
Wine Research Centre
Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences
Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics
Laboratory of Quantum Optics
Materials Research Laboratory
References
External links
1995 establishments in Slovenia
Universities in Slovenia
Educational institutions established in 1995
University of Nova Gorica
Schools in the Slovene Littoral |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Cedar | Larry Frank Cedar (born March 6, 1955) is an American voice, film and television actor, best known as one of the players of the Children's Television Workshop mathematics show Square One TV on PBS from 1987 to 1994. He played Max, Alex the Butcher's assistant, in a series of commercials for Kroger in 1989. He is also known for playing Leon, the opium-addicted thief and faro dealer, in the internationally acclaimed HBO series Deadwood.
Life and career
Cedar's professional acting career did not begin until shortly after his admission to Hastings Law School when, on an impulse, he decided to audition for, and was accepted into the MFA Theater program at UCLA, from which he graduated in 1978. While there, he won the Hugh O'Brian Acting Competition award for Best Actor, resulting in a one-year artist development contract with Universal Studios. He went on to star in various television films, and numerous episodics and feature films, including a starring role opposite Rebecca De Mornay in the Ivan Reitman-produced Feds, and an appearance as The Creature on the Wing, opposite John Lithgow, in the Steven Spielberg remake, Twilight Zone: The Movie, directed by George Miller. He has also won an L.A. Theater Alliance Ovation Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical. Other actors in Cedar's family include Jon Cedar and George Cedar.
Cedar spent six seasons in New York starring in the award-winning PBS series Square One TV, and later starred in 40 episodes of the Fox television series |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford%20burner | A Crawford burner is a device used to test burn rate (chemistry) of solid propellants. It is also known as a strand burner.
A Crawford burner consists of a small pressure vessel in which a thin bar of propellant to be tested is mounted on a stand. The bar is coated with an external coating so that burning cross-sectional surface is restricted. The propellant is ignited at one end and burned to the other end. Wires are embedded in the propellant at certain intervals of distance so that when the propellant burning reaches the wire, it sends off electrical signals. These wires are connected to a chronometer and the electrical signals are recorded at different time intervals so that burning rate can be measured.
The burning rate measured from a strand burner is typically 4 to 12% less than actual burning rate observed in rockets. This is because the high temperature conditions in actual rockets are not simulated. The heat transfer characteristics are also different. Nevertheless, the strand burner experiment is easy to perform, can be repeated, and is a qualitative picture of the burning rate is obtained. The temperature sensitivity of burning rate is usually calculated from strand burner test data.
See also
Solid rocket
References
George P. Sutton and Oscar Biblarz. Rocket Propulsion Elements. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. .
External links
Crawford Burner System (Strand Burner)
Rocketry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Shipp%20Marvel | Carl Shipp "Speed" Marvel (September 11, 1894 – January 4, 1988) was an American chemist who specialized in polymer chemistry. He made important contributions to U.S. synthetic rubber program during World War II, and later worked at developing polybenzimidazoles, temperature-resistant polymers that are used in the aerospace industry, in fire-fighting equipment, and as a replacement for asbestos. He has been described as "one of the world's outstanding organic chemists" and received numerous awards, including the 1956 Priestley Medal and the 1986 National Medal of Science, presented by President Ronald Reagan.
Early life and education
Carl Shipp Marvel was born on September 11, 1894, in Waynesville, Illinois, U.S., to farmers
John Thomas Marvel and Mary Lucy Wasson Marvel. An uncle urged him to study chemistry. Marvel attended Illinois Wesleyan University from 1911 to 1915. He graduated with an A.B. and M.S. in chemistry. On the recommendation of his advisor, Alfred W. Homberger, Marvel obtained a $250 scholarship to the University of Illinois.
Marvel had to take extra classes to "catch up" during his first year at University of Illinois. He obtained the nickname "Speed" early on in his career as a chemist from his habit of rushing to breakfast after studying all night. While at Illinois, Marvel became a friend of fellow student Wallace Carothers. Marvel received his M.A. in Chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1916.
Marvel's studies were interrupted by World Wa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Clayden | Jonathan Paul Clayden (born 6 February 1968) is a Professor of organic chemistry at the University of Bristol.
Education
In 1992 he obtained his PhD at the University of Cambridge working with Dr Stuart Warren on asymmetric synthesis using phosphine oxide chemistry. He then carried out a postdoc with Prof Marc Julia and in 1994 became a lecturer in organic chemistry at the University of Manchester where he became a reader in 2000 and a Professor of Organic Chemistry in 2001. In 2015 he moved to a chair in chemistry at the University of Bristol.
Research
His research interests encompass various areas of synthesis and stereochemistry, particularly where conformation has a role to play: asymmetric synthesis, atropisomerism, organolithium chemistry, remote stereochemical effects and dynamic foldamer chemistry. He is one of the authors of the organic chemistry textbook - Organic Chemistry by Clayden, Greeves, Warren and Wothers. He also wrote Organolithiums: Selectivity for Synthesis, which concerns the use of organolithium compounds in organic synthetic reactions.
From 2005 to 2011 he was editor-in-chief of the Open Access Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
References
Organic chemists
British chemists
Academics of the University of Bristol
1968 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Mason | For the American composer, see Daniel Gregory Mason.
Daniel Mason (born ca. 1976) is an American novelist and physician. He is the author of The Piano Tuner and A Far Country. He was raised in Palo Alto, California, and received a BA in biology from Harvard University, later graduating from the UCSF School of Medicine. He wrote his first novel, The Piano Tuner, while still a medical student. It was later the basis for a 2004 opera of the same name (composed by Nigel Osborne to a libretto by Amanda Holden). Mason's second novel, A Far Country, was published in March 2007. His work has been published in 28 countries. He is married to the novelist Sara Houghteling.
In May 2020, Mason was the recipient of the $50,000 Simpson/Joyce Carol Oates Literary Prize.
Mason is a psychiatrist affiliated with Stanford Hospital, and teaches literature at Stanford University.
Books
The Piano Tuner - 2002
A Far Country - 2007
Death of the Pugilist, or The Famous Battle of Jacob Burke & Blindman McGraw - 2008
The Winter Soldier - 2018
A Registry of My Passage upon the Earth - 2020
North Woods - 2023
See also
Physician writer
References
External links
Interview with Mason at identitytheory.com
Review of The Piano Tuner by Michiko Kakutani in The New York Times
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
Harvard University alumni
University of California, San Francisco alumni
21st-century American male writers
1970s births
Living people
Year of birth uncertain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-TEC%20Corporation | S-TEC Corporation is a United States corporation that was founded in 1978 and is headquartered in Mineral Wells, Texas. It manufactures flight control systems for the General Aviation aftermarket and for a number of original equipment manufacturers. S-TEC is the leader in the general aviation autopilot market for small- and mid-sized planes.
Customers
Genesys Aerosystems has a number of forward-fit autopilot customers including Pilatus, Indonesian Aerospace, Epic Aircraft, and Aviat Aircraft. Their latest autopilot, the S-TEC 3100, has earned Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) on over 100 aircraft models.
History
Meggitt acquired S-TEC and S-TEC Unmanned Technologies (SUTI) for $24 million in 2000. (DRS Technologies purchased the UAV business from Meggitt in 2002 but later closed the Mineral Wells facility.)
S-TEC was purchased for $38 million by Cobham plc in 2008.
In April 2014, Cobham sold Chelton Flight Systems and S-TEC Corporation to Genesys Aerosystems.
Products
Avionics
Autopilot for small- and mid-sized planes
S-TEC 5000
S-TEC 3100
S-TEC 2100
S-TEC IntelliFlight 1950
S-TEC System 65
S-TEC System 60-2
S-TEC System 55X
S-TEC System 40/50
S-TEC System 30ALT/60PSS
S-TEC System 20/30
SA-200 Altitude Pre-Selector
ST-360 Altitude Pre-Selector w/Alerter
GPSS
Yaw Damper
Aircraft
S-TEC Sentry
References
External links
Genesys Aerosystems
Aircraft component manufacturers of the United States
Avionics companies
Electronic design
Manufacturing companie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature%20domains | In the branch of mathematics called potential theory, a quadrature domain in two dimensional real Euclidean space is a domain D (an open connected set) together with
a finite subset {z1, …, zk} of D such that, for every function u harmonic and integrable over D with respect to area measure, the integral of u with respect to this measure is given by a "quadrature formula"; that is,
where the cj are nonzero complex constants independent of u.
The most obvious example is when D is a circular disk: here k = 1, z1 is the center of the circle, and c1 equals the area of D. That quadrature formula expresses the mean value property of harmonic functions with respect to disks.
It is known that quadrature domains exist for all values of k. There is an analogous definition of quadrature domains in Euclidean space of dimension d larger than 2. There is also an alternative, electrostatic interpretation of quadrature domains: a domain D is a quadrature domain if a uniform distribution of electric charge on D creates the same electrostatic field outside D as does a k-tuple of point charges at the points z1, …, zk.
Quadrature domains and numerous generalizations thereof (e.g., replace area measure by length measure on the boundary of D) have in recent years been encountered in various connections such as inverse problems of Newtonian gravitation, Hele-Shaw flows of viscous fluids, and purely mathematical isoperimetric problems, and interest in them seems to be steadily growing. They we |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20White%20%28chemist%29 | John William White FAIP FRACI (25 April 1937 - 16 August 2023) was a Professor of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Research School of Chemistry, at the Australian National University.
He was a past president of Royal Australian Chemical Institute and president of Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering. He held the Argonne Fellowship (U. of Chicago) and was for many years a Fellow of St John's College, Oxford. Between 1975 and 1981 he was director of the Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France. He was a founding member of the International Society for Science and Religion
Research
White and his team have developed a simple method to produce a stable, thin (~90 Å) oil film on the surface of pure water, suitable for direct measurements of the oil-water interface using ellipsometry, X-ray or neutron reflectometry, or other experimental methods. Related research investigates nanoparticle interactions with protein. The public health implications of this research have also been evaluated.
Honours and awards
He has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Chemistry (1982), the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (1986), the Australian Institute of Physics (1986), the Royal Society of London (1993) and the Australian Academy of Science (1991). He has received the H. G. Smith Medal (1997), the Craig Medal (2005), the Leighton Medal (2005) and the AONSA Prize (2015).
He was awarded the Centenary Medal in 2001. and appointed an Officer of the Order of A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20White%20%28geophysicist%29 | Robert (Bob) Stephen White (born 12 December 1952) is Professor of Geophysics in the Earth Sciences department at Cambridge University (since 1989) and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1994. He is Director of the Faraday Institute for Science and Religion.
Biography
Bob White is also a Fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge, prior to which he was a student and Research Fellow at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. A Fellow of the Geological Society, and a member of the American Geophysical Union and several other professional bodies; he serves on numerous of their committees. He leads a research group investigating the Earth's dynamic crust. His most cited paper (White & McKenzie 1989) used geophysical evidence in conjunction with models of melt generation beneath rifts to show that the largest and most rapid effusions of volcanic rock on the earth, known as flood basalts, result from continental rifting above mantle plumes. He has organised fieldwork in many different countries and supervised 50 PhD students at the Department of Earth Sciences in Cambridge, many of whom are now prominent in academia, industry, government and education. His work at sea has taken him to the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and his research group is currently investigating the internal structure of volcanoes in Iceland, New Zealand, the Faroes and the Atlantic margin. His scientific work is published in over 350 papers and articles.
Honours and awards
2018 Awarded the Gold Me |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard%20Parkin | Gerard "Ged" F. R. Parkin (born February 15, 1959) is a professor of chemistry at Columbia University.
