source stringlengths 31 207 | text stringlengths 12 1.5k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20computer%20simulation%20software | The following is a list of notable computer simulation software.
Free or open-source
Advanced Simulation Library - open-source hardware accelerated multiphysics simulation software.
ASCEND - open-source equation-based modelling environment.
Cantera - chemical kinetics package.
Celestia - a 3D astronomy program.
CP2K - Open-source ab-initio molecular dynamics program.
DWSIM - an open-source CAPE-OPEN compliant chemical process simulator.
EFDC Explorer - open-source for processing of the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC).
Elmer - an open-source multiphysical simulation software for Windows/Mac/Linux.
Facsimile - a free, open-source discrete-event simulation library.
FlightGear - a free, open-source atmospheric and orbital flight simulator with a flight dynamics engine (JSBSim) that is used in a 2015 NASA benchmark to judge new simulation code to space industry standards.
FreeFem++ - Free, open-source, multiphysics Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software.
Freemat - a free environment for rapid engineering, scientific prototyping and data processing using the same language as MATLAB and GNU Octave.
Gekko - simulation software in Python with machine learning and optimization
GNU Octave - an open-source mathematical modeling and simulation software very similar to using the same language as MATLAB and Freemat.
JModelica.org is a free and open source software platform based on the Modelica modeling language.
Mobility Testbed - an open-source multi-agent simulat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCOS%20%28computer%20sciences%29 | rCOS stands for refinement of object and component systems. It is a formal method providing component-based model-driven software development.
Overview
rCOS was originally developed by He Jifeng, Zhiming Liu and Xiaoshan Li at UNU-IIST in Macau, and consists of a unified multi-view modeling notation with a theory of relational semantic and graph-based operational semantics, a refinement calculus and tool support for model construction, model analysis and verification, and model transformations. Model transformations automate refinement rules and design patterns and generate conditions as proof obligations. rCOS support multiple dimensional modeling: models at different levels of abstraction related by refinement relations, hierarchy of compositions of components, and models of different views of the system (interaction protocols of components, reactive behaviors of components, data functionality, and class structures and data types). Components are composed and integrated based on their models of interfaces to support third party composition.
Bibliography
Ruzhen Dong, Johannes Faber, Wei Ke, Zhiming Liu: "rCOS: Defining Meanings of Component-Based Software Architectures". Unifying Theories of Programming and Formal Engineering Methods – ICTAC Training School on Software Engineering 2013, LNCS 8050: 1-66, Springer (2013)
Wei Ke, Xiaoshan Li, Zhiming Liu, Volker Stolz: "rCOS: a formal model-driven engineering method for component-based software". Frontiers of Computer Scie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhiming%20Liu%20%28computer%20scientist%29 | Zhiming Liu (, born 10 October 1961, Hebei, China) is a computer scientist. He studied mathematics in Luoyang, Henan in China and obtained his first degree in 1982. He holds a master's degree in Computer Science from the Institute of Software of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (1988), and a PhD degree from the University of Warwick (1991). His PhD thesis was on Fault-Tolerant Programming by Transformations.
After his PhD, Zhiming Liu worked as a guest scientist at the Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby in 1991–1992. Then he returned to the University of Warwick and worked as a postdoctoral research fellow on formal techniques in real-time and fault-tolerant systems till October 1994 when he became a university lecturer in computer science at the University of Leicester (UK). He worked at UNU-IIST during 2002–2013 at UNU-IIST as research fellow and senior research fellow. He joined Birmingham City University (UK) in October 2013 as the Professor of Software Engineering. In 2016, he moved to a new professorial post at Southwest University in Chongqing, China, with funding through the Thousand Talents Program.
Zhiming Liu's main research interest is in the areas of formal methods of computer systems design, including real-time systems, fault-tolerant systems, object-oriented and component-based systems. His research results have been published in mainstream journals and conferences. His joint work with Mathai Joseph work on fault tolerance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Tinsley%20Oden | John Tinsley Oden (December 25, 1936 – August 27, 2023) was an American engineer. He was the Associate Vice President for Research, the Cockrell Family Regents' Chair in Engineering #2, the Peter O'Donnell, Jr. Centennial Chair in Computing Systems, a Professor of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, a Professor of Mathematics, and a Professor of Computer Science at The University of Texas at Austin. Oden has been listed as an ISI Highly Cited Author in Engineering by the ISI Web of Knowledge, Thomson Scientific Company.
Oden was the founding director of the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, which was started in January 2003 as an expansion of the Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics (TICAM), also directed by Oden for over a decade. The Oden Institute, formerly known as ICES, was named in his honor in 2019.
Oden earned a B.S. degree in civil engineering from LSU in 1959. Oden earned a PhD in engineering mechanics from Oklahoma State University in 1962. He taught at OSU and The University of Alabama in Huntsville, where he was the head of the Department of Engineering Mechanics prior to going to Texas in 1973. He has held visiting professor positions at other universities in the United States, England, and Brazil.
An author of over 500 scientific publications: books, book chapters, conference papers, and monographs, he is an editor of the series, Finite Elements in Flow Problems and of Computational Methods in Nonlin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey%20Kursanov | Andrey Lvovich Kursanov (; 8 November 1902 – 20 September 1999) was a Soviet specialist on the physiology and biochemistry of plants. He was an academician of the Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences since 1953. He was a member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1957–1963.
Kursanov graduated from Moscow State University in 1926. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Sciences in biology in 1940 and became a professor at his alma mater in 1944. In 1954, Kursanov and Boris Rybakov represented the Soviet Academy of Sciences at the Columbia University Bicentennial in New York City.
Professor Kursanov was awarded a number of honorary doctorates and was an honorary member of a number of foreign scientific societies and academies. He was elected a foreign fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1962 and member of the Polish Academy of Sciences in 1965.
Awards and honors
Hero of Socialist Labour (1969)
Order of Lenin, four times (1953, 1969, 1972, 1975)
Order of the October Revolution (1982)
Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice (1945, 1962)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1983)
References
1902 births
1999 deaths
Scientists from Moscow
Academic staff of Moscow State Pedagogical University
Academicians of the Russian Academy of Agriculture Sciences
Academicians of the VASKhNIL
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Members of the G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit%20certificate | In cryptography, implicit certificates are a variant of public key certificate. A subject's public key is reconstructed from the data in an implicit certificate, and is then said to be "implicitly" verified. Tampering with the certificate will result in the reconstructed public key being invalid, in the sense that it is infeasible to find the matching private key value, as would be required to make use of the tampered certificate.
By comparison, traditional public-key certificates include a copy of the subject's public key, and a digital signature made by the issuing certificate authority (CA). The public key must be explicitly validated, by verifying the signature using the CA's public key. For the purposes of this article, such certificates will be called "explicit" certificates.
Elliptic Curve Qu-Vanstone (ECQV) is one kind of implicit certificate scheme. It is described in the document Standards for Efficient Cryptography 4 (SEC4).This article will use ECQV as a concrete example to illustrate implicit certificates.
Comparison of ECQV with explicit certificates
Conventional explicit certificates are made up of three parts: subject identification data, a public key and a digital signature which binds the public key to the user's identification data (ID). These are distinct data elements within the certificate, and contribute to the size of the certificate: for example, a standard X.509 certificate is on the order of 1KB in size (~8000 bits).
An ECQV implicit certifi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich%20Zeller | Erich Zeller (13 January 1920 in Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany – 6 November 2001 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, Germany) was a German figure skater and figure skating coach.
Erich Zeller as a skater represented the club Rot-Weiß-Berlin and became 1942 German champion. He studied mechanical engineering. In 1942 he was forced to enter the Wehrmacht. His figure skating career was destroyed by World War II.
In 1945 Erich Zeller participated in ice shows.
In 1956 his coaching career began. His first pupil was Hans-Jürgen Bäumler. Erich Zeller became the most successful coach in West Germany. Among his other students were Marika Kilius, Dagmar Lurz and Norbert Schramm. From 1970 to 1985 he was national coach of West Germany for figure skating (Eiskunstlauf-Bundestrainer). He also was once president of the world coach association.
Erich Zeller wrote figure skating books:
Meine kleine Eiskunstlaufschule (My Little Figure-Skating-School), published 1969
Eiskunstlauf für Fortgeschrittene (Figure Skating For Advanced Skaters), published 1982
References
various issues of the figure skating magazine Pirouette
various issues of the figure skating magazine Eissportmagzin
various issues of the magazine Eis- und Rollsport
Competitive highlights
Single skating
1920 births
2001 deaths
German male single skaters
German figure skating coaches
Sportspeople from Augsburg
German military personnel of World War II |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphokine-activated%20killer%20cell | In cell biology, a lymphokine-activated killer cell (also known as a LAK cell) is a white blood cell that has been stimulated to kill tumor cells. If lymphocytes are cultured in the presence of Interleukin 2, it results in the development of effector cells which are cytotoxic to tumor cells.
Mechanism
It has been shown that lymphocytes, when exposed to Interleukin 2, are capable of lysing fresh, non-cultured cancer cells, both primary and metastatic. LAK cells respond to these lymphokines, particularly IL-2, by lysing tumor cells that were already known to be resistant to NK cell activity.
The mechanism of LAK cells is distinctive from that of natural killer cells because they can lyse cells that NK cells cannot. LAK cells are also capable of acting against cells that do not display the major histocompatibility complex, as has been shown by the ability to cause lysis in non-immunogenic, allogeneic and syngeneic tumors. LAK cells are specific to tumor cells and do not display activity against normal cells.
