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Antioch on the Maeander or Antiochia on the Maeander (; ), earlier Pythopolis, was a city of ancient Caria, in Anatolia. The city was situated between the Maeander and Orsinus rivers near their confluence. Though it was the site of a bridge over the Maeander, it had "little or no individual history". The scanty ruins are located on a hill (named, in Turkish, Yenişer) a few km southeast of Kuyucak, Aydın Province, Turkey, near the modern city of Başaran, or the village of Aliağaçiftliği. The city already existed when Antiochus I enlarged and renamed it. It was home to the sophist Diotrephes.
The Venus de Milo is believed to have been sculpted by a citizen of Antioch named […]andros (possibly Alexandros).
In 1148 the army of the Second Crusade forced a passage of the Maeander at Antioch in the face of determined Turkish resistance in the Battle of the Meander.
In 1211 the city was the site of the Battle of Antioch on the Meander between the Byzantine rump Empire of Nicaea and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.
The town has not been excavated, although Christopher Ratté and others visited the site in 1994 and produced a sketch plan. They observed a well-fortified Byzantine site, occupying some . The remains of a Roman stadium in length are also visible.
Bishopric
The bishopric of Antioch on the Maeander was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Stauropolis, capital of the Roman province of Caria. Its bishop Eusebius was at the First Council of Nicaea in 325, Dionysius at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Georgius at the Trullan Council in 692, and Theophanes at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879). Menophanes was deposed in 518 for Monophysitism.
No longer a residential bishopric, Antioch on the Maeander (Antiochia ad Maeandrum in Latin) is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Known Bishops
Vicente de Paulo Araújo Matos (21 Apr 1955 Appointed - 28 Jan 1961)
Félix Guiller (10 Apr 1961 Appointed - 10 Jun 1963)
Edward Louis Fedders, (29 Oct 1963 Appointed - 11 Mar 1973)
See also
List of ancient Greek cities
References
Bibliography
Blue Guide, Turkey: The Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts (), p. 359.
Archaeological sites in the Aegean Region
Hellenistic Caria
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
Ruins in Turkey
Former populated places in Turkey
History of Aydın Province
Populated places in ancient Caria
Kuyucak District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch%20on%20the%20Maeander |
Alien Autopsy is a 2006 British comedy film with elements of science fiction directed by Jonny Campbell. Written by William Davies, it relates the events surrounding the famous "alien autopsy" film promoted by Ray Santilli and stars Ant McPartlin and Declan Donnelly, also known as Ant & Dec, as Santilli and Gary Shoefield. The film was a moderate commercial success domestically, making no. 3 on the British box office chart.
Plot
The film is framed by Ray Santilli and his friend Gary Shoefield retelling the events to a documentary maker named Morgan Banner.
In 1995, Ray and Gary go to the United States to find Elvis memorabilia to sell on the market stall Ray runs in London. A former US Army cameraman, Harvey, sells them a silent black and white film of Elvis performing live, but later returns with an intriguing offer. Harvey takes Ray to Miami, Florida to see a film from 1947, showing the autopsy of an alien supposedly killed in a UFO crash in Roswell, New Mexico. Harvey wants to sell the film for $30,000.
Gary and Ray return to England to look for an investor to give them the money. Ray convinces Laszlo Voros, a Hungarian homosexual art and drug dealer obsessed with crop circles, to give him the $30,000 and retrieves the film from Harvey. Back in England, the pair discover that the film has degraded from humidity and heat and is now completely unwatchable. In order to avoid serious repercussions from Voros, they decide to make their own recreation of it. They base the content on Ray's memories of the original, and, with the help of some friends, fashion a convincing replica of the dead alien using a mannequin and meat products obtained from a friend's butcher's shop, turn the living room of Gary's sister into a film set, and shoot the film on a Bell and Howell spring-wound camera. Ray gives a copy of the final product to Voros, who believes it to be real.
Having convinced Voros, Ray and Gary decide to sell the film to other venues, earning them a large sum of money. However, when Voros hears about its international distribution, he demands 80% of the profits. A potential clash is averted when Voros is killed by a green Land Rover while standing naked in the middle of a crop circle, leading to speculation that he has been killed by a CIA agent.
Ray and Gary travel to Argentina to promote the film, followed by reporter Amber Fuentes, who seduces Ray. She eventually tracks down Harvey, who demands from Ray and Gary that they maintain his anonymity. To fulfil this obligation, they produce an interview with a homeless former actor playing Harvey, which convinces Amber. She remains sceptical, however, about the film's authenticity.
Ray and Gary are now persuaded that some of the original 1947 footage might actually be recovered by film restoration experts in order to be viewed. However, after viewing the results, the pair bury the film, telling each other that they cannot continue with the endeavour.
Cast
Declan Donnelly as Ray Santilli
Anthony McPartlin as Gary Shoefield
Bill Pullman as Morgan Banner
Götz Otto as Laszlo Voros
Morwenna Banks as Jasmine
Omid Djalili as Melik
Harry Dean Stanton as Harvey
Michael Rouse as Young Harvey
Mike Blakeley and Matthew Blakeley as The Camera Team
John Shrapnel as Michael Kuhn
Madeleine Moffatt as Nan
John Cater as Maurice
Lee Oakes as Edgar
Perry Benson as Trading Standards Officer
Jimmy Carr as Gary's Manager
Winston Thomas as Zachary
Pam Shaw as Aunty P.
David Threlfall as Jeffrey, Film Restorer
Andrew Greenough as Preston
Stephanie Metcalfe as Doreen
Jonathan Coy as The Museum Director
Ian Porter as Pentagon Officer
Shane Rimmer as Colonel
Naima Belkhiati as French TV Buyer
Miguel Angel Plaza as Mr. Gonzalez
Jeff Harding as CIA Agent
Kevin Breznahan as Junior TV Executive
Martin McDougall as Middle-Ranking TV Executive
Lachele Carl as TV News Anchor
Paul Birchard as Senior TV Executive
Sam Douglas as The Network President
Adriana Yanez as The Stewardess, Argentina
Nichole Hiltz as Amber Fuentes
Luis Soto as Peruvian TV Host
Christina Piaget as The Interviewer
Christina Souza as The Stewardess, Mexicana
Bradley Lavelle as New York Host
Orson Bean as Homeless Man
Sophia Ellis as UFO Enthusiast
Jonathan Frakes Himself
The film also contains brief appearances by Ray Santilli and Gary Shoefield.
Reception
The film received mainly positive reviews earning a 75% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes.
Releases
The film was released as a Region 2 DVD by Warner Home Video on 3 July 2006.
In America, the film was released as a Region 1 DVD by Warner Home Video on 21 September 2010.
Soundtrack
Supergrass – "Alright"
Pete Moore – "Asteroid"
The Beloved – "Sweet Harmony"
Stakka Bo – "Here We Go"
The Monkees – "I'm a Believer"
Stereo MC's – "Step It Up"
Tom Jones – "If Only I Knew"
Nouvelle Vague – "Just Can't Get Enough"
Son of Dork – "We're Not Alone"
References
External links
Alien Autopsy - The Full Original Footage on YouTube
Alien Autopsy - Fact or Fiction? - Documentary on YouTube
2006 films
2006 LGBT-related films
Roswell incident in fiction
2000s science fiction comedy films
British science fiction comedy films
British LGBT-related films
LGBT-related science fiction comedy films
Films about filmmaking
Films directed by Jonny Campbell
Films set in 1995
Films set in 2005
Films set in London
Films set in Ohio
Films set in Miami
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Argentina
Films set in Venezuela
Films about hoaxes
Films with screenplays by William Davies
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Qwerty Films films
2006 comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien%20Autopsy%20%282006%20film%29 |
Hugh Holmes QC (17 February 1840 – 18 April 1916) was an Irish Conservative Party, then after 1886 a Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom Parliament and subsequently a Judge of the High Court and Court of Appeal in Ireland.
Background and education
Holmes was born in Dungannon, County Tyrone, the son of William Holmes of Dungannon and Anne Maxwell. He attended the Royal School Dungannon and Trinity College Dublin. He was called to the English bar in 1864 and to the Irish Bar in 1865.
Legal and judicial career
Holmes became a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1877. He was appointed Solicitor General for Ireland on 14 December 1878 and served until the Conservative government was defeated in 1880. He served as Attorney General for Ireland from 1885 to 1886 and again from 1886 to 1887. He was made a member of the Privy Council of Ireland on 2 July 1885. He was MP for Dublin University from 1885 to 1887.
Holmes resigned from the House of Commons on his appointment as a judge in 1887. He was a Justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of Justice in Ireland until 1888 when he became a Justice of the Queen's Bench Division. He was promoted to be a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1897. Ill health caused his retirement in 1914.
He appeared to be a stern judge, who did not suffer fools gladly and often imposed exceptionally severe sentences in criminal cases. Although the story is often thought to be apocryphal, Maurice Healy maintained that Holmes once sentence a man of great age to 15 years in prison, and when the prisoner pleaded that he could not do 15 years, replied "Do as much of it as you can". His judgments did, however, display some good humour and humanity, and the sentences he imposed often turned out to be less severe in practice than those he announced in Court.
The quality of his judgments was very high and Holmes, together with Christopher Palles and Gerald FitzGibbon, is credited with earning for the Irish Court of Appeal its reputation as perhaps the strongest tribunal in Irish legal history. His retirement, followed by that of Palles (FitzGibbon had died in 1909), caused a loss of expertise in the Court of Appeal from which its reputation never recovered. Among his more celebrated remarks is that the Irish "have too much of a sense of humour to dance around a maypole". His judgment in The SS Gairloch remains the authoritative statement in Irish law on the circumstances in which an appellate court can overturn findings of fact made by the trial judge.
Family
In 1869 Hugh Holmes married Olivia Moule, daughter of J.W. Moule of Sneads Green House, Elmley Lovett, Worcestershire and Jane Harvie; she died in 1901. Her sister Elizabeth married another prominent Irish judge, John Monroe. Hugh and Olivia had seven children, including Hugh junior, Sir Valentine Holmes QC (1888-1956), who like his father was a very successful barrister, and a noted expert on the law of libel, Violet (died 1966), who married Sir Denis Henry, 1st Baronet, the first Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, Elizabeth, who married the politician and academic Harold Lawson Murphy, author of a well known History of Trinity College Dublin, and Alice (died 1942), who married the politician and judge Edward Sullivan Murphy, Attorney General for Northern Ireland and Lord Justice of Appeal in Northern Ireland.
Hugh Holmes died at his home in Dublin on 18 April 1916.
References
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
External links
1840 births
1916 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Attorneys-General for Ireland
Irish Conservative Party MPs
Irish barristers
Irish Unionist Party politicians
Members of the Middle Temple
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
People from Dungannon
Solicitors-General for Ireland
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
Lords Justice of Appeal for Ireland
Judges of the High Court of Justice in Ireland
19th-century Irish judges
19th-century Irish lawyers
20th-century Irish judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Holmes |
Nacrite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 is a clay mineral that is polymorphous (or polytypic) with kaolinite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system. X-ray diffraction analysis is required for positive identification.