Biography
Gerard Parkin attended the English Martyrs School and Sixth Form College before working under Malcolm Green during both his undergraduate and graduate studies at Queens College of Oxford University. His work involved exploring the chemistry of tungsten phosphine derivatives. He obtained a post-doctoral position at the California Institute of Technology working with Professor John Bercaw on tungstenocene reactivity. In 1988, Ged joined the faculty at Columbia University, where he currently investigates a myriad of problems in main group and transition metal chemistry, including:
Calixarene complexes
Retrodative bonding, especially related to boratranes
Group 6 reactivity relating to X-H (X=H, C, O) bond activation, hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation
The Tris(mercaptoimidazolyl) borate Tm ligand
Terminal chalcogen metal bonding
Zinc complexes as models for biological systems
Antimony alkoxides and aryloxides
Cleaving the mercury–carbon bond.
Honors
Parkin received the 2008 ACS Award in Organometallic Chemistry and the 1994 ACS Award in pure chemistry from the American Chemical Society.
He also received the Corday–Morgan Medal from the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1995. In 2009 he received the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring, an award that was presented at a White House ceremony.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20and%20Science%20Education%20Program | The Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Education Program (STEM, formerly Engineering and Science Education Program or ESEP) is a science and mathematics-oriented curriculum devised for high schools in the Philippines. The STEM program is offered by specialized high schools, whether public or private, supervised by the Department of Education. Currently, there are 110 high schools offering the STEM program, the majority being public. It was piloted in 1994 by the Department of Science & Technology (DOST).
Comparison between the STEM, the RSHS Union and the PSHS System
All three types of science high schools in the Philippines (STEM high schools, high schools in the Regional Science High School Union and the Philippine Science High School System) offer a curriculum placing importance in mathematics and the sciences, as well as research. It is noted though that the RSHS Union and the PSHS System have much higher standards of science and mathematics education than STEM high schools. Likewise, STEM high schools and the RSHS Union are operated by Department of Education, while the PSHS system is operated by Department of Science and Technology.
In STEM high schools, transfer students are permitted to enroll provided the student is coming from another STEM high school, from an RSHS or from the PSHS System. In the Regional Science High School Union and the PSHS System, transfers are only allowed within their respective systems for incoming sophomores only. Students wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20sum%20symmetric%20polynomial | In mathematics, specifically in commutative algebra, the power sum symmetric polynomials are a type of basic building block for symmetric polynomials, in the sense that every symmetric polynomial with rational coefficients can be expressed as a sum and difference of products of power sum symmetric polynomials with rational coefficients. However, not every symmetric polynomial with integral coefficients is generated by integral combinations of products of power-sum polynomials: they are a generating set over the rationals, but not over the integers.
Definition
The power sum symmetric polynomial of degree k in variables x1, ..., xn, written pk for k = 0, 1, 2, ..., is the sum of all kth powers of the variables. Formally,
The first few of these polynomials are
Thus, for each nonnegative integer , there exists exactly one power sum symmetric polynomial of degree in variables.
The polynomial ring formed by taking all integral linear combinations of products of the power sum symmetric polynomials is a commutative ring.
Examples
The following lists the power sum symmetric polynomials of positive degrees up to n for the first three positive values of In every case, is one of the polynomials. The list goes up to degree n because the power sum symmetric polynomials of degrees 1 to n are basic in the sense of the theorem stated below.
For n = 1:
For n = 2:
For n = 3:
Properties
The set of power sum symmetric polynomials of degrees 1, 2, ..., n in n variables ge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryoji%20Noyori%20Prize | The Ryoji Noyori Prize was established by the Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan in 2002 to commemorate Ryōji Noyori winning the 101st Nobel Prize in Chemistry as well as the 60th anniversary of the Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry. The prize is given "to recognize and encourage outstanding contributions to research in asymmetric synthetic chemistry defined in its broadest sense." The prize is sponsored by Takasago International Corporation.
Prizewinners
Source: Noyori Prize winners
2002 – Henri B. Kagan
2003 – Gilbert Stork
2004 – Dieter Seebach
2005 – Tsutomu Katsuki
2006 – David A. Evans
2007 –
2008 – Andreas Pfaltz
2009 – Yoshio Okamoto
2010 – Eric N. Jacobsen
2011 – Hisashi Yamamoto
2012 – Masakatsu Shibasaki
2013 – Barry Trost
2014 – Dieter Enders
2015 – Larry E. Overman
2016 –
2017 – David MacMillan
2018 – Yoshito Kishi
2019 – Scott E. Denmark
2020 – Tsuneo Imamoto
2021 – Erick M. Carreira
See also
List of chemistry awards
List of prizes named after people
References
Chemistry awards
Japanese science and technology awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaisser%E2%80%93Hillas%20function | The Gaisser–Hillas function is used in astroparticle physics. It parameterizes the longitudinal particle density in a cosmic ray air shower. The function was proposed in 1977 by Thomas K. Gaisser and Anthony Michael Hillas.
The number of particles as a function of traversed atmospheric depth is expressed as
where is maximum number of particles observed at depth , and and are primary mass and energy dependent parameters.
Using substitutions
, and
the function can be written in an alternative one-parametric (m) form as
References
Cosmic rays |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilpotent%20orbit | In mathematics, nilpotent orbits are generalizations of nilpotent matrices that play an important role
in representation theory of real and complex semisimple Lie groups and semisimple Lie algebras.
Definition
An element X of a semisimple Lie algebra g is called nilpotent if its adjoint endomorphism
ad X: g → g, ad X(Y) = [X,Y]
is nilpotent, that is, (ad X)n = 0 for large enough n. Equivalently, X is nilpotent if its characteristic polynomial pad X(t) is equal to tdim g.
A semisimple Lie group or algebraic group G acts on its Lie algebra via the adjoint representation, and the property of being nilpotent is invariant under this action. A nilpotent orbit is an orbit of the adjoint action such that any (equivalently, all) of its elements is (are) nilpotent.
Examples
Nilpotent matrices with complex entries form the main motivating case for the general theory, corresponding to the complex general linear group. From the Jordan normal form of matrices we know that each nilpotent matrix is conjugate to a unique matrix with Jordan blocks of sizes where is a partition of n. Thus in the case n=2 there are two nilpotent orbits, the zero orbit consisting of the zero matrix and corresponding to the partition (1,1) and the principal orbit consisting of all non-zero matrices A with zero trace and determinant,
with
corresponding to the partition (2). Geometrically, this orbit is a two-dimensional complex quadratic cone in four-dimensional vector space of matrices minus its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular%20Lie%20algebra | In mathematics, a modular Lie algebra is a Lie algebra over a field of positive characteristic.
The theory of modular Lie algebras is significantly different from the theory of real and complex Lie algebras. This difference can be traced to the properties of Frobenius automorphism and to the failure of the exponential map to establish a tight connection between properties of a modular Lie algebra and the corresponding algebraic group.
Although serious study of modular Lie algebras was initiated by Nathan Jacobson in 1950s, their representation theory in the semisimple case was advanced only recently due to the influential Lusztig conjectures, which have been partially proved.
References
Lie algebras |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%20Chi%20Minh%20City%20University%20of%20Agriculture%20and%20Forestry | Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City Viet Nam () or Nong Lam University () is a comprehensive university in Thủ Đức, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The university offers 46 majors, such as: Agronomy, Agricultural Engineering, Forestry, Animal Sciences Fisheries, Food Technology, Environmental Science, Foreign Languages, Biological Technology, Economics, and IT, providing both graduate and postgraduate programs.
Faculties
Faculty of Agriculture
Faculty of Veterinary Breeding
Faculty of Forestry
Faculty of Economics
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Faculty of Fishery
Faculty of Food Technology
Faculty of Sciences
Faculty of Foreign Languages
Faculty of Environment Technology
Faculty of Information Technology
Faculty of Land and Real Estate
Departments
Department of Politics
Department of Chemistry Technology
Department of BioTechnology
Department of Technical Education
External links
Official Website of Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh city Viet nam
Universities in Ho Chi Minh City
Agriculture in Vietnam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal%20prime | In mathematics, the term minimal prime may refer to
Minimal prime ideal, in commutative algebra
Minimal prime (recreational mathematics), the minimal prime number satisfying some property |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Hook%20Richens | Richard Hook Richens (1919–1984) was a botanist and an early researcher in Computational Linguistics.
Botany
R. H. Richens was the Director of the Commonwealth Bureau of Plant Breeding and Genetics (part of the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux) at Cambridge University, and became best known for his studies of elm (Ulmus). His most famous publication was the seminal Elm, published in 1983, in which he sank many elms formerly treated as species as mere varieties or subspecies of Ulmus minor, notably the English Elm U. procera, which he renamed U. minor var. vulgaris. Richens' all-England collection of specimen elm leaves, along with comparative samples from the Continent, assembled at the Cambridge Department of Applied Biology, is now held at the Cambridge University Herbarium in the Sainsbury Laboratory. Dr. Richens served for many years on the International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants, where he enjoyed challenging the vested interests of French rose growers who wanted to name new rose varieties after film stars etc. At the time when Britain joined the Common Market, he was involved in meetings to thrash out the details of the modifications required to the Common Agricultural Policy.
Wartime activities
R. H. Richens was an undergraduate at Selwyn College, Cambridge at the start of World War II. He had always had an interest in church music and sang in Kings’ College Choir for a year. In 1940, along with his future wife Ruth, he formally joined th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20P.%20Winfree | William Paul Winfree (born 9 March 1951) is an American experimental physicist who is known for his contributions to the field of nondestructive evaluation.
Winfree received his B.A. in 1973 from George Mason University, where he graduated magna cum laude and was awarded the department citation as the outstanding undergraduate in mathematics and physics. He earned his M.S. and Ph.D. in physics from The College of William and Mary in 1975 and 1978, respectively.
Winfree is the Head of the Nondestructive Evaluation Science Branch at NASA Langley Research Center and is also Adjunct Professor of Applied Science at The College of William and Mary.
He is married to Barbara Winfree. The two have three children: Paul Leighton, Adam David Rildagino Lexus Maximus Constantine, and Emily ("Wu") Elizabeth.
External links
Winfree's page at W&M
21st-century American physicists
1951 births
Living people
George Mason University alumni
College of William & Mary alumni
College of William & Mary faculty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangin%27-A-Round | Hangin'-A-Round was the name of the robotics contest at the 2006-2007 FIRST Vex Challenge (FVC). The contest involved building a robot from a kit that could attain a higher score than the opposition by placing the softballs into the colored goals, possessing the “atlas ball”, and by being parked on the platform or hanging from the bar.
The game
Competitors were put on two-team alliances in the qualification matches. The competitors could place their robot anywhere on their side of the field. Each match had a 20-second autonomous period. During the autonomous period each robot's program could drive autonomously to score points without human control. Once the 20 seconds were over, the operators controlled them for the following 2-minute operator control period.
Scoring
The robots' main objective was to score softballs into a low corner goal for 1 point each or score softballs into a tall, triangular goal for 3 points each. In the center was a square platform placed on a dolly. On the platform was a raised bar, 36" off the ground, from one corner to the opposite corner diagonally. A robot parked on the platform and not touching the foam mats would win 5 points. A robot hanging from the bar at the end of a match without touching the platform or the foam would win 15 points. A large, yellow ball called the Atlas Ball was placed on the platform at the beginning of each match. The Atlas Ball would double the points that an alliance made by scoring balls in goals if it was mostly o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Kozerski | Bruce Kozerski (born April 2, 1962) is a former American football center who played twelve seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals in the National Football League (NFL). He graduated from James M. Coughlin High School in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, MA with a major in Physics and later acquired a Master's in teaching from Xavier University. He was an alternate in the 1988, 1989, and 1990 Pro Bowls. "Mr. Versatile", as he was called, retired after the 1995 season. He is a teacher at Holy Cross High School in Covington, Kentucky where he teaches physics, pre-calculus, and calculus. He is also the head football coach at Holy Cross as well. He lives in Edgewood, Kentucky.