Cancer Treatment
LAK cells, along with the administration of IL-2 have been experimentally used to treat cancer in mice and humans, but there is very high toxicity with this treatment - Severe fluid retention was the major side effect of therapy, although all side effects resolved after interleukin-2 administration was stopped. LAK cell therapy is a method that uses interleukin 2 (IL-2) to enhance the number of lymphocytes in an in vitro setting, and it has formed the fou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracoceratoides | Anthracoceratoides is a genus belonging to the Anthracoceratidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Pericyclaceae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracoceratites | Anthracoceratites is an extinct genus of the Dimorphoceratidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Dimorphoceratidae
Fossils of Uzbekistan
Fossils of Russia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortoceras | Bashkortoceras is a genus belonging to the Gastrioceratoidea superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Gastriocerataceae
Carboniferous ammonites
Fossils of Russia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acutimitoceras | Acutimitoceras is a genus belonging to the Acutimitoceratinae subfamily of the Prionoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Prionoceratidae
Ammonites of North America
Ammonites of Europe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianites | Adrianites is an extinct genus of the Adrianitidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopodes, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database - Adrianites accessed on 18 November 2010
Adrianitidae
Goniatitida genera
Paleozoic life of British Columbia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenigmatoceras | Aenigmatoceras is a genus of ammonite cephalopods from the Carboniferous of Russia. It is tentatively placed within the family Cravenoceratidae based on similarities with Tympanoceras.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Cravenoceratidae
Goniatitida genera
Fossils of Russia
Carboniferous ammonites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agastrioceras | Agastrioceras is a genus of cephalopod belonging to the Reticuloceratidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Reticuloceratidae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktubites | Aktubites is a genus belonging to the Parashumarditidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Shumarditaceae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanites | Alanites is a genus of extinct Triassic ammonoid cephalopods named by Shevyrev, 1968, found in association with Laboceras and Megaphyllites in Siberia and assigned to the ceratitid family Khvlaynitidae which is part of the Dinaritaceae. Its type is Alanites visendus .
References
Paleobiology Database -Alanites
Dinaritoidea
Ceratitida genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almites | Almites is a genus belonging to the Marathonitidae families. They are an extinct group of ammonoids, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Marathonitaceae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinites | Alpinites is a genus belonging to the Discoclymeniinae subfamily, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Posttornoceratidae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altudoceras | Altudoceras is a genus belonging to the Pseudogastrioceratinae subfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Paragastrioceratidae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20normal%20bundle | In surgery theory, a branch of mathematics, the stable normal bundle of a differentiable manifold is an invariant which encodes the stable normal (dually, tangential) data. There are analogs for generalizations of manifold, notably PL-manifolds and topological manifolds. There is also an analogue in homotopy theory for Poincaré spaces, the Spivak spherical fibration, named after Michael Spivak.
Construction via embeddings
Given an embedding of a manifold in Euclidean space (provided by the theorem of Hassler Whitney), it has a normal bundle. The embedding is not unique, but for high dimension of the Euclidean space it is unique up to isotopy, thus the (class of the) bundle is unique, and called the stable normal bundle.
This construction works for any Poincaré space X: a finite CW-complex admits a stably unique (up to homotopy) embedding in Euclidean space, via general position, and this embedding yields a spherical fibration over X. For more restricted spaces (notably PL-manifolds and topological manifolds), one gets stronger data.
Details
Two embeddings are isotopic if they are homotopic
through embeddings. Given a manifold or other suitable space X, with two embeddings into Euclidean space these will not in general be isotopic, or even maps into the same space ( need not equal ). However, one can embed these into a larger space by letting the last coordinates be 0:
.
This process of adjoining trivial copies of Euclidean space is called stabilization.
One can thus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alurites | Alurites is a genus belonging to the Gastriocerataceae superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Reticuloceratidae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonellipsites | Ammonellipsites is a genus belonging to the Ammonellipsitinae subfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoids, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Pericyclidae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphistephanites | Amphistephanites is an extinct genus of cephalopod belonging to the ammonite subclass.
References
The Paleobiology Database
Ammonite genera
Noritoidea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagymnites | Anagymnites is an extinct genus of cephalopods belonging to the Ammonite subclass.
References
The Paleobiology Database - Anagymnites entry Accessed 7 December 2011
Gymnitidae
Ceratitida genera
Anisian life |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axinolobus | Axinolobus is a genus belonging to the Axinolobidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Schistocerataceae
Carboniferous ammonites of North America
Moscovian life |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aricoceras | Aricoceras is an extinct genus of the Adrianitidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Adrianitidae
Goniatitida genera
Permian ammonites
Prehistoric animals of Asia
Paleozoic life of British Columbia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araneites | Araneites is a genus belonging to the Sporadoceratinae subfamily of the Prionoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Sporadoceratidae
Goniatitida genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcanoceras | Arcanoceras is a genus belonging to the Eogonioloboceratidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Pericyclaceae
Carboniferous ammonites
Fossils of Kazakhstan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracoceras | Anthracoceras is the type genus of the goniatitid ammonoid family Anthracoceratidae whose species are found Mississippian-aged limestones in Eurasia, North America and Africa.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Pericyclaceae
Goniatitida genera
Ammonites of Europe
Ammonites of Africa
Ammonites of Asia
Ammonites of North America
Carboniferous ammonites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform%20mathematics | Reform mathematics is an approach to mathematics education, particularly in North America. It is based on principles explained in 1989 by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). The NCTM document Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (CESSM) set forth a vision for K–12 (ages 5–18) mathematics education in the United States and Canada. The CESSM recommendations were adopted by many local- and federal-level education agencies during the 1990s. In 2000, the NCTM revised its CESSM with the publication of Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (PSSM). Like those in the first publication, the updated recommendations became the basis for many states' mathematics standards, and the method in textbooks developed by many federally-funded projects. The CESSM de-emphasised manual arithmetic in favor of students developing their own conceptual thinking and problem solving. The PSSM presents a more balanced view, but still has the same emphases.
Mathematics instruction in this style has been labeled standards-based mathematics or reform mathematics.
Principles and standards
Mathematics education reform built up momentum in the early 1980s, as educators reacted to the "new math" of the 1960s and 1970s. The work of Piaget and other developmental psychologists had shifted the focus of mathematics educators from mathematics content to how children best learn mathematics. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics summarized the state of cu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20theorem%20for%20finitely%20generated%20modules%20over%20a%20principal%20ideal%20domain | In mathematics, in the field of abstract algebra, the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain is a generalization of the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups and roughly states that finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain (PID) can be uniquely decomposed in much the same way that integers have a prime factorization. The result provides a simple framework to understand various canonical form results for square matrices over fields.
Statement
When a vector space over a field F has a finite generating set, then one may extract from it a basis consisting of a finite number n of vectors, and the space is therefore isomorphic to Fn. The corresponding statement with the F generalized to a principal ideal domain R is no longer true, since a basis for a finitely generated module over R might not exist. However such a module is still isomorphic to a quotient of some module Rn with n finite (to see this it suffices to construct the morphism that sends the elements of the canonical basis of Rn to the generators of the module, and take the quotient by its kernel.) By changing the choice of generating set, one can in fact describe the module as the quotient of some Rn by a particularly simple submodule, and this is the structure theorem.
The structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain usually appears in the following two forms.
Invariant factor decomposition
For every finitel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis%20Calandrini | Jean-Louis Calandrini (August 30, 1703 – December 29, 1758) was a Genevan scientist. He was a professor of mathematics and philosophy. He was the author of some studies on the aurora borealis, comets, and the effects of lightning, as well as of an important but unpublished work on flat and spherical trigonometry. He also wrote a commentary on the Principia of Isaac Newton (published in Geneva, 1739–42), for which he wrote approximately one hundred footnotes.
He was also known as a botanist. The genus Calandrinia was named after him.
His father was a pastor, also named Jean-Louis, and his mother was Michée Du Pan. He was the grandnephew of Bénédict Calandrini (de) (fr). In 1729, he married Renée Lullin. At the Academy of Geneva, he obtained his thesis in physics (1722). In 1724, Calandrini was named mathematics professor at the same time as Gabriel Cramer, but he first undertook a three-year journey to France and England. He was appointed professor of philosophy from 1734 to 1750. He also played an active role on the political scene of Geneva.
References
Mathematicians from the Republic of Geneva
Politicians from the Republic of Geneva
18th-century botanists from the Republic of Geneva
18th-century mathematicians
Philosophy academics
1703 births
1758 deaths |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision%20stump | A decision stump is a machine learning model consisting of a one-level decision tree. That is, it is a decision tree with one internal node (the root) which is immediately connected to the terminal nodes (its leaves). A decision stump makes a prediction based on the value of just a single input feature. Sometimes they are also called 1-rules.
Depending on the type of the input feature, several variations are possible. For nominal features, one may build a stump which contains a leaf for each possible feature value or a stump with the two leaves, one of which corresponds to some chosen category, and the other leaf to all the other categories. For binary features these two schemes are identical. A missing value may be treated as a yet another category.
For continuous features, usually, some threshold feature value is selected, and the stump contains two leaves — for values below and above the threshold. However, rarely, multiple thresholds may be chosen and the stump therefore contains three or more leaves.
Decision stumps are often used as components (called "weak learners" or "base learners") in machine learning ensemble techniques such as bagging and boosting. For example, a Viola–Jones face detection algorithm employs AdaBoost with decision stumps as weak learners.
The term "decision stump" was coined in a 1992 ICML paper by Wayne Iba and Pat Langley.
See also
Decision list
References
Decision trees |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20set%20of%20invariants | In mathematics, a complete set of invariants for a classification problem is a collection of maps
(where is the collection of objects being classified, up to some equivalence relation , and the are some sets), such that if and only if for all . In words, such that two objects are equivalent if and only if all invariants are equal.
Symbolically, a complete set of invariants is a collection of maps such that
is injective.
As invariants are, by definition, equal on equivalent objects, equality of invariants is a necessary condition for equivalence; a complete set of invariants is a set such that equality of these is also sufficient for equivalence. In the context of a group action, this may be stated as: invariants are functions of coinvariants (equivalence classes, orbits), and a complete set of invariants characterizes the coinvariants (is a set of defining equations for the coinvariants).
Examples
In the classification of two-dimensional closed manifolds, Euler characteristic (or genus) and orientability are a complete set of invariants.
Jordan normal form of a matrix is a complete invariant for matrices up to conjugation, but eigenvalues (with multiplicities) are not.
Realizability of invariants
A complete set of invariants does not immediately yield a classification theorem: not all combinations of invariants may be realized. Symbolically, one must also determine the image of
References
Mathematical terminology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation%20character | In algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics, an orientation character on a group is a group homomorphism where:
This notion is of particular significance in surgery theory.
Motivation
Given a manifold M, one takes (the fundamental group), and then sends an element of to if and only if the class it represents is orientation-reversing.
This map is trivial if and only if M is orientable.
The orientation character is an algebraic structure on the fundamental group of a manifold, which captures which loops are orientation reversing and which are orientation preserving.
Twisted group algebra
The orientation character defines a twisted involution (*-ring structure) on the group ring , by (i.e., , accordingly as is orientation preserving or reversing). This is denoted .
