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A foiba (from Italian: ; plural: foibe or foibas) — jama () in South Slavic languages scientific and colloquial vocabulary (borrowed since early research in the Western Balkan Dinaric Alpine karst) — is a type of deep natural sinkhole, doline, or sink, and is a collapsed portion of bedrock above a void. Sinks may be a sheer vertical opening into a cave or a shallow depression of many hectares. They are common in the Karst (Carso) region shared by Italy and Slovenia, as well as in a karst of Dinaric Alps in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and, Croatia. The foibe massacres, a war crime that took place during and after World War II, take their name from the foibe.
Etymology
The Italian name "foiba" derives from Friulan "foibe", which in turn derives from the Latin fŏvea (meaning "pit" or "chasm"). The oldest document on which it is reported is an official report in 1770, written by the Italian naturalist Alberto Fortis, who wrote a series of books on the Dalmatian karst.
Description
They are chasms excavated by water erosion, have the shape of an inverted funnel, and can be up to deep. Such formations number in the hundreds in Istria. In karst areas, a sinkhole, sink, or doline is a closed depression draining underground. It can be cylindrical, conical, bowl-shaped or dish-shaped. The diameter ranges from a few to many hundreds of metres. The name "doline" comes from dolina, the Slovenian word for this very common feature. The term "foiba" may also refer to a deep wide chasm of a river at the place where it goes underground.
Foibe massacres
During and right after the end of World War II, OZNA and Yugoslav Partisans killed a number between 11,000 and 20,000 of the local ethnic Italian population (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians), as well against anti-communists in general (even Croats and Slovenes), usually associated with Fascism, Nazism and collaboration with Axis, as well as against real, potential or presumed opponents of Tito communism by throwing their still living bodies into the foibe. This event is known as foibe massacres. The type of attack was state terrorism, reprisal killings, and ethnic cleansing against Italians. The foibe massacres were followed by the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus.
The Yugoslav partisans intended to kill whoever could oppose or compromise the future annexation of Italian territories: as a preventive purge of real, potential or presumed opponents of Tito communism (Italian, Slovenian and Croatian anti-communists, collaborators and radical nationalists), the Yugoslav partisans exterminated the native anti-fascist autonomists — including the leadership of Italian anti-fascist partisan organizations and the leaders of Fiume's Autonomist Party, like Mario Blasich and Nevio Skull, who supported local independence from both Italy and Yugoslavia — for example in the city of Fiume, where at least 650 were killed after the entry of the Yugoslav units, without any due trial.
In literature
Foiba is also the name of the well-known sinkhole that opens near the castle of Montecuccoli, in Pisino, and of the stream that flows into it. The place plays a central role in Jules Verne's novel Mathias Sandorf.
See also
Foibe massacres
Karst Plateau
References
External links
Gardens of the Righteous Worldwide Committee - Gariwo
Karst caves
Foiba
Karst formations
Dinaric Alps
Dinaric karst formations
Karst | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foiba |
Not the Tremblin' Kind is the debut studio album by the American singer-songwriter Laura Cantrell. It was released in 2000 on Diesel Only Records. The album bears a dedication to "the original Beverly Hillbilly", Zeke Manners.
Critical reception
Pitchfork wrote: "Although not a flawless album, Not the Tremblin' Kind can still measure up pretty well to most of the revered alt-country releases of the last decade: albums such as Freakwater's Old Paint, the Blood Oranges' Corn River, and Victoria Williams' Loose." The Record praised Cantrell's "winning urban honky-tonk-angel sensibility."
Shortly after its release, John Peel named the album as possibly one of the favorites of his life.
Track listing
"Not the Tremblin' Kind" (George Usher) – 3:37
"Little Bit of You" (Jay Sherman-Godfrey) – 4:19
"Queen of the Coast" (Laura Cantrell) – 4:59
"Pile of Woe" (Joe Flood) – 3:34
"Two Seconds" (Robert McCreedy) – 3:58
"Churches off the Interstate" (Laura Cantrell) – 2:59
"The Whiskey Makes You Sweeter" (Amy Allison) – 5:07
"Do You Ever Think of Me" (Dan Prater) – 2:44
"Big Wheel" (Jay Sherman-Godfrey, Jeremy Tepper) – 2:30
"My Heart Goes Out to You" (Laura Cantrell) – 4:06
"Somewhere, Some Night" (Carl Montgomery) – 3:24
"The Way It Is" (Laura Cantrell) – 3:48
Personnel
Laura Cantrell – lead vocals
Will Rigby – drums, percussion
Jeremy Chatzky – electric bass, acoustic bass
Jon Graboff – mandolin, acoustic guitar, 12-string electric guitar, pedal steel guitar
Robin Goldwasser – harmony vocals, melodica
Mary Lee Kortes – harmony vocals
Jay Sherman-Godfrey – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, organ, harmony vocals
References
2000 debut albums
Laura Cantrell albums
Diesel Only Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not%20the%20Tremblin%27%20Kind |
The Lippmann–Schwinger equation (named after Bernard Lippmann and Julian Schwinger) is one of the most used equations to describe particle collisions – or, more precisely, scattering – in quantum mechanics. It may be used in scattering of molecules, atoms, neutrons, photons or any other particles and is important mainly in atomic, molecular, and optical physics, nuclear physics and particle physics, but also for seismic scattering problems in geophysics. It relates the scattered wave function with the interaction that produces the scattering (the scattering potential) and therefore allows calculation of the relevant experimental parameters (scattering amplitude and cross sections).
The most fundamental equation to describe any quantum phenomenon, including scattering, is the Schrödinger equation. In physical problems, this differential equation must be solved with the input of an additional set of initial and/or boundary conditions for the specific physical system studied. The Lippmann–Schwinger equation is equivalent to the Schrödinger equation plus the typical boundary conditions for scattering problems. In order to embed the boundary conditions, the Lippmann–Schwinger equation must be written as an integral equation. For scattering problems, the Lippmann–Schwinger equation is often more convenient than the original Schrödinger equation.
The Lippmann–Schwinger equation's general form is (in reality, two equations are shown below, one for the sign and other for the sign):
The potential energy describes the interaction between the two colliding systems. The Hamiltonian describes the situation in which the two systems are infinitely far apart and do not interact. Its eigenfunctions are and its eigenvalues are the energies . Finally, is a mathematical technicality necessary for the calculation of the integrals needed to solve the equation. It is a consequence of causality, ensuring that scattered waves consist only of outgoing waves. This is made rigorous by the limiting absorption principle.
Usage
The Lippmann–Schwinger equation is useful in a very large number of situations involving two-body scattering. For three or more colliding bodies it does not work well because of mathematical limitations; Faddeev equations may be used instead. However, there are approximations that can reduce a many-body problem to a set of two-body problems in a variety of cases. For example, in a collision between electrons and molecules, there may be tens or hundreds of particles involved. But the phenomenon may be reduced to a two-body problem by describing all the molecule constituent particle potentials together with a pseudopotential. In these cases, the Lippmann–Schwinger equations may be used. Of course, the main motivations of these approaches are also the possibility of doing the calculations with much lower computational efforts.
Derivation
We will assume that the Hamiltonian may be written as
where is the free Hamiltonian (or more generally, a Hamiltonian with known eigenvectors). For example, in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics may be
Intuitively is the interaction energy of the system. Let there be an eigenstate of :
Now if we add the interaction into the mix, the Schrödinger equation reads
Now consider the Hellmann–Feynman theorem, which requires the energy eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian to change continuously with continuous changes in the Hamiltonian. Therefore, we wish that as . A naive solution to this equation would be
where the notation denotes the inverse of . However is singular since is an eigenvalue of . As is described below, this singularity is eliminated in two distinct ways by making the denominator slightly complex, to give yourself a little wikt:wiggle room:
By insertion of a complete set of free particle states,
the Schrödinger equation is turned into an integral equation. The "in" and "out" states are assumed to form bases too, in the distant past and distant future respectively having the appearance of free particle states, but being eigenfunctions of the complete Hamiltonian. Thus endowing them with an index, the equation becomes
Methods of solution
From the mathematical point of view the Lippmann–Schwinger equation in coordinate representation is an integral equation of Fredholm type. It can be solved by discretization. Since it is equivalent to the differential time-independent Schrödinger equation with appropriate boundary conditions, it can also be solved by numerical methods for differential equations. In the case of the spherically symmetric potential it is usually solved by partial wave analysis. For high energies and/or weak potential it can also be solved perturbatively by means of Born series. The method convenient also in the case of many-body physics, like in description of atomic, nuclear or molecular collisions is the method of R-matrix of Wigner and Eisenbud. Another class of methods is based on separable expansion of the potential or Green's operator like the method of continued fractions of Horáček and Sasakawa. Very important class of methods is based on variational principles, for example the Schwinger-Lanczos method combining the variational principle of Schwinger with Lanczos algorithm.
Interpretation as in and out states
The S-matrix paradigm
In the S-matrix formulation of particle physics, which was pioneered by John Archibald Wheeler among others, all physical processes are modeled according to the following paradigm.
One begins with a non-interacting multiparticle state in the distant past. Non-interacting does not mean that all of the forces have been turned off, in which case for example protons would fall apart, but rather that there exists an interaction-free Hamiltonian H0, for which the bound states have the same energy level spectrum as the actual Hamiltonian . This initial state is referred to as the in state. Intuitively, it consists of elementary particles or bound states that are sufficiently well separated that their interactions with each other are ignored.
The idea is that whatever physical process one is trying to study may be modeled as a scattering process of these well separated bound states. This process is described by the full Hamiltonian , but once it's over, all of the new elementary particles and new bound states separate again and one finds a new noninteracting state called the out state. The S-matrix is more symmetric under relativity than the Hamiltonian, because it does not require a choice of time slices to define.
This paradigm allows one to calculate the probabilities of all of the processes that we have observed in 70 years of particle collider experiments with remarkable accuracy. But many interesting physical phenomena do not obviously fit into this paradigm. For example, if one wishes to consider the dynamics inside of a neutron star sometimes one wants to know more than what it will finally decay into. In other words, one may be interested in measurements that are not in the asymptotic future. Sometimes an asymptotic past or future is not even available. For example, it is very possible that there is no past before the Big Bang.
In the 1960s, the S-matrix paradigm was elevated by many physicists to a fundamental law of nature. In S-matrix theory, it was stated that any quantity that one could measure should be found in the S-matrix for some process. This idea was inspired by the physical interpretation that S-matrix techniques could give to Feynman diagrams restricted to the mass-shell, and led to the construction of dual resonance models. But it was very controversial, because it denied the validity of quantum field theory based on local fields and Hamiltonians.
The connection to Lippmann–Schwinger
Intuitively, the slightly deformed eigenfunctions of the full Hamiltonian H are the in and out states. The are noninteracting states that resemble the in and out states in the infinite past and infinite future.
Creating wavepackets
This intuitive picture is not quite right, because is an eigenfunction of the Hamiltonian and so at different times only differs by a phase. Thus, in particular, the physical state does not evolve and so it cannot become noninteracting. This problem is easily circumvented by assembling and into wavepackets with some distribution of energies over a characteristic scale . The uncertainty principle now allows the interactions of the asymptotic states to occur over a timescale and in particular it is no longer inconceivable that the interactions may turn off outside of this interval. The following argument suggests that this is indeed the case.
Plugging the Lippmann–Schwinger equations into the definitions
and
of the wavepackets we see that, at a given time, the difference between the and wavepackets is given by an integral over the energy .
A contour integral
This integral may be evaluated by defining the wave function over the complex E plane and closing the E contour using a semicircle on which the wavefunctions vanish. The integral over the closed contour may then be evaluated, using the Cauchy integral theorem, as a sum of the residues at the various poles. We will now argue that the residues of approach those of at time and so the corresponding wavepackets are equal at temporal infinity.
In fact, for very positive times t the factor in a Schrödinger picture state forces one to close the contour on the lower half-plane. The pole in the from the Lippmann–Schwinger equation reflects the time-uncertainty of the interaction, while that in the wavepackets weight function reflects the duration of the interaction. Both of these varieties of poles occur at finite imaginary energies and so are suppressed at very large times. The pole in the energy difference in the denominator is on the upper half-plane in the case of , and so does not lie inside the integral contour and does not contribute to the integral. The remainder is equal to the wavepacket. Thus, at very late times , identifying as the asymptotic noninteracting out state.
Similarly one may integrate the wavepacket corresponding to at very negative times. In this case the contour needs to be closed over the upper half-plane, which therefore misses the energy pole of , which is in the lower half-plane. One then finds that the and wavepackets are equal in the asymptotic past, identifying as the asymptotic noninteracting in state.
The complex denominator of Lippmann–Schwinger
This identification of the 's as asymptotic states is the justification for the in the denominator of the Lippmann–Schwinger equations.
A formula for the S-matrix
The S-matrix is defined to be the inner product
of the ath and bth Heisenberg picture asymptotic states. One may obtain a formula relating the S-matrix to the potential V using the above contour integral strategy, but this time switching the roles of and . As a result, the contour now does pick up the energy pole. This can be related to the 's if one uses the S-matrix to swap the two 's. Identifying the coefficients of the 's on both sides of the equation one finds the desired formula relating S to the potential
In the Born approximation, corresponding to first order perturbation theory, one replaces this last with the corresponding eigenfunction of the free Hamiltonian , yielding
which expresses the S-matrix entirely in terms of V and free Hamiltonian eigenfunctions.
These formulas may in turn be used to calculate the reaction rate of the process , which is equal to
Homogenization
With the use of Green's function, the Lippmann–Schwinger equation has counterparts in homogenization theory (e.g. mechanics, conductivity, permittivity).
See also
Bethe–Salpeter equation
References
Bibliography
Original publications
Scattering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippmann%E2%80%93Schwinger%20equation |
The is a prize awarded by the Japan Academy in recognition of academic theses, books, and achievements.
Overviews
An award ceremony has been held every year since 1911. Up to nine of these Prizes are awarded every year. There have been 676 winners and 592 winning works as of 2005. They comprise a certificate, medal, and prize money of one million yen.
Ceremony
The ceremony is held on the premises of the Japan Academy in Ueno park. The Emperor has been visiting it since 1949. The three prizes awarded during the ceremony are:
The Imperial Prize
Japan Academy Prize
Duke of Edinburgh Prize
After the ceremony some laureates give lectures on the topics of their research.
Recipients (of Japan Academy Prize)
2020
Minoru Ozima
2016 (106th)
Kazutoshi Mori
Yoshihiro Kawaoka
2015 (105th)
Hideo Hosono
Hiroaki Mitsuya
2014 (104th)
Isamu Akasaki
Takao Kondo
Hiraku Nakajima
2013 (103rd)
Yoshinori Tokura
2012 (102nd)
Takaaki Kajita
Shimon Sakaguchi
2011 (101st)
Takurō Mochizuki - "Study of pure twister D-modules"
2010 (100th)
Shinya Yamanaka
2008 (98th)
Keiji Morokuma - "Theoretical Studies of Design of Structure, Function and Reactivity of Molecules"
Takaya Hosoka - "The Persecution of Jews and Christians in the Early Roman Principate"
Fumio Ohtake - "Inequality in Japan"
Yoshinori Fujiyoshi - "Structure Determination of Membrane Proteins based on the Development of an Innovative Cryo-Electron Microscope"
Naomasa Nakai - Study of Active Galactic Nuclei and Super-Massive Black Holes based on VLBI Observations of Water-Vapor Maser Emission
Akira Hasegawa - "Discovery of Optical Soliton Properties in Fibers and of Self-organization of Plasma Turbulence"
Kanji Ohyama - "Gene Content, Organization and Molecular Evolution of Plant Organellar Genomes and Sex Chromosomes —Insights from the Case of the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha—"
Kenji Kangawa - "Discovery of Novel Bioactive Peptides with Special Reference to Ghrelin"
Yoshiyuki Nagai - "Elucidation of the Molecular Basis of Paramyxovirus Pathogenicity and Generation of a Novel Class of Expression Vector"
2007 (97th)
Senzô Hidemura - Agriculture and Society at the Last Stage of Satsuma Feudal Fief —A Study of Moriya Family, a Rural Warrior in Kōyama-Gō—
Shizuo Akira -Pathogen Recognition by Innate Immunity and its Signaling
Masaaki Sugiyama - The Mongol Empire and Dai-ön Ulus
Asahiko Taira - Accretion Tectonics and Evolution of the Japan Islands
Shinji Kawaji - Experimental Studies of Two-Dimensional Electron Systems"
Hisashi Yamamoto and Kohei Tamao - Exploitation of Chemical and Physical Properties of Main-group Element Compounds based on Flexibility for High Coordination (Joint Research)
Yukio Hori and Koji Kato - Studies on Tribology (Joint Research)
Toshisuke Maruyama - Water Demand-Supply Analysis in Large Spatial Areas Based on Evapotranspiration and Runoff
Yasushi Miyashita - The Discovery of Associative Memory Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex and Studies of the Cognitive Memory System
2006 (96th)
Shuh Narumiya - Studies on the Prostaglandin Receptors
Shinsaku Iwahara -Electronic Payment and Law
Kotaro Suzumura -Welfare Economics beyond Welfarist-consequentialism
Noboru Mataga - Studies on Molecular Interactions and Chemical Reaction Dynamics of Photo-excited Molecules
Yoshinori Ohsumi -Molecular Mechanism and Physiological Function of Autophagy
Atsuto Suzuki -Studies of Antineutrino Science
Ken Sakamura -Research on the Computer Architecture with High Real-time Performance
Koki Horikoshi -Studies of Alkaliphilic Microorganisms: Their Diversity, Physiology, and Applications
Toshio Wagai -Studies on the Foundation and Development of Diagnostic Ultrasound
2005 (95th)
Kazuya Kato
Tetsuya Shiokawa for "Recherches sur Pascal" ("Research on Arithmetic Geometry")
Shuichiro Kimura for "A History of the German Idea of Welfare State"
Yukihiko Kiyokawa for "Formation of Modern Industrial Labor Force in Asia — Economic Development, Culture and Job Consciousness"
Takashi Nakamura for "Theoretical Investigation of the Formation of Black Holes and the Emission of Gravitational Waves"
Hiroyuki Sakaki and Hideo Ohno for "Studies on Quantum Control of Electrons by Semiconductor Nanostructures and Ferromagnetism"
Hiroshi Kida for "Studies on Control of Influenza — Mechanism of Emergence of Pandemic Influenza Virus Strains in Poultry, Domestic Animals and Humans, and Molecular Basis of the Neutralization of Viral Infectivity with Antibodies"
Yukihiko Kitamura for "Development and Malignant Transformation of Mast Cells and Interstitial Cells of Cajal through KIT Receptors"
Masakatsu Shibasaki for "Studies on the Development of Asymmetric Catalysts and its Application to Medicinal Chemistry"
2004 (94th)
Takafusa Nakamura
Hiroo Kanamori
Akira Suzuki
Akira Fujishima
2003 (93rd)
Mitsuhiro Yanagida - Regulation of Cell Cycle and Chromosome Segregation
Noboru Karashima - History and Society in South India: The Cholas to Vijayanagar
Mari Nomura - The Jews in Vienna
Kenji Fukaya - Research in Differential Geometry
Koichi Itoh, Hiizu Iwamura and Minoru Kinoshita - Study of Molecular Magnet (Joint Research)
Yasutoshi Senoo - Researches on Fluid Dynamics of Centrifugal Turbomachines
Yoshimi Okada - Molecular Biology of Plant Virus RNA Genomes and its Application to Agriculture
Hiroshi Okamoto - Studies on Experimental Diabetes and Its Prevention
Makoto Endo - Studies on the Mechanisms of Mobilization of Calcium Ion in Muscle Cells
2002 (92nd)
Sumio Iijima
Akiho Miyashiro
2001 (91st)
Fumio Hayashi
Makoto Asashima
2000 (90th)
Shigekazu Nagata
Morikazu Toda
Tadatsugu Taniguchi
1999 (89th)
Yoshito Kishi
Nobutaka Hirokawa
1998 (88th)
Toshio Yanagida
Yasutaka Ihara
1997 (87th)
Shigetada Nakanishi
Norio Kaifu
1996 (86th)
Tasuku Honjo
Shinzo Watanabe
Masatoshi Takeichi
1995 (85th)
Ryōji Noyori
Shun'ichi Amari
1994 (84th)
Makoto Kumada
1993 (83rd)
Issei Tanaka - "A Study of the Ritual Theatres in China"
Yasuo Tanaka - "The Relativistic Properties of Celestial X-ray Sources"
Takashi Negishi - "History of Economic Theory"
Akito Arima - "Theoretical Studies on Dynamical Models and Electromagnetic Interactions of Atomic Nuclei"
Michio Jimbo - "Studies on Solvable Lattice Models and Quantum Groups"
Takanori Okoshi - "Research on Coherent Optical Fiber Communications"
Toshiro Kinoshita - "Genetical Studies on the Interaction between Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Genomes, and the Application of These Studies to Actual Crop Breeding"
Hajime Yamamoto - "Use of Lasers for Caries Prevention and Other Applications in Dentistry"
Keiya Tada and Goro Kikuchi - "Studies on Hyperglycinemia (Joint Research)"
1992 (82nd)
Tadamitsu Kishimoto
Kenichi Honda
1991 (81st)
Akira Tonomura
Tomisaku Kawasaki
1990 (80th)
Koji Nakanishi
Masahiko Aoki
Shigeru Iitaka, Shigefumi Mori, Yujiro Kawamata
Satoshi Ōmura
1989 (79th)
Sengaku Mayeda
Masatoshi Koshiba
1988 (78th)
Masaki Kashiwara
1986 (76th)
Masao Ito
Masayoshi Nagata
Hitoshi Nozaki
Yasutomi Nishizuka
1985 (75th)
Toshihide Maskawa, Makoto Kobayashi
Tomoko Ohta
Yoshiaki Arata
Shosaku Numa
1984 (74th)
Zuiho Yamaguchi
1982 (72nd)
Shizuo Kakutani
1979 (69th)
Hiroshi Inose
1978 (68th)
Kiyosi Itô
1977 (67th)
Yoshimasa Hirata
Syun-Ichi Akasofu
1976 (66th)
Takashi Sugimura
Mikio Sato
Tamio Yamakawa
1974 (64th)
Kimishige Ishizaka
Michio Suzuki
Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1973 (63rd)
Jun Kondo
Sasagu Arai
1972 (62nd)
Setsuro Ebashi
1971 (61st)
Chushiro Hayashi
1970 (60th)
Susumu Nakanishi
Chushiro Hayashi
Heisuke Hironaka
1968 (58th)
Motoo Kimura
1967 (57th)
Osamu Hayaishi
1965 (55th)
Hiroshi Tamiya
Leo Esaki
1964 (54th)
Kazuhiko Nishijima
1962 (52nd)
Kenkichi Iwasawa
Kenichi Fukui
Hamao Umezawa
1961 (51st)
Shigeo Kishibe
1959 (49th)
Tatsuo Nishida
1958 (48th)
Motoo Kimura
1957 (47th)
Kanda Nobuo
Kunihiko Kodaira
1956 (46th)
Takahiko Yamanouchi
1954 (44th)
Tadashi Nakayama
Hisashi Kuno
1953 (43rd)
Guan Jing
1952 (42nd)
Hideyo Arisaka
1951 (41st)
Kiyoshi Oka
Takeshi Nagata
1950 (40th)
Yūkichi Takeda
Kinichiro Sakaguchi
1949 (39th)
Kenjiro Shoda
1948 (38th)
Issac Koga
Masao Kotani
1945 (35th)
Kinpei Matsuoka
1941 (31st)
Seiichi Iwao
Shinobu Ishihara
Ukichiro Nakaya
1940 (30th)
Mokichi Saitō
1937 (27th)
Ryōzō Kanehira
1932 (22nd)
Motonori Matuyama
Shintaro Uda
Seishi Kikuchi
1931 (21st)
Hakaru Masumoto
1930 (20th)
Okuro Oikawa
1929 (19th)
Hisao Tanabe
Kenzo Futaki
1928 (18th)
Yuzuru Hiraga
1927 (17th)
Takenoshin Nakai
Keizo Dohi
1926 (16th)
1925 (15th)
1924 (14th)
Umetaro Suzuki
1923 (13th)
No award
1922 (12th)
1921 (11th)
1920 (10th)
Sakuhei Fujiwhara
Bunzō Hayata
1919 (9th)
Katsusaburō Yamagiwa
Tokiji Ishikawa
1918 (8th)
Fujiro Katsurada
1917 (7th)
1916 (6th)
Tsunetaro Kujirai
Masajiro Kitamura
Kotaro Honda
1915 (5th)
Kametaro Toyama
1914 (4th)
Shirota Kusakabe
1913 (3rd)
1912 (2nd)
Jōkichi Takamine
Notes
External links
The Japan Academy
Student awards
Japan Academy
Japanese science and technology awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%20Academy%20Prize%20%28academics%29 |
Lisette Melendez (born 1967) is an American freestyle/Latin pop/dance-pop singer. She is best known for her Top 40 hit "Together Forever", which reached No. 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1991, and its follow-up "A Day In My Life (Without You)", which peaked at No. 49. Both songs were dance music hits and are credited as helping renew interest in Freestyle music in the early 1990s, which had been fading in popularity during rise of house music as the foremost dance genre at the time.
Early life
Melendez was born and raised in East Harlem, New York. Melendez's childhood inspirations include her mother and aunt, who sang in a church choir and community theater. She honed her singing voice in her teenage years through emulating Barbra Streisand and Bette Midler. In high school she became a fan of Puerto Rican freestyle music singer Lisa Lisa who had many dance hits. Melendez, also of Puerto Rican descent, was inspired by Lisa Lisa's success.
Career
Melendez got her break in 1988 and sang backing vocals for a track by dance music record producer Carlos Berrios, who had also worked with Sweet Sensation and Samantha Fox. A few years of dance club touring eventually led to the recording of the single "Together Forever" Produced By Carlos Berrios and Platinum Producer Frankie Cutlass, and soon after a full album with Fever/Columbia Records.
1990s
Four more albums followed, including her second album True to Life in 1994, which included the Billboard Hot 100 hit "Goody Goody" (No. 53) as well as "Will You Ever Save Me" which reached No. 38 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart. The album was both a commercial and critical success in Japan. In 1998, she released her third album, Un Poco De Mi, a salsa album sung in Spanish. It scored a hit with "Algo de Mi", which peaked at No. 8 on the Latin Tropical/Salsa Airplay chart and No. 23 on the Hot Latin Tracks chart. Her fourth album, released later in 1998, was Imagination. The lead single was "Time Passes By", but it did not gain the radio airplay and success of her previous singles.
2000s
Melendez teamed up with fellow freestyle singer Cynthia in 2005, releasing the single "I Can't Change Your Mind" as the duo Liscyn. She continues to tour as of 2006.
Melendez teamed up with famed music producer Carlos "After Dark" Berrios in 2008, performing two new tracks "I Need a Lover" and "Don't Ever Say" on albums Don't Look Back Sessions One & Two.
Melendez also performed at the I Love Freestyle Vol. 1 Live Concert event on January 17, 2015, at the Resorts World Casino in Buffalo, New York, along with fellow freestyle artists Jade Starling, Sa-Fire, Lisa Lisa and others.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
1988: "Make Noise"
1990: "If You Truly Love Me"
1990: "Together Forever"
1990-1991 "Stranger (In my House of Love)"
1991: "A Day in My Life (Without You)"
1991: "Never Say Never"
1993: "Goody Goody"
1994: "Will You Ever Save Me"
1996: "Time Passes By"
1998: "Algo De Mi"
1998: "Make the Way"
2002 "Stay" (under Lelah Paine)
2005: "I Can't Change Your Mind"
2018: "Rise"
Videos
See also
List of Puerto Ricans
Nuyorican
Puerto Ricans in New York City
References
External links
Lisette Melendez on MySpace
Lisette Melendez on Discogs
1967 births
Living people
American dance musicians
American freestyle musicians
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
American women pop singers
American Latin pop singers
Singers from New York City
Spanish-language singers of the United States
People from East Harlem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisette%20Melendez |
Scatha may refer to:
Scatha the Worm, a fictional dragon from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium
Scáthach, a Celtic warrior goddess from Scotland
SCATHA (Spacecraft Charging At High Altitudes), a United States Air Force satellite designed to collect data on the electrical charging of spacecraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatha |
The following is a list of the forty MPs (members of parliament) who were elected to constituencies of the fifty-fourth parliament of the United Kingdom (UK) within the nation of Wales in 2005 or in subsequent by-elections prior to the dissolution of the 54th Parliament.
(As well as electing MPs to the UK Parliament, Wales has its own National Assembly whose assembly members (AMs) have the power to create secondary legislation.)
By political affiliation
In this version of the list, the MPs are arranged, primarily, in descending alphabetical order of political affiliation, and, secondarily, by rough geographical proximity. Constituency names appear in parentheses following the MPs' common names.
Conservatives
David Jones (Clwyd West)
Stephen Crabb (Preseli Pembrokeshire)
David Davies (Monmouth)
Labour
Albert Owen (Ynys Môn)
Betty Williams (Conwy)
Chris Ruane (Vale of Clwyd)
David Hanson (politician) (Delyn)
Mark Tami (Alyn and Deeside)
Ian Lucas (Wrexham)
Martyn Jones (Clwyd South)
Nicholas Ainger (Carmarthen West & Pembrokeshire South)
Nia Griffith (Llanelli)
Martin Caton (Gower)
Alan Williams (Swansea West)
Sian James (Swansea East)
Peter Hain (Neath)
Hywel Francis (Aberavon)
Madeleine Moon (Bridgend)
Huw Irranca-Davies (Ogmore)
John Smith (Vale of Glamorgan)
Chris Bryant (Rhondda)
Kim Howells (Pontypridd)
Ann Clwyd (Cynon Valley)
Dai Havard (Merthyr Tydfil & Rhymney)
Wayne David (Caerphilly)
Kevin Brennan (Cardiff West)
Alun Michael (Cardiff South & Penarth)
Julie Morgan (Cardiff North)
Don Touhig (Islwyn)
Paul Murphy (Torfaen)
Paul Flynn (Newport West)
Jessica Morden (Newport East)
Liberal Democrats
Lembit Opik (Montgomeryshire)
Mark Williams (Ceredigion)
Roger Williams (Brecon & Radnorshire)
Jenny Willott (Cardiff Central)
Plaid Cymru
Hywel Williams (Caernarfon)
Elfyn Llwyd (Meirionnydd Nant Conwy)
Adam Price (Carmarthen East & Dinefwr)
Independents
Peter Law (Blaenau Gwent), deceased May 2006
Dai Davies (Blaenau Gwent), elected in a by-election June 2006
By surname
In this version of the list, the Welsh MPs are arranged, primarily, in descending alphabetical order of their surnames, and, secondarily, by descending alphabetical order of their common forenames. Constituency names appear in parentheses following the MPs' names, and political affiliations appear in (square) brackets following that.
A
Nicholas Ainger (Carmarthen West & Pembrokeshire South) [Lab]
B
Kevin Brennan (Cardiff West) [Lab]
Chris Bryant (Rhondda) [Lab]
C
Martin Caton (Gower) [Lab]
Ann Clwyd (Cynon Valley) [Lab]
Stephen Crabb (Preseli Pembrokeshire) [Con]
D
Wayne David (Caerphilly) [Lab]
Dai Davies (Blaenau Gwent), elected in a by-election June 2006
David Davies (Monmouth) [Con]
F
Paul Flynn (Newport West) [Lab]
Hywel Francis (Aberavon) [Lab]
G
Nia Griffith (Llanelli)
H
Peter Hain (Neath) [Lab]
David Hanson (politician) (Delyn)
Dai Havard (Merthyr Tydfil & Rhymney) [Lab]
Kim Howells (Pontypridd)
I
Huw Irranca-Davies (Ogmore)
J
Sian James (Swansea East)
David Jones (Clwyd West)
Martyn Jones (Clwyd South)
L
Ian Lucas (Wrexham)
Peter Law (Blaenau Gwent), deceased May 2006
Ll
Elfyn Llwyd (Meirionnydd Nant Conwy)
M
Alun Michael (Cardiff South & Penarth) [Lab]
Madeleine Moon (Bridgend)
Jessica Morden (Newport East)
Julie Morgan (Cardiff North) [Lab]
Paul Murphy (Torfaen)
O
Lembit Opik (Montgomeryshire)
Albert Owen (Ynys Môn)
P
Adam Price (Carmarthen East & Dinefwr)
R
Chris Ruane (Vale of Clwyd)
S
John Smith (Vale of Glamorgan)
T
Mark Tami (Alyn and Deeside)
Don Touhig (Islwyn)
W
Alan Williams (Swansea West)
Betty Williams (Conwy) [Lab]
Hywel Williams (Caernarfon) [Plaid]
Mark Williams (Ceredigion)
Roger Williams (Brecon & Radnorshire)
Jenny Willott (Cardiff Central)
See also
List of MPs for Welsh constituencies 2001-2005
Members of the National Assembly for Wales
Results of the 2005 United Kingdom general election
List of MPs elected in the 2005 United Kingdom general election
List of MPs for English constituencies 2005-2010
List of MPs for Scottish constituencies 2005-
List of MPs for Northern Irish constituencies 2005-
List of United Kingdom Labour MPs 2005-
List of United Kingdom Labour and Labour Co-operative MPs 2005-
List of United Kingdom Labour Co-operative MPs 2005-
List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs 2005-
List of United Kingdom Liberal Democrat MPs 2005-
Members of the House of Lords
:Category:UK MPs 2005-2010
2005
Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20MPs%20for%20constituencies%20in%20Wales%20%282005%E2%80%932010%29 |
G-P (or Guam-Philippines Fiber Optic Submarine Cable System) is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the North Pacific Ocean linking the two named territories.
It has landing points in:
Batangas Bay, Batangas City, Batangas Province, the Philippines
Tanguisson Point, Tumon Village, Guam
It has a design transmission capacity of 20 Gbit/s, starting operation at 5 Gbit/s and a total cable length of . It started operation on 31 March 1999.
Sources
References
Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
Philippines–United States relations
1999 establishments in Guam
1999 establishments in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-P |
The Weapons Cache Case (, ) was a Finnish military plan to continue battle after the ceasefire in 1944, if needed. It concerned a secret and officially unsanctioned military operation following the end of combat on the Soviet–Finnish theater of WWII known as the Continuation War, where a large amount of Finnish Army weapons and equipment was hidden in caches scattered around the country.
Background
Following the Moscow Armistice of September 19, 1944, two high-ranking officers in the Operational department of Finnish Military HQ, Colonel Valo Nihtilä and Lieutenant Colonel Usko Haahti, started planning countermeasures against a possible Soviet occupation of the country. They came up with the idea of decentralized storage of light infantry weapons, so that in case of occupation, an immediate guerrilla war could be launched.
During the demobilization, an organization responsible for hiding the equipment was created and war materiel and other supplies were given to them for safekeeping. A total of 5,000–10,000 people participated in the operation. It was planned that they would cache supplies for 8,000 men, but the participants worked so eagerly that it is supposed they hid enough for 35,000 soldiers.
The case started to unravel in the spring of 1945, when one man, who had stolen foodstuffs from the cache to sell them on the lucrative black market and feared reprisal from his comrades, divulged the existence of the caches to the Allied Control Commission (ACC). Initially the ACC was eager to follow the case, but after written orders from Nihtilä and Haahti surfaced, they left the investigation to Valpo, the much communist-controlled security police of Finland at the time.
Valpo interrogated more than 5,000 people but failed to completely crack the case and find all the weapons. Most of the weapons were silently returned to army depots, and some were destroyed, but even today when old buildings are demolished, caches turn up every year. The investigators failed to find out how many people participated in the operation, as the participants tended to be reluctant to divulge meaningful information.
While the operation was unofficial, there was no Finnish law under which those involved could be prosecuted. An ex post facto law was passed for the purpose in January 1947. In the end, 1,488 people were convicted, most of them sentenced to 1–4 months in prison.
Decades later, in 1980, social democrat Arvo Tuominen, a former Finnish Communist leader, claimed that the weapons cache case was the tipping point which transferred the power within the Finnish Communist movement from the revolutionary to the parliamentary wing, as the communists feared armed resistance against revolutionary takeover. However, according to historian Kimmo Rentola and others, Tuominen's claims are to be treated very sceptically.
Several private, unrelated, weapons caches have been found all over Finland after the war. One "famous" by Lauri Törni and his fellow veterans. This cache included a light machine gun, semi-automatic rifle, 5 submachineguns, 3 rifles, 36 hand grenades and some 2000 rounds of ammunition. The Degtyaryov machine gun was later identified as the president Mauno Koivisto's issue weapon from his war service.
See also
Alpo K. Marttinen
Operation Gladio (A post-World War II NATO operation similar to the Finnish case. Gladio allegedly operated in Finland, but the weapons cache case is not thought to be connected.)
Stay-behind
War-responsibility trials in Finland
References
Lukkari, Matti (3rd ed 1992): Asekätkentä
Rentola, Kimmo (1994): Kenen joukoissa seisot? Suomalainen kommunismi ja sota 1937–1945
Rentola, Kimmo (1997): Niin kylmää että polttaa. Kommunistit, Kekkonen ja Kreml 1947–1958
Further reading
– for a summary of the case and the involvement of soldiers associated with Colonel Alpo K. Marttinen
Legal history of Finland
Military history of Finland during World War II
Ex post facto case law
Stay-behind organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons%20Cache%20Case |
Guy Stephen Chadwick (born 21 March 1956) is an English singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the frontman of alternative band the House of Love for which he wrote the majority of the band's material.
The son of a soldier, Chadwick was born in Hanover, Germany. He spent his earliest years in various countries including Singapore before returning with his family to England. After forming his first band The Kingdoms, who released one single on RCA that he would later describe as "dreadful", Chadwick met guitarist Terry Bickers in 1987 through an advertisement, and formed The House Of Love. They released their debut eponymous album in 1989.
They then signed to Fontana, and released their second album, also entitled The House of Love, in January 1990. The single "Shine On", originally released in 1987, reached No. 20 on the UK charts, and "The Beatles and the Stones" charted within the Top 40.
Following the departure of Bickers, the House of Love eventually split in 1993, and Chadwick re-appeared as a solo artist in 1997, and then released the album Lazy Soft and Slow in 1998.
The House of Love reunited in 2003. They went on to tour throughout the UK. Ireland and Sweden, and released an album, Days Run Away, in 2005. The band's self-titled debut album was reissued in 2007.
References
1956 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
English male singers
English male songwriters
English male guitarists
External links
Interview at thehouseoflove.co.uk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Chadwick |
The Chief of the Navy () is the Commander–in–chief of the Royal Norwegian Navy.
The Chief of the Navy is head over the Naval Staff, the Coast Guard, The Fleet and the main naval bases. Presiding over close to 3600 soldiers, the Chief of the Navy has great responsibility to lead and defend. With the seas under his discretion, the Chief of the Navy watches over the seas which are seven times greater in area than that of Norway's mainland.
The Naval Staff is based at Haakonsvern Naval Base in Bergen, western Norway.
Name of the position
1970 - 2017: General inspector of the Navy
2017 - today: Chief of the Navy
List of chiefs
Commanding Admiral
Chief of the Navy
General Inspector for the Navy
1970–1974: Hans Skjong
1974–1976:
1976–1980: Charles Oluf Herlofson
1980–1983: Roy Breivik
1983–1989: Bjarne Grimstvedt
1989–1992:
1992–1995:
1995–2000: Hans Kristian Svensholt
2000–2003: Kjell-Birger Olsen
2003–2008:
2008–2011: Haakon Bruun-Hanssen
2011–2014:
2014–2017:
Chief of the Navy
References
Norway
Royal Norwegian Navy admirals
Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20of%20the%20Navy%20%28Norway%29 |
Blind Flight is a 2003 British prison film directed by John Furse and starring Ian Hart and Linus Roache. It is based on the true-life story of the kidnapping and imprisonment of the Irish academic Brian Keenan and the English journalist John McCarthy, two of the hostages in the Lebanon hostage crisis. The film is based on Keenan's memoir, An Evil Cradling and Some Other Rainbow by John McCarthy who was a screenplay consultant. The film received widespread critical acclaim, being nominated for six awards, and winning a BAFTA.
Plot
Brian Keenan, a humourless bearded Irish academic, has moved to Beirut in the mid 1980s and works as an English teacher. As he leaves for work one day, four armed men in a car kidnap him and he is incarcerated. Keenan wakes up, almost naked, alone in an iron-clad room. Initially he refuses to eat until he is told why he is being held prisoner. He is kept on his own but eventually he is moved into a cell in a deserted house, where he is joined by another hostage, the English journalist John McCarthy, who had been reporting on Keenan’s kidnapping not long before he himself was abducted. The grumpy Brit-hating Irishman and the more pliable British journalist are forced to share their small prison cell.
Keenan refuses to be shaved or wear clean clothes until he gets answers from his captors. He protests about having his beard shaved off. A grumpy idealist, Keenan sees his treatment by his Muslim jailers as equaling the British historic treatment of Ireland. McCarthy is neutral and pragmatic. The two men are periodically moved around to new hiding places. The pair slowly begin to bond as they make a temporary life together, playing chess, catching mosquitoes, trapping a mouse, telling stories and imagining they are somewhere else. They become very close friends and when one man is in trouble or close to the breaking point, the other invariably helps him.
Their guards treat them with a mixture of detachment, kindness and cruelty. After another move, to a small, white-tiled cell, McCarthy is traumatized after being shown a video of his mother pleading for his return. He finds strength in Keenan's own brand of self-control.
The two men are smuggled to a house in the countryside. Keenan attacks a young guard who is trying to humiliate him by making him open and close a window repeatedly. He is beaten. McCarthy intercedes with the leader of the captors saying this should not have been allowed to happen. He too is beaten. Eventually in 1990 after more than four years of imprisonment, Keenan is released. He is reluctant to accept his freedom if it means leaving McCarthy behind. Back in Ireland a year later, Keenan receives a call in a pub: McCarthy is to be released. He is waiting at the airport for McCarthy to arrive home.
Cast
Ian Hart as Brian Keenan
Linus Roache as John McCarthy
Mohamad Chamas as Abed
Nayef Rashed as Militia leader
Lynn Farleigh as John's Mother
Aine Ni Mhuiri as Brian's Mother
Paddy Rocks as Brian's father
Stephen Don as RUC Officer
Ziad Lahoud as Said
Home media
Blind Flight is available in Region 2 DVD. It has not been released on DVD in the United States.
External links
Director John Furse Website
2003 films
British drama films
2003 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind%20Flight |
Benjamin Franklin House is a museum in a terraced Georgian house at 36 Craven Street, London, close to Trafalgar Square. It is the last-standing former residence of Benjamin Franklin, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. The house dates from c. 1730, and Franklin lived and worked there for sixteen years. The museum opened to the public on 17 January 2006. The chairman is American-British investment banker and philanthropist John Studzinski.
The house is listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England for its historic association with Franklin.
Conservation
The house was renovated and restored in 1998 by The Friends of Benjamin Franklin House in order for the house to be turned into a museum. During the excavation the remains of 10 individuals were identified, consisting of numerous bones and bone fragments; six of them identified as possible children.
Tests conducted on the remains showed that they were around 200 years old, which means that they may have been buried in the basement at the same time that Franklin was living there. However, further evidence showed that a close friend of Franklin, William Hewson, was the one responsible for the human remains. Hewson, an early anatomist, had lived in the house for two years and had been working in secret, since there were still legal issues in dissecting certain cadavers at the time. Franklin likely knew what Hewson was doing, but probably did not participate in the dissections.
The museum at 36 Craven Street is a Grade I listed property and retains a number of its original features (include original floorboards, original ceilings, and original staircases) with relatively few later alterations. Current conservation policies emphasise the need for minimal modern interventions.
Artefacts at the house include a modern, playable replica glass harmonica, based on Franklin's design.
Modern facilities
The "Historical Experience" includes an actor portraying historical characters associated with the house along with dialog, sound, lighting, and special effects. The character used in the "Historical Experience" is Polly Hewson, the daughter of Franklin's landlady who became a "second daughter" to Franklin.
The "Student Science Centre" allows students to re-create experiments from Franklin's sojourn in London. It includes a Medical History Room (focused on the medical research of William Hewson, who did his work from the house for a time), a Discovery Room (containing historical artifacts), and a Demonstration Room (in which students can replicate Franklin's experiments).