On November 25, 2011, Kozerski, in his eighth year as head coach, led Holy Cross High School's Covington football team to the Kentucky High School Athletic Association Division 2A, state football championship. It was the Indians' first appearance in the state championship game. Holy Cross defeated Glasgow High School 33-14 in the championship game.
References
1962 births
Living people
American football offensive linemen
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Cincinnati Bengals players
Holy Cross Crusaders football players
College of the Holy Cross alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Chu | "Anne Chu was born in 1959 in New York City. Her parents came from China, and her father was a mathematics professor at Columbia University. When she was in middle school, her family moved to Westchester County, north of the city. She graduated from the Philadelphia College of Art (now the University of the Arts) in 1982 and received an MFA from Columbia University in 1985".
Chu's works, influenced by the combination of eastern and western elements, create a "strong dichotomy between that which is modern and ancient, abstract and figurative, unknown and fantastical". She applies multiple techniques that "unite form, content, and color" in a "seemingly effortless, cohesive manner". Despite being primarily a sculptor, "creating monumental works from wood, ceramic, and papier-mâché", “Chu also makes watercolors and monotypes”. In these mediums she chooses the themes of "landscapes, castles, and knights", creating exotic works that seem abstract but thematically connect her works through figurative elements.
“Ms. Chu was the recipient of the 2001 Penny McCall award and was awarded grants from the Anonymous Was a Woman Foundation and the Joan Mitchell Foundation”. “Her work has been widely exhibited, including at the Dallas Art Museum, the Berkeley Art Museum, and the Indianapolis Museum of Art”.
Artistic style
Despite being a Chinese American, Anne Chu does not identify closely with Chinese culture. Instead, her sculptures "reflect a thorough knowledge of world art, much of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20R.%20Hough | Richard Ralston Hough (; 1917 – July 9, 1992) was a Bell Labs engineer and AT&T executive.
Biography
Hough was born in Trenton, New Jersey, and attended Trenton High School. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1939 and a graduate degree in 1940 in electrical engineering from Princeton University. While at Princeton, he was on the school's swimming team and set several world records in that sport.
In 1980 Hough received the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal for his role in the introduction of electronic telephone switching.
He was inaugurated into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1970.
He died in a crash in 1992, when the private plane he was piloting experienced engine failure near Concord, New Hampshire.
See also
List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
References
External links
Hough's bio at IEEE History Center, written 1980
Memorial Tribute to Hough, 1993, National Academy of Engineering
1917 births
1992 deaths
American electrical engineers
Scientists at Bell Labs
Princeton Tigers men's swimmers
Princeton University alumni
20th-century American engineers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%E2%80%93Luecke%20theorem | In mathematics, the Gordon–Luecke theorem on knot complements states that if the complements of two tame knots are homeomorphic, then the knots are equivalent. In particular, any homeomorphism between knot complements must take a meridian to a meridian.
The theorem is usually stated as "knots are determined by their complements"; however this is slightly ambiguous as it considers two knots to be equivalent if there is a self-homeomorphism taking one knot to the other. Thus mirror images are neglected. Often two knots are considered equivalent if they are isotopic. The correct version in this case is that if two knots have complements which are orientation-preserving homeomorphic, then they are isotopic.
These results follow from the following (also called the Gordon–Luecke theorem): no nontrivial Dehn surgery on a nontrivial knot in the 3-sphere can yield the 3-sphere.
The theorem was proved by Cameron Gordon and John Luecke. Essential ingredients of the proof are their joint work with Marc Culler and Peter Shalen on the cyclic surgery theorem, combinatorial techniques in the style of Litherland, thin position, and Scharlemann cycles.
For link complements, it is not in fact true that links are determined by their complements. For example, JHC Whitehead proved that there are infinitely many links whose complements are all homeomorphic to the Whitehead link. His construction is to twist along a disc spanning an unknotted component (as is the case for either com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius%20aromaticity | In organic chemistry, Möbius aromaticity is a special type of aromaticity believed to exist in a number of organic molecules. In terms of molecular orbital theory these compounds have in common a monocyclic array of molecular orbitals in which there is an odd number of out-of-phase overlaps, the opposite pattern compared to the aromatic character to Hückel systems. The nodal plane of the orbitals, viewed as a ribbon, is a Möbius strip, rather than a cylinder, hence the name. The pattern of orbital energies is given by a rotated Frost circle (with the edge of the polygon on the bottom instead of a vertex), so systems with 4n electrons are aromatic, while those with 4n + 2 electrons are anti-aromatic/non-aromatic. Due to incrementally twisted nature of the orbitals of a Möbius aromatic system, stable Möbius aromatic molecules need to contain at least 8 electrons, although 4 electron Möbius aromatic transition states are well known in the context of the Dewar-Zimmerman framework for pericyclic reactions. Möbius molecular systems were considered in 1964 by Edgar Heilbronner by application of the Hückel method, but the first such isolable compound was not synthesized until 2003 by the group of Rainer Herges. However, the fleeting trans-C9H9+ cation, one conformation of which is shown on the right, was proposed to be a Möbius aromatic reactive intermediate in 1998 based on computational and experimental evidence.
Hückel-Möbius aromaticity
The Herges compound (6 in the image b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20applications%20of%20nanotechnology | As the world's energy demand continues to grow, the development of more efficient and sustainable technologies for generating and storing energy is becoming increasingly important. According to Dr. Wade Adams from Rice University, energy will be the most pressing problem facing humanity in the next 50 years and nanotechnology has potential to solve this issue. Nanotechnology, a relatively new field of science and engineering, has shown promise to have a significant impact on the energy industry. Nanotechnology is defined as any technology that contains particles with one dimension under 100 nanometers in length. For scale, a single virus particle is about 100 nanometers wide.
People in the fields of science and engineering have already begun developing ways of utilizing nanotechnology for the development of consumer products. Benefits already observed from the design of these products are an increased efficiency of lighting and heating, increased electrical storage capacity, and a decrease in the amount of pollution from the use of energy. Benefits such as these make the investment of capital in the research and development of nanotechnology a top priority.
Commonly used nanomaterials in energy
An important sub-field of nanotechnology related to energy is nanofabrication, the process of designing and creating devices on the nanoscale. The ability to create devices smaller than 100 nanometers opens many doors for the development of new ways to capture, store, and transfer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diederich%20Hinrichsen | Diederich Hinrichsen (born 17 February 1939) is a German mathematician who, together with Hans W. Knobloch, established the field of dynamical systems theory and control theory in Germany.
Life and work
Diederich Hinrichsen was born in 1939, and studied mathematics, physics, literature, philosophy, and economics from 1958 to 1965 in Hamburg.
In 1966 he got his PhD at the University of Erlangen under the supervision of Heinz Bauer. His main research area at that time was abstract potential theory, with a special focus on extensions of the Cauchy-Weil theorem to the Choquet boundary. After research visits in Paris and Hamburg, he went to Havana where he helped to re-establish mathematics in Cuba. After an appointment to Bielefeld, he became professor of mathematics at the University of Bremen.
Hinrichsen was the founding director of the Research Center for Dynamical Systems, concentrating on finite- and infinite-dimensional linear systems, stochastic dynamical systems, nonlinear dynamics and stability analysis.
He focused on algebraic systems theory, parameterization problems in control and linear algebra, infinite-dimensional systems, and stability analysis, developing a comprehensive theory of linear systems. In a different direction, with Anthony J. Pritchard (University of Warwick), he worked on concepts of stability radii and spectral value sets, building up a robustness theory covering deterministic and stochastic aspects of dynamical systems.
After retiring in Germa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mathematics%20of%20Magic%3A%20The%20Enchanter%20Stories%20of%20L.%20Sprague%20de%20Camp%20and%20Fletcher%20Pratt | The Mathematics of Magic: The Enchanter Stories of L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt is an omnibus collection of seven fantasy stories by American science fiction and fantasy authors L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt, gathering material previously published in three volumes as The Incomplete Enchanter (1941), The Castle of Iron (1950), and Wall of Serpents (1960) together with additional material from The Enchanter Reborn (1992) and The Exotic Enchanter (1995). It represents an expansion of the earlier omnibuses The Compleat Enchanter, which contained only the material in the first two volumes, and The Complete Compleat Enchanter, which contained only the material in the first three volumes. The expanded version also differs from the previous omnibuses in its selection of supplementary material. The Mathematics of Magic is the first edition of the authors' Harold Shea series to include every one of their contributions to it in one volume. Contributions to the series of other authors from the collections of the 1990s are omitted.
The collection was edited by Mark L. Olson and first published in hardcover by NESFA Press in February, 2007. The stories in the collection were originally published in magazine form in the May 1940, August 1940 and April 1941 issues of Unknown, the June 1953 issue of Fantasy Fiction, the November 1954 issue of Beyond Fantasy Fiction, the World Fantasy Convention program book for 1990, and the collection The Exotic Enchanter in 1995. De Camp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef%20Gos%C5%82awski%20%28architect%29 | Józef Gosławski, also known as Iosif Vikentievich Goslavsky (; 1865 – 30 January 1904) was a Polish architect mainly active in Baku, Azerbaijan.
Life and contributions
Józef Gosławski was born near Warsaw in Congress Poland to a noble Polish family. In 1891, he graduated from the Institute of Civil Engineering in Saint Petersburg, and a year later he was appointed chief architect of the city of Baku (present-day capital of Azerbaijan). His first task was to assist the local architect Robert Marfeld in designing and supervising the construction of the largest church in the Caucasus, the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral of Baku.
The building of the grandiose cathedral was completed in 1898 with the help of Baku's Eastern Orthodox, Muslim and Jewish communities who provided funding in addition to the money provided by the government. Gosławski's other architectural contributions in Baku were the Taghiyev Residence (present-day Azerbaijan State Museum of History), the Empress Alexandra Russian Muslim Boarding School for Girls (present-day Fuzuli Institute of Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan), a number of industrial buildings and houses. Gosławski's final creation was the City Duma (present-day Baku City Hall), whose both exterior and interior was designed by him. The construction of the building, which even today remains one of the major sights in Baku, cost 400,000 golden roubles. However, Gosławski never lived to see the completion of the construction. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20Browne | John C. Browne (born July 29, 1942) is an American physicist.
Biography
He was born in Pottstown, Pennsylvania as the fifth child of Charles I. and Mary Agnes (Titzer) Browne. He received a B.S. in physics from Drexel University (1965). He received a Ph.D. in physics from Duke University (1969). His thesis was titled "Fine Structure of Analog States in 61,63,65-Cu".
After teaching at Duke University (1969–70), he joined Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, where he did research in basic and applied nuclear physics at a 100-MeV electron linac, including studies in nuclear fission and nuclear astrophysics.