Examples
In real projective spaces, the orientation character evaluates trivially on loops if the dimension is odd, and assigns -1 to noncontractible loops in even dimension.
Properties
The orientation character is either trivial or has kernel an index 2 subgroup, which determines the map completely.
See also
Characteristic class
Local system
Twisted Poincaré duality
References
External links
Orientation character at the Manifold Atlas
Geometric topology
Group theory
Morphisms
Surgery theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oguchi%20disease | Oguchi disease is an autosomal recessive form of congenital stationary night blindness associated with fundus discoloration and abnormally slow dark adaptation.
Genetics
Several mutations have been implicated as a cause of Oguchi disease. These include mutations in the arrestin gene or the rhodopsin kinase gene.
The condition is more frequent in individuals of Japanese ethnicity.
Diagnosis
Oguchi disease present with nonprogressive night blindness since young childhood or birth with normal day vision, but they frequently claim improvement of light sensitivities when they remain for some time in a darkened environment.
On examination patients have normal visual fields but the fundi have a diffuse or patchy, silver-gray or golden-yellow metallic sheen and the retinal vessels stand out in relief against the background.
A prolonged dark adaptation of three hours or more, leads to disappearance of this unusual discoloration and the appearance of a normal reddish appearance. This is known as the Mizuo-Nakamura phenomena and is thought to be caused by the overstimulation of rod cells.
Differential diagnosis
Other conditions with similar appearing fundi include
Cone dystrophy
X-linked retinitis pigmentosa
Juvenile macular dystrophy
These conditions do not show the Mizuo-Nakamura phenomenon.
Electroretinographic studies
Oguchi's disease is unique in its electroretinographic responses in the light- and dark-adapted conditions. The A- and b-waves on single flash electrore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard%20Schwehm | Gerhard Schwehm (born 13 March 1949, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany) is Head of Solar System Science Operations Division for the European Space Agency (ESA). He was Mission Manager for the Rosetta mission until his retirement.
Education
Schwehm gained his PhD in Applied Physics from the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
Career
Schwehm was a scientist at the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) modelling the dust environment for Halley's comet. He then became ESA's first planetary scientist, working on the Giotto mission that provided the first close-up images of a comet nucleus, Halley's Comet.
Schwehm became lead scientist on ESA's Rosetta mission in 1985, that will culminate in Rosetta looping around the Sun with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014-2015.
Schwehm was mission manager for ESA's Smart-1 mission that impacted the Moon in September 2006 ending three years surveying the Moon.
Personal life
Schwehm is married with five children.
References
1949 births
20th-century German physicists
Living people
People from Ludwigshafen
21st-century German physicists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraspeckle | In cell biology, a paraspeckle is an irregularly shaped compartment of the cell, approximately 0.2-1 μm in size, found in the nucleus' interchromatin space. First documented in HeLa cells, where there are generally 10-30 per nucleus, Paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells, transformed cell lines and tissue sections. Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus; the "para" is short for parallel and the "speckle" refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity. Their function is still not fully understood, but they are thought to regulate gene expression by sequestrating proteins or mRNAs with inverted repeats in their 3′ UTRs.
Structure
Paraspeckles are organised into core-shell spheroidal structures; seven proteins on a scaffold of lncRNA NEAT1 (the 23kb isoform termed NEAT1_2 or NEAT1v2). In 2016, West et al. proposed the currently accepted model for Paraspeckles. This was based on their current findings using super-resolution microscopy. Their models state that the NEAT1_2 scaffold folds into a V-shaped unit. Many of these units then are assembled into a core-shell spheroid by FUS proteins. Core proteins SFPQ, NONO and PSPC1 tightly associate to the assembled structure. Finally, the shell forms, composed of partially co-localised TDP43 proteins. Due to the integral nature of NEAT1 to paraspeckles assembly, assembly is thought to occur in close proximity to NEAT1 transcription sites.
It has been no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grex%20%28biology%29 | A grex (also called a pseudoplasmodium, or slug) starts as a crowd of single-celled amoebae of the groups Acrasiomycota or Dictyosteliida; grex is the Latin word for flock. The cells flock together, forming a mass that behaves as an organised, slug-like unit. Before they get stimulated to crowd together to form a grex, the amoebae simply wander as independent cells grazing on bacteria and other suitable food items. They continue in that way of life as long as conditions are favourable. When the amoebae are stressed, typically by a shortage of food, they form a grex.
According to species and circumstances, details of the shape of the grex and how it may form will vary but typically the stressed amoebae first produce pheromones that stimulate the flock to vertically assemble in a column. When the column of aggregated cells becomes too high and narrow to stay upright, it topples and becomes a slug-shaped mass: the grex. The grex is mobile; in its form as a slug-like unit it can glide over a moist surface. Once it has moved far enough to complete its development, the cells of the amoebae differentiate according to their positions in the grex; some become the spore cells and the covering shell of the fruiting body near the tip, and others form structures such as the stalk. Cells forming the structural items, such as the stalk and shell, desiccate and die; only the spores in the fruiting body survive to propagate. When circumstances are right and the fruiting body is mature, its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentiniceras | Argentiniceras is an extinct genus of cephalopod belonging to the Ammonite subclass. It belongs to the class Cephalopoda. Its fossils were found in Russia, Yemen, India, Mediterranean, Canada and South America.
References
External links
Argentiniceras on The Paleobiology Database, information about fossil sites of A. mintaqi and A. longiceps
Ammonitida genera
Cretaceous ammonites
Perisphinctoidea
Ammonites of South America
Cretaceous Argentina
Cretaceous Chile
Berriasian life |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleutoceras | Beleutoceras is a genus belonging to the Nomismoceratidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Nomismocerataceae
Carboniferous ammonites
Fossils of Kazakhstan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinguites | Bilinguites is a genus belonging to the Gastrioceratoidea superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Reticuloceratidae
Carboniferous ammonites
Ammonites of Asia
Paleozoic life of Nunavut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyroceras | Zephyroceras is a genus belonging to the Somoholitoidea superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Somoholitaceae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadelsdorfia | Zadelsdorfia is an extinct genus belonging to the Gattendorfiinae subfamily, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Prionocerataceae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutoceras | Yakutoceras is a genus belonging to the Orulganitidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Carboniferous ammonites
Fossils of Russia
Orulganitidae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutoglaphyrites | Yakutoglaphyrites is a genus belonging to the Orulganitidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
References
The Paleobiology Database accessed on 10/01/07
Goniatitida genera
Orulganitidae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unquatornoceras | Unquatornoceras is an extinct cephalopod genus from the Late Devonian belonging to the ammonoid order Goniatitida.
References
J.J.Sepkoski's list of Cephalopod genera
Unquatornoceras in the Paleobiology database.
Goniatitida genera
Tornoceratidae
Late Devonian ammonites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20integration | Geometric integration can refer to:
Homological integration – a method for extending the notion of integral to manifolds.
Geometric integrator; a numerical method that preserves of geometric properties of the exact flow of a differential equation.
Geometric integral; several related multiplicative analogues to classical integration.
Mathematics disambiguation pages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28%E2%88%922%2C3%2C7%29%20pretzel%20knot | In geometric topology, a branch of mathematics, the (−2, 3, 7) pretzel knot, sometimes called the Fintushel–Stern knot (after Ron Fintushel and Ronald J. Stern), is an important example of a pretzel knot which exhibits various interesting phenomena under three-dimensional and four-dimensional surgery constructions.
Mathematical properties
The (−2, 3, 7) pretzel knot has 7 exceptional slopes, Dehn surgery slopes which give non-hyperbolic 3-manifolds. Among the enumerated knots, the only other hyperbolic knot with 7 or more is the figure-eight knot, which has 10. All other hyperbolic knots are conjectured to have at most 6 exceptional slopes.
References
Further reading
Kirby, R., (1978). "Problems in low dimensional topology", Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Math., volume 32, 272-312. (see problem 1.77, due to Gordon, for exceptional slopes)
External links
3-manifolds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Pettigrew | John Douglas "Jack" Pettigrew (2 October 1943 - 7 May 2019) was an Australian neuroscientist. He was Emeritus Professor of Physiology and Director of the Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre at the University of Queensland in Australia.
Research
Pettigrew's research interest was in comparative neuroscience. He studied a variety of different birds and mammals with modern neuronal tracing techniques to unravel principles of brain organization. He was the chief proponent of the flying primate hypothesis, which was based on the similarity between the brains of megabats and primates. Special emphasis was placed on the visual, auditory and somatosensory systems.
Pettigrew was the first person to clarify the neurobiological basis of stereopsis when he described neurones sensitive to binocular disparity. Later, he discovered that owls have independently evolved a system of binocular neurones like those found in mammals.
Pettigrew showed evidence for a role for non-visual pathways in the phenomenon of developmental neuroplasticity during the postnatal critical period.
Pettigrew used binocular rivalry as an assay for interhemispheric switching, whose rhythm is altered in bipolar disorder.
Honours and awards
Pettigrew’s scientific work was recognized by several honours and awards, including becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (FRS)in 1987, becoming a Fellow of the fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAAS) in the same year, and being awarded the Centena |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanlayanee%20Si%20Thammarat%20School | Kanlayanee Si Thammarat School () is a high school in Nakhon Si Thammarat located in Thailand which was established in 1918 as a provincial girls' school ().
#กัลคอน #เสรีทรงผม
Curriculum
This school has 3 programs of study:
Normal Program
English Program (EP)
Science and Mathematics Gifted Program (SMGP)
School colors are white and blue. School's tree is ratchapreuk (). School motto is: Wisdom is the light of the world.
References
External links
Schools in Thailand
Educational institutions established in 1912
Nakhon Si Thammarat province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zintl%20phase | In chemistry, a Zintl phase is a product of a reaction between a group 1 (alkali metal) or group 2 (alkaline earth metal) and main group metal or metalloid (from groups 13, 14, 15, or 16). It is characterized by intermediate metallic/ionic bonding. Zintl phases are a subgroup of brittle, high-melting intermetallic compounds that are diamagnetic or exhibit temperature-independent paramagnetism and are poor conductors or semiconductors.
