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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling%2C%20Energetics%20and%20Dynamics%20of%20Atmospheric%20Regions | Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions ("CEDAR") is a US NSF funded program targeting understanding of middle and upper atmospheric dynamics. CEDAR is of relevance to space weather, space physics, and global change.
CEDAR involves researchers from institutions within and without the United States, although the funding is almost exclusively directed to US projects. Researchers are funded for observational, theoretical, and simulation work. There is a significant focus on student activities and CEDAR has been tremendously effective at involving a large number of graduate students in front-line research.
CEDAR programs produce a significant amount of data which is accessible via the "CEDAR Data Base", a number of Virtual Observatories (VOs), and the web pages of principal investigators (PIs).
CEDAR has produced important scientific results in a number of inter-related research fields.
Atmosphere |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair%20G.%20W.%20Cameron | Alastair G. W. (Graham Walter) Cameron (21 June 1925 – 3 October 2005) was an American–Canadian astrophysicist and space scientist who was an eminent staff member of the Astronomy department of Harvard University. He was one of the founders of the field of nuclear astrophysics, advanced the theory that the Moon was created by the giant impact of a Mars-sized object with the early Earth, and was an early adopter of computer technology in astrophysics.
Early life and education
Alastair Cameron was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, to parents of Scottish descent. His father, born in London, England, was chemist A.T. Cameron, a professor and chair of the biochemistry department at Manitoba Medical College. He recalls addressing all men as “Doctor” as a four-year-old, noting it was "clearly an early attempt at forming a hypothesis based on limited data."
In 1940 (When Cameron was only 15 years old), he made a bet with a high school classmate that man would land on the moon within 40 years. When the Apollo program achieved a successful Moon landing in 1969, the former classmate sent a cheque to settle the bet, which Cameron had framed and hung on the wall in his office.
Cameron earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Manitoba in Physics and Mathematics. During the summers, he worked at the Chalk River Laboratory, a Canadian research facility on Ontario. He went on to do graduate work in both theoretical and experimental nuclear physics at the University of Saskatch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20Wyler | Allen R. Wyler is a neurosurgeon and author. He practiced neurosurgery at the University of Washington, University of Tennessee, and finally at Swedish Hospital in Seattle before leaving practice to become Medical Director for Northstar Neuroscience in 2002. He has written several books and articles on the subject of epilepsy as well as published multiple novels. He retired from Northstar in 2008 to spend more time writing fiction.
External links
Personal website
American neurosurgeons
Living people
American male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilesh%20Patel | Nilesh Patel is a Canadian director and producer of films.
Early life
Patel was raised in Prince George, British Columbia and attended Duchess Park Secondary School, where he was first exposed to the Brocket 99 audio tape. He attended the city's College of New Caledonia and then obtained a degree in molecular biology from the University of Victoria. After working as a diabetes researcher in Boston and Montreal, Patel changed careers and started making films in the United Kingdom.
Filmmaking
Patel now resides in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and was a program co-ordinator for the National Film Board's Diversity Project, director for Flourish Media and teaches filmmaking to street youth.
Films
2005 – Brocket 99: Rockin' the Country — Patel's first feature documentary about a popular underground audio tape parody of Canadian First Nations stereotypes.
References
Canadian documentary film directors
Canadian people of Indian descent
Living people
People from Prince George, British Columbia
University of Victoria alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian Hindus
National Film Board of Canada people
Canadian documentary film producers
Film producers from British Columbia
Film directors from British Columbia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimality | Optimality may refer to:
Mathematical optimization
Optimality Theory in linguistics
optimality model, approach in biology
See also
Optimism (disambiguation)
Optimist (disambiguation)
Optimistic (disambiguation)
Optimization (disambiguation)
Optimum (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Jean%20Auguste%20Girard | Maurice Jean Auguste Girard (13 September 1822 – 8 September 1886) was a French entomologist.
Girard was born in Givet, Ardennes, and entered École normale supérieure in 1844. In 1847 he taught physics in Périgueux. After having obtained his agrégation, he left for Dijon where he taught from 1853 to 1873. during this time he obtained his “licence” and his “doctorat ès-sciences naturelles” with a thesis entitled Étude sur la chaleur libre dégagée par les animaux invertébrés et spécialement les insectes.
He edited L'Insectologie agricole, journal traitant des insectes utiles... et des insectes nuisibles... from 1867 to 1870. He wrote more than 200 publications on insects and a book on François Péron- François Péron, naturaliste voyageur aux australes (1800-1804) (J.-B. Baillière, Paris, 1856)
He was president of Société entomologique de France in 1867. He died at Lion-sur-Mer, aged 63.
Les Métamorphoses des insectes (Hachette, Paris, 1866, réédité en 1879).
Catalogue raisonné des animaux utiles et nuisibles de la France. I. Animaux utiles, leurs services et leur conservation ; II. Animaux nuisibles, dégâts qu'ils produisent, moyens de les détruire (Hachette, 1874, réédité en 1878 et en 1879).
Histoire naturelle. Zoologie (C. Delagrave, Paris, deux volumes, 1883-1887).
Le Phylloxéra de la vigne, son organisation, ses mœurs, choix des procédés de destruction (Hachette, Paris, 1878, réédité en 1880 et en 1883).
Les Abeilles, organes et fonctions, éducation et produits, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20partition | In mathematics, a graph partition is the reduction of a graph to a smaller graph by partitioning its set of nodes into mutually exclusive groups. Edges of the original graph that cross between the groups will produce edges in the partitioned graph. If the number of resulting edges is small compared to the original graph, then the partitioned graph may be better suited for analysis and problem-solving than the original. Finding a partition that simplifies graph analysis is a hard problem, but one that has applications to scientific computing, VLSI circuit design, and task scheduling in multiprocessor computers, among others. Recently, the graph partition problem has gained importance due to its application for clustering and detection of cliques in social, pathological and biological networks. For a survey on recent trends in computational methods and applications see .
Two common examples of graph partitioning are minimum cut and maximum cut problems.
Problem complexity
Typically, graph partition problems fall under the category of NP-hard problems. Solutions to these problems are generally derived using heuristics and approximation algorithms. However, uniform graph partitioning or a balanced graph partition problem can be shown to be NP-complete to approximate within any finite factor. Even for special graph classes such as trees and grids, no reasonable approximation algorithms exist, unless P=NP. Grids are a particularly interesting case since they model the graphs resu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon%20Physics%20Deluxe | Crayon Physics Deluxe is a puzzle video game designed by Petri Purho and released on January 7, 2009. An early version, titled Crayon Physics, was released for Windows in June 2007. Deluxe won the grand prize at the Independent Games Festival in 2008. It features a heavy emphasis on two-dimensional physics simulations, including gravity, mass, kinetic energy and transfer of momentum. The game includes a level editor and enables its players to download and share custom content via an online service.
Gameplay
The objective of each level in Crayon Physics Deluxe is to guide a ball from a predetermined start point so that it touches all of the stars placed on the level. The ball and nearly all objects on the screen are affected by gravity. The player cannot control the ball directly, but rather must influence the ball's movement by drawing physical objects on the screen. Depending on how the object is drawn, it becomes a rigid surface, a pivot point, a wheel or a rope, and the object can then interact with the ball by hitting it, providing a surface to roll on, dragging, carrying or launching the ball, etc. The player can also nudge the ball left or right by clicking on it, and in some levels, rockets appear and can be used as part of the solution.
The game challenges players to come up with creative solutions to each puzzle, and provides additional rewards for elegant solutions that do not rely on "brute force methods". It comes with more than seventy levels, and also feature |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Zook | Chris Zook is a business writer and partner at Bain & Company, leading its Global Strategy Practice. He currently resides in Amsterdam, the Netherlands and in Boston, Massachusetts. He is listed by The Times (London) as one of the world's top 50 business thinkers.
Education
Zook received a B.A. in mathematics and economics from Williams College, a M.Phil. in economics from Exeter College, Oxford University, and a MPP and Ph.D in Public Policy Analysis from the Harvard Kennedy School.
Books
Zook is an author of books and articles on business strategy, growth, and the importance of leadership economics, including the Profit from the Core trilogy. In 2001, he published Profit from the Core, which found that nine out of ten companies that had sustained profitable growth for a decade had focused on their core businesses, rather than diversification. The sequel, Beyond the Core, examines how companies that have fully exploited their core businesses can systematically and successfully expand beyond into related, or adjacent areas. Unstoppable completes the series and examines what to do when a previously viable growth formula of the past begins to approach its limits, and how companies can change their strategic focus and redefine their core. In 2010, Harvard Business School press published an updated version of Profit From the Core, subtitled "A Return to Growth in Turbulent Times." The updated edition describes how principles from the trilogy enabled companies to continue growin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20R.%20Nygren | David Robert Nygren (born December 30, 1938) is a particle physicist known for his invention of the time projection chamber. He is a Presidential Distinguished Professor of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington now. He has worked at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory since 1973. He has been called "the most distinguished developer of particle detection instruments in the country".
Nygren earned his B.A. degree at Whitman College in 1960, and his Ph.D. at the University of Washington in 1967. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society.
Honors and awards
2018 - IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award
2015 - APS Division of Particles and Fields Instrumentation Award
2015 - Aldo Menzione award from Frontier Detectors for Frontier Physics Society awarded at 13th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors
2015 - Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors
2013 - Lifetime Achievement Award from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2008 - Honorary doctorate, Stockholm University
2000 - Member, National Academy of Sciences
1998 - W.K.H. Panofsky Prize in Experimental Particle Physics
1995 - Distinguished Scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1985 - Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award
References
External links
Interview with Alexandro Bettini in Jot Down Magazine, September, 2012
1938 births
Living people
American people of Swedish descent
Whitman College alumni
University of Washington alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20A.%20Phillips | Robert A. Phillips is a Canadian scientist, with a long-term interest in cancer research, and special interests in blood cell development and in retinoblastoma, an inherited eye tumour in children. His expertise has spanned the breadth of disciplines including radiation biology, cellular and molecular biology, immunology and molecular genetics.
He has been a tireless ambassador for cancer research and cancer control throughout a career that has spanned more than 3 decades. He is a key member of a band of veteran scientists, also including John Evans, the founding dean of faculty of health sciences at McMaster University and former president of the University of Toronto and Cal Stiller, an organ transplant expert and entrepreneur, who pushed for years for the creation of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (OICR), an independent, not-for-profit corporation established in December 2005, and funded by the Government of Ontario through the Ministry of Research and Innovation.
He has been a member of various boards of directors, including the Canadian Cancer Society, the Canadian Network for Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics (CANVAC), the Canadian Prostate Cancer Research Foundation, and Partners in Research.
Career
Phillips received his B.A. in chemistry and zoology from Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, and his Ph.D. in molecular biology from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.
In 1965, he moved to Toronto to do postdoctoral work with James Till at th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical%20Infectious%20Diseases | Clinical Infectious Diseases is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Oxford University Press covering research on the pathogenesis, clinical investigation, medical microbiology, diagnosis, immune mechanisms, and treatment of diseases caused by infectious agents. It includes articles on antimicrobial resistance, bioterrorism, emerging infections, food safety, hospital epidemiology, and HIV/AIDS. It also features highly focused brief reports, review articles, editorials, commentaries, and supplements. The journal is published on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The editor-in-chief is infectious disease physician Paul Sax.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 9.079, ranking it 18th out of 162 journals in the category "Immunology", 3rd out of 92 journals in the category "Infectious Diseases" and 12th out of 137 journals in the category "Microbiology".
Past editors
The following persons have been editor-in-chief:
Reviews of Infectious Diseases
Edward H. Kass, 1979-1989
Sydney M. Finegold, 1990–1991
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Sydney M. Finegold, 1992–1999
Sherwood L. Gorbach, 2000–2016
Robert T. Schooley, 2017-2022
References
External links
Oxford University Press academic journals
Microbiology journals
Biweekly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1979 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20J.%20Kay | James J. Kay (June 18, 1954 – May 30, 2004) was an ecological scientist and policy-maker. He was a respected physicist best known for his theoretical work on complexity and thermodynamics.
Biography
James Kay held a BS in physics from McGill University and a Ph.D. in systems design engineering from the University of Waterloo. His Ph.D. thesis was entitled Self-Organization in Living Systems. Much of his work relates to integrating thermodynamics into an understanding of self-organization in biological systems. For example, when water in a pot is heated, it will spontaneously form convection currents such as Bénard_cell. This is an example where as the amount of energy available to a system increases, the system self-organizes in order to dissipate energy more efficiently. Kay has examined how similar types of self-organization can occur within living systems at the level of individual organisms and ecosystems. In other words, organisms and ecosystems evolve to use the maximum amount of energy available to them. This has been backed up by studies showing that more mature ecosystems such as old growth forests are cooler (i.e. dissipate more incoming energy) than clear cuts or bare rock that receive the same amount of energy.