Nacrite was first described in 1807 for an occurrence in Saxony, Germany. The name is from nacre in reference to the dull luster of the surface of nacrite masses scattering light with slight iridescences resembling those of the mother of pearls secreted by oysters.
References
Clay minerals group
Polymorphism (materials science)
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacrite |
The Hoople is the seventh studio album by British rock band Mott the Hoople. The album peaked in the UK Albums Chart at No. 11, whilst its highest chart rating in the US was No. 28. It was the 85th best selling album of 1974 and was voted 16th best album of 1974 by the readers of Creem magazine. A remastered and expanded version was released by Sony BMG on the Columbia Legacy label in Europe in 2006. It was the only album to feature guitarist Ariel Bender (who replaced Mick Ralphs following his departure to form Bad Company), and the last album to feature vocalist Ian Hunter before his departure for a solo career.
The album's cover features a stylised portrait of Kari-Ann Moller (with the band members in her hair), who also graces the cover of Roxy Music's 1972 debut album.
Track listing
All tracks written by Ian Hunter except where noted.
Side one
"The Golden Age of Rock 'n' Roll" – 3:26
"Marionette" – 5:08
"Alice" – 5:20
"Crash Street Kidds" – 4:31
Side two
"Born Late '58" (Overend Watts) – 4:00
“Trudi's Song" – 4:26
"Pearl 'n' Roy (England)" – 4:31
"Through the Looking Glass" – 4:37
"Roll Away the Stone" – 3:10
Bonus tracks on 2006 CD reissue
"Where Do You All Come From" (Dale "Buffin" Griffin, Hunter, Mick Ralphs, Peter Watts) – 3:26 B-side of "Roll Away the Stone" single.
"Rest in Peace" – 3:55 B-side of "The Golden Age of Rock 'n' Roll" single.
"Foxy, Foxy" – 3:31 Non-LP single A-side.
"(Do You Remember) The Saturday Gigs" – 4:20 Non-LP single A-side.
"The Saturday Kids" – 6:03 (Work in progress mixes)
"Lounge Lizzard" – 4:19 (Aborted single b-side)
"American Pie/The Golden Age of Rock 'n' Roll" (Don McLean, Hunter) (Live) – 4:15 (Live from Broadway)
Personnel
Mott the Hoople
Ian Hunter – vocals, rhythm guitar, piano
Pete Overend Watts – bass guitar, vocals, lead vocals on "Born Late '58", rhythm guitar, 12-string guitar
Dale "Buffin" Griffin – drums, vocals, percussion
Ariel Bender – lead guitar, vocals, slide guitar
Morgan Fisher – keyboards, synthesizer
Additional personnel
Howie Casey – tenor saxophone on 1 2 3 7
Jock McPherson – baritone saxophone on 1 2 7, tenor saxophone on 1 2 7
Mike Hurwitz – cello on 2
Lynsey De Paul – backing vocals on 3 9
Mick Ralphs – backing vocals on 7, rhythm and lead guitar on 9 (Ariel added harmony lead line)
Graham Preskett – violin on 8, conductor on 8, tubular bells on 8
Barry St. John, Sue and Sunny – backing vocals on 1 8
Thunderthighs (Karen Friedman, Dari Lalou & Casey Synge) – backing vocals on 9
Technical
Dan Loggins – production supervisor
Mike Dunne, Paul Hardiman – engineer (Advision Studios)
Bill Price, Gary Edwards, Peter Swettenham, Sean Milligan – engineer (Air Studios)
Roslav Szaybo – sleeve concept, design
John Brown – photography
Charts
Album
Singles
Certifications
References
Mott the Hoople albums
1974 albums
Columbia Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hoople |
The history of the Calvinist–Arminian debate begins in early 17th century in the Netherlands with a Christian theological dispute between the followers of John Calvin and Jacobus Arminius, and continues today among some Protestants, particularly evangelicals. The debate centers around soteriology, or the study of salvation, and includes disputes about total depravity, predestination, and atonement. While the debate was given its Calvinist–Arminian form in the 17th century, issues central to the debate have been discussed in Christianity in some form since Augustine of Hippo's disputes with the Pelagians in the 5th century.
Quinquarticular Controversy
The Quinquarticular Controversy is a term used to refer to the purely theological Calvinist–Arminian clashes of the period 1609 to 1618, a time in which the debate had serious political overtones in the Netherlands. This controversy was addressed by the Dutch Reformed churches at the Synod of Dort in 1618–1619, a meeting to which Protestant representatives from Reformed churches in other countries were invited. Quinquarticular (i.e. "having to do with five points") refers to points of contention raised by the Arminian party in its publication of five articles of Remonstrance in 1610. These were rejected by the Synod in the Canons of Dort, the essence of which is commonly referred to as the Five Points of Calvinism.
The Controversy marked the transformation of the Arminian movement into a separate, persecuted church organization in the Netherlands. For Arminians it was the start of full persecution after the imposition of an edict, while for Calvinists it resulted in the settling in clear points of doctrine that were initiated by John Calvin and clarified by Theodore Beza. For Lutherans the controversies saw the ending of any possibility of unification with the Calvinists.
Theological background
Augustine and Pelagius
Pelagius was a British monk who journeyed to Rome around the year 400 A.D. and was appalled at what he perceived as the improper behavior within churches. To combat this lack of holiness, he preached a Gospel that began with justification through faith alone (it was actually Pelagius, not Luther, who first added the word alone to Paul's phrase) but finished through human effort and morality. He had read Augustine's Confessions and believed it to be a fatalistic and pessimistic view of human nature. Pelagius' followers, including Caelestius, went further than their teacher and removed justification through faith, setting up the morality- and works-based salvation known as Pelagianism. The only historical evidence of the teachings of Pelagius or his followers is found through the writings of his two strongest opponents—Augustine and Jerome.
In response to Pelagius, Augustine adopted a theological system that included not only original sin (which Pelagius denied), but also a form of predestination. Some authors maintain that Augustine taught the doctrines of limited atonement and of irresistible grace, later associated with classic Calvinism; however, others insist that Augustine's writings conflict with these doctrines. Critics maintain that part of Augustine's philosophy might have stemmed from his expertise in Greek philosophy, particularly Platonism and Manichaeism, which maintained a high view of a man's spirit and low view of a man's body. Against the Pelagian notion that man can do everything right, he taught that man could do little right. Thus, he reasoned, man cannot even accept the offer of salvation — it must be God who chooses for himself individuals to bring to salvation.
A group of Italian bishops, led by Julian, defended the Pelagian view against the Augustinian concept of predestination but was rejected by the Council of Ephesus in 431. Later a monastic movement in Southern Gaul (modern-day France) also sought to explain predestination in light of God's foreknowledge, but a flurry of writings from Augustine (Grace and Free Will, Correction and Grace, The Predestination of the Saints and The Gift of Perseverance) helped maintain the papal authority of his doctrines.
Semi-Pelagianism and Semi-Augustinianism
After the death of Augustine, a more moderate form of Pelagianism persisted, which claimed that man's faith was an act of free will unassisted by previous internal grace. The Second Council of Orange (529) was convened to address whether this moderate form of semi-Pelagianism could be affirmed, or if the doctrines of Augustine were to be affirmed.
The determination of the Council could be considered "semi-Augustinian". It defined that faith, though a free act, resulted even in its beginnings from the grace of God, enlightening the human mind and enabling belief. However, it also denied strict predestination, stating, "We not only do not believe that any are foreordained to evil by the power of God, but even state with utter abhorrence that if there are those who want to believe so evil a thing, they are anathema." The document received papal sanction.
Calvinist Reformers used the Council's canons to demonstrate that their formulations of original sin and depravity had already been taught much earlier in the church. Arminian theologians also refer to the Council of Orange as a historical document that strongly affirms man's depravity and God's prevenient grace but does not present grace as irresistible or adhere to a strictly Augustinian view of predestination.
Middle Ages
Augustine's teaching on divine grace was considered a touchstone of orthodoxy within the western church throughout the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, within an Augustinian context, theologians continued to debate the precise nature of God and man's participation in salvation, as well as attempting to work out a place for the church's emerging system of sacraments in the overall scheme of salvation.
Thomas Aquinas, the most influential Catholic theologian of the Middle Ages, taught that, from man's fallen state, there were three steps to salvation:
Infusion of grace (infusio gratiae) – God infuses grace into the human soul – the Christian now has faith and, with it, the ability to do good – this step is entirely God's work and is not done by man, and once a man has faith, he can never entirely lose it – however, faith alone is not enough for salvation;
Faith formed by charity (fides caritate formata) – with man's free will restored, man must now do his best to do good works in order to have a faith formed by charity; and then;
Condign merit (meritum de condigno) – God then judges and awards eternal life on the basis of these good works which Aquinas called man's condign merit.
Aquinas believed that by this system, he had reconciled Ephesians 2:8 ("By grace are ye saved through faith, and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God") and James 2:20 ("faith without works is dead") and 2:24 ("by works a man is justified and not by faith only"), and had provided an exposition of the Bible's teaching on salvation compatible with Augustine's teachings.
A second stream of medieval thought, commonly referred to as the Ockhamists after William of Ockham and also including Duns Scotus and Gabriel Biel rejected Aquinas’ system as destroying man's free will. The Ockhamists argued that if a man loved God simply because of "infused grace", then man did not love God freely. They argued that before a man received an infusion of grace, man must do his best in a state of nature (i.e. based on man's reason and inborn moral sense). They argued that just as God awards eternal life on the basis of man's condign merit for doing his best to do good works after receiving faith as a gift from God, so too, the original infusion of grace was given to man on the basis of "congruent merit", a reward for man's doing his best in a state of nature. (Unlike condign merit, which is fully deserved by man, congruent merit is not fully deserved, and includes a measure of grace on God's part. Congruent merit is therefore also sometimes called "semimerit". According to the Ockhamists, a gracious God awards an individual with congruent merit when he or she does the best that he or she is able to do.)
Aquinas’ followers, commonly referred to as the Thomists, accused the Ockhamists of Pelagianism for basing the infusion of grace on man's works. The Ockhamists defended themselves from charges of Pelagianism by arguing that, in the Ockhamist system, God was not bound to award the infusion of grace on the basis of congruent merit; rather, God's decision to award the infusion of grace on the basis of congruent merit was an entirely gracious act on God's part.
Martin Luther's condemnation of "justification by works" clearly condemned Ockhamism. Some proponents of ecumenism argue that the Thomist view of salvation is not opposed to Luther's view of grace, and, since Ockhamism was rejected as Semipelagian by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent, theology of salvation need not pose a bar to Protestant-Catholic reunion. (The major streams of modern Catholic thought on the theology of salvation are Thomism and Molinism, a theology developed by Jesuit theologian Luis Molina in the 16th century and also held today by some Protestants such as William Lane Craig and Alvin Plantinga.)
However, since the Catholic Church's rejection of Jansenism in the bull Unigenitus (1713), it has been clear that Calvinism could not be accommodated within Catholicism. Arminianism, on the other hand, while it might not square entirely with Catholic theologies of salvation, probably could be accommodated within the Catholic Church, a fact which Arminianism's Protestant opponents have often pointed out. (Augustus Toplady, for example, famously claimed that Arminianism was the "Road to Rome.")