This type of solid is named after German chemist Eduard Zintl who investigated them in the 1930s. The term "Zintl Phases" was first used by Laves in 1941. In his early studies, Zintl noted that there was an atomic volume contraction upon the formation of these products and realized that this could indicate cation formation. He suggested that the structures of these phases were ionic, with complete electron transfer from the more electropositive metal to the more electronegative main group element. The structure of the anion within the phase is then considered on the basis of the resulting electronic state. These ideas are further developed in the Zintl-Klemm-Busmann concept, where the polyanion structure should be similar to that of the isovalent element. Further, the anionic sublattice can be isolated as polyanions (Zintl ions) in solution and are the basis of a rich subfield of main group inorganic chemistry.
History
A "Zintl Phase" was first observed in 1891 by M. Joannis, who noted an unexpected green colored solution after dissol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro%20Alice | Mauro Alice (1925 – 23 November 2010) was a prolific Brazilian film editor who between 1952 and 2005 edited nearly 60 films, including Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985), Corazón iluminado (1996) and Carandiru (2003). He was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil and was studying chemistry in Santo André, São Paulo, when he began working in the projection room at the Vera Cruz film studio in São Bernardo do Campo. He worked with some of the most important Brazilian directors, including Amácio Mazzaropi, Watson Macedo, Walter Hugo Khouri, Héctor Babenco and Maurice Capovilla. He won the "" award in 1974 for the editing of “Anjo da Noite”.
Filmography
Self
Tangled Web: Making 'Kiss of the Spider Woman' (2008). Documentary about the film's production. Available as an "extra" with DVD releases of the film.
Editor
Vinho de Rosas (2005)
Carandiru (2003)
Zagati (2003)
A Bela E os Passaros (2001)
Até que a Vida nos Separe (1999)
A Grande Noitada (1997)
Corazón iluminado (1996)
Desterro (1991)
Doida Demais (1989)
Fogo e Paixão (1988)
Besame Mucho (1987)
Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)
Made in Brazil (1985)
Aventuras da Turma da Mônica, As (1982)
Retrato Falado de uma Mulher Sem Pudor (1982)
Filhos e Amantes (1981)
Alucinada Pelo Desejo (1979)
Jecão... Um Fofoqueiro no Céu (1977)
Anjo da Noite, O (1974)
Cangaceiras Eróticas, As (1974)
Detetive Bolacha Contra o Gênio do Crime, O (1973)
Um Caipira em Bariloche (1973)
Noites de Iemanjá (1971)
Pantanal de Sangue (1971)
OSS 117 prend des vacance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbu%20Firearms | Serbu Firearms is an American manufacturer of firearms based in Tampa, Florida, founded by mechanical engineer Mark Serbu.
History
After earning a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of South Florida in 1990, Mark Serbu found employment building flight simulators, founding Serbu Firearms as a part time occupation in 1995. In 1999, he quit his job as a flight simulator designer entirely to dedicate to his firearm business full-time.
The company is known for manufacturing simple and affordable .50 BMG rifles, such as the single-shot bolt-action BFG-50, the semi-automatic BFG-50A and the single-shot break-action RN-50.
Serbu Firearms is also noted for its production of the Super-Shorty, a compact 12- or 20-gauge (on special order) pump-action shotgun with front and rear pistol grips, which in the United States is regulated as what is called Any Other Weapon under the National Firearms Act.
Controversy
Soup Nazi incident
In 2013, Serbu refused to sell their model BFG-50A semi-automatic .50 rifles to the New York City Police Department after the passage of the NY SAFE Act that classified their weapon as an assault weapon. Instances like this, in which a firearms manufacturer refuses to supply state entities with weapons that are forbidden to their private citizens, have become more common. Following their refusal to sell the rifles, Serbu then had T-shirts printed with an image of the classic Seinfeld character The Soup Nazi, played by a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superperfect%20group | In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a group is said to be superperfect when its first two homology groups are trivial: H1(G, Z) = H2(G, Z) = 0. This is stronger than a perfect group, which is one whose first homology group vanishes. In more classical terms, a superperfect group is one whose abelianization and Schur multiplier both vanish; abelianization equals the first homology, while the Schur multiplier equals the second homology.
Definition
The first homology group of a group is the abelianization of the group itself, since the homology of a group G is the homology of any Eilenberg–MacLane space of type K(G, 1); the fundamental group of a K(G, 1) is G, and the first homology of K(G, 1) is then abelianization of its fundamental group. Thus, if a group is superperfect, then it is perfect.
A finite perfect group is superperfect if and only if it is its own universal central extension (UCE), as the second homology group of a perfect group parametrizes central extensions.
Examples
For example, if G is the fundamental group of a homology sphere, then G is superperfect. The smallest finite, non-trivial superperfect group is the binary icosahedral group (the fundamental group of the Poincaré homology sphere).
The alternating group A5 is perfect but not superperfect: it has a non-trivial central extension, the binary icosahedral group (which is in fact its UCE) is superperfect. More generally, the projective special linear groups PSL(n, q) are simple (hence perf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Paul%20Jones%20%28athlete%29 | John Paul Jones (October 15, 1890 – January 5, 1970) was an American track athlete who set several world records in the mile, including the first mile record to be ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1913.
Biography
Jones entered Cornell University in 1909, majoring in mechanical engineering. He showed little initial promise in track, not making the team until his last year and not impressing until his last race. An extremely popular and handsome man, Jones worked long hours on his studies, played basketball and tennis in the summer and ran as a pastime. As a senior, he was selected for membership in the Quill and Dagger society.
But he worked and trained hard as a runner and had the most successful coach of the era, Jack Moakley. Initially a cross country runner, he won the freshman intercollegiate championships easily and in the fall of his second year won the IC4A cross country championship.
On May 27, 1911, Jones ran in the IC4A championships at the Soldiers Field Soccer Stadium in Allston, Massachusetts in front of 12,000 spectators. Entered in the mile, Boyle of Penn State led at the quarter in 59 followed by his teammate Wilton Paull. Jones hung back in fifth place. Hanavan of Michigan State led at the half-mile mark with a 2:08, with Paull in second and Jones in third. Paull grabbed the lead at 1,000 yards, but Hanavan regained it for a lap. Then, Jones lengthened his stride and passed Paull and Hanavan, winning by 10 yards. His ti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Queen%20hypothesis | The Red Queen hypothesis is a hypothesis in evolutionary biology proposed in 1973, that species must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing species. The hypothesis was intended to explain the constant (age-independent) extinction probability as observed in the paleontological record caused by co-evolution between competing species; however, it has also been suggested that the Red Queen hypothesis explains the advantage of sexual reproduction (as opposed to asexual reproduction) at the level of individuals, and the positive correlation between speciation and extinction rates in most higher taxa.
Origin
In 1973, Leigh Van Valen proposed the hypothesis as an "explanatory tangent" to explain the "law of extinction" known as "Van Valen's law", which states that the probability of extinction does not depend on the lifetime of the species or higher-rank taxon, instead being constant over millions of years for any given taxon. However, the probability of extinction is strongly related to adaptive zones, because different taxa have different probabilities of extinction. In other words, extinction of a species occurs randomly with respect to age, but nonrandomly with respect to ecology. Collectively, these two observations suggest that the effective environment of any homogeneous group of organisms deteriorates at a stochastically constant rate. Van Valen proposed that this is the result of an evolutionary zero-sum g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THP-1%20cell%20line | THP-1 is a human monocytic cell line derived from an acute monocytic leukemia patient. It is used to test leukemia cell lines in immunocytochemical analysis of protein-protein interactions, and immunohistochemistry.
Characteristics
Although THP-1 cells are of the same lineage, mutations can cause differences as the progeny proliferates. In general, THP-1 cells exhibit a large, round, single-cell morphology. The cells were derived from the peripheral blood of a 1-year-old human male with acute monocytic leukemia. Some of their characteristics are:
Expression of Fc receptor and C3b receptors while lacking surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins.
Production of IL-1.
Positive detection of alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase and lysozymes
Phagocytic physiology (both for latex beads and sensitized erythrocytes).
Restoration of the response of purified T lymphocytes to Con A.
Increased CO2 production on phagocytosis and differentiation into macrophage-like cells
Polarization into the M1 phenotype by incubation with IFN-γ and LPS, or to the M2 phenotype by incubation with interleukin 4 and interleukin 13
Differentiation into immature dendritic cells, using recombinant human interleukin 4 (rhIL-4) and recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF), and mature dendritic cells using rhIL-4, rhGM-CSF, recombinant human tumour necrotic factor α (rhTNF-α) and Ionomycin.
The HLA type for THP-1 is HLA-A*02:01; A*24:02; B*15:11; B*35:01; C*03:03; DRB1*01 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite%20%28disambiguation%29 | A hermaphrodite is an organism that possesses both male and female reproductive organs during its life.
Hermaphrodite may also refer to:
Biology
Hermaphrodite (botany), an individual plant that has only bisexual reproductive units, or a plant population comprising plants whose flowers have both male and female parts
Bovine hermaphrodite, an infertile female cattle with masculinized behavior and non-functioning ovaries
Sequential hermaphrodite, an individual that changes its sex at some point in its life
Simultaneous hermaphrodite, an individual that has sex organs of both sexes and can produce both gamete types even in the same breeding season
Intersex person, an individual born with any of several variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones or genitals that do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies
Pseudohermaphrodite, an organism that is born with primary sex characteristics of one sex but develops the secondary sex characteristics that are different from what would be expected on the basis of the gonadal tissue
True hermaphrodite, a medical term for an individual who is born with ovarian and testicular tissue
Creative works
Hermaphrodite (Nadar), a series of photographs of an intersex person taken by 19th-century French photographer Nadar
The Hermaphrodite, a novel by Julia Ward Howe
Hermaphrodites with Attitude, a journal formerly published by the Intersex Society of North America
Journal of a Sad Hermaphrodite, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Mittelhauser | Jon E. Mittelhauser (born May 1970) is a software executive who co-wrote the Windows version of NCSA Mosaic and was a founder of Netscape.
Education
Mittelhauser attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he joined the Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science in 1992 and a master's degree in 1994.
Career
In 1993, as a graduate student, he co-wrote NCSA Mosaic for Windows with fellow student Chris Wilson while working at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). Mittelhauser was part of the original team of five programmers of Mosaic with Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina (Unix version), Aleks Totic (Mac version) and Chris Wilson (Windows version). The Windows version that Mittelhauser and Wilson wrote was the first browser with over a million downloads and is often characterized as the first widely used web browser. Mittelhauser is considered a founding father of the browser.