The Benjamin Franklin House is open free-of-charge to school visits on Tuesdays. Although designed for key stage 2 students, visits can be tailored for students of all key stages.
The "Scholarship Centre" on the top floor of the House is a centre for study of the many subjects Franklin pursued.
Benjamin Franklin House runs an annual Literary Prize in which people interpret a Benjamin Franklin quote in its significance today.
See also
Benjamin Franklin National Memorial — in Philadelphia in the United States
References
External links
Official website
The Friends of the Benjamin Franklin House, U.S. Records, documenting many aspects of the project to restore 36 Craven Street, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Benjamin Franklin House on Museums London directory.
Houses completed in 1730
House
Houses in the City of Westminster
Franklin House
Museums established in 2006
Science museums in England
Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster
Historic house museums in London
Museums in the City of Westminster
Grade I listed houses in London
Homes of United States Founding Fathers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Franklin%20House |
"A Matter of Time" is the 109th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the ninth episode of the fifth season. It aired in syndication on November 18, 1991.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D.
In this episode, the crew's attempts to save the inhabitants of Penthara IV from the devastating aftereffects of a massive asteroid strike are interrupted by the arrival of Berlinghoff Rasmussen, a purported historian from the 26th century, who claims to be studying their era. The rather curious nature of Rasmussen's questions about the 24th century, and his interest in gathering—and stealing—technological "artifacts" from the Enterprise-D, make Troi and the others increasingly suspicious of his origins.
The episode won an Emmy for outstanding visual effects.
Plot
En route to Penthara IV to assist its population in combating the effects of reduced temperatures created by a dust cloud from a recent asteroid impact, the Enterprise encounters a nearby temporal distortion, and finds a small pod containing a single human occupant. Aboard the ship, the human introduces himself as Professor Berlinghoff Rasmussen (Matt Frewer), a researcher from the 26th century to witness the Enterprise complete this "historic" mission at Penthara IV. He requests interviews with the crew to obtain the full story, but reveals little about himself as he does not wish to alter history. Rasmussen's interviews are somewhat annoying to the crew but they entertain him.
At Penthara IV, the Enterprise uses its phasers to drill into the planet to release carbon dioxide, increasing the greenhouse effect to warm the planet, but this creates a side effect of increasing the seismic activity and causing volcanoes to erupt, threatening to send the planet into an ice age. Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge and Lt. Commander Data offer a solution of ionizing the upper atmosphere, but the maneuver must be done precisely or they could risk destroying the entire atmosphere and killing all 20 million on the surface. With the severity of the decision, Captain Jean-Luc Picard attempts to gain Rasmussen's help, claiming this is a scenario where the temporal prime-directive can be overridden, but Rasmussen refuses to offer advice, noting by his era, the fate of all those on Penthara IV has already been decided. Picard decides to allow La Forge and Data to go through with the plan, which is successful and returns the planet to its normal climate.
Rasmussen prepares to leave with his research done, but is met by a security team at his pod. Picard informs him several items have gone missing and requests to see the inside of his pod. Rasmussen reminds him again of the temporal prime directive, but Data offers that he can go in to look for their missing equipment without revealing anything about the future to the crew. Rasmussen agrees. Inside, Data finds the missing items but discovers Rasmussen has him at phaser-point. Rasmussen explains he is really a disgruntled inventor from 22nd century New Jersey that stole this pod from a 26th-century traveler, and intended to return to his time and profit by selling the Enterprise equipment as his inventions, and now that he has Data, he plans to take him back as well. However, Rasmussen finds his phaser does not work, as once he opened the pod, the ship's sensors were able to disable it. Data forces an anxious Rasmussen outside along with the stolen equipment, and Rasmussen tries to apologize and asks to be allowed to depart. Picard instead has Rasmussen placed under arrest, and the pod automatically disappears to leave him stranded in the 24th century.
Production
The role of Rasmussen was originally written for Robin Williams, but Williams couldn't take the role due to his commitments with Steven Spielberg's Hook.
Awards
This episode won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects.
Releases
The episode was released in the United States on November 5, 2002, as part of the Season 5 DVD box set. The first Blu-ray release was in the United States on November 18, 2013, followed by the United Kingdom the next day, November 19, 2013.
Notes
References
Star Trek The Next Generation DVD set, volume 5, disc 3, selection 1.
External links
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5) episodes
1991 American television episodes
Television episodes written by Rick Berman
Star Trek time travel episodes
Fiction set in the 26th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Matter%20of%20Time%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20The%20Next%20Generation%29 |
Teach First (also Teach First Cymru) is a social enterprise registered as a charity which aims to address educational disadvantage in England and Wales. Teach First coordinates an employment-based teaching training programme whereby participants achieve Qualified Teacher Status through the participation in a two-year training programme that involves the completion of a PGDE along with wider leadership skills training and an optional master's degree.
Trainees are placed at participating primary and secondary schools where they commit to stay for the duration of the 2-year training programme. Eligible schools are those where more than half of the pupils come from the poorest 30% of families according to the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index. Following completion of the two-year programme, participants become Teach First ambassadors. This network of ambassadors aims to address educational disadvantage either in school or in other sectors.
Teach First is the largest recruiter of graduates in the United Kingdom, and was ranked 2nd only to PwC in The Times annual Top 100 Graduate Employers list in 2014 and 2015.
The Teach First scheme has been met with some controversy and criticism since its inception, which has impeded its planned expansion into Scotland.
In June 2020 Teach First dropped 120 trainees due to lack of training opportunities because of COVID-19, sending out a generic email. Some prospective trainees has already given up steady jobs in order to take up placements.
History
In the summer of 2001 Charles, Prince of Wales as president of Business in the Community hosted a group of business leaders and headteachers. At this event Ian Davis of McKinsey and Company agreed to produce a report on the question of why inner-London Schools were not doing as well as they could do, and what business could do to contribute to the improvement of London schools for the event organisers and London First. The report highlighted the problems with the quality of London's schools, particularly in inner London. It confirmed the link between poverty and educational outcomes and noted that the proportion of pupils on Free school meals in inner London was three times the national average. The report also highlighted how the scale of pupil mobility was inhibiting the progress of many young people. Fifteen per cent of students attending inner London schools were entering school, leaving school or changing schools during the school year. This cycle was affecting student performance at age 16.
In terms of potential solutions McKinsey & Co. reinforced the value of a school being well led by a high quality head teacher, but also highlighted the importance of the quality of classroom teaching. The number of excellent teachers was, they reported, one of the strongest predictors of improved pupil performance, especially in challenging schools. Good teachers made an impact on pupil performance because they:
Increased pupil motivation
Improved knowledge transfer
Provided good role models
Gave more individual support to pupils
Monitored pupils’ achievements systematically
However, the high vacancy and turnover rates in London were making it difficult to build a group of skilled teachers. Salary levels were also part of the problem – but only a small part of it. Poor management, inadequate resources, long hours, taxing duties, poor student behaviour and a lack of professional opportunities also contributed to the large numbers of teachers leaving the profession. Building on the experience of Teach for America (which had been formed in 1990) McKinsey & Co. proposed creating a programme to recruit and train the best and brightest graduates and place them in London's disadvantaged and underperforming schools.
One of the consultants involved in compiling the report, Brett Wigdortz, set about developing a business plan for a Teach for America style enterprise in London. In February 2002 Brett took a six-month sabbatical from McKinsey to develop a business plan for what was tentatively called Teach for London before it evolved to become Teach First.
Teach First officially launched in July 2002, in Canary Wharf with a team of 11 committed employees led by Brett Wigdortz as CEO and Stephen O’Brien CBE & George Iacobescu CBE as co-chairs of the board of trustees. Canary Wharf Group and Citi become the first corporate supporters of Teach First.
Teach First's first cohort of participants started to teach in 45 secondary schools in London. Haling Manor High School in Croydon was the first school to sign up to Teach First. It was based solely in London until September 2006 when it expanded into Greater Manchester schools.
In 2007, Teach First collaborated with Teach for America to create Teach for All, a global network of independent social enterprises that are working to expand educational opportunity in their nations.
Recruitment process
To be eligible to apply to the Teach First Leadership Development Programme candidates need to have:
a 2.1 degree or above.
a degree or A-levels that satisfies Teach First's subject dependent requirements.
Grade C (or equivalent) in GCSE Maths and English (Grade C in one Science GCSE is also required for Primary teaching eligibility)/ Grade B (or equivalent) in GCSE Maths and English to teach in Wales.
flexibility to teach within any of the Teach First regions.
The recruitment process begins by registering interest and then submitting an online application (within 12 weeks). If the online application is successful, candidates are invited to attend a one-day assessment centre consisting of a competency-based interview, a group case study exercise and the delivery of a sample teaching lesson. There are eight competencies assessed throughout the recruitment process. If successful at the assessment centre, candidates are then made a conditional offer to join Teach First dependent on a subject knowledge assessment and classroom observation period.
Teach First Programme
Participants teach in the same school throughout the two years. In the first year, participants work towards a PGDE whilst undertaking around 90% of a Newly Qualified Teacher (NQT) timetable, In their second year participants work as NQTs. Trainees are placed at participating primary and secondary schools where they commit to stay for the duration of the training programme. Eligible schools are those where more than half of the pupils come from the poorest 30% of families according to the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index. Participants are paid and employed by the schools they are placed at.
Following completion of the two-year programme, participants become Teach First ambassadors. This network of ambassadors aims to address educational disadvantage either in school or in other sectors.
Summer Institute
Before entering the classroom, participants attend a five-week Summer Institute. Four weeks of this is spent in their region and the final week at a residential course where they learn about the organisation's mission and develop their understanding of educational theory and practice to prepare them to begin teaching in the following September. Participants spend time training in the region in which they will teach, usually with an observation period in the school they will join after the summer. They then attend a residential course together as an entire cohort.
Support
Participants receive support in many areas of their training:
Tutors
All participants work with one of Teach First's university partners towards a PGDE and QTS (qualified teacher status) during their first year teaching.
Mentors
Partner schools allocate mentors to assist their trainee's development as a teacher.
Participant Development Leads
Teach First Participant Development Leads are all qualified teachers with leadership experience. They support and challenge participants throughout the two years.
Leadership Development
Throughout their two years teaching, participants have access to a range of leadership development opportunities.
The two-year Leadership Development programme is designed to enable participants to develop the knowledge, skills and attributes for use inside and outside the classroom. This training is delivered through workshops, panel events and one to one coaching. For example, participants have access to qualified teacher-led training sessions to provide them with tools and strategies they can apply in their classrooms. They will also attend workshops and reflective seminars to help them develop a good understanding of their strengths and areas for development. In addition, they will have the opportunity to have a coach to help them overcome the challenges they face, as well as business school training to teach them the fundamental aspects of business theory and practice which they can apply to their school context.
Participants also have the opportunity to apply to undertake a one-three week mini-internship during the school holidays – known as a Summer Project. These provide an opportunity to join one of Teach First's supporting or partner organisations to complete or contribute to a short-term goal or objective.
Recruits also have the opportunity to complete a master's degree, starting in their second year on the programme through various partner universities.
Expansion
Regional
Teach First was initially based solely in London, as part of the London Challenge initiative, until September 2006 when it expanded into Greater Manchester schools. The programme was subsequently extended to cover a total of 11 local areas: East Midlands, London, North East, North West, South Coast, South East, South West, East of England, West Midlands and Yorkshire and the Humber.
In Wales Teach First was given a three-year contract by the Welsh Government to pilot a graduate training programme for three years from 2013 as Teach First Cymru.
Teach First has not been established in Scotland, in 2013 the charity met with the General Teaching Council for Scotland (the independent body for teaching in Scotland) but was told the recruits would not be permitted to teach in Scottish schools, as the General Council will only allow those already holding teaching certificates to teach. The Educational Institute of Scotland opposed the expansion of Teach First into the country with The Herald describing Teach First as controversial. In 2017 Scottish universities offering teacher training unanimously agreed to not work with Teach First. In light of the Scottish Government putting out to tender a fast-track teacher training scheme.
Cohort
Since launching in 2002, Teach First has placed increasing numbers of participants in schools each year.
Training provision
Teach First expanded from recruiting for secondary school teaching into recruiting primary teachers in 2011.
Recruitment
Teach First is increasingly seen as attractive to young professionals and career changers with 22% of applicants in 2014 coming from these backgrounds.
Teach First launched a new campaign in October 2015 which focuses less on the social reward aspects of teaching and more on the challenge of a teaching career, following research by the Behavioural Insights Team.
Similar schemes
School Direct and School-Centred Initial Teacher Training are school based schemes where participants can earn a salary during training. The Teach First model has also been applied in other areas of public sector recruitment with Frontline for children's social work, Think Ahead for mental-health social work, Police Now a two-year graduate leadership programme of the Metropolitan Police, and Unlocked Graduates for prison officers.
Alumni ('Ambassadors')
As of 2017, 26 ambassadors of the programme were in Head Teacher roles and 36 social enterprises had been founded by ambassadors. Seventeen of these are recognised as official 'Innovation Partners' including The Access Project, Boromi, The Brilliant Club, CPDBee, The Difference, Enabling Enterprise, First Story, Franklin Scholars, Frontline, Future Frontiers, The Grub Club, Hackney Pirates, Jamie's Farm, Maths with Parents, MeeTwo, Right to Succeed and Thinking Reading.
Notable alumni of Teach First include:
Josh MacAlister (2009 ambassador) - Founder and CEO of Frontline social work charity
Stephanie Peacock (2010 ambassador) - Member of Parliament (MP) for Barnsley East
William Wragg (2014 ambassador) - Member of Parliament (MP) for Hazel Grove
Criticism
As part of the Teach For All network, Teach First is subject to many of the same criticisms levelled at its main partner organisation Teach for America, and offshoots such as Teach First Norway and Teach First New Zealand. Criticisms have been raised about the cost effectiveness of Teach First, with training costs higher per participant when compared to other training routes.
Teach First asks for the graduates it recruits to give two years of teaching, and so retention rates for Teach First are lower than other routes into teaching, forty per cent of Teach First participants stay in teaching after 5 years compared to much higher percentages (ranging from 62 to 70%) coming through PGCE and GTP programmes. It is anticipated and accepted that many of them will go on to careers in other sectors (hence the name, Teach First), also described as "teach first, then get a better job". The higher turnover rate and rapidly increasing cohort size of Teach First has been alleged as allowing schools to reduce their costs by employing teaching staff at unqualified teacher pay scales, it has been alleged that Teach First has been targeted by some academy school chains because of this.
Teach First has been accused of elitism, and has also been accused of being biased to middle-class applicants within the application process. Teach First participants interviewed as part of an evaluation were predominantly middle‐class, possessing social and cultural capital which had facilitated their access to the Teach First scheme. A Study by London Metropolitan University found some recruits displayed patronising middle-class attitudes, coupled with a belief that they as graduates of prestigious universities, have much to offer but nothing to learn from low-income communities.
In 2009 it was reported that Teach First participants were being placed in schools where GCSE grades were above the local and national averages, and not in the worst performing secondary schools. Education Data Surveys analysed the results of all the schools involved in Teach First and found 15 of the 79 London secondaries (19 per cent) had GCSE achievements above their local authority average, and 17 schools had results above the national average. In the North West, five Teach First schools, or 23 per cent, had exam results which were the same or better than the local authority average. In the Midlands, results at five schools, or 18 per cent, were the same or better than the local authority average and two had results at or above the national average, raising the question of why schools with GCSE results up to 80 and 70 per cent were taking part.
In response Teach First said that exam results were not the "whole story" of the initiative, and the number of children claiming free school meals was as important in selecting schools to be involved. Stating "Teach First selects the schools into which it places exceptional graduates through consideration of a range of criteria that indicate the level of challenge experienced at the school, including the percentage of free schools meals, the exam results at GCSE, staff turnover and the difficulties experienced by schools in recruiting new teachers."
Teach First's relationship with businesses and deferred entry schemes has opened it to suggestions that it operates as an elite graduate scheme for them to recruit from.
Teach First has also been said to place too much emphasis on schools in London, to where it places 40% of its recruits. It has been subject to criticism that London and larger cities are able to attract the best graduates, but coastal and rural communities struggle to attract these graduates. Brett Wigdortz in response said "We made the same mistake many implementations make – starting in the place where it's easiest to implement things, the big cities, and taking a while to get to the areas which really need it".
The Teach First model whereby teachers enter the classroom after only a six-week summer camp can leave recruits feeling their in-class levels of support as variable. A Teach First recruit has said the experience left her feeling expendable, saying the Teach First leadership were more focussed on expansion rather than the experience of recruits in a "survival of the fittest" atmosphere. Teach First had a 92% retention rate of recruits in 2012, with the recruit earning a "good" teacher label by observers.
The so-called "London effect" where the capital has seen a turnaround in educational achievement since the millennium, which has seen Teach First (and other interventions such as the London Challenge and the rise of academies) being credited with the turnaround of education in London, has been analysed in an academic study as coming instead from gradual improvements in primary education in the capital.
Teach First has been supported by politicians of the Labour, Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties.
In 2017 the Journalist and director of the New Schools Network, Toby Young, attended a social mobility summit hosted by Teach First, who asked him to write a blog for them. Teach First disagreed with the content of the work submitted by Young, and published it with a rebuttal from another author working in the field. Teach First then decided that they were in error to publish the blog, even with a rebuttal, and removed it as being against their values and vision, stating that they did not want to act as a platform for the views contained therein. Toby Young claimed that he only found out about this decision via Twitter, and questioned why Teach First published it in the first place, stating that he felt as though he had been censored by the charity. A third party broadly agreed with Young's blog points, but found some merit in the rebuttal. Teach First apologised to Young and he accepted their apology.
See also
Tough Young Teachers – a BBC documentary following graduates on the Teach First programme
References
External links
Teach First Official Website
Organizations established in 2002
Educational organisations based in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom educational programs
Charities based in London
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach%20First |
Umm Tuba (; ) is a Palestinian Arab neighborhood in East Jerusalem part of Sur Baher; it is northeast of Har Homa and Bethlehem, and southeast of Kibbutz Ramat Rachel. It has a population of 4,000. After the 1967 Six-Day War, Umm Tuba was incorporated into the municipal district of Jerusalem.
Etymology
The name of the Arab village, "Umm Tuba," is derived from the Byzantine era name, "Metofa," itself a derivation of the name Netofa. Netofa is mentioned in the Bible as the place from which two of King David's heroes originated ().
History
Iron Age
Based on archaeological finds, Umm Tuba was the site of the biblical city of Netophah.
Netophah was a prosperous Judean farming village during the First Temple period. An archaeological excavation uncovered at least three royal seal impressions dating from the reign of Hezekiah, King of Judah (eighth century BCE). At least two "LMLK" (belonging to the King) impressions and two personal seal impressions were discovered on handles of large jars of the type used to store wine and olive oil.
Classical antiquity
Artifacts dating to the Hasmonean period were found at the neighborhood.
Byzantine period
Impressive remains of a Byzantine-era monastery have been found, which has been taken as proof that Umm Tuba was the site of “Metofa”, a place mentioned in the writings of Church elders in the Byzantine period.
Bell-shaped cisterns dug into rock have been discovered. Several tombs carved into rock, one with stone entrance has also been found, together with Byzantine ceramics.
Ottoman era
In 1596, Umm Tuba appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 36 Muslim households. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olives, vines or fruit trees, and goats or beehives; a total of 7,500 Akçe. All of the revenue went to a Waqf.
French explorer Victor Guérin visited the place in 1863, and described caves and other possible remains from a Christian period.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described the village as "an ancient site with bell-mouthed cisterns and ruins of modern buildings. To the east is a Mukam of Neby Toda."
British mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Umm Tuba was counted with Sur Baher, which had a population of 993, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 1529, still all Muslim, in 308 inhabited houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population of Umm Tuba, together with Sur Baher, was 2,450, all Muslims, who owned 8,915 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. 911 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 3,927 used for cereals, while 56 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Umm Tuba came under Jordanian
rule.
Many refugees came to Umm Tuba after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 543 inhabitants.
1967-present
After the Six-Day War in 1967, Umm Tuba has been under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 accords 40% of Sur Baher/Umm Tuba land is defined as being in Area A, 3% in Area B, while the remaining 57% is in Area C. In 1997, Israel confiscated 354 dunams of land from Umm Tuba for the Israeli settlements of Har Homa.
Education
In 2005, a minefield on the outskirts of Sur Baher was cleared of hundreds of Jordanian mines by Israel to ready the site for the construction of a new high school, which serves both Sur Baher and Umm Tuba.
The Wingate Charitable Trust has established a joint Jewish-Arab project in which fifth and sixth graders from Umm Tuba and Kiryat HaYovel study science together. At each meeting the children learn about a scientific concept, while becoming acquainted with each other's language and culture. Through the Abraham Project at the Bible Lands Museum in Givat Ram, fourth graders from Umm Tuba meet with their Jewish peers to learn about their common ancestor, Abraham/Ibrahim. In 2012, Umm Tuba
Elementary School took part in an environmental water conservation project financed by the Jerusalem Foundation.
Demography
In 2008, Prof. Tamar Rapoport and Afnan Masarwah of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem presented their research on changing perspectives of motherhood, children and family relationships among women in Umm Tuba.
Notable people
Muhammad Abu Tir
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome to Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Sur Bahir and Umm Tuba (fact sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, ARIJ
Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba town profile, ARIJ
Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba aerial photo, ARIJ
Construction at a New Location on Abu Ghnaim Mountain (Har Homa Settlement) 18, November, 2000, ARIJ
The snaking Wall enters area (A) in Bethlehem 04, December, 2003, ARIJ
House demolition in East Jerusalem during the month of August 30, September, 2004, ARIJ
House demolition cases and testimonies from Jerusalem 19, September, 2006, ARIJ
Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
Arab neighborhoods in Jerusalem
Hebrew Bible places | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm%20Tuba |
American Spring (known as simply Spring before 1972) was an American pop music duo formed in Los Angeles, California. It consisted of sisters Marilyn Wilson and Diane Rovell, who had earlier been members of girl group the Honeys. As with the Honeys, Brian Wilson (Marilyn's then-husband) played an integral role with American Spring, producing some of their recorded material.
Biography
Formation and early years
After Ginger Blake, cousin of Marilyn Wilson and Diane Rovell, left the Honeys to pursue a solo singing career in Las Vegas in 1970, the Honeys effectively dissolved as a group. In 1971, while in her sister's kitchen, Diane Rovell pushed the idea of continuing to create music with her sister Marilyn as a pop duo named "Spring". The band had their first official recording sessions at Brian Wilson's home studio in October 1971 and issued their first single "Now That Everything's Been Said" later that month. After releasing a second single, "Good Time" in May 1972, Spring released their first album, the self-titled Spring in July 1972. Spring did not sell well in its time, but has since become a sought-after collectible.
In late 1972, the band found some legal trouble as the UK based band Spring were threatening legal action, arguing they owned the rights to the use of the band's name. In order to avoid conflict, a compromise was made where Diane Rovell and Marilyn Wilson altered their band name to American Spring. A third band named Spring was also releasing music in Canada at this time.
After releasing a third single, "Shyin' Away" in 1973 the band went dormant.
Rebirth and later releases
In 1977, following Brian Wilson's resurgence as a producer, American Spring once again commenced recording at Brother Studios, this time with Rocky Pamplin contributing to certain sessions. Though a substantial amount of material was recorded, personal matters which included the divorce of Marilyn and Brian caused Spring to once more become largely inactive. Some of these songs from both 1973 and 1977 have since come to find release though anthologies, rereleases and compilations. Tracks like "Snowflakes", "(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet", "Do Ya?", "Slip On Through", "Don't Be Cruel" and "Sweet Sunday Kind of Love" are among this material.
Rhino Records issued an anthology of American Spring's music during 1988, and a 1992 Capitol Records Honeys collection included several previously-unissued American Spring songs. The Honeys also re-formed during the 1990s, to perform locally around Hollywood.
Band members
Diane Rovell – lead, harmony and backing vocals
Marilyn Wilson – lead, harmony and backing vocals
Discography
Studio albums
Spring (July 1972)
Compilation albums
Spring (1988) (US) (Rhino)
Spring...Plus (1989) (UK) (See For Miles)
Pet Projects: The Brian Wilson Productions (2003) (Ace)
Singles
"Now That Everything's Been Said" / "Awake" (October 1971)
"Good Time" / "Sweet Mountain" (May 1972)
"Shyin' Away" / "Fallin' in Love" (April 1973)
See also
The Beach Boys – American band co-founded by Marilyn Wilson's ex-husband, Brian Wilson
References
American pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1971
American girl groups
Sibling musical duos
Musical groups from Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Spring |
Isidore of Charax (; , Isídōros o Charakēnós; ) was a Greco-Roman geographer of the 1st century BC and 1st century AD, a citizen of the Parthian Empire, about whom nothing is known but his name and that he wrote at least one work.
Name
Isidore's name has been interpreted by his editor and translator W.H. Schoff to indicate that he was from the city of Charax in Characene on the northern end of the present Persian Gulf. However, the Greek charax merely means "palisade" and there were several fortified towns that bore the name (see Charax).
Parthian Stations
Isidore's best known work is "The Parthian Stations" (, Stathmœ́ Parthicœ́; ), an itinerary of the overland trade route from Antioch to India along the caravan stations maintained by the Arsacid Empire. He seems to have given his distances in schoeni ("ropes") of debated value. Isidore must have written it some time after for it refers to the revolt of Tiridates II against Phraates IV, which occurred in that year.
In its surviving form, "The Parthian Stations" appears to be a summary from some larger work. A reference in Athenaeus suggests that the title of the greater work was A Journey around Parthia (, tò tês Parthías periēgēticón). Athenaeus's reference, not included in the present text of "The Parthian Stations", is a description of pearl fishing.
The 1st-century historiographer Pliny the Elder refers to a "description of the world" commissioned by the Emperor Augustus "to gather all necessary information in the east when his eldest son was about to set out for Armenia to take the command against the Parthians and Arabians"; this occurred Pliny refers to the author as a "Dionysius", but it is assumed by Schoff that this is a mistake and Isidore was meant. It is Isidore who is cited for the relevant measurements of geographic distances.
The 2nd-century satirist Lucian of Samosata also cites an Isidore (although not necessarily this one) for claims of longevity. Lucian does not note the name of the work he is quoting.
A collection of translations of the various fragments attributed to Isidore of Charax were published with commentary in "The Parthian Stations", a forty-six-page booklet by Wilfred Harvey Schoff in 1914. The Greek text in that volume is that established by Karl Müller.
References
Ancient Roman geographers
Ancient Greek geographers
People from the Parthian Empire
1st-century geographers
1st-century BC geographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore%20of%20Charax |
The Very Best of Sandie Shaw is a compilation album by the British singer Sandie Shaw. Released in 2005 by EMI, it contained digitally remastered versions of all her most popular hit singles from 1964 to 1988. It was the first compilation to feature the original recordings of all her UK chart hits.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Chris Andrews, except where noted.
References
Sandie Shaw albums
2005 greatest hits albums
EMI Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Very%20Best%20of%20Sandie%20Shaw |
The car that came to be known as the Lotus Mark II was created in 1949, while Colin Chapman was serving with the RAF. For his second car Chapman built on the knowledge gained from building and competing in the Lotus Mark I, so he again used the widely available and inexpensive Austin 7 chassis as a starting point. He boxed in the chassis rails and replaced the cross members with stronger tubular braces. He swapped the Austin engine for a Ford engine and transmission, first from a Ford 8, then from a Ford 10, but retained the Austin 7 rear axle. To be able to use a wider tyre, Chapman adapted Ford pressed-steel wheels. He modified the engine as far as the club rules would allow.
Chapman used this chassis and running gear to support a cigar-shaped body with a rounded nose. It has rudimentary cycle-type mudguards. The result was a very competitive trials car, but one also suitable for circuit racing. Chapman used the car to compete in events sponsored by the 750 Motor Club. Although Chapman built the car to compete in English Trials events, he also entered the car in track events, such as Silverstone, where he won in his class. From that point forward, Chapman concentrated on designing and constructing cars for race circuits instead of trials.
Ford Sidevalve Motor:
Config: S4 SV
Displacement: 1172 cc
Bore/Stroke: x
References
Tipler, John, Lotus and Caterham Seven: Racers for the Road The Crowood Press, 1995. pp. 14–16.
Coulter, Jeremy, The Lotus & Caterham Seven: A Collector's Guide Motor Racing Publications, 1986. pp. 9–10.
William Taylor, The Lotus Book: The Complete History of Lotus Cars Coterie Press, Limited.1998, pp. 14–15.
External links
Motorbase Accessed 17 February 2006
Mark 02 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20Mark%20II |
Ashtead railway station is in Ashtead, Surrey, England. It is down the line from .
History
Designed by David Field in 1858 and opened by the Epsom and Leatherhead Railway, part of the London and South Western Railway, it became a joint station between that railway and the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway and was absorbed into the Southern Railway by the grouping of 1923. The station passed to the Southern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.
When sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s, the station was served by Network SouthEast until the privatisation of British Rail.
Before its renovation, the station was designed by Nigel Wikeley in the typical CLASP manner, with a long and low design constructed from prefabricated materials. The main ticket office building was rebuilt in 2013.
Services
Services at Ashtead are operated by Southern and South Western Railway using and EMUs.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
2 tph to via
2 tph to via
3 tph to of which 1 continues to
1 tph to
On Saturday evenings (after approximately 18:45) and on Sundays, there is no service south of Dorking to Horsham.
References
Bibliography
External links
Railway stations in Surrey
Former London and South Western Railway stations
Former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1859
Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway
Railway stations served by South Western Railway
DfT Category E stations
1859 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtead%20railway%20station |
Richard Philippe (January 10, 1990 in Valence, Drôme – 22 November 2018) was a French racecar driver who resided in Miami, Florida. He was the younger brother of Nelson Philippe.
After moving up from the go-kart ranks in 2005, at fifteen years old Philippe won the Formula BMW USA championship in his rookie season, and on June 19, 2005 he became the youngest driver ever to win a race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. In 2006, he competed in the Champ Car Atlantic series with Forsythe Championship Racing. In 2007, he competed in the World Series by Renault. In 2009, Philippe ran for Genoa Racing in the Firestone Indy Lights Series until a crash on the high speed Kansas Speedway oval sidelined him for three races. He returned to the series with Team PBIR and competed in seven more races. He finished second twice, at Long Beach with Genoa and at Edmonton with PBIR, and finished 13th in points despite missing four races (he withdrew from the final race due to an ill-handling car in practice).
He died in a helicopter crash in the Dominican Republic on 22 November 2018.
Racing record
Career summary
American open–wheel racing results
(key)
Atlantic Championship
Indy Lights
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key)
Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key)
References
External links
Official website
1990 births
2018 deaths
Sportspeople from Valence, Drôme
French racing drivers
Atlantic Championship drivers
Formula 3 Euro Series drivers
Indy Lights drivers
Formula BMW USA drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Dominican Republic
Carlin racing drivers
SG Formula drivers
Fortec Motorsport drivers
Forsythe Racing drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Philippe |
Live XXX TV was an interactive adult chat television channel aired in many western European nations on Sky. The channel was shown between the hours of 21:00 and 05:30 each night, with a subscription required after 23:30.
History
The channel started on Sky Channel 995. When Sky's channels were rearranged in February 2006, it moved to channel 911 and was renamed Sex Station. The channel returned to its original name in 2008, moving to channel 957. On 26 June 2009, the channel was removed from Sky's Electronic Programme Guide. The reason for its removal is unknown.
Concept
The channel was usually broadcast live, featuring two women on the main screen, with between two and four "sub-screens" on the right hand side showing additional women labelled "Babe number #". The women on the main screen encouraged viewers to call the (premium rate) telephone numbers to speak with one of the women in the sub-screens while they posed in a sexually provocative way. They also encouraged viewers to send text messages (again at a premium rate), which they might read out, and performed acts usually of a sexually orientated nature. The women on the main screen also took telephone calls on given nights and occasionally switched positions from the main screen to a sub-screen.
For the first hour, the women usually wore bikinis. They could flash their breasts, but usually kept their bikinis on—such brief upper-body nudity is permitted by the UK watershed regulations. Between 22:00 and 23:00 the bikini tops were removed. At 23:00 a warning message was shown to inform viewers the subsequent part of the show may be sexually explicit, and the women on the main screen usually removed their bikini bottoms. Alternatively, the channel would go full-screen with all the women together on one large bed; although those engaged in calls with phone-in viewers would continue their conversation with the viewers listening-in on the woman's side of the conversation, which might be sexually explicit.
FTG
One aspect that was unique to the channel compared to its UK peers was the FTG feature. At around 23:28, just before the channel switched to the subscription-only service for the rest of the night, the main screen would expand to fill the whole screen, all the women would gather on the main screen and remove their thongs exposing their pubic area to the camera. The feature was promoted as FTG - "Flash the gash". The channel then showed a blue screen for non-subscription viewers, or continued on eventually to the late show for subscribed viewers of the channel.
From 2006, the FTG feature was phased out for unspecified reasons, although incoming text messages continued to make references to FTG.
See also
Sex Station
Babestation
Pornography in the United Kingdom
References
British pornographic television channels
Adult chat (television)
Defunct television channels in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2009
Television channels and stations established in 2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20XXX%20TV |
Nothing Less Than Brilliant is a compilation album by the British singer Sandie Shaw. Released in 1994 by Virgin Records, it contains several new recordings of her hit singles from the 1960s as well as some in their original forms. It also featured some songs recorded in the 1980s.
The album spent one week in November 1994 in the UK Albums Chart at number 64.
Track listing
"Always Something There To Remind Me"
"Long Live Love"
"Girl Don't Come"
"Message Understood"
"Nothing Less Than Brilliant"
"Hand in Glove"
"Are You Ready To Be Heartbroken"
"A Girl Called Johnny"
"I'll Stop At Nothing"
"Heaven Knows I'm Missing Him Now"
"You've Not Changed"
"Monsieur Dupont"
"I Don't Owe You Anything"
"Anyone Who Had a Heart"
"Comrade in Arms"
"Hello Angel"
"Strange Bedfellows"
"Words"
"Ev'rytime We Say Goodbye"
"Your Time Is Gonna Come"
"Frederick"
"Please Help The Cause Against Loneliness"
"Tomorrow"
"Nothing Comes Easy"
"Puppet on a String"
References
Sandie Shaw albums
1994 compilation albums
Virgin Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing%20Less%20Than%20Brilliant |
Vladyslav Viktorovych Vashchuk (; born 2 January 1975) is a retired Ukrainian football defender who last played for FC Volyn Lutsk.
Vashchuk was also a member of the Ukraine national football team playing 63 times. He mainly played in the centre back position and could also be utilized as a sweeper.
Career
Club career
Vashchuk began his playing days in the Dynamo Kyiv football academy. He made his senior team debut in 1993, and went on to play for them for the next 10 seasons. In 2003, he spent a single season playing in Russia with Spartak Moscow, moving back to Ukraine with FC Chornomorets Odesa for the following, 2004/05 season. After playing 6 games in the 2005/06 season he moved back to Dynamo Kyiv. With Dynamo he won a total of 9 Ukrainian Premier League titles, 6 Ukrainian Cup, and 1 Ukrainian Super Cup. In the summer of 2008 he signed a 1-year deal with newly promoted FC Lviv which only lasted for 6 months. On 11 March 2009 he signed a contract for the remainder of the season with FC Chornomorets Odesa. At the end of the 2008/09 season his contract ran out and he was released as a free agent. Vashchuk then rejoined Chornomorets for the 2009–10 season, but left again at season end.
International career
Vashchuk began his International career with the Ukraine Under-21 team, making 22 appearances for them. Since 1996 he has played for the senior team. In 2006, he was chosen to play in Ukraine's first ever World Cup finals tournament. Vashchuk received a red card in his first game at the tournament from Swiss referee Massimo Busacca in a controversial decision. A penalty kick was awarded to Spain in the 47th minute because of the alleged infraction, despite multiple camera angles which indicated no physical contact between the players in the penalty area.
Career statistics
Club
International goals
Honours
Ukrainian Premier League: 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–2001, 2006–07
Ukrainian Cup: 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2006, 2007
Ukrainian Super Cup: 2006
References
External links
Profile on Dynamo Kyiv official website
Profile on website Football Ukraine
Full season stats on Odesa Football website
Profile on Football Squads
Living people
1975 births
Footballers from Kyiv
Ukrainian men's footballers
Ukraine men's international footballers
Ukraine men's under-21 international footballers
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Chornomorets Odesa players
FC Spartak Moscow players
Russian Premier League players
FC Lviv players
FC Volyn Lutsk players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Men's association football defenders
FC Dynamo-3 Kyiv players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladyslav%20Vashchuk |
New Bothwell, originally called Kronsthal, is a local urban district in the Rural Municipality of Hanover, Manitoba, Canada. It is located approximately northwest of Steinbach on Provincial Road 216, one kilometre south of Provincial Road 311 and six kilometres north of Highway 52. It has a population of approximately 500.
New Bothwell is serviced by a post office, a restaurant/convenience store, recreation centre, an elementary/junior high school, a fire station, and two nearby churches. The local Chamber of Commerce and the local recreation committee organize community events such as an annual fall dinner, the winter carnival, and the summer fair.
History
The New Bothwell area were originally lands of the nomadic Ojibway-speaking Anishinabe people. The Anishinabe people signed Treaty 1 in 1871 and moved onto reserves such as the Brokenhead Indian Reserve and Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation Reserve.
In 1874, Mennonites began immigrating to the area from the Bergthal Colony in southern Russia (now Ukraine). Several small villages were established throughout the East Reserve, although nearly all have disappeared. One of the original East Reserve villages was Kronsthal (generally translated as 'Crown Valley' although local historians suggest 'Crane Valley' may have been the intent), which was located on the western edge of what is now New Bothwell. It consisted of a few farms and a private school, among other things.
The first public school districts in the area—Arran, Moray, Seaton, and Bothwell—were created in 1919. The Bothwell School was located a half mile east of Kronsthal. Not long after the school was opened, businesses (such as the cheese factory in 1936) and families began to locate themselves near the school, and the entire village ended up moving a half mile east. Over the years, New Bothwell did eventually expand westward to encompass the former site of Kronstal.
The name Bothwell originates with the establishment of the Bothwell School in 1919. The Canadian government deliberately chose British names, such as Mitchell, Randolph, Bothwell, and others in an attempt to assimilate the Mennonites into Canadian culture. The town, however, remained under the name Kronsthal until 1939, when the post office was established. "Bothwell" had been the first choice to register as the community's official name, as it was the name of the public school. However, this name was already registered in Ontario, so the word "New" was added to the town name.
By the 1960s, New Bothwell remained as the only village in the surrounding area. The old school districts that served the area were eliminated and replaced with a new government run school at New Bothwell, part of the new Hanover School Division. Although no longer in existence, the old villages and school districts are still referred to by those who remember them.
In the 1990s, the Rural Municipality of Hanover established a fire station at New Bothwell, one of four operated by the municipality's fire department. New Bothwell was organized as a local urban district within the R.M. of Hanover in 2022.
Bothwell Cheese
New Bothwell is home to award-winning cheese producer Bothwell Cheese. Established in 1936, Bothwell Cheese was originally a co-operative owned by the local dairy producers. Over the years, Bothwell Cheese has earned a solid reputation as a world-class cheese maker, producing over 25 varieties of cheese, and made the community known for its cheese.
Notable people
Joe Doerksen, former mixed-martial artist for the UFC
Kate Hogan, curler
Audrey Poetker, poet
Jack Thiessen, writer, academic
References
External links
Community Website
Local urban districts in Manitoba
Unincorporated communities in Eastman Region, Manitoba
Russian Mennonite diaspora in Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Bothwell%2C%20Manitoba |
WSYR-TV (channel 9) is a television station in Syracuse, New York, United States, affiliated with ABC. Owned by Nexstar Media Group, the station maintains studios on Bridge Street (off NY 290) in East Syracuse (a village of DeWitt), and its transmitter is located on Sevier Road in Pompey, New York.
WWTI (channel 50) in Watertown operates as a semi-satellite of WSYR-TV. As such, it clears all network programming as provided by its parent and simulcasts most of WSYR-TV's newscasts, but airs a separate offering of syndicated programming; there are also separate station identifications and commercial inserts. WWTI maintains its own studios on Court Street in downtown Watertown.
History
Channel 9 was the last of Syracuse's major network affiliates to sign on, doing so September 9, 1962, after a channel shuffle involving rival WHEN-TV and Rochester's WROC-TV allowed a third analog VHF station in Syracuse. The original call letters were WNYS-TV (now assigned to Syracuse's MyNetworkTV affiliate). It signed-on under the ownership of a group of local investors. The station has always been an ABC affiliate. Channel 9's original studios were located in the basement of the Shoppingtown shopping center on Erie Boulevard in DeWitt. Fire overtook the studios in April 1967, forcing the station to temporarily move to WCNY-TV (channel 24)'s studios in Liverpool until its facilities were rebuilt.
In 1969, then-owner W. R. G. Baker Television Corporation applied for a WNYS-TV translator on channel 7, W07BA; this facility, serving Syracuse and nearby Nedrow, came on the air in 1972. W07BA, which later moved its second city of license to DeWitt, remained a repeater of channel 9 until 2014; its license was canceled on March 24, 2014. The station was purchased by The Outlet Company in 1971.
First call sign change
The Outlet Company sold WNYS in 1978 to WNYS Acquisition Corp., which was a joint partnership of Coca-Cola's New York bottling division and former Washington Post president Larry H. Israel. The call sign was then changed to WIXT on March 1 with "IX" standing for Roman numeral 9. The Ackerley Group bought the station in 1982 and the -TV suffix was added to the WIXT calls. The station moved its studios to the current location on Bridge Street in 1985.
In 1999, WIXT-TV implemented a digital central-casting control hub for Ackerley's New York State cluster that also included WHAM-TV in Rochester, WWTI in Watertown, WIVT in Binghamton, WETM-TV in Elmira, and WUTR in Utica to help with the upcoming digital television transition. The central-casting still exists today; however, now that Nexstar owns WSYR-TV as well as most of the other stations in New York State that were previously owned by Ackerley, the hub is in the process of being relocated to now sister station WWLP in Springfield, Massachusetts. Other stations throughout Ackerley's New York cluster have received updated studios.
Second call sign change
Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia) bought Ackerley in 2001, putting WIXT-TV under the same ownership as WSYR radio (570 AM). The call sign was then changed to the current WSYR-TV on June 13, 2005. The change caused a small amount of confusion, as the WSYR-TV call letters had last resided on rival NBC affiliate WSTM-TV from its sign-on in 1950 until its sale to the Times Mirror Company in 1980. The WIXT (AM) call letters were moved to sister station WLFH in Little Falls, New York. This was part of a strategy that Clear Channel would use the older callsign for an existing TV station they co-owned with the radio stations, the others were WOAI-TV in San Antonio and WHAM-TV in Rochester.
On April 20, 2007, Clear Channel entered into an agreement to sell its entire television division to Newport Television, a broadcasting group established by Providence Equity Partners. WSYR radio was not part of the sale as it remains owned and operated by iHeartMedia. Nevertheless, the WSYR-TV call letters were retained.
WSYR-DT2 was affiliated with the Variety Television Network (operated by Newport Television) until its demise in early-January 2009. This station once served on cable as the default ABC affiliate in Northern New York State communities such as Ogdensburg, Potsdam, Massena, and Malone. Since then, most of those areas have been replaced with WSYR-TV's sister station and fellow ABC affiliate WWTI. However, both were available in these markets for a short time with WVNY from Burlington, Vermont now serving Malone.
On July 19, 2012, Newport Television announced the sale of WSYR-TV and all of its stations in New York State except WXXA-TV in Albany and WHAM-TV in Rochester to the Nexstar Broadcasting Group as part of a 22-station deal that involved Nexstar, Sinclair Broadcast Group and Cox Media Group. The transaction was completed on December 3.
Programming
Past programming preemptions and deferrals
In October 1987, WIXT decided to preempt ABC's airings of Full House in order to air first-run syndicated airings of Silver Spoons, feeling the latter show was of superior quality.