Martin Luther and Erasmus of Rotterdam
Martin Luther was an Augustinian friar in Erfurt. In his Disputation Against Scholastic Theology of 4 September 1517, Luther entered into the medieval debate between the Thomists and the Ockhamists by attacking the Ockhamist position and arguing that man by nature lacks the ability to do good that the Ockhamists asserted he had (and thus denying that man could do anything to deserve congruent merit). Modern scholars disagree about whether Luther in fact intended to criticize all scholastics in this Disputation or if he was concerned only with the Ockhamists. Arguing in favor of a broader interpretation is the fact that Luther went on to criticize the use of Aristotle in theology (Aristotle was the basis of Thomist as well as Ockhamist theology). If this is the case, it is likely that Luther saw Aquinas' fides caritate formata as merely a more cautious form of Pelagianism (or as Semipelagianism).
Luther continued to defend these views. In 1520, Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine, which condemned a position which Luther had maintained at the 1518 Heidelberg Disputation, namely that "After the Fall free will is something in name only and when it does what is in it, it sins mortally." Luther subsequently defended the proposition in his Defense and Explanation of All the Articles Unjustly Condemned by the Roman Bull of Leo X (1520), in the process stating that "free will is really a fiction...with no reality, because it is in no man's power to plan any evil or good. As the article of Wycliffe, condemned at Constance, teaches: everything takes place by absolute necessity."
Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, though first sympathetic to Luther, reacted negatively to what he saw as Luther's determinism. In his De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio (A Disquisition on Freedom of the Will) (1524), Erasmus caricatures the limitations of free will that he saw Luther espousing. Though at times in the Diatribe, Erasmus sounded like an Ockhamist, for the most part he attempted to espouse a middle course between grace and free will, attempting to avoid on the one hand the errors of the Pelagians and the Ockhamists, and on the other hand, the "Manichaean" error of Luther and other strict Augustinians.
Luther responded with his De Servo Arbitrio (On the Bondage of the Will) (1525) in which he argued that man was not free to do good. Rather, man's fallen nature is in bondage to sin and to Satan and man can only do evil. The only way an individual can be saved is if God freely chooses to give that person the gift of faith. Luther's position in On the Bondage of the Will became the position adopted by the Protestant movement.
Jacobus Arminius and the Synod of Dort
Jacobus Arminius enrolled at Leiden University, and after five years of education traveled in the early 1580s to study in Geneva. Theodore Beza was the chairman of theology at the university there. Beza later defended Arminius by saying "let it be known to you that from the time Arminius returned to us from Basel, his life and learning both have so approved themselves to us, that we hope the best of him in every respect…" In late 1587, at the age of 28, Arminius returned to Amsterdam to fulfill his desire to be a pastor.
Arminius' entry into the predestination debate in Amsterdam was two years after his return, when he was asked by city officials to refute a modified form of Beza's Lapsarianism. According to historic tradition, Arminius' study of the Scriptures led him to the conclusion that the Bible did not support Calvinism. Other scholars believe that Arminius never accepted Beza's views, even while a student at Geneva. Arminius avoided adding to the controversy apart from two incidents regarding sermons on Romans 7 and Romans 9.
When Arminius received his doctorate and professorship of theology at Leiden in 1603, the debate over Calvinism came back to life. Conflicts over predestination had appeared early in the Dutch Reformed Church, but "these had been of a local nature, occurring between two fellow ministers, for instance, but since the appointment of Jacobus Arminius as a professor at Leyden University (1603) the strife had moved to the place where the education of future ministers took place."
Arminius taught that Calvinist predestination and unconditional election made God the author of evil. Instead, Arminius insisted, God's election was an election of believers and therefore was conditioned on faith. Furthermore, Arminius argued, God's exhaustive foreknowledge did not require a doctrine of determinism.
Arminius and his followers believed that a national synod should confer, to win tolerance for their views. His opponents in the Dutch Reformed Church maintained the authority of local synods and denied the necessity of a national convention. When the States of Holland called together the parties, Arminius's opponents, led by his colleague Franciscus Gomarus, accused him not only of the teaching of the doctrines characteristic of Arminianism as it would become (see below), but also of errors on the authority of Scripture, the Trinity, original sin, and works salvation. These charges Arminius denied, citing agreement with both Calvin and Scripture.
Arminius was acquitted of any doctrinal error. He then accepted an invitation to a "friendly conference" with Gomarus but his health caused the conference to end prematurely. Two months later, on 19 October 1609, Jacobus Arminius died.
The Remonstrants and Calvinist reaction
After the death of Arminius, the Hague court chaplain, Johannes Wtenbogaert, one of the professor's followers "who dogmatically and theologically was on one line with him, but who in the field of Church politics was a much more radical supporter of state influence championed his cause". This was seen as a betrayal on Gomarus' side, for earlier in his career (as a minister of Utrecht) Wtenbogaert "had resisted state influence with all his might".
Gradually Arminian-minded candidates for ordination into the ministry ran into ever greater difficulties. In their classes examinations, not only was subscription to the Dutch Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism demanded (which most were willing to do), "but they were asked questions that were formulated in such a way that ambiguous answers were no longer possible."
In reaction to this growing pressure Wtenbogaert drew up a petition to the State General, called a Remonstrance in late 1609, early 1610. The "Remonstrants" highlighted five aspects of their theology: (1) election was conditional on foreseen faith; (2) Christ's atonement was unlimited in extent; (3) total depravity; (4) prevenient and resistible grace; and (5) necessity of perseverance and the possibility of apostasy. The Remonstrants first expressed an uncertainty about the possibility of apostasy. They removed it latter in the document they presented officially at the Synod of Dort, The Opinion of The Remonstrants (1618), holding to conditional preservation of the saints.
Forty-four ministers (mostly from the province of Holland) signed onto the Remonstrance, and on 14 January 1610 it was submitted to the Grand Pensionary, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt. (Due to this document the followers of Arminius became known as Remonstrants.) Oldenbarnevelt held onto the Remonstrance for an unusually long period and it was not until June 1610 that it was submitted in an altered form to the States of Holland. "The States sent the five articles to all classes, forbidding them to go 'higher' in their examinations of ordinands than what was expressed in the articles. Needless to say, most classes did not take the slightest notice of this prohibition."
In another attempt to avoid a provincial synod, the States held The Hague Conference which lasted from 11 March to 20 May 1611 (with intermissions). It was at this conference that the delegates of Arminius' opponents submitted a response to the Remonstrance, called the Counter-Remonstrance (from which the name Contra- or Counter-Remonstrants was given them).
Leading influences among Arminius' followers (now called Remonstrants) were Arminius' close friend and Roman Catholic-turned-Reformed pastor Johannes Wtenbogaert, lawyer Hugo Grotius, and a scholar named Simon Episcopius. Due to the Remonstrants’ view of the supremacy of civil authorities over church matters, King James I of England came out in support of the Remonstrance (later he would join with their opponents against Conrad Vorstius).
Behind the theological debate lay a political one between Prince Maurice, a strong military leader, and his former mentor Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Grand Pensionary of Holland and personification of civil power. Maurice, who had Calvinist leanings, desired war with Holland's enemy, Roman Catholic Spain. Oldenbarnevelt, along with Arminius and his followers, desired peace.
Numerous historians hold that many of the civic officials that sided with the Remonstrants did so because of their shared position of State supremacy over the Church and not because of other doctrinal ideas, saying "the alliance between the regents and the Remonstrants during the years of the Truce is merely a coalition suited to the occasion, not the result of principal agreement...the magistracy of Delft was Counter-Remonstrant-minded, but in the States of Holland the city supported Oldenbarnevelt's policy regarding the convocation of a National Synod [to avoid calling one]. Incidentally, suspectedly Calvinistic opinions went together in Oldenbarnevelt's person."
In the years after Arminius' death, Maurice became convinced that Oldenbarnevelt (and by association, Arminians) had strong Catholic sympathies and were working to deliver Holland to Spain. As insurance, Maurice and his militia systematically and forcibly replaced Remonstrant magistrates with Calvinist ones. Thus, when the State General called for a synod in 1618, its outcome was predetermined. Oldenbarnevelt and Grotius were arrested, and the synod, held at Dordrecht (Dort), was convened.
This Synod of Dort included Calvinist representatives from Great Britain, Switzerland, Germany, and France, though Arminians were denied acceptance. Three Arminian delegates from Utrecht managed to gain seats, but were soon forcibly ejected and replaced with Calvinist alternates.
The Synod was a six versus six style of representation that lasted over six months with 154 meetings. The synod ultimately ruled that Arminius' teachings were heretical, reaffirming the Belgic Confession and Heidelberg Catechism as its orthodox statements of doctrine. One of the results of the synod was the formation of the five points of Calvinism in direct response to the five articles of the Remonstrants.
Robert Picirilli gives this summary of the aftermath of the Synod of Dort:
Somewhat later, after Maurice died, the Remonstrants were accorded toleration by the state and granted the freedom to follow their religion in peace, to build churches and schools. The Remonstrant Theological Seminary was instituted in Amsterdam, and Episcopius and Grotius were among its first professors. Today both the seminary and the church have shifted from their founders' theology.
Seventeenth century English politics
Early Stuart society was religious, and religion at that time was political. King James I managed religious conflicts for most of the 1610s, but most Protestants maintained a fear of Catholicism. Though Arminians were Protestant, they were perceived as being less antagonistic to Catholicism than the Calvinists were. James I initially moved to keep them out of his realm, and supported the official position of the Synod of Dort.
In 1618, the Thirty Years' War began. It was a religious war, and many of James's subjects (particularly in Parliament) wanted his kingdom to go to war on the side of the king's son-in-law, Frederick V, Elector Palatine. James, however, preferred diplomacy. The loudest of the supporters for war were Puritans, a term presenting difficulties of definition but who doctrinally were in general orthodox Calvinists. Some scholars believe that the Arminians' support for the king's efforts to prevent war led to him promoting a number of them in order to balance out the Puritans. Others argue that these promotions were simply the result of meritocratic considerations: 'James promoted Arminians because they were scholarly, diligent and able men in their diocese.' In 1625, James I died, leaving the throne to his son, Charles I.
Charles I supported the Arminians, and continued the trend of promoting them; Charles tended to promote only Arminians. The religious changes which Charles imposed on his subjects, in the form of Laudianism, were identified (rightly or wrongly) with Arminian theology. They brought him into direct conflict with the Scottish Presbyterian Calvinists of the Church of Scotland. The resulting Bishops' Wars were a trigger for the English Civil War, both of them part of the larger Wars of the Three Kingdoms which had complex roots, among which religious beliefs were a major factor.
Four-point Calvinists
The so-called "four-point Calvinists" claim that the doctrine of limited atonement is non-scriptural and that it was never endorsed by Calvin or the Synod of Dort.