Kay was an associate professor of environment and resource studies at the University of Waterloo, with cross-appointments in systems design engineering, geography, management sciences, and the School of Planning. He was also cross-posted to the Sch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Journal%20of%20Plant%20Sciences | The International Journal of Plant Sciences covers botanical research including genetics and genomics, developmental and cell biology, biochemistry and physiology, morphology and structure, systematics, plant-microbe interactions, paleobotany, evolution, and ecology. The journal also regularly publishes important symposium proceedings. It is published by the University of Chicago Press. From 1875 to 1876 it was known as the Botanical Bulletin and from 1876 to 1991 as the Botanical Gazette. The first issue titled The International Journal of Plants Sciences was dated March 1992 (volume 53, number 1). For the years 1992 and 1993, the journal was published quarterly.
The journal was founded by brothers John Merle Coulter and Stanley Coulter. John brought the journal to the University of Chicago when he started the Department of Botany.
References
External links
International Journal of Plant Sciences at SCImago Journal Rank
Botanical Gazette / International Journal of Plant Sciences at HathiTrust Digital Library
Botanical Gazette / International Journal of Plant Sciences at Botanical Scientific Journals
Botany journals
University of Chicago Press academic journals
Academic journals established in 1875
English-language journals
9 times per year journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological%20and%20Biochemical%20Zoology | Physiological and Biochemical Zoology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. Traditionally, it has covered research on the biochemistry, physiology, and genetics of animals. A recent editorial change has expanded the scope to include life-history traits, comparative biomechanics, and behavioral endocrinology, as well as a wider range of paper categories, including those related to educational outreach. The journal has also published a number of Focused Collections based on calls for papers or conference symposia. The current editor-in-chief is Theodore Garland, Jr. (University of California, Riverside). Previous Editors include Charles Manning Child, Warder Clyde Allee, and Clifford Ladd Prosser. The journal was established in 1928 as Physiological Zoology, obtaining its current name in 1999. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 2.250.
References
External links
University of Chicago Press academic journals
Zoology journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1928 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Journal%20of%20Geology | The Journal of Geology publishes research on geology, geophysics, geochemistry, sedimentology, geomorphology, petrology, plate tectonics, volcanology, structural geology, mineralogy, and planetary sciences. Its content ranges from planetary evolution to computer modeling of fossil development, making it relevant to geologists as well as other researchers working in the Earth or planetary sciences.
It was established in 1893 by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin.
References
External links
English-language journals
Bimonthly journals
University of Chicago Press academic journals
Publications established in 1893
Geology journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy%20M.%20Berg | Jeremy Mark Berg was founding director of the University of Pittsburgh's Institute for Personalized Medicine. He holds positions as Associate Senior Vice Chancellor for Science Strategy and Planning and Professor of Computational and Systems Biology at the University of Pittsburgh. From 2016 - 2019, Berg was editor in chief of the Science journals.
Education
Berg earned his bachelor's and master's degrees from Stanford University, where he did research with Lubert Stryer. He attained his Ph.D. under Richard H. Holm at Harvard University. He then completed a post-doctoral fellowship with Carl Pabo in biophysics at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.
Career
Previously, Berg served as director of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). He was also formerly a professor at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Director of the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry and author of several books, including the textbook Biochemistry. Biochemistry is currently in its ninth edition and is widely used by many universities. He co-authored this book with John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer, as well as Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry with Stephen J. Lippard. He received the American Chemical Society ACS Award in Pure Chemistry in 1993. He is widely known for his work on zinc finger proteins including his successful prediction of the three-dimensional structure of TFIIIA-type zinc finger domains prior to the ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches%20of%20science | The branches of science, also referred to as sciences, scientific fields or scientific disciplines, are commonly divided into three major groups:
Formal sciences: the study of formal systems, such as those under the branches of logic and mathematics, which use an a priori, as opposed to empirical, methodology.
Natural sciences: the study of natural phenomena (including cosmological, geological, physical, chemical, and biological factors of the universe). Natural science can be divided into two main branches: physical science and life science (or biology).
Social sciences: the study of human behavior in its social and cultural aspects.
Scientific knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions. This verifiability may well vary even within a scientific discipline.
Natural, social, and formal science make up the fundamental sciences, which form the basis of interdisciplinarity - and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine. Specialized scientific disciplines that exist in multiple categories may include parts of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminologies and expertises.
Formal sciences
The formal sciences are the branches of science that are concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, theoretical computer science, information theory, systems theory, decision theory, statistics.
Unlike other branches, the formal sciences are not c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic%20testing%20of%20mycobacteria | In microbiology, the phenotypic testing of mycobacteria uses a number of methods. The most-commonly used phenotypic tests to identify and distinguish Mycobacterium strains and species from each other are described below.
Tests
Acetamide as sole C and N sources
Media: KH2PO4 (0.5 g), MgSO>4*7H20 (0.5 g), purified agar (20 g), distilled water (1000 ml). The medium is supplemented with acetamide to a final concentration of 0.02M, adjusted to a pH of 7.0 and sterilized by autoclaving at 115°C for 30 minutes. After sloping, the medium is inoculated with one loop of the cultures and incubated. Growth is read after incubation for two weeks (rapid growers) or four weeks (slow growers).
Arylsulfatase test
Arylsulfatase enzyme is present in most mycobacteria. The rate by which arylsulfatase enzyme breaks down phenolphthalein disulfate into phenolphthalein (which forms a red color in the presence of sodium bicarbonate) and other salts is used to differentiate certain strains of Mycobacteria. 3 day arylsulfatase test is used to identify potentially pathogenic rapid growers such as M. fortuitum and M. chelonae. Slow growing M. marinum and M. szulgai are positive in the 14-day arylsulfatase test.
Catalase, semiquantitative activity
Most mycobacteria produce the enzyme catalase, but they vary in the quantity produced. Also, some forms of catalase are inactivated by heating at 68°C for 20 minutes (others are stable). Organisms producing the enzyme catalase have the ability to decompose hy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finitely%20generated%20algebra | In mathematics, a finitely generated algebra (also called an algebra of finite type) is a commutative associative algebra A over a field K where there exists a finite set of elements a1,...,an of A such that every element of A can be expressed as a polynomial in a1,...,an, with coefficients in K.
Equivalently, there exist elements s.t. the evaluation homomorphism at
is surjective; thus, by applying the first isomorphism theorem, .
Conversely, for any ideal is a -algebra of finite type, indeed any element of is a polynomial in the cosets with coefficients in . Therefore, we obtain the following characterisation of finitely generated -algebras
is a finitely generated -algebra if and only if it is isomorphic to a quotient ring of the type by an ideal .
If it is necessary to emphasize the field K then the algebra is said to be finitely generated over K . Algebras that are not finitely generated are called infinitely generated.
Examples
The polynomial algebra K[x1,...,xn ] is finitely generated. The polynomial algebra in countably infinitely many generators is infinitely generated.
The field E = K(t) of rational functions in one variable over an infinite field K is not a finitely generated algebra over K. On the other hand, E is generated over K by a single element, t, as a field.
If E/F is a finite field extension then it follows from the definitions that E is a finitely generated algebra over F.
Conversely, if E/F is a field extension and E is a finit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20action | Mass action may refer to:
Law of mass action, in chemistry, a postulate of reactions
Mass action law (electronics), in semiconductor electronics, a relationship between intrinsic and doped carrier concentrations
Mass action (sociology), in sociology, a term for situations in which a large number of people behave simultaneously in similar ways individually and without coordination
Mass Action Principle (neuroscience), in neuroscience, the belief that memory and learning are distributed and can't be isolated within any one area of the brain
Mass tort, or mass action, in law, which is when plaintiffs form a group to sue a defendant (for similar alleged harms) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opial%20property | In mathematics, the Opial property is an abstract property of Banach spaces that plays an important role in the study of weak convergence of iterates of mappings of Banach spaces, and of the asymptotic behaviour of nonlinear semigroups. The property is named after the Polish mathematician Zdzisław Opial.
Definitions
Let (X, || ||) be a Banach space. X is said to have the Opial property if, whenever (xn)n∈N is a sequence in X converging weakly to some x0 ∈ X and x ≠ x0, it follows that
Alternatively, using the contrapositive, this condition may be written as
If X is the continuous dual space of some other Banach space Y, then X is said to have the weak-∗ Opial property if, whenever (xn)n∈N is a sequence in X converging weakly-∗ to some x0 ∈ X and x ≠ x0, it follows that
or, as above,
A (dual) Banach space X is said to have the uniform (weak-∗) Opial property if, for every c > 0, there exists an r > 0 such that
for every x ∈ X with ||x|| ≥ c and every sequence (xn)n∈N in X converging weakly (weakly-∗) to 0 and with
Examples
Opial's theorem (1967): Every Hilbert space has the Opial property.
Sequence spaces , , have the Opial property.
Van Dulst theorem (1982): for every separable Banach space there is an equivalent norm that endows it with the Opial property.
For uniformly convex Banach spaces, Opial property holds if and only if Delta-convergence coincides with weak convergence.
References
Banach spaces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20information%20system | In domain theory, a branch of mathematics and computer science, a Scott information system is a primitive kind of logical deductive system often used as an alternative way of presenting Scott domains.
Definition
A Scott information system, A, is an ordered triple
satisfying
Here means
Examples
Natural numbers
The return value of a partial recursive function, which either returns a natural number or goes into an infinite recursion, can be expressed as a simple Scott information system as follows:
That is, the result can either be a natural number, represented by the singleton set , or "infinite recursion," represented by .
Of course, the same construction can be carried out with any other set instead of .
Propositional calculus
The propositional calculus gives us a very simple Scott information system as follows:
Scott domains
Let D be a Scott domain. Then we may define an information system as follows
the set of compact elements of
Let be the mapping that takes us from a Scott domain, D, to the information system defined above.
Information systems and Scott domains
Given an information system, , we can build a Scott domain as follows.
Definition: is a point if and only if
Let denote the set of points of A with the subset ordering. will be a countably based Scott domain when T is countable. In general, for any Scott domain D and information system A
where the second congruence is given by approximable mappings.
See al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Vorl%C3%A4nder | Daniel Vorländer (11 June 1867 – 8 June 1941) was a German chemist who synthesized most of the liquid crystals known until his retirement in 1935.
Vorländer was born in Eupen in Rhenish Prussia. He studied chemistry at Kiel, Munich, and Berlin, after which he became a professor at University of Halle-Wittenberg.
Vorländer applied his knowledge of molecular structure to select those exhibiting the crystalline liquid state. In particular a linear molecular geometry was conductive. "Over the years Vorländer and his students synthesized hundreds of liquid crystalline compounds. An interesting discovery was that amongst the slimy liquid crystals were many soap and soap-like compounds." (Dunmur & Sluckin p 48)
Vorländer served as a volunteer during World War I, during which he received the Iron Cross. He died in Halle.
References
David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011) Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals, pp 43–9, Oxford University Press .
External links
catalogus-professorum-halensis
1867 births
1941 deaths
People from Eupen
20th-century German chemists
Scientists from the Rhine Province
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
University of Kiel alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Guinan | Edward F. Guinan is a professor in Villanova University's Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics. He and two colleagues observed evidence of Neptune's ring system in 1968, which was later discovered by Voyager 2 in 1989. He was also involved in building Iran's first high-powered telescope in the 1970s. He has been, and continues to be, involved in various international astronomical collaborations, such as helping to organize teaching and development programs in North Korea.
He received a B.S. degree in physics from Villanova University in 1964 and his doctoral degree in astronomy from the University of Pennsylvania in 1970. His research interests are binary star systems, pulsating stars, black holes, evolution of the sun and solar-like stars, pulsating red stars, APT (Automatic Photoelectric Telescope) programs, apsidal motion studies, and searching for exoplanets.
More recently, Guinan has been involved with a Mars Garden project, which studies the growth of plants in replicated Martian soil.
He was elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society in 2020.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Villanova University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Villanova University faculty
Fellows of the American Astronomical Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetobiology | Magnetobiology is the study of biological effects of mainly weak static and low-frequency magnetic fields, which do not cause heating of tissues. Magnetobiological effects have unique features that obviously distinguish them from thermal effects; often they are observed for alternating magnetic fields just in separate frequency and amplitude intervals. Also, they are dependent of simultaneously present static magnetic or electric fields and their polarization.
Magnetobiology is a subset of bioelectromagnetics. Bioelectromagnetism and biomagnetism are the study of the production of electromagnetic and magnetic fields by biological organisms. The sensing of magnetic fields by organisms is known as magnetoreception.
Biological effects of weak low frequency magnetic fields, less than about 0.1 millitesla (or 1 Gauss) and 100 Hz correspondingly, constitutes a physics problem. The effects look paradoxical, for the energy quantum of these electromagnetic fields is by many orders of value less than the energy scale of an elementary chemical act. On the other hand, the field intensity is not enough to cause any appreciable heating of biological tissues or irritate nerves by the induced electric currents.
Effects
An example of a magnetobiological effect is the magnetic navigation by migrant animals by means of magnetoreception.
Many animal orders, such as certain birds, marine turtles, reptiles, amphibians and salmonoid fishes are able to detect small variations of the geomagn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham%20Heath%20End%20School | Farnham Heath End School is a mixed coeducational secondary school with academy status, in Heath End, Surrey, with roughly 900 pupils (987 as of 2021).
About
In April 2013 the school became a Specialist Mathematics and Computing College. The school has "Healthy School" status and is accredited as an "Investor in People". It converted to an academy in 2013.