Bridge Street
In 2004, WIXT-TV premiered the area's only locally produced daytime talk/entertainment/lifestyle magazine show known as Bridge Street (named from the address of the studios). The program airs weekdays at 10 a.m. from a secondary set. In July 2008, 46-year station veteran Mike Price retired. The station's news studio was renamed the "Mike Price Studio" on July 9 in dedication to his work on Bridge Street. On December 29, Maureen Green (a former WSYR-TV anchor) was featured as a substitute co-host on Bridge Street filling in for Rick Gary. This was the first time Green was seen on the airwaves since being fired from her position at WTVH as main weeknight anchor in December 2007.
On March 20, 2009, Keith Kobland (former weekday morning and noon anchor on WTVH until its consolidation with WSTM-TV) joined Carrie Lazarus to co-host Bridge Street filling in for Rick Gary. On April 24, WSYR-TV announced that Rick Gary had left the station after serving for more than two decades. Dan Cummings and Keith Kobland joined Carrie Lazarus as temporary replacements until February 1, 2010, when Bridge Street was relaunched with a new look hosted by Chris Brandolino with an occasional guest. The show was then hosted by TeNesha Murphy and Sistina Giordano as of January 2017. Murphy left the station in 2020. On September 1, 2020, WSYR Sports Director Steve Infanti joined Sistina Giordano as co-host.
News operation
By the early 1980s, channel 9 rose from third to first place in the Syracuse ratings, and it has remained there more or less ever since. Coinciding with this ratings growth, work commenced on a new facility on Bridge Street in East Syracuse in 1985. Construction was completed in 1986 and WIXT-TV moved there soon afterward. In 2000, a new news set and newsroom built by NewSet debuted. Also that year in response to declining ratings, WIXT-TV began a new segment called "Your Stories". This feature is where viewers can call the station, not an automated phone system, and get right on-line with a staffer for help with questions. The most popular topics are turned into segments which air at 5:16 during the weeknight news at 5. "Your Stories" was reinvented in 2007 when WSYR-TV started the "Consumer Protection Unit". This is divided into three different parts: "Your Stories", "The Real Deal", and "Consumer Reports".
While WSYR-TV remains number one in Nielsen ratings in Central New York for the whole day-part, it has spent much of the new millennium in a spirited battle with WSTM-TV on weekday mornings and weeknights at 11. WSYR-TV makes up for this with huge leads during the week at noon, 5, 5:30, and 6. With the consolidation of WTVH and WSTM-TV on March 2, 2009, there has been a noticeable decline in viewership especially on WTVH which now only airs separately-branded newscasts on weeknights with the same coverage. As a result, WSYR-TV has seen increased viewership. Currently, there are only three news operations that cover the area including cable-only Spectrum News.
Sister station WWTI in Watertown was hit by across the board cuts from Newport Television in June 2009. Eventually, it began simulcasting WSYR-TV's newscasts every night at 11 and added half-hour reports from the Buffalo Bills training camp produced by fellow ABC affiliate and sister station WHAM-TV in Rochester. On September 8, 2009, WWTI began simulcasting WSYR-TV's weekday morning and nightly 6 o'clock newscasts. After letting go the few on-air news staff that it had, the station became a news bureau of WSYR-TV with contributions of content from the North Country from a single reporter.
On September 7, 2010, WSYR-TV added a prime time newscast weeknights at 10 on WSYR-DT2. However, unlike the hour-long weeknight and half-hour weekend broadcasts on low-power CW affiliate WSTQ-LP (produced by WSTM-TV), WSYR-DT2's newscast only airs live for the first fifteen minutes and is then repeated four times in the 10 p.m. hour. The station also added a half-hour to the weekday morning show, which now starts at 4:30, becoming the first station outside of New York City to make such a launch. WSYR-TV was an affiliate of CNN Newsource, but in a late-2008 cost-cutting move Newport Television chose to terminate all station affiliations with the network. That leaves ABC NewsOne as its lone source of national and world material.
Weekday and weekend live newscasts that air on the main channel are repeated on WSYR-DT2 with the exception of the weekend news at 6 p.m. and 11 p.m. However, when the live news is delayed or preempted altogether by live ABC Sports programming, the newscast is then replaced by another show on WSYR-DT2. The station operates its own weather radar at its transmitter site known as "Live Doppler 9" making it the only local weather radar based in the Syracuse area. The radar is specifically tuned to be more sensitive to displaying lake-effect snow bands, which the station argues may not always appear on the further-out public NOAA National Weather Service radars out of Montague, Binghamton and Buffalo. There is a live streaming video feed of "Live Doppler 9" on its website. WSYR-TV also offers a live video stream of all its weekday newscasts.
On January 29, 2011, WSYR-TV became the first station in Central New York (and until the fall of 2016, the only station in the Syracuse area) to broadcast local news in true high definition. With the switch to HD came a new set, a new logo (which uses the same "Circle 9" design as fellow ABC affiliates WSOC-TV in Charlotte, North Carolina, WTVC in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and KMBC-TV in Kansas City, Missouri, though with the 2007 version of the ABC logo placed on the bottom right side) and a new slogan ("The Local Station"); as a result, the station's logo that was used since 1996 (which was rendered in the FF Meta typeface) was retired. WRGB in Albany, in January 2008, became the first station in upstate New York to broadcast their local newscasts in high definition. In mid-December 2010, WSTM-TV and CBS affiliate WTVH (at the time operated by WSTM-TV) became the first two stations in the market to offer local newscasts in 16:9 enhanced definition widescreen. Although not truly high definition, the broadcasts match the aspect ratio of HD television screens. Both of those stations would ultimately upgrade their local newscasts to true HD on October 23, 2016.
On June 27, 2011, WSYR-TV's 25-year-duo Rod Wood and Carrie Lazarus were inducted into the New York State Broadcasters Association Hall of Fame. As one of the longest-running anchor teams in the United States, their names join those of Walter Cronkite, Barbara Walters and other broadcast legends.
WSYR-TV have previously used many versions of Frank Gari's "News Station" music package including customized vocal versions of the theme using old station slogans, "Making a Difference" and "Central New York's News Source." They used the theme from 1993 until August 19, 2013, in favor of "Aerial" by Stephen Arnold Music.
On January 30, 2018, WSYR-TV received a significant news studio set upgrade.
On April 3, 2023, sister station WUTR in Utica began simulcasting the 5 and 6 a.m. hours of WSYR-TV's morning newscast.
Personalities
On December 22, 2006, Nancy Duffy, a former general assignment reporter for the station, died after a long illness. She became the first female police reporter in Central New York after joining the Syracuse Herald-Journal in 1966. She was Syracuse's first female television reporter when she moved to WHEN-TV (now WTVH) in 1967. Duffy became the first woman to join the Syracuse Press Club and later served as its president. In 1970, Duffy served as press secretary at Syracuse City Hall. She returned to WHEN-TV after a year and moved to WNYS-TV as a weekday morning anchor and reporter in 1977. She is credited with founding the local St. Patrick's Day parade, formally named the Syracuse St. Patrick's Parade.
On March 2, 2017, Carrie Lazarus transitioned away from anchoring in favor of a special correspondent role. She was replaced by Christie Casciano.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, longtime anchor Rod Wood took a leave of absence from WSYR-TV after April 13, 2020's broadcasts. He provided routine updates from home but never returned to the anchor desk and retired just before his 80th birthday in November 2020. Senior reporter Jeff Kulikowsky, who filled in for most of 2020, took the job full-time.
Notable former on-air staff
Dan Maffei – reporter (1991–93); later a U.S. Congressman
Jim Rose – sports anchor, held the same capacity at WLS-TV in Chicago, now retired
Jeff Rossen – reporter; later with NBC News; now with Hearst Television
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
On June 15, 2016, Nexstar Broadcasting Group, owners of WSYR-TV, announced that it has entered into an affiliation agreement with Katz Broadcasting for the Escape, Laff, Grit, and Bounce TV networks (the last one of which is owned by Bounce Media LLC, whose COO Jonathan Katz is president/CEO of Katz Broadcasting), bringing one or more of the four networks to 81 stations owned and/or operated by Nexstar, including WSYR-TV. As a result, WSYR-TV renewed its DT3 subchannel's affiliation with Bounce TV and added a new fourth subchannel carrying programs from Laff on August 25, 2016. (At the time of the agreement, Grit was available in Syracuse on WTVH-DT2).
Analog-to-digital conversion
WSYR-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 9, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 17. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 9.
References
External links
ABC network affiliates
Antenna TV affiliates
Bounce TV affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1962
SYR-TV
Nexstar Media Group
1962 establishments in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSYR-TV |
Henry Fool is a 1997 American black comedy-drama film written, produced and directed by Hal Hartley, featuring Thomas Jay Ryan, James Urbaniak, and Parker Posey. Set like previous Hartley films in less affluent parts of Long Island, it recounts how the lives of a fatherless family are overturned by a mysterious outsider and how, as in The Unbelievable Truth, expectation and reality again conflict.
The film won the best screenplay award at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival. A sequel, titled Fay Grim, was released in 2006. Another sequel, titled Ned Rifle, was released in 2014.
Plot
Socially inept garbage-man Simon Grim is befriended by Henry Fool, a witty rogue and untalented novelist just released from seven years in jail for attempting sex with an underage girl. Henry opens the world of literature to Simon, and inspires him to write "the great American poem." Simon struggles to get his work recognized, and it is often dismissed as pornographic and scatological, but Henry continues to push and inspire Simon to get the poem published. Henry recommends that Simon submit his work to Angus, an old friend who works as a high-level publisher. The publisher dismisses the manuscript, and his secretary reveals that, rather than being a personal friend, Henry merely worked in Angus' office as a janitor.
Henry carries around a bundle of notebooks that he refers to as his "Confession," a work that details aspects of his mysterious past that he one day hopes to publish when he and the world are ready for them. Henry's hedonistic antics cause all manner of turns in the lives of Simon's family, not least of which is impregnating Fay, Simon's sister. Henry and Fay get married. After Fay uploads verses from Simon's poem to the Internet, it inspires worldwide controversy, attracting adoration from those who appreciate Simon as a transgressive genius and condemnation from conservative politicians who see his work as degeneracy. Excited by the potential to profit off of the poem, Angus approaches Simon again and offers him $100,000 up front and a 70/30 royalty split to publish it.
Henry is distraught about becoming a father, worried that the time spent working a job to support his family will conflict with his passions as a writer. Simon offers to bring the manuscript of the Confession to Angus and require that he will only sign over the rights to his own poem if Henry's work is published as well. After finally reading Henry's life's work, Simon dislikes it, but brings it to Angus as promised. Angus hates the Confession, calls Henry a "scoundrel" for writing it, and refuses to publish it. Simon reminds him that he also disliked his poem until it became popular, questioning his artistic integrity. Angus still refuses, even when Simon offers to take a smaller cut of his poem's royalties.
As Fay gives birth to a son, Simon notifies Henry of Angus' refusal, and reveals that he signed the contract anyway. Henry questions why Simon would break his promise; Simon says that he made the promise before reading the Confession, and that Henry's work is unfit to publish. The two men fight and eventually part ways, as Henry insists that Simon wouldn't have written anything without his guidance.
A few years pass. As Henry sinks to a life of drinking in low-life bars, Simon becomes famous and world-renowned for his writing and grows reclusive. Henry, trying to save an underage girl abused by her stepfather, kills the man. Henry and Fay's young son runs away to track down Simon, who is living secretively in a new apartment with Angus' secretary. The boy brings Simon back to Henry. Simon gives Henry his passport; on the day that Simon is due to fly to Stockholm to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, Henry boards the flight instead and flees the country, passing himself off as Simon.
Cast
Thomas Jay Ryan as Henry Fool
James Urbaniak as Simon Grim
Parker Posey as Fay Grim
Liam Aiken as Ned
Maria Porter as Mary
Miho Nikaido as Gnoc Deng
James Saito as Mr. Deng
Kevin Corrigan as Warren
Camille Paglia as herself
Nicholas Hope as Father Hawkes
Toy Connor as Teenager at World Of Donuts
Production
Henry Fool was directed, written, co-produced and composed by Hal Hartley. He began writing the project in the 1980s, and spent years developing and fine-tuning it. Significant writing took place in 1995, and Hartley realized that Henry would be the story's main character, rather than Simon. Hartley wanted the story to incorporate current events, adding elements such as Congressional races and Internet censorship.
The characters of Henry and Simon were partly inspired by the relationship between writers James Joyce and Samuel Beckett. Goethe's Faust was also an inspiration for the film, with Hartley comparing Henry to Mephistopheles. Another inspiration for Henry was John Falstaff, while Hartley compared Simon with Kaspar Hauser. Hartley included gross-out humor, such as vomiting, because he wanted the film to discuss serious topics in a non-academic atmosphere: "I didn't want Henry and Simon to be wearing tweed coats and have Ph.D.s. They needed to be, to a certain degree, disgusting". He said about Henry, "I didn't want it to be too easy to like him. I mean, he's so bombastic, so funny and disgusting -- it's easy just to fall in love with this man. So he really had to have been in prison for something inexcusable". Hartley considered Henry a compelling character because "we never know if he is lying or not".
Hartley chose not to show Simon's poem to the viewer, believing that films about artists "always get it wrong when they show the art. And they let the audience participate in the judgment of the art, whether the art is good or bad". He said that "for the most part, the artistic worth of Simon's poem is not the issue. The issue is the manner in which Simon's life changes as a result of knowing Henry and how that change begins to threaten Henry". The contents of Henry's confession are not specifically discussed either, although Hartley said they are "probably unbelievably pretentious".
Henry Fool marked the film debuts of Thomas Jay Ryan, James Urbaniak, and Liam Aiken. Ryan and Urbaniak were both stage actors. Ryan was cast after Hartley saw him in a play by Richard Foreman called My Head Was a Sledgehammer. Ryan said that Hartley wanted an actor "larger than life, likable, but also patently absurd". Urbaniak had previously appeared in short films made by Hartley. Maria Porter was cast at the suggestion of Ryan, who went to college with her. The role of Ned was narrowed down to three boys, and Aiken won the part because of his natural demeanor.
The start of filming was delayed several times because of financial setbacks, and Ryan had a year and a half to discuss his character with Hartley. Henry's confession is briefly glimpsed in the film, with Ryan's handwriting. Months before the start of production, Hartley gave him a notebook to write in, so it would be ready for filming. The film was produced on a budget of $900,000, a large portion of which went to the rental of camera and sound equipment. Filming took place in 1997, and the shoot lasted three or four weeks. Parker Posey filmed her scenes in four days.
Reception
Based on 28 reviews collected by the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 89% of critics gave Henry Fool a positive review, with an average rating of 7.42/10. Leonard Maltin gives the film two and a half stars, saying Hartley "just misses the mark".
References
External links
1997 films
American drama films
1997 drama films
1997 independent films
American independent films
Films directed by Hal Hartley
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in New Jersey
American avant-garde and experimental films
1990s avant-garde and experimental films
Films about fictional Nobel laureates
Films about writers
1990s English-language films
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Fool |
The NASA Orbital Debris Program Office is located at the Johnson Space Center and is the lead NASA center for orbital debris research. It is recognized world-wide for its leadership in addressing orbital debris issues. The NASA Orbital Debris Program Office has taken the international lead in conducting measurements of the environment and in developing the technical consensus for adopting mitigation measures to protect users of the orbital environment. Work at the center continues with developing an improved understanding of the orbital debris environment and measures that can be taken to control its growth.
Orbital Debris research at NASA is divided into several broad research efforts, involving modeling, measurements, protection, mitigation and reentry of orbital debris.
Modeling
NASA scientists continue to develop and upgrade orbital debris models to describe and characterize the current and future debris environment. Engineering models, such as ORDEM2000, can be used for debris impact risk assessments for spacecraft and satellites, including the International Space Station and the Space Shuttle. Evolutionary models, such as EVOLVE and LEGEND, are designed to predict the future debris environment. They are reliable tools to study how the future debris environment reacts to various mitigation practices.
ORDEM2000 was replaced in 2010 by ORDEM2010. This release represents a significant improvement in the NASA ODPO's empirically-based debris assessment modeling program. This version of the long-running series includes ten years of additional data, new validated high-fidelity environment models, new statistical processes for data and model analysis, the extension of the modeling through GEO, the inclusion of debris material density, and a new spacecraft-encompassing igloo analysis package, with an advanced companion GUI.
Measurements
Measurements of near-Earth orbital debris are accomplished by conducting ground-based and space-based observations of the orbital debris environment. Data is acquired using ground-based radars and optical telescopes , space-based telescopes, and analysis of spacecraft surfaces returned from space. Some important data sources have been the U.S. Space Surveillance Network, the Haystack X-Band Radar, and returned surfaces from the Solar Max, Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), and the Space Shuttle spacecraft. The data provide validation of the environment models and identify the presence of new sources.
Protection
Orbital debris protection involves conducting hypervelocity impact measurements to assess the risk presented by orbital debris to operating spacecraft and developing new materials and new designs to provide better protection from the environment with less weight penalty. The data from this work provides the link between the environment defined by the models and the risk presented by that environment to operating spacecraft and provides recommendations on design and operations procedures to reduce the risk as required. These data also help in the analysis and interpretation of impact features on returned spacecraft surfaces. The primary facility for this research is the Hypervelocity Impact Technology Facility (HIT-F) at NASA JSC in Houston, although there are other facilities at JSC, New Mexico, and various DoD laboratories.
Mitigation
Controlling the growth of the orbital debris population is a high priority for NASA, the United States, and the major space-faring nations of the world to preserve near-Earth space for future generations. Mitigation measures can take the form of curtailing or preventing the creation of new debris, designing satellites to withstand impacts by small debris, and implementing operational procedures ranging from utilizing orbital regimes with less debris, adopting specific spacecraft attitudes, and even maneuvering to avoid collisions with debris.
In 1995 NASA was the first space agency in the world to issue a comprehensive set of orbital debris mitigation guidelines. Two years later, the U.S. Government developed a set of Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, based on the NASA guidelines. Other countries and organizations, including Japan, France, Russia, and the European Space Agency (ESA), have followed suit with their own orbital debris mitigation guidelines. In 2002 after a multi-year effort, the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), comprising the space agencies of 10 countries as well as ESA, adopted a consensus set of guidelines designed to mitigate the growth of the orbital debris population. These guidelines were formally presented to the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in February 2003.
Reentry
Because of the increasing number of objects in space, NASA has adopted guidelines and assessment procedures to reduce the number of non-operational spacecraft and spent rocket upper stages orbiting the Earth. One method of postmission disposal is to allow reentry of these spacecraft, either from orbital decay (uncontrolled entry) or with a controlled entry. Orbital decay may be achieved by firing engines to lower the perigee altitude so that atmospheric drag will eventually cause the spacecraft to enter. However, the surviving debris impact footprint cannot be guaranteed to avoid inhabited landmasses. Controlled entry normally occurs by using a larger amount of propellant with a larger propulsion system to drive the spacecraft to enter the atmosphere at a steeper flight path angle. It will then enter at a more precise latitude, longitude, and footprint in a nearly uninhabited impact region, generally located in the ocean.
Spacecraft that re-enter from either orbital decay or controlled entry usually break up at altitudes between 84-72 km due to aerodynamic forces causing the allowable structural loads to be exceeded. The nominal breakup altitude for spacecraft is considered to be 78 km. Larger, sturdier, and denser satellites generally breakup at lower altitudes. Solar arrays frequently break off the spacecraft parent body around 90-95 km because of the aerodynamic forces causing the allowable bending moment to be exceeded at the array/spacecraft attach point.
After spacecraft (or parent body) breakup, individual components or fragments will continue to lose altitude and receive aeroheating until they either demise or survive to impact the Earth. Many spacecraft components are made of aluminum, which has a low melting point. As a result, these components usually demise at a higher altitude. On the other hand, if an object is made of a material with a high melting point, (e.g., titanium, stainless steel, beryllium, carbon-carbon), the object will demise at a lower altitude and in many cases will survive. Also, if an object is contained inside a housing, the housing must demise before the internal object receives significant aeroheating. Some objects may have a very high melting point temperature such that they can never demise, but are so light (e.g., tungsten shims) that they impact with a very low velocity. As a result, the kinetic energy at impact is sometimes under 15 J, a threshold below which the probability of human casualty is very low. Thus, the debris casualty areas computed for these objects do not figure into the total debris casualty area in a reentry survivability analysis.
The reentry survivability of spacecraft components is computed by either of two NASA methods. One is the Debris Assessment Software (DAS), a conservative, lower-fidelity software tool found under the "Mitigation" section and the second is a more accurate and higher-fidelity software tool called the Object Reentry Survival Analysis Tool (ORSAT).
References
External links
Official NASA Orbital Debris Program website
NASA groups, organizations, and centers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA%20Orbital%20Debris%20Program%20Office |
The Arches was a bar, arts venue, theatre, live music venue and nightclub in Glasgow, Scotland, which first opened in 1991. It was a not-for-profit organisation, and was situated in the City Centre under Glasgow Central station and the West Coast Main Line in the brick arches of the viaduct leading into the station, with entrances on Midland Street, and (since 2001) an entrance underneath Hielanman's Umbrella on Argyle Street. The venue had of floor space which was spread over two floors and seven arches. In June 2015, The Arches announced on their website that the company would go into administration and had no choice but to close down the facility, after its licensing hours had been curtailed.
History
The site of the venue was a previously derelict area below the Glasgow Central railway station, which was converted to house the exhibition Glasgow's Glasgow during the city's year as European City of Culture. In 1991, after the exhibition had ended, the space was obtained by Andy Arnold, who would become the venue's artistic director, for the purposes of creating a theatre. Realising that theatre productions required substantial funding, Arnold decided to stage nightclub events to support his projects, and this practice continued until the venue's closure, the clubbing revenues helping to fund what became one of Europe's leading cultural venues.
In early 2007, The Arches was voted 12th best club in the world by DJs in a DJ Magazine poll.
In January 2008, Andy Arnold left The Arches to become the artistic director at the Tron Theatre. He was succeeded as artistic director and joint chief executive by Jackie Wylie, formerly the venue's Arts Programmer.
In April 2015, The Arches announced on Facebook that their nightclub licence had been removed from them. DJs, artists, performers showed anger all over the world. A petition started to reinstate the licence gained over 40,000 signatures, while over 400 figures from the Scottish cultural scene, including Irvine Welsh, Liz Lochhead and members of Franz Ferdinand, Belle and Sebastian and Mogwai, signed a letter asking the Scottish government to ensure that The Arches remained open as an arts venue.
In June 2015, The Arches announced on social media that the company would go into administration and would have no choice but to close down the facility.
The Arches building was reopened as Platform food market since February 2018.
Brickwork: A Biography of The Arches was published by Salamander Street in November 2021 containing accounts from directors, DJs, performers, clubbers, artists, bar tenders, actors, audiences and staff.
Theatre
Arnold set up The Arches Theatre Company to perform interpretations of work by playwrights including Samuel Beckett, Tennessee Williams, David Mamet, Harold Pinter and two unperformed works by the novelist James Kelman, generally receiving favourable ratings from the Scottish Arts Council.
He was also inspired by the size and atmospherics of the space to put on unusual productions such as Arthur Miller's The Crucible in the building's damp, dark basement with the audience seated on church pews, Metropolis – The Theatre Cut, a promenade version of Fritz Lang's film featuring a cast of 100, and a staging of Seamus Heaney's translation of the epic poem Beowulf. For the building's fifteenth anniversary in 2006, Arnold conceived and directed the critically acclaimed production Spend A Penny, a series of one-on-one monologues staged in the venue's toilet cubicles, featuring work by playwrights including Liz Lochhead.
When Jackie Wylie took over the arts programme in 2008, The Arches built on its increasing reputation for nurturing emergent talent from across the country. The Guardian's theatre critic Lyn Gardner described the venue's significance under Wylie's direction:The Arches was one of the reasons that in recent years Glasgow has become a magnet for young performance-makers; many of those who forge careers there take the work on to festivals and theatres across the world. It is as significant as Battersea Arts Centre, in London, in the way it nurtures tomorrow.Between 2008 and 2015, The Arches developed a whole new generation of playwright-performers, including Rob Drummond, Kieran Hurley, Gary McNair and Julia Taudevin, and performance artists like Nic Green, Robert Softley Gale and Adrian Howells. Wylie commissioned and developed international touring multi-award-winning productions including Nic Green's Trilogy, Rob Drummond's Bullet Catch and Kieran Hurley's Beats. Drummond credits The Arches with allowing him to develop his work into a career in theatre. Having rebranded and redeveloped the nine-year-old Arches Theatre Festival into Behaviour, an internationally significant festival of contemporary performance which brought companies and artists like Mammalian Diving Reflex, Ontroerend Goed, Gob Squad, The TEAM, Ann Liv Young, Taylor Mac and Tim Crouch to Scotland, Wylie also co-commissioned performances such as DEREVO's Natura Morte, and Linder Sterling's 13 hour performance Darktown Cakewalk.
Nightclub events
The Arches played host to club nights since 1992 with some nights being promoted by outside companies and others being in-house productions. Notable long-running regular clubs to be held in the venue included:
Slam at the Arches
One of the first club nights to be hosted in The Arches, Slam ran every Friday between 1992 and 1998. Originally the night was held in now defunct Glasgow venue Tin Pan Alley and later The Sub Club. It was hosted by local techno producers Slam but also featured regular guests, most notably Underworld and Daft Punk (in their first UK appearance in 1997).
Pressure
In 1998, after six years of running Friday club nights at The Arches, Slam created a bigger, monthly event, Pressure, on the last Friday of every month. The night had at least two rooms of music playing mainly house and techno. Pressure saw some of the largest names in dance music play The Arches, including Jeff Mills, Carl Craig, Derrick Carter, Richie Hawtin, Laurent Garnier, Felix da Housecat, Ricardo Villalobos, Boys Noize, Vitalic, and Erol Alkan.
Other club nights
Other well-established club nights at the Arches included:
Colours (1995)
Inside Out (1996)
Death Disco (2002)
Octopussy (2005)
Alien Wars
In 2008, The Arches reprieved its Alien War attraction, which originally took place in 1992, and transformed it into Alien Wars. The initial show was an Alien-inspired tour, recreating the atmosphere and horror of the Alien films. Many celebrities were linked to this attraction, when staged in London, including: Sigourney Weaver, who participated; Sylvester Stallone, whose restaurant was next door, and declined to take part; and, Michael Jackson, whose bodyguards visited but apparently didn't finish the tour. Sigourney Weaver, when asked to comment on her experience, said "Although I have been through the movies, I was screaming as much as everyone else."
The organisers, who had a contract for the first attraction with 20th Century Fox, the copyright holders to the Alien franchise, decided to go beyond this limitation and develop their own storyline, thus freeing themselves of the contractual constraints imposed by Fox. The 2008 storyline is centred on an alien vessel being discovered in the basement by workmen, guarded by the military for the last couple of years, and to which visitors are escorted by "space marines".
See also
List of electronic dance music venues
References
External links
The Arches, Glasgow venue page at Last.fm
Music venues in Glasgow
Nightclubs in Glasgow
Theatres in Glasgow
Electronic dance music venues
Arts organisations based in Scotland
1991 establishments in Scotland
2015 disestablishments in Scotland
Defunct nightclubs in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Arches%20%28Glasgow%29 |
Babalon A.D. (So Glad for the Madness) is a DVD single by Cradle of Filth, released on 3 March 2003 by record label Sony.
It reached number 35 in the UK Singles Chart.
Content
Babalon is not a misspelling of Babylon, but refers to the "Scarlet Woman", "Great Mother" or "Mother of Abominations" from Aleister Crowley's mystical system ("Mother of Abominations" is also the name of track 13 on Cradle's Nymphetamine album).
Music video
The video is an homage to Pier Paolo Pasolini's famous final film Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom, based on the Marquis de Sade's novel.
The video begins with a closeup of Dani Filth's face hidden in the shadows. The camera cuts to a young maid in a restroom who notices a digital camcorder, sits down in a toilet stall and looks at the camera for any footage present. The video on the camcorder shows the Cradle of Filth band members in something like an empty dance hall, sharply dressed, systematically abusing and humiliating half a dozen young men and women, while Dani directs proceedings with a megaphone. Near the video's end, Dani is seen looking at himself in an antique mirror, which he then spins around and points at the camera operator, revealing that the maid herself was recording the band's activities. In the restroom, the maid looks horrified. We then cut back to the torture room, now vacant and poorly lit, to find the maid alone with the libertine tormentors, and forced into a chair as Dani takes the camera and another band member takes a director's clapperboard labelled "Pandora's Box." The young lady weeps as she is taunted, yelled at, and ridiculed. Back in the bathroom, the footage on the digital camcorder cuts off and the maid looks up with terror etched on her face. The video ends with what appears to be a static-filled picture, but Dani's face can be seen in it.
Track listing
"Babalon A.D. (So Glad for the Madness)" — 05:38
"Serpent Tongue" — 05:10
"Freakshow Gallery" - 5:50
"Merchandise Details" - 1:18
"Band Biography" - 10:02
References
Cradle of Filth video albums
2003 video albums
Cradle of Filth songs
Music video compilation albums
2003 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babalon%20A.D.%20%28So%20Glad%20for%20the%20Madness%29 |
Extrachromosomal DNA (abbreviated ecDNA) is any DNA that is found off the chromosomes, either inside or outside the nucleus of a cell. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes contained in the nucleus. Multiple forms of extrachromosomal DNA exist, and, while some of these serve important biological functions, they can also play a role in diseases such as cancer.
In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids, whereas, in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as bacterial cells engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research into replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.
Although extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is found in normal eukaryotic cells, extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a distinct entity that has been identified in the nuclei of cancer cells and has been shown to carry many copies of driver oncogenes. ecDNA is considered to be a primary mechanism of gene amplification, resulting in many copies of driver oncogenes and very aggressive cancers.
Extrachromosomal DNA in the cytoplasm has been found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA were different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA. In cancer cells, ecDNA have been shown to be primarily isolated to the nucleus (reviewed in ).
In addition to DNA found outside the nucleus in cells, infection by viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
Prokaryotic
Although prokaryotic organisms do not possess a membrane-bound nucleus like eukaryotes, they do contain a nucleoid region in which the main chromosome is found. Extrachromosomal DNA exists in prokaryotes outside the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids. Bacterial plasmids are typically short sequences, consisting of 1 to a few hundred kilobase (kb) segments, and contain an origin of replication which allows the plasmid to replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. The total number of a particular plasmid within a cell is referred to as the copy number and can range from as few as two copies per cell to as many as several hundred copies per cell. Circular bacterial plasmids are classified according to the special functions that the genes encoded on the plasmid provide. Fertility plasmids, or f plasmids, allow for conjugation to occur whereas resistance plasmids, or r plasmids, contain genes that convey resistance to a variety of different antibiotics such as ampicillin and tetracycline. Virulence plasmids contain the genetic elements necessary for bacteria to become pathogenic. Degradative plasmids that contain genes that allow bacteria to degrade a variety of substances such as aromatic compounds and xenobiotics. Bacterial plasmids can also function in pigment production, nitrogen fixation and the resistance to heavy metals.
Naturally occurring circular plasmids can be modified to contain multiple resistance genes and several unique restriction sites, making them valuable tools as cloning vectors in biotechnology. Circular bacterial plasmids are also the basis for the production of DNA vaccines. Plasmid DNA vaccines are genetically engineered to contain a gene which encodes for an antigen or a protein produced by a pathogenic virus, bacterium or other parasites. Once delivered into the host, the products of the plasmid genes will then stimulate both the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response of the host. The plasmids are often coated with some type of adjuvant prior to delivery to enhance the immune response from the host.
Linear bacterial plasmids have been identified in several species of spirochete bacteria, including members of the genus Borrelia (to which the pathogen responsible for Lyme disease belongs), several species of the gram positive soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces, and in the gram negative species Thiobacillus versutus, a bacterium that oxidizes sulfur. Linear plasmids of prokaryotes are found either containing a hairpin loop or a covalently bonded protein attached to the telomeric ends of the DNA molecule. The adenine-thymine rich hairpin loops of the Borrelia bacteria range in size from 5 kilobase pairs (kb) to over 200 kb and contain the genes responsible for producing a group of major surface proteins, or antigens, on the bacteria that allow it to evade the immune response of its infected host. The linear plasmids which contain a protein that has been covalently attached to the 5’ end of the DNA strands are known as invertrons and can range in size from 9 kb to over 600 kb consisting of inverted terminal repeats. The linear plasmids with a covalently attached protein may assist with bacterial conjugation and integration of the plasmids into the genome. These types of linear plasmids represent the largest class of extrachromosomal DNA as they are not only present in certain bacterial cells, but all linear extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in eukaryotic cells also take on this invertron structure with a protein attached to the 5’ end.
The long, linear "borgs" that co-occur with a species of archaeon – which may host them and shares many of their genes – could be an unknown form of extrachromosomal DNA structures.
Eukaryotic
Mitochondrial
Mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the mitochondrial matrix. In multicellular animals, including humans, the circular mtDNA chromosome contains 13 genes that encode proteins that are part of the electron transport chain and 24 genes for Other mitochondrial proteins; these genes are broken down into 2 rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes. The size of an animal mtDNA plasmid is roughly 16.6 kb and, although it contains genes for tRNA and mRNA synthesis, proteins coded for by nuclear genes are still required for the mtDNA to replicate or for mitochondrial proteins to be translated. There is only one region of the mitochondrial chromosome that does not contain a coding sequence, the 1 kb region known as the D-loop to which nuclear regulatory proteins bind. The number of mtDNA molecules per mitochondrion varies from species to species, as well as between cells with different energy demands. For example, muscle and liver cells contain more copies of mtDNA per mitochondrion than blood and skin cells do. Due to the proximity of the electron transport chain within the mitochondrial inner membrane and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and due to the fact that the mtDNA molecule is not bound by or protected by histones, the mtDNA is more susceptible to DNA damage than nuclear DNA. In cases where mtDNA damage does occur, the DNA can either be repaired via base excision repair pathways, or the damaged mtDNA molecule is destroyed (without causing damage to the mitochondrion since there are multiple copies of mtDNA per mitochondrion).
The standard genetic code by which nuclear genes are translated is universal, meaning that each 3-base sequence of DNA codes for the same amino acid regardless of what species from which the DNA comes. However, this code is quite universal and is slightly different in mitochondrial DNA of fungi, animals, protists and plants. While most of the 3-base sequences (codons) in the mtDNA of these organisms do code for the same amino acids as those of the nuclear genetic code, a few are different.
The coding differences are thought to be a result of chemical modifications in the transfer RNAs that interact with the messenger RNAs produced as a result of transcribing the mtDNA sequences.
Chloroplast
Eukaryotic chloroplasts, as well as the other plant plastids, also contain extrachromosomal DNA molecules. Most chloroplasts house all of their genetic material in a single ringed chromosome, however in some species there is evidence of multiple smaller ringed plasmids. A recent theory that questions the current standard model of ring shaped chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), suggests that cpDNA may more commonly take a linear shape. A single molecule of cpDNA can contain anywhere from 100 to 200 genes and varies in size from species to species. The size of cpDNA in higher plants is around 120–160 kb. The genes found on the cpDNA code for mRNAs that are responsible for producing necessary components of the photosynthetic pathway as well as coding for tRNAs, rRNAs, RNA polymerase subunits, and ribosomal protein subunits. Like mtDNA, cpDNA is not fully autonomous and relies upon nuclear gene products for replication and production of chloroplast proteins. Chloroplasts contain multiple copies of cpDNA and the number can vary not only from species to species or cell type to cell type, but also within a single cell depending upon the age and stage of development of the cell. For example, cpDNA content in the chloroplasts of young cells, during the early stages of development where the chloroplasts are in the form of indistinct proplastids, are much higher than those present when that cell matures and expands, containing fully mature plastids.
Circular
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) are present in all eukaryotic cells, are usually derived from genomic DNA, and consist of repetitive sequences of DNA found in both coding and non-coding regions of chromosomes. EccDNA can vary in size from less than 2000 base pairs to more than 20,000 base pairs. In plants, eccDNA contain repeated sequences similar to those that are found in the centromeric regions of the chromosomes and in repetitive satellite DNA. In animals, eccDNA molecules have been shown to contain repetitive sequences that are seen in satellite DNA, 5S ribosomal DNA and telomere DNA. Certain organisms, such as yeast, rely on chromosomal DNA replication to produce eccDNA whereas eccDNA formation can occur in other organisms, such as mammals, independently of the replication process. The function of eccDNA have not been widely studied, but it has been proposed that the production of eccDNA elements from genomic DNA sequences add to the plasticity of the eukaryotic genome and can influence genome stability, cell aging and the evolution of chromosomes.
A distinct type of extrachromosomal DNA, denoted as ecDNA, is commonly observed in human cancer cells. ecDNA found in cancer cells contain one or more genes that confer a selective advantage. ecDNA are much larger than eccDNA, and are visible by light microscopy. ecDNA in cancers generally range in size from 1-3 MB and beyond. Large ecDNA molecules have been found in the nuclei of human cancer cells and are shown to carry many copies of driver oncogenes, which are transcribed in tumor cells. Based on this evidence it is thought that ecDNA contributes to cancer growth.
Specialized tools exist that allow ecDNA to be identified, such as
software developed by Paul Mischel and Vineet Bafna that allows ecDNA to be identified in microscopic images
"Circle-Seq, a method for physically isolating ecDNA from cells, removing any remaining linear DNA with enzymes, and sequencing the circular DNA that remains", developed by Birgitte Regenberg and her team at the University of Copenhagen.
Viral
Viral DNA are an example of extrachromosomal DNA. Understanding viral genomes is very important for understanding the evolution and mutation of the virus. Some viruses, such as HIV and oncogenic viruses, incorporate their own DNA into the genome of the host cell. Viral genomes can be made up of single stranded DNA (ssDNA), double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and can be found in both linear and circular form.
One example of infection of a virus constituting as extrachromosomal DNA is the human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV DNA genome undergoes three distinct stages of replication: establishment, maintenance and amplification. HPV infects epithelial cells in the anogenital tract and oral cavity. Normally, HPV is detected and cleared by the immune system. The recognition of viral DNA is an important part of immune responses. For this virus to persist, the circular genome must be replicated and inherited during cell division.
Recognition by host cell
Cells can recognize foreign cytoplasmic DNA. Understanding the recognition pathways has implications towards prevention and treatment of diseases. Cells have sensors that can specifically recognize viral DNA such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway.
The Toll Pathway was recognized, first in insects, as a pathway that allows certain cell types to act as sensors capable of detecting a variety of bacterial or viral genomes and PAMPS (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). PAMPs are known to be potent activators of innate immune signaling. There are approximately 10 human Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). Different TLRs in human detect different PAMPS: lipopolysaccharides by TLR4, viral dsRNA by TLR3, viral ssRNA by TLR7/TLR8, viral or bacterial unmethylated DNA by TLR9. TLR9 has evolved to detect CpG DNA commonly found in bacteria and viruses and to initiate the production of IFN (type I interferons ) and other cytokines.
Inheritance
Inheritance of extrachromosomal DNA differs from the inheritance of nuclear DNA found in chromosomes. Unlike chromosomes, ecDNA does not contain centromeres and therefore exhibits a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern that gives rise to heterogeneous cell populations. In humans, virtually all of the cytoplasm is inherited from the egg of the mother. For this reason, organelle DNA, including mtDNA, is inherited from the mother. Mutations in mtDNA or other cytoplasmic DNA will also be inherited from the mother. This uniparental inheritance is an example of non-Mendelian inheritance. Plants also show uniparental mtDNA inheritance. Most plants inherit mtDNA maternally with one noted exception being the redwood Sequoia sempervirens that inherit mtDNA paternally.
There are two theories why the paternal mtDNA is rarely transmitted to the offspring. One is simply the fact that paternal mtDNA is at such a lower concentration than the maternal mtDNA and thus it is not detectable in the offspring. A second, more complex theory, involves the digestion of the paternal mtDNA to prevent its inheritance. It is theorized that the uniparental inheritance of mtDNA, which has a high mutation rate, might be a mechanism to maintain the homoplasmy of cytoplasmic DNA.
Clinical significance
Sometimes called EEs, extrachromosomal elements, have been associated with genomic instability in eukaryotes. Small polydispersed DNAs (spcDNAs), a type of eccDNA, are commonly found in conjunction with genome instability. SpcDNAs are derived from repetitive sequences such as satellite DNA, retrovirus-like DNA elements, and transposable elements in the genome. They are thought to be the products of gene rearrangements.
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) found in cancer have historically been referred to as Double minute chromosomes (DMs), which present as paired chromatin bodies under light microscopy. Double minute chromosomes represent ~30% of the cancer-containing spectrum of ecDNA, including single bodies and have been found to contain identical gene content as single bodies. The ecDNA notation encompasses all forms of the large, oncogene-containing, extrachromosomal DNA found in cancer cells. This type of ecDNA is commonly seen in cancer cells of various histologies, but virtually never in normal cells. ecDNA are thought to be produced through double-strand breaks in chromosomes or over-replication of DNA in an organism. Studies show that in cases of cancer and other genomic instability, higher levels of EEs can be observed.
Mitochondrial DNA can play a role in the onset of disease in a variety of ways. Point mutations in or alternative gene arrangements of mtDNA have been linked to several diseases that affect the heart, central nervous system, endocrine system, gastrointestinal tract, eye, and kidney. Loss of the amount of mtDNA present in the mitochondria can lead to a whole subset of diseases known as mitochondrial depletion syndromes (MDDs) which affect the liver, central and peripheral nervous systems, smooth muscle and hearing in humans. There have been mixed, and sometimes conflicting, results in studies that attempt to link mtDNA copy number to the risk of developing certain cancers. Studies have been conducted that show an association between both increased and decreased mtDNA levels and the increased risk of developing breast cancer. A positive association between increased mtDNA levels and an increased risk for developing kidney tumors has been observed but there does not appear to be a link between mtDNA levels and the development of stomach cancer.
Extrachromosomal DNA is found in Apicomplexa, which is a group of protozoa. The malaria parasite (genus Plasmodium), the AIDS-related pathogen (Taxoplasma and Cryptosporidium) are both members of the Apicomplexa group. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was found in the malaria parasite. There are two forms of extrachromosomal DNA found in the malaria parasites. One of these is 6-kb linear DNA and the second is 35-kb circular DNA. These DNA molecules have been researched as potential nucleotide target sites for antibiotics.
Role of ecDNA in cancer
Gene amplification is among the most common mechanisms of oncogene activation. Gene amplifications in cancer are often on extrachromosomal, circular elements. One of the primary functions of ecDNA in cancer is to enable the tumor to rapidly reach high copy numbers, while also promoting rapid, massive cell-to-cell genetic heterogeneity. The most commonly amplified oncogenes in cancer are found on ecDNA and have been shown to be highly dynamic, re-integrating into non-native chromosomes as homogeneous staining regions (HSRs) and altering copy numbers and composition in response to various drug treatments.
ecDNA is responsible for a large number of the more advanced and most serious cancers, as well as for the resistance to anti-cancer drugs.
The circular shape of ecDNA differs from the linear structure of chromosomal DNA in meaningful ways that influence cancer pathogenesis. Oncogenes encoded on ecDNA have massive transcriptional output, ranking in the top 1% of genes in the entire transcriptome. In contrast to bacterial plasmids or mitochondrial DNA, ecDNA are chromatinized, containing high levels of active histone marks, but a paucity of repressive histone marks. The ecDNA chromatin architecture lacks the higher-order compaction that is present on chromosomal DNA and is among the most accessible DNA in the entire cancer genome.
EcDNAs could be clustered together within the nucleus, which can be referred to as ecDNA hubs. Spacially, ecDNA hubs could cause intermolecular enhancer–gene interactions to promote oncogene overexpression.
References
Further reading
DNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal%20DNA |
The Karkheh or Karkhen کرخه (perhaps the river known as the Gihon—one of the four rivers of Eden/Paradise to the Bible and as the Choaspes in ancient times; also called Eulæus; Hebrew: אולי Ulai) is a river in Khūzestān Province, Iran (ancient Susiana).