The four-point Calvinists, like five-point Calvinists, accept a distinction initially made by Peter Lombard and subsequently adopted by Thomas Aquinas that the atonement was sufficient for the whole world but efficient only to the elect. Put another way, Christ's death atones for the whole world (it is sufficient to atone for the sins of the whole world), but the benefits of Christ's death are applied only to the elect (it is efficient only to atone for the sins of the elect).
The four-point Calvinists argue that Calvin adopted this position when he wrote that "It is also a fact, without controversy, that Christ came to atone for the sins 'of the whole world.'" They also believe that the four-point position was endorsed by the Synod of Dort under Article 3 of the Second Main Point of Doctrine where the synod proclaimed that "This death of God's Son is the only and entirely complete sacrifice and satisfaction for sins; it is of infinite value and worth, more than sufficient to atone for the sins of the whole world."
This is the position which the leader of the English Presbyterians, Richard Baxter, asserted in his controversy with the leader of the English Congregationalists, John Owen.
Early Methodism
These theological issues played a divisive part in the early history of Methodism in the 18th century. Heated discussions on Arminianism took place between Methodist ministers John Wesley and George Whitefield. From 1740 Wesley broke with Calvinism. His position caused initially the rupture with the Welsh Calvinistic Methodists under Howell Harris in 1742–1743; and then the creation of the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion in 1756, about the same time when Wesley broke with James Hervey. In the 1770s a sharp debate occurred between Wesley and Augustus Montague Toplady.
Wesley was a champion of the teaching of Arminius, defending his soteriology in a periodical entitled The Arminian and writing articles such as Predestination Calmly Considered. He defended Arminius against charges of semi-Pelagianism, holding strongly to beliefs in original sin and total depravity. At the same time, Wesley attacked the determinism that he claimed characterized unconditional election and maintained a belief in the ability to lose salvation. Whitefield debated Wesley on every point (except for their agreement on total depravity) but did not introduce any additional elements into the Calvinists' conclusions set forth at Westminster.
Denominational Views
Protestant denominations
To this day, Methodism and offshoots of the denomination: Pentecostals, and Third Wave, along with General Baptists, usually are the ones to subscribe to Arminianism, while Presbyterians, Reformed Churches, Reformed Baptists, and others subscribe to Calvinism. Largely because of its origins in Germany and Scandinavia rather than the British Isles or Holland, Lutheranism was uninvolved in the dispute, and official Lutheran doctrine does not fully support either group, preferring instead its own doctrinal formulations about the relation of human freedom to divine sovereignty. This is also true of Primitive Baptist belief.
Restorationist fellowships are customarily free will in their soteriology. Within this trend, Churches of Christ are prone to cite Biblical passages in support of the view while often intensely locked in contention with Presbyterians and (usually Calvinistic) Baptists. The doctrinal components, in small towns particularly in the United States, often ally the Churches of Christ with their Methodist neighbors on opposition to "once-saved-always-saved" doctrine despite the similarity between Churches of Christ and Baptists on immersion baptism.
Roman Catholic views
Post-reformation Roman Catholicism has remained largely outside the debate, although Thomist and Molinist views continue within the church. Augustinian theodicy, including those elements wherein Calvin was influenced by Augustine of Hippo, continues to be the prevalent soteriology in Roman Catholicism. Also, Jansenism has been seen by many as similar to Calvinist doctrine, and was condemned as such by the Catholic Church in the late 17th century.
Eastern Orthodox views
A Synod of Eastern Orthodox Churches was called in Jerusalem in 1672 to refute attempted encroachments of Protestant Calvinism. The Synod of Jerusalem (1672) also referred to as The Confession of Dositheus in 1672, strongly rejected Calvinistic formulations and named them heresy. In part, it stated,
In the same document, the synod renounced Calvin by name and pronounced an anathema upon anyone teaching that God predestined anyone to evil or Hell.
References
Citations
Sources
Arminianism
Calvinist theology
Calvinist-Arminian debate
Salvation in Protestantism
Protestantism-related controversies
Jacobus Arminius
Calvinism in the Dutch Republic
Philosophy and thought in the Dutch Republic
Synod of Dort
Debates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian%20debate |
Lichtenau is a municipality in the district of Paderborn, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Lichtenau is situated on the western slope of the Eggegebirge, approx. 15 km south-east of Paderborn.
Division of the town
After the local government reforms of 1975 Lichtenau consists of the following 15 districts:
Lichtenau District
Asseln
Atteln
Blankenrode
Dalheim
Ebbinghausen
Grundsteinheim
Hakenberg
Henglarn
Herbram
Holtheim
Husen
Iggenhausen
Kleinenberg
Twin Towns
Le Mans-Mayet (France—since September 29, 1985
Rangsdorf (Brandenburg, Germany—since February 27, 1993
Pieniężno (Poland) -- since Oktober 14th, 1996
References
External links
Official site
Town history
Paderborn (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtenau%2C%20Westphalia |
The Carnegie Deli is a small Jewish delicatessen, formerly a chain, based in New York City. Its main branch, opened in 1937 near Carnegie Hall, was located at 854 7th Avenue (between 54th and 55th Streets) in Midtown Manhattan. It closed on December 31, 2016. There is one branch still in operation at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan, and the deli still operates a wholesale distribution service.
The Parker family's delicatessen was in its third generation of owners. Among the United States' most renowned delis, it was operated by a second-generation owner, Marian Harper Levine.
The restaurant offered pastrami, corned beef, and other sandwiches containing at least of meat, as well as traditional Jewish fare such as matzoh ball soup, latkes, chopped chicken livers, and lox. The restaurant also offered other, non-Jewish food such as ham, sausage, and bacon. Available for order were cheesecake portions of over per serving. The restaurant's motto was: "If you can finish your meal, we've done something wrong." In addition to the large servings, the restaurant was also known for its surly waiters, who allegedly tried to impart some of the stereotypical gruffness of New York to visitors.
History
Early history
Leo Steiner (c. 1939 – December 31, 1987) was a Jewish American restaurateur who was co-owner of the first Carnegie Deli, located at 55th Street and Seventh Avenue in Midtown Manhattan near Carnegie Hall. While his partner, Milton Parker, mostly worked behind the scenes, Steiner worked the crowd with his Jewish humor in the restaurant, which became a destination for both celebrities and tourists in the theater district. Steiner was born in Newark, New Jersey. He worked in his parents' grocery store in nearby Elizabeth, New Jersey, where he grew up. The one-time owner of Pastrami & Things, a delicatessen located at Third Avenue and 23rd Street, he joined Milton Parker and Fred Klein in 1976, purchasing the Carnegie Deli from the trio of Bernie Gross, Max Hudas and Thomas North. Klein, who had not been actively involved in running the business, dropped out shortly thereafter.
Under the management of Parker and Steiner, the deli became known nationwide, attracting celebrities such as Woody Allen, Jackie Mason and Henny Youngman, and opened branch locations in Atlantic City, New Jersey; Secaucus, New Jersey; and Tysons Corner, Virginia. Steiner became the public face of Jewish food, appearing in a television commercial for rye bread. He created a Statue of Liberty carved from chopped liver, complete with a torch fashioned from a turkey wing, for the United States Bicentennial and was asked to prepare corned beef and pastrami for visiting heads of state attending the G7 economic summit meeting held in 1983 in Williamsburg, Virginia. Portions of Woody Allen's 1984 movie Broadway Danny Rose were filmed in the restaurant.
Milton Parker, who died in 2009, had written a book (with Allyn Freeman) called How to Feed Friends and Influence People: The Carnegie Deli, providing the history of the family's ownership.
Main branch closures and pop-up location
On April 24, 2015, the main, Midtown Manhattan branch of Carnegie Deli was closed temporarily due to the discovery of an illegal gas line in the restaurant. Con Edison was investigating the restaurant, later fining the eatery $40,050. On July 28, 2015, Carnegie Deli was subsequently closed for upgrades to its energy lines after the discovery of improperly siphoning off natural gas for the previous six years. The deli reopened on February 9, 2016.
On September 30, 2016, it was announced that the Midtown Manhattan branch of the deli would close by the end of the year. The owner, Marian Harper Levine, stated that she needed a more permanent break from operating the restaurant, saying, "At this stage of my life, the early morning to late night days have taken a toll, along with my sleepless nights and grueling hours that come with operating a restaurant business in Manhattan." Two branches in Las Vegas, Nevada and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania remained open, as well as the wholesale distribution service.
At midnight on December 31, 2016, Carnegie Deli on Seventh Avenue closed after almost eighty years of service.
In 2011, Carnegie Deli opened a storefront within Madison Square Garden. After the closing of the Seventh Avenue location in 2016, this location became the last physical Carnegie Deli location in New York.
The Bethlehem location closed at the end of 2017. In December 2018, for one week only, Amazon Prime worked with the owners of the Carnegie Deli to bring the restaurant back to life on Lafayette Street in the Nolita section of Manhattan as a pop-up restaurant in celebration of the second season of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. There were more than six thousand reservations taken to dine-in with servers in period attire. Food was offered at 1958 prices and all purchases were made as suggested donations to charity. In May 2019, Amazon Prime brought Carnegie Deli back again, this time as a food truck which travelled around Manhattan for three days giving out sandwiches and cookies for free in order to help promote "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel." The Las Vegas location closed in 2020.
Cuisine and culture
The deli's corned beef and pastrami, celebrated by smoked meat connoisseurs nationwide, were cured in the store's cellar using Steiner's own recipe in a two-week-long curing process. The Carnegie Deli used a half-ton of brisket to prepare a week's supply of corned beef by the time of his death. Steiner admitted, "You could eat it after seven days, but if you wait until the 13th you're in heaven." The Carnegie Deli was the favorite hangout of comedian Henny Youngman, and Adam Sandler included a reference to the deli in "The Chanukah Song" in 1996. Steiner was eulogized by Youngman as "the deli lama."
The walls of the deli were nearly completely covered with autographed pictures of celebrities who had eaten there. Menu items were named after famous patrons, including a corned beef and pastrami sandwich named after Woody Allen after the deli served as a filming location for Broadway Danny Rose. A number of items on the menu featured Broadway themes and Yiddish vocabulary, including such dishes as "nosh, nosh, Nanette" (after the musical "No, No, Nanette") and "the egg and oy" ("The Egg and I"). There were also some humorous items in the menu, such as the famous liver sandwich named "50 Ways to Love Your Liver" after the Paul Simon song "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover." It was a place frequented by many reporters in the city, including staffers from Black Rock (aka the CBS Building) such as Bob Simon.
In March 2012, the deli introduced a sandwich dedicated to newly arrived New York Jets quarterback Tim Tebow. The sandwich, named the "Jetbow", was priced at $22.22, weighed in at 3.5 lbs and consisted of corned beef, pastrami, roast beef, American cheese, lettuce and tomato on white bread.
In 2021, Carnegie Deli announced a collaboration with comedian Mel Brooks, in which the deli offered specialty foods to complement Brooks' memoir, All About Me!
Branch locations
The deli opened several branch locations in the 1980s, including two New Jersey branches in Secaucus and Atlantic City and one in the Washington, D.C. suburbs in Tysons Corner. However, most of these branches have since closed and are no longer in operation. One, in Beverly Hills, California, was financed by oil billionaire Marvin Davis and designed by restaurant designer Pat Kuleto at a cost of $4 million to be the "best deli in the world", in response to Davis' complaint that the delis in California were not as good as those in New York.