Ofsed Inspection judgements
2011: Satisfactory
2012: Good
2016: Requires Improvement
2020: Good
Houses
The houses are named after Farnham people.:
New houses were introduced in 2018. The previous houses were Nightingale, Owens, Austen and Brunel.
Alumni
Joel Freeland, basketball player
Kylie Grimes, para-athlete
Carole Hersee, the Test Card Girl
Jann Turner, film director, novelist, television director and screenwriter
Ella Chandler, cricketer
References
External links
Official School Website
Secondary schools in Surrey
Academies in Surrey
Farnham |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannette%20Wing | Jeannette Marie Wing is Avanessians Director of the Data Science Institute at Columbia University, where she is also a professor of computer science. Until June 30, 2017, she was Corporate Vice President of Microsoft Research with oversight of its core research laboratories around the world and Microsoft Research Connections. Prior to 2013, she was the President's Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. She also served as assistant director for Computer and Information Science and Engineering at the NSF from 2007 to 2010. She was appointed the Columbia University executive vice president for research in 2021.
Background
Wing earned her S.B. and S.M. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT in June 1979. Her advisers were Ronald Rivest and John Reiser. In 1983, she earned her Ph.D. in Computer Science at MIT under John Guttag. She is a fourth-degree black belt in Tang Soo Do.
Career and research
Wing was on the faculty of the University of Southern California from 1982 to 1985 and then the faculty of Carnegie Mellon from 1985 to 2012. She served as the head of the Computer Science Department from 2004 to 2007 and from 2010 to 2012. In January 2013, she took a leave from Carnegie Mellon to work at Microsoft Research.
Wing has been a leading member of the formal methods community, especially in the area of Larch. She has led many research projects and has published widely.
With Barbara Liskov, she |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf%20Huisgen | Rolf Huisgen (; 13 June 1920 – 26 March 2020) was a German chemist. His importance in synthetic organic chemistry extends to the enormous influence he had in post-war chemistry departments in Germany and Austria, due to a large number of his habilitants becoming professors. His major achievement was the development of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, also called the Huisgen cycloaddition.
Life
Huisgen was born in Gerolstein in Rhineland-Palatinate and studied in Munich under the supervision of Heinrich Otto Wieland. He completed his Ph.D. in 1943 with a thesis about a strychnine alkaloid. He completed his habilitation in 1947, and was appointed professor at the University of Tübingen in 1949. He returned to the University of Munich in 1952, succeeding Wieland, and he remained dedicated to research long after attaining emeritus status there in 1988.
One of his major achievements was the development of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, also known as the Huisgen cycloaddition or Huisgen reaction. The Huisgen reaction is of paramount importance to the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, such as vitamins, alkaloids and antibiotics.
Huisgen was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences from 1960. He was also a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He was an Honorary Member of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker and the Chemical Society of Japan. He was awarded the Liebig M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20A.%20Griffin | Peter A. Griffin (July 19, 1937 – October 18, 1998) was a mathematician, author, and blackjack expert and is one of the original seven members of the Blackjack Hall of Fame. He authored The Theory of Blackjack, considered a classic analysis of the mathematics behind the game of casino 21.
Early life
Griffin was a native of New Jersey, one of three children, with a brother, poet Alan MacDougall, and a sister, Barbara Dan, writer. His grandfather Frank Loxley Griffin was a mathematician at Reed College who had written various mathematics textbooks.
Griffin's father was an actuary who went on to head up a labor/management consulting company in Chicago.
Griffin grew up in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, Chicago and Portland, Oregon, and married Lydia.
Academic studies and teaching
He studied at Portland State University, and received a master's degree from the University of California at Davis. He taught statistics, calculus and differential equations at California State University-Sacramento from 1965 until his death on October 18, 1998, from prostate cancer.
Blackjack
His first exposure to blackjack was in 1970, when he proposed a course on the mathematics of gambling, and went to Nevada to do some research. As the New York Times put it, he "promptly got his clock cleaned," and this incentivized him to do more serious research on the subject.
He was known for compiling extensive statistics on blackjack players in Atlantic City, and then comparing patterns against players in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow%20Polytechnic%20University | Moscow Polytechnic University () or Moscow Polytech is a university in Moscow, Russia. It specializes in the field of automobile design and tractor design. It was founded in 1865 as Komissarov Technical School.
From 2012 to 2016, its name was Moscow State University of Mechanical Engineering (MAMI) (), where MAMI stood for Moscow Automechanical Institute.
Design projects
Fortis (aerojeep), in collaboration with Zhukovsky Aerodynamics Research Institute
References
From the Russian Wikipedia article
On measures for the further development of higher and secondary specialized education, improving the training and use of specialists (June 15, 1963). Archived January 4, 2018.
On the organization of factories-technical colleges, as well as industrial enterprises and workshops at higher educational institutions (December 30, 1959). Archived December 22, 2017.
Law on strengthening the connection between school and life and the further development of the public education system in the USSR (December 24, 1958). Archived June 13, 2021.
Moscow State Technical University "MAMI". To the 135th anniversary of its founding. - M.: Nauka, 2000.
Moscow State Technical University "MAMI". To the 145th anniversary of its founding. - M.: Nauka, 2010.
Literature
Moscow Automechanical Institute / Sidorin K.I. // Morshin - Nikish. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1974. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 volumes] / chief editor A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 17).
Moscow State Eng |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visibility%20polygon | In computational geometry, the visibility polygon or visibility region for a point in the plane among obstacles is the possibly unbounded polygonal region of all points of the plane visible from . The visibility polygon can also be defined for visibility from a segment, or a polygon. Visibility polygons are useful in robotics, video games, and in various optimization problems such as the facility location problem and the art gallery problem.
If the visibility polygon is bounded then it is a star-shaped polygon. A visibility polygon is bounded if all rays shooting from the point eventually terminate in some obstacle. This is the case, e.g., if the obstacles are the edges of a simple polygon and is inside the polygon. In the latter case the visibility polygon may be found in linear time.
Definitions
Formally, we can define the planar visibility polygon problem as such. Let be a set of obstacles (either segments, or polygons) in . Let be a point in that is not within an obstacle. Then, the point visibility polygon is the set of points in , such that for every point in , the segment does not intersect any obstacle in .
Likewise, the segment visibility polygon or edge visibility polygon is the portion visible to any point along a line segment.
Applications
Visibility polygons are useful in robotics. For example, in robot localization, a robot using sensors such as a lidar will detect obstacles that it can see, which is similar to a visibility polygon.
They are also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction-Destruction | Construction-Destruction (C-D) is a 2003 construction simulation game for Windows, developed by Gabriel Entertainment and published by ValuSoft.
Construction-Destruction features various construction vehicles (which act as the player character) that can move various objects, including dirt, via the physics engine, Havok. The vehicles each have separate controllable features like the arm, bed, bucket, ball, fork, hook, and cab rotation.
Vehicles
Bulldozer
Crane
Dump truck
Excavator
Front-end loader
Levels
Levels are various construction sites like empty lots, a quarry, a street, etc.
External links
ValuSoft's
Game's press release on Gabriel Entertainment
Construction-Destruction feature list
2003 video games
Construction and management simulation games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Gabriel Entertainment games
ValuSoft games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplogyniidae | Diplogyniidae is a family of parasitic mites belonging to the order Mesostigmata. Many are parasites on beetles but some live on larger animals (e.g., rats).
Taxonomy
This is a list of the described species. The data is taken from Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog.
Bilongicauda Elsen, 1975
Bilongicauda brevis Elsen, 1981 — host unspecified beetle; Ivory Coast
Bilongicauda gigantica Elsen, 1981 — host unspecified beetle; Congo: Kinshasa
Bilongicauda microseta Elsen, 1981 — host Didimus aloysi sabandiae (Coleoptera: Passalidae); Congo Kinshasa
Bilongicauda modesta Elsen, 1981 — host Pentalobus barbatus (Coleoptera: Passalidae); Congo Kinshasa
Bilongicauda triseta Elsen, 1981 — host unspecified beetle; Congo Kinshasa
Bingervillia P. Elsen, 1981
Bingervillia hirsuta P. Elsen, 1981
Burgeonium Elsen, 1975
Burgeonium latipecten Elsen, 1975
Burgeonium megabasis Elsen, 1981 — host Pentalobus simia (Coleoptera: Passalidae); Congo Kinshasa
Burgeonium prolongus Elsen, 1981 — host Coleoptera; Ivory Coast
Burgeonium retrolongus Elsen, 1981 — host Coleoptera; Ivory Coast
Brachysternum Trägårdh, 1950
Brachysternum acuminatum Trägårdh, 1950
Brachysternopsis P. E. Hunter, 1993
Brachysternopsis flechtmanni P. E. Hunter, 1993
Ceratocelaenopsis Trägårdh, 1950
Ceratocelaenopsis womersleyi Trägårdh, 1950
Cingulacarus Elsen, 1975
Cingulacarus gangeticus Elsen, 1975
Crassoseta P. E. Hunter, 1993
Crassoseta cornutum (Hyatt, 1964)
Crassoseta fonsecai Hunter, 1993 — host Passalu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesta%20%28company%29 | Mesta AS is a Norwegian government enterprise delivering services within construction and civil engineering of roads. The company is owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry and has its headquarters at Skøyen, Oslo. Marianne Bergmann Røren is the Chief Executive Officer of Mesta AS.
The company was created in 2003 when the construction division of Statens Vegvesen was demerged to become a separate limited company that has to compete for each contract. During the summer of 2008 the company experienced a restructuring of the entire organizational structure. The company now consists of eight fully owned subsidiaries: Geo Survey, Eiendom (Property), Entreprenør (Entrepreneur), Asfalt (Asphalt), Stein (Rock), Elektro (Electro), Drift (Operation), and Verksted (Maintenance). The corporate HQ is positioned in Oslo. The subsidiaries are structured as own entities and are limited companies.
References
Construction and civil engineering companies of Norway
Government-owned companies of Norway
Companies based in Bærum
Norwegian companies established in 2003
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 2003 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Leveson | Nancy G. Leveson is an American specialist in system and software safety and a Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, United States.
Leveson gained her degrees (in computer science, mathematics and management) from UCLA, including her PhD in 1980. Previously she worked at University of California, Irvine and the University of Washington as a faculty member. She has studied safety-critical systems such as the Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) for the avoidance of midair collisions between aircraft and problems with the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine.
Leveson has been editor of the journal IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. She has held memberships in the ACM, IEEE Computer Society, System Safety Society, and AIAA.
Biography
Leveson is Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics and also Professor of Engineering Systems at MIT. Prof. Leveson conducts research on the topics of system safety, software safety, software and system engineering, and human-computer interaction.
In 1999, she received the ACM Allen Newell Award for outstanding computer science research and in 1995 the AIAA Information Systems Award for "developing the field of software safety and for promoting responsible software and system engineering practices where life and property are at stake." She was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 2000 for contributions to software safety.
She has published over 200 research papers and is author of two books, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectromagnetics%20%28journal%29 | Bioelectromagnetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-Liss that specializes in articles about the biological effects from and applications of electromagnetic fields in biology and medicine. It is the official journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, the European Bioelectromagnetics Association, and the Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Medline, searchable via PubMed and indexed in Index medicus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.010.
See also
Bioelectrochemistry (journal)
References
External links
Biophysics journals
Biotechnology journals
Academic journals established in 1980
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
Bioelectromagnetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Postmarks | The Postmarks were an indie pop band from Pompano Beach, Florida formed in 2004. They released three albums and an EP between 2006 and 2009.
History
The band formed in 2004 with an initial lineup of Tel Aviv-born Tim Yehezkely (born May 20, 1982, in Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel) (vocals), who left her Chemistry course at Florida Atlantic University to join the band, along with multi-instrumentalists Christopher Moll and Jonathan Wilkins, who had both previously played in See Venus. Their self-titled album was released in February 2007 and has been met with critical acclaim from Rolling Stone and Spin, as well as Pitchfork Media, and a host of other publications. The group was discovered by Andy Chase of Ivy and subsequently released on his Unfiltered Records label. Before the release of the album, an EP of remixes was released on iTunes featuring remixes by James Iha, Brookville, Roger O'Donnell, Tahiti 80 and more.
In Spring 2007, the band toured North America with Smoosh and Memphis. The lineup expanded to include Jeff Wagner on keyboards and Brian Hill on bass guitar. A brief summer tour took place to coincide with the band's appearance at the Lollapalooza festival. The group is featured in the "Love" episode of the Nick Jr. show, Yo Gabba Gabba!.
By the Numbers is a series of cover songs released every month of 2008 with each track containing a number in the title. The initial release of the series was exclusive to Emusic in the form of free downloads. The mp3s have since bee |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Mazur | Peter Mazur (born Vienna, Austria, 11 December 1922; died Lausanne, Switzerland, 15 August 2001) was an Austrian-born, Dutch physicist and one of the founders of the field of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. He is the father of Harvard University physics professor Eric Mazur.