Description
The river rises in the Zagros Mountains, and passes west of Shush (ancient Susa), eventually falling in ancient times into the Tigris just below its confluence with the Euphrates very near to the Iran-Iraq border. In modern times, after approaching within of the Dez River, it turns to the southwest and then, northwest of Ahvaz, turns northwest and is absorbed by the Hawizeh Marshes that straddle the Iran–Iraq border. Its peculiarly sweet water was sacred to the use of the Persian kings. Ancient names for the Karkheh should be treated as conjectural because the bed of the river has changed in historic times, and because a nearby watercourse between the Karkheh and the Dez River, the Shaur, confuses the identification.
The problem with the ancient names is that while the Karkheh flows a kilometre or two west of Susa, another major watercourse flows parallel to the Karkheh within a few kilometres east of Susa. When these rivers are in flood stage, the entire area south of Susa can be flooded, as the waters of the two watercourses mingle. The watercourse a kilometre or two east of Susa, now called the Shaur, flows east between the Haft Tepe and Shaur ridges into the Dez River, north of where the Dez and Karun rivers merge. At some previous time, the Karkheh may have joined the eastern end of the Shaur. The timing of these changes is not known with any certainty. The ancient name of the Shaur may have been the Choaspes.
The river is mentioned in the Bible, Book of Daniel 8:2,16, and should not be confused with the Choaspes River in modern-day Afghanistan, which flows into the Indus.
The river is currently the location of the Karkheh Dam and hydro-power plant in Iran.
See also
Az Karkheh ta Rhein
Notes and references
External links
Choaspes (Karkheh), Photographs of the river: Livius.
Karkheh river marshes, BirdLife IBA Factsheet, BirdLife International.
Rivers of Iran
Landforms of Khuzestan Province
Rivers in Mandaeism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkheh%20River |
St John's College, or the College of St John the Evangelist, is a residential college within the University of Sydney.
Established in 1857, the college is the oldest Roman Catholic, and second-oldest overall, university college in Australia. St John's is a co-educational community of 252 undergraduate and postgraduate students. The rector, Mark Schembri, has held his position since 2022.
History
The College of St. John the Evangelist was founded by Archbishop John Bede Polding, who named it after the author of the fourth Gospel. The symbol of St John's College is the eagle, the traditional symbol of St. John. St. John's is the oldest Catholic tertiary educational institution in Australia, and the first Catholic college to be established in a preexisting, non-Catholic university in the English-speaking world since the Reformation.
In 1854, the first effort to establish a Catholic college within the University of Sydney was made at a meeting in old St Mary's Cathedral. The New South Wales government promised a pound-for-pound subsidy capped at a £20,000 limit, if at least £10,000 were raised by public subscription. The amount was met within six months from July 1857. On 15 December 1857, the act to incorporate St John's College as a college within the University of Sydney passed in the Parliament of New South Wales, and received the Royal Assent from Queen Victoria. The proclamation of the St John's College Council took place on 1 July 1858.
In 1887, James Francis Hogan wrote in The Irish in Australia that "Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, St. Joseph's College, Hunters Hill and St John's College, affiliated to the University of Sydney, are three educational institutions which reflect the highest credit on the Catholic population of the parent colony".
English Benedictine influence
St. John's was established as a Benedictine foundation by Archbishop Polding, who had formerly been an English Benedictine monk at Downside Abbey. The English Benedictines were prominent in the raising of public support for the founding of St John's; Dom Maurus O'Connell, Dean of St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, and the first Australian-born Benedictine priest, was appointed as the first rector of the college in 1858. When Roger Bede Vaughan, a former monk of Downside Abbey, arrived in Sydney as Polding's coadjutor bishop in 1873, he was elected by the fellows as rector. Vaughan retained the rectorship until he succeeded Polding as archbishop in his own right, but continued to live in the college and use it as his episcopal palace. Vaughan's secretary—Anselm Gillett, a monk of Ampleforth, who had been resident at Belmont Priory during Vaughan's time as superior before his departure for Australia—acted as rector during Vaughan's time as archbishop. After Vaughan's death and Gillett's return to England, another Benedictine, Fr. David Barry, was appointed rector in 1884. In the latter part of the 19th century, the College Council was dominated by clerical fellows who were Benedictine monks, and the majority of its students were affiliated with Benedictine Lyndhurst College, Glebe.
The carved Gothic-style reliquary box in the chapel contains the skull of St. Bede the Lesser, a Benedictine monk who died before AD 1000. The relic had been preserved in a reliquary in the church of St. Benignus at Genoa, served by the Benedictine monks of Monte Cassino until the early 19th century. The relic was transported to Sydney by the missionary priest Martial Mary and presented to Archbishop Vaughan while he was residing in the college.
Governance
Government of the college is vested in the College Council by the 1857 Act of Incorporation The Council consists of the Rector and eighteen Fellows, six of whom must be Catholic clergy. The Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, currently the Most Rev. Anthony Fisher, takes the role of Visitor of the college. This is a largely ceremonial role, but he can also be called on to give guidance and resolve internal disputes. Under the direction of the Archbishop as Visitor, the college associates itself with the interests of the Church and its mission, particularly by the fostering of appropriate academic directions in education, charity, social justice, ethics and the environment.
Rectors
Visitors
Fellows
St John's College has a number of honorary fellows. These are distinguished members of the university and wider community who have been selected to support the rector by representing the interests of the college in their own spheres and by mentoring students
Student club
The student club is the body that looks after much of the day-to-day activity of the students of the college. Formed in 1891, the club is governed by its own constitution and is led by its house committee. This committee is elected by the students at the end of each academic year. The activities of the club are varied, ranging across social, cultural, sporting, and disciplinary areas. The house committee comprises the House President, House Secretary, House Treasurer and six committee members.
Architecture
Architects
In February 1859, William Wilkinson Wardell, the architect of St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney and St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne, was appointed the architect for St John's College. Working from his design for Melbourne, he drew up general plans and sent them to Sydney in May 1859. Wardell originally designed St. John's College as a three-story sandstone Gothic Revival building on an H-shaped plan. Because of budget restrictions, with a limit of £30,000, in July and August there was discussion of Wardell's design and of how much of it could be built. In September and October the general plans were approved by the St John's Council and the university senate.
From October 1859 to April 1860, relations between Wardell and the council deteriorated for various reasons, resulting in Wardell's resignation in June 1860. With the main building program already in progress, the council retained Wardell's plans and proceeded with the construction under the supervision of Edmund Blacket, another of Australia's best-known colonial architects, who had finished construction of the first stage of St. Paul's College, Sydney, the previous year. When Blacket was appointed to supervise the construction of St John's, several changes were made to Wardell's specifications: Australian hardwood was substituted for pitch pine, bar trusses were used in the chapel, a fountain was dropped from the plans, common rather than fire bricks were used, Portland stone was replaced by Colonel stone, and ornamental pillars were incorporated into the design of the library. Blacket estimated that these and other changes would save £1,689, leaving the amended quote at £35,754 pounds. When the college was finally occupied, the cost of construction for the first stage was £40,000.
Original building
St John's College is perhaps the grandest Gothic Revival building in New South Wales. Designed by one of England's (and Australia's) foremost ecclesiastical architects of the mid-19th century, it is unique in Sydney collegiate architecture in its combination of scale, quality and construction. A rare realisation of Pugin's ideal Catholic college (and in turn based on Magdalen College, Oxford), it demonstrates the influence of Pugin on the work of William Wardell. It is a notable example of the period when Pugin's insistence on archaeological accuracy was giving way to the more eclectic influences of the High Victorian generation.
Built entirely in sandstone, the college is 14th century English Gothic in style, and substantially Renaissance Baroque in plan, in the manner of Wardell's earlier monasteries and convents. The principal floor or piano nobile is above the ground floor and is related to a central space (the ante-chapel) by a series of classical enfilades. The arrangement of the ground floor entry vestibule, and the formal, axially linked Imperial staircase are equally classical in inspiration. In this respect St John's is unlike the traditional layout of an English university college. The formal parts of the building are very grand, particularly if compared to the almost domestic scale of Blacket's contemporary St Paul's College.
The main facade on the north wing is a typical exercise in Victorian near-symmetry, with the central tower nearly in the middle. Under the tower is a porte-cochère. Continuing south along the visitor's line of entry on the main axis is a visually low, dark vestibule. This enhances the view, through an open arcade and transverse passage, of the more brightly sidelit formal stone staircase. To the north of the stair hall on the principal floor is the central space. To the east of this space is the chapel, viewed through an arcaded screen. To the south is a vista across the stairwell, through an ante-room to the library and on to the students' accommodation. To the west is the Great Hall, although this was not visible from the central space on Wardell's original design. Lastly, through a wide opening to the north is the Lady Chapel in the tower.
Chapel and Lady Chapel
The Chapel of St John's College, unusual in being located on the first floor, was completed in 1863. The chapel has a plan that includes five bays. The two bays at the east end are distinguished as a chancel by a change in floor level. The eastern half of the chapel is in the traditional collegiate Choir arrangement. The details of the tracery and mouldings are late 13th and early 14th century English Gothic. There is a small gallery over the chapel, originally designed to enable invalids from the infirmary to hear Mass. The chapel is covered by a high wooden roof
Many of the sanctuary furnishings are believed to have been designed by Blackett in the 1860s, including the Blessed Sacrament shrine, which is made of Bondi Gold sandstone, the tabernacle, cedar choir stalls and pews. The walls of keyed sandstone were originally covered in plasterwork with Pugin-like decoration, but the plasterwork was completely removed in 1963. The chapel's wrought-iron gates were designed by Herbert Wardell and George Denning and installed in 1921. The chapel contains five stained glass windows, three of which were commissioned in 1918 from John Hardman and Co., Birmingham, with the design based on the writings of St. Bonaventure, quoted by Cardinal Newman. The eastern window, also from Hardman and Co., was presented to the college by Countess Freehill in 1937, in memory of her late husband, Francis Bede Freehill. The embellished sanctuary and Lady Chapel mosaics were also presented by Countess Freehill and laid by Melocco Co., in 1916–17 and 1937 respectively (approximately the same time as the Kelly Chapel floor at St Mary's Cathedral). The sanctuary features an oak reredos and panelling designed by Herbert Wardell, as well as two life-sized carved statues of the Virgin Mary and St. John the Evangelist, which were made by Koffmefer of Munich.
Great Hall
The Great Hall, or dining hall, is a space with a large wooden roof of collar beams and arched braces, with king post and raking queen posts. Each truss is visually supported by short stone shafts with foliate capitals and corbels in the early 14th century manner, as is the tracery. The formal entry stairs intended to be placed to the south have never been built, and the original eastern wall has been replaced by an open arcade. On the western wall of the Great Hall is the Purcell Window, completed in 1930 by Hardman & Co. Birmingham. The upper windows contain the coats of arms of the universities of Sydney, Oxford (trefoils), Cambridge (trefoils), Paris (left soufflet) and St. John's College (right soufflet). The Great Hall has on display a collection of portraits of past visitors, rectors, fellows, and students, with the most significant portrait being Archbishop Polding / Gallery oil painting of Archbishop Polding DSB, 1866, by Eugene Montagu Scott (1835–1909), which was originally commissioned for St Mary's Cathedral.
Brennan Hall and library
Brennan Hall is named after the notable Australian poet and classical scholar Christopher Brennan (1870–1932), who was a regular visitor and close friend of Maurice J. O'Reilly, the then rector. Brennan Hall has a double arcade of slender wooden piers. Each pier has four engaged shafts with appropriate bases and capitals supporting arched braces. All motifs are in the 14th century manner, like the reticulated tracery in the square loaded windows. Brennan Hall is more grand than convenient, as it is a major thoroughfare.
The library holds several collections of books donated by past rectors and fellows of the college, contained in custom-made locked shelving units as a private library of books of historical relevance to the college. The stained glass windows on the eastern and western walls of the library are by Hardman & Co., Birmingham. The eastern windows contain the coats of arms of Bishop Davis, Archbishop Polding, St John's College, and Archbishop Vaughan. The western windows contain the coat of arms of William Bernard Ullathorne, Cardinal Moran and Archbishop Kelly.
Later developments: 1918–present
In 1918, Wardell's son, Herbert, working with his partner George Denning, designed what is known as the '38 wing (it was eventually begun in 1938), estimating the cost at £14,000. Construction was not started for 20 years because of lack of funds and was finally finished on a reduced scale in 1939.
In 1937 Countess Freehill donated £15,000 to the college on the conditions that it be used for the erection of the tower and that Hennessy and Hennessy be the architects. The design for the tower was 10 metres shorter than Wardell would have liked. Wardell believed that without the full height of the tower, the horizontal aspect of the building would not be balanced. Nonetheless, the tower was built to the amended design.
The 1960s saw great activity, with extensions to the college. In 1961, one hundred years after the first construction, Menzies Wing On the east end of the South Range was begun. The architects were McDonell, Mar and Anderson. The Menzies Wing was opened by the Right Honourable Robert Menzies and blessed by Cardinal Norman Gilroy on 14 May 1961. In 1962 the refectory was extended through to where the sacristies were, leaving an open arcade where the eastern wall had been. The Polding Wing was built on the west end of the South Range in 1967 and opened by Sir Roden Cutler and blessed by Archbishop James Carroll on 26 November 1967. Although these wings are four-storeyed and very different from the design of Wardell, the architects have looked back to his design for guidance and inspiration. Their modifications of Wardell's original design enabled the present building to accommodate 181 students.
Student life
St. John's College offers a traditional Oxbridge-style "collegial" experience of university life, situated on grounds within the University of Sydney's main campus.
Academic life
The college is primarily an academic community. Academic assistance is provided to scholars by the academic coordinator, assisted by a team of resident and non-resident tutors comprising senior and postgraduate scholars and university teaching staff and academics. The tutorial program is comprehensive (over 50 subjects per week), designed to supplement the teaching programs provided by the university.
Chapel
The St. John's College chapel was completed in 1863 in the Gothic Revival style as part of the northern wing and longitudinal arm of the college. The chapel is actively used as a place of worship and also for weddings, concerts, and other college events. Catholic Mass is celebrated in the chapel weekly on Sundays at 5.30 pm during the academic year, and on other important liturgical occasions. Each Wednesday after formal dinner night prayer is held in the chapel. Adoration and Benediction is held regularly throughout the semester and during stu-vac. All students of the college are encouraged to worship as a community, and the chapel is kept open at all times for prayer and personal reflection.
Formal dinners
Formal dinners are held at 6.30 pm on Mondays and Wednesdays throughout the academic year. Attendance is mandatory and all members of the college must wear an academic gown and dress appropriately – men with jacket and tie, women in dress or skirt. There are ample occasions during the academic year when either black tie or lounge suit for men and ballgown or evening gown for women are worn, depending on the event. At formal dinners, traditional formalities are observed. Students enter the Hall and stand in place prior to the arrival of the members of High Table – the Rector, members of the Senior Common Room and other invited guests – who process in after the gong has been sounded. Grace is then said in Latin. Late arrivals should bow to the Rector (or Visitor) and be acknowledged. It is considered discourteous to leave the Hall before the final Grace.
Sport
Sport is an important aspect of collegial life. St. John's College teams compete against the other Sydney colleges in a wide range of sports for the Rawson Cup (men's sport) and the Rosebowl Cup (women's). The Rawson Cup was donated by Sir Harry Rawson in 1906. The Rawson sports are played throughout the university year, including cricket, rowing, rugby, swimming and diving, soccer, tennis, basketball, and athletics. Other sports which feature in the Rosebowl Cup are hockey, netball and softball.
The college has expansive sporting facilities, including a rugby oval, football oval, cricket nets, and floodlit tennis and basketball courts. All college residents are also members of Sydney Uni Sport and Fitness and are entitled to access to all exclusive member benefits and services, including three on-campus gymnasiums and an indoor aquatic centre.
Social and cultural
Major events each year include a college play, an informal, and two black tie formal, balls, and the intercollegiate debating competition. The Student Club operates a bar, 'The Dail', in the area adjacent to the Junior Common Room.
Music and drama
The college choir sings at Mass in the chapel regularly and also performs on other occasions. Concerts to showcase the musical talents of students are presented each year. Arts of Gold is a bi-annual event which showcases the artistic talents of St. John's students to raise money for a selected charity. The college takes part in the Intercollegiate Debating Cup every year, competing with the other colleges of the University of Sydney. Competition is of a high standard, with many college teams consisting of university debaters.
The college competes in the Palladian Cup, in which the colleges compete in solo and group instrumental and dramatic performance. St. John's won the Palladian Cup in 2007 and 2019.
The college enjoys a close relationship with Capella Sublima, an a cappella vocal consort based at St. John's College, where its singers rehearse. In the European Renaissance, a cappella was a group of musicians attached to a cathedral or the court of a monarch. Capella Sublima specialises in choral masterworks of the European Renaissance. Its extensive repertoire includes Josquin, Lassus, Palestrina, Victoria, Guerrero, Tallis and others. Capella Sublima have been recorded for broadcast by ABC Classic FM and numerous other Sydney radio stations.
International students
Currently over ten per cent of St. John's residents come from overseas. Students are present from the United States, Canada, China and Hong Kong, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, and South Africa.
Distinguished alumni
Politics
Tony Abbott – former Prime Minister of Australia
Joe Hockey – former Treasurer of Australia
Frank Sartor – former NSW minister for planning, former minister for Redfern Waterloo, former minister for the arts, and former lord mayor of the City of Sydney
Peter Collins – former NSW leader of the opposition, former NSW minister for health, former NSW attorney-general and former treasurer of NSW.
Greg Bartels – former mayor of City of Willoughby and former secretary of the New South Wales Liberal Party. Bartels Park in Chatswood is named after Greg Bartels.
Law
Justice Richard O'Connor QC – former member of the New South Wales Legislative Council and solicitor-general; former member of the Australian Senate and, in the ministry of Edmund Barton, leader of government in the Senate; and founding justice of the High Court of Australia
Justice Sir Cyril Walsh KBE PC – former Justice of the High Court of Australia
Justice Roderick Meagher AO QC LLD (honoris causa) (Syd) – barrister, legal scholar and former Justice of the Court of Appeal, Supreme Court of New South Wales
Justice John Hailes Flood Nagle AO QC – former Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, Chief Judge at Common Law, and Royal Commissioner into NSW prisons. He was also president of the board of trustees of the Art Gallery of NSW.
Justice Hugh Dennis Macrossan – former Justice of the Supreme Court of Queensland; appointed Senior Puisne Judge in 1926; appointed chief justice, Supreme Court of Queensland in 1940.
John A. McCarthy QC – barrister and Australian Ambassador to the Holy See
Business
Sir David Higgins – chief executive of Network Rail and former CEO of the London 2012 Olympic Delivery Authority and of Lend Lease Corporation
Sir Michael Hintze GCSG, AM – founder and CEO of asset managers CQS Management
Francis Bede Freehill – a founder of the City Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd., director of the Australian Newspaper Co. Ltd., and co-founder of the Catholic Press
Diplomacy
Michael L'Estrange AO – former secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, former Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, and Rhodes Scholar
Academics
Paul D. Scully-Power AM – Australia's first astronaut, former chairman of the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority, former chief technology officer of Tenix, and former chancellor of Bond University
James Franklin – historian, mathematician, and philosopher
Sport
Luke Burgess – former NSW Waratahs and Wallaby Halfback.
Sam Carter – Brumbies and Wallabies Lock
Ed Fernon – Olympic Modern Pentathlete
Nathan Haas – UCI WorldTour cyclist on team Garmin–Cervélo
Richard St John Honner – Australian Olympian (1926 – 400m, 400m hurdles, long jump)
Paddy Ryan – Waratahs and Wallabies Prop
Daniel Vickerman – former Waratah and Wallaby
Rhodes Scholars
Terence Glasheen MBE (1938)
Air Vice-Marshal Colin Hingston AM (1972)
Michael L'Estrange AO (1976)
The Hon Tony Abbott MP (1981)
Order of Australia and Order of the British Empire recipients
James Dwyer McGee (1952 – OBE)
Kevin Fagan (1987 – AO – In recognition of service to the welfare of ex-service personnel, to medicine and to the community)
William Norman "Bill" Peach (1991 – AM – For service to the media and to tourism)
Colin Hingston AM (2000 – AM – For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in the field of Strategic Logistics and, in particular, as Head National Support)
Frank Sartor (2002 – AO – For service to the community, particularly through the implementation of plans to improve facilities and infrastructure in the City of Sydney, and to support for the Olympic and Paralympic Games)
Justice Roderick Meagher (2005 – AO – For service to the judiciary, to legal scholarship and professional development, and to the arts)
Michael L'Estrange (2007 – AO – For service to the development and implementation of public policy in Australia, particularly national security and foreign policy, and to international relations through fostering diplomatic, trade and cultural interests, including strengthening Australia's relationship with the United Kingdom)
Papal knighthood recipients
John Lane Mullins KCSG (1920)
Hugh Dennis Macrossan KCSG (1929)
Michael Hintze KCSG (2005)
Walter Burfitt KCSS (1940)
References
External links
St John's College website
St John's College Alumni webpage
Episcopal palaces
Gothic Revival architecture in Sydney
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney
Residential colleges of the University of Sydney
Sandstone buildings in Australia
Universities and colleges established in 1858
1858 establishments in Australia
William Wardell buildings
Edmund Blacket buildings in Sydney
Camperdown, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20John%27s%20College%2C%20University%20of%20Sydney |
Fay Grim is a 2006 espionage thriller film written and directed by Hal Hartley. The film is a sequel to Hartley's 1997 film Henry Fool, and revolves around the title character, played by Parker Posey, the sister of Simon Grim (James Urbaniak). The plot revolves around Fay's attempt to unravel an increasingly violent mystery in Europe.
Hartley began writing the script in 2002, and filming took place in Europe from January to March 2006. It premiered in September at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival, and received a theatrical release in the United States on May 18, 2007. The film was shot almost entirely in Dutch angles, meaning the vast majority of shots are framed diagonally, or "tilted". At the 2007 Sundance Film Festival, Hartley revealed that the two shots in the film's final cut that are not "Dutched" occurred when he and the film crew forgot to tilt the camera.
A sequel, Ned Rifle, was released in 2014.
Plot
Seven years after the events of Henry Fool, Fay Grim (Parker Posey) is coerced by a CIA agent (Jeff Goldblum) to try to locate 'the confession novel' notebooks that belonged to her fugitive husband (Thomas Jay Ryan) whom he believes to be deceased. Fay is launched into a world of espionage as she travels to Paris to retrieve some of the journals, each having mysteriously appeared in the hands of the most unlikely of people. Simon Grim, Fay's brother and Nobel Prize–winning poet because of Henry, remains home with his sister's son, the CIA and his publisher.
Even in death it seems Henry is a force of nature causing life changing ructions in the lives of those he has touched. Fay is surrounded by competing agents all vying for her help in retrieving notebooks as she and Simon start getting clues to what the unpublishable nonsense of The Confession is really all about and why the CIA believe they contain information that could compromise U.S. security. A former air-hostess befriends Fay and reveals she was similarly touched by Henry's chaotic influence and aid her in her efforts.
Fay's whirlwind culminates in a tense meeting with a notorious terrorist and friend of Henry where she has to make the biggest decision of her life.
Cast
Parker Posey as Fay Grim
James Urbaniak as Simon Grim
Liam Aiken as Ned Grim
Jeff Goldblum as Agent Fulbright
Chuck Montgomery as Angus James
Leo Fitzpatrick as Carl Fogg
Saffron Burrows as Juliet
Jasmin Tabatabai as Milla
Elina Löwensohn as Bebe
Thomas Jay Ryan as Henry Fool
Anatole Taubman as Jallal
Nikolai Kinski as Amin
Peter Benedict as Raul Picard
Miho Nikaido as Gnoc Deng
Megan Gay as Principal
John Keogh as Prosecutor
Mehdi Nebbou as Islamic Cleric
Claudia Michelsen as Judge
David Scheller as Convict Husband
Sibel Kekilli as Concierge Istanbul Hotel
Production
Fay Grim, like its predecessor Henry Fool (1997), was directed, written, co-produced and composed by Hal Hartley. Plans for a Henry Fool sequel went back to 1994, when Hartley made a note to himself that the film would be the first in a series. During production of the first film, Hartley joked about making sequels but had no serious plans to do so. A few years after the release of Henry Fool, Hartley began to reconsider the idea of a sequel. When asked by Hartley in April 2002, Parker Posey said she wanted to reprise her role as Fay Grim, prompting Hartley to begin writing the script that year. Although Posey had a smaller role in the first film, Hartley was impressed with her acting and had always intended for the sequel to focus on her character. Reassembling other returning cast members was easy according to Hartley, as the project had been in discussion for years.
Hartley said that Fay Grim was inspired by current world events and the world around him, particularly after the September 11 attacks and the awareness that it raised about terrorism and espionage. He said he wanted to "pull the characters in this direction – into an international espionage farce – because the world was feeling crazy, mixed-up, and very dangerous". He envisioned Fay as "the representative American of a certain type: well-intentioned but ill-informed. This is a story of her getting tossed into the wider world, and hearing and learning about all the complexity at a political level. And she's sort of being a stand-in for people like me -- as hard as I try to understand everything, I never trust that I have a real good grip on it". Hartley read the 2003 mystery thriller novel The Da Vinci Code twice while writing the script as he "wanted to make good on all the genre expectations".
Fay Grim was produced for $2 million, an increase from the $900,000 budget of its predecessor. Executive producer Ted Hope, a longtime collaborator of Hartley's, contacted his friends Joana Vicente and Jason Kilot to produce the film and finance its budget, which included global travel and stunts. The project was announced during the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival. Filming began in Europe in mid-January 2006, and concluded by the end of March. The primary filming location was Berlin, where Hartley had lived since 2004. A number of locations in Berlin stood in for New York, as filming in the actual state was deemed too expensive. Other filming locations included Paris and Istanbul, with some exterior pick-up shots in New York City. It was the first film that Hartley shot in high definition.
Release
Fay Grim premiered at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released in theaters across America on May 18, 2007, with a DVD release the following Tuesday, May 22, in conjunction with Magnolia Pictures' "day-and-date" release strategy.
Reception
Critical reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 46% based on 90 reviews, and an average rating of 5.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Fay Grim is too concerned with its own farcical premise to present a coherent, involving story." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Accolades
The film won the "Audience Choice Award" at the RiverRun International Film Festival in 2007.
References
External links
Fay Grim at Hal Hartley's Website
Fay Grim Production Notes
The Director Interviews: Hal Hartley, Fay Grim at Filmmaker Magazine
2006 films
American sequel films
American comedy-drama films
Films directed by Hal Hartley
2006 comedy-drama films
English-language German films
American avant-garde and experimental films
German sequel films
German comedy-drama films
Magnolia Pictures films
2000s avant-garde and experimental films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s German films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay%20Grim |
The fascia lata is the deep fascia of the thigh. It encloses the thigh muscles and forms the outer limit of the fascial compartments of thigh, which are internally separated by the medial intermuscular septum and the lateral intermuscular septum. The fascia lata is thickened at its lateral side where it forms the iliotibial tract, a structure that runs to the tibia and serves as a site of muscle attachment.
Structure
The fascia lata is an investment for the whole of the thigh, but varies in thickness in different parts. It is thicker in the upper and lateral part of the thigh, where it receives a fibrous expansion from the gluteus maximus, and where the tensor fasciae latae is inserted between its layers; it is very thin behind and at the upper and medial part, where it covers the adductor muscles, and again becomes stronger around the knee, receiving fibrous expansions from the tendon of the biceps femoris laterally, from the sartorius medially, and from the quadriceps femoris in front.
Function
The fascia lata surrounds the tensor fasciae latae muscle. It is a fibrous sheath that encircles the thigh subcutaneously. This encircling of the muscle allows the muscles to be bound together tightly.
Above and behind
The fascia lata is attached, above and behind (i.e. proximal and posterior), to the back of the sacrum and coccyx; laterally, to the iliac crest; in front, to the inguinal ligament, and to the superior ramus of the pubis; and medially, to the inferior ramus of the pubis, to the inferior ramus and tuberosity of the ischium, and to the lower border of the sacrotuberous ligament.
From its attachment to the iliac crest it passes down over the gluteus medius to the upper border of the gluteus maximus, where it splits into two layers, one passing superficial to and the other beneath this muscle; at the lower border of the muscle the two layers reunite.
Laterally
Laterally, the fascia lata receives the greater part of the tendon of insertion of the gluteus maximus, and becomes proportionately thickened.
The portion of the fascia lata attached to the front part of the iliac crest, and corresponding to the origin of the tensor fasciae latae, extends down the lateral side of the thigh as two layers, one superficial to and the other beneath this muscle; at the lower end of the muscle these two layers unite and form a strong band, having first received the insertion of the muscle.
This band is continued downward under the name of the iliotibial band and is attached to the lateral condyle of the tibia.
The part of the iliotibial band which lies beneath the tensor fasciae latae is prolonged upward to join the lateral part of the capsule of the hip joint.
Below
Below, the fascia lata is attached to all the prominent points around the knee joint, viz., the condyles of the femur and tibia, and the head of the fibula.
On either side of the kneecap it is strengthened by transverse fibers from the lower parts of the vasti muscles (three of the four quadriceps) which are attached to and support this bone.
Of these the lateral are the stronger, and are continuous with the iliotibial band.
The deep surface of the fascia lata gives off two strong intermuscular septa, which are attached to the whole length of the linea aspera and its prolongations above and below; the lateral intermuscular septum, the stronger of the two, extends from the insertion of the gluteus maximus to the lateral condyle, separates the vastus lateralis in front from the short head of the biceps femoris behind, and gives partial origin to these muscles; the medial intermuscular septum is the thinner one and separates the vastus medialis from the adductor muscles.
Besides these there are numerous smaller septa, separating the individual muscles, and enclosing each in a distinct sheath.
Deep fascia of leg
The deep fascia of the lower leg is a continuation of the fascia lata.
Clinical significance
Transplantation
Since the 1920s fasciae latae from deceased donors have been used in reconstructive surgery. In 1999 preserved mashed fasciae latae became FDA-approved as a tissue product designed to replace areas of lost fascia or collagen.
The fascia lata normally performs the function of encircling and tightening the muscles in the thigh. Because of this function, it has been used as grafts for patients with facial paralysis. The fascia lata offers supports to the muscles that make up the face and this support increases the recovery of the facial muscles. The surgeons use the fascia lata as a sort of facial sling to support up the paralyzed face and loops the fascia lata around the center of the lower lip, the corner of the mouth and the center of the upper lip.
A small portion of fascia lata harvested through a sub centimeter skin incision on the lower lateral side of the thigh is used for reconstructing the ear drum in tympanoplasty surgery.
A larger portion is used in nasal endoscopic skull base surgery.
History
Etymology
It is named from its great extent. "Latus" give the superlative "Latissimus" meaning broadest or widest.
Additional images
References
Lower limb anatomy
Fascia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia%20lata |
The Wigner distribution function (WDF) is used in signal processing as a transform in time-frequency analysis.
The WDF was first proposed in physics to account for quantum corrections to classical statistical mechanics in 1932 by Eugene Wigner, and it is of importance in quantum mechanics in phase space (see, by way of comparison: Wigner quasi-probability distribution, also called the Wigner function or the Wigner–Ville distribution).
Given the shared algebraic structure between position-momentum and time-frequency conjugate pairs, it also usefully serves in signal processing, as a transform in time-frequency analysis, the subject of this article. Compared to a short-time Fourier transform, such as the Gabor transform, the Wigner distribution function provides the highest possible temporal vs frequency resolution which is mathematically possible within the limitations of the uncertainty principle. The downside is the introduction of large cross terms between every pair of signal components and between positive and negative frequencies, which makes the original formulation of the function a poor fit for most analysis applications. Subsequent modifications have been proposed which preserve the sharpness of the Wigner distribution function but largely suppress cross terms.
Mathematical definition
There are several different definitions for the Wigner distribution function. The definition given here is specific to time-frequency analysis. Given the time series , its non-stationary auto-covariance function is given by
where denotes the average over all possible realizations of the process and is the mean, which may or may not be a function of time. The Wigner function is then given by first expressing the autocorrelation function in terms of the average time and time lag , and then Fourier transforming the lag.
So for a single (mean-zero) time series, the Wigner function is simply given by
The motivation for the Wigner function is that it reduces to the spectral density function at all times for stationary processes, yet it is fully equivalent to the non-stationary autocorrelation function. Therefore, the Wigner function tells us (roughly) how the spectral density changes in time.
Time-frequency analysis example
Here are some examples illustrating how the WDF is used in time-frequency analysis.
Constant input signal
When the input signal is constant, its time-frequency distribution is a horizontal line along the time axis. For example, if x(t) = 1, then
Sinusoidal input signal
When the input signal is a sinusoidal function, its time-frequency distribution is a horizontal line parallel to the time axis, displaced from it by the sinusoidal signal's frequency. For example, if , then
Chirp input signal
When the input signal is a linear chirp function, the instantaneous frequency is a linear function. This means that the time frequency distribution should be a straight line. For example, if
,
then its instantaneous frequency is
and its WDF
Delta input signal
When the input signal is a delta function, since it is only non-zero at t=0 and contains infinite frequency components, its time-frequency distribution should be a vertical line across the origin. This means that the time frequency distribution of the delta function should also be a delta function. By WDF
The Wigner distribution function is best suited for time-frequency analysis when the input signal's phase is 2nd order or lower. For those signals, WDF can exactly generate the time frequency distribution of the input signal.
Boxcar function
,
the rectangular function ⇒
Cross term property
The Wigner distribution function is not a linear transform. A cross term ("time beats") occurs when there is more than one component in the input signal, analogous in time to frequency beats. In the ancestral physics Wigner quasi-probability distribution, this term has important and useful physics consequences, required for faithful expectation values. By contrast, the short-time Fourier transform does not have this feature. Negative features of the WDF are reflective of the Gabor limit of the classical signal and physically unrelated to any possible underlay of quantum structure.
The following are some examples that exhibit the cross-term feature of the Wigner distribution function.
In order to reduce the cross-term difficulty, several approaches have been proposed in the literature, some of them leading to new transforms as the modified Wigner distribution function, the Gabor–Wigner transform, the Choi-Williams distribution function and Cohen's class distribution.
Properties of the Wigner distribution function
The Wigner distribution function has several evident properties listed in the following table.
Projection property
Energy property
Recovery property
Mean condition frequency and mean condition time
Moment properties
Real properties
Region properties
Multiplication theorem
Convolution theorem
Correlation theorem
Time-shifting covariance
Modulation covariance
Scale covariance
Windowed Wigner Distribution Function
When a signal is not time limited, its Wigner Distribution Function is hard to implement. Thus, we add a new function(mask) to its integration part, so that we only have to implement part of the original function instead of integrating all the way from negative infinity to positive infinity. Original function: Function with mask: is real and time-limited
Implementation
According to definition:
Suppose that for for and
We take as example
where is a real function
And then we compare the difference between two conditions.
Ideal:
When mask function , which means no mask function.
3 Conditions
Then we consider the condition with mask function:
We can see that have value only between –B to B, thus conducting with can remove cross term of the function. But if x(t) is not a Delta function nor a narrow frequency function, instead, it is a function with wide frequency or ripple. The edge of the signal may still exist between –B and B, which still cause the cross term problem.
for example:
See also
Time-frequency representation
Short-time Fourier transform
Spectrogram
Gabor transform
Autocorrelation
Gabor–Wigner transform
Modified Wigner distribution function
Optical equivalence theorem
Polynomial Wigner–Ville distribution
Cohen's class distribution function
Wigner quasi-probability distribution
Transformation between distributions in time-frequency analysis
Bilinear time–frequency distribution
References
Further reading
J. Ville, 1948. "Théorie et Applications de la Notion de Signal Analytique", Câbles et Transmission, 2, 61–74 .
T. A. C. M. Classen and W. F. G. Mecklenbrauker, 1980. "The Wigner distribution-a tool for time-frequency signal analysis; Part I," Philips J. Res., vol. 35, pp. 217–250.
L. Cohen (1989): Proceedings of the IEEE 77 pp. 941–981, Time-frequency distributions---a review
L. Cohen, Time-Frequency Analysis, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1995.
S. Qian and D. Chen, Joint Time-Frequency Analysis: Methods and Applications, Chap. 5, Prentice Hall, N.J., 1996.
B. Boashash, "Note on the Use of the Wigner Distribution for Time Frequency Signal Analysis", IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 36, No. 9, pp. 1518–1521, Sept. 1988. . B. Boashash, editor,Time-Frequency Signal Analysis and Processing – A Comprehensive Reference, Elsevier Science, Oxford, 2003, .
F. Hlawatsch, G. F. Boudreaux-Bartels: "Linear and quadratic time-frequency signal representation," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp. 21–67, Apr. 1992.
R. L. Allen and D. W. Mills, Signal Analysis: Time, Frequency, Scale, and Structure, Wiley- Interscience, NJ, 2004.
Jian-Jiun Ding, Time frequency analysis and wavelet transform class notes, the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, 2015.
Kakofengitis, D., & Steuernagel, O. (2017). "Wigner's quantum phase space current in weakly anharmonic weakly excited two-state systems" European Physical Journal Plus 14.07.2017
External links
Sonogram Visible Speech Under GPL Licensed Freeware for the visual extraction of the Wigner Distribution.
Signal processing
Transforms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%20distribution%20function |
WSYR may refer to:
Current stations:
WSYR (AM), a radio station (570 AM) licensed to Syracuse, New York
WSYR-FM, a radio station (106.9 FM) licensed to Solvay, New York
WSYR-TV, a television station (channel 17 / virtual 9) licensed to Syracuse, New York, United States
Former stations:
WPHR-FM, a radio station (94.7 FM) licensed to Gifford, Florida, United States, which held the call sign WSYR-FM from 2003 to 2011
WYYY, a radio station (94.5 FM) licensed to Syracuse, New York, which held the call sign WSYR-FM until 1983
WSTM-TV, a television station (channel 24 / virtual 3) licensed to Syracuse, New York, United States, which held the call sign WSYR-TV from 1950 to 1980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSYR |
(Spanish for "The Massacre") refers to a communist-indigenous rebellion that took place in El Salvador between 22 and 25 January 1932. After the revolt was suppressed, it was followed by large-scale government killings in western El Salvador, which resulted in the deaths of 10,000 to 40,000 people.
On 22 January 1932, members of the Communist Party of El Salvador (PCES) and Pipil peasants launched a rebellion against the Salvadoran military government due to widespread social unrest and the suppression of democratic political freedoms, especially after the cancellation of the results of the 1932 legislative election.
During the rebellion, the communist and indigenous rebels, led by Farabundo Martí and Feliciano Ama, respectively, captured several towns and cities across western El Salvador, killing an estimated 2,000 people and causing over USD$100,000 in property damage. The Salvadoran government, led by General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, who had assumed power following the 1931 Salvadoran coup d'état, declared martial law, and ordered the suppression of the revolt.
Most of the people who were killed during La Matanza, which has been described as an ethnocide, were Pipil peasants and non-combatants, causing the extermination of the majority of the Pipil-speaking population, which led to a near total loss of the spoken language in El Salvador. Many of the rebellion's leaders, including Martí and Ama, were executed by the military. The government's repression also forced several communist leaders to flee the country and go into exile.
Background
Social unrest
Social unrest in El Salvador began to grow in the 1920s. El Salvador had three distinct social classes: the upper class, made up of wealthy landowners; the middle class, composed of politicians and soldiers; and the lower class, which was composed of mostly peasants and workers.
In 1920, a group of communist and socialist students, teachers, and artisans, established the Regional Federation of Salvadoran Workers (FRTS), El Salvador's first trade union to organize rural and urban workers. One of the rural leaders of the FRTS was Farabundo Martí, who, together with Miguel Mármol, founded the Communist Party of El Salvador (PCES) in 1930. Between 1928 and 1932, Martí fought alongside Augusto César Sandino in Nicaragua against the United States' occupation of the country.
Economic problems
In the late-19th and early-20th centuries, the Salvadoran economy was heavily dependent on exporting coffee and coffee beans, which accounted for 75 to 95 percent of all of El Salvador's exports by 1929. Most of the coffee plantations, and the profits made by the plantations, were owned by the so-called "Fourteen Families."
Due to the collapse of coffee prices worldwide as a result of the Great Depression in 1929, coffee producers were unable to cover the cost of producing coffee or pay their workers, leading to various coffee plantations failing and many workers to go unemployed. As a result of the reduced exports, national income fell 50 percent from the year prior, decreasing from USD¢40–50 per day to only USD¢20 per day.
Political situation
Meléndez–Quiñónez dynasty and the 1931 election
On 9 February 1913, Salvadoran President Manuel Enrique Araujo died to his wounds after being attacked by three farmers with machetes in San Salvador during an assassination attempt. After Araujo's death, he was succeeded by a political dynasty; Araujo's vice president, Carlos Meléndez Ramírez, his younger brother, Jorge Meléndez Ramírez, and their brother-in-law, Alfonso Quiñónez Molina, held the presidency of El Salvador from 1913 until 1927 in the so-called "Meléndez–Quiñónez dynasty." The political dynasty ended when Quiñónez Molina chose Pío Romero Bosque as his successor, as there were no other family members who were willing to assume the presidency.
During his term, Romero Bosque lifted restrictions on the existence of political parties in opposition to the ruling National Democratic Party (PDN). In 1931, a general election was held in the country, which is considered by historians to be the first free and fair election in Salvadoran history. The three primary candidates in the election were Alberto Gómez Zárate, the minister of national defense during Romero Bosque's presidency, Arturo Araujo, an engineer and coffee planter who was a distant relative of Manuel Enrique Araujo, and Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, a military officer. Araujo and Hernández Martínez eventually ran together on a joint ticket and defeated Gómez Zárate, although they did not attain a majority of the vote. Despite the military's support for Gómez Zárate and belief that the they would reject the result of the election, the armed forces remained loyal to the results of the election. Additionally, the Communist Party of El Salvador won several municipal elections.
Military coup and the canceled 1932 election
During Araujo's administration, El Salvador was still struggling economically as a result of the Great Depression leading to social unrest across the country. In an attempt to improve the economy, Araujo reduced the military's budget and ordered some military officials to retire. His efforts were strongly opposed by the military, which staged a coup on 2 December 1931, deposing Araujo and establishing the Civic Directory. The military government was dissolved two days later when Hernández Martínez was declared as the country's acting president, however, his government was not recognized by the United States. The December 1931 coup began a period of forty-eight years of military rule in the country.
In the few days after the coup, the Communist Party of El Salvador was "cautiously optimistic" about the coup, writing an open letter to Hernández Martínez's government through its Estrella Roja newspaper, stating that the coup was "heroic and necessary" while also believing that his government would reimpose an exploitative capitalist system. Before Araujo was deposed, municipal and legislative elections were scheduled for 15 December 1931, but after his government was overthrown, the military rescheduled the municipal elections for 3–5 January 1932 and the legislative elections for 10–12 January 1932.
When the communist party began to win several municipal elections in western El Salvador, the government canceled the results of all of the municipal elections. The legislative elections proceeded on 10 January, and despite early polling returns indicating a communist victory in San Salvador, a delayed official result announced that three non-communists won the three seats of the San Salvador department. Violence occurred throughout the electoral process, and at least thirty communists were killed in Ahuachapán.
Preparations for revolt
Planning and attempt for compromise
Due to the result of the elections, communist party leaders believed that they could no longer come to power through legal means, as Hernández Martínez's government effectively canceled the elections. The Communist Party of El Salvador was led by Martí and Mármol. Other communist leaders included Mario Zapata, Alfonso Luna, Rafael Bondanza, and Ismael Hernández. Hernández, who was a member of the International Red Aid, believed that the United States would support the rebels and mistake it as a pro-Araujo counterrevolution. The communists' primary inspiration for revolution was the Bolsheviks' 1917 October Revolution.
According to Abel Cuenca, a Salvadoran communist and participant in the rebellion, the rebellion was not planned until after the municipal election results were canceled, with actual planning beginning on 9 or 10 January 1932. Conversely, according to Jorge Schlesinger, a Salvadoran writer, Martí began planning the rebellion in mid-December 1931 while in Puerto Cortés, Honduras. His claim, however, has been essentially discredited as his piece of evidence for his claim, a letter allegedly written by Martí discussing the rebellion, was dated to 16 December 1932, rather than 1931.