After leaving the University of Illinois in 1994, Mittelhauser became one of the founders of Netscape Communications Corporation.
His next position was Director of Engineering for Geocast Network Systems, a start-up funded by Mayfield Fund, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, and Institutional Venture Partners.
Mittelhauser led the software organization at OnLive, Inc. and managed their successful launch in 2010. He left at the end of that year as VP of Engineering and joined their Technical Advisory Board.
In May |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undefined%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, the term undefined is often used to refer to an expression which is not assigned an interpretation or a value (such as an indeterminate form, which has the possibility of assuming different values). The term can take on several different meanings depending on the context. For example:
In various branches of mathematics, certain concepts are introduced as primitive notions (e.g., the terms "point", "line" and "plane" in geometry). As these terms are not defined in terms of other concepts, they may be referred to as "undefined terms".
A function is said to be "undefined" at points outside of its domainfor example, the real-valued function is undefined for negative (i.e., it assigns no value to negative arguments).
In algebra, some arithmetic operations may not assign a meaning to certain values of its operands (e.g., division by zero). In which case, the expressions involving such operands are termed "undefined".
In square roots, square roots of any negative number are undefined because you can’t multiply 2 of the same positive nor negative number to get a negative number, like √-4, √-9, √-16 etc. (ex: 6x6=36 and -6x-6=36).
Undefined terms
In ancient times, geometers attempted to define every term. For example, Euclid defined a point as "that which has no part". In modern times, mathematicians recognize that attempting to define every word inevitably leads to circular definitions, and therefore leave some terms (such as "point") undefined (see primitive |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Glendinning | Paul Glendinning is a professor of Applied Mathematics, in the School of Mathematics at the University of Manchester who is known for his work on dynamical systems, specifically models of the time-evolution of complex mathematical or physical processes. His main areas of research are bifurcation theory (particularly global bifurcations); synchronization and blowout bifurcations; low-dimensional maps; and quasi-periodically forced systems.
Education
He gained his PhD from King's College, Cambridge in 1985 with a thesis entitled Homoclinic Bifurcations under the supervision of Nigel Weiss.
Career and research
After postdoctoral research at the University of Warwick, he returned to Cambridge, with a Junior Research Fellowship at King's. In 1987 he moved to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge as Director of Studies in Applied Mathematics. In 1992 he won the Adams Prize. In 1996 he was appointed to a chair at Queen Mary and Westfield College, London and then to a chair at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) in 2000.
In 2004 the Victoria University of Manchester and UMIST merged and he was appointed as head of the School of Mathematics formed by the merger of the Mathematics Departments in the former institutions. His term of office as head of school expired in August 2008.
He was Scientific Director of the International Centre for Mathematical Sciences in Edinburgh from 2016 to 2021. In 2021 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Socie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeo%20Hirose | (born 1947 in Tokyo) is a pioneer of robotics technology and a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.
Born in Tokyo and attending Hibiya High School, he graduated from Yokohama National University in 1971 and received a Ph.D. from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1976 where he later took professorship.
His works includes designs for robots capable of various types of movement such as walking, crawling, swimming and slithering. Specific designs include a "ninja-robot" capable of climbing buildings and a seven-ton robot capable of climbing mountainous slopes with the aim of installing bolts in the ground so as to prevent landslides. Hirose is also involved in work with the United Nations to develop a remotely controlled robot capable of clearing landmines.
Positions held
1976–1979 Research Associate
1979–1992 Associate Professor
1992–2013 Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2002– Honorary Professor, Shengyang Institute of Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Fellow of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
2003– Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Books
“Snake Inspired Robots” (Kogyo-chosakai Publishing Co. Ltd., 1987, in Japanese)
“Robotics” (Shokabo Publishing Co. Ltd., 1987, 1996 revised edition, in Japanese)
“Biologically Inspired Robots” (Oxford University Press, 1993).
Awards
Hirose has been awarded about thirty academic prizes including:
Medal with Purple Ribbon in spring 2006.
The first Pioneer in Roboti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective%20abortion | Selective abortion may refer to:
Sex-selective abortion
When a genetic test is performed that detects an undesirable trait; see genetics and abortion
Selective reduction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20graph | In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a split graph is a graph in which the vertices can be partitioned into a clique and an independent set. Split graphs were first studied by , and independently introduced by .
A split graph may have more than one partition into a clique and an independent set; for instance, the path is a split graph, the vertices of which can be partitioned in three different ways:
the clique and the independent set
the clique and the independent set
the clique and the independent set
Split graphs can be characterized in terms of their forbidden induced subgraphs: a graph is split if and only if no induced subgraph is a cycle on four or five vertices, or a pair of disjoint edges (the complement of a 4-cycle).
Relation to other graph families
From the definition, split graphs are clearly closed under complementation. Another characterization of split graphs involves complementation: they are chordal graphs the complements of which are also chordal. Just as chordal graphs are the intersection graphs of subtrees of trees, split graphs are the intersection graphs of distinct substars of star graphs. Almost all chordal graphs are split graphs; that is, in the limit as n goes to infinity, the fraction of n-vertex chordal graphs that are split approaches one.
Because chordal graphs are perfect, so are the split graphs. The double split graphs, a family of graphs derived from split graphs by doubling every vertex (so the clique comes to induce an an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCCP | PCCP may refer to:
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, a scientific journal
From Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential within the International Hydrological Programme of the UNESCO
Prestressed concrete cylinder pipe
See also
PCC(p) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20%2B%201%20%2B%201%20%2B%201%20%2B%20%E2%8B%AF | In mathematics, , also written , , or simply , is a divergent series, meaning that its sequence of partial sums does not converge to a limit in the real numbers. The sequence 1 can be thought of as a geometric series with the common ratio 1. Unlike other geometric series with rational ratio (except −1), it converges in neither the real numbers nor in the -adic numbers for some . In the context of the extended real number line
since its sequence of partial sums increases monotonically without bound.
Where the sum of occurs in physical applications, it may sometimes be interpreted by zeta function regularization, as the value at of the Riemann zeta function:
The two formulas given above are not valid at zero however, but the analytic continuation is.
Using this one gets (given that ),
where the power series expansion for about follows because has a simple pole of residue one there. In this sense .
Emilio Elizalde presents a comment from others about the series:
See also
Grandi's series
1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + · · ·
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + · · ·
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + · · ·
1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + ⋯
1 − 1 + 2 − 6 + 24 − 120 + · · ·
Harmonic series
Notes
External links
Arithmetic series
Divergent series
Geometric series
1 (number)
Mathematical paradoxes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled%20aerodynamic%20instability%20phenomena | The term controlled aerodynamic instability phenomena was first used by Cristiano Augusto Trein in the Nineteenth KKCNN Symposium on Civil Engineering held in Kyoto – Japan in 2006. The concept is based on the idea that aerodynamic instability phenomena, such as Kármán vortex street, flutter, galloping and buffeting, can be driven into a controlled motion and be used to extract energy from the flow, becoming an alternative approach for wind power generation systems.
Justification
Nowadays, when a discussion is established around the theme wind power generation, what is promptly addressed is the image of a big wind turbine getting turned by the wind. However, some alternative approaches have already been proposed in the latter decades, showing that wind turbines are not the only possibility for the exploitation of the wind for power generation purposes.
In 1977 Jeffery experimented with an oscillating aerofoil system based on a vertically mounted pivoting wing which flapped in the wind. Farthing discovered that this free flutter could automatically cease for high wind protection and developed floating and pile based models for pumping surface and well water as well as compressing air with auxiliary battery charging. McKinney and DeLaurier in 1981 proposed a system called wingmill, based on a rigid horizontal airfoil with articulated pitching and plunging to extract energy from the flow. This system has stimulated Moores in 2003 to conduct further investigations on applic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubrication%20theory | In fluid dynamics, lubrication theory describes the flow of fluids (liquids or gases) in a geometry in which one dimension is significantly smaller than the others. An example is the flow above air hockey tables, where the thickness of the air layer beneath the puck is much smaller than the dimensions of the puck itself.
Internal flows are those where the fluid is fully bounded. Internal flow lubrication theory has many industrial applications because of its role in the design of fluid bearings. Here a key goal of lubrication theory is to determine the pressure distribution in the fluid volume, and hence the forces on the bearing components. The working fluid in this case is often termed a lubricant.
Free film lubrication theory is concerned with the case in which one of the surfaces containing the fluid is a free surface. In that case, the position of the free surface is itself unknown, and one goal of lubrication theory is then to determine this. Examples include the flow of a viscous fluid over an inclined plane or over topography. Surface tension may be significant, or even dominant. Issues of wetting and dewetting then arise. For very thin films (thickness less than one micrometre), additional intermolecular forces, such as Van der Waals forces or disjoining forces, may become significant.
Theoretical basis
Mathematically, lubrication theory can be seen as exploiting the disparity between two length scales. The first is the characteristic film thickness, , and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrainment%20%28chronobiology%29 | In the study of chronobiology, entrainment occurs when rhythmic physiological or behavioral events match their period to that of an environmental oscillation. It is ultimately the interaction between circadian rhythms and the environment. A central example is the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the daily light–dark cycle, which ultimately is determined by the Earth's rotation. Exposure to certain environmental stimuli will cue a phase shift, and abrupt change in the timing of the rhythm. Entrainment helps organisms maintain an adaptive phase relationship with the environment as well as prevent drifting of a free running rhythm. This stable phase relationship achieved is thought to be the main function of entrainment.
There are two general modes of entrainment: phasic and continuous. The phasic mode is when there is limited interaction with the environment to "reset" the clock every day by the amount equal to the "error", which is the difference between the environmental cycle and the organism's circadian rhythm. The continuous mode is when the circadian rhythm is continuously adjusted by the environment, usually by constant light. Two properties, the free-running period of an organism, and the phase response curve, are the main pieces of information needed to investigate individual entrainment. There are also limits to entrainment. Although there may be individual differences in this limit, most organisms have a +/- 3 hours limit of entrainment. Due to this limit, it ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20and%20Computing%20College | Mathematics and Computing Colleges were introduced in England in 2002 and Northern Ireland in 2006 as part of the Government's Specialist Schools programme which was designed to raise standards in secondary education. Specialist schools focus on their chosen specialism but must also meet the requirements of the National Curriculum and deliver a broad and balanced education to all their pupils. Mathematics and Computing Colleges must focus on mathematics and either computing or ICT.