Family
Peter Mazur was born on 11 December 1922 in Vienna, Austria. His father, Karl Georg Mazur, a businessman, and mother, Anna Zula Lecker, frequently moved during Mazur's youth. In 1931 the family left for Berlin, where Mazur attended the Französisches Gymnasium. Two years later the family left Germany to escape the growing threat of National Socialism. After spending one year in Switzerland they moved to Paris where Mazur attended the Lycée Janson de Sailly. In 1939 Mazur moved to The Hague in the Netherlands, but in 1940 the occupying Nazis no longer permitted Jews to live near the seacoast and the family moved to Zeist. In 1942 Mazur and his family went into hiding and he spent three years on various farms in the Dutch countryside. One month after the liberation of the Netherlands at the end of World War II, Mazur was reunited with his parents.
Education
After the end of the war, Mazur studied Chemistry at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands. In 1951, Mazur obtained his doctorate under the direction of Sybren de Groot with a thesis entitled, "Thermodynamics of Transport Phenomena in Liquid Helium-2". The results were in good agreement with experiments done at the Kamerlingh Onnes Labora |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Milman | Pierre D. Milman (), born 1945 in Odessa, is a mathematician and a professor at the University of Toronto.
Milman graduated with a B.A. from the University of Moscow in 1967. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Tel Aviv in 1975 after an interlude of several years as researcher at the Institute of Chemical Physics and then Solid State Physics in Moscow.
Awards
Pierre Milman won a two-year Connaught Transformative Research Grant in the 1996 competition within the Faculty of Arts and Science of the University of Toronto. In that year the grant was awarded also to the Nobel Prize laureate John Polani. Usually only one grant is awarded per year. In 1997, he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He was awarded a Killam Research Fellowship in 2002, and the Jeffery–Williams Prize in 2005.
Family
Mathematics runs in the Milman family. His father is the mathematician David Milman, who co-authored the Krein–Milman theorem. His brother is the mathematician Vitali Milman.
External links
1945 births
Living people
Soviet mathematicians
20th-century Canadian mathematicians
Canadian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
20th-century Ukrainian mathematicians
Odesa Jews
Scientists from Odesa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Kane%20%28mathematician%29 | Daniel Mertz Kane (born 1986) is an American mathematician. He is an associate professor with a joint position in the Mathematics Department and the Computer Science and Engineering Department at the University of California, San Diego.
Early life and education
Kane was born in Madison, Wisconsin, to Janet E. Mertz and Jonathan M. Kane, professors of oncology and of mathematics and computer science, respectively.
He attended Wingra School, a small alternative K-8 school in Madison that focuses on self-guided education. By 3rd grade, he had mastered K through 9th-grade mathematics. Starting at age 13, he took honors math courses at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and did research under the mentorship of Ken Ono while dual enrolled at Madison West High School. He earned gold medals in the 2002 and 2003 International Mathematical Olympiads. Prior to his 17th birthday, he resolved an open conjecture proposed years earlier by Andrews and Lewis; for this research, he was named Fellow Laureate of the Davidson Institute for Talent Development.
He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2007 with two bachelor's degrees, one in mathematics with computer science and the other in physics.
While at MIT, Kane was one of four people since 2003 (and one of eight in the history of the competition) to be named a four-time Putnam Fellow in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition. He also won the 2007 Morgan Prize and competed as part of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20transport%20reaction | In chemistry, a chemical transport reaction describes a process for purification and crystallization of non-volatile solids. The process is also responsible for certain aspects of mineral growth from the effluent of volcanoes. The technique is distinct from chemical vapor deposition, which usually entails decomposition of molecular precursors and which gives conformal coatings.
The technique, which was popularized by Harald Schäfer, entails the reversible conversion of nonvolatile elements and chemical compounds into volatile derivatives. The volatile derivative migrates throughout a sealed reactor, typically a sealed and evacuated glass tube heated in a tube furnace. Because the tube is under a temperature gradient, the volatile derivative reverts to the parent solid and the transport agent is released at the end opposite to which it originated (see next section). The transport agent is thus catalytic. The technique requires that the two ends of the tube (which contains the sample to be crystallized) be maintained at different temperatures. So-called two-zone tube furnaces are employed for this purpose. The method derives from the Van Arkel de Boer process which was used for the purification of titanium and vanadium and uses iodine as the transport agent.
Cases of the exothermic and endothermic reactions of the transporting agent
Transport reactions are classified according to the thermodynamics of the reaction between the solid and the transporting agent. When the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20level%20mathematics | Advanced Level (A-Level) Mathematics is a qualification of further education taken in the United Kingdom (and occasionally other countries as well). In the UK, A-Level exams are traditionally taken by 17-18 year-olds after a two-year course at a sixth form or college. Advanced Level Further Mathematics is often taken by students who wish to study a mathematics-based degree at university, or related degree courses such as physics or computer science.
Like other A-level subjects, mathematics has been assessed in a modular system since the introduction of Curriculum 2000, whereby each candidate must take six modules, with the best achieved score in each of these modules (after any retake) contributing to the final grade. Most students will complete three modules in one year, which will create an AS-level qualification in their own right and will complete the A-level course the following year—with three more modules.
The system in which mathematics is assessed is changing for students starting courses in 2017 (as part of the A-level reforms first introduced in 2015), where the reformed specifications have reverted to a linear structure with exams taken only at the end of the course in a single sitting.
In addition, while schools could choose freely between taking Statistics, Mechanics or Discrete Mathematics (also known as Decision Mathematics) modules with the ability to specialise in one branch of applied Mathematics in the older modular specification, in the new specifica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caoimh%C3%ADn%20%C3%93%20Raghallaigh | (born 28 August 1979) is a fiddler, born in Dublin, Ireland, who attended Trinity College Dublin, becoming a scholar in Theoretical Physics (1999) and earning a first-class BA degree (as the top student of his class) in 2001. He is known for developing a drone-based fiddle style heavily influenced by the uilleann pipes and the music of .
spent several summers working part- and full-time in the Irish Traditional Music Archives in Dublin, opening up a wealth of old recordings which influenced his repertoire and style. Together with uilleann piper Mick O'Brien, he recorded Kitty Lie Over, named no.1 traditional album of 2003 by Earle Hitchner in American newspaper the Irish Echo.
He performs regularly with West Kerry accordion player Brendan Begley, and has collaborated many times with singer . He has also performed with Icelandic group Amiina, and with Sam Amidon, The Waterboys, and others. He is a member of two contemporary traditional music groups: The Gloaming (with Martin Hayes, , Dennis Cahill and Thomas Bartlett); and This Is How We Fly (with Petter Berndalen, Nic Gareiss and Seán Mac Erlaine). He has also worked in theatre, having been commissioned by the Abbey Theatre to write music, and works regularly with Gare St Lazare Players. He contributed music to the 2015 film Brooklyn, a set of reels recorded especially for the purpose with Mayo accordion player .
As well as playing on violin and Hardanger fiddle, plays an instrument made by Norwegian luthier Salve H |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Liebreich | Matthias Eugen Oscar Liebreich (14 February 1839 – 2 July 1908) was a German pharmacologist.
Biography
He was a native of Königsberg. He studied chemistry under Carl Remigius Fresenius (1818–1897) in Wiesbaden, and studied medicine in Königsberg, Tübingen and Berlin, obtaining his degree in 1865. Beginning in 1867, he worked as an assistant in the chemistry department of the pathological institute under Rudolf Virchow. Later on, he became a professor of therapeutics (1868) and director of the pharmacology institute in Berlin (1872). In 1889 he was co-founder of the Balneologischen Gesellschaft (Balneology Society) in Berlin, and was its chairman until his death in 1908.
Contributions
Liebreich introduced the method of phaneroscopic illumination for the study of lupus; showed the value of cantharidin in tuberculosis, of mercuric formamide and of lanolin in syphilis, of butylchloral hydrate and of ethylene chloride as anesthetics. In 1865, he gave the name "protagon" to a proximate principle discovered in the brain and in blood corpuscles.
He is well known for his investigations pertaining to the sedative and hypnotic properties of chloral hydrate (1869), and was an important factor in the drugs' popularity during the latter half of the 19th century. He also made valued contributions in his chemical research of boracic acid.
Liebreich edited the Therapeutische Monatshefte (1887 sqq.) and the Encyklopädie der Therapie (1895 sqq.), and with Alexander Langgard, published a Kom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromechanics | Aeromechanics is the science about mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases, involving aerodynamics, thermophysics and aerostatics. It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow. The fluid flow and structure are interactive systems and their interaction is dynamic. The fluid force causes the structure to deform which changes its orientation to the flow and hence the resulting fluid force.
Areas that comprise this are within the technology of aircraft and helicopters since these use propellers and rotors.
See also
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20H.%20van%20Lint | Jacobus Hendricus ("Jack") van Lint (1 September 1932 – 28 September 2004) was a Dutch mathematician, professor at the Eindhoven University of Technology, of which he was rector magnificus from 1991 till 1996.
He gained his Ph.D. from Utrecht University in 1957 under the supervision of Fred van der Blij. He was professor of mathematics at Eindhoven University of Technology from 1959 to 1997.
He was appointed a full professor at Eindhoven University of Technology at the age of 26 years. His field of research was initially number theory, but he worked mainly in combinatorics and coding theory.
Van Lint was honored with a great number of awards. He became a member of Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1972, received four honorary doctorates, was an honorary member of the Royal Netherlands Mathematics Society (Koninklijk Wiskundig Genootschap), and received a Knighthood.
Books
Coding Theory, 1971.
Combinatorial Theory Seminar Eindhoven University of Technology, 1974
Introduction to Coding Theory, Springer, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 1982, 3rd. edition 1999.
with Peter Cameron: Designs, Graphs, Codes and their Links, London Mathematical Society Lecture Notes, Cambridge University Press, 1980.
with Richard M. Wilson: A Course in Combinatorics, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
with Gerard van der Geer: Introduction to Coding theory and Algebraic Geometry, Birkhäuser, 1988.
See also
Seidel adjacency matrix
Seidel switching
References
External links
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Ferdinand%20Friedrich%20Krauss | Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Krauss (Stuttgart, 9 July 1812 – 15 September 1890), was a German scientist, traveler and collector.
Early life
He was an apothecary's apprentice and worked as a pharmacist for a while, but then took up the study of mineralogy, zoology and chemistry at Tübingen and Heidelberg, where he excelled academically and was awarded a PhD summa cum laude in 1836.
South Africa
Cape Province 7 May 1838 - 2 June 1839
The following year Baron von Ludwig, famous for his garden in Cape Town, visited Germany and persuaded Krauss to visit South Africa. They sailed from Portsmouth aboard the 676-ton barque La Belle Alliance (the same vessel that had carried 1820 Settlers from England to the Eastern Cape) and arrived in Cape Town 81 days later on 7 May 1838. Krauss started collecting and studying the fauna, flora and geology of Cape Town and environs in earnest after a short trip to Tulbagh. He collected molluscs and crustaceans, marine algae and fish. Planning a trip to the interior, he ordered a wagon to be made. He set off with his ox-wagon, 14 oxen, a horse and two assistants, going over Sir Lowry's Pass and the Houhoek Pass to Genadendal. From here he visited Kogmanskloof by horse. Leaving Genadendal he travelled southwards to Caledon, to Walker Bay, Elim, Prinskraal, Cape Agulhas, along Struisbaai to De Hoop and Swellendam. From here he set out eastwards to Mossel Bay and George, spending some time in the extensive forests of the Tsitsikamma. He went on a s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon%27s%20algorithm | In computer science, Cannon's algorithm is a distributed algorithm for matrix multiplication for two-dimensional meshes first described in 1969 by Lynn Elliot Cannon.
It is especially suitable for computers laid out in an N × N mesh. While Cannon's algorithm works well in homogeneous 2D grids, extending it to heterogeneous 2D grids has been shown to be difficult.
The main advantage of the algorithm is that its storage requirements remain constant and are independent of the number of processors.
The Scalable Universal Matrix Multiplication Algorithm (SUMMA)
is a more practical algorithm that requires less workspace and overcomes the need for a square 2D grid. It is used by the ScaLAPACK, PLAPACK, and Elemental libraries.
Algorithm overview
When multiplying two n×n matrices A and B, we need n×n processing nodes p arranged in a 2D grid. Initially pi,j is responsible for ai,j and bi,j.
// PE(i , j)
k := (i + j) mod N;
a := a[i][k];
b := b[k][j];
c[i][j] := 0;
for (l := 0; l < N; l++) {
c[i][j] := c[i][j] + a * b;
concurrently {
send a to PE(i, (j + N − 1) mod N);
send b to PE((i + N − 1) mod N, j);
} with {
receive a' from PE(i, (j + 1) mod N);
receive b' from PE((i + 1) mod N, j );
}
a := a';
b := b';
}
We need to select k in every iteration for every Processor Element (PE) so that processors don't access the same data for computing .
Therefore processors in the same row |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20reference%20string%20model | In cryptography, the common reference string (CRS) model captures the assumption that a trusted setup in which all involved parties get access to the same string crs taken from some distribution D exists. Schemes proven secure in the CRS model are secure given that the setup was performed correctly. The common reference string model is a generalization of the common random string model, in which D is the uniform distribution of bit strings. As stated in, the CRS model is equivalent to the reference string model and the public parameters model.
The CRS model has applications in the study of non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs and universal composability.