In a final attempt to avoid a violent rebellion, the communist party sent a political commission consisting of Zapata, Luna, Clemente Abel Estrada, Rubén Darío Fernández, and Joaquín Rivas to the National Palace to enter into negotiations with the government. The commission was not allowed to meet directly with Hernández Martínez, instead being directed to Colonel Joaquín Valdés, the minister of national defense, where the commission demanded "substantial contributions to the welfare of the peasants" in exchange for a cessation of illegal activities, threatening to revolt if the demands were not met. Reportedly, Luna told Valdés, "the peasants will win with their machetes the rights you are denying them," to which Valdés responded, "you have machetes; we have machine guns." The meeting ended with no compromise being met.
Government knowledge of the rebellion
Just before the rebellion, Juan Pablo Wainwright was arrested in Guatemala. He was a communist party member who was rallying support from communists in Guatemala to invade El Salvador to overthrow Hernández Martínez's government, and his arrest ended the possibility of a foreign invasion force from aiding rebels in El Salvador. Additionally, on 18 January, Martí, Luna, and Zapata were arrested by the Salvadoran government, but the arrests were not made public until 20 January, and plans to attack the barracks in San Salvador were captured by the army. On 21 January, the government instructed newspapers in the country to report that a rebellion was planned to occur the following day.
Cuenca theorized that Hernández Martínez intentionally allowed the revolt to happen by preventing the opportunity for social and political reform to occur. The theory asserts that the intention of letting revolution occur was to crush it forcefully, as he believed the movement was doomed to fail, and that the suppression of the communist uprising would help him gain support and recognition from the United States.
Dr. Alejandro D. Marroquín argued that Hernández Martínez actually feared a potential attack from Araujo's Labor Party from Guatemala, rather than the communist rebellion itself. He argued that, to prevent Araujo from mobilizing the people to bring him back to power, Hernández Martínez allowed the rebellion to occur and crushed it by force, depriving Araujo of an armed movement to help bring him back to power.
Rebellion
In the late hours of 22 January 1932, thousands of peasants in the western part of the country, armed with sticks, machetes, and "poor-quality" shotguns, rose up in rebellion against Hernández Martínez's regime. According to General José Tomás Calderón, an estimated 70,000 to 80,000 rebels were involved in the uprising.
Rebels led by attacked telegraph offices, their primary target, in Juayúa at 11:00 p.m. and eventually took control of the city due to a lack of a military presence. The rebels attacked the home of Emilio Radaelli, a coffee merchant referred to as the "richest man in town," and assassinated him, along with his son and wife, who was also raped. Radaelli's house and two of his stores were burned, with many more stores being looted. Colonel Mateo Vaquero was also killed by the rebels and several civilians were tortured and murdered. Miguel Call, the mayor of Izalco, Rafael Castro Cármaco, a politician from Chalchuapa, and General Rafael Rivas, the military commander of Tacuba, were also killed by the rebels.
Businesses and homes were destroyed by rebels, with the total property damage inflicted being estimated at around SVC₡300,000 (approximately USD$120,000 in 1932). Much of the damage was inflicted against property owned by wealthy individuals and families. Eventually, the rebels captured the towns of Colón, Juayúa, Nahuizalco, Salcoatitán, Sonzacate, and Tacuba. Additionally, Pipil rebels led by Feliciano Ama supported the communist rebels and captured the town of Izalco on 23 January. Ama was an influential indigenous leader in Izalco, and believed that joining the rebellion would help him gain political office. Meanwhile, the majority of the Pipil rebels were sympathetic to the communists' ideals, and believed that they possessed a "secret weapon or magic" which would assure victory.
Despite efforts to prevent communication with the military garrisons in Ahuachapán, Sonsonate, and Santa Ana, Izalco managed to send a telegram to Sonsonate warning the military garrison there of the rebel attacks before the telegraph office was destroyed. The warning was received by the military garrison in Sonsonate, and in response, Colonel Ernesto Bará sent an expeditionary force under the command of Major Mariano Molina to crush the rebellion on 23 January. Molina's soldiers first clashed with the rebels outside of Sonzacate, and after engaging in hand-to-hand combat, the rebels retreated to the city proper. Casualties from the battle included fifty to seventy dead rebels, five dead soldiers, and half a dozen more soldiers wounded.
The Canadian warships HMCS Skeena and HMCS Vancouver were docked at the Port of Acajutla, and the ships were requested by the United Kingdom to protect any British citizens in the country. Ships from the United States arrived shortly after and the ships offered to assist the Salvadoran government in quelling the rebellion, however, Calderón turned down the offer, stating:
On 23 January, Hernández Martínez published a manifesto in the Diario Oficial, the official national newspaper of El Salvador. The manifesto read:
Quickly after the uprising in 24 January 1932, the government declared martial law and mobilized the military to crush the rebellion by force. Soldiers under the command of Colonel Marcelino Galdámez marched into the departments of Sonsonate and Ahuachapán and captured Izalco that same day. Nahuizalco, Salcoatitán, Juayúa were all captured the next day, and the rebellion was fully crushed by the afternoon of 25 January 1932.
Subsequent government killings
On 25 January 1932, reinforcements under Calderón arrived in Sonsonate and began reprisals against peasants, especially against ethnic Pipils, in western El Salvador, indiscriminately killing thousands of civilians in the process. In several towns, the entire male population was gathered in the town's center and killed by machine gun fire. The killings persisted for two weeks until February 1932 when the government decided that the region had been sufficiently "pacified".
René Padilla Velasco, Martí's lawyer during his show trial, argued that Hernández Martínez forced Martí to launch the rebellion as a final "desperate" effort to prevent him from consolidating dictatorial control of the country. Martí, Luna, and Zapata were executed by a firing squad on 1 February 1932. Ama and Sánchez were captured by the army in Izalco on 25 January 1932; Sánchez was executed by a firing squad that same day, while Ama was lynched in a plaza in the city on 28 January 1932. Many refugees attempted to flee the country to Guatemala to escape the government's repression, however, Guatemalan President Jorge Ubico closed the border and handed over those who tried to flee back to the Salvadoran Army.
On 11 July 1932, the Legislative Assembly passed Directive 121 which officially declared an end to the rebellion. It also granted unconditional amnesty to anyone who committed crimes of any nature to "restore order, repress, persecute, punish and capture those accused of the crime of rebellion of this year".
Aftermath
Death toll
Estimates of the exact death toll of the rebellion and subsequent government killings vary greatly; the figures most commonly estimated are between 10,000 and 40,000 dead. According to a Sonsonate resident interviewed by journalist Joaquín Méndez, the rebels killed approximately 2,000 people. Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas, the chief of the National Police, stated that no more than 6,000 to 7,000 people were "executed". According to John Beverly, around 30,000 people—four percent of the population—were killed by the government. As a result of the large scale of the killings, the event has since been referred to as La Matanza (Spanish for "The Massacre").
Political effects
Following the mass killings, Hernández Martínez solidified his rule when the legislature confirmed his presidency in 1932. He also sought to legitimize his rule via presidential elections in 1935, 1939, and 1944, in which he was the only candidate. He exercised control of the country through force via the army and through friendly relations with the country's landowners and elites. Hernández Martínez was the country's longest serving president, serving from 1931 to 1944 when he resigned following an attempted coup and a series of mass protests against his government.
Hernández Martínez's government was not recognized by the United States after it came to power in 1931 due to the 1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity which mandates its signatories shall not recognize any government which came to power via a coup d'état. Mauricio de la Selva, a Salvadoran poet and communist writer, theorized that Hernández Martínez crushed the rebellion with such violence as to appear to the United States as a "champion of anti-communism". The United States did eventually recognize Hernández Martínez's regime on 26 January 1934, not because of his government's anti-communist ideology, but because the United States perceived his government as bringing stability to the country.
Most of the surviving leaders of the Communist Party of El Salvador fled the country, primarily to Honduras and Costa Rica. The communist party itself was not banned, and it remained active in El Salvador throughout Hernández Martínez's presidency. The party even supported the mass protests which led to Hernández Martínez's resignation in 1944. In 1980, various left-wing militia groups of the Salvadoran Civil War joined forces and formed the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), named after Martí. The FMLN continues to exist as one of El Salvador's major political parties.
Effect on indigenous communities
Some scholars label the mass killings of Pipil as an ethnocide, since the army used indigenous appearance, dress, and language to help designate who should be targeted. As a result, in the decades that followed, Salvadoran indigenous peoples increasingly abandoned their native dress and traditional languages for fear of further reprisals. The events brought about the extermination of the majority of the Pipil-speaking population, which led to a near total loss of the spoken language in El Salvador. Many of the indigenous people who did not participate in the uprising stated that they did not understand the motivation of the government's persecution.
Over the years since La Matanza, the recorded population willing to self-identify as indigenous has fallen to about 10 percent in the 21st century. In the decade following the uprising, military presence in the area was persistent with the objective of keeping the peasants under control so that the events did not recur. After the dictatorship of Hernández Martínez, the method of preventing peasant discontent changed from repression to social reforms which benefitted them.
Commemoration
In the town of Izalco, the uprising is commemorated annually on 22 January. Media coverage is moderate, but the commemoration is supported by municipal authorities who pay tribute to all who were killed during the event. Speakers include people who lived through the event, and relatives of Ama.
In 2010, President Mauricio Funes apologized to the indigenous communities of El Salvador for the brutal acts of persecution and extermination carried out by previous governments. In a statement made during the inauguration of the First Congress of Indigenous Peoples, he stated, "In this context and this spirit, my government wishes to be the first government to, on behalf of the State of El Salvador, of the people of El Salvador, and of the families of El Salvador, make an act of contrition and apologize to the indigenous communities for the persecution and extermination of which they were victims during so many years".
The Jeffrey Gould directed 2002 film 1932: Scars of Memory describes the events of the uprising and subsequent massacre.
See also
Anti-communist mass killings
Guatemalan genocide
History of El Salvador
List of massacres in El Salvador
List of peasant revolts
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
Books
Journals
Web sources
Further reading
External links
1932 in El Salvador
Conflicts in 1932
Mass murder in 1932
January 1932 events
20th-century rebellions
Communist rebellions
Peasant revolts
Wars involving El Salvador
Pipil
Anti-indigenous racism in North America
Genocide of indigenous peoples of North America
Racism in North America
Political history of El Salvador
Human rights abuses in El Salvador
Massacres in El Salvador
Anti-communist terrorism
Ahuachapán Department
La Libertad Department (El Salvador)
Santa Ana Department
Sonsonate Department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Matanza |
Mitchell is a local urban district and population centre located in the Rural Municipality of Hanover, Manitoba, Canada. It is located three kilometers west of Steinbach, Manitoba along Provincial Highway 52. The community has a population of 3,136 as of 2016, making Mitchell the 19th largest population centre in Manitoba.
History
The area that is now known as Mitchell were originally lands of the nomadic Ojibway-speaking Anishinabe people. On 3 August 1871 the Anishinabe people signed Treaty 1 and moved onto reserves such as the Brokenhead Indian Reserve and Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation Reserve.
The area was then settled by Russian Mennonite settlers in the 1874. At that time there were dozens of villages in the East Reserve. Three of them, Vollwerk, Ebenfeld, and Reichenbach, were eventually absorbed into the new community of Mitchell, which was renamed after the surrounding school district established in 1919. The Canadian government deliberately chose English names for the school districts, such as Mitchell, Bothwell, Randolph and others in an attempt to assimilate the Mennonites into Canadian culture and eventually some of these communities, such as Mitchell, abandoned the original German names and adopted the new English names as their community names.
Vollwerk (which later became Mitchell) was the home of obserschulz Jacob Peters, who led the Mennonite delegation to Canada and was a signatory of the Privilegium. A cairn and gravestone honouring him can be found at the historic Vollwerk Cemetery on Reichenbach Road in Mitchell. The Stahn family, who sold much of the land that would eventually become the modern day community of Mitchell, are also honoured at the Vollwerk Cemetery.
Education
The Mitchell School District was established in 1919. A one-room schoolhouse served the community until the 1950s, when another room has added to handle increasing student enrollment. In 1968, the school district was dissolved and became part of the newly formed Hanover School Division, after which students from Mitchell were required to attend school in Steinbach. The school division has since constructed new elementary and middle schools in Mitchell and only high school students from the Mitchell area are presently required to attend school in Steinbach.
Recreation
Mitchell has a full range of community-run recreational facilities, including an indoor arena, baseball fields, soccer pitches, and tennis courts.
The Mitchell Arena was built in 1979 and is home to community's ice hockey teams, nicknamed the Mitchell Mustangs, which play in various Eastman Minor Hockey leagues. The Mitchell Mustangs have been members of the Hanover Tache Junior Hockey League since 1987 and previously played in the Manitoba Junior 'B' Hockey League. The Mustangs has also fielded senior teams in the past that played in the Hanover-Tache and Carillon Senior Hockey Leagues.
Businesses and services
Mitchell's close proximity to the city of Steinbach means residents mostly shop and conduct business at the latter. However, Mitchell does have several of its own businesses and services, such as a Co-op gas bar and convenience store, a second convenience store, a number of churches, an auto repair business, and an assortment of home-based business.
Government
Mitchell is designated as a local urban district (LUD) within the Rural Municipality of Hanover whose administrative offices are located 1.5 kilometers east of the community. An elected LUD committee, consisting of three members plus the Ward 2 Councillor for Hanover, reports to the municipal council. The community and surrounding area is part of the Steinbach (provincial) and Provencher (federal) electoral districts.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Mitchell had a population of 2,828 living in 858 of its 883 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 2,279. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
References
Designated places in Manitoba
Local urban districts in Manitoba
Unincorporated communities in Eastman Region, Manitoba
Russian Mennonite diaspora in Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%2C%20Manitoba |
Lotus Mark III was a single-seater sports car built by Colin Chapman as a 750 Racer. It was the first car to ever be called a "Lotus".
In 1951, Chapman began to focus on a car for road racing, rather than trials, to compete in the 750 Motor Club formula, which used the Austin 7 as a basis. To conform to the rules, Chapman had to retain the Seven's chassis, engine, gearbox, and differential. With the assistance of Nigel and Michael Allen, he modified the car to the limits of the rules. Chapman boxed the frame rails and added 14-gauge tubular cross-members for torsional stiffness. A sleek aluminium two-seater body, which weighed only 65 lbs. (29.5 kg), was added to cut down drag, and the engine was extensively modified to produce more power. The car, for all its seeming delicacy, proved startlingly faster than the competition. It led to a demand for copies (an improved Mark IIIB (registered as ONK 408) was built for Adam Currie, for instance, was the first Lotus to be sold to a customer and the first car to wear the Lotus badge), as well as copies of the earlier Mark I. By the end of the racing season, it was apparent the Mark III was the best 750 Formula car in England.
The Mark III could reach 50 mph in 6.6 seconds and had a top speed of 90 mph.
At this time, Chapman was still working full-time at British Aluminium, and creating cars at nights and racing them, with the help of enthusiastic volunteers, on the weekends, but it was clear from the performance of the Mark III, and the demand, there was an opportunity here. Following this successful year, on 1 January 1952, Chapman established Lotus Engineering Company, with Michael Allen becoming Chapman's first business partner. They set up shop in a disused stable in Hornsey.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
Tipler, John, Lotus and Caterham Seven: Racers for the Road The Crowood Press, 1995. pp. 16–17.
Coulter, Jeremy, The Lotus & Caterham Seven: A Collector's Guide Motor Racing Publications, 1986. p 10.
Wliiam Taylor, The Lotus Book: The Complete History of Lotus Cars Coterie Press, Limited.1998, pp. 16–17.
External links
Motorbase
Mark 03
Sports cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20Mark%20III |
A telecommand or telecontrol is a command sent to control a remote system or systems not directly connected (e.g. via wires) to the place from which the telecommand is sent. The word is derived from tele = remote (Greek), and command = to entrust/order (Latin). Systems that need remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or operator require the counterpart of telecommand, telemetry. The telecommand can be done in real time or not depending on the circumstances (in space, delay may be of days), as was the case of Marsokhod.
Examples
Control of a TV from the sofa
Remote guidance of weapons or missiles
Control of a satellite from a ground station
Flying a radio-controlled airplane
Transmission of commands
For a Telecommand (TC) to be effective, it must be compiled into a pre-arranged format (which may follow a standard structure), modulated onto a carrier wave which is then transmitted with adequate power to the remote system. The remote system will then demodulate the digital signal from the carrier, decode the TC, and execute it. Transmission of the carrier wave can be by ultrasound, infra-red or other electromagnetic means.
Infrared
Infrared light makes up the invisible section of the electromagnetic spectrum. This light, also classified as heat, transmits signals between the transmitter and receiver of the remote system. Telecommand systems usually include a physical remote, which contains four key parts: buttons, integrated circuit, button contacts, and a light-emitting diode. When the buttons on a remote are pressed they touch and close their corresponding contacts below them within the remote. This completes the necessary circuit on the circuit board along with a change in electrical resistance, which is detected by the integrated circuit. Based on the change in electrical resistance, the integrated circuit distinguishes which button was pushed and sends a corresponding binary code to the light-emitting diode (LED) usually located at the front of the remote. To transfer the information from the remote to the receiver, the LED turns the electrical signals into an invisible beam of infrared light that corresponds with the binary code and sends this light to the receiver. The receiver then detects the light signal via a photodiode and it is transformed into an electrical signal for the command and is sent to the receiver’s integrated circuit/microprocessor to process and complete the command. The strength of the transmitting LED can vary and determines the required positioning accuracy of the remote in relevance to the receiver. Infrared remotes have a maximum range of approximately 30 feet and require the remote control or transmitter and receiver to be within a line of sight.
Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic is a technology used more frequently in the past for telecommand. Inventor Robert Adler is known for inventing the remote control which did not require batteries and used ultrasonic technology. There are four aluminum rods inside the transmitter that produce high frequency sounds when they are hit at one end. Each rod is a different length, which enables them to produce varying sound pitches, which control the receiving unit. This technology was widely used but had certain issues such as dogs being bothered by the high frequency sounds.
New applications
Often the smaller new remote controlled airplanes and helicopters are incorrectly advertised as radio controlled devices (see Radio control) but they are either controlled via infra-red transmission or electromagnetically guided. Both of these systems are part of the telecommand area.
Encryption
To prevent unauthorised access to the remote system, TC encryption may be employed. Secret sharing may be used.
See also
Radio control
Teleoperation
Telerobotics
Telemetry
References
Remote control | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommand |
Monte Cristo was a French computer game developer and publisher, based in Paris. It was established in 1995 by former Credit Suisse First Boston vice-president Jean-Marc de Fety and former Mars & Co strategy senior consultant Jean-Cristophe Marquis. The company was led by Jean-Christophe Marquis and Jérome Gastaldi since 2002. Monte Cristo declared bankruptcy in May 2010 following poor sales of Cities XL.
The first training program was followed by Wall Street Trader, which was named "best educational software" by the European Commission, among others, for its accurate simulation of international stock market conditions, and is one of the most successful games in this genre. Next, the company developed Start Up 2000, which allows players to realistically start and run their own business.
Games developed and published
References
External links
Monte Cristo Multimedia at MobyGames
Video game companies established in 1995
Video game companies disestablished in 2010
Defunct video game companies of France
Video game development companies
Companies based in Paris | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte%20Cristo%20%28company%29 |
James Yancy Callahan (December 19, 1852 – May 3, 1935) was an American politician, and a Delegate to the United States House of Representatives from 1897 to 1899, representing the Oklahoma Territory He was a member of the Free Silver party, and is the only third party politician to represent Oklahoma at the federal level.
Biography
Callahan was born near Salem, Dent County, Missouri, on December 19, 1852. He was reared on the farm where he was born, educated in the common schools, and worked on a farm. He married Margaret Asbreen Mitchell on February 19, 1872, and they had eleven children, Agnes Elmer, Mary Magadelene, Rufus Omar, Anna Ida, Florence Palestine, Alvin Kenneth, Lillie Effie, Orville Palmer, Lacey Edith, Eunice Minnie, and Eris Carleton.
Career
Entering the ministry in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1880, Callahan continued to engage in agricultural pursuits, sawmilling, and mining. In 1885 he moved to Stanton County, Kansas, where he lived until 1892. In 1886, a year after he moved to Kansas, he was elected register of deeds for Stanton County. He was reelected in 1888 and served until December 1889, when he resigned and returned to Dent County, Missouri. In 1892 he moved to Kingfisher County, Oklahoma, settling near the town of Kingfisher. He engaged in agricultural pursuits.
In 1896, Callahan was nominated for Congressional delegate from Oklahoma Territory, and was elected by a plurality of less than fifteen hundred, running on the Free Silver ticket to the 55th United States Congress. He served from March 4, 1897 to March 3, 1899, but was not a candidate for re-nomination in 1898.
After leaving politics, Callahan relocated to Enid, Garfield County, Oklahoma, where he published the Jacksonian until January 1, 1913. He retired from active business pursuits in 1913. He claimed to be healed of a chronic ulcer in 1923 after receiving prayer from Rev. P. C. Nelson, an Assemblies of God educator.
Death
Callahan resided in Enid, Oklahoma until his death there on May 3, 1935 (age 82 years, 135 days). He is interred at Enid Cemetery.
References
External links
A History of Oklahoma, by Joseph B. Throburn and Isaac M. Holcomb, Doub and Company San Francisco 1908
Ex-Congressman Healed and Filled with Spirit, by P. C. Nelson. Enid, OK: Southwestern Press, 1932.
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Callahan, James
1852 births
1935 deaths
People from Dent County, Missouri
People from Stanton County, Kansas
People from Kingfisher County, Oklahoma
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Oklahoma Territory
Politicians from Enid, Oklahoma
Silver Party politicians
Oklahoma Silverites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Yancy%20Callahan |
Lotus Mark IV was a trials car by Colin Chapman built on an Austin 7 chassis. Chapman's success at building trials cars brought another previous customer, Mike Lawson, to order a second trials car in 1952 to replace his Lotus Mark II, in which he won the Wrotham Cup. Once again Chapman chose an Austin Seven as the starting point, reinforcing the frame and installing a four-cylinder , Ford, sidevalve engine. Chapman used all the tricks he had learned in his previous cars, constructing a lightweight aluminium body with a rounded nosecone. He fitted a 3-speed transmission taken from a Ford 8 and the divided front axle as on his previous cars.
Lawson won his class in the first attempt in this car, following up with others, solidifying Chapman's reputation as a designer and engineer. The success of this car, and other requests for more cars, led Chapman and Michael Allen to establish Lotus Engineering in a disused stable in Hornsey.
Ford Sidevalve Motor
Configuration: S4 SV
Displacement: 1172 cc
Bore/Stroke: 63.5mm x 92.456mm (2.5x3.64")
References
Taylor, William, The Lotus Book:The Complete History of Lotus Cars Coterie Press Limited, 1998.
Tipler, John, Lotus and Caterham Seven: Racers for the Road The Crowood Press, 1995.
Coulter, Jeremy, The Lotus & Caterham Seven: A Collector's Guide Motor Racing Publications, 1986.
Setright, L.J.K, "Lotus: The golden mean", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 11, p. 1221-34.
External links
Motorbase Accessed 17 February 2006.
Mark 04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20Mark%20IV |
The Wild Coast can refer to:
WildCoast is an international conservation non-profit organization based in California and Mexico. WILDCOAST conserves coastal and marine ecosystems and addresses climate change with natural solutions.
The Wild Coast Region, Eastern Cape, a coastal region in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
The Wild Coast (Greyhawk), a fictional region located in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game.
See also
Wildcoast, an international conservation non-profit organization with offices in Del Mar, CA, Imperial Beach, California, Ensenada and Huatulco, Mexico. WILDCOAST is dedicated to protecting coastal and ocean habitat and the wildlife that lives there. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20Coast |
Frontier Midstates, Inc. is a telephone operating company of Frontier Communications serving Indiana and Michigan. It was originally owned by Contel, and later purchased by GTE, Verizon, and then sold to Frontier.
History
The company was established in 1956 to provide telephone service in Georgia. As a subsidiary of Contel, it adopted the name Continental Telephone Company of the South. It expanded as it absorbed the operations various companies in Alabama and Georgia, including Alabama Telephone Company in 1975, Coosa Valley Telephone Company, and Tri-County Telephone Company, Incorporated in 1978. The company adopted its abbreviated name, Contel of the South, Inc., in 1988.
Acquisition by GTE
Contel was acquired by GTE in 1991 and the operating company began doing business as GTE Systems of the South. It was not associated with GTE South, a separate operating company.
On October 31, 1993, Contel of the South and Alltel traded service regions. Contel of the South regions in Georgia area were traded for Alltel's Indiana and Michigan service regions.
Acquisition by Verizon
In 2000, GTE was purchased by Bell Atlantic, becoming Verizon. Contel of the South began doing business as Verizon Mid-States and Verizon North Systems.
In 2002, Verizon sold its operations in Alabama, including those from Contel of the South and GTE South to CenturyTel. Those operations became CenturyTel of Alabama. This left the company, incorporated in Georgia, with operations in Indiana and Michigan.
The company remained one of two former GTE operating companies to have retained its original name since acquisition by Verizon (the other is GTE Southwest); it also remained the only operating company using the Contel name.
Sale to Frontier
Contel of the South, along with several other Verizon wireline operating companies, were transferred to a new holding company New Communications ILEC Holdings, which was acquired by Frontier Communications on July 1, 2010. Contel of the South, Inc., at that point, became Frontier Midstates, Inc.
See also
Frontier North
Sources
FCC History: Contel of the South, Inc. dba Verizon Mid-States
References
Frontier Communications
Telecommunications companies established in 1956
1956 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier%20Midstates |
The Choaspes (also called Zuastus and Guræus) is a river that rises in the ancient Paropamise range (now the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan), eventually falling into the Indus river near its confluence with the Cophes river (which is usually identified with the Kabul river). Strabo's Geography, Book XV, Chapter 1, § 26 incorrectly states that the Choaspes empties directly into the Cophes. The river should not be confused with the river of the same name which flows into the Tigris (after Smith 1854).
External links
Smith, W. (1854). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
Choaspes in Hazlitt's Classical Gazetteer
Rivers of Afghanistan
Tributaries of the Indus River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choaspes%20River%20%28Afghanistan%29 |
Lotus Mark V was a prototype single seater sports car by Colin Chapman that was never built.
Chapman said that he believed a 100-mph road sports car could be developed using an un-supercharged Austin 7 engine. The Lotus Mark V was designed for it.
External links
Motorbase Accessed 17 February 2006.
Mark V | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20Mark%20V |
Cridland is a family surname from Somerset in England. The name may refer to:
People
John Cridland (born 1961), British businessman
John Cridland Latham (1888–1975), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
Tim Cridland, an American sideshow performer with stage name Zamora the Torture King
Ansel Cridland, member of The Meditations, a reggae vocal harmony group from Jamaica
Clarissa Cridland co-operator of Girls Gone By Publishers, a publishing company based in Bath, Somerset
Other
Cridland v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1977), Australian court case
External links
Cridland family-name website, with history and coat of arms
Surnames of Old English origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cridland |
"Danny Says" is a ballad written by Joey Ramone. The song was originally released as the third track on the Ramones' 1980 album, End of the Century. The 2002 Expanded Edition CD of the album includes a demo version of "Danny Says" among the bonus tracks. The song has since been covered and released by the Foo Fighters and Tom Waits.
Background and content
"Danny Says" is a love song written by singer Joey Ramone at the Tropicana Motel in Los Angeles when the Ramones were staying there for the recording of End of the Century. The "Danny" alluded to in the title is the Ramones' manager Danny Fields.
The romantic inspiration for the song is believed to be Linda Daniele, Joey's girlfriend at the time. Later in Summer 1982 she ended her romantic involvement with Joey to extend her relationship with the band's guitarist Johnny Ramone who she moved in with in autumn that year. Although this virtually stopped dialogue between the two bandmates that was already limited since the time of recording End of the Century, both remained in the Ramones until the band disbanded in 1996.
Lyrical references
At the time Joey was rooming with Arturo Vega in room 100 B of the Tropicana Motel on Santa Monica Boulevard in West Hollywood. Hence the line in the song, "Hanging out in 100 B". The lyrics include a reference to the late 1960s television series Get Smart ("Watching Get Smart on TV"). Another reference in the song is to Christmas, reflecting the difference at that time of year between where the band were recording in Los Angeles and the Ramones' home town of New York City - "It ain't Christmas if there ain't no snow". The lyrics also refer to a character named Sheena ("Listening to Sheena on the radio"). "Sheena Is a Punk Rocker" is a track on the 1977 Ramones album Rocket to Russia.
Band member reaction
Johnny later commented on working with Phil Spector on the recording of the album, "It really worked when he got to a slower song like 'Danny Says'—the production really worked tremendously. For the harder stuff, it didn't work as well."<ref
name=jrst></ref> When Joey was later asked what were his favorite Ramones songs he was quoted as replying, 'Danny Says' was always a favorite".
"Danny Says" has been performed live by each of Joey, C.J. and Richie in post Ramones projects.
Cover versions
A cover version of the song with guitarist Chris Shiflett on lead vocals was released by the Foo Fighters as a B-Side of the CD2 version of the "All My Life" single and later a bonus track on the Special Limited Edition of their 2002 One by One album. "Danny Says" was covered by Tom Waits and released on disk two of his Orphans triple album in 2006. Waits resided in the Tropicana Motel for many years where the Ramones stayed when End of the Century was recorded.
References
External links
Danny Says chords and lyrics
1980 songs
Foo Fighters songs
Ramones songs
Rock ballads
Song recordings produced by Phil Spector
Songs written by Joey Ramone
Tom Waits songs
Songs about business people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Says |
SoulO is Nick Lachey's debut album as a solo artist, after leaving the boy band 98 Degrees. The album was released in the US on November 11, 2003 on Universal Records.
"Could You Love" was recorded earlier by Youngstown on their second album, Down For the Get Down (2001).
Track listing
"Shut Up" (Nick Lachey, Lauren Christy, Graham Edwards, Scott Spock) – 3:23
"Let Go" (Lachey, Christy, Edwards, Spock) – 3:41
"This I Swear" (Theme song to MTV's Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica) (David Eriksen, John Reid) – 4:33
"Could You Love" (Eriksen) – 4:04
"Carry On" (Lachey, Guy Chambers) – 3:35
"You're the Only Place" (Billy Mann, Walter Afanasieff) – 4:47
"Can't Stop Loving You" (Lachey, Chambers) – 3:34
"Edge of Eternity" (Lachey, Chambers) – 3:59
"It's Alright" (Lachey, Christy, Edwards, Spock) – 3:09
"I Fall in Love Again" (Gary Baker, Anthony Little, Kevin Richardson, George Teren) – 4:01
"Open Your Eyes" (Lachey, Dan Hill, Keith Stegall) – 4:11
"On and On" (Lachey) – 3:40
"Think I'm Losing You" (Japan bonus track)
"Uh Huh (Yeah Yeah)" (Japan bonus track)
Singles
"Shut Up" was the debut single from Nick Lachey's debut solo album SoulO. The single was a commercial failure in the United States, failing to chart. Video directed by Constantine Paraskevopoulos.
The first version of the music video featured a group of female dancers (including Kimberly Wyatt from The Pussycat Dolls) dancing around Lachey and featured several close-ups of him. Lachey filmed the video, and later won the right to redo it.
The second video featured Dax Shepard and Jennifer Morrison living in a trailer outside of Lachey's real-life home.
"This I Swear" was the second single from Nick Lachey's debut album SoulO. The ballad has lyrics in which he expressed how he felt about the marriage and love he had for his then wife, Jessica Simpson. Part of the song lyrics includes "I will love you, until forever, until death do us part we'll be together". The song was also the theme song to the hit reality TV show Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica. It was sent to radio in the United States on September 28, 2003.
"This I Swear" reached #11 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100. Despite being heavily promoted, the single became Lachey's second single to not chart on the Billboard Hot 100.
Chart performance
The album was expected to be successful because the album was released during the popularity of Lachey's television show, Newlyweds. However, despite being heavily promoted, the album debuted at #51 on the Billboard 200, selling only 28,000 copies in its first week. The album was considered a commercial failure, both in terms of sales and chart performance; the album sold 171,000 copies in the United States and stayed on the Billboard 200 for just 11 weeks.
References
2003 debut albums
Nick Lachey albums
Universal Records albums
Dance-pop albums by American artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoulO |
Bryan Charles Fogarty (June 11, 1969 – March 6, 2002) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman who played for the Quebec Nordiques, Pittsburgh Penguins and Montreal Canadiens. A great star in the junior leagues and a high draft choice in the National Hockey League (NHL), his career was marred by persistent alcohol and drug use, which prevented him from playing a full season at any point and led to him being frequently traded.
Playing career
As a youth, Fogarty played in the 1982 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Brantford.
Fogarty was an Ontario Hockey League (OHL) superstar in the late 1980s. He was chosen first overall in the 1985 OHL draft by Ken Slater of the Kingston Canadians, ahead of future NHLers Adam Graves (sixth), Bryan Marchment (12th), Brendan Shanahan (13th), and Jody Hull (14th). Scouts heaped praise upon Fogarty for his hockey sense and puck control. Combined with his 6'2" 205 pound frame, Fogarty's skills made him one of the best junior players in Canadian hockey history.
After breaking Bobby Orr's 23-year-old record for goals (38) by a defenceman in a season and Cam Plante's Canadian junior record for points (140) in a season by a defenceman with 155 in 60 games with the Niagara Falls Thunder, he was named Canadian Major Junior Hockey Player of the Year in 1989. Both records still stand, as does his single game record for most assists by a defenceman (8), which he accomplished twice in the same season (1988–89).
Fogarty was drafted ninth overall by the Quebec Nordiques in 1987, six spots before Joe Sakic. He lasted parts of three seasons in Quebec, then he was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins. He signed with the Tampa Bay Lightning as a free agent, and later the Montreal Canadiens, Buffalo Sabres and Chicago Blackhawks, without actually playing for Tampa, Buffalo or Chicago.
Fogarty also spent a fair amount of time in the minors, playing in Halifax, New Haven, Muskegon, Cleveland, Atlanta, Las Vegas, Kansas City, Minnesota and Detroit. He also played in Europe; in Davos, Milan and Hanover. In 1999 Fogarty attempted a much-publicized comeback with the Toronto Maple Leafs' affiliate, the St. John's Maple Leafs. He lasted 3 regular season games with them before being released. In all he played nine seasons of pro hockey in seven leagues for 17 teams, retiring in 2001.
Fogarty maintains the distinction of recording the last natural hat trick in Quebec Nordiques franchise history when he scored three straight goals on December 1, 1990 in a 4-2 home win over the Sabres. He was the first Nordiques defenseman to record a hat trick.
Personal life
Born in Montreal to parents Tom and Virginia, Fogarty was youngest of five. He had two sisters, Lynn and Lori, as well as two brothers, Glen and Patrick. Lori died of cancer at 38.
Fogarty and Wayne Gretzky had grown up in Brantford, Ontario. Fogarty's talent was apparent right away. Brantford Minor Hockey Association coordinator Bob Coyne told reporters that "he was a star. From the time he put skates on, he was better than everyone else. "We had seen Wayne (Gretzky). Wayne had to work at it. His game was outsmarting everybody else. Fogarty's game was outperforming everybody else. That's like comparing a Volkswagen to a Corvette."
Growing up, Fogarty listened to Ozzy Osbourne and Black Sabbath, sported a mullet and loved to hang out with his friends. He started drinking at an early age. When Fogarty was 15 he was already playing with players who were much older than him due to his exceptional skill level, and would frequent bars and strip clubs with the older players. During his junior hockey days in the OHL he would take Niagara Falls Thunder coach Bill Laforge aside in the locker room and ask him in a whisper if his teammates hated him. During his time with the Kingston Canadians he was known as "Tippy" because, according to teammate Marc Laforge, "he was always tipsy".
During his NHL days, he sought help on numerous occasions. The Nordiques knew about his drinking problem and sent him to an alcohol rehab clinic in Minnesota, provided a psychologist, and housed him with a family in Quebec City. They roomed him with another hockey player who was looking to straighten out his life: John Kordic. Fogarty and Kordic met in a rehab center and became friends immediately. In the fall and winter of 1991, Fogarty stayed clean with the help of Kordic. However, in January 1992, Kordic began using drugs again and died of a heart attack in August of that year. Quebec wound up trading away Fogarty to Pittsburgh Penguins. Pierre Pagé, the Nordiques general manager at the time, promised Fogarty he would trade him if he could stay sober for three months. He lasted 12 games with the Penguins, who were unhappy with Fogarty's lack of conditioning.
This scenario repeated itself many times over the next five years, with the Montreal Canadiens and non-NHL clubs. In 1999 Fogarty was arrested and charged with drug possession after a break-in at a school in Brantford. Fogarty was charged with break and enter, and possession of a controlled substance. According to the police report, Fogarty broke open the kitchen doors at the Tollgate Technological Skills Centre and was found standing naked in the kitchen with cooking oil spilled on the floor around him. He was granted a conditional discharge, placed on probation for one year, and was ordered to donate $500 to a local addiction service after he pleaded guilty to one count of mischief. After retiring in 2001, Fogarty remained clean and sober for more than a year. He returned to Brantford to take over the family business, Fogarty's Mobile Canteen.
Death
Fogarty died in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina on March 6, 2002. Fogarty and his wife Jennifer's uncle, Thomas Branch, were staying at a motel called the Compass Cove, to do some deep sea fishing. He and Branch arrived on the morning of March 5. After checking in, they went right to the bar, where they spent most of the day drinking. The next morning, Branch was unable to wake Fogarty, and called EMS. Fogarty was transported to the Grand Strand Regional Center where he was pronounced dead shortly after. The coroner reported that Fogarty died of an enlarged heart. He is interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Brantford.
Career statistics
Awards
OHL First All-Star Team (1987, 1989)
Red Tilson Trophy (OHL MVP) (1989)
CHL Defenceman of the Year (1989)
CHL Player of the Year (1989)
U.A.P./N.A.P.A. AUTOPRO Plus-Minus Award (1989)
Records
Last natural hat trick by a Nordiques defenseman (Dec 1/90 against Buffalo Sabres, 4-2 win)
Most points in a season by a defenceman (CHL) - 155 (47G, 108A), 1988–89
Most goals in a season by a defenceman (OHL) - 47, 1988–89
Most assists in a season by a defenceman (OHL) - 108, 1988–89
Most points in a game by a defenceman (OHL) - 8 (3 goals, 5 assists) - Nov. 11 1988 - vs. Sudbury Wolves
In popular culture
Dave Bidini's song "The Land is Wild", released as the title track of the Bidiniband's debut release in June 2009, tells the life story of Fogarty.
References
https://neilacharya.substack.com/p/bryans-song?s=w
External links
1969 births
2002 deaths
Atlanta Knights players
Baton Rouge Kingfish players
Brantford Alexanders players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cleveland Lumberjacks players
Detroit Vipers players
Elmira Jackals (UHL) players
Halifax Citadels players
Hannover Scorpions players
HC Davos players
HC Milano players
Huntsville Tornado players
Ice hockey people from Montreal
Indianapolis Ice players
Kansas City Blades players
Kingston Canadians players
Knoxville Speed players
Las Vegas Thunder players
Minnesota Moose players
Montreal Canadiens players
Muskegon Lumberjacks players
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
New Haven Nighthawks players
Niagara Falls Thunder players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Quebec Nordiques draft picks
Quebec Nordiques players
St. John's Maple Leafs players
Ice hockey people from Brantford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Fogarty |
The Penrose interpretation is a speculation by Roger Penrose about the relationship between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Penrose proposes that a quantum state remains in superposition until the difference of space-time curvature attains a significant level.
Overview
Penrose's idea is inspired by quantum gravity, because it uses both the physical constants and . It is an alternative to the Copenhagen interpretation, which posits that superposition fails when an observation is made (but that it is non-objective in nature), and the many-worlds interpretation, which states that alternative outcomes of a superposition are equally "real", while their mutual decoherence precludes subsequent observable interactions.
Penrose's idea is a type of objective collapse theory. For these theories, the wavefunction is a physical wave, which experiences wave function collapse as a physical process, with observers not having any special role. Penrose theorises that the wave function cannot be sustained in superposition beyond a certain energy difference between the quantum states. He gives an approximate value for this difference: a Planck mass worth of matter, which he calls the "'one-graviton' level". He then hypothesizes that this energy difference causes the wave function to collapse to a single state, with a probability based on its amplitude in the original wave function, a procedure derived from standard quantum mechanics. Penrose's "'one-graviton' level" criterion forms the basis of his prediction, providing an objective criterion for wave function collapse. Despite the difficulties of specifying this in a rigorous way, he proposes that the basis states into which the collapse takes place are mathematically described by the stationary solutions of the Schrödinger–Newton equation.
Recent work indicates an increasingly deep inter-relation between quantum mechanics and gravitation.
Physical consequences
Accepting that wavefunctions are physically real, Penrose believes that matter can exist in more than one place at one time. In his opinion, a macroscopic system, like a human being, cannot exist in more than one place for a measurable time, as the corresponding energy difference is very large. A microscopic system, like an electron, can exist in more than one location significantly longer (thousands of years), until its space-time curvature separation reaches collapse threshold.
In Einstein's theory, any object that has mass causes a warp in the structure of space and time around it. This warping produces the effect we experience as gravity. Penrose points out that tiny objects, such as dust specks, atoms and electrons, produce space-time warps as well. Ignoring these warps is where most physicists go awry. If a dust speck is in two locations at the same time, each one should create its own distortions in space-time, yielding two superposed gravitational fields. According to Penrose's theory, it takes energy to sustain these dual fields. The stability of a system depends on the amount of energy involved: the higher the energy required to sustain a system, the less stable it is. Over time, an unstable system tends to settle back to its simplest, lowest-energy state: in this case, one object in one location producing one gravitational field. If Penrose is right, gravity yanks objects back into a single location, without any need to invoke observers or parallel universes.
Penrose speculates that the transition between macroscopic and quantum states begins at the scale of dust particles (the mass of which is close to a Planck mass). He has proposed an experiment to test this theory, called FELIX (free-orbit experiment with laser interferometry X-rays), in which an X-ray laser in space is directed toward a tiny mirror and fissioned by a beam splitter from tens of thousands of miles away, with which the photons are directed toward other mirrors and reflected back. One photon will strike the tiny mirror while moving to another mirror and move the tiny mirror back as it returns, and according to conventional quantum theories, the tiny mirror can exist in superposition for a significant period of time. This would prevent any photons from reaching the detector. If Penrose's hypothesis is correct, the mirror's superposition will collapse to one location in about a second, allowing half the photons to reach the detector.
However, because this experiment would be difficult to arrange, a table-top version that uses optical cavities to trap the photons long enough for achieving the desired delay has been proposed instead.
See also
Diósi–Penrose model
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Orchestrated objective reduction
Gravitational decoherence
Schrödinger–Newton equation
Stochastic quantum mechanics
Relevant books by Roger Penrose
The Emperor's New Mind
The Road to Reality
Shadows of the Mind
References
External links
Molecules – Quantum Interpretations
QM – the Penrose Interpretation (defunct?)
Roger Penrose discusses his experiment on the BBC (25 minutes in)
Quantum measurement
Interpretations of quantum mechanics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose%20interpretation |
Man from Wareika was the first album recording for Rico Rodriguez led by his own artistic imagination, and his first recording created for album release. It is notable for being the only roots reggae album to be released on Blue Note Records.
After recording one track ("Africa") in London with engineer Dick Cuthell as a kind of a demo for label owner Chris Blackwell - its arrangement is completely different in comparison to the rest of the album and contains flute and chorus - Rodriguez was offered a contract to record this album; and he could arrange to record in Jamaica.
After 15 years Rodriguez returned for the first time to Jamaica. He had left the country in 1961 when he was already heavily involved in creating the then new ska sound. In 1976 he added something new to reggae music. A critic wrote in 1977 that the album "does not just reflect the current popular trends, but ... expresses in a definitive way the Jamaican music tradition."
The nine self-composed tracks on the album offer Jamaican rhythms with horn lines between a melodic use (e.g. on "This Day" and "Lumumba") and jazz; the latter helped to define something like a new genre, Jamaican jazz, transforming the experience from early ska days into 1970s roots reggae. Most of the songs remain in Rodriguez's live repertoire until today. Some have been re-recorded by other artists as well as by himself.