The deli operated a second location on the Las Vegas Strip, which opened at the Mirage in 2005. The Las Vegas location closed a few weeks prior to February 9, 2020. A third location opened in 2006 at the Six Flags Great Adventure in New Jersey and served as the "healthy choice" restaurant at the park; however, the menu was smaller and only had the restaurant's most popular items. The fifth location was at the Sands Casino Resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It opened on November 22, 2009, and closed at the end of 2017.
In addition to the retail operation, the restaurant sells cheesecakes and merchandise such as T-shirts and baseball caps online.
Critical reception
In March 1979, Mimi Sheraton penned a New York Times newspaper review that rated Carnegie Deli the "Tops" in pastrami and corned beef preparation and taste. Sheaton wrote "The generous sandwiches of both corned beef and pastrami are simply wonderful."
In 2013, Zagat gave it a food rating of 23, and rated it the 8th-best deli in New York City.
USA Today called the restaurant the "most famous" deli in the United States.
Gallery
See also
List of delicatessens
Notes
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Las Vegas website
Pennsylvania website
1937 establishments in New York City
2016 disestablishments in New York (state)
Restaurants established in 1937
Restaurants disestablished in 2016
Ashkenazi Jewish culture in New York City
Jewish delicatessens in the United States
Jews and Judaism in Manhattan
Midtown Manhattan
Restaurants in Manhattan
Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)
Defunct restaurants in Manhattan
Defunct Jewish delicatessens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie%20Deli |
Robot Arena is an action video game series focused on robot building and fighting. It is based on television shows such as Robot Wars and Battlebots. There are three games in the series, Robot Arena released in 2001, Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy released in 2003, and Robot Arena 3 released in 2016.
Games
Robot Arena
Robot Arena was the first game in the series to be released. The objective was to build a robot using available parts and enter competitions to try and win. The player first chose a chassis, then added batteries, weapons and armour, only being able to choose what they could afford from the amount of money that they had.
The game received mostly negative reviews. IGN gave it a 4.3 out of 10 writing "While it's prettier than most budget titles, it also suffers from the vacancy that so often comes with nice looking people, dogs, or mechanical monsters. It looks great standing still, but give it a complicated task and it all goes to pieces". GameSpot wrote "Even at the low retail cost of $19.99, Robot Arena isn't worth it. You'd end up getting more entertainment if you randomly chose two movies at an over-priced movie theater".
Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy
Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy (or just Robot Arena 2 or RA2 as most people called it) was released two years after the original. In late 2001, a tech demo was released by Infogrames as a promotional release for the game. It was merely an open sandbox where the player could control three robots. It contained two flippers, a saw blade, some barrels, an oil slick, two open pits, and two platforms that could be driven onto. When the game was released officially, it had fixed many of the previous games issues. The funding system used in order to build a robot was scrapped entirely, as players could now choose any weapons or batteries for free. Chassis available to use were also scrapped in favor of the player now being able to draw their own chassis, also being able to angle sides to make wedges. The robots were now built more realistically and the difficulty on each was now varied instead of all the robots acting the same way as they did in the first game. The game also introduced the Havok physics engine, which meant that robots were now able to leave the ground so flippers and wedges could be used effectively.
The game received mostly positive reviews. GameSpy gave it 77 out of 100 writing "A pleasant surprise. Whether you're going head-to-head against formidable AI bots or human opponents, it has plenty to offer both newcomers and bot-bashing aficionados alike".
Robot Arena 3
Robot Arena 3 (stylised as Robot Arena III) was quietly announced in May 2015, using the header: "Create. Destruction," replacing the old Robot Arena 2 information on the website. However it wouldn't be until March 2016, when the game was officially announced to the public. Infogrames did not publish this installment as publication was under the new publishing house Octopus Tree, a branch of Encore Publishing Group. Robot Arena 3 was released on Steam on May 26, 2016, thirteen years after Robot Arena 2 was released. It has also been released on DVD-ROM
Robot Arena 3 is built in the Unity 5 game engine; however, the developers encountered a setback with vehicular movement, eventually designing their own vehicle physics to accommodate a robot that has been flipped upside down.
The game was panned heavily after release. "Early Access" players have complained about the clunky building, broken AI, lack of weight classes, glitched online, and not being able to edit a robot after it has been uploaded to the Steam workshop. The game has now been released fully and while players think it is better than it was in Early Access, they still believe the game is a disappointment.
References
Windows games
Robot combat video games
Infogrames games
Video games using Havok | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot%20Arena |
The TVR Griffith, later models being referred to as the Griffith 500, is a sports car designed and built by TVR, starting production in 1990, and ending production in 2002. The Griffith name appeared again on a sports car introduced under a revived TVR brand in 2017.
First generation (1990–2002)
Like its forerunner namesakes, the Griffith 200 and Griffith 400, the modern Griffith was a lightweight () fiberglass-bodied, 2-door, 2-seat sports car with a V8 engine. Originally, it used a 4.0 L Rover V8 engine, but that could be optionally increased to 4.3 L in 1992 with a further option of big-valve cylinder heads. In 1993, with a TVR-developed 5.0 L version of the Rover V8 became available. All versions of the Griffith use the Lucas Industries 14CUX engine management system. All models use a five-speed manual transmission from Rover and TREMEC.
Although the Griffith was almost mechanically identical to its sister car, the Chimaera, it had a different body design and was produced in much smaller numbers.
The Griffith was a lightweight, high-power, and well-balanced car. A low-cost speed six Griffith proposal never became a production reality; by the time it was launched alongside the Griffith in 1999, it had morphed into the Tuscan Speed Six.
A special edition Japanese market Griffith 500 was made dubbed the Blackpool B340. This car was featured in Gran Turismo, Gran Turismo 2 (in the former as the Griffith 4.0 in the NTSC and PAL versions) and Driving Emotion Type-S. The car was similar to a normal Griffith 500 with some bespoke options available. The Japanese market also got a B275 4.0 engined car with aluminium basketweave dashboard.
In 2000, TVR announced that the Griffith production was going to end. A limited edition run of 100 Special Edition (SE) cars were to be built to mark the end of production. Although still very similar to the previous Griffith 500 model, the SE had a hybrid interior using the Chimaera dashboard and Cerbera seats. Noticeably, the rear lights were different along with different door mirrors, higher powered headlights and clear indicator lenses. Some also came with 16-inch wheels. Each car came with a numbered plaque in the glove box including the build number and a Special Edition Badge on its boot. All cars also had a unique signature in the boot under the carpet. The SEs were built between 2000 and 2002, with the last registered in 2003.
Every year, to celebrate the TVR Griffith, their owners have a meet called "The Griff Growl."
In 2008, Al Melling Sports Cars unveiled the Melling Wildcat, a roadster heavily based on the Griffith but powered by a variant of TVR's later AJP8 engine.
Specifications
Engine
Name: Rover alloy V8
Valvetrain setup: 2 valves per cylinder, Overhead Valve
Transmission
Transmission: 5-speed manual (Rover LT77 or Tremec T5)
Suspension
Front: Independent, double wishbones, coil-over gas dampers, sway bars
Rear: Independent, double wishbones, coil-over gas dampers, sway bars
Brakes
Front: ventilated disc brakes
Rear: ventilated disc brakes
Wheels
Front: 15 in aluminium alloy
Rear: 16 in aluminium alloy
Chassis/body
Body Panels: Glass fibre
Fuel Capacity: 57 Litres (12.5 Imp. gallons, 15.0 U.S. gal)
Weight: 1,060 kg (2,336 lb) (dry)
Length:
Height:
Width:
Wheelbase:
Front track:
Rear track:
Ground clearance:
Second generation (2023–)
On 8 September 2017, to coincide with the marque's 70th anniversary year at the Goodwood Revival, a new Griffith was revealed under the now resurrected TVR marque, featuring design work by Gordon Murray. It features a Cosworth modified Ford Coyote 5.0-litre V8 engine producing , double wishbone suspension with adjustable coilover dampers, a carbon fibre ground effect chassis. It can accelerate from 0 to in approximately 4 seconds, and can achieve a top speed in excess of . The new Griffith retains the manual transmission as used in the previous TVR models, to keep the driving experience, but includes ABS, power steering, and traction control as standard, in order to handle the high power output and keep the car stable at high speeds. The extensive use of carbon fibre helps save weight, and as a result, it weighs less than , with a 50:50 weight distribution achieved through the Griffith's architecture of aluminium and carbon fibre components, which improves handling. Design elements, such as large front air intakes, front splitter, active spoiler and rear integrated diffuser help in increasing aero dynamics. The car's interior follows the driving focused theme as well. Air conditioning, leather interior trim, and multimedia system come as standard as well. The Griffith was expected to start production in 2019, with an initial run of 500 Launch Edition (LE) cars and a price tag of £89,995. In November of 2021, EVO magazine reported that the new Griffith was yet to enter production and deliveries of completed vehicles were not expected until at least the end of 2023. EVO cited the COVID 19 pandemic, funding problems and damage to production facilities had caused development of the vehicle to stall. A new partnership between TVR and Ensorcia Automotive, has provided additional funds for development of the new Griffith.
Production by year
1992: 602
1993: 230 (169 2DR + 61 500)
1994: 292
1995: 284
1996: 288
1997: 232
1998: 231
1999: 187
2000: 90
2001: 82
2002: 64
2023: To be started
Notes
References
External links
TVR Griffith official website
TVR Griffith at PistonHeads.com
TVR Griffith Info and Owners Register
TVR Griffith 500 SE Register
TVR Car Club
Griffith MotorCar Club International
Griffith
Sports cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Coupés
Roadsters
2000s cars
Cars introduced in 1991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVR%20Griffith |
Talgat Safich Tadzetdinov, better known as Tadzhuddin (, , Tälğät Safa ulı Tacetdinev; born 12 October 1948, in Kazan) is a Russian Shaykh al-Islām. He is Grand Mufti of Russia and Chairman of the Central Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Russia, from 1992 to the present. Tadzhuddin is a polarizing figure in Russia due to his public statements, which include for example suggesting that participants of a pride parade should be attacked physically, and more recently, that Russian invasion of Ukraine is a "necessary measure". Tadzhuddin supports Eurasianism.
Biography
Talgat Tadzhuddin was born in Kazan, USSR, on 12 October 1948 to a Tatar family. His father was a lorry driver and his mother worked at a factory.
In 1966, he was admitted at the Mir-i Arab Madrassah in Bukhara (then in the USSR) where he graduated with honours in 1973. He also studied at Cairo′s Al-Azhar University in 1978.
In 1973, he was elected second imam khatib of the historical Märcani Mosque in Kazan and in 1978 he was elected first imam of the mosque.
On 19 June 1980, he was elected a mufti and chairman of the Spiritual Muslim Directorate of the European Part of the USSR and Siberia (DUMES), one of four such directorates in the USSR then.