Colleges are expected to disseminate good practice and share resources with other schools and the wider community. They often develop active partnerships with local organisations and their feeder primary schools. They also work with local businesses to promote the use of mathematics and computing outside of school.
In 2007 there were 222 schools in England which were designated as specialist Mathematics and Computing Colleges. A further 21 schools were designated in combined specialisms which included mathematics and computing, and 15 had a second specialism in Mathematics and Computing.
The Specialist Schools programme ended in 2011. Since then, schools in England have to either become an academy or apply through the Dedicated Schools Grant if they wish to become a Mathematics and Computing College. As of 2021 there are few Mathematics and Computing Colleges left in the United Kingdom.
References
External links
Vision for Mathematics and Computing Colleges, The Standards Site
Specialist Sch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartman%E2%80%93Grobman%20theorem | In mathematics, in the study of dynamical systems, the Hartman–Grobman theorem or linearisation theorem is a theorem about the local behaviour of dynamical systems in the neighbourhood of a hyperbolic equilibrium point. It asserts that linearisation—a natural simplification of the system—is effective in predicting qualitative patterns of behaviour. The theorem owes its name to Philip Hartman and David M. Grobman.
The theorem states that the behaviour of a dynamical system in a domain near a hyperbolic equilibrium point is qualitatively the same as the behaviour of its linearization near this equilibrium point, where hyperbolicity means that no eigenvalue of the linearization has real part equal to zero. Therefore, when dealing with such dynamical systems one can use the simpler linearization of the system to analyse its behaviour around equilibria.
Main theorem
Consider a system evolving in time with state that satisfies the differential equation for some smooth map . Now suppose the map has a hyperbolic equilibrium state : that is, and the Jacobian matrix of at state has no eigenvalue with real part equal to zero. Then there exists a neighbourhood of the equilibrium and a homeomorphism ,
such that and such that in the neighbourhood the flow of is topologically conjugate by the continuous map to the flow of its linearisation .
Even for infinitely differentiable maps , the homeomorphism need not to be smooth, nor even locally Lipschitz. However, it turns ou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahead-of-time%20compilation | In computer science, ahead-of-time compilation (AOT compilation) is the act of compiling an (often) higher-level programming language into an (often) lower-level language before execution of a program, usually at build-time, to reduce the amount of work needed to be performed at run time.
Most often, It is associated with the act of compiling a higher-level programming language such as C or C++, or an intermediate representation such as Java bytecode or .NET Framework Common Intermediate Language (CIL) code, into a native (system-dependent) machine code so that the resulting binary file can execute natively, just like a standard native compiler. When being used in this specific context, it is often seen as an opposite of just-in-time (JIT) compiling.
Speaking more generally, the target languages of an AOT compilation are not necessarily specific to native machine code but are defined rather arbitrarily. Some academic papers use this word to mean the act of compiling the Java bytecode to C or the timing when optimization pipeline are performed. An academic project uses this word to mean the act of pre-compiling JavaScript to a machine-dependent optimized IR for V8 (JavaScript engine) and to a machine independent bytecode for JavaScriptCore. Some industrial language implementations (e.g. Clojure and Hermes JavaScript engine) use this word to mean the act of pre-compiling the source language to VM specific bytecode. Angular (web framework) uses this word to mean converting its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation%20damage | Radiation damage is the effect of ionizing radiation on physical objects including non-living structural materials. It can be either detrimental or beneficial for materials.
Radiobiology is the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things, including the health effects of radiation in humans. High doses of ionizing radiation can cause damage to living tissue such as radiation burning and harmful mutations such as causing cells to become cancerous, and can lead to health problems such as radiation poisoning.
Causes
This radiation may take several forms:
Cosmic rays and subsequent energetic particles caused by their collision with the atmosphere and other materials.
Radioactive daughter products (radioisotopes) caused by the collision of cosmic rays with the atmosphere and other materials, including living tissues.
Energetic particle beams from a particle accelerator.
Energetic particles or electro-magnetic radiation (X-rays) released from collisions of such particles with a target, as in an X ray machine or incidentally in the use of a particle accelerator.
Particles or various types of rays released by radioactive decay of elements, which may be naturally occurring, created by accelerator collisions, or created in a nuclear reactor. They may be manufactured for therapeutic or industrial use or be released accidentally by nuclear accident, or released intentionally by a dirty bomb, or released into the atmosphere, ground, or ocean incidental to the explosion of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20K.%20Thomas%20%28chemist%29 | Robert Kemeys Thomas (born 25 September 1941), also known as Bob Thomas, is a physical chemist working in the Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory (PTCL) at the University of Oxford.
Early life and education
He was born in Harpenden, the son of the Rev. Herbert Samuel Griffiths Thomas MC and Dr Agnes Paterson Thomas (née McLaren). He was educated at St John's College, Oxford.
Career and research
He is a fellow of University College, Oxford. He works in the field of soft condensed matter and is a pioneer in the development of neutron scattering and reflectivity techniques. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1998.
Surfaces and Interfaces Award (2010)
Personal life
He married Pamela Woods in 1968. They have three children.
References
1941 births
People from Harpenden
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of University College, Oxford
Living people
British physical chemists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%20Exploration%20Project | The Stanford Exploration Project (SEP) is an industry-funded academic consortium within the Geophysics Department at Stanford University. SEP research has contributed greatly to improving the theory and practice of constructing 3-D and 4-D images of the earth from seismic echo soundings (see: Reflection seismology). The consortium was started in the 1970s by Jon Claerbout and is currently co-directed with Biondo Biondi.
SEP pioneered innovations in migration imaging, velocity estimation, dip moveout and slant stack. SEP has recently been involved in 3-D seismic applications such as velocity estimation, wavefield-continuation prestack migration, multidimensional image estimation, and 4-D (time-lapse) reservoir monitoring.
History
SEP was founded by Jon Claerbout as a partnership between the Stanford University School of Earth Sciences Department of Geophysics and various industry partners who fund for SEP activities. SEP pioneered developments in migration imaging, velocity estimation, dip moveout and slant stack analysis.
External links
SEP Home Page
References
Stanford University
Geophysics organizations
Seismological observatories, organisations and projects
Petroleum in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch%20code | A notch code is a set of notches or recesses cut into the edge of a piece of sheet film to provide a tactile way to identify the film brand, type, and processing chemistry (e.g. black and white, color negative, or color reversal) in the dark. It enables photographers to identify the emulsion side of the film when loading sheet film holders, and helps processing lab technicians avoid placing sheets in the wrong processor. After processing the notches serve as a permanent visual record of the same information. When the film is oriented vertically (portrait format), the notches are in the top edge near the upper right corner when the emulsion faces the viewer.
Code notches and ISO speeds for Kodak sheet films
Code notches and ISO speeds for Ilford sheet films
Code notches and ISO speeds for Fuji sheet films
Historic Notch Codes
Sources
Note 31.3 of the RIT PhotoForum List FAQ File
Kodak Tech Pub F3
Kodak Technical Publication P7-4A: Reference Data for Kodak Professional Photographic Products.
More film notch codes.
Kodak information on Plus-X Pan Professional with correct notch code http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/f8/f8.pdf
References
Photographic film markings |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech%20camp | A tech camp is a summer camp which focuses on technology education, sometimes referred to as a computer camp. These camps often include programs such as video game design, robotics, and programming. These camps first began to appear in the United States in the late 1970s. National Computer Camps was the first computer camp established in 1977.
U.S. News & World Report April 23, 2001, p. 41.
Computer World, No 16, April 17, 1978, p. 16.
References
Computing and society
Summer camps |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint%20union%20of%20graphs | In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the disjoint union of graphs is an operation that combines two or more graphs to form a larger graph.
It is analogous to the disjoint union of sets, and is constructed by making the vertex set of the result be the disjoint union of the vertex sets of the given graphs, and by making the edge set of the result be the disjoint union of the edge sets of the given graphs. Any disjoint union of two or more nonempty graphs is necessarily disconnected.
Notation
The disjoint union is also called the graph sum, and may be represented either by a plus sign or a circled plus sign: If and are two graphs, then or denotes their disjoint union.
Related graph classes
Certain special classes of graphs may be represented using disjoint union operations. In particular:
The forests are the disjoint unions of trees.
The cluster graphs are the disjoint unions of complete graphs.
The 2-regular graphs are the disjoint unions of cycle graphs.
More generally, every graph is the disjoint union of connected graphs, its connected components.
The cographs are the graphs that can be constructed from single-vertex graphs by a combination of disjoint union and complement operations.
References
Graph operations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak%20Kikoin | Isaak Konstantinovich (Kushelevich) Kikoin (; 28 March 1908 – 28 December 1984), , was a Soviet physicist of Lithuanian origin and an author of physics textbooks in Russian language who played an important role in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons.
Biography
Kikoin was born in the town of Novye Zhagory (now Žagarė in Lithuania), Russian Empire. Kikoin was a Lithuanian Jew (orthodoxy) whose patronymic was also written as Kushelevich (Кушелевич; "son of Kushel"); and his parents were school teachers. During the World War I, his family was relocated from Latvia to Russia where he entered in gymnazium in Pskov, and upon graduation, he went to study physics at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute in 1925.
In 1930-31, he earned his specialist degree in physics and successfully defended his thesis on Photomagnetism for his Doktor Nauk in 1936. He taught physics at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, and his early work investigated the electrical conductivity and magnetic attractions in metals until 1938. From 1938 till 1944, he taught physics at the Ural Polytechnic Institute and found a landmine project with the Red Army that would demagnetize, and detonate the German army's tanks. It was Kurchatov who brought Kikoin in Soviet program of nuclear weapons and assigned him the Uranium enrichment project at this Laboratory No. 2 using the gaseous diffusion method took place under Kikoin while Lev Artsimovich worked on electromagnetic isotope separation. During the Russian |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20%E2%88%92%202%20%2B%204%20%E2%88%92%208%20%2B%20%E2%8B%AF | In mathematics, is the infinite series whose terms are the successive powers of two with alternating signs. As a geometric series, it is characterized by its first term, 1, and its common ratio, −2.
As a series of real numbers it diverges, so in the usual sense it has no sum. In a much broader sense, the series is associated with another value besides ∞, namely , which is the limit of the series using the 2-adic metric.