Track listing
All compositions and arrangements by Rico Rodriguez
"This Day" – 4:14
"Ramble" – 4:11
"Lumumba" – 4:01
"Africa" – 4:36
"Man from Wareika" – 3:16
"Rasta" – 3:38
"Over the Mountain" – 3:14
"Gunga Din" – 3:53
"Dial Africa" – 3:22
Personnel
Rico Rodriguez - trombone
Viv "Talent" Hall - trumpet
Bobby Ellis - trumpet
Richard "Dirty Harry" Hall - tenor saxophone
George Lee - tenor saxophone
Herman Marquis - alto saxophone
Ray Allen - alto saxophone
Bernard "Touter" Harvey - keyboards
Ansell Collins - keyboards
Errol "Tarzan" Nelson - keyboards
Karl Pitterson - lead guitar, keyboards, percussion
Radcliffe "Duggie" Bryan - lead guitar
Junior Hanson Marvin - lead guitar
Lloyd Parks - rhythm guitar
Ras Robbie Shakespeare - bass
Sly Dunbar - drums
Skully - wood drums
Flick - fussy tambourine
Personnel on "Africa"
Rico Rodriguez - trombone
Eddie "Tan Tan" Thornton - trumpet
Keith Gemmell - tenor saxophone
Tony Washington - keyboards
Phillip Chen - rhythm guitar
Bunny McKenzie - bass
Jacko - drums
Tony Utah - percussion
Satch Dixon - percussion
Ijahman - backing vocals
Candy McKenzie - backing vocals
Recorded at Joe Gibbs Studios and Randy's Recording Studio, Kingston, Jamaica, September 1976.
Engineers: Karl Pitterson, Errol Thompson, Dick Cuthell, assisted by Flick.
"Africa" was recorded at Island Hammersmith Studios, May 1976 by Dick Cuthell.
All tracks mixed at Island Basing Street Studios by Karl Pitterson and Dick Cuthell, assisted by Kevin Dallimore.
Executive producer: Chris Blackwell
Cover illustration by Tony Wright.
Design by Eckford/Stimpson.
Releases
1977:
LP: Island ILPS 9485 /UK
LP: Blue Note BN LA819 H /US
LP: Top Ranking no # /Jamaica
ca. late 1980s:
CD: Mango /Island CID 9485 /UK
1999/2000:
Vinyl Only /Island
2004:
CD: Island Japan
2016:
CD: Caroline International CAROLR049CD (Double CD featuring 'Man From Wareika' and 'Wareika Dub' with extra tracks.)
Man From Wareika was also remixed into a dub version, released as Warrika Dub (LP: Ghetto Rockers PRE 1), re-released 2004 in Japan on Island CD.
References
External links
Two-Tone Records
Roots Archives
1977 albums
Rico Rodriguez (musician) albums
Island Records albums
Blue Note Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20from%20Wareika |
The St. Joseph Peninsula is located in Gulf County, Florida, in the Florida Panhandle, at coordinates . It is a 15-mile long spit, extending northward from Cape San Blas between the Gulf of Mexico to the west and St. Joseph Bay to the east. It is 6 miles west of Port St. Joe at its closest point. The peninsula is also known as St. Joseph Spit. The northern two-thirds of the peninsula is known as St. Joseph Point.
History
Evidence of the occupation of the St. Joseph Peninsula by Native Americans includes the Old Cedar site, the Eagle Harbor site and the Harrier site, occupied by people of Weeden Island culture. The Old Cedar and Eagle Harbor site also have artifacts from the Fort Walton culture, and the Eagle Harbor site has artifacts from the Swift Creek culture.
The Spanish named the bay Bahía de San José early in the 16th century, but did not occupy or exploit the area through the 17th century. In 1701 they built a fortification, the Presidio Bahía de San José de Valladeres, on the mainland opposite St. Joseph Point, with a lookout post on the point, but left two years later. In 1718, during the War of the Quadruple Alliance, the French invaded St. Joseph Bay and established Fort Crevecouer on the shores of St. Joseph Bay opposite St. Joseph Point. The Spanish in turn sent 800 men to retake St. Joseph Bay. After pushing the French out of the area in 1719, the Presidio Bahía de San José de Nueva Asturias was established on St. Joseph Point. With the loss of Pensacola to France that year, the new presidio was designated the capital of the newly created Province of the Principality of Nueva Asturias. The presidio, with about 2,000 inhabitants, lasted until 1722, when the post was moved to Presidio Isla Santa Rosa Punta de Siguenza near Pensacola on Santa Rosa Island.
The St. Joseph Bay Light was established on St. Joseph Point in 1838 to serve the new town of St. Joseph on the eastern shore of the bay. The light was discontinued in 1847, after the town had been abandoned, and the unused tower was destroyed in a storm in 1851.
Park
T.H. Stone Memorial St. Joseph Peninsula State Park occupies somewhat more than half of the northern part of the peninsula. The peninsula was cut through by Hurricane Michael October 10, 2018 leaving the northern part of St. Joseph Peninsula State Park on an island. The breach partially filled in naturally by March 2019. The state has also brought in sand to restore dunes. , the state plans to rebuild the access road to the northern part of the park.
See also
Thermoluminescence sand-migration analysis of St. Joseph Peninsula
Saint Joseph, namesake
Notes
References
[ USGS Geographic Names Information System Feature Detail Report - Saint Joseph Peninsula] - retrieved February 17, 2006
Landforms of Gulf County, Florida
Peninsulas of Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Joseph%20Peninsula |
The Great Northern Peninsula (Inuttitut: Ikkarumiklua) is the largest and longest peninsula of Newfoundland, Canada, approximately 270 km long and 90 km wide at its widest point and encompassing an area of 17,483 km2. It is defined as that part of Newfoundland from Bonne Bay northwards around Cape Norman and Cape Bauld and thence southwards to the head of White Bay, bounded by the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the west, the Strait of Belle Isle on the north and the Labrador Sea and White Bay on the east.
The vast majority of the peninsula is located within Division No. 9, Newfoundland and Labrador, except for the southeastern corner, which is part of Subdivision G of Division No. 5, Newfoundland and Labrador. In 1991, the peninsula had 23,854 inhabitants. By 2016, however, the population had decreased to 15,607, further decreased to 14,733 in 2021.
St. Anthony is the largest population centre on the peninsula. A ferry service operates at the western part of the Strait of Belle Isle between St. Barbe, Newfoundland, and Blanc Sablon, Quebec.
Topography
The Great Northern Peninsula can be divided into two main topographic areas, the high plateau of the Long Range Mountains and the low-lying coastal areas around which all of settlements can be found. The Long Range Mountains are a mixture of steep mountain valleys with spectacular fjords leading to the sea and mountainous areas dotted with many lakes and rivers. The northern end of the peninsula is indented by Hare Bay. The south and eastern end of the peninsula are mountainous, while the western end has a coastal plain in the northern half and deep fiords in the southern half.
Gros Morne National Park is located on the peninsula.
See also
Gros Morne National Park
L'Anse aux Meadows
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 430
Newfoundland-Labrador fixed link
Sir Wilfred Grenfell
References
External links
Peninsulas of Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Northern%20Peninsula |
Muhammad Hassan Abu Tir (, also known as-Sheikh Abu Mus'ab, 1951) is a member of Hamas and a representative on the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) for his East Jerusalem constituency. He was elected to the position in the Palestinian legislative elections that were held on 25 January 2006. Abu Tir is known for his bright orange henna-dyed beard which separates him from most other politicians and members of his community. He tended to keep a low media profile before he was placed in Israeli prison for four years: On 29 June 2006, Abu Tir was arrested by Israeli military authorities in the 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict. He was held until June 2010, after which Israel ordered him to leave the country because he refused to resign from the Hamas legislature. On June, 2010, he was rearrested after he failed to leave East Jerusalem.
Early life
Abu Tir was born in Umm Tuba, a present neighborhood in East Jerusalem. Abu Tir joined Fatah some time in the early 1970s. Around this time, he was convicted of terror-related activities in Israel and subsequently joined the Muslim Brotherhood. He spent nearly 25 years in Israeli prisons, on and off, for directing terror activities against Israel, including the attempted poisoning in the early 1990s of Israel's water supplies and for directing the activities of Hamas's military arm, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. In 2005, prior to the elections, he was released after serving a term of nearly seven years in prisons. After his release, he was recruited by Hamas to head its national list following its Gaza leader, Ismail Haniyeh. He was most recently arrested and later detained for campaigning near Jerusalem's Damascus Gate after violating a ban that forbade the practice. He was interrogated and later released. The incident transformed Tir into a minor celebrity among the public in his constituency. This incident, in the end, contributed positively to his overall campaign.
Political stance
As for his stance politically, he told Newsweek in 2006: "Stop your support for Israel...[s]top calling us terrorists. This policy creates a feeling of oppression. The feeling of oppression can lead to disaster."
Abu Tir recently told The Globe and Mail that his primary objective would be to "...take Sharia [Islamic law] as a source for legislation" but at the same time told Newsweek International he "...will [would] not [directly] impose Sharia." He also told The Globe and Mail that he plans to reform the Palestinian public education system by introducing a more Islamic curriculum, and also plans on separating male and female students. However Tir did clarify that alcohol would not be banned and it would not be mandatory for women to wear the hijab, or head-cover.
Abu Tir also told the paper that as long as Israel continues its occupation of Palestinian land Hamas would continue its armed struggle against them. In an enigmatic statement in an interview prior to his getting elected, he stated that he would "negotiate [with Israel] better than the others [previous administrations], who negotiated for 10 years and achieved nothing." He explained that "We [Hamas] are not against the Jews. We are against occupation and oppression".
He noted further that Hamas had removed significant sections of their constitution which called for Israel's destruction, though the basic idea remains the same: Israel cannot be allowed to remain as a Jewish state in the Middle East. "In the past," he said, "it was said that we don't understand politics, only force, but we are a broad, well-grounded movement that is active in all areas of life. Now we are proving that we also understand politics better than the others." Abu Tir's final thought on Israeli negotiation was to leave it to the new parliament "as with every matter, to be discussed and decided upon in a rational manner". After Hamas's landslide victory in January 2006 many countries decided to back Israel's decision to cut foreign aid to The Palestinian Authority. After being asked what Hamas planned to do in light of this Abu Tir stated that Hamas "would not go to foreign donors on [a] bended knee". In a 6 February 2006 open letter to Newsweek International Tir stated that "The European Union and America should cooperate with us. We have ways of creating understanding among our people. We are facilitators, helpers, aides. The presence of Hamas is a guarantee of safety and stability in the region. Any money that is given to us will be channelled to the correct path." As he tried to address Western fears that donations would go to buy arms Tir told the West to "...[not] be afraid...we can always find arms on the black market. It is obvious that we have built our military infrastructure in that way. Our weapons are the only guarantee of our existence. If a proper Palestinian state were established, then all the militias would melt inside the Palestinian Army." Summing up his letter Tir attempted to ease western anxiety about Hamas by stating that "The West has nothing to fear from Hamas. We're not going to force people to do anything. We will not impose Sharia. Hamas is contained. Hamas deals only with the Israeli occupation. We are not Al Qaeda."
2006 and 2010 Arrests
On 25 June 2006, Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit was captured by Hamas, which touched off the 2006 Israel–Gaza conflict. A few days after the incident, on 29 June, Israel arrested 64 Hamas officials in the West Bank, including Palestinian Authority cabinet ministers and members of the Palestinian Legislative Council. Abu Tir was among them and was held in jail for four years.
Abu Tir was freed on 20 May 2010. He was subsequently stripped of his Israeli ID card and residency rights, and told by the Israeli Shin Bet intelligence service that he was banned from Jerusalem.
He was held under administrative detention for one year and release in May 2012, expelled to Ramallah and not allowed to enter Jerusalem.
Orange beard
One of Abu Tir's most noticeable physical attributes and trademarks is his bright orange beard. The orange is actually a dyed substance called henna, a natural dyestuff, which needs to be applied periodically in order to maintain its lustrous colour. In an interview with the Israeli Channel 10 television Abu Tir stated that he had decided to dye his beard with henna because the prophet Muhammad had done so and also because it was a remedy for headaches and dandruff. Islam bans the use of black hair dyes; however, there is no mention of a ban on the use of other colours. Residents in his native village of Umm Tuba say that his signature beard does help him stand out when he is out campaigning at public events and functions.
References
External links
"Council on Foreign Affairs" "Hamas' Leaders" by Alexandra Silver 10 February 2006
Israel National News: "Arab MK Goes One Step Too Far", 20 April 2006
1951 births
Living people
Hamas members
Members of the 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Abu%20Tir |
PRRS can refer to:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, a disease of pigs
Radical Socialist Republican Party, a former Spanish political party
See also
PRR (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRRS |
Brooks College was a for-profit college in Long Beach and Sunnyvale, California. Brooks College closed in 2008 after 35 years.
History
Brooks College had two campuses owned by Career Education Corporation: in Long Beach, California, and in Sunnyvale, California.
Brooks College was founded in 1964 as Collegiate Inn to provide student housing to California State University, Long Beach. It reorganized as Brooks College for Women in 1971. In 1974, the name changed to simply Brooks College.
In 2007, Career Education Corporation announced that it would close Brooks College, and began attempting to sell Brooks College because of accreditation problems and "scrutiny by the U.S. Department of Education".
The Sunnyvale operation closed in June 2008; the Long Beach campus closed in December 2008. A 2009 exposé by CBS News reporter Steve Croft said Brooks College was "facing allegations that it deceived investors, the federal government, and students, who say they've been taught a very expensive lesson".
The property in Long Beach that was leased by Brooks College was sold to the California State University, Long Beach Foundation for use as CSULB student housing.
See also
Diploma mill
References
Defunct private universities and colleges in California
Universities and colleges in Los Angeles County, California
Universities and colleges in Santa Clara County, California
Education in Long Beach, California
Education in Sunnyvale, California
Educational institutions disestablished in 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks%20College |
Integrated injection logic (IIL, I2L, or I2L) is a class of digital circuits built with multiple collector bipolar junction transistors (BJT). When introduced it had speed comparable to TTL yet was almost as low power as CMOS, making it ideal for use in VLSI (and larger) integrated circuits. The gates can be made smaller with this logic family than with CMOS because complementary transistors are not needed. Although the logic voltage levels are very close (High: 0.7V, Low: 0.2V), I2L has high noise immunity because it operates by current instead of voltage. I2L was developed in 1971 by Siegfried K. Wiedmann and Horst H. Berger who originally called it merged-transistor logic (MTL).
A disadvantage of this logic family is that the gates draw power when not switching unlike with CMOS.
Construction
The I2L inverter gate is constructed with a PNP common base current source transistor and an NPN common emitter open collector inverter transistor (i.e. they are connected to the GND). On a wafer, these two transistors are merged. A small voltage (around 1 volts) is supplied to the emitter of the current source transistor to control the current supplied to the inverter transistor. Transistors are used for current sources on integrated circuits because they are much smaller than resistors.
Because the inverter is open collector, a wired AND operation may be performed by connecting an output from each of two or more gates together. Thus the fan-out of an output used in such a way is one. However, additional outputs may be produced by adding more collectors to the inverter transistor. The gates can be constructed very simply with just a single layer of interconnect metal.
In a discrete implementation of an I2L circuit, bipolar NPN transistors with multiple collectors can be replaced with multiple discrete 3-terminal NPN transistors connected in parallel having their bases connected together and their emitters connected likewise. The current source transistor may be replaced with a resistor from the positive supply to the base of the inverter transistor, since discrete resistors are smaller and less expensive than discrete transistors.
Similarly, the merged PNP current injector transistor and the NPN inverter transistor can be implemented as separate discrete components.
Operation
The heart of an I2L circuit is the common emitter open collector inverter. Typically, an inverter consists of an NPN transistor with the emitter connected to ground and the base biased with a forward current from the current source. The input is supplied to the base as either a current sink (low logic level) or as a high-z floating condition (high logic level). The output of an inverter is at the collector. Likewise, it is either a current sink (low logic level) or a high-z floating condition (high logic level).
Like direct-coupled transistor logic, there is no resistor between the output (collector) of one NPN transistor and the input (base) of the following transistor.
To understand how the inverter operates, it is necessary to understand the current flow. If the bias current is shunted to ground (low logic level), the transistor turns off and the collector floats (high logic level). If the bias current is not shunted to ground because the input is high-z (high logic level), the bias current flows through the transistor to the emitter, switching on the transistor, and allowing the collector to sink current (low logic level). Because the output of the inverter can sink current but cannot source current, it is safe to connect the outputs of multiple inverters together to form a wired AND gate. When the outputs of two inverters are wired together, the result is a two-input NOR gate because the configuration (NOT A) AND (NOT B) is equivalent to NOT (A OR B) (per De Morgan's Theorem). Finally the output of the NOR gate is inverted by IIL inverter in upper right of the diagram, the result is a two-input OR gate.
Due to internal parasitic capacitance in transistors, higher currents sourced into the base of the inverter transistor result in faster switching speeds, and since the voltage difference between high and low logic levels is smaller for I2L than other bipolar logic families (around 0.5 volts instead of around 3.3 or 5 volts), losses due to charging and discharging parasitic capacitances are minimized.
Usage
I2L is relatively simple to construct on an integrated circuit, and was commonly used before the advent of CMOS logic by companies such as Motorola (now NXP Semiconductors) and Texas Instruments. In 1975, Sinclair Radionics introduced one of the first consumer-grade digital watches, the Black Watch, which used I2L technology.
In 1976, Texas Instruments introduced SBP0400 CPU which used I2L technology.
In the late 1970s, RCA used I²L in its CA3162 ADC 3 digit meter integrated circuit. In 1979, HP introduced a frequency measurement instrument based on a HP-made custom LSI chip that uses integrated injection logic (I2L) for low power consumption and high density, enabling portable battery operation, and also some emitter function logic (EFL) circuits where high speed is needed in its HP 5315A/B.
References
Further reading
Logic families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20injection%20logic |
Oleksandr Yevhenovych Rybka (; born 10 April 1987) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Obolon Kyiv.
Career
He was a goalkeeper for the Ukrainian national under-21 football team along with Bohdan Shust becoming the vice-champion at the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.
In the 2007–2008 season, due to injury, he made four appearances for FC Dynamo Kyiv conceding 3 goals. He then made his UEFA Champions League debut against Real Madrid C.F. in 2006/2007 season's group stage. Dynamo lost the game 5–1 in Madrid and Rybka made a memorable performance, even though he conceded a 5th and final goal of the match from a penalty kick.
In 2011, Rybka had signed for FC Shakhtar. In Shakhtar, he would put up some great performances, and would eventually become the starting goalkeeper. However, this momentum stopped. Rybka received a two-year ban after testing positive for a prohibited substance diuretic in a league game against Karpaty Lviv in November 2011 lasting until January 10, 2014, meaning he would miss the 2012 UEFA European Championship which were being co-hosted by Ukraine alongside Poland.
On 1 November 2013, Rybka re-signed for Dynamo Kyiv. The 3-year contract he signed began in January 2014, when his ban was terminated.
In March 2022, he moved on loan to Boluspor.
In January 2023 he moved to Lviv.
Honours
Dynamo Kyiv
Ukrainian Premier League: 2006–07, 2008–09, 2014–15, 2015–16
Ukrainian Cup: 2005-06, 2006-07, 2013-14, 2014–15
Liepāja
Latvian Football Cup: 2020
Shakhtar Donetsk
Ukrainian Premier League: 2011-12
Ukrainian Cup: 2011-12
References
External links
Profile on Dynamo Kyiv website
1987 births
Living people
Ukrainian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Ukraine men's youth international footballers
Ukraine men's under-21 international footballers
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian First League players
Ukrainian Second League players
FC Obolon Kyiv players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Dynamo-2 Kyiv players
FC Dynamo-3 Kyiv players
FC Shakhtar Donetsk players
Ukrainian sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in association football
Footballers from Kyiv
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Ukraine men's international footballers
Kardemir Karabükspor footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Azerbaijan
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Premier League players
Latvian Higher League players
Sabail FK players
FK Liepāja players
Expatriate men's footballers in Latvia
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Latvia
FC Metalist Kharkiv players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr%20Rybka |
Helfenstein Castle represents the remnants of the fortified castle (burg) Helfenstein of the counts of Helfenstein located above the city of Geislingen an der Steige, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was destroyed in 1552.
See also
List of castles in Baden-Württemberg
House of Helfenstein
References
External links
Ruine Helfenstein on Bergen Inventar.de
Ruine Helfenstein on Bergenwelt.de
Ruined castles in Germany
Hill castles
Swabian Jura | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helfenstein%20Castle |
IIL may stand for
Indian Independence League
Integrated injection logic
The Insurance Institute of London
The Institut International de Lancy
II-L or IIL, a subtype of Type II supernova | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIL |
Hartford Magnet Trinity College Academy (HMTCA) (formerly Hartford Magnet Middle School, HMMS) is a magnet school in Hartford, Connecticut which was named a Blue Ribbon School in 2006 and operates as part of the Hartford Public Schools. Starting July 1, 2011, HMMS was renamed Hartford Magnet Trinity College Academy and added a 9th grade, continuing to add a grade each year up to 12th grade. The school operates in partnership with Trinity College.
Awards and recognition
During the 2006–07 school year, Hartford Magnet Middle School was recognized with the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive. "The Blue Ribbon award is given only to schools that reach the top 10 percent of their state's testing scores over several years or show significant gains in student achievement."
Controversy
In 2022, the Hartford Public Schools finance department performed an audit of the school's financial records from the fiscal year of 2021-2022. The audit discovered that the school's "Student Activity Fund" had a deficit of $42,000 which was likely caused by transactions being recorded with missing information and incorrect descriptions. Funds were allegedly misused for teacher retirement parties and various staff appreciation incentives against the fund's policies. When shown her alleged signatures on checks related to the Student Activity Fund, principal Julie Goldstein claimed she did not recognize them.
References
External links
Educational institutions established in 1999
Public middle schools in Connecticut
Schools in Hartford, Connecticut
Trinity College (Connecticut)
Magnet schools in Connecticut
1999 establishments in Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford%20Magnet%20Trinity%20College%20Academy |
Godert Alexander Gerard Philip, Baron van der Capellen (Utrecht, 15 December 1778 – De Bilt, 10 April 1848) was a Dutch statesman. He held several important posts under the Kingdom of Holland and the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands, before he was appointed as one of the Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies. Later he was appointed Governor-General of that colony.
Life
Personal life
Born in Utrecht, Van der Capellen was the son of Maria Taets van Amerongen, and the cavalry colonel Alexander Philip van der Capellen.
His father died when he was eight, and his education was entrusted to the Walloon minister Pierre Chevalier. He studied law at Utrecht university, and also spent time studying in under Georg Friedrich von Martens and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach at the University of Göttingen. In 1803, he married Jacoba Elisabeth van Tuyll van Serooskerken. They had no children.
Career
He started his official career in the province of Utrecht under the Batavian Republic, where he was appointed in several functions in the sphere of Public finance Under the Kingdom of Holland he was made responsible for the integration of the formerly German areas known as East Frisia, that had been "apportioned" by Napoleon to that kingdom. He was subsequently made landdrost (Prefect) of that area in 1808 and soon thereafter Minister of the Interior and a member of the Raad van State. He was one of the ministers who advised king Louis to resist the advances of his brother Napoleon, but when Louis abdicated in favor of his son, he followed him in exile. He remained with the ex-king until power was returned to the son of the former Dutch stadtholder, now the "sovereign prince" William I of the Netherlands, in 1813. William appointed him envoy to the Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands, Karl von Vincent in Brussels in May 1814. When William himself became Governor-Geral there on 1 August 1814, he appointed Van der Capellen to be his representative to do the actual governing on 12 August 1814, with the title of Secretaris van Staat (minister). However, William recalled him already in September 1814 to become one of the Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies with Cornelis Theodorus Elout and Arnold Adriaan Buyskes, to implement the return of that colony to Dutch administration on the basis of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814.
Before they could depart, however, Van der Capellen was charged with a secret diplomatic mission to the Congress of Vienna, to plead the interests of William in the former domains of his family in Germany. That mission did not succeed, but Van der Capellen brought home William's sovereignty over the former Duchy of Luxemburg that became a Grand Duchy in a personal union with the new Kingdom of the United Netherlands. When Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815, Van der Capellen was temporarily restored to his function of acting Governor-General of the Southern Netherlands. During the Hundred days, he was in Brussels, where he showed much sang froid in the days of the Battle of Waterloo, staying at his post, where many others fled. He was aware of the resistance of many Belgian notables against the new constitution for the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, but could not dissuade William of forcing that through.
On 29 October 1815 the Commissioners-General could finally depart for the Dutch East Indies aboard a Dutch naval squadron commanded by Buyskes. Van der Capellen himself arrived in Batavia on 19 May 1816, a few days before the other two Commissioners, because he traveled in a different ship. It took until 18 August 1816 before the British allowed the Commissioners to take over the government of Java. In the almost three years that followed, Van der Capellen acted as the "executive", fulfilling the role of acting-Governor-General, whereas Buyskes took care of military matters, and Elout did most of the legislative work. On 16 January 1819 the triumvirate ended and Van der Capellen formally assumed the Governor-Generalship, as head of the new High Government of the Dutch East Indies.
On 28 April 1822, he was made a Baron. In 1824 he cancelled contracts of native rulers in the Vorstenlanden with European and ethnic Chinese businessmen for long-running leases of land, because he feared that the common Javanese people would be exploited. This forced the native chiefs to pay back the advances they had received. They responded by further exploiting the cultivators. Hard-pressed cultivators had to pay taxes in money and turned to Chinese moneylenders. This caused unrest in Yogyakarta. As the post-Napoleonic Wars boom in coffee and sugar exports faded, the budget of the colony went into deficit. Much money was also needed to quell unrest outside of Java, like the First expedition to Palembang (1819), Second expedition to Palembang (1821), Padri War (1821-1837), Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo (1823), First Bone War (1824-1825), and especially the Java War with Prince Diponegoro that started during his tenure in office. Van der Capellen made an inspection tour of the Moluccas and Celebes in 1824 and abolished the hated spices monopoly and the limit on the number of spice trees. These measures were not popular with the colonial establishment and the Oudgastenpartij. Herman Warner Muntinghe's proposal for the establishment of the Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij (NHM) in which King William heavily invested, was adopted in 1825. Van der Capellen was opposed to giving the important role to the NHM that king William decreed. He was generally opposed to seeing Indies revenue that was needed for the Indies government, leak away to the Mother country. In this context there was an incident in which the High Government refused to follow an order to deliver part of the coffee harvest to the NHM, intended as payment for advances the company had made to the Dutch government in Patria, and instead sold the coffee at auction for the benefit of the Netherlands' Indies government. This occasioned the Dutch government to sent Leonard du Bus de Gisignies as a Commissioner-General to investigate Van der Capellen's conduct. He soon took over the Governor-Generalship himself; Van der Capellen was dismissed as of 1 January 1826.
After his return in the Netherlands Van der Capellen was named President of the Board of Trustees of the University of Utrecht in 1828. In 1838, he attended the coronation of Queen Victoria in London as the Dutch envoy. Van der Capellen then served as the Lord Chamberlain of King William II. He spent much time in Paris, often as the guest of king Louis Philippe I. The events of the French Revolution of 1848 that he experienced in France, took a heavy emotional toll on Van der Capellen. He returned to his estate Vollenhove near De Bilt in the Netherlands, where in a moment of temporary insanity he ended his own life on 10 April 1848.
Notes
References
Sources
The Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
Wurtzburg, Charles Edward (1953). Raffles of the Eastern Isles. Oxford University Press.
External links
1778 births
1848 deaths
Barons of the Netherlands
Governors-General of the Dutch East Indies
Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands
Ministers of Colonial Affairs of the Netherlands
Ministers of Religious Affairs of the Netherlands
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army generals
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army officers
Politicians from Utrecht (city)
Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Knights of the Military Order of Max Joseph
Dutch military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Dutch civil servants
19th-century Dutch diplomats
Dutch members of the Dutch Reformed Church
19th-century Dutch East Indies people
People from the Kingdom of Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godert%20van%20der%20Capellen |
Antiochia in Sittacene () was an ancient city founded in the Hellenistic period, possibly by Antiochus I. Pliny in his Natural History, Book 6, § 206, describes it as an important town in the western part of the ancient region of Sittacene, between the Tigris and Tornadotus rivers. Its present site is in Iraq.
References
Pliny's Natural History
Seleucid colonies
Former populated places in Iraq | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia%20in%20Sittacene |
The Agricultural University of Athens (AUA; ) is the third oldest university in Greece. Since 1920, it has made contributions to Greek agricultural and economic development, by conducting basic and applied research in Agricultural Science and Technology.
The university is situated in the neighborhood of Votanikos, on a 25-hectare green campus that straddles both sides of the historic Iera Odos (the Sacred Way of antiquity), close to the Acropolis, at the heart of the ancient Olive Grove.
Academic Profile
The University today consists of two Schools and 6 Departments, offering five-year undergraduate programmes as well as a variety of postgraduate programmes.
Research
The university's main research focus is Agronutrition, Biotechnology, Environmental Ecology and Agricultural and Rural Economics.
Academic evaluation
In 2016 the external evaluation committee gave Agricultural University of Athens a Positive evaluation.
An external evaluation of all academic departments in Greek universities was conducted by the Hellenic Quality Assurance and Accreditation Agency (HQA).
Campus
The university is located on the alluvial plain of the Kifisos river. It is bordered by Kavalas avenue and Spyrou Patsi Street. To its east lies the ancient cemetery of Kerameikos and to the west was the location of Plato's olive, whose remains are exhibited inside the main building of the University. The site is split in two by the Iera Odos (Sacred Way) which connects Athens and Eleusis.
Its buildings comprise a great number of auditoriums and laboratories, a library, computer rooms, agricultural facilities (arboretum, vineyard, experimental fields, flower garden, greenhouses, cowshed, sheep pen, chicken coop, dairy installations, and aquaculture tanks), museums, student center, indoor gym, and sports fields.
History
The plain where the university is located was created by the periodic flooding of the Kifisos river. In antiquity the district of Elaionas (olive grove in Greek) where the university is located was considered among the healthiest of Athens. The largest part of the site where the university is located was appropriated by Hadji Ali Haseki, an 18th-century Ottoman ruler of Athens and used as his personal farm. From his time survives one building of the University which is one of the very few of that time that still stands in Athens, though not in its original condition.
After the 1821 revolution the plot was confiscated along with the rest of the Turkish property in Greece and became the Ruf National Farm. In 1888, after the national benefactor Triantifillides donated money to create three post-secondary schools of Agriculture, one of them was created on the site. By some this is considered as the founding of the university. Others though consider 1920 as the founding date, when the Athens College of Agriculture was founded by law submitted to parliament by Eleftherios Venizelos. No matter which date is used it is still the third oldest university of Greece, after the University of Athens and the National Technical University of Athens.
Early years (1920–1937)
The college was the first agricultural research facility in Greece. As its Greek name shows (Ανωτάτη Γεωπονική Σχολή Αθηνών) the college was originally modeled after the French Grandes Ecoles. First rector was Spyridon Hasiotis who is considered the father of agricultural science in Greece. In the early years the college lacked financial resources and teaching facilities. To help overcome this problem a special fund was set up in 1928. The main income of the university was from the sale of its produce, while the buildings of the Triantafillideios School of Agriculture were inadequate for the needs of a college. At that time the university was under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture which guaranteed employment to all of its graduates, thus making the university very attractive to people of poor background. Students and faculty were involved in politics, something that the Metaxas dictatorship did not like and thus moved the college to Thessaloniki in 1937, to become part of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
Exile (1937–1941)
In Thessaloniki the situation was tougher, since all the work that had been done to improve the site was now useless, due to relocation. After repeated pleads the Occupation Government allowed the return of the college to Athens, but did not abolish the Agriculture Faculty of the Aristotle University which thus exists to this day, as the Faculty of Geotechnical Sciences of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
Return and War (1941–1948)
Upon return the students and the faculty found the installations in poor condition. Also half the material was left in Thessaloniki to help continue the faculty there. At least though during the occupation, a time when over 300,000 Greeks died of hunger the fields of the university provided food for the students and faculty. The great famine of World War II gave a sense of urgency to the university's founding mission: to help Greece obtain self-sufficiency in food. To improve the level of education a fifth year was added in 1948 as specialization. 1948 is considered the beginning of the post-war era with the foundation of the central building.
After the War (1948–1990)
Using money from the Marshall Plan the central building was completed in 1952. In 1960 specializations were extended to the fourth year. The 1967–1974 dictatorship brought turmoil to the College, culminating in the suicide of lab technician Theophilos Frangopoulos in 1969, by cyanide poisoning.
Greece's entry to the European Economic Community allowed European funds to flow thus allowing and expansion both in facilities and departments. Thus in 1984 for the first time Departments were formed. In 1990 the college was renamed as the Agricultural University of Athens.
See also
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, established in 1837, it is the oldest higher education institution in Greece.
National Technical University of Athens
List of universities in Greece
List of research institutes in Greece
European Higher Education Area
Education in Greece
Open access in Greece
References
External links
Agricultural University of Athens Official Website
Hellenic Quality Assurance and Accreditation Agency (HQA)
Agricultural University of Athens Quality Assurance Unit
Agricultural University of Athens DASTA Office (Career Office & Innovation Unit)
"ATHENA" Plan for Higher Education
Greek Research and Technology Network (GRNET)
Hellenic Academic Libraries Link (HEAL-Link))
Kallipos (e-books Greek academic publishing)
Study in Greece – Official portal for studies in Greece
Hellenic Qualifications Framework (HQF)
Universities in Greece
Agricultural universities and colleges
Education in Athens
Universities and colleges established in 1920
1920 establishments in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural%20University%20of%20Athens |
Hockey Manitoba is the governing body of amateur ice hockey in the province of Manitoba, Canada. Hockey Manitoba was founded in 1914 as the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association and is a branch affiliate of Hockey Canada.
As part of its mandate, Hockey Manitoba oversees junior and senior hockey (excluding major junior), minor hockey (through its ten regional branches), provincial championships, officiating programs, and skill development programs for coaches and players, in conjunction with member leagues and minor hockey associations.
History
Formation and early years
Members of the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League met on June 23, 1914, agreed to form a provisional Manitoba Hockey Commission to oversee hockey in Manitoba, and sought to merge into a national commission when such a body became established. The suggestion to form a governing body for hockey in Canada was made by Claude C. Robinson, the trustee for the Allan Cup in Western Canada, and was echoed by similar calls from The Winnipeg Tribune and the Winnipeg Free Press. During the 1914 Allan Cup playoffs earlier in the year, the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League and Allan Cup trustees debated the eligibility of players based on whether leagues were senior ice hockey, or a lower level of intermediate hockey, and struggled without an authoritative national body to classify leagues.
On July 7, 1914, the Manitoba Hockey Commission was founded, with Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League executives W. F. Taylor and Fred Marples elected as the first president and secretary-treasurer respectively. Marples and Robinson sent letters to other clubs and leagues in Canada and advocated for establishment of the national commission. In November 1914, the commission laid plans for a national meeting, sought for the Allan Cup to be recognized as the championship trophy for amateur hockey in Canada, and that the national commission be the authority to decide on which leagues and players were eligible. The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) was founded on December 4, 1914, with Taylor elected as its first president, and the Allan Cup was chosen to represent the CAHA championship.
Taylor presided over the first annual meeting of the Manitoba Hockey Commission on December 26, 1914, which saw its named changed to become the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association (MAHA) to align with the CAHA. The MAHA ratified the player registration rules put in place by the CAHA to maintain amateurism and exclude professionals, and sought to expand within Manitoba by recruiting existing leagues to join.
During World War I, the MAHA joined other athletic organizations in Manitoba to form an Athletic Patriotic Committee to support the war effort in Canada, and arranged sporting events for patriotic fundraising. Taylor was re-elected president of the MAHA in November 1915 and continued hockey in Manitoba to support the patriotic fund.
The Winnipeg Falcons won the 1920 Allan Cup and were chosen to represent Canada in ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Belgium. The Falconsbecame the first gold medalists in ice hockey at the Olympic Games, and were feted with a banquet arranged by the MAHA upon the team's return to Winnipeg.
In the early years of the MAHA, schedules for the Manitoba Senior Hockey League were handled by the operators of the rinks. After disagreements on schedules for the 1922–23 season, president Toby Sexsmith reserved the right for the MAHA to decide on which teams would participate in the league after Winnipeg Amphitheatre ownership was unable to get an agreement on a league schedule.
1927 to 1934
E. A. Gilroy was elected president in 1927. A letter by him was published in the Winnipeg Free Press, in which he reiterated his commitment to expanding senior ice hockey in Manitoba, and restoring it to the prominence it had before rosters were depleted by professional teams. He was open to university teams participating in the Manitoba Senior Hockey League, wanted to work with owners of the Winnipeg Amphitheatre on schedules, and address concerns of attendance figures and travel costs to games outside of Winnipeg. He also sought to keep teams based in the MAHA as opposed to playing in neighbouring districts such as the Thunder Bay Amateur Hockey Association.
The 1927–28 season had the greatest number of hockey teams in Manitoba at the time, with the most growth in rural areas. Gilroy advocated for support of leagues based in rural areas to grow interest in the game, and since those teams could not raise funds to travel long distances to play in larger cities. He wanted to shorten the provincial playoffs system which extended play into poor ice conditions later in the season. As growth increased, he sought to educate teams and players in Manitoba that registration requirements including transfers between clubs would be enforced in the 1928–29 season, and published letters in newspapers advising of changes to consistent with new amateur regulations across Canada.
The MAHA implemented upper and lower divisions in the Manitoba Senior Hockey League for the 1929–30 season, and received more applications from teams in Winnipeg than ice availability could support. The MAHA arranged for all of the upper division teams to play in Winnipeg to reduce travel costs, and expanded the lower division with teams from Brandon, Elkhorn, Souris, and Virden.
The MAHA faced a revolt from teams in the Manitoba Senior Hockey League before the 1932–33 season, when the Winnipeg Hockey Club, the Winnipeg Falcons and the Selkirk Hockey Club withdrew and formed a commercial league in protest of the Brandon Wheat City Hockey Club being admitted. Gilroy announced that any player taking part in the new commercial league would be suspended from the MAHA, and be ineligible for the Allan Cup playoffs. After a week of negotiations, an agreement was reached where the Winnipeg Monarchs and Winnipeg Hockey Club merged, and the Manitoba Senior Hockey League operated with four teams including Brandon. Gilroy retired as president in 1934, after his tenure oversaw continued growth of the association and improvement of finances.
1945 to 1950
Jimmy Dunn served as president from 1945 to 1950. He was immediately faced with an ultimatum from the north division teams of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League (MJHL) who threatened to withdraw from the MAHA unless several demands were met. The teams felt that the south division was given preferential treatment, and sought to equally share games at the larger Winnipeg Amphitheatre and the profits from gate receipts. The north division complained about the lack of available ice time for practices and the deplorable dressing room conditions at the Olympic Rink, and felt that the MAHA had an obligation to make the upgrades if the rink would not. The Winnipeg Tribune reported that the concerns had developed over years of mismanagement and that Dunn committed the MAHA to discussing issues openly instead of closed-door meetings without the local press invited. After negotiations broke down, three junior teams withdrew and the MJHL operated with five teams in one division. Despite the loss of teams, MAHA registrations grew by more than 600 players and profits increased six fold.
The stronger MJHL teams — the Winnipeg Rangers, Winnipeg Monarchs, Brandon Wheat Kings and Portage Terriers — were sponsored by National Hockey League clubs and wanted to form an "A" division and play all games at the Winnipeg Amphitheatre for the 1946–47 season, and relegate all other teams to the "B" division at the Olympic Rink. The four teams were also opposed to any other teams being added to their division. The Winnipeg Tribune felt that these teams had pursued their own selfish interests with disregard for the general welfare of the league, and that creating the division would perpetuate the previous issues unless Dunn could negotiate a "minor miracle". Dunn and the MAHA executive chose to include the St. James Orioles as a fifth team in the "A" division after being convinced that the team was soundly operated and would be able to compete.
The MAHA implemented a 10-minute overtime period for all tied games as of the 1946–47 season. During the same season, the MAHA executive encouraged construction of community rinks and targeted rural regions of Manitoba for growth. The MAHA also divided the juvenile, midget and bantam age groups of minor hockey into tiers, to give teams based in rural Manitoba an opportunity to enter the provincial playoffs at a lower calibre than urban teams. The MAHA established a "C" division of the MJHL to play at the Olympic Rink and retain more players who had graduated from minor hockey. Dunn felt that the 1947–48 season had been the most successful yet, praised rural communities for building rinks, and sought more rural leagues to operate for the whole season instead of forming a team solely for the provincial playoffs.
By the 1949–50 season, registrations with the MAHA had grown to exceed 4,000 players and included 125 teams outside of Winnipeg for the intermediate and minor hockey playoffs. Grants by the MAHA for the development of minor ice hockey in Manitoba grew from C$1,525 in 1946, to more than $6,000 by the end of the 1949–50 season. The Winnipeg Free Press wrote that Dunn's presidency coincided with the MAHA's biggest growth and best financial situation that was driven by profits from the junior ice hockey playoffs.
1958 to 1963
Earl Dawson was elected president in 1958. The MAHA had its greatest registration to date and sought to reimburse teams in rural Manitoba for the cost of developing players lost to the MJHL who in turn profited by selling players to professional teams. Dawson planned to promote and raise funds for minor ice hockey with a Minor Hockey Week in January 1959. Five years later, the MAHA had grown to be the country's third largest provincial association by registration and spent more per capita to develop minor ice hockey than other provinces in Canada. Journalist Laurie Artiss stated that the Rural Minor Hockey Council established by Dawson had succeeded in reversing the decline of hockey in rural Manitoba by enforcing geographical limits on where the bigger cities could claim players, which resulted in players staying in smaller towns and gave more children a chance to play locally.
Dawson and the MAHA sought a better financial arrangement with the Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association to recuperate the costs of developing minor hockey players and on-ice officials in Flin Flon, after the Flin Flon Bombers affiliated with the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL) instead of the MJHL. When the Brandon Wheat Kings also wanted to play in the SJHL, the MAHA renogotiated the financial arrangement to prevent the loss of another team to an out-of-province league. In December 1961, a fire destroyed the home arena of the Prince Albert Mintos of the SJHL, and the MAHA allowed the team to move to Dauphin, Manitoba, and levied a fee of 10 per cent of ticket sales to cover lost revenue for displacing the existing senior team in Dauphin.
MAHA executives
Notable executives of the MAHA:
Presidents:
W. F. Taylor (1914–1916)
Toby Sexsmith (1921–1923)
E. A. Gilroy (1927–1934)
Jimmy Dunn (1945–1950)
Earl Dawson (1958–1963)
Frank McKinnon (1970–1975)
Vice-presidents:
Claude C. Robinson (1916–1917)
Secretary-treasurers:
Fred Marples (1914–1934)
Leagues
Senior
North Central Hockey League
South Eastern Manitoba Hockey League
Tiger Hills Hockey League
Junior
Manitoba Junior Hockey League (Junior 'A')
Capital Region Junior Hockey League (Junior 'B')
Keystone Junior Hockey League (Junior 'B')
Hanover Tache Junior Hockey League (Junior 'C')
Manitoba Major Junior Hockey League (Junior 'OA')
Minor Hockey
Manitoba U-18 'AAA' Hockey League
Manitoba Female Hockey League
Women's
Manitoba Women's Junior Hockey League
Winnipeg Women's Hockey League
MHSAA
Westman High School Hockey League
Winnipeg High School Hockey League
Manitoba Women's High School Hockey League
Zone 4 High School Hockey League
Zone 4 Women's High School Hockey League
Defunct
Carillon Senior Hockey League (Senior)
Central Amateur Senior Hockey League (Senior)
Hanover-Tache Hockey League (Senior)
Kelsey Intermediate Hockey League (Senior)
Manitoba Senior Hockey League (1946–1972) (Senior)
Manitoba Senior Hockey League (2007–2016) (Senior)
Central Manitoba Junior Hockey League (Junior A')
NorMan Junior Hockey League (Junior 'A')
Northwest Junior Hockey League (Junior 'B')
Provincial championships
Turnbull Cup (Junior 'A')
Baldy Northcott Trophy (Junior 'B')
Pattison Cup (Senior 'AAA')
Manitoba Senior 'A' Provincial Championship (Senior 'A')
Jack Forsyth League Trophy (Midget 'AAA')
Hockey Manitoba Cup (Adult Recreational)
Regional minor hockey associations
See also
List of ice hockey teams in Manitoba
Manitoba Hockey Association
References
External links
Hockey Manitoba website
Manitoba
Sports governing bodies of Manitoba
Sports organizations established in 1914
1914 establishments in Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey%20Manitoba |
Scindian is widely considered the first convict ship to transport convicts to Western Australia. She was launched in 1844 and sank in 1880.