References
Theory of cryptography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Pure%20and%20Applied%20Mathematics | The Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM) is an American mathematics institute funded by the National Science Foundation. The initial funding for the institute was approved in May 1999 and it was inaugurated in August, 2000.
IPAM is located on the UCLA campus, in close proximity to UCLA's Department of Mathematics. The building currently housing the institute was designed in 1973 by world-renowned Pritzker Prize-winning architect Frank Gehry.
Mission
The mission of the institute is to make connections between a broad spectrum of mathematicians and scientists, to launch new collaborations, to better inform mathematicians and scientists about interdisciplinary problems, and to broaden the range of applications in which mathematics is used.
IPAM seeks to bring the full range of mathematical techniques to bear on the great scientific challenges of our time, to stimulate exciting new mathematics via new problems motivated by other sciences, and to train the people who will do this.
Background
IPAM is currently one of seven NSF Mathematical Sciences Institutes in the United States. The initial five year grant was renewed in 2005, and this grant was once again renewed in 2010, 2015 and 2020, for an additional five years.
The institute was co-founded by Tony F. Chan, Mark Green, and Eitan Tadmor; Dima Shlyakhtenko is its current director. Christian Ratsch is a deputy director, and Selenne Bañuelos is its current associate director. Stanley Osher is its current spe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-bias%20sample%20space | In theoretical computer science, a small-bias sample space (also known as -biased sample space, -biased generator, or small-bias probability space) is a probability distribution that fools parity functions.
In other words, no parity function can distinguish between a small-bias sample space and the uniform distribution with high probability, and hence, small-bias sample spaces naturally give rise to pseudorandom generators for parity functions.
The main useful property of small-bias sample spaces is that they need far fewer truly random bits than the uniform distribution to fool parities. Efficient constructions of small-bias sample spaces have found many applications in computer science, some of which are derandomization, error-correcting codes, and probabilistically checkable proofs.
The connection with error-correcting codes is in fact very strong since -biased sample spaces are equivalent to -balanced error-correcting codes.
Definition
Bias
Let be a probability distribution over .
The bias of with respect to a set of indices is defined as
where the sum is taken over , the finite field with two elements. In other words, the sum equals if the number of ones in the sample at the positions defined by is even, and otherwise, the sum equals .
For , the empty sum is defined to be zero, and hence .
ϵ-biased sample space
A probability distribution over is called an -biased sample space if
holds for all non-empty subsets .
ϵ-biased set
An -biased sample space t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20Investigations | The Discovery Investigations were a series of scientific cruises and shore-based investigations into the biology of whales in the Southern Ocean. They were funded by the British Colonial Office and organised by the Discovery Committee in London, which was formed in 1918. They were intended to provide the scientific background to stock management of the commercial Antarctic whale fishery.
The work of the Investigations contributed hugely to our knowledge of the whales, the krill they fed on, and the oceanography of their habitat, while charting the local topography, including Atherton Peak. The investigations continued until 1951, with the final report being published in 1980.
Specimens collected during the cruises are collectively known as the Discovery Collections.
Laboratory
Shore-based work on South Georgia took place in the marine laboratory, Discovery House, built in 1925 at King Edward Point and occupied until 1931. The scientists lived and worked in the building, travelling half a mile or so across King Edward Cove to the whaling station at Grytviken to work on whales as they were brought ashore by commercial whaling ships.
Ships
Vessels used were:
RRS Discovery from 1924 to 1931
RRS William Scoresby from 1927 to 1945 or later
RRS Discovery II from 1929 to 1951
Reports
Results of the investigations were printed in the Discovery Reports. This was a series of many small reports, published in 38 volumes by the Cambridge University Press, and latterly the Institute |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk%20Kamoun | Farouk Kamoun (born October 20, 1946) is a Tunisian computer scientist and professor of computer science at the National School of Computer Sciences (ENSI) of Manouba University, Tunisia. He contributed in the late 1970s to significant research in the field of computer networking in relation with the first ARPANET network. He is also one of the pioneers of the development of the Internet in Tunisia in the early 1990s.
Contribution to computer science
The contribution of Dr. Kamoun in the domain of hierarchical routing begun in 1979 with his professor at the University of California UCLA, Leonard Kleinrock. They argued that the optimal number of levels for an router subnet is , requiring a total of entries per router. They also shown that the increase in effective mean path length caused by hierarchical routing is sufficiently small that it is usually acceptable.
The research work driven on Tunisia in the 1980s on network flow control based on buffer management is considered as a base to the now selective reject algorithms used in the Internet.
Education and career
He received a French engineering degree in 1970, a Master's and a PhD degree from the University of California at Los Angeles Computer Science Department.
His PhD work, undertaken under the supervision of Dr Leonard Kleinrock, a pioneer in the area of networking, was related to the design of large computer networks. They were among the first to introduce and evaluate cluster-based hierarchical routing. Re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoribonuclease | In biochemistry, an endoribonuclease is a class of enzyme which is a type of ribonuclease (an RNA cleaver), itself a type of endonuclease (a nucleotide cleaver). It cleaves either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, depending on the enzyme. Example includes both single proteins such as RNase III, RNase A, RNase T1, RNase T2 and RNase H and also complexes of proteins with RNA such as RNase P and the RNA-induced silencing complex. Further examples include endoribonuclease XendoU found in frogs (Xenopus).
External links
EC 3.1
Ribonucleases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodeoxyribonuclease | In biochemistry, an endodeoxyribonuclease is a class of enzyme which is a type of deoxyribonuclease (a DNA cleaver), itself a type of endonuclease (a nucleotide cleaver). They catalyze cleavage of the phosphodiester bonds in DNA. They are classified with EC numbers 3.1.21 through 3.1.25.
Examples include:
DNA restriction enzymes
micrococcal nuclease
See also
Ribonuclease
UvrABC endonuclease
External links
EC 3.1
Deoxyribonucleases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20schools%20of%20Rockford%2C%20Illinois | The four public high schools of Rockford, Illinois are:
Auburn High School
East High School
Guilford High School
Jefferson High School
The seven public middle schools of Rockford, Illinois, USA are:
RESA Middle School (formerly Rockford Environmental Science Academy)
Lincoln Middle School (originally Abraham Lincoln Junior High School)
Eisenhower Middle School
West Middle School (Rockford West High School 1940–1989)
Flinn Middle School (Thomas Jefferson High School 1969–1978)
Kennedy Middle School
Thurgood Marshall Middle School (houses Renaissance Gifted Academy program)
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070518172839/http://webs.rps205.com/schools/home.html
Public middle schools in Illinois
Schools in Rockford, Illinois
Public high schools in Illinois
Schools in Winnebago County, Illinois |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel%20slide%20protection | Wheel slide protection and wheel slip protection are railway terms used to describe automatic systems used to detect and prevent wheel-slide during braking or wheel-slip during acceleration. This is analogous to ABS and traction control systems used on motor vehicles. It is particularly important in slippery rail conditions.
Sanding
Sanding is one method of reducing wheel slip or slide. Locomotives and Multiple units have sandboxes which can deliver dry sand to the rails in front of the wheels. This may be initiated automatically when the Wheel Slide Protection system senses loss of adhesion, or the driver can operate it manually. Sanding may be connected to a computer system that determines the train's direction and where the sand should be applied: either forward or aft of the trucks. In older locomotives there was a manual lever attached to a valve that had three positions: Off, Forward, and Aft.
Automatic control systems
Wheel Slide Protection (WSP) equipment is generally fitted to passenger trains to manage the behavior of wheel sets in “low adhesion” (reduced wheel/rail friction) conditions. It is used when braking and may be considered analogous to anti-lock braking (ABS) for cars. The system can also be used to control (or provide an input to) the traction system to control wheel spin when applying power in low adhesion conditions.
“Low adhesion” at the rail potentially causes damage to wheels and the rails. Typically, low adhesion conditions are associated wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Gibson%20%28Scrabble%20player%29 | David Lawrence Gibson (February 8, 1951 – November 22, 2019) was an American professional Scrabble player and mathematics professor. Ranked the top player in North America and widely regarded as one of the greatest Scrabble players, Gibson won the North American Scrabble Championship twice.
Early life
The eldest of three children, David Lawrence Gibson was born in 1951 in Raleigh, North Carolina and raised in Charlotte, North Carolina, where his parents owned an auto parts locating company. A graduate of North Mecklenburg High School and Furman University, he excelled in mathematics but fared considerably poorly in English. In 1975, Gibson and his family moved to Spartanburg, South Carolina.
Career
Gibson was introduced to Scrabble at age 6. He began playing tournament Scrabble in 1983 and won the North American Scrabble Championship (NASC) in August 1994; although he had kept a relatively low profile in the Scrabble community, the win propelled him to No. 1 in the North American rankings. In 1995, Gibson won the "Scrabble Superstars" tournament and its top prize of $50,000. Gibson finished second in the 2012 NASC; only needing to lose by fewer than 169 points to win the title, he ended up losing 298-475 in the final round against Nigel Richards. In 2016, Gibson won his second NASC title in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The term "Gibsonization" for a process of pairings in a single-elimination final was named after Gibson due to his tendency to clinch tournaments before their final |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphosis%20%28biology%29 | Anamorphosis or anamorphogenesis is the process of postembryonic development and moulting in Arthropoda that results in the addition of abdominal body segments, even after sexual maturity. Examples of this mode of development occur in proturans and millipedes.
Protura hatch with only 8 abdominal segments and add the remaining 3 in subsequent moults. These new segments arise behind the last abdominal segment, but in front of the telson.
In myriapods, euanamorphosis is when the addition of new segments continues during each moult, without there being a fixed number of segments for the adult, teloanamorphosis is when the moulting ceases once the adult has reached a fixed number of segments, and hemianamorphosis is when a fixed number of segments is reached, after which moulting continues with segments only growing in size, not number.
References
Developmental biology
Arthropod morphology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell%20A.%20Posey | Darrell Addison Posey (March 14, 1947 – March 6, 2001) was an American anthropologist and biologist who vitalized the study of traditional knowledge of indigenous and folk populations in Brazil and other countries. He called his approach ethnobiology and combined research with respect for other cultures, especially indigenous intellectual property rights.
An obituary described him as an "anthropologist who gave up scholarly detachment to fight for the rights of native peoples." He never married and was survived by his parents and brother. He died of a brain tumor, at 53 years of age, in Oxford, England, where he made his home after 1992.
Early life
Darrell A. Posey was born on March 14, 1947, son of Henry and Pearl Posey, in rural Henderson, Kentucky. From an early age he was a member of the Anglican Church. Educated at Henderson County High School, he had a biology teacher, Mr. Ned Barra, who encouraged his interest in insects.
University studies
In 1970, Posey was graduated with a B.Sc. in Entomology, by the Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He obtained a M.A. in Anthropology, in 1974, also at the Louisiana State University, with the thesis The Fifth Ward Settlement: A Tri Racial Marginal Group. He obtained a Ph.D. in anthropology, in 1979, at the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, with the thesis Ethnoentomology of the Gorotire Kayapó of Central Brazil.
Posey's switch from entomology to anthropology was due to his friendship with anthropology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Everitt%20%28scientist%29 | Barry John Everitt, (born 19 February 1946) is a British neuroscientist and academic. He was Master of Downing College, Cambridge (2003–2013), and Professor of Behavioural Neuroscience at the University of Cambridge (1997–2013). He is now emeritus professor and Director of Research. From 2013 to 2022, he was provost of the Gates Cambridge Trust at Cambridge University.
Early life and education
Everitt was born on 19 February 1946. He graduated in zoology and psychology at the University of Hull and received his PhD degree from the University of Birmingham on behavioural neuroendocrinology. He undertook post-doctoral research at Birmingham and then at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, with the neuroanatomists Tomas Hökfelt and Kjell Fuxe.
Research
Everitt's research has spanned many aspects of brain function, from neuroanatomy to neuroendocrinology and behavioural neuroscience. He is an acknowledged international authority on the neural systems underlying learning, memory and motivation especially in relation to drug addiction and in the top 1% most cited researchers in behavioural neuroscience.
Everitt was appointed to the Department of Anatomy at the University of Cambridge in 1974, became a Fellow of Downing College in 1976 and was a Director of Studies for the College from 1979 to 1999. In 1994 he was appointed a Reader in the Department of Experimental Psychology and in 1997 was elected Professor of Behavioural Neuroscience.
Awards and honours
He has served on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Bronstein | Alex Bronstein (born May 28, 1980) is an Israeli computer scientist and serial technologist. He is a professor of Computer Science and Machine Learning at Technion, where he holds the Dan Broida Academic Chair and the Schmidt Chair in Artificial Intelligence. He is also a fellow of the IEEE for his contribution to 3D imaging and geometry processing.
Academic career
Bronstein received a PhD in Computer Science in 2007, and co-authored the book Numerical Geometry of Non-rigid Shapes (with Ron Kimmel). At Technion, he also won the Hershel Rich Technion innovation award. Prior to his PHD, in 2003, Bronstein appeared in a Reuters interview on the use of geometric approaches in three-dimensional face recognition.
As a professor of computer science, Bronstein has authored over 100 journal, and has over 30 patents to his name. In addition to his academic activities, he co-founded and served as the Vice President of technology in the Silicon Valley start-up company Novafora, from 2005 to 2009.