Historical arguments
Gottfried Leibniz considered the divergent alternating series as early as 1673. He argued that by subtracting either on the left or on the right, one could produce either positive or negative infinity, and therefore both answers are wrong and the whole should be finite:
Now normally nature chooses the middle if neither of the two is permitted, or rather if it cannot be determined which of the two is permitted, and the whole is equal to a finite quantity
Leibniz did not quite assert that the series had a sum, but he did infer an association with following Mercator's method. The attitude that a series could equal some finite quantity without actually adding up to it as a sum would be commonplace in the 18th century, although no distinction is made in modern mathematics.
After Christian Wolff read Leibniz's treatment of Grandi's series in mid-1712, Wolff was so pleased with the solution that he sought to extend the arithmetic mean method to more divergent series such as . Briefly, if one expresses a partial sum of this series as a fun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace%20Jayne | Horace Fort Jayne (5 March 1859, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – 9 July 1913, Wallingford, Pennsylvania) was an American zoölogist and educator.
Biography
He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania (A.B., 1879; M.D., 1882), and studied biology at the universities of Leipzig and Jena in 1882–1883, and at Johns Hopkins for a year. In 1884 he was appointed professor of vertebrate morphology at The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, and became a director of the institute. He was a professor of zoölogy at the University of Pennsylvania from 1894 to 1905, secretary of Penn's biological faculty (1884–1889), and dean of Penn's college faculty (1889–1894). He became a trustee of Drexel Institute, and served as co-editor of several scientific journals. In 1885, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.
He married ethnologist Caroline Furness Jayne (1873–1909), and they had two children. Their son, Horace H. F. Jayne (1898–1975), became the first curator of Chinese art at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and later was director of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, and vice director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Works
Abnormalities Observed in the North American Coleoptera (1880)
Revision of the Dermestidœ of North America (1882)
Mammalian Anatomy (1898)
He was also the author of many scientific papers.
See also
Horace Jayne House
Lindenshade (Wallingford, Pennsylvania)
References
1859 births
1913 deaths
Buri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent%20Systems%20for%20Molecular%20Biology | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) is an annual academic conference on the subjects of bioinformatics and computational biology organised by the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). The principal focus of the conference is on the development and application of advanced computational methods for biological problems. The conference has been held every year since 1993 and has grown to become one of the largest and most prestigious meetings in these fields, hosting over 2,000 delegates in 2004. From the first meeting, ISMB has been held in locations worldwide; since 2007, meetings have been located in Europe and North America in alternating years. Since 2004, European meetings have been held jointly with the European Conference on Computational Biology (ECCB).
The main ISMB conference is usually held over three days and consists of presentations, poster sessions and keynote talks. Most presentations are given in multiple parallel tracks; however, keynote talks are presented in a single track and are chosen to reflect outstanding research in bioinformatics. Notable ISMB keynote speakers have included eight Nobel laureates. The recipients of the ISCB Overton Prize and ISCB Accomplishment by a Senior Scientist Award are invited to give keynote talks as part of the programme. The proceedings of the conference are currently published by the journal Bioinformatics.
History
Early meetings
The origins of the ISMB conference lie in a workshop for artifi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint%20bundle | In mathematics, an adjoint bundle is a vector bundle naturally associated to any principal bundle. The fibers of the adjoint bundle carry a Lie algebra structure making the adjoint bundle into a (nonassociative) algebra bundle. Adjoint bundles have important applications in the theory of connections as well as in gauge theory.
Formal definition
Let G be a Lie group with Lie algebra , and let P be a principal G-bundle over a smooth manifold M. Let
be the (left) adjoint representation of G. The adjoint bundle of P is the associated bundle
The adjoint bundle is also commonly denoted by . Explicitly, elements of the adjoint bundle are equivalence classes of pairs [p, X] for p ∈ P and X ∈ such that
for all g ∈ G. Since the structure group of the adjoint bundle consists of Lie algebra automorphisms, the fibers naturally carry a Lie algebra structure making the adjoint bundle into a bundle of Lie algebras over M.
Restriction to a closed subgroup
Let G be any Lie group with Lie algebra , and let H be a closed subgroup of G.
Via the (left) adjoint representation of G on , G becomes a topological transformation group of .
By restricting the adjoint representation of G to the subgroup H,
also H acts as a topological transformation group on . For every h in H, is a Lie algebra automorphism.
Since H is a closed subgroup of the Lie group G, the homogeneous space M=G/H is the base space of a principal bundle with total space G and structure group H. So the existence of H-va |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1/2%20%E2%88%92%201/4%20%2B%201/8%20%E2%88%92%201/16%20%2B%20%E2%8B%AF | In mathematics, the infinite series
is a simple example of an alternating series that converges absolutely.
It is a geometric series whose first term is and whose common ratio is −, so its sum is
Hackenbush and the surreals
A slight rearrangement of the series reads
The series has the form of a positive integer plus a series containing every negative power of two with either a positive or negative sign, so it can be translated into the infinite blue-red Hackenbush string that represents the surreal number :
LRRLRLR... = .
A slightly simpler Hackenbush string eliminates the repeated R:
LRLRLRL... = .
In terms of the Hackenbush game structure, this equation means that the board depicted on the right has a value of 0; whichever player moves second has a winning strategy.
Related series
The statement that is absolutely convergent means that the series is convergent. In fact, the latter series converges to 1, and it proves that one of the binary expansions of 1 is 0.111....
Pairing up the terms of the series results in another geometric series with the same sum, . This series is one of the first to be summed in the history of mathematics; it was used by Archimedes circa 250–200 BC.
The Euler transform of the divergent series is . Therefore, even though the former series does not have a sum in the usual sense, it is Euler summable to .
Notes
References
Geometric series |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynjulf%20Blix | Brynjulf Blix (born December 20, 1951) is a Norwegian pianist. Known from his collaboration with Terje Rypdal, Blix received broader notoriety as a member of the group Alex, supporting the singer Alex Naumik. Blix is also known for his knowledge of electronic music and computer science. He has worked as a computer journalist for DinSide. He has withdrawn from performing, concentrating on his writing, though he has appeared in Norway with the band PATEYs PIPE.
Discography
Terje Rypdal: Odyssey – ECM Records, 1975
George K Band: Let's Move Together – Private Stock Records, 1977
Anita Skorgan (LPs, albums) – Snowflake Skandinavisk Artist Produksjon, 1978
Lion & The Lamb: Lion & The Lamb (LP, album) – Polydor, 1978
Alex: Alex' Beste – Polydor, 1981
Terje Wiik: Wiikend A Go Go (LP, album) – Limbo Musikkproduksjon, 1984
BANG 85: The Further You Go (LP, album) – Spider Records, 1985
Guttorm Guttormsen Quartet: Soturnudi & Albufeira – Plastic Strip, 2008
References
External links
20th-century Norwegian pianists
21st-century Norwegian pianists
Norwegian jazz pianists
Norwegian jazz composers
ECM Records artists
Musicians from Oslo
1951 births
Living people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Thorpe | Michael Thorpe (born March 12, 1944) is an English-American physicist and Foundation Professor of Physics at Arizona State University. He received his D. Phil from Oxford University in 1968 in condensed matter physics under supervision of Sir Roger James Elliott. His early research was on network glasses, but has recently focused on applying his knowledge to the study of protein dynamics.
In 2003, Thorpe joined Arizona State University from Michigan State University. His research interests are in the theory of disordered systems, with a special emphasis on properties that are determined by geometry and topology. He has a research background in condensed matter theory, and in recent years has developed the mathematical theory of flexibility and mobility for use in network glasses.
Birth and education
Thorpe attended Manchester University in 1962 and received his B.Sc. with first Class Honours in Theoretical Physics in 1965. After conducting research in theoretical solid state physics (1965–1968), he received his D. Phil from Department of Theoretical Physics at Oxford University. He was a research associate at Brookhaven National Laboratory from 1968 to 1970.
He joined Department of Engineering & Applied Science at Yale University as an assistant professor in 1970, where he became an associate professor from 1974 to 1977. He was an associate professor (1976–1980), professor (1980–1996) and university distinguished professor (1997–2003) at Physics & Astronomy Department |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal%20s6%20kinase | In molecular biology, ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk) is a family of protein kinases involved in signal transduction. There are two subfamilies of rsk, p90rsk, also known as MAPK-activated protein kinase-1 (MAPKAP-K1), and p70rsk, also known as S6-H1 Kinase or simply S6 Kinase. There are three variants of p90rsk in humans, rsk 1-3. Rsks are serine/threonine kinases and are activated by the MAPK/ERK pathway. There are two known mammalian homologues of S6 Kinase: S6K1 and S6K2.
Substrates
Both p90 and p70 Rsk phosphorylate ribosomal protein s6, part of the translational machinery, but several other substrates have been identified, including other ribosomal proteins. Cytosolic substrates of p90rsk include protein phosphatase 1; glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3); L1 CAM, a neural cell adhesion molecule; Son of Sevenless, the Ras exchange factor; and Myt1, an inhibitor of cdc2.
RSK phosphorylation of SOS1 (Son of Sevenless) at Serines 1134 and 1161 creates 14-3-3 docking site. This interaction of phospho SOS1 and 14-3-3 negatively regulates Ras-MAPK pathway.
p90rsk also regulates transcription factors including cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB); estrogen receptor-α (ERα); IκBα/NF-κB; and c-Fos.
Genomics
p90 Rsk-1 is located at 1p.
p90 Rsk-2 is located at Xp22.2 and contains 22 exons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Coffin–Lowry syndrome, a disease characterised by severe psychomotor retardation and other developmental abnormalities.
p90 Rsk-3 is l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20boundary%20condition | In mathematics, the Robin boundary condition (; properly ), or third type boundary condition, is a type of boundary condition, named after Victor Gustave Robin (1855–1897). When imposed on an ordinary or a partial differential equation, it is a specification of a linear combination of the values of a function and the values of its derivative on the boundary of the domain. Other equivalent names in use are Fourier-type condition and radiation condition.
Definition
Robin boundary conditions are a weighted combination of Dirichlet boundary conditions and Neumann boundary conditions. This contrasts to mixed boundary conditions, which are boundary conditions of different types specified on different subsets of the boundary. Robin boundary conditions are also called impedance boundary conditions, from their application in electromagnetic problems, or convective boundary conditions, from their application in heat transfer problems (Hahn, 2012).