He joined Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1979 as head of Group P-3, the neutron physics group in the LANL physics division, helping to start a new research effort in weak interaction physics. He became physics division leader in 1981, succeeding George A. Keyworth, who became President Ronald Reagan's science advisor. In 1984, he was appointed associate director for experimental physics by lab director Donald Kerr. When Siegfried Hecker became lab director in 1986, he appointed Browne to a series of posts. In 1986, Browne became associate director for research with responsibility for programs and divisions associated with the research funded by the DOE Office of Energy Research. He then served as associate director for defense research and applications (1986–91) where he was responsible for programs funded by the Department of Defense and th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdeterminism | Superdeterminism describes the set of local hidden-variable theories consistent with the results of experiments derived from Bell's theorem which include a local correlation between the measurement settings and the state being measured. Superdeterministic theories are not interpretations of quantum mechanics, but deeper theories which reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics on average, for which a few toy models have been proposed. In such theories, "the probabilities of quantum theory then become no more mysterious than those used in classical statistical mechanics." Postulating that systems being measured are correlated with the settings of the measurements apparatus, is a violation of what Bell described as a "vital assumption" of his theorem. A hidden-variables theory which is superdeterministic can thus fulfill Bell's notion of local causality and still violate the inequalities derived from Bell's theorem. Unlike , superdeterministic theories cannot be excluded by Bell-type experiments (though they may be bounded) as ultimately the past light cones of all measurement settings and measured states overlap at the Big Bang implying a necessarily shared causal past and thus the possibility of local causal dependence.
Overview
Bell's theorem assumes that the measurements performed at each detector can be chosen independently of each other and of the hidden variables that determine the measurement outcome. This relation is often referred to as measurement independence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr%20Grant | Professor Sir Kerr Grant (1878-1967) was an Australian physicist and a significant figure in higher education administration in South Australia in the first half of the twentieth century.
Kerr Grant was born in the then rural town of Bacchus Marsh, near Melbourne in the Australian state of Victoria in 1878. He studied mathematics at the University of Melbourne and was awarded a B.Sc. in 1901 and M.Sc. in 1903, both with first class honours. In 1904, he studied at the University of Göttingen in Germany where he studied with American Nobel Prize winning chemist and physicist Irving Langmuir. In 1911, he was appointed Elder professor of physics at the University of Adelaide. He held this position until 1948 and his students included Dr. Douglas Allen of the British atomic research team, Professor George Eric MacDonnell Jauncey, professor of physics at Washington University in St. Louis, Hugh Cairns, Mark Oliphant, and Howard Florey (later Baron Florey).
In 1919, he attended the laboratories of the General Electric Co. at Schenectady in the United States. While there he was intrigued by the work performed there on molecular films and on return to Adelaide encouraged study on such films on mercury. During World War II, like many scientists, Grant was involved in war work. He was appointed chairman of the Scientific (physics) Manpower Advisory Committee, controller of the Adelaide branch of the Army Inventions Directorate, a member and later chairman of the Optical Munitio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20S.%20Bali | Gurmukh Singh Bali (27 July 1954 – 30 October 2021) was a Member of the Legislative Assembly from Nagrota Bagwan, Himachal Pradesh, India. He was born on 27 July 1954 at Kangra. He had a Diploma in Mechanical Engineering. He got married on 20 June 1977. He was the Transport, Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs and Technical Education Minister in Himachal Pradesh Cabinet.
He served as the Himachal Nagrik Sudhar Sabha's founding president. He served as the Himachal Social Bodies Federation's Vice Chairman and later its Chairman. From 1990 to 1997, he served as the Indian National Congress Vichar Manch's convener. He was the President of the Congress Seva Dal from 1995 to 1998. He was also the Joint Secretary of the Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee from 1993 to 1998.
He got elected to Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha in 1998 and was re-elected in 2003, 2007 and 2012. He was appointed the Cabinet Minister for Transport on 6 March 2003. He lost to Arun Kumar from BJP in 2017 Assembly elections.
Death
He died at AIIMS Delhi on 30 October 2021 at the age of 67. He died from post-operation complications of his kidney transplant.
References
1954 births
2021 deaths
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003
People from Kangra, Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2003–2007
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic%20desktop | In computer science, the semantic desktop is a collective term for ideas related to changing a computer's user interface and data handling capabilities so that data are more easily shared between different applications or tasks and so that data that once could not be automatically processed by a computer could be. It also encompasses some ideas about being able to share information automatically between different people. This concept is very much related to the Semantic Web, but is distinct insofar as its main concern is the personal use of information.
General description
The vision of the semantic desktop can be considered as a response to the perceived problems of existing user interfaces. Without good metadata, computers cannot easily learn many commonly needed attributes about files. For example, suppose one downloads a document by a particular author on a particular subject - though the document will likely clearly indicate its subject, author, source and possibly copyright information there may be no easy way for the computer to obtain this information and process it across applications like file managers, desktop search engines, and other services. This means the computer cannot search, filter or otherwise act upon the information as effectively as it otherwise could. This is very much the problem that the Semantic Web is concerned with.
Secondly there is the problem of relating different files with each other. For example, on operating systems such as Unix, e-mails |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Zhitkov | Boris Stepanovich Zhitkov (; – 19 October 1938) was a writer from the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union, mainly known as the author of children's books and the novel Viktor Vavich about the 1905 Russian Revolution.
Biography
Zhitkov was born in Novgorod; his father worked as a mathematics teacher and his mother was a pianist. His works include numerous books in which he, in a figurative form, described various professions. His books are based on his rich experience as a sailor and then ship captain, scientist, traveler and explorer. He also worked as a navigator, an ichthyologist, a metal worker, a shipbuilding engineer, a teacher of physics and drafting, and a technical college headmaster. Zhitkov personally participated in the 1905 Russian Revolution.
In 1924 Zhitkov started to be published and soon became a professional writer. He is best known for the children's travel book What I Saw () about the summer vacation adventures of a curious little boy nicknamed Pochemuchka (Russian: Почемучка, a new word coined by Zhitkov from Почему, meaning Why?). Zhitkov was a close friend of Korney Chukovsky, who wrote in his diary entry for 28 December 1931:Zhitkov is all upset about the self-flagellation going on among critics at the Writers' Union. He says that at the meeting where Eikhenbaum was asked to practice self-criticism, Eikhenbaum responded, "Self-criticism should be practiced before one writes, not after." [...] Zhitkov's interpretation of the now famous meeting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorskii%20reaction | The Favorskii reaction is an organic chemistry reaction between an alkyne and a carbonyl group, under basic conditions. The reaction was discovered in the early 1900s by the Russian chemist Alexei Yevgrafovich Favorskii.
When the carbonyl is an aldehyde (R"=H), a rearrangement can occur to generate enone, although the secondary propargylic alcohol can be isolated in some cases. When this rearrangement is catalyzed by an acid, it is called Meyer–Schuster rearrangement.
Reaction mechanism and scope
A metal acetylide is formed in situ when an alkyne is treated with a strong bases such as a hydroxide or an alkoxide:
HC≡CH + KOH HC≡CK + H2O
RR'C=O + HC≡CK RR'C(OK)C≡CH
The metal acetylide then reacts with an aldehyde or ketone to form a propargyl alcohol. When an α-hydrogen is present (as is the case when the carbonyl is an aldehyde), it will tautomerize to the corresponding enone.
The applicable substrates that undergo a Favorskii reaction are limited when compared to the conventional reaction because using an excess of hydroxide base introduces aldol condensation as a more significant competing side reaction. Since enolates do not react with acetylene, the reaction can be often be a poor substitute for the conventional reaction, especially when reaction is used on aldehydes. Successful reactions with aldehydes often require special solvents to be used, such as DMSO or 1,2-dimethoxyethane with a trace amount of ethanol. Additionally, LiOH fails to form the necessary adduc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Cox | Harold Cox (1859 – 1 May 1936) was a Liberal MP for Preston from 1906 to 1910.
Early life
The son of Homersham Cox, a County Court judge, Cox was educated at Tonbridge School in Kent and was scholar and later fellow at Jesus College, Cambridge where he took a Mathematics degree in 1882. He later lectured on Political Economy for Cambridge University Extension Society in York and Hull.
Edward Carpenter told some of Harold's story, and acknowledged his part in providing Edward with comfortable footwear:
DURING my absence in the United States, my friend Harold Cox, who had just left Cambridge, came down to Millthorpe and spent a good part of the summer there - remaining a bit after my return home. He wanted to get manual and farm and garden experience, and that same autumn he plunged into farming - took a farm at Tilford in Surrey, and inducted a little colony into it. But the land was mere sand, and the experience of one winter and spring was enough! In less than a year he gave the place up, and went out, by way of a change, to India, to the Anglo-Mohammedan College at Futtehgur. While in India he went in '85 or '86 for a tour in Cashmere, and from Cashmere he sent me a pair of Indian sandals.
Harold taught mathematics for two years in India at the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, which is now Aligarh Muslim University at Aligarh. He returned to England in 1887 to read for the Bar, and became a student of Gray's Inn. Instead of a barrister, he became a journalist. As a pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline%20cohomology | In mathematics, crystalline cohomology is a Weil cohomology theory for schemes X over a base field k. Its values Hn(X/W) are modules over the ring W of Witt vectors over k. It was introduced by and developed by .
Crystalline cohomology is partly inspired by the p-adic proof in of part of the Weil conjectures and is closely related to the algebraic version of de Rham cohomology that was introduced by Grothendieck (1963). Roughly speaking, crystalline cohomology of a variety X in characteristic p is the de Rham cohomology of a smooth lift of X to characteristic 0, while de Rham cohomology of X is the crystalline cohomology reduced mod p (after taking into account higher Tors).
The idea of crystalline cohomology, roughly, is to replace the Zariski open sets of a scheme by infinitesimal thickenings of Zariski open sets with divided power structures. The motivation for this is that it can then be calculated by taking a local lifting of a scheme from characteristic p to characteristic 0 and employing an appropriate version of algebraic de Rham cohomology.
Crystalline cohomology only works well for smooth proper schemes. Rigid cohomology extends it to more general schemes.
Applications
For schemes in characteristic p, crystalline cohomology theory can handle questions about p-torsion in cohomology groups better than p-adic étale cohomology. This makes it a natural backdrop for much of the work on p-adic L-functions.
Crystalline cohomology, from the point of view of number |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Higgins%20%28chemist%29 | William Higgins (1763 – June 1825), an Irish chemist, was one of the early proponents of atomic theory. Known mainly for his speculative ideas on chemical combination, William Higgins is popular for the insights his life offers into the emergence of chemistry as a career during the British Industrial Revolution. Despite an evident charm, his erratic behaviour and tendency to indulge personal animosities prevented him from engaging the affections of London society. Instead he found refuge in a succession of government-supported chemical positions in Dublin. Thanks to the combination of such scientific opportunities with family resources, he became a very wealthy man.
Early years
Higgins was born in Collooney, County Sligo, Ireland, and came from a well-known medical family. William was the second child and younger son of Thomas Higgins, a physician educated at the University of Edinburgh. William’s uncle Bryan Higgins was also an eminent chemist. When William was a boy he was sent to London to live with his uncle. Under his uncle’s guidance, William developed a strong liking for and expertise in experimental chemistry.
Beginning experiments
In the early 1780s William assisted in making all the experiments detailed in his uncle Bryan Higgins’ Experiments and Observations Relating to Acetous Acid. In 1785 William undertook a mineralogical tour through England, also visiting a number of chemical manufacturers. In 1788 he entered Pembroke College, Oxford but did not com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilenberg%E2%80%93Zilber%20theorem | In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the Eilenberg–Zilber theorem is an important result in establishing the link between the homology groups of a product space and those of the spaces and . The theorem first appeared in a 1953 paper in the American Journal of Mathematics by Samuel Eilenberg and Joseph A. Zilber. One possible route to a proof is the acyclic model theorem.
Statement of the theorem
The theorem can be formulated as follows. Suppose and are topological spaces, Then we have the three chain complexes , , and . (The argument applies equally to the simplicial or singular chain complexes.) We also have the tensor product complex , whose differential is, by definition,
for and , the differentials on ,.