Bronstein was also a co-founder of the Israeli startup Invision, developing a coded-light 3D range sensor. The company was acquired by Intel in 2012 and has become the foundation of Intel RealSense technology. Bronstein served as Principal Engineer at Intel between 2012 and 2019, playing a leading role in the development of RealSense.
Bronstein also co-founded the Israeli startup Videocites, developing internet-scale B2B video analytics services.
See also
Computer vision
Image processing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20Liepmann | Hugo Karl Liepmann (April 9, 1863 – May 6, 1925) was a German neurologist and psychiatrist born in Berlin, into a Jewish family.
Initially, he studied both chemistry and philosophy at the Universities of Freiburg and Leipzig, obtaining his doctorate in 1885. His interests later turned to medicine, and after completion of studies, worked as an assistant to Carl Wernicke in the psychiatric clinic at Breslau. In 1906 he became head physician at Dalldorf (Berlin-Wittenau), followed by an assignment as director of the Städtische Irrenanstalt zu Lichtenberg (Herzberge) in 1914.
Liepmann is remembered for his pioneer work involving cerebral localization of function. From anatomical studies, he postulated that planned or commanded actions were controlled in the parietal lobe of the brain's dominant hemisphere, and not in the frontal lobe. He conducted extensive research of a disorder he called apraxia, a term that he introduced in 1900. Apraxia is described as the inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements that is symptomatic of some central nervous system disorders and injuries and not due to muscle weakness. Liepmann believed that damage in the parietal lobe prevented activation of learned sequences of actions that are necessary to produce desired results on command. As a result of his studies, he divided apraxia into three types:
ideational: object blindness, where the patient is incapable of making appropriate use of familiar objects upon command.
ideomotor: the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Budd | Graham Edward Budd is a British palaeontologist. He is Professor and head of palaeobiology at Uppsala University.
Budd's research focuses on the Cambrian explosion and on the evolution and development, anatomy, and patterns of diversification of the Ecdysozoa, a group of animals that include arthropods.
Life and work
Budd was born on 7 September 1968 in Colchester (Essex). He obtained his undergraduate degree at the University of Cambridge and remained there, in the Department of Earth Sciences, to continue his studies at a doctoral level by investigating the Sirius Passet fossil lagerstätte from the Cambrian of North Greenland. He finished his doctorate in 1994, with one of the findings being a new species of lobopodian, Kerygmachela. Budd then moved to Sweden as a postdoc along with his PhD supervisor John Peel.
Together with Sören Jensen he reintroduced the concepts of stem and crown groups to phylogenetics and is a major critic of molecular clocks current usage in determining the origin of animal and plant groups.
He has edited Acta Zoologica together with Lennart Olsson; he has also edited the Geological Magazine.
Accolades
Hodson Fund of the Palaeontological Association in 2002.
President's Medal of the Palaeontological Association in 2015.
Nathorst Prize of the Geologiska Foreningen in 2021.
Selected publications
G. E. Budd. 2002. A palaeontological solution to the arthropod head problem. Nature 417: 271-275.
G. E. Budd. 2006. On the origin and evolut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto%20Murri | Augusto Murri (8 September 1841, Fermo - 11 November 1932, Bologna) was an Italian physician. Appointed to the Chair of Clinical Medicine at the University of Bologna in 1875, he was regarded as one of the most illustrious clinical doctors and innovators of his times (in Pathological Anatomy, Histology, Microbiology and Experimental Physiopathology).
Biography
Augusto Murri was born in Fermo on 8 September 1841. Son of Giovambattista Murri, a magistrate, deputy of the Repubblica Romana, and Teodolinda Polimanti, the mother. At 15 years old, Murri was illiterate as his father was against the education provided by the school of Fermo, as run by Jesuits. Meanwhile, his father was exiled firstly at Corfu then in Genova for political motives. Scolopius father provided for Murri’s education in San Giovannino, near Florence, allowing him to earn a basic educational license in few years.
In the university of Florence he attended the lessons of Carlo Ghinozzi, professor of medical clinics, and then studied physiology with Cesare Studiati, and finally graduated in medical clinics in 1864.
Post-degree, Murri travelled to Germany and Paris and then returned in Italy for some charges.
In 1869 he got married with Giannina Murri (same surname but they were not relatives), daughter of a storekeeper. In 1871 his first child , called Linda, was born, and two years later they had a second child, Tullio.
In 1870 he went to Rome called by Guido Baccelli, who assigned to Murri a chair of med |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromov%27s%20inequality%20for%20complex%20projective%20space | In Riemannian geometry, Gromov's optimal stable 2-systolic inequality is the inequality
,
valid for an arbitrary Riemannian metric on the complex projective space, where the optimal bound is attained
by the symmetric Fubini–Study metric, providing a natural geometrisation of quantum mechanics. Here is the stable 2-systole, which in this case can be defined as the infimum of the areas of rational 2-cycles representing the class of the complex projective line in 2-dimensional homology.
The inequality first appeared in as Theorem 4.36.
The proof of Gromov's inequality relies on the Wirtinger inequality for exterior 2-forms.
Projective planes over division algebras
In the special case n=2, Gromov's inequality becomes . This inequality can be thought of as an analog of Pu's inequality for the real projective plane . In both cases, the boundary case of equality is attained by the symmetric metric of the projective plane. Meanwhile, in the quaternionic case, the symmetric metric on is not its systolically optimal metric. In other words, the manifold admits Riemannian metrics with higher systolic ratio than for its symmetric metric .
See also
Loewner's torus inequality
Pu's inequality
Gromov's inequality (disambiguation)
Gromov's systolic inequality for essential manifolds
Systolic geometry
References
Geometric inequalities
Differential geometry
Riemannian geometry
Systolic geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Loughery | William Gordon Ridley Loughery (1 November 1907 – 1 August 1977) was an Irish academic and cricketer. He was a scholar in mathematics at Trinity College Dublin, earning his BA there in 1930. From 1930 to 1934 he taught at Campbell College in Belfast.
Cricket career
A right-handed batsman, he played six times for the Ireland cricket team between 1929 and 1933 including two first-class matches against Scotland.
Loughery made his debut for Ireland in July 1929, playing a first-class match against Scotland. He played a match against "The Cataramans" later that month, twice against Sir Julien Cahn's XI in July 1930 and against the MCC in August 1930, before spending three years out of the Irish side. He returned in June 1933, bookending his career with another first-class match against Scotland.
In all matches for Ireland, Loughery scored 134 runs at an average of 12.18, with a top score of 29 against the MCC in August 1930. His top score in his two first-class games was 18 not out. He bowled just nine balls, not taking a wicket, and his bowling style is not known.
References
Cricketers from Belfast
1907 births
1977 deaths
Irish cricketers
Cricketers from Northern Ireland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Six%20Sigma%20companies | The following companies claim to have successfully implemented Six Sigma in some form or another:
3M
Amazon
Atos
Autoliv
BAE Systems
Bank of America
Becton Dickinson
Bechtel
Boeing
Caterpillar Inc.
Computer Sciences Corporation
Convergys
Cooper Tire & Rubber Company
Credit Suisse
Damco
Deere & Company
Dell
Denso
Eastman Kodak Company
Evonik Industries
Ford Motor Company
General Electric
Google
Inventec
Maersk
McKesson Corporation
Motorola
Mumbai's dabbawalas
Northrop Grumman
PolyOne Corporation
Raytheon
Sears
Shop Direct
Unipart
United States Army
United States Marine Corps
The Vanguard Group
Wipro
References
Six Sigma companies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di-%CF%80-methane%20rearrangement | In organic chemistry, the di-π-methane rearrangement is the photochemical rearrangement of a molecule that contains two π-systems separated by a saturated carbon atom. In the aliphatic case, this molecules is a 1,4-diene; in the aromatic case, an allyl-substituted arene. The reaction forms (respectively) an ene- or aryl-substituted cyclopropane. Formally, it amounts to a 1,2 shift of one ene group (in the diene) or the aryl group (in the allyl-aromatic analog), followed by bond formation between the lateral carbons of the non-migrating moiety:
Discovery
This rearrangement was originally encountered in the photolysis of barrelene to give semibullvalene. Once the mechanism was recognized as general by Howard Zimmerman in 1967, it was clear that the structural requirement was two π groups attached to an sp3-hybridized carbon, and then a variety of further examples was obtained.
Notable examples
One example was the photolysis of Mariano's compound, 3,3dimethyl-1,1,5,5tetraphenyl-1,4pentadiene. In this symmetric diene, the active π bonds are conjugated to arenes, which does not inhibit the reaction.
Another was the asymmetric Pratt diene. Pratt's diene demonstrates that the reaction preferentially cyclopropanates aryl substituents, because the reaction pathway preserves the resonant stabilization of a benzhydrylic radical intermediate.
The barrelene rearrangement is more complex than the Mariano and Pratt examples since there are two sp3-hybridized carbons. Each bri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa%20Mu%20Epsilon | Kappa Mu Epsilon () is a mathematics honor society founded by Emily Kathryn Wyant in 1931 at Northeastern Oklahoma State Teachers College to focus on the needs of undergraduate mathematics students. There are now over 80,000 members in about 150 chapters at various American universities and colleges in 35 states, primarily at mid-sized public universities or smaller private institutions. The five goals of Kappa Mu Epsilon are to further interest in mathematics, emphasize the role of mathematics in the development of civilization, develop an appreciation of the power and the beauty of mathematics, recognize the outstanding mathematical achievement of its members, and familiarize members with the advancements being made in mathematics.
The society sponsors a biennial national conference as well as regional conventions on alternate years which allow both for the sharing of ideas and the opportunity for students to present papers, preparing them for the graduate research experience.
KME also produces a yearly journal called The Pentagon which publishes student articles on a variety of mathematical topics.
The current president of KME is Dr. Brian Hollenbeck, a mathematics professor at Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas. The president-elect is Dr. Don Tosh.
The organization had become an official member of the Association of College Honor Societies back in 1968.
See also
Mu Alpha Theta, (mathematics, high school)
Mu Sigma Rho, (statistics)
Pi Mu Epsilon, (mat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell%20Frischmann | Pell Frischmann (PF) is a multi-disciplinary engineering consultancy based in London that provides structural and civil engineering, planning, design, and consulting services. Pell Frischmann employs over 1000 staff worldwide with 8 offices across the UK and international offices in India, the Middle East, Turkey and Romania.
The original company was founded by Cecil Pell in the 1920s who entered partnership with Wilem W Frischmann in the early 70s forming Pell Frischmann and Partners. In 2003 the umbrella company became Pell Frischmann Consulting Engineers. Major subsidiaries of the company include Frischmann Prabhu operating in the Asia-Pacific region and Conseco operating in the Middle East.
Key areas of business include buildings, building Services, land development and regeneration, traffic and transportation, highways and bridges, railways, environment and process technology, water and wastewater, power, fire engineering and IT and telecommunications. In April 2015, Pell Frischmann received The Queen's Award for International Trade.
History
The original Company was founded in 1926 by Cecil Pell who subsequently formed Pell Frischmann and Partners with Wilem Frischmann in 1972. The Group became a limited company in 1984. Until the late 1960s the Group's activities centred on Structural Engineering and Mechanical and Electrical Building Services.
Pell Frischmann Group has acquired a number of companies, including the Department for Transport's West Yorkshire Road Con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind%20%28computer%20scientist%29 | Arvind is the Johnson Professor of Computer Science and Engineering in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). He was also elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2008 for contributions to dataflow and multithread computing and the development of tools for the high-level synthesis of digital electronics hardware.
Career
Arvind's research interests include formal verification of large-scale digital systems using guarded atomic actions, memory models, and cache coherence protocols for parallel computing architectures and programming languages.
Past work was instrumental in the development of dynamic dataflow architectures, two parallel languages, Id and pH, and the compiling of such languages on parallel machines.
At IIT Kanpur, he earned a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in technology (with an emphasis in electrical engineering) in 1969. In that process, he discovered that he was keenly interested in computers. Then, at the University of Minnesota, he earned a Master of Science (M.Sc.) in computer science in 1972, and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in computer science in 1973.
Arvind conducted his thesis research in operating systems on mathematical models of program behavior. At the University of California, Irvine, where he taught from 19 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombieri%20norm | In mathematics, the Bombieri norm, named after Enrico Bombieri, is a norm on homogeneous polynomials with coefficient in or (there is also a version for non homogeneous univariate polynomials). This norm has many remarkable properties, the most important being listed in this article.
Bombieri scalar product for homogeneous polynomials
To start with the geometry, the Bombieri scalar product for homogeneous polynomials with N variables can be defined as follows using multi-index notation:
by definition different monomials are orthogonal, so that
if
while by definition
In the above definition and in the rest of this article the following notation applies:
if write and and
Bombieri inequality
The fundamental property of this norm is the Bombieri inequality:
let be two homogeneous polynomials respectively of degree and with variables, then, the following inequality holds:
Here the Bombieri inequality is the left hand side of the above statement, while the right side means that the Bombieri norm is an algebra norm. Giving the left hand side is meaningless without that constraint, because in this case, we can achieve the same result with any norm by multiplying the norm by a well chosen factor.