In May 1990, the conference of heads of Muslim Spiritual Directorates of the USSR elected him chairman of the directorate for international relations of the USSR′s Muslim organisations, later the Association of external relations of Muslim organisations, which he still heads.
In 1992, DUMES was transformed into the Central Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Russia and the European countries of the CIS; the rank of Grand Mufti was created and bestowed on Talgat Tadzhuddin.
In December 2015 Tadzhuddin relinquished his administrative positions. However, on February 20, 2016, at an expanded meeting of the Presidium of the Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims in Ufa, a decision was made to cancel the farman decree. Thus, T. Tadzhuddin remained at his post.
Public statements
Tadzhuddin has at least on one occasion claimed that he is a Bulgarian, arguing that Tatars are the descendants of Volga Bulgaria after it fell during the Mongol invasions.
In February 2006, Tadzhuddin joined leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church as well as the city of Moscow government in protesting against a planned gay pride parade in Moscow. He urged Russia's Muslims to stage violent protests if the march went ahead: "If they come out on to the streets anyway they should be flogged. Any normal person would do that - Muslims and Orthodox Christians alike [...] [The protests] might be even more intense than protests abroad against those controversial cartoons."
Tadzhuddin supports the Russian invasion of Ukraine and blames the Ukrainian government and "the Western world" for "trying to arrange a genocide [of the Russian people] and revive fascism".
Tadzhuddin supports Eurasianism and believes that Muslims and Christians in Russia together form a "unique civilization".
Honours and awards
Order of Honour (12 October 2008) - for services to the development of spiritual culture and strengthening friendship between peoples
Order of Friendship (21 September 1998) - for his great contribution to strengthening friendship and cooperation between peoples
Order of St. Prince Daniil Moskovsky, 2nd class (Russian Orthodox Church, 2008) - for strengthening inter-religious peace and harmony
References
1948 births
Living people
Islam in Kazan
Russian imams
Russian Sunni Muslims
Russian nationalists
Soviet muftis
Tatar people of Russia
People from Kazan
21st-century imams
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Chief Muftis of Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talgat%20Tadzhuddin |
Henry of Scotland (Eanric mac Dabíd, 1114 – 12 June 1152) was heir apparent to the Kingdom of Alba. He was also the 3rd Earl of Northumbria and the 3rd Earl of Huntingdon. He was the son of King David I of Scotland and Queen Maud, 2nd Countess of Huntingdon.
Earldom
David I of Scotland, Henry's father, invaded England in 1136. His army was met by Stephen of Blois at Carlisle. Instead of battle, there was a negotiated settlement that included Henry performing homage to Stephen for Carlisle and the Earldom of Huntingdon. Henry's journey to Stephen's court for Easter (1136) was met with resentment, including an accusation of treason, which brought about his return at his father's insistence.
After another invasion by his father, Henry was finally invested with the Earldom of Northumberland in 1139. Later in the year, Henry met with Stephen at Nottingham, where he was also reinvested with Carlisle and Cumberland. Henry then paid homage to Stephen for his earldom.
Henry's inclusion into King Stephen's inner circle was highlighted by his arranged marriage to Ada de Warenne. This marriage secured Henry's place within Stephen's kingdom. Following Stephen's capture by forces of Empress Matilda, Henry held the Earldom of Northumberland as a Scottish fief.
Earl Henry, as sometimes named, son and heir of King David I of Scotland, had been in poor health throughout the 1140s. He died suddenly on 12 June 1152. His death occurred in either Newcastle or Roxburgh, both located in those areas of Northumbria which he and his father had attached to the Scots crown in the period of English weakness after the death of Henry I of England. Unlike in the case of the English king, who had been left without legitimate male descendants in the wreck of the White Ship, there was no succession crisis. This was because Earl Henry had left behind three sons to carry forward the lineage of his father.
On Henry's death, the Huntingdon earldom passed to his half-brother Simon II de Senlis.
Family
In 1139, Henry married Ada de Warenne, the daughter of William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey (died 1138), and Elizabeth of Vermandois, daughter of Hugh of Vermandois. Their children (in an approximate order of birth) were:
Malcolm IV of Scotland (1141–1165)
William I of Scotland (c. 1142–1214)
Ada of Huntingdon (died 1206), married in 1161 Floris III, Count of Holland.
Margaret of Huntingdon (died 1201)
David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon (1152–1219)
Matilda (or Maud) of Huntingdon, died unmarried in 1152.
Marjorie of Huntingdon, married Gille Críst, Earl of Angus.
References
Bibliography
Barlow, Professor Frank, The Feudal Kingdom of England 1012 - 1216, London,1955, tree opposite p. 288.
Burke, John & John Bernard, The Royal Families of England, Scotland, and Wales, with their Descendants, Sovereigns and Subjects, London, 1851, vol. 2, p. xlvii and pedigree XXIX.
Dunbar, Sir Archibald H., Bt., Scottish Kings, a Revised Chronology of Scottish History, 1005 - 1625, Edinburgh, 1899, pp. 64–65.
Howard, Joseph Jackson, LL.D., F.S.A., Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica, New Series, volume I, London, 1874, p. 337.
Stringer, Keith, "Henry, earl of Northumberland (c.1115-1152)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 20 May 2007
Stringer, Keith, "Senlis, Simon (II) de, earl of Northampton and earl of Huntingdon (d. 1153)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 20 May 2007
|-
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1114 births
1152 deaths
Heirs to the Scottish throne
Heirs apparent who never acceded
House of Dunkeld
Scottish royalty
Earls of Huntingdon (1065 creation)
Henry
Sons of kings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20of%20Scotland |
Elizabeth Harman may refer to:
Elizabeth Harman (philosopher), daughter of Gilbert Harman
Elizabeth Longford (1906–2002), née Elizabeth Harman, British author
Elizabeth Harman (vice-chancellor), vice-chancellor of Victoria University, Australia
Elizabeth M. Harman (born 1973), U.S. federal official | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Harman |
Altenbeken () is a municipality in the district of Paderborn, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Altenbeken is situated in the Eggegebirge, approx. 15 km northeast of Paderborn. To the west of the town is the Altenbeken Viaduct, a railway bridge that spans the Beke valley.
Division of the municipality
Altenbeken consists of the following 3 districts
Altenbeken
Buke
Schwaney
International relations
Altenbeken is twinned with:
Betton (near Rennes), (France)
References
External links
Official site
Paderborn (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenbeken |
Borchen is a municipality in the district of Paderborn, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Location
Borchen is situated in the Paderborn tableland, approximately 5 km south of Paderborn. The municipality also contains a small part of the eastern Hellweg area. At the north-western border of Borchen the Altenau flows into the Alme River.
Neighbouring municipalities
Starting in the north, rotating clockwise, Paderborn, Lichtenau, Bad Wünnenberg and Salzkotten are neighbouring municipalities of Borchen.
Division of the municipality
According to § 4 of Borchen's ordinance the municipality is divided into the following urban areas:
Alfen
Dörenhagen (including Eggeringhausen and Busch)
Etteln
Kirchborchen (including Schloß Hamborn)
Nordborchen
History
Borchen in its current form has only existed since 1969. Its predecessors were governed by the Archdiocese of Paderborn.
In the 14th century the Bishopric of Paderborn was formed, which in turn became part of the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle from the 16th century onward. From 1802 until 1807 the Bishopric was occupied by the Kingdom of Prussia, whereafter it fell to the Kingdom of Westphalia.
In 1813 this kingdom fell apart, and in 1815 the Prussian Kingdom reoccupied the area. In this period Prussia instituted new administrative divisions which, in a modified form, can still be found today.
Thus the area became a member of the newly founded administrative district of Minden in the Province of Westphalia. In 1816, in the process of forming the new Districts of Germany, Alfen, Nordborchen, Kirchborchen and Dörenhagen were integrated into the district of Paderborn, whereas Etteln became a member of the district of Büren.
In 1969, the municipalities Alfen, Nordborchen and Kirchborchen merged, forming the municipality of Borchen. Finally, on January 1, 1975, Etteln and Dörenhangen joined Borchen.
Twin towns
Schwarzenberg, Saxony (since 2007)
References
Paderborn (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borchen |
The Gotthard railway (; ) is the Swiss trans-alpine railway line from northern Switzerland to the canton of Ticino. The line forms a major part of an important international railway link between northern and southern Europe, especially on the Rotterdam-Basel-Genoa corridor. The Gotthard Railway Company () was the former private railway company that financed the construction of and originally operated that line.
The railway comprises an international main line through Switzerland from Basel (French Bâle) or Zürich to Immensee to Chiasso, together with branches, from Immensee to Lucerne and Rotkreuz, from Arth-Goldau to Zug, and from Bellinzona to Chiasso, via Locarno and Luino. The main line, second highest standard railway in Switzerland, penetrates the Alps using the Gotthard Tunnel at above sea level. The line then descends as far as Bellinzona, at above sea level, before climbing again to the pass of Monte Ceneri, on the way to Lugano and Chiasso. The extreme differences in altitude necessitate the use of long ramped approaches on each side, together with seven spirals.
Construction of the line started in 1872, with some lowland sections opening by 1875. The full line opened in 1882, following the completion of the Gotthard Tunnel. The line was incorporated into the Swiss Federal Railways in 1909 and electrified in 1922. The line has 36 tunnels totaling 31,216 meters.
The approaches to the existing tunnel continue to restrict speed and capacity on this important international route, and in 1992 it was decided to build a new lower level route on the Gotthard axis as part of the NRLA project. This route involves the construction of the new Gotthard Base Tunnel and Ceneri Base Tunnel. The Gotthard Base Tunnel has been completed and was integrated with the existing route in 2016, while the Ceneri Base Tunnel was opened in 2020.
History
Conception
By the early 1870s, northern Switzerland had a significant network of railways, with links to the adjoining railways of Germany and France. To the west, a line had reached , in the upper Rhone valley, from Lausanne. In the central north, lines linked Olten, Lucerne, Zug and Zürich. However, no line had yet reached through the Alps to southern Switzerland or the border with Italy. All north-to-south rail traffic had to pass either to the west or east of Switzerland through the Mont-Cenis, Semmering or Brenner railways.
A north-south route through Switzerland had been discussed as far back as 1848. An international conference in Bern in 1869 had decided that the best route would be via the valleys of the rivers Reuss and Ticino, linked by a tunnel under the Gotthard Pass. The selected route was an ancient one that pilgrims and traders had used since at least the 13th century.
Treaties for the construction of the line were made with the Kingdom of Italy, in 1869, and the German Empire, in 1871. The Gotthard Railway Company was incorporated in Lucerne in 1871. To the overall costs of CHF 238 million (in 1869/71) the Italian government eventually contributed CHF 58 million (£2.25 million), with Germany contributing CHF 30 million (£1.25 million).
Construction and opening
Construction of the Gotthard railway started in 1872, and the first lowland sections from Biasca to Locarno and Lugano to Chiasso were opened by 1874.