Then the theorem says that we have chain maps
such that is the identity and is chain-homotopic to the identity. Moreover, the maps are natural in and . Consequently the two complexes must have the same homology:
Statement in terms of composite maps
The original theorem was proven in terms of acyclic models but more mileage was gotten in a phrasing by Eilenberg and Mac Lane using explicit maps. The standard map they produce is traditionally referred to as the Alexander–Whitney map and the Eilenberg–Zilber map. The maps are natural in both and and inverse up to homotopy: one has
for a homotopy natural in both and such that further, each of , , and is zero. This is what would come to be known as a contraction or a homotopy retract da |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton%20reaction | The Barton reaction, also known as the Barton nitrite ester reaction, is a photochemical reaction that involves the photolysis of an alkyl nitrite to form a δ-nitroso alcohol.
Discovered in 1960, the reaction is named for its discoverer, Nobel laureate Sir Derek Barton. Barton's Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1969 was awarded for his work on understanding conformations of organic molecules, work which was key to realizing the utility of the Barton Reaction.
The Barton reaction involves a homolytic RO–NO cleavage, followed by δ-hydrogen abstraction, free radical recombination, and tautomerization to form an oxime. Selectivity for the δ-hydrogen is a result of the conformation of the 6-membered radical intermediate. Often, the site of hydrogen atom abstraction can be easily predicted. This allows the regio- and stereo-selective introduction of functionality into complicated molecules with high yield. Due to its unique property at the time to change otherwise inert substrates, Barton used this reaction extensively in the 1960s to create a number of unnatural steroid analogues.
While the Barton reaction has not enjoyed the popularity or widespread use of many other organic reactions, together with the mechanistically similar Hofmann–Löffler reaction it represents one of the first examples of C-H activation chemistry, a field which is now the topic of much frontline research in industrial and academic chemistry circles.
Preparation of alkyl nitrites
The unusual alkyl nitrite sta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20field%20splitting | Zero field splitting (ZFS) describes various interactions of the energy levels of a molecule or ion resulting from the presence of more than one unpaired electron. In quantum mechanics, an energy level is called degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system. In the presence of a magnetic field, the Zeeman effect is well known to split degenerate states. In quantum mechanics terminology, the degeneracy is said to be "lifted" by the presence of the magnetic field. In the presence of more than one unpaired electron, the electrons mutually interact to give rise to two or more energy states. Zero field splitting refers to this lifting of degeneracy even in the absence of a magnetic field. ZFS is responsible for many effects related to the magnetic properties of materials, as manifested in their electron spin resonance spectra and magnetism.
The classic case for ZFS is the spin triplet, i.e., the S=1 spin system. In the presence of a magnetic field, the levels with different values of magnetic spin quantum number (MS=0,±1) are separated and the Zeeman splitting dictates their separation. In the absence of magnetic field, the 3 levels of the triplet are isoenergetic to the first order. However, when the effects of inter-electron repulsions are considered, the energy of the three sublevels of the triplet can be seen to have separated. This effect is thus an example of ZFS. The degree of separation depends on the symmetry of the syste |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudisch%20reaction | In organic chemistry, the Baudisch reaction is a process for the synthesis of nitrosophenols using metal ions. Although the products are of limited value, the reaction is of historical interest as an example of metal-promoted functionalization of aromatic substrates.
History and Mechanism
As described originally by Oskar Baudisch in 1939 and further developed by his colleague Cronheim in 1947, benzene, hydroxylamine, and hydrogen peroxide are combined. Baudisch proposed that the reaction proceeds first via the formation of nitroxyl (HN=O), by the oxidation of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with hydrogen peroxide, possibly catalysed by the cupric ions.
This can also be achieved by the reduction of nitrous acid with cuprous ions or by the action of cuprous ions and hydrogen peroxide on Piloty's acid.
The nitroxyl (HN=O) then attacks the aromatic ring, giving a nitroso-cyclohexadiene which is rapidly hydroxylated before being oxidised by the peroxide to give the o-nitrosophenol as a copper coordination complex.
Conceptually similar work had been performed earlier, in the form of Millon's reagent.
Revisions to the mechanism
In years following the work Baudisch and Cronheim did, Konecny and Marayuma et al. suggested possible mechanisms for the Baudisch reaction. Konecny proposed that instead of the nitroso group adding first followed by the addition of a hydroxyl group as Baudisch predicted, the OH group added first through a similar radical mechanism with the hydroxyl radical c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilenberg%E2%80%93Moore%20spectral%20sequence | In mathematics, in the field of algebraic topology, the Eilenberg–Moore spectral sequence addresses the calculation of the homology groups of a pullback over a fibration. The spectral sequence formulates the calculation from knowledge of the homology of the remaining spaces. Samuel Eilenberg and John C. Moore's original paper addresses this for singular homology.
Motivation
Let be a field and let
and
denote singular homology and singular cohomology with coefficients in k, respectively.
Consider the following pullback of a continuous map p:
A frequent question is how the homology of the fiber product, , relates to the homology of B, X and E. For example, if B is a point, then the pullback is just the usual product . In this case the Künneth formula says
However this relation is not true in more general situations. The Eilenberg−Moore spectral sequence is a device which allows the computation of the (co)homology of the fiber product in certain situations.
Statement
The Eilenberg−Moore spectral sequences generalizes the above isomorphism to the situation where p is a fibration of topological spaces and the base B is simply connected. Then there is a convergent spectral sequence with
This is a generalization insofar as the zeroeth Tor functor is just the tensor product and in the above special case the cohomology of the point B is just the coefficient field k (in degree 0).
Dually, we have the following homology spectral sequence:
Indications on the proof
The spectra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilane | In organic chemistry, bilane is a compound with the formula or . It is a tetrapyrrole, a class of compounds with four independent pyrrole rings. Specifically, the molecule can be described as four pyrrole molecules connected in an open chain by three methylene bridges at carbons adjacent to the nitrogens, replacing the respective hydrogens.
The name is also used for the class of compounds formally derived from bilane proper by replacement of some additional hydrogen atoms by various functional groups. Natural bilanes usually have side chains substituted on the two carbons in each pyrrole ring that are not adjacent to the nitrogens. Artificial bilanes may be substituted on the bridging carbons (called meso positions).
The parent (unsubstituted) bilane is difficult to prepare and unstable, but substituted derivatives are synthesized by most living organisms as intermediates in the synthesis of natural porphyrins. Substituted bilanes may also be the starting point for the synthesis of artificial porphyrins.
Reactions
Upon treatment with aldehydes, bilanes may cyclize to give porphyrinogens and various open or closed oligomers and polymers.
In living organisms, the biosynthesis of all natural porphyrins proceeds through the bilane preuroporphyrinogen, which is produced from four molecules of the monomer porphobilinogen, and then converted to the closed tetrapyrrole uroporphyrinogen III (or, in certain metabolic disorders, into uroporphyrinogen I). Also, the catabolis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative%20bioinformatics | Integrative bioinformatics is a discipline of bioinformatics that focuses on problems of data integration for the life sciences.
With the rise of high-throughput (HTP) technologies in the life sciences, particularly in molecular biology, the amount of collected data has grown in an exponential fashion. Furthermore, the data are scattered over a plethora of both public and private repositories, and are stored using a large number of different formats. This situation makes searching these data and performing the analysis necessary for the extraction of new knowledge from the complete set of available data very difficult. Integrative bioinformatics attempts to tackle this problem by providing unified access to life science data.
Approaches
Semantic web approaches
In the Semantic Web approach, data from multiple websites or databases is searched via metadata. Metadata is machine-readable code, which defines the contents of the page for the program so that the comparisons between the data and the search terms are more accurate. This serves to decrease the number of results that are irrelevant or unhelpful. Some meta-data exists as definitions called ontologies, which can be tagged by either users or programs; these serve to facilitate searches by using key terms or phrases to find and return the data. Advantages of this approach include the general increased quality of the data returned in searches and with proper tagging, ontologies finding entries that may not explicitly stat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%20reaction | In organic chemistry, the Schmidt reaction is an organic reaction in which an azide reacts with a carbonyl derivative, usually an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid, under acidic conditions to give an amine or amide, with expulsion of nitrogen. It is named after Karl Friedrich Schmidt (1887–1971), who first reported it in 1924 by successfully converting benzophenone and hydrazoic acid to benzanilide. The intramolecular reaction was not reported until 1991 but has become important in the synthesis of natural products.
The reaction is effective with carboxylic acids to give amines (above), and with ketones to give amides (below).
Reaction mechanism
The reaction is closely related to the Curtius rearrangement except that in this reaction the acyl azide is produced by reaction of the carboxylic acid with hydrazoic acid via the protonated carboxylic acid, in a process akin to a Fischer esterification. An alternative, involving the formation of an acylium ion, becomes more important when the reaction takes place in concentrated acid (>90% sulfuric acid). (In the Curtius rearrangement, sodium azide and an acyl chloride are combined to quantitatively generate the acyl azide intermediate, and the rest of the reaction takes place under neutral conditions.)
The carboxylic acid Schmidt reaction starts with acylium ion 1 obtained from protonation and loss of water. Reaction with hydrazoic acid forms the protonated azido ketone 2, which goes through a rearrangement reaction with the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Weiss%20%28mathematician%29 | Alan Weiss (born December 5, 1955) is an American mathematician, a pioneer in the usage of large deviations theory in performance evaluation and related areas.
Weiss received his B.Sc. in mathematics and physics from Case Western Reserve University taking courses from Lajos Takács and being advised by Arthur J. Lohwater (1976). He received his M.Sc. in mathematics from Courant Institute (1979) and Ph.D. from New York University in 1981; his advisor was S. R. S. Varadhan, and his dissertation was entitled Invariant Measures of Diffusion Processes on Domains with Boundaries. He worked at Bell Labs (1981-2007), before joining MathWorks of Natick. Weiss had appointments with University of Maryland, College Park (1986), Columbia University (1993) and Drew University (2005).
Books
Large Deviations for Performance Analysis (Chapman & Hall, 1995). Coauthored with Adam Shwartz.
Publications
Digital Adaptive Filters: Conditions for Convergence, Rates of Convergence, Effects of Noise and Errors Arising from the Implementation, in IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, 25(6):637-652, 1979. With Debasis Mitra
Allocating Independent Substaks on Parallel Processors, IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng., 11(10):1001-1016, 1985. With Clyde Kruskal.
A Lower Bound for Probabilistic Algorithms for Finite State Machines, in Jnr. Comp. and Systems Sci., 33(1):88-105, 1986. With Albert Greenberg
References
External links
apdoo.org, Weiss's personal site
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-cen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime%20algebra | In mathematical physics, spacetime algebra (STA) is a name for the Clifford algebra Cl1,3(R), or equivalently the geometric algebra . According to David Hestenes, spacetime algebra can be particularly closely associated with the geometry of special relativity and relativistic spacetime.
It is a vector space that allows not only vectors, but also bivectors (directed quantities associated with particular planes, such as areas, or rotations) or blades (quantities associated with particular hyper-volumes) to be combined, as well as rotated, reflected, or Lorentz boosted. It is also the natural parent algebra of spinors in special relativity. These properties allow many of the most important equations in physics to be expressed in particularly simple forms, and can be very helpful towards a more geometric understanding of their meanings.
Structure
The spacetime algebra may be built up from an orthogonal basis of one time-like vector and three space-like vectors, , with the multiplication rule
where is the Minkowski metric with signature .
Thus, , , otherwise .
The basis vectors share these properties with the Dirac matrices, but no explicit matrix representation need be used in STA.