If Ω is the domain on which the given equation is to be solved and ∂Ω denotes its boundary, the Robin boundary condition is:
for some non-zero constants a and b and a given function g defined on ∂Ω. Here, u is the unknown solution defined on Ω and denotes the normal derivative at the boundary. More generally, a and b are allowed to be (given) functions, rather than constants.
In one dimension, if, for example, Ω = [0,1], the Robin boundary condition becomes the conditions:
Notice the change of sign in front of the term involving |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Richard%20Peltier | William Richard Peltier, Ph.D., D.Sc. (hc) (born 1943), is university professor of physics at the University of Toronto. He is director of the Centre for Global Change Science , past principal investigator of the Polar Climate Stability Network , and the scientific director of Canada's largest supercomputer centre, SciNet . He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, of the American Geophysical Union, of the American Meteorological Society, and of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters..
His research interests include: atmospheric and oceanic waves and turbulence, geophysical fluid dynamics, physics of the planetary interior, and planetary climate.
He is notable for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the dynamics of the deep Earth, both concerning the nature of the mantle convection process and the circulation of the visco-elastic interior caused by the loading of the surface by continental scale ice sheet loads. His gravitationally self-consistent global theory of Ice-Earth-Ocean interactions has become widely employed internationally in the explanation of the changes of sea level that accompany both the growth and decay of grounded ice on the continents, both during the Late Quaternary era of Earth history and under modern global warming conditions. His models of the space-time variations of continental ice cover since the last maximum of glaciation are employed universally to provide the boundary conditions needed to enable modern coupled climate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotide | In biochemistry, cyclotides are small, disulfide-rich peptides isolated from plants. Typically containing 28-37 amino acids, they are characterized by their head-to-tail cyclised peptide backbone and the interlocking arrangement of their three disulfide bonds. These combined features have been termed the cyclic cystine knot (CCK) motif. To date, over 100 cyclotides have been isolated and characterized from species of the families Rubiaceae, Violaceae, and Cucurbitaceae. Cyclotides have also been identified in agriculturally important families such as the Fabaceae and Poaceae.
Structure
Cyclotides have a well-defined three-dimensional structure due to their interlocking disulfide bonds and cyclic peptide backbone. Backbone loops and selected residues are labeled on the structure to help orientation. The amino acid sequence (single-letter amino acid representation) for this peptide is indicated on the sequence diagram to the right. One of the interesting features of cyclic peptides is that knowledge of the peptide sequence does not reveal the ancestral head and tail; knowledge of the gene sequence is required for this. In the case of kalata B1 the indicated glycine (G) and asparagine (N) amino acids are the terminal residues that are linked in a peptide bond to cyclize the peptide.
Biological function
Cyclotides have been reported to have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-HIV, insecticidal, anti-tumour, antifouling, anti-microbial, hemolytic, neur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional%20point%20vortex%20gas | The two-dimensional point vortex gas is a discrete particle model used to study turbulence in two-dimensional ideal fluids. The two-dimensional guiding-center plasma is a completely equivalent model used in plasma physics.
General setup
The model is a Hamiltonian system of N points in the two-dimensional plane executing the motion
(In the confined version of the problem, the logarithmic potential is modified.)
Interpretations
In the point-vortex gas interpretation, the particles represent either point vortices in a two-dimensional fluid, or parallel line vortices in a three-dimensional fluid. The constant ki is the circulation of the fluid around the ith vortex. The Hamiltonian H is the interaction term of the fluid's integrated kinetic energy; it may be either positive or negative. The equations of motion simply reflect the drift of each vortex's position in the velocity field of the other vortices.
In the guiding-center plasma interpretation, the particles represent long filaments of charge parallel to some external magnetic field. The constant ki is the linear charge density of the ith filament. The Hamiltonian H is just the two-dimensional Coulomb potential between lines. The equations of motion reflect the guiding center drift of the charge filaments, hence the name.
See also
List of plasma (physics) articles
Notes
References
Turbulence models
Plasma physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20microbiology | Medical microbiology, the large subset of microbiology that is applied to medicine, is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health. There are four kinds of microorganisms that cause infectious disease: bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, and one type of infectious protein called prion.
A medical microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth. The academic qualification as a clinical/Medical Microbiologist in a hospital or medical research centre generally requires a Bachelors degree while in some countries a Masters in Microbiology along with Ph.D. in any of the life-sciences (Biochem, Micro, Biotech, Genetics, etc.). Medical microbiologists often serve as consultants for physicians, providing identification of pathogens and suggesting treatment options. Using this information, a treatment can be devised.
Other tasks may include the identification of potential health risks to the community or monitoring the evolution of potentially virulent or resistant strains of microbes, educating the community and assisting in the design of health practices. They may also assist in preventing or controlling epidemics and outbreaks of disease.
Not all medical microbiologists study microbial pathology; some study common, non-pathogenic sp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Lu | Peter James Lu, PhD (陸述義) is a post-doctoral research fellow in the Department of Physics and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He has been recognized
for his discoveries of quasicrystal patterns (girih tiles) in medieval Islamic architecture, early precision compound machines in ancient China, and man's first use of diamond in neolithic China.
Early life and education
Lu was born in Cleveland, Ohio
and grew up in the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester, Pennsylvania. His early childhood interest in rockhounding
led to his winning national gold medals in the "Rocks, Minerals, and Fossils" event at four National Science Olympiad tournaments. Lu graduated from B. Reed Henderson high school in West Chester in 1996.
Lu matriculated at Princeton University in September, 1996, and was advised in his first year by geology professor Kenneth S. Deffeyes. He studied organic chemistry with Maitland Jones, Jr., with whom Lu published his first paper on his freshman summer research project about carbenes.
As an undergraduate physics major, he wrote his fourth-year senior thesis with Prof. Paul J. Steinhardt on the search for natural quasicrystals, later published in Physical Review Letters.
Lu graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa with an A.B. in physics from Princeton in June, 2000. In September, 2000, he began his graduate studies at Harvard University, receiving an A. M. in physics in 2002. In 2005, Lu presented a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helion%20%28chemistry%29 | A helion (symbol h) is the nucleus of a helium atom, a doubly positively charged cation. The term helion is a portmanteau of helium and ion, and in practice refers specifically to the nucleus of the helium-3 isotope, consisting of two protons and one neutron. The nucleus of the other stable isotope of helium, helium-4, which consists of two protons and two neutrons, is called an alpha particle.
This particle is the daughter product in the beta-minus decay of tritium, an isotope of hydrogen:
{| border="0"
|- style="height:2em;"
|||→ || ||+ || ||+ ||
|}
CODATA reports the mass of a helion particle as =
Helions are intermediate products in the proton–proton chain reaction in stellar fusion.
An antihelion is the antiparticle of a helion, consisting of two antiprotons and an antineutron.
References
Nuclear chemistry
Helium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orazio%20Satta%20Puliga | Orazio Satta Puliga (October 6, 1910, in Torino – March 22, 1974, in Milan) was an Italian automobile designer known for several Alfa Romeo designs, of Sardinian ancestry.
He studied mechanical engineering (1933) and aeronautical engineering (1935) at the Politecnico di Torino and joined the design department of Alfa Romeo (March 2, 1938), working under the direction of Wifredo Ricart. Satta followed Ricart as head of design (1946), overseeing the 158 and 159, Alfa Romeo 1900, Alfa Romeo Giulietta, Alfa Romeo Giulia, Alfa Romeo Montreal and Alfa Romeo Alfetta.
He later became central director (1951) and finally general vice president (1969–73), before retiring due to Brain Cancer.
References
Automotive engineers from Turin
Alfa Romeo people
1910 births
1974 deaths |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald%20Sagdeev | Roald Zinnurovich Sagdeev (, ; born 26 December 1932) is a Russian expert in plasma physics and a former director of the Space Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was also a science advisor to the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. Sagdeev graduated from Moscow State University. He is a member of both the Russian Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. He has worked at the University of Maryland, College Park since 1989 in the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences. He is also currently a Senior Advisor at the Albright Stonebridge Group, a global strategy firm, where he assists clients with issues involving Russia and countries in the former Soviet Union. Sagdeev was married to, and divorced from, Susan Eisenhower, granddaughter of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Sagdeev was the recipient of the 2003 Carl Sagan Memorial Award, and the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics (2001).
Early years
Roald Sagdeev is an ethnic Tatar. His maternal grandfather was a secular man teaching mathematics. He was born in Moscow on December 26, 1932, soon after the arrival of his young parents from Tatarstan. The family used to speak Russian at home. Nonetheless, the parents also communicated in Tatar between adults when secrecy was needed. He lived with them until the age of four near the Nikitsky Gates. His father was then a post-graduate student. He spent the following years in Kazan where he graduated from a hig |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20College | Science Colleges were introduced in 2002 as part of the now defunct Specialist Schools Programme (abolished in 2011) in the United Kingdom. The system enabled secondary schools to specialise in certain fields, in this case, science and mathematics. Schools that successfully applied to the Specialist Schools Trust and became Science Colleges received extra funding from this joint private sector and government scheme. Science Colleges act as a local point of reference for other schools and businesses in the area, with an emphasis on promoting science within the community.
The funding received by such Colleges was dependent on the number of pupils currently attending and was on average approximately £1,600. The funding was often used by schools to upgrade their facilities to a standard befitting a "Specialist" institution. A proportion of the money was used to spread the skills of the school into the local community, often involving outreach centres or adult education schemes. After the Specialist Schools Programme's discontinuation schools can still become Science Colleges through the Dedicated Schools Grant or by becoming an academy.
References
External links
Specialist Schools and Academies Trust
2002 in education
2002 introductions
Science education in the United Kingdom
Specialist schools programme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecton%20%28physics%29 | Ectons are explosive electron emissions observed as individual packets or avalanches of electrons, occurring as microexplosions at the cathode. The electron current in an ecton starts flowing as a result of overheating of the metal cathode because of the high energy density (104Jg−1), and stops when the emission zone cools off.
Ectons occur in plasma-involving phenomena, such as: electrical discharges in vacuum, cathode spots of vacuum arcs, volumetric discharges in gases, pseudosparks, coronas, unipolar arcs, etc.
An ecton consists of individual portions of electrons (1011– 1012 particles). The formation time is of the order of nanoseconds.
See also
List of plasma (physics) articles
References
Ectons and their role in plasma processes
Electron |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.