The whole line was inaugurated with festivities in Lucerne and Chiasso from 21 May to 25 May 1882. Scheduled operations started on 1 June. At the time, the Gotthard Rail Tunnel was the world's longest rail tunnel (seconded by the Simplon Tunnel in 1906). Soon after construction, the army secured the line with fortresses (for instance, above Airolo, and at Biasca) and ways to block the tunnel in case of an invasion (among others, an artificial landslide to block the southern tunnel entrance).
At the same time, the Aargauische Südbahn completed the section from Rotkreuz to Immensee, which provided a rail link from Aarau. The additional feeder lines from Lucerne to Immensee, and from Zug to Arth-Goldau were completed in 1887.
Early railway operations
The Gotthard railway timetable from 1899
The Gotthard Railway graphic timetable contains a great variety of information with regards to material and especially operational aspects in the year 1899, 17 years after the inauguration of the Gotthard tunnel and completion of the railway. The map key and captions to each column are to be found at the top of the page. Leading from left to right information is given on the location of each station's elevation in relation to sea level, the longitudinal profile, signal lights, tunnels and their length, for each route section on southbound journeys the greatest gradient, distances, employed telegraphs and their networking, signal bells and their connection, telephones, block stations, track layout of the respective station and their equipment, total usable length of the remaining tracks, the longest side track, station names and distances between them, distance to point of origin and between main stations. Departure and arrival times are displayed within the graphic timetable.
Information can be drawn as to the tunnel's vertex which lies at 1154.5 meters above sea level and the fact that the tunnel does not run in a straight line but rather in a slope down from either side of its vertex. The tunnel was designed in such a way that inflowing water would be able to drain. From the railway station of Göschenen to the tunnel's vertex the train lines ascend at an angle of 6 ‰ and descend at 2 ‰ from vertex to the village of Airolo. The tunnel's length is indicated to be 14,998 meters, its vertex being at kilometre 80. The old Gotthard railways' distances were measured from the town of Immensee, as clearly indicated on the graphic timetable.
Electrical Telegraphs and signal bells are listed on the distance column's right and a detailed description thereof is to be found in the chapters The Gotthard railway Telegraph Network and The Gotthard railway Signal Bells.
The track layout of each station shows that in 1899 the Gotthard railway ran on double-tracks from the villages of Flüelen to Giubiasco. Facing north the picture on the right shows the watchman's house at the Mondascia bridge depicts the double-tracks and advance signal to the entry signal before Biasca (at 132.5 km), mentioned in the timetable. The next picture on the right shows the Pianotondo viaduct and the Pianotono-spiral tunnel's upper gate with its watchman's house, which came into use during the days of the double-track steam service, roughly at the time of the graphic timetable's validity.
The graphic timetable sees two tracks running southwards from Giubiasco station. One is signposted "Chiasso", the other "Luino/Locarno". From this point onwards the railway runs on single tracks. Giubiasco's neighbouring stations to the south, Rivera-Bironico and Cadenazzo, are all on single tracks. At each underpass on the Ceneri section it is clearly visible to this day that these were built at greatly different points in time. The Giubiasco-Al Sasso and Al Sasso-Rivera sections were equipped with double-tracks in 1922 and 1934 respectively.
The graphic timetable is a two-dimensional image of the train journeys. Time is displayed horizontally from midnight XII o'clock to midnight XII o'clock. The stations along the journey, from Zug and Lucerne to Chiasso, Locarno and Luino are displayed vertically. The first scheduled train, an express train with 1st, 2nd and 3rd class carriages, leaves Bellinzona at 03:17. The train with the number 55 is powered by a steam locomotive and, according to the timetable, does not make a scheduled stop at Giubiasco, Rivera-Bironico and Taverne. Arrival at Lugano is scheduled at 04:09, from where it leaves again at 04:14. In 1899 the entire train journey from Bellinzona to Lugano was scheduled to be 52 minutes. Today (2017), the same journey on one of the EC trains takes 27 minutes. The illustrations shows that between Giubiasco and Rivera Bironico trains do not pass each other as in 1899 this was, as mentioned in the paragraph above, a single track line. This information can thus be drawn form both, the stations' track layout and the graphic timetable. Also visible on the graphic timetable is the fact that between Osogna and Biasca, trains however do pass each other along their journeys, it being a double-track line. Further, the Arth-Rigi-Bahn's trains (nowadays Rigi Railways), are also listed in the Gotthard railways' timetable. The timetable's scale is 15mm/hour horizontally and 1.75mm/km vertically.
The Gotthard railway telegraph network
To coordinate trains, the Gotthard railway used a telegraph-network, which linked up all railway stations on the entire line from Luzern to Chiasso, Locarno and Luino. This network is pointed out on the left hand side of the graphic timetable dated 1899. The telegraphs for every railway station shown on the timetable are marked with a black dot. As a detailed section from the timetable shows, the Biasca station used four telegraphs at that time. One of those telegraphs linked all stations from Biasca to Bellinzona. Whatever message was tapped out on this telegraph (sent by morse code), was transmitted to all stations up to Bellinzona. A second telegraph linked all stations from Biasca to Göschenen. What was tapped out on the third telegraph, reached only the railway stations Bellinzona, Faido, Airolo, Göschenen, Wassen and Erstfeld. The fourth telegraph was for long distances. Messages transmitted from there reached Bellinzona, Airolo, Erstfeld, Goldau and Luzern. The telegraphs with their Morse keys and the telegraph-relays were produced by (Bern).
The Gotthard railway signal bells
The Gotthardbahn employed signal bells within its stations and along the line to signal any approaching train. An alarm was triggered once a train had left a neighbouring station or block station. These signal bells were partly installed along the line and signalled any construction worker of an approaching train. In addition, any railway watchman's house and railroad crossing would be equipped with a signal bell. Southbound trains were signalled by 3 triple chimes, northbound trains by two double chimes. The signalling mechanism at each signal bell had to be manually wound up every day by station employees and railway watchmen. Part of the mechanism was a weight having to be raised by help of a pulley. The electric signal triggering the alarm operated a relay, activating the bell's hammer through force of the aforementioned weight. Each signal bell within the Gotthard railway's network is marked on the graphic timetable. The railway watchman's house number 159 (Casello 159) signal bell on the Monte Ceneri line between Giubiasco and Rivera-Bironico is shown as an example in the timetable's excerpt. A southbound train departing Giubiasco for Rivera-Bironico would trigger alarms of eleven different signal bells on its 11 kilometres long journey. Around 1980 these signal bells were decommissioned.
Track maintenance and safety
In the Gotthard Railway's early days ultrasound was not available to examine the tracks. Fractures within these were far more common than today, when special ultrasound equipped trains are employed in the maintenance process. The railway watchman was especially important in ensuring the Gotthard railway's safe operation. A railway watchman was assigned to a special segment of tracks which he had to inspect every day. Fractures, deformations and the tracks' general condition were to be reported to the track master. Tending to loose screws and cutting down shrubs were also part of the watchman's job description. Also putting out small shrub fires, caused by the heavily employed brakes of downhill running cargo trains, were part of his duty. The railway watchman was equipped with a red flag to be able to stop trains in an emergency. The Gotthard railway's watchmen lived in specially provided watchman houses along the line. In Italian Language these watchman's houses are called Casello. Every day they had to inspect the tracks up to the next watchman's segment. The watchman houses were built along the entire Gotthard line with distances of up to 4 kilometres between them and were all numbered. From 1950 onward the track inspections didn't require as many inspections as before. Between Giubiasco and Rivera the railway watchmen then only had to perform such an inspection every other day. Their former watchman houses now remained unmanned and were subsequently used as holiday homes or private dwellings. From 1995 onward the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) turned to selling these watchman houses.
Swiss Federal Railways
The Gotthard Railway Company worked the Gotthard railway until 1909, when it became part of the Swiss Federal Railways. This was seven years after the creation of that state owned railway, and the Gotthard railway was the last major railway to be absorbed. In 1922, the whole line was electrified by Brown, Boveri & Cie with supplied by overhead line.
The approaches to the Gotthard Tunnel are susceptible to rockfalls, regularly leading to closures of the railway line. In the worst such incident in recent times, the Gotthard line was closed to all traffic for almost one month following a rockfall near Gurtnellen on 5 June 2012, which killed one rail worker and injured two others. The closure caused massive disruption of both passenger and international freight traffic.
Route
North of Arth-Goldau
The Lucerne branch of the Gotthard railway commences in Lucerne station, facing the south shore of Lake Lucerne. From here it undertakes a 270 degree turn, heading first south, then west, north and east, as well as crossing the river Reuss, to reach the north shore of the lake. From here it continues along the west shore of the Küssnacht arm of the lake to reach Immensee station. Here it meets the Rotkreuz branch, which runs from Rotkreuz to the north.
Immensee station is considered the starting point of the main line of the Gotthard railway, and official distances to all points south are measured from here. From Immensee, the line follows the Lake of Zug to Arth-Goldau station, at an altitude of . Here it joined by the Zug branch of the Gotthard railways, and there is a junction with the Südostbahn route to Rapperswil and Romanshorn. Connection is also made with the Arth-Rigi-Bahn, a rack railway climbing the mountain Rigi.
The Zug branch of the Gotthard railway commences in the city of Zug. It makes a junction, in Zug station, with the line to Zürich via Thalwil. The line then follows the east shore of the Lake of Zug to reach Arth-Goldau.
Arth-Goldau - Erstfeld
From Arth-Goldau, the line then follows the Lauerzer See and passes Schwyz, the capital of the canton of Schwyz, at an altitude of . From Brunnen to Flüelen, the line follows the Lake Lucerne (that part of it is also referred to as Urnersee). In that section, the Axen, the two tracks follow two different routes mainly in tunnel because the second track was built later (up to 1943) and on a straighter route through longer tunnels.
At Flüelen station, the railway makes a connection with the steamer services on Lake Lucerne. Steamers operate a shorter, in distance, but longer, in time, service to the city of Lucerne, serving many other towns and villages along the lake shore. The Gotthard Panorama Express uses this interchange to provide its tourist oriented boat and rail service between Lucerne and Lugano.
Erstfeld, at an altitude of , is reached via Altdorf. The depot at Erstfeld station houses rolling stock needed for the Gotthard route, i.e. for banking service. A Ce 6/8 "crocodile" serves as a memorial for the legendary Gotthard locomotives.
Northern ramp, Erstfeld - Göschenen
For the whole of the northern ramp from Erstfeld to Göschenen, the line follows the valley of the Reuss. The track now gets steeper with a gradient of up to 27 ‰. After Amsteg the line passes the Chärstelenbach Bridge and changes the side of the valley over the Intschireuss Bridge, which is, with its , the highest bridge in the SBB network.
After Gurtnellen, at an altitude of , the first of several tunneled railway spirals is encountered; their purpose is mainly to gain height where no space is available. Two of them form the double loop of Wassen, at an altitude of , which allows the famous church of Wassen to be seen three times from different perspectives, first from below and the last time from above. The line passes over the Reuss twice, and the Meienreuss three times in this section.
After a tunnel, the line reaches Göschenen station, at an altitude of . Here the Gotthard line meets the Schöllenenbahn, a metre gauge rack operated branch of the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn that ascends to Andermatt, where connections can be made over the Oberalppass to Chur or through the Furka Base Tunnel to Brig.