Career
Scindian was constructed at Sunderland, England, in 1844 and named after the Indian Scindia dynasty. She appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1844 with J.Terry, master, J. Allan, owner, and trade London-India. Lloyd's Register for 1850 showed her master as J. Cammell. Her owner was still Allan, but her trade was simply given as "London".
Scindian was driven ashore at the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Colony before 23 June 1849. She was refloated with the assistance of the steamship Phoenix.
Scindian left Portsmouth on 4 March 1850 under the command of Captain James Cammell and surgeon-superintendent John Gibson, and docked at Fremantle on 1 June 1850 after a voyage of 89 days. The vessel carried 275 people to Western Australia including 75 male convicts and 163 military pensioners. All the convicts survived the voyage. Among the passengers were a number of officials including Comptroller General of Convicts Edmund Henderson and Superintendent of Convicts Thomas Hill Dixon. Also on board was 10-year-old George Throssell, a son of a pensioner, who later became the second Premier of Western Australia.
The arrival of the convicts was a surprise to many of the Swan River Colony settlers, as Western Australia had petitioned for convicts but had not yet received a reply when Scindian arrived. As no preparations had been made for their arrival, the colony had no jail capable of housing so many convicts. This had been anticipated, and only convicts with a record of good behaviour had been sent. The convicts were initially housed in the warehouse premises of the harbourmaster, which is now the Esplanade Hotel. Shortly after the arrival, work began on the building of a Convict Establishment prison, now Fremantle Prison. After the pensioners arrived, the governor of the colony inducted 100 of them into an armed constabulary force; one of their first tasks was building the prison. The second convict transport to Western Australia was , which arrived on 25 October.
Fate
Scindian sank off the cost of Rio Marina, Elba, Italy on 3 November 1880. Captain Lawrenson and five other men drowned; eight crewmen were rescued.
List of Scindian passengers
Scindian is widely considered the first convict ship to arrive in Western Australia, because she was the first to arrive after Western Australia became a penal colony. A number of ships did bring Parkhurst apprentices to Western Australia between 1842 and 1849, and while these were not considered convict ships by the Western Australian authorities, they were classified as such in English records.
Passengers on Scindian included Thomas Hill Dixon, Edmund Henderson and George Throssell. A full list is provided below.
Convicts
Pensioner guards
Other passengers
Citations
References
Convict ships to Western Australia
Individual sailing vessels
Shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Shipwrecks of Italy
Maritime incidents in November 1880
1844 ships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scindian |
A petit gâteau (; plural: petits gâteaux), is a small cake created by Michel Bras and Erick Jacquin in 1981. In French-speaking countries a dessert of a petit gâteau with chocolate is referred to as "gâteau fondant au chocolat" or simply "chocolat fondant" ("melting chocolate").
In the United States a dessert by the name "petit gâteau" has been popularized by some New York City restaurants since the 1990s. It is composed of a small chocolate cake with crunchy rind and creamy filling that is conventionally served hot with vanilla ice cream on the side. Variations have come to include fruits and even alcoholic beverages, such as whisky.
See also
List of desserts
French desserts
Chocolate desserts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit%20g%C3%A2teau |
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Critical Hour is a 2006 tactical first-person shooter video game developed by Ubisoft Quebec and published by Ubisoft exclusively for the Xbox. It is the fifth game in the Rainbow Six series. The game's plot, set during John Clark's retirement as leader of international counterterrorist organization Rainbow, recaps several past missions Clark handled during his time commanding Rainbow.
Critical Hour primarily consists of remastered levels from Rainbow Six, Rainbow Six: Rogue Spear, and Rogue Spear Mission Pack: Urban Operations. Fitting with the game's theme, gameplay is reminiscent of these titles, contrasting with the gameplay changes introduced in Rainbow Six: Lockdown.
Critical Hour was released on March 14, 2006. The game received mixed reception due to its small amount of content, though it was praised for following the roots of the first two Rainbow Six games. A PlayStation 2 port was planned, but never released.
A sequel, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas, was released in November 2006.
Gameplay
Critical Hour returns to the more realistic tactical formula seen in previous Rainbow Six games. The game returns to the classic gameplay from the original Rainbow Six and Rogue Spear, removing the "run and gun" element seen in Lockdown. Classic weapons and the tactical map return to Critical Hour from the previous games. Weapon accuracy is affected by injuries and running. The game features nonlinear levels.
Multiplayer
There are eight new multiplayer maps for Critical Hour, with 18 maps in all. The game modes include the standard Rainbow Six game modes, an assassin mode, sharpshooter, and last man standing. There is also a new skill for every PEC character type, and players can now have up to four PEC characters stored on one gamertag.
Plot
In Critical Hour, John Clark is retiring and passing the leadership of Rainbow on to Domingo Chavez. While cleaning out his office, he reminisces on seven missions from his years as the head of Rainbow. He leaves these missions for future members of Rainbow to study and use for training.
Development
A PlayStation 2 port was planned, but never released.
Reception
Critical Hour was met with very mixed reception. Video game review aggregator GameRankings displays a score of 56.58%, while Metacritic displays a score of 54 out of 100.
References
External links
Official Rainbow Six website
2006 video games
05
Xbox games
Xbox-only games
Cancelled PlayStation 2 games
Cooperative video games
North America-exclusive video games
Tactical shooter video games
Video games developed in Canada
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Bill Brown
Ubisoft games
Tom Clancy games
Multiplayer and single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Clancy%27s%20Rainbow%20Six%3A%20Critical%20Hour |
The Chief of Defence (Forsvarssjefen) is the highest-ranking officer of the Norwegian Armed Forces, second only to the King of Norway. Even though he holds the same rank as the King of Norway, according to the Norwegian Constitution the King holds the highest command of the Army, Air Force, Navy and Home Guard.
The Chief of Defence is the top advisor to the Government regarding military issues. He is responsible for carrying out the mission the King or Minister of Defence gives to the Military. He is also Norway's representative to NATO's military committee.
The post was first established in 1940, and is currently held by General Eirik Kristoffersen.
List of Chiefs of Defence
References and footnotes
Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20of%20Defence%20%28Norway%29 |
Sittacene was an ancient region of Babylonia and Assyria situated about the main city of Sittace. Pliny in his Natural History, Book 6, §§ 205-206, places Sittacene between Chalonitis, Persis and Mesene and also between Arbelitis and Palestine (or that it also bore those names, id., vi. 27. s. 31). Besides Sittace, Sabata, and Antiochia are identified as important cities. The district of Sittacene appears to have been called in later times Apolloniatis (Strabo xi. p. 524), and which adjoined the province of Susis (xv. p. 732). It is probably the same country which Curtius calls Satrapene (v. 2).
Alexander the Great's forces marched through Sittacene on their way from Babylon to Susa. Curtius and Diodorus place Alexander's major reorganization of his forces between their reinforcement at Babylon and the campaign against Susa in Sittacene. (Curt. v. 1. 40-42, v. 2. 1–7; Diod. xvii. 65) A depiction of the games which were held to boost morale became the subject of a famous painting in the collection of the Getty Museum.
When Alexander the Great visited the region, he found a settlement of Greek Boeotians established there since the time of Xerxes' campaign against Greece. (Diod. 17, 110, 4-5).
Notes
References
External links
Pliny's Natural History
Hazlitt's Classical Gazetteer
Wars of Alexander the Great | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittacene |
John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury, 2nd Earl of Waterford, 8th Baron Talbot, KG (12 December 1413 – 10 July 1460) was an English nobleman and soldier. He was the son of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, 1st Earl of Waterford, 7th Baron Talbot, 10th Baron Strange of Blackmere, and Maud Neville, 6th Baroness Furnivall.
John Talbot also held the subsidiary titles of 11th Baron Strange of Blackmere and 7th Baron Furnivall. He was knighted in 1426 at Leicester alongside King Henry VI. During his father's lifetime, he served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland. He was a Lancastrian, and served as Lord High Treasurer from 1456 to 1458, besides being created a Knight of the Garter in 1457. He was killed at the Battle of Northampton.<ref>Alison Weir Lancaster and York- the Wars of the Roses' Arrow edition 1996 p. 244'</ref>
Early life
The eldest son and heir to the Barony of Furnivall, John was born at Sheffield Castle, where his mother was resident. Still a boy he was knighted in 1426 by Henry VI. He was granted the manor of Worksop in 1435/6 aeternas maternis belong to his mother in her own lifetime. He made his will at Sheffield the year after marriage to Lady Elizabeth, a daughter of James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormonde and Joan de Beauchamp. Her maternal grandparents were William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny and Joan Fitzalan. Joan was a daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel and Elizabeth de Bohun. Elizabeth was a daughter of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton.
The marriage between John and Elizabeth seems to have been an attempt to heal the old feud between the Talbot and Butler families, which had dominated Irish politics for many years and greatly weakened the authority of the English Crown in Ireland.
They had seven children:
Lady Anne Talbot (c. 1445 – 17 May 1494). Married firstly Sir Henry Vernon and secondly Ralph Shirley.
John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury (12 December 1448 – 28 June 1473).
Sir James Talbot (c. 1450 – 2 September 1471).
Sir Gilbert Talbot, KG (1452 – 16 August 1517 or 19 September 1518). Married first Elizabeth Greystoke, daughter of Ralph de Greystoke, the 5th Baron Greystoke/7th Baron Boteler of Wem; and secondly, to Etheldreda, also called Audrey, Cotton, daughter of William Landwade Cotton of Landwade, Cambridgeshire.
Christopher Talbot (c. 1454 – aft. 1474). Rector at Christchurch, Shropshire.
Sir George Talbot (born c. 1456).
Margaret Talbot (born c. 1460). Married Thomas Chaworth (died a lunatic 1482–1483), son of Sir William Chaworth and Elizabeth Bowett, without issue.
Diplomat, Courtier and Statesman
Raised by his mother in the West Riding and estates around Sherwood Forest, his father was almost continually away in Ireland and France. Made Chancellor of Ireland by his father in March 1445, he remained until the new Viceroy, the duke of York appeared in Dublin in 1447.
Sent back there two years later, York accused the Lancastrian of trying to ambush the column at Holt, after he had lost most of his inheritance to Shrewsbury's new marriage. He moved into the majority court of Queen Margaret before Cade's Revolt. At Dartford, he was already indicting Yorkist traitors at law. He harboured some resentment against the young strutting duke, whose somewhat vain, and at times arrogant posturing annoyed him.
On the inheritance of the earldom, he had already felt confident to speak out against York's conduct as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. And reaching this majority in the House of Lords, attracted the allegiance of his brother-in-law, James, earl of Ormond. During the Protectorate, but once York's party had left London, he sat in oyer et terminer on the traitor Henry Percy in June 1454. He was appointed Keeper of the Seas in the North.
Choosing the Northern affinity his friendship was for Ralph, Lord Cromwell, and less for his mother's clan, the Nevilles. They marched south to the First Battle of St Albans in 1455. After an indecisive encounter, Warwick sought Shrewsbury's side, and in so doing picked a fight with Cromwell. The latter died soon afterwards, and Shrewsbury threw his lot in with York and Warwick now a united party. He supported the preferment of George Neville to archbishop.
Realising the possible treachery of the 'professional army' of York he sided with Queen Margaret, by whom he was raised to Lord Treasurer of England on 14 September 1456. Talbot's tenure as Lord High Treasurer occurred during the Great Bullion Famine and the Great Slump in England. He attended on the royal party's progress through the Midlands in late 1456. During the month-long Great Council at the palace of Coventry, some MPs told him he should be fighting the French.
He continued a policy of taxation to pay for the King's Exchequer's debts, and fines in court pleadings. The following year he arranged the Loveday Award in which Earl of Devon was encouraged to act as mediator for his friend the duke of York. Margaret's attempt to break out peace in the realm failed, while at his greatest sharing power with Wiltshire, Shrewsbury was made a Knight of the Garter, Keeper of the Royal Mews, and Chief Butler.
Far from a competent Treasurer, he gave way to Wiltshire after one year at the Great Council for Westminster in October 1458. Sent to become Chief Justice of Cheshire in 1459 he helped parliament ban the Yorkists by law.
On 10 July 1460, during the Battle of Northampton he was found by York and retainers near the King's tent and hacked to death.
See also
List of lord high treasurers of England and Great Britain
References
Bibliography
R A Griffiths, The reign of Henry VI: the exercise of royal authority (1981)
R A Griffiths, King and Country: England and Wales in the fifteenth century
A.J.Pollard, 'The family of Talbot, Lord Talbot and earls of Shrewsbury in the fifteenth century', PhD diss., University of Bristol, 1968.
J Watts, Henry VI and the politics of kingship'' (1996)
External links
|-
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1413 births
1460 deaths
15th-century English nobility
Knights of the Garter
Lord High Treasurers of England
People of the Wars of the Roses
English military personnel killed in action
John
Earls of Shrewsbury
Earls of Waterford
Barons Talbot
Barons Strange of Blackmere | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Talbot%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shrewsbury |
An Artist of the Floating World (1986) is a novel by British author Kazuo Ishiguro. It is set in post-World War II Japan and is narrated by Masuji Ono, an ageing painter, who looks back on his life and how he has lived it. He notices how his once-great reputation has faltered since the war and how attitudes towards him and his paintings have changed. The chief conflict deals with Ono's need to accept responsibility for his past actions, rendered politically suspect in the context of post-War Japan. The novel ends with the narrator expressing good will for the young white-collar workers on the streets at lunchbreak. The novel also deals with the role of people in a rapidly changing political environment and with the assumption and denial of guilt.
The novel is considered as both historical fiction and global literature (Weltliteratur). It is considered historical fiction on account of its basis in a past that predates the author's own experiences, and it draws from historical facts. It is also considered global literature on account of its broad international market and its theme of how the world today is interconnected.
Publication history
Originally published in 1986, An Artist of the Floating World was named the Whitbread Book of the Year Award and shortlisted for the Booker Prize. Published by Faber and Faber it is also printed by publishing companies such as Allen and Unwin and Penguin Vintage International. It has additionally become an eBook version and is available on most eBook websites such as kindle and iBooks, since 2012. Currently, An Artist of the Floating World, has been translated into over 40 languages around the world.
Autobiographical elements
Kazuo Ishiguro was born in Nagasaki, Japan in 1954, eventually moving to England at the age of five, only to return to Japan twenty-nine years later. Growing up, Ishiguro had a traditionally Japanese mother, who influenced his writing when reflecting on Japan. Furthermore, his reading of Japanese novels and comics allowed him to stay connected to his Japanese heritage as well as see the differences between Western and Japanese society, influencing his writing through developing a sense of Japanese ideals.
Ishiguro was inspired to write An Artist of the Floating World, after tangentially treating a similar theme in his first novel A Pale View of Hills, which included an old teacher character, who has to rediscover and invent his own morals. Ishiguro's childhood of moving countries and subsequently not feeling completely 'at home' led him to write in a globalised and international way, through which he explored his own background and heritage. Overall, the novel is a reflection of Ishiguro's personal feelings of Japanese heritage, and a fictional reflection of his sense of identity, as presented through a youthful reconstruction of an imagined Japan. One character, the boy Ichiro, has a cowboy obsession, which stems from Ishiguro’s own fascination with cowboys during his youth.
Title
The novel's title is based on the literal translation of Ukiyo-e, a word referring to the Japanese art of prints. Therefore, it can be read as "a printmaker" or "an artist living in a changing world," given both Ono's limited understanding and the dramatic changes his world, Japan in the first half of the twentieth century, has undergone in his lifetime.
The title also refers to an artistic genre. Ono's master is especially interested in depicting scenes from the pleasure district adjacent to the villa in which he and his students live. Ono mentions the ephemeral nature of the floating world that could be experienced during each night. His master experiments with innovative softer Western-style painting techniques, rejecting the hard black outlining that was considered more traditional. Under the influence of right-wing political ideas about tradition, Ono becomes estranged from his master and forges his own career. He feels gleeful at the fall of his master's paintings into disfavour during a return to the use of more traditional bold lines in the paintings used for nationalistic posters.
Structure
An Artist of the Floating World, is structured through the interwoven memories of the protagonist Masuji Ono. The novel is set in three distinctly different years, although Ono's memories go back to his own childhood, when his father opposed his wish to become an artist. The four different years and title sections of the novel are: October 1948, April 1949, November 1949, and June 1950.
Plot summary
In the buildup to World War II, Ono, a promising artist, breaks away from the teaching of his master, whose artistic aim was to reach an aesthetic ideal in representations of the 'floating world' of night-time entertainments. Ono becomes involved in far-right politics, and begins making propagandistic art. Later, as a member of the Cultural Committee of the Interior Department and official adviser to the Committee of Unpatriotic Activities, Ono becomes a police informer, taking an active part in an ideological witch hunt against a former student, Kuroda. After the 1945 defeat and the collapse of Imperial Japan, Ono becomes a discredited figure, one of the "traitors" who "led the country astray"; meanwhile, the victims of state repression, including people Ono himself had once denounced, are reinstated and allowed to lead a normal life. Over the course of the novel Ono seems to show a growing acknowledgement of his past "errors", although this acknowledgement is never explicitly stated, and his narration is marked by declarations of uncertainty in his memory of past events and a high degree of unreliability.
The book is written in the first person and hinges on the exclusive use of a single, unreliable narrator, expressing a viewpoint which the reader identifies as limited and fallible, without any other voice or point of view acting as a test. Ono often makes it clear that he is not sure of the accuracy of his narrative, but this may either make the reader cautious or, on the contrary, suggest that Ono is very honest and, therefore, trustworthy.
The self-image Ono expresses in his narrative is vastly different from the image of him the reader builds from reading the same narrative. Ono often quotes others as expressing admiration and indebtedness to him. Ono's narrative is characterised by denial, so that his interests and his hierarchy of values are at odds with the reader's. Readers, therefore, find that what they are interested in is not the focus of Ono's narrative but at its fringes, presented in an oblique rather than direct fashion. For example, Ono's descriptions of his pictures focus on pictorial technique, mentioning the subjects as if they were unimportant, although they reveal the propagandistic nature of his work. It is not entirely clear whether this focus on style rather than substance should be ascribed to Ono as narrator (showing his retrospective, unconscious embarrassment), or if it was already present in him at the time he was making the pictures (showing that totalitarianism exploits people's capacity to restrain their awareness to limited aspects of their actions). Similarly, when Ono narrates an episode in which he was confronted with the results of his activities as a police informer, it is debatable whether his attempt to mitigate the brutality of the police is a retrospective fabrication devised to avoid his own responsibility, or whether he actually did disapprove of the treatment of the person he had denounced, distancing himself from his actions and refusing to recognise the abusive treatment as a direct and foreseeable consequence of those actions.
Characters
Masuji Ono
Masuji Ono (小野 益次 Ono Masuji) is the narrator and protagonist of the novel. He is presented as an elderly artist, father and grandfather to his family. Throughout the novel he is concerned with his younger daughter's marriage negotiations. As a child his father was opposed to him becoming a painter, although this is the career he eventually pursues. After rejecting his early studies with Mori-San, Ono works with the nationalist government in the creation of wartime paintings and become the lauded subject of prizes. In the present of the novel his involvement in propaganda has fallen into disrepute, which results in Ono living a conflicting life.
Noriko
Noriko is Ono's younger daughter. She lives with him in his house and is portrayed by the narrator as sometimes indignant and bad-mannered. She is somewhat bitter to Ono at the beginning of the novel as she suspects her father's past has led to her original marriage arrangement being cancelled. However, she soon becomes enamoured with her second marriage arrangement and is happy when she eventually marries. Noriko views her father, Ono, as someone she must care for forming a small resentment and anger towards him. Noriko is outspoken and boisterous throughout the novel, in contrast with her elder sister Setsuko.
Setsuko
Setsuko is Ono's elder daughter. She is a quiet and traditional woman, who is married to Suichi and has a son named Ichiro. She and Ono have a solid relationship and she helps him throughout the marriage arrangement proceedings and dealing with his guilt post-war; she acts as his listener. Setsuko and Noriko have a strong, sisterly relationship, despite being quite different temperamentally.
Ichiro
Ichiro is Ono's grandson, Setsuko's child and Noriko's nephew. In the present of the novel, he is a young boy with an active imagination. To Ono, Ichiro can be confusing and alienating owing to his adoption of Western culture, including some English words and an obsession with cowboys, the movie Godzilla, and eating spinach for strength (a reference to Popeye). Ichiro and Ono nonetheless have a good relationship, and frequently bond over their masculinity.
Suichi
Suichi is Setsuko's husband and son-in-law to Ono. He represents the new and changing ideals of Japan and is quite outspoken regarding Ono's role in the war. He frequently speaks out about his opinions regarding the war. Before the war he was seen as a well-mannered and happy man, but post-war he has changed into a relatively angry and bitter man as a result of his experiences as a soldier.
Kuroda
Kuroda was Ono's protégé and student. They initially had a strong relationship, but after Ono disapproved of the direction of Kuroda's art he reported Kuroda to the Committee of Unpatriotic Activities. This results in Kuroda being punished and his paintings burned. Kuroda therefore develops a strong dislike for Ono, and, in the present of the novel, refuses to see Ono again.
Chishi Matsuda
Matsuda is a nationalist who encourages Ono to create politicised paintings. He disparages artists who do not deal with social and political issues through their art, considering them to be naïve. After the war, Matsuda becomes a sick and elderly individual who Ono visits. He is quite regretful of remaining unmarried and having no heirs to succeed him but seems not to regret the political aspects of his past.
Seiji Moriyama
Seiji Moriyama, also known as Mori-san in the novel, is Ono's art teacher during his younger years. He is a strong believer in painting the ‘floating world’ and teaches students in his villa. His main artistic technique is the abandonment of traditional Japanese techniques such as using dark lines in favour of shading.
Dr. Saito
Dr Saito is a major art professor with a high social standing who is a long-standing neighbour of Ono. Ono believes Dr Saito is well acquainted with his work, but Setsuko denies this, raising questions as to the validity of Ono's memory.
Mrs. Kawakami
Mrs. Kawakami is the owner of a bar in the pleasure district that Ono regularly frequents. She is a good friend to Ono. She remains hopeful throughout the novel that the pleasure district will have a resurrection, but this is not the case and by the end of the novel she sells her bar for redevelopment as offices.
Yasunari Nakahara
Nakahara, also referred to as ‘The Tortoise’ due to his slow painting, is a friend of Ono's during his youthful days at Mori-san's villa. He is mocked by many of Mori-san's pupils for his slow painting, although Ono defends him. However, after Ono alters his painting style to become politically engaged on the nationalist side, Nakahara distances himself, believing Ono has become a traitor.
Themes
An Artist of the Floating World discusses several themes through the memories of the narrator, Masuji Ono. The analysis of these themes is facilitated through their transcendence of time, allowing the audience's rumination on Ono's experiences, permitting them to judge the narrative objectively.
Among the themes explored in this novel are arranged marriage, the changing roles of women, and the declining status of "elders" in Japanese society since 1945. Many of these themes are interwoven. The novel is narrated by a man who, besides being an artist, is also a father, a grandfather, and a widower. It tells, with a strong voice, much about the "pleasure era" of Japanese society, elaborating on the life of a successful and devoted young artist in a decadent era. The reader learns how attitudes toward Japanese art and society became less tolerant of such extravagance in the wake of Japan's defeat in World War II, and what it was like to live with the guilt of such pleasure, as well as the guilt of having supported political movements now seen as treacherous. The pace is slow and the prose lingers over details.
Politicisation of art
Art is a central theme of the novel, with Ono's role as a propaganda artist being the chief story line. The novel questions the ability of art to influence and inspire political action within a community. There is a large conflict between whether art should be politicised or whether it should be simply a source of pleasure and gratification. The novel highlights the way politicised art was retrospectively seen as detrimental to society through the impact of the war, but also presents views within which art is conversely seen as ineffectual and unable to influence events, by implying that the war and its subsequent effects would have occurred with or without Ono's propaganda.
Unreliable narrator
The novel is structured as a series of interwoven memories described by Masuji Ono. Ishiguro uses a variety of techniques to convey the fallibility of Ono's recollections to the audience, gradually revealing that Ono is an unreliable narrator and undermining the audience's faith in his story. For example, Ono makes frequent digressions into unrelated topics and events during his narration, downplaying and concealing his cruel actions and misleading the reader as to the significance of important topics. When Ono recounts interactions with family members, events are often referred to indirectly, or with incomplete information, disguising the truth of what has occurred. Because they are given incomplete and confusing information, it becomes more difficult for the reader to determine the extent of Ono's actions and the responsibility he bears for them.
Masuji Ono repeatedly reassesses events from his past throughout the novel, which suggests that he is constantly reconsidering his guilt about his actions and ultimately rethinking both the role of propaganda and the construction of memories. This process of reassessment highlights his status as an unreliable narrator, emphasising his fickle nature. The narration reflects the concept that memory is processed through an individual's consciousness, making it subjective to that particular person.
Responsibility
Similar to the theme of the politicisation of art, the novel explores the role of responsibility through the narration of Masuji Ono. There is a conflict between actions and culpability created through Ono's inability to take responsibility for the political aspects of his past work. Ono's deflections of responsibility are evident through his attempt at masking his actions and their subsequent consequences. An Artist of the Floating World makes reference to the liability of leaders after the war and how many of them were not held responsible, a group from which the narrator implicitly disassociates himself.
Alternatively, the concept of responsibility can be considered abstractly. This is done by placing emphasis on the reader to take responsibility in the determining the ending of the novel; is Ono guilty of his actions or is he simply exaggerating his importance and role in the war?
Changing values
Post-World War II Japan was a time of great change and upheaval of traditional values. Japan's defeat in the war created a large divide between individuals and generations. In the novel, this clash of values is represented in the relationship between Masuji Ono and his grandson Ichiro. Ono represents the traditional values of pre-war Japan, while Ichiro represents post-war Japan and the new generation. Major changes explored include the changing attitudes towards the war, family hierarchy, geography of Japan and the increasing prevalence of Western culture.
Cultural tension is presented through various scenes between Ichiro and Ono, such as their watching of the Godzilla movie, Ichiro's obsession with cowboys and Popeye and his lack of interest in Japanese heroes.
Women are portrayed throughout this novel from the perspective of Ono and well from the perspective of the changing Japanese society around him. The concept of Japanese masculinity altered after Japan's defeat in the war, and while changes were made to the role of women, women's stereotypes were not changed drastically. Gender relations are explored throughout the novel in the plot strand that treats Noriko's quest for a husband.
Marriage negotiations are a central feature of this novel. The marriage negotiations on behalf of his daughter cause Ono to reflect on his past, facilitating the creation of the story. They further facilitate Ono taking responsibility for his past actions, as well as allowing him to reconsider the changing values of Japan as perhaps being positive. They allow Ono to admit his mistakes, progressing the narrative and acting as a literary device.
Literary significance
Iain Maloney listed An Artist of the Floating World as an essential novel for Japanophiles. Robert McCrum ranked it as one of the 100 greatest novels ever written.
The novel was shortlisted for the 1986 Booker Prize and won the Whitbread Book of the Year Award for the same year. It was a nominee for ALA best books for young adults.
The Nobel Foundation, which awarded Ishiguro the 2017 Nobel Prize in Literature, noted in its biography of the author that An Artist of the Floating World was the work that made him "a highly visible young writer".
References
External links
Random House webpage
1986 British novels
Costa Book Award-winning works
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Ukiyo-e
Novels by Kazuo Ishiguro
Novels about artists
Novels set in Japan
Faber and Faber books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Artist%20of%20the%20Floating%20World |
The Lotus Mark VI is the first production car by Lotus Cars. It was introduced by Colin Chapman in 1952 after previously building multiple trials and road racing cars. The heart of the Mark VI is a semi-space frame chassis. Rather than a complete car, it was available to the general public as kit, wherein the customer could install any preferred engine and gearbox, making it eligible for a wider number of formulae.
Design
The Mark VI in many ways reflected Chapman's background in engineering: his designs resulted from a stress analysis of loads into the frame, they were extremely light (the 6' space frame weighed only 55 lbs (25 kg)), and the suspension incorporated the latest advances. The prototype chassis was built up by the Progress Chassis Company and the aluminium body was constructed by panel beaters Williams and Prichard. (Both firms would later furnish bodies and chassis for subsequent models.) The cheap and easily available mechanical parts were sourced from the Ford Prefect. The Mark VI became a common sight on Britain's racetracks and was a frequent winner, beating many more powerful and expensive cars; it earned praise for its handling and acceleration.
An important facet of the success of the kit was Chapman's offering a comprehensive package in the Mark VI, including most of the special parts needed, and not just the chassis. The Mark VI chassis came with mounting points for several different engines including the 1172 cc (71.5ci) Ford 10, the 1250 cc or 1500 cc MG TF, the 1500 cc (92 ci) Consul, and the exalted Coventry Climax. Standardized as far as possible for volume production, some units were customized per the owners wishes. Lotus even modified the owner's parts, if needed. The success of the Mark VI in competition and sales (100 built by 1955) established Chapman as a manufacturer of specialty cars.
Specifications
Number built: approximately 110
Weight:
Drivetrain
Engine: Ford E93A straight 4
Engine location: front, longitudinally mounted
Displacement: 1172 cc / 71.5 in³
Valvetrain: 2 valves per cylinder, sidevalve
Fuel feed: SU carburettors
Aspiration: naturally aspirated
Gearbox: Ford 3-speed manual
Drive: rear wheel drive
Performance
Power: 50 bhp / 37 kW at 5000 rpm
Torque: 77 Nm / 57 ft·lbf at 3000 rpm
BHP/litre: 43 bhp / litre (0.7 hp/ci)
Power-to-weight ratio: 0.12 bhp / kg
0-60 mph: 15.0 s
Top speed:
References
Bibliography
William Taylor, The Lotus Book: The Complete History of Lotus Cars Coterie Press, Limited.1998, pp. 20–21.
Mark VI
Sports cars
Cars introduced in 1952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20Mark%20VI |
Spetsnaz (named for the Russian word for "Special Forces") is an EBM duo, formed in Örebro, Sweden by Stefan Nilsson and Pontus Stålberg in 2001.
Inspired by pioneering artists such as Nitzer Ebb, Front 242, Die Krupps and DAF, Spetsnaz was formed as a reaction against Futurepop and to revive what Nilsson and Stålberg saw as "old school" EBM music. The band name was taken from one of the street gangs in the 1979 film The Warriors.
History
The band's 2004 single "Perfect Body" took the top spot on the German Alternative Charts (DAC) and ranked #18 on the DAC Top Singles of 2005. In 2006, the album Totalitär peaked at #3 on the DAC and ranked #26 on that year's DAC Top Albums chart.
In November 2006, the duo cancelled their then upcoming tour with And One. Side-Line and other members of the alternative music press reported that they had split, citing differences between the two members. However, only a day later, their record company Out of Line posted a news story denying the split. They have since "reunited" for a gig with DAF.Partei, and released "Deadpan" in November 2007.
In 2008, Pontus Stålberg formed the side project Turnbull A.C's with Lars Karlsson and released the album Let's Get Pissed!, which sounds very similar to Spetsnaz but with a more raw feel.
Discography
Studio albums
Grand Design (2003, re-released in 2004)
Totalitär (2006)
Deadpan (2007)
For Generations To Come (2013)
EPs
Choose Your Weapon EP (2003)
Perfect Body (2004)
Degenerate Ones (2005)
Hardcore Hooligans (2006)
External links
Official site (archived)
Detailed discography at Discogs
Interview
References
Electronic body music groups
Swedish musical duos
Electronic music duos
Musical groups established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spetsnaz%20%28band%29 |
Tornadotus () or Tornadatus or Physcon is a small river of Assyria (now in Iraq) that falls into the Tigris at Opis.
Pliny the Elder uses the name Tornadotus, but it is probably the same stream as that noticed by Xenophon under the name of the Physcus or Physcon. Writing in the early 9th century, Theophanes the Confessor calls the river the Torna in his Chronicle. Authors in the 19th century identified it with the modern Odorneh.
References
External links
Hazlitt's Classical Gazetteer
Rivers of Iraq
Tributaries of the Tigris River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadotus |
Pieter "Piet" Kleine (born 17 September 1951) is a former speed skater from the Netherlands who specialized in the longer distances.
Short biography
At the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Piet Kleine became Olympic Champion on the 10,000 m, beating world record holder Sten Stensen – who won silver – in a close race. This was a reversal of the roles in the Olympic 5,000 m (which had been held three days earlier), in which Stensen had won gold and Kleine silver. In both the 5,000 m and the 10,000 m, Dutch – later French – speed skater Hans van Helden (then world record holder on the 5,000 m) won bronze. Later that same year (1976), Kleine broke 4 worlds records (including Van Helden's 5,000 m world record) and also became World Allround Champion.
Kleine participated again in the Winter Olympics of Lake Placid (1980), winning Olympic silver on the 10,000 m behind Eric Heiden. He ended his career as a speed skater in 1981 and started a successful career in amateur bicycle racing. In 1985, as a member of the Dutch national team, he finished 5th at the World Championships on the 100 km team time trial.
In 1986, Kleine became a marathon skater. This led to some controversy in 1997 when he finished 5th in the Elfstedentocht, but was subsequently removed from the final list of results because of a missing stamp on his stamp card. The controversy lay in the fact that, afterwards, it became clear that in the past several winners of the Elfstedentocht had missed stamps too, but were still declared the winners.
Kleine ended his skating career in 2001 and continued his profession as a postman, a profession he had always kept alongside his sports careers. In his free time, Kleine is the leader of a team of marathon skaters.
He later coached Dan Jansen.
Records
World records
Over the course of his career, Kleine skated 4 world records:
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
Personal records
Kleine has an Adelskalender score of 164.899 points. His highest ranking on the Adelskalender was 2nd place.
Tournament overview
source:
Medals won
Medals
An overview of medals won by Kleine at important championships he participated in, listing the years in which he won each:
References
External links
Piet Kleine at speedskatinghalloffame.com
Piet Kleine's ranking and personal records on the current Adelskalender
1951 births
Living people
People from Hoogeveen
Dutch male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the Netherlands
Speed skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic medalists in speed skating
World record setters in speed skating
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1980 Winter Olympics
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Drenthe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%20Kleine |
Artem Volodymyrovych Milevskyi (also transliterated Milevskyy, , ; born 12 January 1985) is a Ukrainian former professional footballer who played as a second striker.
Milevskyi is known both for his technical ability and physicality which allows him to play with a quicker forward. He holds a degree of Master of Sports of Ukraine, International Class (2005).
He was also a Ukrainian international, earning 50 caps and representing his country at 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2012.
Milevskyi is a brother of Belarusian female tennis player Ksenia Milevskaya.
Club career
Early career and Dynamo Kyiv
Milevskyi played at youth level for Belarusian club Smena Minsk. In 2000, he moved to Ukrainian side Boryfsfen Boryspil before joining Dynamo Kyiv in 2002. He made his debut for Dynamo as a late substitute in a UEFA Champions League match against Internazionale on 10 December 2003, aged just 18. It was his only appearance of the 2003–04 season. The next season, he also only made one appearance, this time in the Ukrainian Premier League against Chornomorets Odesa. In the 2005–06 season, Milevskyi began to show his talent for Dynamo, scoring 4 goals in 13 appearances.
In 2006, Milevskyi was voted best footballer in Ukraine for the month of August, in a traditional survey by football journalists, head coaches and captains conducted by sports newspaper Komanda. He scored 8 goals in 21 appearances as Dynamo went unbeaten domestically during the 2006–07 season.
On 6 September 2007, in the club's 80th anniversary, Milevskyi scored a header in a 2–2 friendly draw with Milan. However, he spent the majority of the 2007–08 season injured, making just 11 appearances (and scoring 5 goals) as Dynamo finished as runners-up to champions Shakhtar Donetsk.
On 6 August 2008, Milevskyi scored a crucial penalty against Drogheda United in the second leg of the Champions League second qualifying round to put Dynamo 2–1 up, in a final 2–2 home draw (4–3 win on aggregate). One week later, he scored twice and assisted to help Dynamo come back from 1–0 down against Spartak Moscow in the competition's third qualifying round, in a 4–1 away triumph. In the return leg, he scored another brace in another 4–1 victory. He finished the 2008–09 season with a career high 18 goals in 41 appearances. The next season, he beat his career high tally for goals, scoring 19 in 37 appearances in all competitions.
On 31 October 2010, Dynamo defeated Mariupol Illichivets 9–0, with Milevskyi scoring his first hat-trick and finishing the match with four goals. He went on to score 13 more goals that season as Dynamo reached the semi-finals of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League, losing to Braga.
Milevskyi's Dynamo career took a turn for the worse in the 2011–12 season as goals and form began to dry up and his playing time took a big hit. He still managed 9 goals and 13 assist in 29 appearances, but cracks began to show in both his attitude and fitness. The next season was poorer for Milevskyi as he made just 15 appearances and scored 0 goals. He was released by Dynamo at the end of the 2012–13 season.
Gaziantepspor
Milevskyi signed a three-year contract with Gaziantepspor during the summer of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=ARTEM MILEVSKIY GAZ�ANTEPSPORDA|url=http://www.gaziantepspor.org.tr/tr/haber-detay.asp?Sayfa=ARTEM+MILEVSKIY+GAZ%EF%BF%BDANTEPSPOR%27DA&Id=4268|publisher=Gaziantepspor|access-date=7 March 2014|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307143820/http://www.gaziantepspor.org.tr/tr/haber-detay.asp?Sayfa=ARTEM+MILEVSKIY+GAZ%EF%BF%BDANTEPSPOR%27DA&Id=4268|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> While contracted to Gaziantepspor, Milevskyi crashed his Ferrari California, and went on to have his contract cancelled by mutual consent on 31 December 2013. He played less than 400 minutes of football that season for Gaziantepspor, scoring one goal and creating one assist.
After his release from Gaziantepspor, Milevskyi joined Kazakh club FC Aktobe in February 2014, however after only one week, there were reports his contract had been terminated. Artem recently described this as one of the toughest points of his career.
Hajduk Split
On 29 July 2014, Milevskyi signed for Croatian club Hajduk Split on a two-year deal. He made his debut for Hajduk in a 6–0 win against Zadar. He scored his first goal for Hajduk in a 2–2 draw with Lokomotiva; he was introduced late in the match alongside Elvir Maloku. In the final six minutes of the match, with Hajduk losing 2–0, Artem assisted his fellow substitute Maloku to make it 2–1, and then scored himself in the final minute to salvage a point for his side.
On 3 September 2015, he was released from Hajduk after his contract was terminated by mutual consent.
RNK Split
After his Hajduk contract was terminated, Milevskyi signed for Hajduk's city rivals RNK Split, however on 4 November 2015, he was released from the club.
Tosno
On 4 July 2017, Milevskyi left FC Tosno by mutual consent.
Dynamo Brest
Milevskyi joined Dynamo Brest for a second time in January 2019, on a contract until the end of 2020.
Mynai
On 24 December 2020 Milevskyi signed a contract for 1.5 years with Mynai, and thus returned to playing in the Ukrainian Premier League.
On 23 September 2021 Milevskyi publicly announced the end of his professional career.
International career
Milevskyi began playing internationally for Belarus, being a part of the nation's unsuccessful qualifying campaign for the 2000 UEFA European Under-16 Championship, before taking Ukrainian nationality. Because he played for the Belarus under-16 team, there was a big international issue in 2003 him joining the Ukrainian side. After some dialogues between Belarusian and Ukrainian federations, an agreement was finally reached. He was part of the Ukraine under-19 team which finished as semi-finalists at the 2004 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. In next year's FIFA World Youth Championship, Milevskyi and Ukraine were ousted in the round of 16.
Milevskyi then joined Ukraine's under-21 squad for the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, where Ukraine finished in second place to Netherlands; Milevskyi was picked by UEFA.com journalists as a member of the "Team of the Tournament", pitching as striker alongside the Netherlands' Klaas-Jan Huntelaar. During the tournament's group stage, also against the Netherlands, Milevskyi became known for his cheeky Panenka-style penalty taking in a 2–1 win.
Later in the year, Milevskyi was selected for the nation's squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He would earn his first full cap for the Ukraine senior team on 19 June 2006 in a group stage match against Saudi Arabia, coming on as a late substitute for striker Andriy Shevchenko in a 4–0 win.
In the round of 16 match against Switzerland, Milevskyi was one of the three Ukrainian penalty takers who scored in the shootout which followed a 0–0 draw after extra time (while repeating the Panenka trick, which backfired domestically on 26 October 2008, in a league match against Tavriya Simferopol). Ukraine won the shootout 3–0, but ended their 2006 World Cup campaign with a 3–0 loss to eventual champions Italy in the quarter-finals.
Milevskyi scored his first goal for the senior side on 6 February 2008 in a 1–1 friendly draw with Cyprus. His second Ukraine goal was a penalty kick against Slovakia in a friendly match in Cyprus on 10 February 2009.
On 26 May 2012, he was called up by manager Oleh Blokhin in the provisional list of 26 players for UEFA Euro 2012 and three days later for the final list. He made three appearances during the tournament as Ukraine was eliminated in group stage.
He has not played for the national team since October 2012, with his last appearance coming against Moldova.
Career statistics
Club
International
Source:
International goalsUkraine score listed first, score column indicates score after each Milevskyi goal.''
Honours
Club
Dynamo Kyiv
Ukrainian Premier League (4): 2002–03, 2003–04, 2006–07, 2008–09
Ukrainian Cup (4): 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
Ukrainian Super Cup (3): 2006, 2009, 2011
Dinamo Brest
Belarusian Premier League (1): 2019
Belarusian Cup (1): 2017–18
Belarusian Super Cup (2): 2018, 2019
International
Ukraine U-21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship: runner-up 2006
Individual
Top assister of the Ukraine Premier League: 2008–09
Top scorer of the Ukraine Premier League: 2009–10
Ukrainian Footballer of the Year: 2008, 2009
Ukrainian Premier League Footballer of the Year: 2009
See also
2005 FIFA World Youth Championship squads#Ukraine
References
External links
Artem Milevskyi at Hajduk Split (archived)
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Minsk
Ukrainian men's footballers
Belarusian men's footballers
Belarusian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Belarusian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Belarusian emigrants to Ukraine
Naturalized citizens of Ukraine
Men's association football forwards
FC Borysfen-2 Boryspil players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Dynamo-2 Kyiv players
FC Dynamo-3 Kyiv players
Gaziantepspor footballers
HNK Hajduk Split players
RNK Split players
CS Concordia Chiajna players
FC Tosno players
FC Dynamo Brest players
Kisvárda FC players
FC Mynai players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian First League players
Ukrainian Second League players
Ukrainian Premier League top scorers
Süper Lig players
Croatian Football League players
Liga I players
Russian First League players
Belarusian Premier League players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Croatia
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Belarus
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Belarus men's youth international footballers
Ukraine men's youth international footballers
Ukraine men's under-21 international footballers
Ukraine men's international footballers
2006 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
Ukrainian sportspeople in Russia during the Russo-Ukrainian War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artem%20Milevskyi |
is a Japanese idol. She has had the role of Sailor Mercury and Berthier in the Sailor Moon Musicals or Seramyu. She held the role of Mercury from 2002 to 2005, graduating from the role with the musical Shin Kaguya Shima Densetsu - Kaiteiban. She has also released several idol DVDs and appeared in various other musicals.