This generates a basis of one scalar , four vectors , six bivectors , four pseudovectors and one pseudoscalar , where .
The spacetime algebra also contains a non-trivial sub-algebra containing only the even grade elements, i.e. scalars, bivectors, and pseudoscalars. In the even sub-algebra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20E.%20Fox | George Edward Fox (born December 17, 1945) is an astrobiologist, a Professor Emeritus and researcher at the University of Houston. He is an elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and the International Astrobiology Society. Fox received his B.A. degree in 1967, and completed his Ph.D. degree in 1974; both in chemical engineering at Syracuse University.
From the Fall of 1973 until 1977, Fox was a research associate with Carl R. Woese at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Their collaboration initially focused on 5S ribosomal RNA where they established the use of a comparative sequence approach to predict RNA secondary structure. Next, utilizing 16S ribosomal RNA finger printing technology developed in the Woese laboratory in large part by Mitchell Sogin, Fox and Woese discovered the third form of life now known as the Archaea.
It has been said that their 1977 paper “may be the most important paper ever in microbiology”. This seminal paper is now considered to be a PNAS classic. Fox and Woese also introduced the idea of a progenote as a primordial entity in the evolution of life.
In the Fall of 1977, Fox moved on to the University of Houston and as a new Assistant Professor in Biochemical & Biophysical Sciences, continued to collaborate with Woese. This resulted in the 1980 publication of the “big tree”, the first comprehensive tree |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hough | Sir James Hough (born 6 August 1945) is a British physicist and an international leader in the search for gravitational waves.
Career and research
Hough has held the following professional positions:
Professor of experimental physics at the University of Glasgow.
Director of the Institute of Gravitational Research at the University of Glasgow.
Member of the LISA International Science Team.
Delegate to the LIGO Council.
Chair of the Education, Training and Careers Committee and the Fellowships Panel of the Science and Technology Facilities Council.
Awards and honours
2003 Hough was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
2004 Hough was awarded the Duddell Medal and Prize, a senior award from the Institute of Physics. The award is made annually to "an individual or team for outstanding contributions to the advancement of knowledge through the application of physics, including invention or design of scientific instruments or by the discovery of materials used in their construction."
2008 Hough was awarded the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for his work on gravitational waves
2013 Hough was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to science.
2015 Hough was awarded the Institute of Physics Phillips Award.
2018 Awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for Astronomy
2019 Hough was knighted (Knight Bachelor) by The Duke of Cambridge during a ceremony at Buckin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonylurea%20receptor | In molecular biology, the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR) are membrane proteins which are the molecular targets of the sulfonylurea class of antidiabetic drugs whose mechanism of action is to promote insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. More specifically, SUR proteins are subunits of the inward-rectifier potassium ion channels Kir6.x (6.1 and 6.2). The association of four Kir6.x and four SUR subunits form an ion conducting channel commonly referred to as the KATP channel.
Three forms of the sulfonylurea receptor are known, SUR1 encoded by the ABCC8 gene, and SUR2A and SUR2B, which are splice variants arising from a single ABCC9 gene.
Function
The primary function of the sulfonylurea receptor is to sense intracellular levels of the nucleotides ATP and ADP and in response facilitate the open or closing its associated Kir6.x potassium channel. Hence, the KATP channel monitors the energy balance within the cell.
Depending on the tissue in which the KATP channel is expressed, altering the membrane potential can trigger a variety of downstream events. For example, in pancreatic beta cells, high levels of glucose lead to increased production of ATP, which, in turn, binds to the KATP channel resulting in channel closure. The relative depolarization (decrease in membrane hyperpolarization), in turn, opens voltage-dependent calcium channels increasing intracellular calcium concentrations, which triggers exocytosis of insulin.
Under cerebral ischemic conditions, SUR1, the re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20L.%20Day%20Prize%20and%20Lectureship | The Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "to a scientist making new contributions to the physics of the Earth whose four to six lectures would prove a solid, timely, and useful addition to the knowledge and literature in the field." The prize was established by the physicist Arthur L. Day.
Recipients
2020: Linda T. Elkins-Tanton - For her work that combines geodynamic modeling, petrology, geochemistry and field investigations to provide first-order constraints and fundamental insights into planetary chemical differentiation processes.
2017: Susan Solomon - For her work in understanding atmospheric chemistry related to stratospheric ozone depletion and for her leadership in communicating climate change science.
2014: Richard Alley - For his studies of the flow of ice sheets and ice streams
2011: - For innovative use of U-Th and stable isotope systems to discover and quantify abrupt 30-500 ka temperature excursions and their timings attending Milankovitch cycle-induced global climate changes.
2008: - For development of the new field of "chemical geodynamics" through the use of the chemical and isotopic signature of mantle-derived samples to map and constrain the dynamical evolution of the Earth's interior.
2005: Herbert E. Huppert - For fundamental research into the fluid mechanics of natural and multiphase flows and for pioneering the field of geological fluid mechanics.
2002: Wallace Smith Broecker - For his uniquely e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adding%20a%20Dimension | Adding a Dimension is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the third of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1964.
Contents
Part I: Mathematics
T-Formation (August 1963)
One, Ten, Buckle My Shoe (December 1962)
Varieties of the Infinite (September 1959)
A Piece of Pi (May 1960)
Tools of the Trade (September 1960)
The Imaginary that Isn't (March 1961)
Pre-Fixing It Up (November 1962)
Part II: Physics
The Rigid Vacuum (April 1963)
The Light that Failed (June 1963)
The Light Fantastic (August 1962)
Part III: Chemistry
Slow Burn (October 1962)
You, Too, Can Speak Gaelic (March 1963)
Part IV: Biology
The Lost Generation (February 1963)
He's Not My Type (January 1963)
Part V: Astronomy
The Shape of Things (September 1962)
Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star (October 1963)
Part VI: General
The Isaac Winners (July 1963)
External links
Asimovonline.com
Adding a Dimension at The Thunder Childv
Essay collections by Isaac Asimov
1964 books
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
Doubleday (publisher) books
Scientific essays |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Beilinson | Alexander A. Beilinson (born 1957) is the David and Mary Winton Green University professor at the University of Chicago and works on mathematics. His research has spanned representation theory, algebraic geometry and mathematical physics. In 1999, Beilinson was awarded the Ostrowski Prize with Helmut Hofer.
In 2017, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 2018, he received the Wolf Prize in Mathematics and in 2020 the Shaw Prize in Mathematics.
Work
In 1978, Beilinson published a paper on coherent sheaves and several problems in linear algebra. His two-page note in the journal Functional Analysis and Its Applications was one of the papers on the study of derived categories of coherent sheaves.
In 1981, Beilinson announced a proof of the Kazhdan–Lusztig conjectures and Jantzen conjectures with Joseph Bernstein. Independent of Beilinson and Bernstein, Brylinski and Kashiwara obtained a proof of the Kazhdan–Lusztig conjectures. However, the proof of Beilinson–Bernstein introduced a method of localization. This established a geometric description of the entire category of representations of the Lie algebra, by "spreading out" representations as geometric objects living on the flag variety. These geometric objects naturally have an intrinsic notion of parallel transport: they are D-modules.
In 1982, Beilinson published his own conjectures about the existence of motivic cohomology groups for schemes, provided as hypercohomology groups of a complex of abeli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Shapiro | James Shapiro may refer to:
Jim Shapiro (attorney), American attorney
Jim Shapiro (drummer) (born 1965), American rock musician
James Shapiro (physician), British-born Canadian doctor who developed the Edmonton protocol
James A. Shapiro (born 1943), American professor of biochemistry and molecular biology
James S. Shapiro (born 1955), American professor of English and comparative literature, non-fiction author |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Yee | Nick Yee is an American researcher who studies self-representation and social interaction in virtual environments.
Biography
Yee earned his bachelor's degree in psychology from Haverford College (with a concentration in computer science) and received his Ph.D. in communication from Stanford University in 2007. He was a researcher at the Palo Alto Research Center in California from 2005 to 2012.
The Daedalus Project, his research into the psychology and sociology of MMORPGs, has collected survey data from over 40,000 game players. The research that has resulted from these interviews has been cited extensively by game scholars, game developers, and popular media. Yee's research has appeared in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, BusinessWeek, and CNN International, among other media outlets. Snippets of an interview with Yee on the topic of online gaming can be seen in the documentary Second Skin, which premiered at the 2008 SXSW Arts festival.
On March 8, 2009, Yee announced the hibernation of the Daedalus project, saying "... I think I came to realize that continuing the project would require more time than I could devote to it..."
In 2015, Yee co-founded Quantic Foundry with Nicolas Ducheneaut.
Bibliography
The Proteus Paradox: How Online Games and Virtual Worlds Change Us-And How They Don't (2014)
References
External links
Quantic Foundry Website
American mass media scholars
Human–computer interaction researchers
Haverford College alumni
Stanford Univ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20algebra%20%28disambiguation%29 | In mathematics, a geometric algebra is a specific algebraic structure. The term is also used as a blanket term for the theory of geometric algebras.
Geometric algebra may also refer to:
Algebraic geometry
Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry
Analytic geometry
%C3%89l%C3%A9ments de g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie alg%C3%A9brique, a 1960-7 book by Alexander Grothendieck
Clifford algebra
Geometric Algebra (book), a 1957 book by Emil Artin
Greek geometric algebra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince%20White | Gregory Stuart Lee White (born 31 March 1960) better known as Vince White, is a British guitarist, best known as one of the guitarists recruited by The Clash to replace Mick Jones after he was fired from the band in 1983.
Biography
Vince White was born in Marylebone, London, England, on 31 March 1960.
White graduated in astronomy and physics from University College London in 1981, and in fine art from Middlesex University in North London.
White, along with Nick Sheppard, was one of the guitarists recruited by The Clash to replace Mick Jones when he left the band in 1983. He toured with the band, but only made a minimal appearance on the album Cut the Crap. The band finally split up in 1986.
In 2007, White wrote his account of the final tumultuous years of The Clash, titled Out of Control: The Last Days of The Clash published by Moving Target books. He is currently an artist living in Notting Hill, west London.
Notes
References
External links
1960 births
English punk rock guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Marylebone
The Clash members
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of Middlesex University |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edyth%20May%20Sliffe%20Award | The Edyth May Sliffe Award is given annually to (roughly) 20 teachers in the United States by the Mathematical Association of America (MAA). The awards are funded by a bequest from a retired high school mathematics teacher named Edyth May Sliffe, of Emeryville, California. Her purpose was to award high school teachers whose students have done well on the AHSME, now the AMC 12. She felt students who won in math competitions received honors, but their teachers never received any recognition.
Edyth May Sliffe and her Award
(1901 - 1986)
Edyth May Sliffe, a retired teacher who taught at Emery High School, felt that teachers also needed recognition for their contributions toward the students' success. In 1978 she contacted the Governor of the Northern California Section of the MAA, Professor Kenneth Rebman. Kenneth Rebman then told the President of the MAA, Professor Henry Alder, and arranged a meeting with Sliffe. She decided to use her estate to recognize 20 teachers of the highest scoring teams annually. Edyth Sliffe died on December 11, 1986. In accordance with her will, over $250,000 was donated to the MAA. Since 1989, about 20 high school teachers from the top 60 American and Canadian schools have received the award annually. In 1995, the MAA Committee extended the award to middle school teachers. Five teachers are selected from each of the ten American Mathematics Competition Regions.