This multiplicative inequality implies that the product of two polynomials is bounded from below by a quantity that depends on the multiplicand polynomials. Thus, this product can not be arbitrarily small. This multiplicative inequality is useful in metric algebraic geo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Mathematics%20%28National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20of%20Belarus%29 | The Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus was founded in 1959. It is headquartered in Minsk, with a division in Gomel.
Departments
Algebra
Control Process Theory
Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Modelling
Differential Equations
Finite Croup Theory and Applications (in Gomel)
Combinatorial Models and Algorithms
Mathematical Theory of Systems
Mathematical Physics
Nonlinear and Stochastic Analysis
Parallel Computing Processes
External links
Official website
Research institutes in Belarus
Mathematical institutes
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
1959 establishments in the Soviet Union
Research institutes established in 1959 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Mathematics | This is a list of Institutes of Mathematics or Mathematical Institutes.
Americas
American Institute of Mathematics
Clay Mathematics Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, at the Université de Montréal
Center for Mathematical Modeling, at the University of Chile
Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas, Guanajuato, Guanajuato in Mexico
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, at New York University
Fields Institute, at the University of Toronto
Institute for Advanced Study, in Princeton, New Jersey
Institute for Mathematics and its Applications, at the University of Minnesota
Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics, at the University of California, Los Angeles
Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, at the University of California, Berkeley
PPGMAp, at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil
Europe
Brunel Institute of Computational Mathematics, in Uxbridge, UK
Central Economic Mathematical Institute, at the Russian Academy of Sciences
Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, at the Autonomous University of Barcelona
Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, at Science Park, Amsterdam
CoMPLEX, at University College London
Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany
Hamilton Mathematics Institute, at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
Hausdorff Center for Mathematics, Bonn, Germany
Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, France
Institute for Experimental |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20of%20things | The Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks. The Internet of things encompasses electronics, communication and computer science engineering. Internet of things has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet, they only need to be connected to a network, and be individually addressable.
The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and increasingly powerful embedded systems, as well as machine learning. Older fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of things. In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with "smart home" products, including devices and appliances (lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.
There are a number of concerns about the risks in the growth of IoT technologies and products, especially in the areas of privacy and security, and consequently there have been industry and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT%20Subject%20Test%20in%20Mathematics%20Level%202 | In the U.S., the SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2 (formerly known as Math II or Math IIChest, the "C" representing chest) was a one-hour multiple choice test. The questions covered a broad range of topics. Approximately 10-14% of questions focused on numbers and operations, 48-52% focused on algebra and functions, 28-32% focused on geometry (coordinate, three-dimensional, and trigonometric geometry were covered; plane geometry was not directly tested), and 8-12% focused on data analysis, statistics and probability. Compared to Mathematics 1, Mathematics 2 was more advanced. Whereas the Mathematics 1 test covered Algebra II and basic trigonometry, a pre-calculus class was good preparation for Mathematics 2. On January 19, 2021, the College Board discontinued all SAT Subject tests, including the SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2. This was effective immediately in the United States, and the tests were to be phased out by the following summer for international students. This was done as a response to changes in college admissions due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education.
Format
The test had 50 multiple choice questions that were to be answered in one hour. All questions had five answer choices. Students received 1 point for every correct answer, lost ¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and received 0 points for questions left blank.
Calculator use
The College Board stated that a calculator "may be useful or necessary" for about 55-60% of the q |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologation%20reaction | In organic chemistry, a homologation reaction, also known as homologization, is any chemical reaction that converts the reactant into the next member of the homologous series. A homologous series is a group of compounds that differ by a constant unit, generally a methylene () group. The reactants undergo a homologation when the number of a repeated structural unit in the molecules is increased. The most common homologation reactions increase the number of methylene () units in saturated chain within the molecule. For example, the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with diazomethane or methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphine to give the next homologue in the series.
Examples of homologation reactions include:
Kiliani-Fischer synthesis, where an aldose molecule is elongated through a three-step process consisting of:
Nucleophillic addition of cyanide to the carbonyl to form a cyanohydrin
Hydrolysis to form a lactone
Reduction to form the homologous aldose
Wittig reaction of an aldehyde with methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphine, which produces a homologous aldehyde.
Arndt–Eistert reaction is a series of chemical reactions designed to convert a carboxylic acid to a higher carboxylic acid homologue (i.e. contains one additional carbon atom)
Kowalski ester homologation, an alternative to the Arndt-Eistert synthesis. Has been used to convert β-amino esters from α-amino esters through an ynolate intermediate.
Seyferth–Gilbert homologation in which an aldehyde is converted to a term |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella%20sampling | Umbrella sampling is a technique in computational physics and chemistry, used to improve sampling of a system (or different systems) where ergodicity is hindered by the form of the system's energy landscape. It was first suggested by Torrie and Valleau in 1977. It is a particular physical application of the more general importance sampling in statistics.
Systems in which an energy barrier separates two regions of configuration space may suffer from poor sampling. In Metropolis Monte Carlo runs, the low probability of overcoming the potential barrier can leave inaccessible configurations poorly sampled—or even entirely unsampled—by the simulation. An easily visualised example occurs with a solid at its melting point: considering the state of the system with an order parameter Q, both liquid (low Q) and solid (high Q) phases are low in energy, but are separated by a free energy barrier at intermediate values of Q. This prevents the simulation from adequately sampling both phases.
Umbrella sampling is a means of "bridging the gap" in this situation. The standard Boltzmann weighting for Monte Carlo sampling is replaced by a potential chosen to cancel the influence of the energy barrier present. The Markov chain generated has a distribution given by:
with U the potential energy, w(rN) a function chosen to promote configurations that would otherwise be inaccessible to a Boltzmann-weighted Monte Carlo run. In the example above, w may be chosen such that w = w(Q), taking high valu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20J.%20Miller | Patrick J. Miller is a computer scientist and high performance parallel applications developer with a Ph.D. in Computer Science from University of California, Davis, in run-time error detection and correction. Until recently he was with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
He is most noted for building and assembling the largest temporary supercomputer in the world, FlashMob I, in an attempt to break into the Top 500 list of supercomputers with students from his "Do-it-yourself Supercomputing" class at the University of San Francisco in April 2004. This effort was featured on the front page of the New York Times on February 23, 2004.
In September 2005, he and others at Bryn Mawr recreated a FlashMob Supercomputer to calculate the value of pi to 15,000 digits and performed 15,800 steps to simulate the unfolding of a protein interacting with an anthrax toxin.
More recently he is the author of the popular pyMPI distributed parallel version of the Python programming language.
Miller now works as a software developer for Aurora Innovation in Palo Alto, California.
References
Computer science educators
American computer scientists
University of California, Davis alumni
University of San Francisco faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Hydroxysuccinimide | N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2CO)2NOH. It is a white solid that is used as a reagent for preparing active esters in peptide synthesis. It can be synthesized by heating succinic anhydride with hydroxylamine or hydroxylamine hydrochloride.
Activating reagent
NHS is commonly found in organic chemistry or biochemistry where it is used as an activating reagent for carboxylic acids. Activated acids (carboxylates) can react with amines to form amides for example, whereas a normal carboxylic acid would just form a salt with an amine.
Use
A common way to synthesize an NHS-activated acid is to mix NHS with the desired carboxylic acid and a small amount of an organic base in an anhydrous solvent. A coupling reagent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or ethyl(dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) is then added to form a highly reactive activated acid intermediate. NHS reacts to create a less labile activated acid. The group is usually written as SuO- or -OSu in chemical notation.
Such an ester with acid and NHS, sometimes called succinate ester, is stable enough to be purified and stored at low temperatures in the absence of water and, as such, is commercially available. NHS esters are commonly used for protein modification (e.g. an NHS ester of fluorescein is commercially available, and can be added to a protein to obtain a fluorescently labeled protein in a straightforward reaction and purification step).
NHS can be used with EDC to i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20Computer%20and%20Information%20Technology | International Conference on Computer and Information Technology or ICCIT is a series of computer science and information technology based conferences that is hosted in Bangladesh since 1997 by a different university each year. ICCIT provides a forum for researchers, scientists, and professionals from both academia and industry to exchange up-to-date knowledge and experience in different fields of computer science/engineering and information and communication technology (ICT). This is a regularly held ICT based major annual conference (held typically in December) in Bangladesh now in its 25th year. ICCIT series has succeeded in engaging the most number of universities in Bangladesh from both public and private sectors. Each new university in Bangladesh have been investing in computer science, computer engineering, information systems, and related fields.
Starting 2008, the ICCIT is co-sponsored by IEEE. On average, since 2003, 31.1% manuscripts submitted are accepted for presentation and inclusion in the IEEE Xplore Digital Library, one of the largest scholarly research database containing over two million records that indexes, abstracts, and provides full-text for articles and papers on computer science, electrical engineering, electronics, information technology, and physical sciences.
History
ICCIT trace its history to 1997 when University of Dhaka organized a conference, National Conference on Computer and Information Systems (NCCIS) based on IT and Computer Science. Pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAP | IRAP may refer to:
The International Refugee Assistance Project
The International Road Assessment Programme
The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure
Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, a protein
IRAP PhD Program, an international joint doctorate program in relativistic astrophysics
IRAP RMS Suite, a software suite for geomodelling and designing reservoirs
Insulin responsive aminopeptidase, an alias for Leucyl/cystinyl aminopeptidase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe%20Vardi | Moshe Ya'akov Vardi () is an Israeli mathematician and computer scientist. He is the Karen Ostrum George Distinguished Service Professor in Computational Engineering at Rice University, United States. and a faculty advisor for the Ken Kennedy Institute. His interests focus on applications of logic to computer science, including database theory, finite model theory, knowledge of multi-agent systems, computer-aided verification and reasoning, and teaching logic across the curriculum. He is an expert in model checking, constraint satisfaction and database theory, common knowledge (logic), and theoretical computer science.
Vardi has authored or co-authored over 600 technical papers as well as editing several collections. He has authored the books Reasoning About Knowledge with Ronald Fagin, Joseph Halpern, and Yoram Moses, and Finite Model Theory and Its Applications with Erich Grädel, Phokion G. Kolaitis, Leonid Libkin, Maarten Marx, Joel Spencer, Yde Venema, and Scott Weinstein. He is senior editor of Communications of the ACM, after serving as its editor-in-chief for a decade.
Education
Vardi was an undergraduate student at Bar-Ilan University and received his Master of Science degree from the Weizmann Institute of Science. His PhD was supervised by Catriel Beeri and awarded by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1981.
Career and research
Vardi's research interests are in logic and computation. He served as chair of the computer science department at Rice University fro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Stanley%20Mackenzie | Arthur Stanley Mackenzie (September 20, 1865 – October 2, 1938) was a Canadian physicist and university president. He was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia and educated at Dalhousie University, Halifax, and Johns Hopkins University.
He was instructor in mathematics at Dalhousie from 1887 to 1889. At Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania, he was a lecturer and associate in physics (1891–92), associate professor (1894–97), and professor (1897-1905). Mackenzie then returned to Dalhousie to become a Munro professor of physics (1905–10). In 1911, he became president of the university, succeeding John Forrest.
Mackenzie was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1908 and was elected a member of the Nova Scotia Institute of Science, of the American Physical Society, and of the American Philosophical Society. His scientific papers were published in the Physical Review, Journal of the Franklin Institute, and Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. He also translated and edited a collection of memoirs on The Laws of Gravitation (1900).
References
External links
The Archives of Arthur Stanley Mackenzie : A Guide
1865 births
1938 deaths
Canadian mathematicians
Canadian physicists
Canadian university and college chief executives
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Dalhousie University alumni
Academic staff of the Dalhousie University
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
People from Pictou County
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerales | Glomerales is an order of symbiotic fungi within the phylum Glomeromycota.
Biology
These fungi are all biotrophic mutualists. Most employ the arbuscular mycorrhizal method of nutrient exchange with plants. They produce large (.1-.5mm) spores (azygospores and chlamydospores) with thousands of nuclei.
Phylogeny
All members of their phylum were once thought to be related to the Endogonaceae, but have been found through molecular sequencing data, to be a closer relation to the Dikarya. Their fossil record extends back to the Ordovician period (460 million years ago).
Meiosis
Glomerales fungi were thought to have reproduced clonally for several hundred million years and are therefore an ancient asexual lineage. However, homologs of 51 meiotic genes, including seven genes specific for meiosis, were found to be conserved in the genomes of four Glomus species. Thus it now appears that these supposedly ancient asexual fungi may be capable of meiosis and perhaps also of a cryptic sexual or parasexual cycle.
Orthography
The family name Glomeraceae upon which this order level name is based, was incorrectly spelled 'Glomaceae', hence the order name was incorrectly spelled 'Glomales'. Both are correctable errors, to Glomeraceae and Glomerales, as governed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The incorrect spellings are commonplace in the literature, unfortunately.
See also
Glomalin
References
Fungus orders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical%20microbiology | Pharmaceutical microbiology is an applied branch of microbiology. It involves the study of microorganisms associated with the manufacture of pharmaceuticals e.g. minimizing the number of microorganisms in a process environment, excluding microorganisms and microbial byproducts like exotoxin and endotoxin from water and other starting materials, and ensuring the finished pharmaceutical product is sterile. Other aspects of pharmaceutical microbiology include the research and development of anti-infective agents, the use of microorganisms to detect mutagenic and carcinogenic activity in prospective drugs, and the use of microorganisms in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products like insulin and human growth hormone.