Musicals
Tanjou! Ankoku no Princess Black Lady (Kaiteiban) - Wakusei Nemesis no Nazo - Berthier
Mugen Gakuen - Mistress Labyrinth - Sailor Mercury
Mugen Gakuen - Mistress Labyrinth (Kaiteiban) - Sailor Mercury
Starlights - Ryuusei Densetsu - Sailor Mercury
Kakyuu-Ouhi Kourin - The Second Stage Final - Sailor Mercury
Shin Kaguya Shima Densetsu - Sailor Mercury
Shin Kaguya Shima Densetsu (Kaiteiban) - Marinamoon Final - Sailor Mercury
References
1986 births
Living people
Japanese gravure models
Japanese actresses
Japanese idols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manami%20Wakayama |
North Platte High School may refer to:
North Platte High School (Missouri), Dearborn, Missouri, US
North Platte High School (Nebraska), North Platte, Nebraska, US | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Platte%20High%20School |
A Symposium on Popular Songs is a special cartoon featurette made by Walt Disney Productions in 1962. It features songs that were written by the Sherman Brothers, with music arrangements by Tutti Camarata. The Shermans also co-wrote the screenplay but are not credited for this. Host Ludwig Von Drake invites his audience into his mansion where he tells all about popular music through the years, introducing several songs illustrated with stop-motion photography. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.
Songs
"The Rutabaga Rag"
"The Rutabaga Rag," performed by Paul Frees as Ludwig Von Drake, was not written as a parody of ragtime, but rather as an authentic ragtime song. In the course of the film's narration, Von Drake claims to have invented ragtime music and, specifically, this song. During the song, a variety of stop-motion animated vegetables with faces appear and dance to the song.
"Charleston Charlie"
"Charleston Charlie", performed by Betty Boopie Doop (Gloria Wood), makes direct reference to the singing style exemplified by Helen Kane in her flapper era iconic song "He's So Unusual", which was co-written by the Sherman Brothers' Tin Pan Alley songwriting father, Al Sherman in 1929. The subject of both songs is a male college student whom the singer desires. "Charleston Charlie" begins with the Betty Boop-esque lyric "Boop boop be doop".
In the film, Ludwig Von Drake claims he wrote the song when traveling below the Mason–Dixon line. "Mr. Dixon" approached Drake and asked him to put "Dixie" on the map. For this reason, he wrote a song originally entitled, "Louisville Ludwig," but later changed the name to "Charleston Charlie" in order to protect the innocent, namely himself.
"Although I Dropped $100,000"
Also known as "Although I Dropped a Hundred Thousand in the Market, Baby (I Found a Million Dollars in Your Smile)", and performed by Rah, Rah Rudy (Frees) and his Megaphone Boys, this song makes a subtle reference to the singing style exemplified by Ted Lewis in "Wear a Hat with a Silver Lining" which was co-written by the Sherman Brothers' father, Al Sherman. Throughout the spoken middle part of the song, reference is made to numerous Depression era songs including the iconic Al Sherman/Al Lewis classic "Now's the Time to Fall in Love", "Let a Smile Be Your Umbrella", and "Stormy Weather".
According to film critic, Leonard Maltin, this song as well as "Charleston Charlie" are homages to Al Sherman and his songs. In the context of the film, Ludwig Von Drake claims he wrote the song and it became all the rage at the beginning of the Great Depression.
"I'm Blue for You, Boo-Boo-Boo-Boo-Boo"
"I'm Blue for You, Boo-Boo-Boo-Boo-Boo", performed by Fosby Crooner (Skip Farrell), is a tribute to Bing Crosby's signature crooning style. Crooning elements, such as the repetition of "Boo boo boo boo boo", the whistling of the melody, and over-rhyming of the word "heart", are placed throughout the song.
Crosby worked with Disney before in "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" from The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad.
The Sherman Brothers' father, Al Sherman, wrote several songs which were sung by Bing Crosby in the 1930s and 1940s. In 1970, Robert and Richard Sherman had a chance, in their own right, to work with the legendary Crosby on the made-for-television musical production of Goldilocks.
"The Boogie Woogie Bakery Man"
"The Boogie Woogie Bakery Man", performed by the Sister Sisters (Betty Allan, Diane Pendleton and Gloria Wood), had a structure and arrangement closely styled after The Andrews Sisters' hit song, "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy". The song makes direct and indirect references to the singing style exemplified by the Andrews Sisters, as well as numerous songs from the swing era which was the heyday of their career. The very first line of the song references several swing era songs: "He's my Boogie Woogie Chattanooga Sentimental Oriental Fortune Cookie Bakery Man."
The song itself is about an "oriental" baker of fortune cookies. At the time, the song was written, the use of the term "oriental" was quite common. However, in recent decades, the term has increasingly been seen to be offensive when used to describe an individual from the far east.
The Andrews Sisters worked with Disney before in "Johnnie Fedora and Alice Bluebonnet" from Make Mine Music and "Little Toot" from Melody Time.
In 1974, twelve years after A Symposium on Popular Songs was first released, the Sherman Brothers worked with the Andrews Sisters on the Tony Award winning show, Over Here!, which was also an homage to the 1940s swing era music of the day.
"Puppy Love Is Here to Stay"
"Puppy Love Is Here to Stay", performed by Jackie Babalon (Billy Storm) and the Babaloonians, is the penultimate song in the film. With the exception of the "harder-edged" "Rock, Rumble and Roar", it is meant to represent relatively modern music. Although the Sherman Brothers made their name on writing songs much like this one, this song is different in that it partially parodies songs like it, exploring the perceived innocence of Eisenhower's 1950s America. There are references to songs such as "Blue Moon" by The Marcels and Annette Funicello's version of "Puppy Love".
"Rock, Rumble and Roar"
"Rock, Rumble and Roar" is the final song from the film and sung by Paul Frees, Gloria Wood, Skip Farrell, Betty Allan, and Diane Pendleton. The song is meant to be the most modern of the songs from the film, and also revisits the six previous songs. This song is a homage to the popular, early rock and roll song, "Shake, Rattle and Roll". It is the second song in the featurette to be sung by Ludwig Von Drake.
Analysis
Animation historian Christopher P. Lehman notes that this film illustrates music history through use of humor, following a formula that the Disney studio had previously used in Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom (1953). In this case Ludwig Von Drake plays the songs which he supposedly helped popularize, covering musical styles from the 1900s decade to the 1960s. Certain segments of the film use stop motion animation. The technique was unusual for a Disney film, but did not mark the first time the studio used it in a film. It had earlier been used in Noah's Ark (1959), a well-received animated short. Noah's Ark had actually been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.
Lehman finds it remarkable for the time of the film's release, that A Symposium recognizes African-American music as part of American musical history in the 20th century. Though he notes that African Americans as an ethnic group are not mentioned in the film, several of the musical styles used have their roots in musical styles developed by Black people. One of the earliest famous songs introduced by Ludwig in the film is a ragtime piece, a genre which Lehman notes was pioneered by African-American composer Scott Joplin. Among the last and most modern songs showcased in the film are a couple of rock and roll numbers, a music genre which has its roots in the African-American rhythm and blues. Lehman points that in the years preceding the release, rock and roll and its African-American roots were still controversial. The music genre had been derisively described as "nigger music". Yet here, not only does Ludwig showcase rock and roll songs. He plays guitar and sings a rock song for the conclusion. An innovative move, since no theatrical star of the time had actually performed as a rock singer.
Lehman finds the film to be part of a trend in the Disney animated studio of using more sympathetic portrayals of African Americans, Africans, and African-American music over time. During World War II, Disney animated shorts seemed to associate musicians wearing zoot suit and boogie-woogie , an ancestor of rock and roll, with threatening forces and the Axis powers themselves. Disney had a long history of portraying animated black characters as buffoons and/or servants. He cites as a late example the portrayal of indigenous Africans in Social Lion (1954). They were depicted as "sleepy-eyed" people, wearing grass skirts, and employed as servants of White hunters. A few years later, in Paul Bunyan (1958), Disney gave a more sympathetic portrayal of a black character. In a brief tribute to other American folk heroes besides Paul Bunyan himself, the film depicted among them a black man: John Henry. The Disney staff gave Henry a muscular physique and treated him as a hero. Though Lehman notes that the film never depicted Henry's face, which was hidden between his arms. Disney was apparently becoming more progressive with time and breaking with the traditions of stereotypical portrayal of blacks in animation.
Lehman notes that Disney's newfound ethnic sensitivity, when it came to African American culture, did not extend to the portrayal of Asian Americans. The stop-motion scenes of A Symposium included a single Asian character: a crudely constructed puppet with slanty eyes.
Home media
The short was released on DVD on December 6, 2005, on Walt Disney Treasures: Disney Rarities - Celebrated Shorts: 1920s–1960s.
See also
List of American films of 1962
Sources
References
External links
A Symposium On Popular Songs at The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts
1962 films
1962 animated films
1960s educational films
1962 musical films
Animated musical films
1960s Disney animated short films
Disney educational films
American musical documentary films
Doo-wop
Animated films about music and musicians
Films directed by Bill Justice
Films produced by Walt Disney
Films using stop-motion animation
Musicals by the Sherman Brothers
Ragtime films
1960s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Symposium%20on%20Popular%20Songs |
The Yau Ma Tei Fruit Market, officially Yau Ma Tei Wholesale Fruit Market, also simply known as the Fruit Market, is a wholesale fruit market in Yau Ma Tei, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Etymology
It is known as gwo laan () in Cantonese. gwo () means fruit while laan () means wholesale market, derived from railing and enclosed area.
History
The market was founded in 1913 between Ferry Street, Waterloo Road and Reclamation Street with Shek Lung Street passing through it. The name of the market was originally Government Vegetables Market () which sold fruit and vegetables. Fish traders joined in the 1930s. With the opening of Cheung Sha Wan Vegetables Wholesaling Market () and Cheung Sha Wan Fishery Wholesaling Market () in Cheung Sha Wan in 1965, the vegetables and fish stalls moved out. From then on the market has operated as a specialist fruit wholesaling market. The market was then officially known as Kowloon Wholesale Fruit Market until the name was transferred to Cheung Sha Wan Wholesale Market Complex in 1990.
Features
The market is a historically valuable site and is classified as a Grade II Historic Building since 2009. It consists of several blocks of one or two storey brick and stone buildings. Pre-World War II signboards are on the outer walls of the buildings.
Another historical building, Yau Ma Tei Theatre is adjacent to the market, across Reclamation Street.
Market operation
Many wholesalers still operate in the market. The busiest hours are 4 to 6 o'clock in the morning. Lorries and carts deliver boxes of fruit in and out of the market.
Transportation
Yau Ma Tei station Exit B2
KMB Route 10 and Citybus Route 20
In popular culture
Yau Ma Tei Fruit Market is used as a backdrop for 2018 TVB drama series Apple-Colada.
References
Further reading
Yau Ma Tei
Retail markets in Hong Kong
Grade II historic buildings in Hong Kong
Food markets in China
Wholesale markets in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yau%20Ma%20Tei%20Fruit%20Market |
Voulí Tileórasi (, Parliament TV) is a Greek network dedicated to airing non-stop coverage of government proceedings and public affairs programming. The name comes from Greek Βουλή Voulí, meaning 'assembly', 'council', or 'parliament'; and Tileórasi, meaning television.
Overview
The primary aim of the channel is to give each citizen direct access to the inner workings of the Hellenic Parliament. It broadcasts live all sessions of parliament and the meetings of the department of parliamentary recess. Also broadcast recorded not live, the work of the various permanent parliamentary committees. Voulí TV broadcasts a daily parliamentary newscast that gives briefings on the day-to-day business of parliament, as well as information on democratic institutions and the parliamentary history of Greece.
It also features updates on the European Parliament with special emphasis on the Greek members of parliament. The network also features non-political type programming, a block of cultural programming airs daily from 6pm-Midnight, with documentaries (covering various topics such as the arts, society, nature, history and science), films, theatre, dance, opera and classical music.
Voulí TV is the only channel of its kind in Europe that broadcasts terrestrially, FTA without the need for any special equipment or subscription fees. The signal is transmitted from 19 broadcast centres on the country which enable it to reach over 50% of the population. Efforts are underway to increase transmission so that the entire country can receive the signal. Voulí is also available on satellite, the signal transmits on Hotbird 3 and HellasSat.
Programming
The main objective of the TV channel is to give every citizen, direct access to the inner workings of the Greek Parliament. Broadcast live, all sessions of Parliament, and the part of the parliamentary progress. Also on the broadcast channel, but no live recordings works of various standing committees.
Morning Reading - Information broadcast on the parliamentary activities of the day. Airs Monday to Friday at 9-10am.
Notebooks of parliamentary speech - Emission series based on the eponymous edition of the Foundation of the Hellenic Parliament. Presented and discussed major Greek political speeches of our modern history.
Parliamentary Stories - Documented facts of modern and contemporary history since the foundation of the Greek state as today, that took place in the Parliament.
What the law says - Discussion with parties rapporteurs for the legislative work.
Membership Card - Information series programs for lives in the European Union.
External links
Official Site
Hellenic Television
Television channels in Greece
Greek-language television stations
Legislature broadcasters
Hellenic Parliament
Television channels and stations established in 1999
1999 establishments in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vouli%20Tileorasi |
Antiochia Paraliou () is an ancient city known only from its coinage which bears the legend "ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΑΛΙΟΥ". Although the location is considered unknown, some numismatists equate the city with Antiochia ad Cragum, but the association is not universally accepted.
External links
homepage.uibk.ac.at
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
Former populated places in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia%20Paraliou |
Sumita Devi () was a Bangladeshi actress. In 45 years of her career, she acted in around 200 films and 150 radio and television dramas. She was an artist at the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra in 1971.
Early life and career
Devi was born in Manikganj District in the then Bengal Presidency. She moved with her parents, first to Dhaka in 1944, then to Calcutta in 1951. She debuted her acting in the film Asiya (1960). She was the first actress of the then East Pakistan to act in the film Dhupchhaya produced in West Pakistan. Later she produced five films.
Works
Actress
Producer
Agun Niye Khela (1967)
Momer Alo (1968)
Mayar Sangsar (1969)
Adarsha Chapakhana (1970)
Notun Probhat (1970)
Personal life and death
Devi's first marriage to Amulya Lahiri was short. Later she married filmmaker Zahir Raihan in 1962. Upon marriage she converted to Islam and took the name Nilufar Begum. With Raihan, she had two sons, Anal and Bipul. She had another son and a daughter. After the disappearance of Raihan in 1972, the government allotted an abandoned house on 7.5 kathas in Mohammadpur Thana to Devi.
Devi died from a brain haemorrhage on 6 January 2004 at Bangladesh Medical Hospital in Dhaka. Both her kidneys and liver had been malfunctioning before she was admitted to the hospital. She had been in a coma since her treatment began.
Awards
All Pakistan Critic Award (1962)
Nigar Award for Best Supporting Actress (1964)
Bangladesh Film Journalist Association Award
Television Reporters Association of Bangladesh Award
Agartala Muktijoddha Award (2002)
Janakantha Gunijan and Pratibha Sammanona (2002)
References
External links
1936 births
2004 deaths
People from Manikganj District
Bangladeshi film actresses
Bangladeshi film producers
Nigar Award winners
Burials at Mirpur Martyred Intellectual Graveyard
Bangladeshi women film producers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumita%20Devi |
The Egoist is a tragicomical novel by George Meredith published in 1879.
Synopsis
The novel recounts the story of self-absorbed Sir Willoughby Patterne and his attempts at marriage; jilted by his first bride-to-be, he vacillates between the sentimental Laetitia Dale and the strong-willed Clara Middleton. More importantly, the novel follows Clara's attempts to escape from her engagement to Sir Willoughby, who desires women to serve as a mirror for him and consequently cannot understand why she would not want to marry him. Thus, The Egoist dramatises the difficulty contingent upon being a woman in Victorian society, when women's bodies and minds are trafficked between fathers and husbands to cement male bonds.
Critical response
In an afterword by Angus Wilson, The Egoist was called "the turning point in George Meredith's career." Wilson saw Meredith as "the first great art novelist"; his afterword interprets the book as an adaptation of a stage comedy, an achievement he arrogates to few English authors, who, he suggests, present only "farce or satire." He compliments Meredith most when he is detached from his characters, as "it is then that our laughter is most thoughtful." Wilson is most taken by "the absolute truth of much of the dialogue," such as how "the way Sir Willoughby continues to speak through the answers of other characters, returning to notice their replies only when his own vein of thought is exhausted" is a "wonderful observation of human speech."
In his essay "Books Which Have Influenced Me," Robert Louis Stevenson reports the following story:
"A young friend of Mr. Meredith's (as I have the story) came to him in agony. 'This is too bad of you,' he cried. 'Willoughby is me!' 'No, my dear fellow,' said the author; 'he is all of us.'"
E. M. Forster discussed the book in his lecture series Aspects of the Novel, using it as an example of a "highly organised" plot. Much of his discussion, however, focuses on Meredith and his popularity as an author.
More materially, Forster compliments Meredith on not revealing Laetitia Dale's changed feelings for Willoughby until she rejects him in their midnight meeting; "[i]t would have spoiled his high comedy if we had been kept in touch throughout ... in fact it would be boorish. ... Meredith with his unerring good sense here lets the plot triumph" rather than explaining Dale's character more fully.
Forster further compares Meredith with Thomas Hardy, complimenting Hardy on his pastoral sensibilities and Meredith on his powerful plots, "[knowing] what [his] novel[s] could stand."
References
External links
Sources
1879 British novels
English novels
Victorian novels
Novels by George Meredith
Tragicomedy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Egoist%20%28novel%29 |
The lingual nerve carries sensory innervation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. It contains fibres from both the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and from the facial nerve (CN VII). The fibres from the trigeminal nerve are for touch, pain and temperature (general sensation), and the ones from the facial nerve are for taste (special sensation).
Structure
Origin
The lingual nerve arises from the posterior trunk of mandibular nerve (CN V) within the infratemporal fossa.
Course
The lingual nerve first courses deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle and superior to the tensor veli palatini muscle; while passing between these two muscles, it is joined by the chorda tympani, and often by a communicating branch from the inferior alveolar nerve.
The nerve then comes to pass inferoanteriorly upon the medial pterygoid muscle towards the medial aspect of the ramus of mandible, eventually meeting the mandible at the junction of the ramus and body of mandible. Here, the lingual nerve is anterior and somewhat medial (deep) to the inferior alveolar nerve.
It crosses obliquely to the side of the tongue beneath the constrictor pharyngis superior and styloglossus, and then between the hyoglossus and deep part of the submandibular gland; it finally runs from laterally to medially inferiorly crossing the duct of the submandibular gland, and along the tongue to its tip becoming the sublingual nerve, lying immediately beneath the mucous membrane.
The submandibular ganglion is suspended by two nerve filaments from the lingual nerve.
Distribution
General sensory
The lingual nerve supplies general somatic afferent (i.e. general sensory) innervation to the mucous membrane of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue (i.e. body of tongue) (whereas the posterior one-third (i.e. root of tongue) is innervated via the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)), the floor of the oral cavity, and the mandibular/inferior lingual gingiva.
Special sensory and parasymathetic autonomic
The lingual nerve also comes to convey fibres of the chorda tympani (which are derived from the facial nerve (CN VII)), which providee special sensation (taste) to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue as well as parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.
Clinical significance
Lingual nerve injuries
The most common cause of lingual nerve injuries is third molar (wisdom tooth) surgery, less commonly the lingual nerve can be injured by local anaesthetic dental injections (particularly inferior dental block injections) and sublingual or submandibular surgery.
Any injury to sensory nerves can result in pain, altered sensation and/or numbness, but usually a combination of all three symptoms arises. This can have a significant negative effect on the patient's quality of life affecting their daily function and psychological health.
Patients should be routinely warned about lingual nerve injuries prior to wisdom tooth and floor of mouth surgery. The risk associated with wisdom tooth surgery is commonly accepted to be 2% temporary and 0.2% permanent.
Warning patients of nerve injury prior to administration of deep dental injections has a risk of injury in approximately 1:14,000 with 25% of these remaining persistent. Preoperative warning about these injuries is routinely undertaken in the US and Germany. This reflects good practice recommended by the Royal College of Anaesthetists (prior warning of potential nerve injury in relation to spinal and epidural blocks 1 on 24–57,000 risk).
Infiltration dentistry is a technique that may reduce the possibility of lingual nerve injuries by avoiding deep injections.
Avoiding lingual access when undertaking wisdom tooth surgery will also avoid unnecessary lingual nerve injury
See also
Lingual branches of hypoglossal nerve
Additional images
References
External links
()
()
Mandibular nerve
Gustatory system
Innervation of the tongue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingual%20nerve |
"What's Left of Me" is a song co-written and recorded by American singer Nick Lachey. It was released on February 21, 2006, as the lead single from his second album, What's Left of Me. To date, it is Lachey's most successful single as a solo artist, reaching number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
The song has also been recorded by Leandro Lopes, winner of the first season of Brazilian reality television show Ídolos, and was released as Lopes's first single.
Composition
"What's Left of Me" is a pop rock ballad that lasts for 4 minutes and 5 seconds. The song's instrumentation includes string instruments and guitars. Lyrically, the song expresses the pain of Lachey's divorce from his first wife Jessica Simpson since they separated in the previous year in 2005 and later divorced in June.
Track list
Digital download:
What's Left of Me (main version)
Europe CD single:
What's Left of Me (album version)
Don't Shut Me Out (bonus cut)
What's Left of Me (Passengerz remix)
What's Left of Me (Jack D. Elliott remix)
Music video
Lachey was documented on a MTV special that was aired on April 22, 2006, called "What's Left of Me". Following the special, a Making The Video was aired, covering the production process. The clip itself was premiered to the world at the end of the show. The video features Vanessa Minnillo (whom he would later marry), a former Miss Teen USA, and former Total Request Live VJ, who in the video clip presumably plays Jessica Simpson.
As the video progresses, objects from a house begin to disappear, such as a laptop computer, a stereo, some pictures, furniture, and products inside the fridge. At the end of the video, the wedding ring that Minnillo is wearing on a necklace also disappears, and seconds later Minnillo disappears before Nick's eyes. A final shot of Lachey standing on an empty house projects the theme of the song, and shows that there's nothing 'left of him'.
Many references to Lachey's personal life with Simpson are made: most specifically the wedding ring on the necklace disappearing, and the presence of a camera crew filming Lachey and Minnillo (a reference to Lachey's personal discomfort over the making of the show Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica).
Chart performance
"What's Left of Me" was one of the early successes of 2006. "What's Left of Me" debuted at No. 89 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and eventually reached a peak position of No. 6 becoming Lachey's highest-charting song as a solo artist. "What's Left of Me" remained on the Billboard Hot 100 for a total of twenty-five weeks. The song also performed well on other Billboard charts, including the Billboard Pop 100 where it reached a peak position of number 5. Thanks to the success of the single the album had an extremely strong debut at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 for the week of May 14, 2006. What's Left of Me sold 172,000 copies for that week, which was already a significant improvement upon the first week sales of his debut album, SoulO, which only sold 171,000 in total.
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Leandro Lopes version
Background
In the same year of "What's Left of Me"'s original release, Sony BMG's executives chose for Leandro Lopes and Lucas Poletto, the two finalists of the first season of Ídolos, to record the song which was called "Deixo A Voz Me Levar" (Portuguese for "Let The Voice Carry Me"), in preparation for a single release as soon as the winner was announced.
Leandro and Lucas sang the song on July 27, 2006. Upon Leandro winning the competition, "Deixo A Voz Me Levar" was released on October 6, 2006, as the first single from his first album entitled Leandro Lopes: Por Você (English: Leandro Lopes: For You).
Music video
Filming of Leandro Lopes' first music video started around September 2006 in São Paulo, São Paulo. The video was directed by Pietro Sargentelli and first premiered on October 13, 2006, on MTV Brasil.
Track listings
CD single
"Deixo A Voz Me Levar" – 3:09
References
2006 singles
Music videos directed by Ray Kay
Nick Lachey songs
Songs written by Emanuel Kiriakou
Songs written by Lindy Robbins
Songs written by Nick Lachey
Songs written by Jess Cates
Pop ballads
Rock ballads
Songs about heartache
2000s ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s%20Left%20of%20Me%20%28song%29 |
Edmunds may refer to:
People
Edmunds (given name)
Edmunds (surname)
Places
Edmunds Center, an arena in Deland, Florida
Edmunds County, South Dakota
Companies
Edmunds (company), provider of automotive information
See also
Edmonds (disambiguation)
Edmund (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmunds |
Maëlle Danica Ricker (; born December 2, 1978) is a Canadian retired snowboarder, who specialised in snowboard cross. She won an Olympic gold medal in the snowboard cross event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, to become the first Canadian woman to win a gold medal on home soil at the Olympics. She is also the 2013 World Champion and two-time Winter X Games Champion (1999, 2006).
Career
Ricker was born in North Vancouver, British Columbia, and resides in Squamish, British Columbia. As a young girl Ricker had two dreams: to compete competitively in snowboarding, and to compete in snowboarding at the Winter Olympics, despite the fact that Snowboarding was not an Olympic sport at the time. She first competed in the FIS Snowboard World Cup during the 1996–97 season, twice standing on the podium in her rookie season. She competed at her first Olympics in 1998 in Nagano where only parallel giant slalom and halfpipe were Olympic snowboard events. Ricker competed in the halfpipe event placing fifth. After Nagano, Ricker began competing in multiple snowboard disciplines, competing in both the halfpipe and in the newer sport of boarder cross. She won her first World Cup gold in the discipline of snowboard cross later that year in 1998. She was forced to skip the 2002 Winter Olympics because of injury. At the 2006 Winter Olympics she placed 23rd in Women's halfpipe and 4th in the Women's Snowboard Cross event. She crashed hard in the race, and was hospitalized with a minor concussion. Ricker later said that she did not remember her crash, and that finishing fourth in 2006 was like "seeing the love of your life on the subway but never getting to meet them."
Ricker won a bronze medal in the same event at Winter X Games XI. She was the overall world cup champion during the 07/08 season. She also previously competed in the halfpipe world championships, with her highest finish being 7th in 2003. She is a two time X Games gold medalist in snowboard cross winning the gold in both the 1999 Winter X Games and the Winter X-Games 10.
2010 Winter Olympics
Ricker did exceptionally well in the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games. She headed into the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver as the overall leader in the 2009–10 FIS Snowboard World Cup. She skipped the Winter X Games in January to focus on the Olympics. The women's snowboard cross event began on February 16, and the event started out nervously enough for the Canadian contingent in women's snowboard cross. Both she and Dominique Maltais fell on the same berm on their first qualifying run. With fog and weather conditions threatening to cancel the second and final qualifying run, both Canadians would have been out of the finals if officials had canceled the run. However the decision was made to carry on with the qualifying, conditions improved, and Ricker would successfully qualify in third place. When asked about her fall after the race Ricker said that it "was heartbreaking after that first run. I had to go back up to the start, refocus and think about my lines. I had to visualize all the stuff we’ve been training all week, all year, the last few years."
Ricker won her quarter-final with ease, but because of only finishing third in qualifying, was placed in a semi-final with gold medal contender Lindsey Jacobellis. In the run, however, Jacobellis was disqualified for missing a gate and Ricker carried on, qualifying for the A-final. In the medal final Ricker again took a large lead out of the starting gate and won the gold medal with relative ease, becoming the first Canadian woman to win an Olympic gold medal on home soil. Ricker won the gold just minutes from her childhood home in North Vancouver and described the Olympic victory "like a crazy dream". For Ricker, the gold was redemption for her fall and concussion during the 2006 Olympic Games in Turin. She said that "Turin was such a motivator for me. It just made me work that much harder and just go for it today."
Present
Ricker followed her successful Olympics with a great start to the 2010–11 FIS Snowboard World Cup. She was second in the snowboard cross standings for the World Cup heading into the 2011 FIS Snowboarding World Championships. In the finals of the snowboard cross at the World Championships Ricker was closely following longtime nemesis Jacobellis. While trying to pass, she got too close to Jacobellis, caught an edge, and crashed, injuring her hand and finishing fourth. Ricker won a bronze medal at the XVI Winter X Games where fellow Canadian Maltais had won that year. She also managed several podiums through that part of the 2011–12 FIS Snowboard World Cup, though not achieving any victories.
At the 2013 World Championships, Ricker struck gold again. She managed to beat compatriot Maltais, who had won most of the World Cup events, however Ricker pipped her to the line on the battle that occurred on home soil at these championships. This was Ricker's first gold medal at the World Championships, despite winning nearly every contest she has entered, this medal eluded her until this competition which she won at the age of 34. Ricker lightly made note of both her and Maltais' age versus their competitors when she said that "We’re the dinosaurs of the group. But experience plays a lot in these technical races. It’s definitely something I have to use to my advantage since I don’t have youth on my side anymore. I have to be smart with my training, smart with some of my landings".
Just days before the 2014 Olympics were to begin Ricker suffered a wrist injury severe enough that it required surgery, in a training session. Despite this the Canadian Olympic Committee expected that she would be able to compete at the games. She was the second Canadian snowboarder to suffer an injury just before the games after Mark McMorris, also a gold medal contender, was injured in his final run at the 2014 Winter X Games.
Personal
Ricker grew up in West Vancouver, the daughter of Karl Ricker, now a retired geologist, and Nancy Ricker, now a retired biology professor from Capilano University. When Ricker was a child her father had wanted her to take up skiing, but she chose snowboarding instead. She first learned to snowboard in her teens when she chased her brother Jörli Ricker down Whistler Mountain and credits her brother for getting her into the sport of snowboarding. As a student, Ricker attended high school at Sentinel Secondary School in West Vancouver. Ricker lists Clara Hughes, Canadian flag bearer at the opening ceremonies for the 2010 games, as her hero. Ricker is bilingual, speaking both French and English fluently.
References
External links
Canada Snowboard Profile
CTV Olympic profile
ESPN Profile
Maëlle Ricker Official Site
1978 births
Living people
Canadian female snowboarders
Sportspeople from North Vancouver
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
X Games athletes
Olympic snowboarders for Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
People from Squamish, British Columbia
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Canadian people of Swiss descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%ABlle%20Ricker |
Bryan High School may refer to:
Bryan High School (Ohio), located in Bryan, Ohio
Bryan High School (Texas), located in Bryan, Texas
Omaha Bryan High School in Omaha, Nebraska
See also
Bryan Station High School in Lexington, Kentucky
Bryant High School (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20High%20School |
The Iowa Field House is a multi-purpose arena in Iowa City, Iowa. Opened in 1927, it held up to 13,365 people at its height. At one time, it housed all Iowa athletic teams and coaching offices before the construction of additional facilities. The Field House was a regional site for the NCAA basketball tournament four times, in 1954, 1956, 1964 and 1966. The Iowa Wrestling team hosted the 1959 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships at the Field House.
The pool inside the facility was the home of the Iowa Hawkeyes men's and women's swimming team from its construction through the 2009–2010 season. This field house was believed to be the largest indoor pool in the world at the time of its construction. The building has been host to the University of Iowa Table Tennis Team since 2015.
Since the basketball team's departure, parts of the arena have been converted into classroom and office space for the university's Health and Human Physiology Department and Recreational Services. The swimming team continued to host events there until the construction of the Campus Recreation and Wellness Center in 2010. The gymnastics team also continue to host events at the Field House.
References
1927 establishments in Iowa
College gymnastics venues in the United States
College wrestling venues in the United States
Iowa Hawkeyes basketball venues
Iowa Hawkeyes wrestling venues
Sports venues completed in 1927
Sports venues in Iowa
University of Iowa campus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20Field%20House |
Hyrrokkin (Old Norse: ) is a female jötunn in Norse mythology. According to 13th-century poet Snorri Sturluson, she launched the largest of all ships at Baldr's funeral after the Æsir gods were unable to budge the vessel.
Hyrrokkin was a relatively important figure in the last decades of paganism in Iceland. She appears to be depicted on one of the DR 284 stone from the Hunnestad Monument near Marsvinsholm, Sweden.
Name
The Old Norse name Hyrrokkin has been translated as 'fire-withered' or 'fire-steamer'. According to linguist Jan de Vries, it is compound formed with the root hyr- ('fire') attached to hrokkinn ('curly; wrinkle'). Scholar John Lindow has proposed the translation 'fire-smoked', perhaps referring to a dark, shrivelled appearance.
Attestations
Prose Edda
It is told in Snorri Sturluson's Gylfaginning that at Baldr's funeral his wife Nanna died of grief and was placed alongside him on his pyre, thus joining her husband in Hel. Hringhorni, Baldr's ship, was the largest of all such vessels and was to serve as the god's funeral ship. No one, however, could seem to launch the boat out to sea.
The gods then enlisted the help of Hyrrokkin, who came from Jötunheimr, arriving on a giant wolf with vipers as reins. When she dismounted, Odin summoned four berserkers to look after the animal but they were unable to control it without first rendering it unconscious. With her seismic strength, the giantess rolled the boat into the water. This caused the earth to quake and the rollers to set on fire, which angered Thor. He was about to kill Hyrrokkin with his hammer Mjöllnir, but the other gods insisted that he spare her.
She is also mentioned in a list of troll women by an anonymous skald:
Gjölp, Hyrrokkin,
Hengikepta,
Gneip ok Gnepja,
Geysa, Hála,
Hörn ok Hrúga,
Harðgreip, Forað,
Hryðja, Hveðra
ok Hölgabrúðr.
Skaldic poetry
The late 10th-century skald Þorbjörn dísarskáld, in two preserved fragments addressed directly to Thor, mentions Hyrrokkin among the jötnar killed by the thunder-god at Baldur's funeral:
The poem Húsdrápa (House-Lay), composed by Úlfr Uggason around 985 AD in western Iceland and partially preserved in the Prose Edda, also appears to refer to Hyrrokkin at Baldr's funeral:
"The very powerful Hild of the mountains [giantess] caused the sea-Sleipnir [ship] to lumber forward, but the wielders of the helmet flames [warriors] of Hropt [Odin] felled her mount."
In popular culture
Hyrokkin is featured in the 2020 video game, Assassin's Creed Valhalla, during the missions taking place in Jötunheimr. The missions being merely vision interpretations of the fictional precursor race, the Isu's history, an equivalence is made to Juno, who was mentioned in Assassin's Creed II but made her first appearance in Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood.
See also
Snake-witch stone, a picture stone depicting a female grasping two snakes
References
References
External links
Gýgjar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrrokkin |
Vashon Island High School (VHS) is a public high school located on Vashon Island, Washington. Vashon Island High School, a part of the Vashon Island School District, is the only high school to serve the island. VHS runs 9th through 12th grade. The school has two language courses available: French and Spanish. VHS puts on three plays a year within the three drama classes; Theater Arts I, II and Musical Theater. VHS also has a band which puts on three concerts, including a Christmas concert and a Pops concert. The band also competes at a band competition at Stadium High School. The school's athletic mascot is the Pirates.
Campus
In 2018, some of the restroom facilities were to be converted into gender-neutral ones.
Despite being accessible only by ferries, VHS has a large number of off-island commuter students who come from West Seattle, the Kitsap Peninsula (predominantly from Port Orchard), and Tacoma.
Awards and recognition
Vashon Island High School was a 2013 Washington Achievement Award winner for Overall Excellence and High Improvement.
The school was named a national Blue Ribbon School in 2008.
Sports
Vashon Island's sports teams compete in the Nisqually League of WIAA's West Central District.
Debate (Lincoln-Douglas and Policy).
Soccer (Boys and Girls)
Baseball
Softball
Boys' football
Basketball (Boys and Girls)
Track
Cross-Country (Boys and Girls)
Wrestling (Boys and Girls)
Golf
Volleyball
Tennis
Notable alumni
Mary Matsuda Gruenewald - (memoirist)
Jason Chorak - Washington Huskies football player - 1996 Pac 10 Defensive Player of the year and All American.
References
External links
Official webpage
School District webpage
The Riptide website
School's OSPI report card 2010-2011
High schools in King County, Washington
Public high schools in Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vashon%20Island%20High%20School |
The Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs (SCA) is an agency within the United States Department of State that is responsible for the U.S. government's relations with countries in the South and Central Asian region. The bureau is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs, who reports to the Secretary of State through the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. The current Assistant Secretary is Donald Lu, incumbent since September 15, 2021.
History
After six years of trying, Congress allocated the funds to create an independent Bureau of South Asian Affairs in 1991. Pursuant to the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, the Bureau of South Asian Affairs was established on August 24, 1992, after having been a part of the Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs since 1958. In February 2006 the bureau absorbed the Office of Central Asian Affairs from the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs.
Organization
The offices of the Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs direct, coordinate, and supervise U.S. government activities within the region, including political, economic, consular, public diplomacy, and administrative management issues.
SCA Front Office – The office of the Assistant Secretary and other principals in the bureau
Office of India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Maldives Affairs – Informs policy and coordinates with U.S. Missions in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and the Maldives
Office of Pakistan Affairs – Oversees Pakistan–United States relations, and liaises with the U.S. Embassy in Pakistan
Office of Central Asian Affairs – Informs policy and coordinates with U.S. Missions in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
Office of Security and Transnational Affairs
Office of Press and Public Diplomacy – Coordinates public outreach and digital engagement, and prepares press guidance for the Department Spokesperson in the Bureau of Public Affairs
Office of Afghanistan Affairs – Oversees Afghanistan–United States relations, and liaises with the U.S. Embassy in Afghanistan
References
External links
SCA
United States diplomacy
United States–Asian relations
Afghanistan–United States relations
Bangladesh–United States relations
India–United States relations
Kazakhstan–United States relations
Kyrgyzstan–United States relations
Nepal–United States relations
Maldives–United States relations
Pakistan–United States relations
Sri Lanka–United States relations
Tajikistan–United States relations
Turkmenistan–United States relations
United States–Uzbekistan relations
Government agencies established in 2006
2006 establishments in Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20South%20and%20Central%20Asian%20Affairs |
A female queen, diva queen, or hyper queen is a drag queen who is a woman. These performers are generally indistinguishable from the more common male drag queens in artistic style and techniques.
Terminology
Other terms still used both by performers and in the media are considered offensive. The term "faux queen" is rejected and considered outdated by many drag artists for implying that female drag queens are not as "real" as cisgender male drag queens, and the term "female queen" is considered by many performers to be transphobic as they imply that a transgender woman who performs as a drag queen is not female. Other descriptions include "biologically challenged" drag queen, "female female impersonator", or "female impersonator impersonator."
Concept
Like all drag performers, female drag queens play with traditional gender roles and gender norms to educate and entertain. Female queens can appear alongside female drag kings, male drag kings or male drag queens at drag shows and are interchangeable with other drag queens as emcees, performers, hostesses, and spokesmodels.
For some it can be a way to redefine postmodern feminism; female drag queen Ms. Lucia Love stated, "Drag queens would be nowhere without women." For others it simply is about dressing up and having fun.
In San Francisco, the first ever "faux queen" pageant was produced as a benefit for the drag performer Diet Popstitute. The first title-holder was Coca Dietetica, a.k.a. Laurie Bushman. The Klubstitute Kollective was formed after Diet Popstitute's 1995 death to continue to raise funds and provide a space for the performers who, at the time, were not always welcome in typical drag venues. Pageant organizer Ruby Toosday had "friends who got fired (from drag clubs) for being women...it seemed like we had definitely hit a nerve. Contestants were judged on drag, talent, and personality by a panel of judges and the winner helped "femcee" the following year. The pageants were held from 1996 to 2005. The Faux Queen Pageant was resurrected in 2012 by former title holder Bea Dazzler, and will continue to be a yearly competition in San Francisco.
The dancer and performance artist Fauxnique (Monique Jenkinson) became the first cisgender female drag queen to win a major drag pageant—competing against cisgender male or trans female drag queens—when she was crowned Miss Trannyshack 2003. From Bust Magazine: "'(drag) comes down to a sort of self-awareness, a self-consciousness about playing around with femininity,' says Fauxnique. She adds that while drag for her is primarily about performance, it's also a 'rejection of traditional oppressive forms of masculinity—and that's part of an affinity with gay men as well. I wouldn't say every faux queen is a feminist, but I would say that a part of them is in some way.'"
In the 1970s and 1980s, German-born Brazilian cisgender female queen Elke Maravilha became a popular TV personality after participating as a judge in the Chacrinha and Silvio Santos talent shows. According to her, "many people think I am a transvestite. When they ask me this, I jokingly reply that I'm a man indeed. And of the most gifted ones".
The comedy films Connie and Carla and Victor/Victoria both center on cisgender female drag queens, but the main characters of both films are women who are forced by circumstance to work as drag queens. They keep their gender a secret and impersonate men when off-stage, unlike their real-life counterparts.
The 2020 US reality TV vogue competition Legendary was the first US reality television show to include cisgender women performing and competing as drag queens, including the all-female team representing House of Ninja. The reality competition Dragula featured two performers who were born female in their third season, but winner Landon Cider performs as a drag king and contestant Hollow Eve identifies as a non-binary drag artist, not specifically a drag queen. Female drag queen Sigourney Beaver competed in season 4, being one of the four finalists. In 2021, the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race UK was the first season in the franchise to feature a queen who was both assigned female at birth and identified as female, Victoria Scone.
Controversy
Female drag queens are not always permitted or welcomed within drag spaces, which are typically owned and run by cisgender gay men. RuPaul, the producer and host of the reality TV competition RuPaul's Drag Race, originally banned female artists from his shows, stating "Drag loses its sense of danger and its sense of irony once it's not men doing it, because at its core it's a social statement and a big f-you to male-dominated culture. So for men to do it, it's really punk rock, because it's a real rejection of masculinity." After significant backlash, RuPaul amended this response in 2019 to state "I've learnt to never say never."
There are widely-held beliefs within the community that female drag queens do not face the same challenges as cisgender male drag queens, and do not need to use padding, makeup, or tucking to appear feminine. Female-bodied artists typically counter that they use the same makeup techniques to create exaggerated femininity, and many do use padding and corsets to create an extreme body shape. Female queens on Instagram often mock this belief that they do not "transform" their bodies by sharing strikingly different images of themselves in and out of drag with the hashtag #wheresthetransformationsis, started by female queen Creme Fatale.
The rejection of female drag queens is often closely linked to other reports of discrimination and objectification that women, transgender men, and nonbinary people assigned female at birth face within LGBT spaces. These artists frequently report groping and harassment from cisgender gay men in gay bars and performance spaces, and report less pay and less tips from audiences. Artists also have complained about drag terminology that they state is exclusionary or offensive; non-binary artist Hollow Eve sparked a significant debate in 2019 when an episode of Dragula aired where they spoke out against the term "fishy," used to mean a drag queen who looks like a cisgender woman and referring negatively to the smell of a vulva.
The rising prominence of female drag queens and increased dialogue around inclusivity has resulted in many drag artists rejecting any distinction based on their gender and calling for drag competitions to remove all gender and assigned sex requirements for contestants.
However, the first cis female Drag Queen Victoria Scone competed on RuPaul's Drag Race UK Season 3, and Canada's Drag Race vs The World, where she made runner-up. The second ever cis female Drag Queen to compete of a Drag Race franchise is Clover Bish, who competed on Drag Race Espana.
The third cis female drag queen to compete is Pandora Nox, who competed on the first season of drag race Germany
Gallery
See also
Gender bender
Genderqueer
Queer
Trannyshack
"Werking Mom"
References
External links
Example of an FTM "Faux Queen" Persona How to Work It - TranÀpus Rex
Drag (entertainment)
Culture of San Francisco
LGBT terminology
Women performance artists
Drag performers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female%20queen%20%28drag%29 |
Chemistry Education Research and Practice is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access academic journal published by the Royal Society of Chemistry covering chemistry education. The editor-in-chief is Gwen Lawrie of the University of Queensland. The Associate Editors are Ajda Kahveci of DePaul University, Scott E. Lewis of the University of South Florida, and Michael K. Seery of the University of Edinburgh. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.959.
The journal was originally published by the University of Ioannina, but switched to the Royal Society of Chemistry at the end of 2005 when it merged with University Chemistry Education. The society also publishes Education in Chemistry, a news magazine on the same topic.
Sponsorship by the RSC
The journal is able to be open-access, yet not have page or process charges levied against authors, due to sponsorship from the Education Division of the RSC. The RSC is a charity, as well as a learned society, and support for an open-access educational journal is seen as furthering its educational mission.
Theme issues
The journal includes an annual issue on a specific theme. Past theme issues are listed on the journal website.
References
External links
University Chemistry Education
Chemistry journals
Chemical education journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Quarterly journals
Academic journals established in 2000
English-language journals
Open access journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry%20Education%20Research%20and%20Practice |
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