Nomination of a Teacher
Three students from each of the top 60 highest scoring teams |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise%20Manahan-Vaughan | Denise Manahan-Vaughan is an Irish neuroscientist and neurophysiologist. She is head of the Department of Neurophysiology, dean of studies and director of the International Graduate School of Neuroscience and co-founder of the Research Department of Neuroscience (founded in 2008) of the Ruhr University Bochum. Her research focuses on elucidation of the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying the acquisition and long-term maintenance of associative memories. She uses a multidisciplinary approach to study how spatial experiences, sensory input, neuromodulation, or brain disease impacts on, and provide insight into, the function of the hippocampus in enabling long-term memory.
Background and education
A native of Rathgar in Dublin, Ireland, she studied natural sciences at Trinity College Dublin, graduating with an honours degree, specialising in physiology in 1988. She completed a PhD in neuropharmacology/neurophysiology in 1992. In the mid-1990s she moved to Germany, working first as a research scientist at the Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology in Magdeburg, and completing a Habilitation degree in physiology at the Otto von Guericke University in 1998.
She became associate professor of physiology at the Johannes Müller Institute for Physiology at the Charité in Berlin where she established the Synaptic Plasticity Research Group. In 2003, she became professor of neuroscience at the Ruhr University Bochum, where she was head of the learning and memory research unit. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-field | In mathematics, a CM-field is a particular type of number field, so named for a close connection to the theory of complex multiplication. Another name used is J-field.
The abbreviation "CM" was introduced by .
Formal definition
A number field K is a CM-field if it is a quadratic extension K/F where the base field F is totally real but K is totally imaginary. I.e., every embedding of F into lies entirely within , but there is no embedding of K into .
In other words, there is a subfield F of K such that K is generated over F by a single square root of an element, say
β = ,
in such a way that the minimal polynomial of β over the rational number field has all its roots non-real complex numbers. For this α should be chosen totally negative, so that for each embedding σ of into the real number field,
σ(α) < 0.
Properties
One feature of a CM-field is that complex conjugation on induces an automorphism on the field which is independent of its embedding into . In the notation given, it must change the sign of β.
A number field K is a CM-field if and only if it has a "units defect", i.e. if it contains a proper subfield F whose unit group has the same -rank as that of K . In fact, F is the totally real subfield of K mentioned above. This follows from Dirichlet's unit theorem.
Examples
The simplest, and motivating, example of a CM-field is an imaginary quadratic field, for which the totally real subfield is just the field of rationals.
One of the most important examples of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chia-Chiao%20Lin | Chia-Chiao Lin (; 7 July 1916 – 13 January 2013) was a Chinese-born American applied mathematician and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Lin made major contributions to the theory of hydrodynamic stability, turbulent flow, mathematics, and astrophysics.
Biography
Lin was born in Beijing with ancestral roots in Fuzhou. In 1937 Lin graduated from the department of physics, National Tsinghua University in Beijing.
After graduation he was a teaching assistant in the Tsinghua University physics department. In 1939 Lin won a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship and was initially supported to study in the United Kingdom. However, due to World War II, Lin and several others were sent to North America by ship. Unluckily, Lin's ship was stopped in Kobe, Japan, and all students had to return to China.
In 1940, Lin finally reached Canada and studied at the University of Toronto from which he earned his M.Sc. In 1941. Lin continued his studies in the United States and received his PhD from the California Institute of Technology in 1944 under Theodore von Kármán. His PhD thesis provided an analytic method to solve a problem in the stability of parallel shearing flows, which was the subject of Werner Heisenberg's PhD thesis.
Lin also taught at Caltech between 1943 and 1945. He taught at Brown University between 1945 and 1947. Lin joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947. Lin was promoted to professor at MIT in 1953 and became an I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali%20S.%20Banerjee | Kali S. Banerjee (September 17, 1914 – April 9, 2002) was a math and statistics expert, and a professor of statistics at the University of Delaware.
He was born in Dhaka, (now in Bangladesh) in 1914. He earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics and his master's and doctoral degrees in statistics from the University of Calcutta.
In 1962, Kali S. Banerjee moved to the United States and he was naturalized in 1974, and joined as a faculty of statistics at University of Delaware. Before joining the University of Delaware, he taught at Cornell University and at Kansas State University
Dr. Banerjee received the university's excellence in teaching award in 1972 and was named a fellow of Royal Statistical Society at London in 1975. He wrote many books such as The Cost Of Learning Index. He wrote about 15 study books on Statistics, about 13 books on Economics, in all writing about 40 books through his life.
He and his wife raised two children, a daughter, Swapna and a son, Deb.
External links
In Memoriam Kali S. Banerjee - University of Delaware
1914 births
2002 deaths
Indian emigrants to the United States
University of Delaware faculty
Bengali mathematicians
American Hindus
University of Calcutta alumni
20th-century Bengalis
21st-century Bengalis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumford%20conjecture | There are several conjectures in mathematics by David Mumford.
Mumford's conjecture about reductive groups, now called Haboush's theorem.
The Mumford conjecture on the cohomology of the stable mapping class group, proved by Ib Madsen and Michael Weiss.
The Manin-Mumford conjecture about Jacobians of curves, proved by Michel Raynaud. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20beta%202 | In molecular biology, CD18 (Integrin beta chain-2) is an integrin beta chain protein that is encoded by the ITGB2 gene in humans. Upon binding with one of a number of alpha chains, CD18 is capable of forming multiple heterodimers, which play significant roles in cellular adhesion and cell surface signaling, as well as important roles in immune responses. CD18 also exists in soluble, ligand binding forms. Deficiencies in CD18 expression can lead to adhesion defects in circulating white blood cells in humans, reducing the immune system's ability to fight off foreign invaders.
Structure and function
The ITGB2 protein product is CD18. Integrins are integral cell-surface proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain, and are crucial for cells to be able to efficiently bind to the extracellular matrix. This is especially important for neutrophils, as cellular adhesion plays a large role in extravasation from the blood vessels. A given chain may combine with multiple partners resulting in different integrins.
The known binding partners of CD18 are CD11a, CD11b, CD11c and CD11d. Binding of CD18 and CD11a results in the formation of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), a protein found on B cells, all T cells, monocytes, neutrophils and NK cells. LFA-1 is involved in adhesion and binding to antigen presenting cells through interactions with the surface protein ICAM-1.
Binding of CD18 and CD11b-d results in the formation of complement receptors (e.g. Macrophage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilengitide | Cilengitide (EMD 121974) is a molecule designed and synthesized at the Technical University Munich in collaboration with Merck KGaA in Darmstadt. It is based on the cyclic peptide cyclo(-RGDfV-), which is selective for αv integrins, which are important in angiogenesis (forming new blood vessels), and other aspects of tumor biology. Hence, it is under investigation for the treatment of glioblastoma, where it may act by inhibiting angiogenesis, and influencing tumor invasion and proliferation.
The European Medicines Agency has granted cilengitide orphan drug status.
Cilengitide seems to function by inhibiting the FAK/Src/AKT pathway and inducing apoptosis in endothelial cells. Preclinical studies in mice of cilengitide were able to demonstrate efficacious tumor regression.
In a rat xenograft model, cilengitide was able to potentiate the cytotoxic effects of radiation when cilengitide was administered prior to radiation therapy. When combined with radiation, inhibition of integrin expression by cilengitide synergistically improves the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation for glioblastoma.
Clinical trials
Phase II studies were able to demonstrate that cilengitide as a potential monotherapy in patients with recurrent glioblastoma
with high intratumor drug levels when 2000 mg of cilengitide is given twice weekly.
Cilengitide is well tolerated, in combination with radiation and temozolomide, at a dose of 2000 mg in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma, regardless of MG |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorosulfonate | Fluorosulfonate, in organic chemistry, is a functional group that has the chemical formula F-SO2-R, and typically is a very good leaving group. In organic chemistry, fluorosulfonate is different than fluorosulfate. In fluorosulfonates, sulfur atom is directly bonded to a non-oxygen atom such as carbon. In inorganic chemistry, fluorosulfonate is another term for fluorosulfate, the anion F-SO2-O−, the conjugate base of fluorosulfonic acid. They form a series of salts with metal and organic cations called fluorosulfates.
Organic (alkyl) fluorosulfonates are usually strong alkylation agents, similar to triflate esters (F3C-SO2-OR). But unlike the triflate group, the fluorosulfonate group is not stable against hydrolysis. Therefore, fluorosulfonate esters are less frequently used as alkylation agents than triflate esters.
See also
Fluorosulfite
Methyl fluorosulfonate
References
Functional groups
Leaving groups
Sulfonates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Murphy%20%28writer%29 | Margaret Murphy (born 14 April 1959) is a British crime writer.
Biography
Margaret Murphy was born and brought up in Liverpool, Lancashire where she gained a degree in Environmental Biology at the University of Liverpool and later an MA with Distinction in Writing at Liverpool JMU, a course on which she lectured for several years. She has been a countryside ranger, science teacher, dyslexia specialist and psychology student.
After a string of successful stand-alone novels and a duology featuring Chester-based lawyer, Clara Pascal, Murphy began her first series with The Dispossessed which was followed by Now You See Me, featuring detectives Jeff Rickman, Lee Foster and Naomi Hart. The third in the series will be published in 2020. The Clara Pascal books, Darkness Falls and Weaving Shadows received starred reviews from both Publishers’ Weekly and Booklist in the USA. Writing in Crime Fiction, A Reader's Guide, Barry Forshaw said, 'Margaret Murphy writes with textual immediacy, creating complex plots peopled by sensitively drawn, flawed and believable characters.'
Her novels have garnered critical acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic with The New York Times describing her prose as "skin-chilling". Short-listed for the First Blood Award and the Crime Writers' Association's "Dagger in the Library", Murphy is the founder of "Murder Squad" – a touring group of crime writers – which celebrated its 20th year in 2020. She is a past Chair of the Crime Writers' Association and Chai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Rosenblith | Walter A. Rosenblith (September 21, 1913 – May 1, 2002) was a biophysicist and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was elected to all three National Academies (National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine).
From 1943 to 1947 Rosenblith was a member of the physics faculty at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology in Rapid City, South Dakota. In 1947, he became a research fellow at Harvard University's Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory. He joined the MIT faculty in 1951 as an associate professor of communications biophysics in the Department of Electrical Engineering, was tenured in 1957, chair of the faculty from 1967 to 1969, and named Institute Professor in 1975. Rosenblith was MIT's associate provost from 1969 to 1971 and provost from 1971 to 1980. He helped to found the Whitaker College, Harvard-MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies, as well as the Program in Science, Technology, and Society.
External links
MIT News Office obituary
1913 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American educators
Harvard University staff
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology provosts
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Austrian emigrants to the United States
Members of the National Academy of Medicine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Omohundro | Stephen Malvern Omohundro (born 1959) is an American computer scientist whose areas of research include Hamiltonian physics, dynamical systems, programming languages, machine learning, machine vision, and the social implications of artificial intelligence. His current work uses rational economics to develop safe and beneficial intelligent technologies for better collaborative modeling, understanding, innovation, and decision making.
Education
Omohundro has degrees in physics and mathematics from Stanford University (Phi Beta Kappa) and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley.
Learning algorithms
Omohundro started the "Vision and Learning Group" at the University of Illinois which produced 4 Masters and 2 Ph.D. theses. His work in learning algorithms included a number of efficient geometric algorithms, the manifold learning task and various algorithms for accomplishing this task, other related visual learning and modelling tasks, the model merging approach to machine learning (including the learning of Hidden Markov Models and Stochastic Context-free Grammars), and the Family Discovery Learning Algorithm, which discovers the dimension and structure of a parameterized family of stochastic models.