Drug safety
Drug safety is a major focus of pharmaceutical microbiology. Pathogenic bacteria, fungi (yeasts and moulds) and toxins produced by microorganisms are all possible contaminants of medicines- although stringent, regulated processes are in place to ensure the risk is minimal.
Antimicrobial activity and disinfection
Another major focus of pharmaceutical microbiology is to determine how a product will react in cases of contamination. For example: You have a bottle of cough medicine. Imagine you take the lid off, pour yourself a dose and forget to replace the lid. You come back to take your next dose and discover that you will indeed left the lid off for a few hours. What happens if a microorganism "fell in" whilst the lid was off?
There are tests t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Sahulka | Johann Sahulka (born 25 February 1857, Deutsch-Wagram - 8 October 1927, Vienna) was an Austrian scientist and professor of electrical engineering at Vienna University of Technology. He discovered that mercury arcs act as a rectifier.
See also
Mercury-arc valve
References
1857 births
1927 deaths
People from Deutsch-Wagram
Austrian electrical engineers
Engineers from Austria-Hungary
Engineers from Vienna
Academic staff of TU Wien |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Bratko%20%28computer%20scientist%29 | Ivan Bratko (born June 10, 1946) is a Slovene computer scientist working as a D. Sc. Professor of Computer and Information Science at the Faculty of Computer and Information Science at the University of Ljubljana.
Early life and education
Bratko was born in Ljubljana in 1946. He earned a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering, Master of Science in mechanical engineering, and PhD in computer science from the University of Ljubljana.
Career
Bratko has worked as a visiting professor and scientist at the University of Edinburgh, the University of Strathclyde, the University of Sydney, the University of New South Wales, Technical University of Madrid, the University of Klagenfurt, and the Delft University of Technology. He became an associate member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts on May 27, 1997, and he has been full member since June 12, 2003.
From 2005 to 2007 Bratko served as a member of the managing body of the Programme Council for RTV Slovenia.
Bibliography
Bratko, Ivan. Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence, 4th edition. Pearson Education / Addison-Wesley, 2012.
Bratko Ivan, Igor Mozetič, Nada Lavrač. KARDIO: A Study in Deep and Qualitative Knowledge for Expert Systems. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press, 1989
Bratko, Ivan, Rajkovič, Vladislav. Računarstvo s programskim jezikom Paskal, (Biblioteka Zanimljiva nauka). Beograd: Nolit, 1986.
References
External links
Ivan Bratko
Slovenian computer scientists
Living people
1946 birt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Alzheimer%27s%20Disease | The Journal of Alzheimer's Disease is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by IOS Press covering the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, genetics, treatment, and psychology of Alzheimer's disease. The journal publishes research reports, reviews, short communications, hypotheses, ethics reviews, book reviews, and letters-to-the-editor. The editor-in-chief is George Perry of the University of Texas at San Antonio. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.472.
Alzheimer Award
Each year, the Associate Editors of the journal select the best article from the previous year's volume. The awardee is presented the Alzheimer Medal, a 3" bronze medal with the likeness of Alois Alzheimer. This yearly award is sponsored by IOS Press and the winner of the Alzheimer Award receives a US$7,500 cash prize.
References
External links
Alzheimer's disease journals
Academic journals established in 1998
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
IOS Press academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofer%20Pister | Kristofer S. J. Pister ("Kris Pister") is a professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences at University of California, Berkeley and the founder and CTO of Dust Networks. He is known for his academic work on Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), their simulation (the SUGAR MEMS simulator), his work on Smartdust, and his membership in the JASON Defense Advisory Group. He is the son of former Berkeley Dean of Engineering and former UC Chancellor Karl Pister.
Professional work
Kristofer Pister is a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1997. Prior to that he was a professor at the University of California Los Angeles. He is generally attributed as the inventor and key implementer of smartdust, and is the founder and current CTO of Dust Networks, a company commercializing the smart dust concept. Dust Networks was then bought by Linear but still kept its original name (Dust Networks).
Pister initially focused on microelectromechanical systems and has since shifted his lab focus toward integrated circuits. Many of his innovations have been at the intersection of the two. Kris successfully commercialized or licensed micromachine technologies with Tanner Research, OMM Inc., Xactix, and Sony. He is also the originator of the fold up silicon quick reference macro-crystal.
Education
He holds a PhD and MS in electrical engineering and computer sciences from UC Berkeley and a BS from UC San Diego.
References
External links
Piste |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei%20mechanism | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Ei mechanism}}
In organic chemistry, the Ei mechanism (Elimination Internal/Intramolecular), also known as a thermal syn elimination or a pericyclic syn elimination, is a special type of elimination reaction in which two vicinal (adjacent) substituents on an alkane framework leave simultaneously via a cyclic transition state to form an alkene in a syn elimination. This type of elimination is unique because it is thermally activated and does not require additional reagents, unlike regular eliminations, which require an acid or base, or would in many cases involve charged intermediates. This reaction mechanism is often found in pyrolysis.
General features
Compounds that undergo elimination through cyclic transition states upon heating, with no other reagents present, are given the designation as Ei reactions. Depending on the compound, elimination takes place through a four, five, or six-membered transition state.
The elimination must be syn and the atoms coplanar for four and five-membered transition states, but coplanarity is not required for six-membered transition states.
There is a substantial amount of evidence to support the existence of the Ei mechanism such as: 1) the kinetics of the reactions were found to be first order, 2) the use of free-radical inhibitors did not affect the rate of the reactions, indicating no free-radical mechanisms are involved <ref name=ref4>Barton, D.H.R.; Head, A.J.; Williams, R.J. (1953). "Stereospecificity in Thermal Eli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivars%20Peterson | Ivars Peterson (born 4 December 1948) is an American mathematics writer.
Early life
Peterson received a B.Sc. in Physics and Chemistry and a B.Ed. in Education from the University of Toronto. Peterson received an M.A. in Journalism from the University of Missouri-Columbia.
Career
Peterson worked as a high school science and mathematics teacher.
Peterson has been a columnist and online editor at Science News and Science News for Kids, and has been columnist for the children's magazine Muse. He wrote the weekly online column Ivars Peterson's MathTrek. Peterson is the author of a number of popular mathematics and related books. Peterson has been a weekly mathematics columnist for MAA Online.
Peterson received the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics Communications Award in 1991 for "exceptional skill in communicating mathematics to the general public over the last decade".
For the spring 2008 semester, he accepted the Wayne G. Basler Chair of Excellence for the Integration of the Arts, Rhetoric and Science at East Tennessee State University. He gave a four lectures on how math is integral in our society and our universe. He also taught a course entitled "Communicating Mathematics".
In 2007, Peterson was named Director of Publications for Journals and Communications at the Mathematical Association of America.
Bibliography
Mathematical Treks: From Surreal Numbers to Magic Circles (2002) Mathematical Association of America
Fragments of Infinity: A Kaleidoscope of Math an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester%20pyrolysis | Ester pyrolysis in organic chemistry is a vacuum pyrolysis reaction converting esters containing a β-hydrogen atom into the corresponding carboxylic acid and the alkene. The reaction is an Ei elimination and operates in a syn fashion.
Examples include the synthesis of acrylic acid from ethyl acrylate at 590 °C, the synthesis of 1,4-pentadiene from 1,5-pentanediol diacetate at 575 °C or the construction of a cyclobutene framework at 700 °C
References
Organic reactions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20error | In software engineering and mathematics, numerical error is the error in the numerical computations.
Types
It can be the combined effect of two kinds of error in a calculation.
the first is caused by the finite precision of computations involving floating-point or integer values
the second usually called truncation error is the difference between the exact mathematical solution and the approximate solution obtained when simplifications are made to the mathematical equations to make them more amenable to calculation. The term truncation comes from the fact that either these simplifications usually involve the truncation of an infinite series expansion so as to make the computation possible and practical, or because the least significant bits of an arithmetic operation are thrown away.
Measure
Floating-point numerical error is often measured in ULP (unit in the last place).
See also
Loss of significance
Numerical analysis
Error analysis (mathematics)
Round-off error
Kahan summation algorithm
Numerical sign problem
References
Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms, Nicholas J. Higham,
"Computational Error And Complexity In Science And Engineering", V. Lakshmikantham, S.K. Sen,
Computer arithmetic
Numerical analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre%20Friedmann | E. Imre Friedmann (1921 – June 11, 2007) was a biologist, Robert O. Lawton Distinguished Professor of Biology at Florida State University and the NASA Ames Research Center, and Director, Polar Desert Research Center. He studied endolithic microbial communities and astrobiology. After escaping the Holocaust, Friedmann received his Ph.D. in botany from the University of Vienna, Austria in 1951, and he died on June 11, 2007.
Friedmann made important discoveries of life in extreme environments, particularly cryptoendolithic microbial communities that grow within rocks in deserts, including those of Antarctica and the Negev Desert in Israel. He was also interested in terraforming and wrote several articles about the possibility of terraforming Mars using microbes. In later years he was involved with investigations of martian meteorite ALH84001, which was claimed to contain evidence for early microbial life on Mars.
He was a Foreign Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and a Concurrent Professor at the University of Nanjing, China.
Friedmann was married to Roseli Ocampo-Friedmann, also a university professor, whom he met when she was a student in Jerusalem.
References
External links
Friedmann's web site
Florida State University Memoriam
Endolithic Microorganisms in the Antarctic Cold Desert
Obituary in Britain's 'Telegraph'
Obituary in 'The Economist'
1921 births
2007 deaths
American biologists
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Astrobiologists
Florida St |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Ankersmit | Franklin Rudolf Ankersmit (born 20 March 1945, Deventer, Netherlands) is professor of intellectual history and historical theory at the University of Groningen.
Ankersmit, member of the family of textile manufacturers Ankersmit, initially studied physics and mathematics in Leiden for three years and then did his military service. He next studied both history and philosophy at the University of Groningen. In 1981 he took his doctoral degree at that same University with a dissertation entitled Narrative Logic: A Semantic Analysis of the Historian’s Language. In 1986 he was elected member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). He is founder and was until 2017 chief editor of the Journal of the Philosophy of History promoting a strictly philosophical approach to the reflection on the writing of history.
In 1992 he was appointed full professor for intellectual history and philosophy of history at the University of Groningen. His main interests, apart from philosophy of history, are political philosophy, aesthetics and the notion of historical experience (or sensation). The notion of representation is of central importance in his writings focusing on historical, political and aesthetic representation. He published fifteen books (edited books not included) of which many were translated into English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Indonesian, Polish, Hungarian, Czech, Russian and Chinese. He wrote over two hundred-fifty scientific articles and is member of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Filter | The Filter's TV personalisation products increase viewing, loyalty and revenue. Their data science underpins the business decisions of the world's most forward thinking broadcasters. Founded in 2004, it has ties to musician Peter Gabriel and is based in Bath, UK. In March 2022, The Filter was acquired by the Amsterdam-headquartered end-to-end video streaming provider, 24i.
History
The idea behind The Filter was devised by musician Peter Gabriel and software entrepreneur Martin Hopkins. Gabriel foresaw that the growth of digital technologies would lead to such large volume of content becoming available that users would need filters to help them find what was relevant to them. In 2004 he was introduced to Hopkins, who had written a piece of software to manage his extensive music collection. The software learned tastes and preferences and utilised artificial intelligence to generate playlists and recommendations. With investment from the founders and from venture capital firm Eden Ventures, they launched Exabre in 2004, and promoted The Filter as a site providing music and movie recommendations directly to consumers.
Although the venture was successful, reaching an average of 800,000 unique visitors per month, in 2009 The Filter modified its business model to licensing the recommendation engine to other businesses. To date, this strategy has proved successful, and the company has secured large contracts, particularly in the US.
Executives and Board of Directors
Peter Gabriel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20Dynamics | Boston Dynamics is an American engineering and robotics design company founded in 1992 as a spin-off from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts, Boston Dynamics has been owned by the Hyundai Motor Group since December 2020, but having only completed the acquisition in June 2021.
Boston Dynamics develops of a series of dynamic highly mobile robots, including BigDog, Spot, Atlas, and Handle. Since 2019, Spot has been made commercially available, making it the first commercially available robot from Boston Dynamics, while the company has stated its intent to commercialize other robots as well, including Handle.
History
The company was founded by Marc Raibert, who spun the company off from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1992. The company was an outgrowth of the Leg Laboratory, Raibert's research lab at MIT and Carnegie Mellon University. The Leg Laboratory helped establish the scientific basis for highly dynamic robots. These robots were inspired by the remarkable ability of animals to move with agility, dexterity, perception and intelligence, and the work there set the stage for the robots developed at Boston Dynamics. Nancy Cornelius was a co-founder of Boston Dynamics, having joined the company as its first employee. During her time there she served as an officer of the company, did engineering on many contracts, was CFO for 10 years, and later was VP in charge of engineering on several contracts. She retired after |
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