Self-improving artificial intelligence and AI safety
Omohundro started Self-Aware Systems in Palo Alto, California to research the technology and social implications of self-improving artificial intelligence. He is an advisor to the Machine Intelligence Resea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20formula | In mathematics, Green formula may refer to:
Green's theorem in integral calculus
Green's identities in vector calculus
Green's function in differential equations
the Green formula for the Green measure in stochastic analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Nuzzo | Ralph G. Nuzzo, born February 23, 1954, in Paterson, New Jersey, is an American chemist and professor. Nuzzo is a researcher in the chemistry of materials, including processes that occur at surfaces and interfaces. His work has led to new techniques for fabricating and manipulating materials at the nano scale level, including functional device structures for microelectronics, optics and chemical sensing.
Biography
Nuzzo was a pioneer in the development of methods of self-assembled monolayers that have led to entirely new areas of surface chemistry with important extensions into physics, biology and materials, and with numerous applications ranging from bio-sensors to advanced electronics. His work has made important contributions to soft lithography – a low cost alternative to conventional photo-lithography for patterning circuits on microchips.
Nuzzo co-authored the paper on the "use of principles of physical organic chemistry to create functional surfaces based on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)." The report is one of the "most highly cited papers in the Journal of the American Chemical Society history".
Education
Professor Nuzzo received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Rutgers University in 1976 and his Ph.D. degree in organic chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980. After completing his graduate studies, he accepted a position at Bell Laboratories, then a part of AT&T, where he held the title of distinguished member of the technical staff in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s%20Mart%C3%ADnez%20Trueba | Andrés Martínez Trueba (11 February 1884 – 19 December 1959) was the President of Uruguay from 1951 to 1955.
Background
Martínez Trueba was born in Montevideo and grew up in the Peñarol area, graduating from university with a degree in pharmaceutical chemistry.
Earlier career
He pursued a career as an army officer, and was a member of the Colorado Party, which ruled Uruguay for long periods. His combined army and Colorado Party links may be said to anticipate the sizeable support by members of the Colorado Party for the civilian-military administration of 1973-1985. He served as Mayor of Montevideo from 1947 to 1948. He was the president of Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay from 1948 to 1950.
President of Uruguay
He succeeded Luis Batlle as President of Uruguay from 1951 to 1952, as part of the Colorado Party. The Vice President of Uruguay during his period of office was Alfeo Brum, who had also served in that office under Luis Batlle Berres in his first term. In 1952 the new Constitution created the National Council of Government of Uruguay, and Martínez Trueba presided over it till 1955.
President Andrés Martínez Trueba was himself succeeded by Batlle on the latter’s assuming as President of the National Council of Government.
See also
Constitution of Uruguay of 1952
Politics of Uruguay
References
1884 births
1959 deaths
Uruguayan chemists
Presidents of Uruguay
Intendants of Montevideo
Presidents of the National Council of Government (Uruguay)
Uruguaya |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Alan%20Fox | Richard Alan Fox (born July 1943 in Perth, Australia) was an Australian medical physicist. He was the son of Alan Fox, a businessman, and Rosalind née Morris.
Biography
While initially educated at Aquinas College. He was awarded a Commonwealth Scholarship and studied physics at the University of Western Australia. In 1964, he graduated Bachelor of Science with first class honours. In 1966, he went to Oxford University and completed his Doctorate of Philosophy in 1970. During 1970-1974, he was a Research Fellow at the School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex. The next four years, he worked as a Scientific Assistant at the Institute of Cancer Research, and as a lecturer at the University of London.
Fox returned to Perth in 1978. He worked as Deputy Head of Medical Physics at Royal Perth Hospital. In 1980, he became Head of Department. He was noted for enabling the hospital to operate at the forefront of medical physics. During his career he has produced over 80 scientific papers in peer reviewed journals. The majority covered aspects of nuclear physics, nuclear magnetic resonance, and the use of isotopes in medicine. As well, he was widely noted for minimising the effects of ionizing radiation and ensuring the safe use of electrical devices in hospitals. He retired in 2002 and was appointed Emeritus Consultant Physicist.
Throughout his time at Royal Perth Hospital, Fox worked closely with the Physics Department at the University of Western Australi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Strothotte | Thomas Strothotte is a German-Canadian computer scientist and university administrator living in Germany.
Strothotte was born in 1959 in Regina, Canada, and raised in Vancouver. His first degrees were taken at Simon Fraser University (a B.Sc. in Physics (1980) and an M.Sc. in Computer Science (1981)). His further graduate work was done in Computer Science at the University of Stuttgart, McGill University in Montréal/Québec and the University of Waterloo/Ontario, leading to a Ph.D. in 1984. He also holds an MBA from Columbia University (New York) and an MBA from the London Business School (UK).
After a year as a postdoctoral fellow at INRIA Rocquencourt near Paris, he went to the University of Stuttgart as an assistant professor in 1985, earning a D.Sc. (habil) degree in Computer Science in 1989. From 1989 to 1990 he was a visiting scientist at the IBM Scientific Center in Heidelberg, working in the Software Ergonomics Department. From there he went to the Free University of Berlin in 1990 as a professor of computer science.
He moved on to the University of Magdeburg in Germany in 1993, where he was the head of the Computer Graphics and Interactive Systems Laboratory. He was the dean of his faculty from 1994 to 1996 and again later on from 2005 to 2006. From April 1996 until September 1998 he was a vice-president of academic planning and budget development of the University; from July until September 1998 he was also president pro tem of the University. He was also the init |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20biochemistry | The history of biochemistry can be said to have started with the ancient Greeks who were interested in the composition and processes of life, although biochemistry as a specific scientific discipline has its beginning around the early 19th century. Some argued that the beginning of biochemistry may have been the discovery of the first enzyme, diastase (today called amylase), in 1833 by Anselme Payen, while others considered Eduard Buchner's first demonstration of a complex biochemical process alcoholic fermentation in cell-free extracts to be the birth of biochemistry. Some might also point to the influential work of Justus von Liebig from 1842, Animal chemistry, or, Organic chemistry in its applications to physiology and pathology, which presented a chemical theory of metabolism, or even earlier to the 18th century studies on fermentation and respiration by Antoine Lavoisier.
The term biochemistry itself is derived from the combining form bio-, meaning 'life', and chemistry. The word is first recorded in English in 1848, while in 1877, Felix Hoppe-Seyler used the term ( in German) in the foreword to the first issue of Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (Journal of Physiological Chemistry) as a synonym for physiological chemistry and argued for the setting up of institutes dedicate to its studies. Nevertheless, several sources cite German chemist Carl Neuberg as having coined the term for the new discipline in 1903, and some credit it to Franz Hofmeister.
The subject o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew%20Nnaji | Bartholomew Nnaji is a Nigerian engineer, innovator and one of the inventors of the E-Design concept.
Biography
He was born in Enugu State, Nigeria and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in physics at St John's University, New York USA. He then proceeded to the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for his Masters and PhD in Engineering. He also obtained a Post Doctorate Certificate in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (MIT).
Nnaji joined the faculty of Engineering at University of Massachusetts, Amherst in 1983. After a few years, he became the Founder and Director of the Automation and Robotics Laboratory at the University. He became a full Professor of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering in 1992. As a researcher, he focused on three major topics: Computer Aided Design, Robotics and Computer Aided Engineering. Using the knowledge he gained from his research pursuits, he adopted the term "geometric reasoning", the idea that most things we operate have a geometric configuration. He is also credited as one of the innovators of the E-design concept, where product design engineers can work from remote locations collaboratively to design, assemble and test the same product, using the computer and internet/World Wide Web.
Nnaji moved to the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1996 as ALCOA Foundation Distinguished Professor of Engineering. He subsequently was appointed the William Kepler Whiteford Professor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology | Agricultural and Forest Meteorology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the relationships between meteorology and the fields of plant, animal, and soil sciences, ecology, and biogeochemistry. The editor-in-chief is Claudia Wagner-Riddle (University of Guelph).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.734, ranking it 2nd out of 67 journals in the category "Forestry".
References
External links
Agricultural journals
Meteorology journals
Academic journals established in 1964
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Elsevier academic journals
Forestry journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio%20Verd%C3%BA | Sergio Verdú (born Barcelona, Spain, August 15, 1958) is a former professor of electrical engineering and specialist in information theory. Until September 22, 2018, he was the Eugene Higgins Professor of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University, where he taught and conducted research on information theory in the Information Sciences and Systems Group. He was also affiliated with the program in Applied and Computational Mathematics. He was dismissed from the faculty following a university investigation of alleged sexual misconduct.
Verdu received the Telecommunications Engineering degree from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, in 1980 and the PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1984. Conducted at the Coordinated Science Laboratory of the University of Illinois, his doctoral research was supervised by Vincent Poor and pioneered the field of multiuser detection. In 1998, his book Multiuser Detection was published by Cambridge University Press.
Sexual harassment incident and dismissal from tenured position
A Title IX investigation by Princeton, made public in 2017 by the Huffington Post, concluded that Verdú had sexually harassed one of his graduate students, a South Korean woman. According to the student, Verdú was required only to attend an 8-hour training session as a consequence. The student changed advisers and changed her research topic. A university spokesperson denied the claim that a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Robert%20McAlpine | Sir Robert McAlpine Limited is a family-owned building and civil engineering company based in Hemel Hempstead, England. It carries out engineering and construction in the infrastructure, heritage, commercial, arena and stadium, healthcare, education and nuclear sectors.
History
Robert McAlpine was born in 1847 in the Scottish village of Newarthill near Motherwell. From the age of seven he worked in the nearby coal mines, leaving at 16 to become an apprentice bricklayer. Later, working for an engineer, he progressed to being foreman before starting to work on his own account at the age of 22. He had no capital other than that he could earn himself and his first contract involving the employment of other men had to be financed by borrowing £11 from the butcher. From there, McAlpine enjoyed rapid success; the early contracts centred on his own trade of bricklaying and by 1874 he was the owner of two brickyards and an employer of 1,000 men. It was on one of the housing estates he built that he first experimented with using concrete blocks as well as bricks (from which he earned the nickname 'Concrete Bob').
With the capital he had acquired, McAlpine determined to build a garden city at Hamilton, South Lanarkshire. Relying now on the income from his estate, McAlpine’s attention moved away from his contracting business towards self-education. However, the financial panic following the collapse of the City of Glasgow Bank in 1878 virtually wiped out McAlpine financially: his mort |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu%20Picchu%20Base | The Machu Picchu Scientific Base is a Peruvian polar scientific research facility in Antarctica, established to conduct Antarctic research on geology, climatology and biology. More specifically, its purpose is to study the continent's geological past, potential sea resources, wind strengths, air pollution, and the animal adaptation in a freezing environment. The base is named after the World Heritage Site Machu Picchu.
Geography
Being located at 62°S, Machu Picchu Base is one of the northernmost settlements in Antarctica. It, along with Artigas Base, Carlini Base, Arctowski Station and Villa Las Estrellas, forms the only human settlements on King George Island, on Admiralty Bay.
Research base and expeditions
Machu Picchu Base conducts annual scientific expeditions to Antarctica. The base carries out a variety of scientific projects such as research into krill and its potential as an alternative human food source, as well as geological, biological, hydrographic, and geophysical research, under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty. The base operates radar measuring upper atmospheric winds, and supplying data on the deterioration of the ozone layer.
As Antarctica is a continent of valuable strategic, ecological, and economic importance, Peru has an interest in maintaining its status as a non-militarized, nuclear-free zone of peace, and in preserving its environment, which is important to the Peruvian climate. Its frigid waters, the origin of the Humboldt Current, are essent |
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