Gotthard Tunnel
Immediately after Göschenen station, the Gotthard railway enters the Gotthard Tunnel, a , double-track tunnel, built as one tube. The highest point of the Gotthard line is within this tunnel, above sea level, which makes it the second highest standard railway in Switzerland, after the Lötschberg railway line, the other main north-south axis in the country. Here the tunnel crosses the border between the canton of Uri and the canton of Ticino, and line passes from the German-speaking part of Switzerland to the Italian-speaking part.
The line exits the tunnel at Airolo, at an altitude of in the valley of the river Ticino, which it follows as far as Bellinzona. Both north and south portals are within a few hundreds metres from those of the Gotthard Road Tunnel.
Southern ramp, Airolo - Bellinzona
After passing through Airolo station, the line crosses the Ticino and descends through its valley in the Leventina. Between Airolo and Biasca the line falls by no less than in .
At Piotta, the Funicolare del Ritom ascends to the Ritom dam. Beyond Rodi-Fiesso, at an altitude of , the most impressive section of the southern ramp begins. The valley narrows to the Piotta canyon, and the line passes two spirals ("Piottino-Loops") to lose in height before reaching Faido. Two more spirals, known as the "Biaschina-Loops", lead the line down to Giornico, at an altitude of .
By the time the line has arrived at Biasca, at an altitude of , the valley has widened, and the gradient reduced. From Biasca station the line continues to follow the Ticino as far as Bellinzona, at an altitude of and the capital of the canton of Ticino.
Bellinzona - Luino / Locarno
Just beyond Bellinzona station, a major junction is reached at Giubiasco. Here the original main line branches off what is now considered the main Gotthard line to Lugano and Chiasso.
What was originally considered the main line continues down the valley of the Ticino, crossing the Italian border and continuing to meet the Italian railway system at Pino on the eastern shore of Lake Maggiore. The line beyond Pino to the Italian town of Luino, although Italian-owned, has always been operated as part of the Swiss system.
At Cadenazzo on the line to Pino, a further branch crosses the Ticino and runs a short distance down the western shore of Lago Maggiore to a terminus at the Swiss resort town of Locarno. Transfer can be made at Locarno station to the international metre gauge Domodossola–Locarno railway.
Bellinzona - Chiasso
At Giubiasco, the line from Immensee to Chiasso reaches its lowest point of above sea level. From here the line rises again to Monte Ceneri, the pass between the Sopraceneri and the Sottoceneri, and then passes through the two parallel, single-track Monte Ceneri Tunnels. It reaches the highest point on this part of the line, at Rivera-Bironico station, at an altitude of , before descending to Lugano, at an altitude of .
At Lugano station interchange is made with the Lugano–Ponte Tresa railway, a metre gauge railway to the town of Ponte Tresa. Following the western waterside of Lake Lugano, the line crosses Lake Lugano at the Melide causeway, a causeway and bridge.
The track follows the eastern waterside from the Melide causeway to Capolago-Riva San Vitale station. Here interchange is made with the Monte Generoso railway, a rack railway to the summit of Monte Generoso. The Gotthard line then continues to Mendrisio and Chiasso. Chiasso station houses the border controls and has a large international marshalling yard. Conventional trains change locomotives here due to different traction voltages and train protection systems in Italy.
Operation
Services
The Gotthard line carries a mixture of freight and long distance passenger trains over the full length of the line. The long distance passenger trains include EuroCity (EC) trains between Zürich and Milan, and ICN and IR trains between a number of cities in northern Switzerland and various points in Ticino. Passenger trains using the Gotthard line in the past included the Trans Europ Express trains Gottardo, Roland, and Ticino.
Regional commuter rail services also operate on the northern and southern sections of the Gotthard line. To the north, line S2 of the Zug Stadtbahn operates hourly between Zug, Arth-Goldau and Erstfeld, whilst line S3 of the S-Bahn Luzern operates hourly between Luzern, Arth-Goldau and Brunnen.
To the south, the Gotthard line is served by trains on line S10 of the Treni Regionali Ticino Lombardia (TILO), which operate every half-hour between Bellinzona, Lugano and Chiasso, with some trains extending northwards to Airolo and southwards to Milan. The same operator's lines S20 and S30 also operate over the Gotthard railway in the Bellinzona area, before proceeding down the branches to Locarno and Luino respectively, with some S30 trains extended to Milan Malpensa Airport.
Besides trains operated by the Swiss Federal Railways, other railway companies have also been able to run trains on the Gotthard route since the introduction of open access in 2001. Companies that have taken advantage of this include Deutsche Bahn AG, who operate through freight trains from Germany to Italy.
Rolling stock
Most of the Swiss locomotives were originally constructed for the Gotthard line, so many of them were called "Gotthardlokomotiven", for instance C 5/6 "Elephant", Ce 6/8 and Be 6/8 "Krokodil", Ae 8/14 "Landilok", Ae 6/6, Re 620. Famous trainsets on the Gotthard route are the Trans Europ Express and the Roter Pfeil, as well as the tilting train, Cisalpino Pendolino.
Nowadays passenger trains are mostly pulled by Re 4/4 II (up to two for long trains) and sometimes by Re 460, freight trains by Re 6/6 and Re 4/4 III. Up to 1300 tons may be pulled by an Re 6/6 with an Re 4/4 III. This combination is sometimes called a Re 10/10. If the trains are heavier, then any additional locomotives must be used as banking locomotives at the rear of the train, because the tractive effort of more power at the front of the train would exceed the capacity of the couplers within the train.
Civil engineering
Bridges
The Gotthardbahn and its branchlines pass over a total of 1234 bridges and open passages which span a total of . Arch bridges from stone were only constructed up to a clear width of , bridging larger distances with iron superstructures, which therefore became a frequent sight on the original Gotthard line, their iron representing a weight of 17723 tons. The construction of each bridge represented its own individual challenge, depending on the surrounding geography and geology.With the exception of three arch bridges all steel bridges consisted of very simple, straight, single beam truss constructions. These had to be reinforced already before 1914 still during steam operation of the Gotthardbahn due to quickly increasing traffic and load. Fish-belly truss structures were attached to the bridges from below where possible and an arch truss structure was added from the top, where a short clear height made this necessary, besides other measures. Eventually all original iron bridges had to be replaced with modern bridges because they had been built and were repeatedly reinforced to specifications that again and again were surpassed by increasing traffic, velocity and load.
Notable originally single beam truss bridges on the Gotthardbahn are:
The Chärstelenbach Bridge has two passage ways with clear widths of each and rails at above low water. The bridge was reinforced with a fish-belly structure. The modern replacement still uses the centre column and the stone arch abutments of the original.
The Intschireuss Bridge spans the widest clear width of , with rails at above low water. The bridge was reinforced with a "fish-belly" before the iron structure was replaced.
The Middle Meienreuss Bridge spans with rails above the river bottom. The original iron construction has been replaced.
Current developments
The historical route, with its long climbs and spiral routings, restricts speed and capacity on this important international route. As a result, a largely new lower level route was constructed as the Gotthard axis of the NRLA project.
The Gotthard Base Tunnel, running from a point near Erstfeld to a point near Biasca, opened to traffic on 1 June 2016, with full service starting in December of that year. With a route length of , this is the world's longest railway tunnel, surpassing the Seikan Tunnel in Japan. Its maximum altitude of is less than half the altitude of the current Gotthard Tunnel, and obviates the need to haul trains up long approach grades. Although given its name, because it bypasses the Gotthard Tunnel, the base tunnel's route is actually some to the east, passing under Sedrun, rather than the Gotthard Pass, but still below the Saint-Gotthard Massif.
The Ceneri Base Tunnel, from Camorino to the south of Bellinzona, and Vezia to the north of Lugano, opened in 2020. This tunnel has a route length of and allows trains to bypass the steep grades of Monte Ceneri.
The Gotthard Base Tunnel opened in 2016, and the Ceneri Base Tunnel in 2020. Now that they have opened, all rail traffic still needs to use the existing route north of Erstfeld, between Biasca and Bellinzona, and south of Lugano. The bypassed sections of the existing route are being retained for local passenger services, for general capacity and as a diversionary route.
Further bypasses have been planned as part of the Gotthard axis of the NRLA project, including a new largely tunnelled route from Arth-Goldau to Erstfeld, and an extension of the existing Zimmerberg Base Tunnel on the route between Zürich and Zug. No commitment to construct these sections of line has yet been made.
Operator Sudostbahn has announced, as of 13 December 2020, it will run a new service from Basel and Zurich via the original Gotthard line, using Stadler Flirt units which are also used on the Voralpen express.
See also
NRLA and the Lötschberg railway, Switzerland's other major Alpine freight corridor.
Saint-Gotthard Massif
Gotthard Pass
Gotthard Base Tunnel
References
Further reading
External links
Detailed description by Bruno Lämmli (in German)
Gotthardbahn-website by Waldis Carl (in German)
illustrated description of the route
Defunct railway companies of Switzerland
International railway lines
Railway lines in Switzerland
Railway lines opened in 1882
Transport in the canton of Uri
Transport in the canton of Schwyz
Transport in Ticino
Cross-border railway lines in Italy
Transport in the Alps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard%20railway |
Fredrik Ullén (born 1968) is a Swedish pianist. He has made recordings for the BIS, BMG Classics, Caprice, Danacord, dbProductions, and Phono Suecia labels.
Born in 1968 in Västerås, Ullén studied at the Royal College of Music, Stockholm, where his teachers included Gunnar Hallhagen and Irène Mannheimer. Later studies at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki included work with Liisa Pohjola.
His recordings include a collection of Chopin transcriptions and György Ligeti's complete works for piano. In 1996, he became the first person to record the second book of Ligeti's Études. Ullén has also produced the first complete recording of Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji's 8½-hour cycle of 100 Transcendental Studies.
In addition to his career as a performer, he is involved in scientific research on music and the brain. Since 2010, he has been Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at Karolinska Institutet.
References
External links
Ullén's homepage
People from Västerås
1968 births
Living people
Swedish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Academic staff of the Karolinska Institute
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Swedish male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik%20Ull%C3%A9n |
Rami Said Malek (; , ; born May 12, 1981) is an American actor. He is known for portraying computer hacker Elliot Alderson in the USA Network television series Mr. Robot (2015–2019), for which he received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, and as Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury in the biographical film Bohemian Rhapsody (2018), for which he won numerous accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Actor, becoming the first actor of Egyptian heritage to win in that category. Time magazine named Malek one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019.
Born in Torrance, California, to Egyptian immigrant parents, he studied theater before acting in plays in New York City. He had supporting roles in film and television, including the Fox sitcom The War at Home (2005–2007), the HBO miniseries The Pacific (2010), and the Night at the Museum film trilogy (2006–2014). Since his breakthrough, Malek has starred in the crime film The Little Things (2021), played the main antagonist Lyutsifer Safin in the James Bond film No Time to Die (2021), and portrayed David Hill in Christopher Nolan's biographical film Oppenheimer (2023).
Early life and education
Rami Said Malek was born in Torrance, California, on May 12, 1981, the son of Egyptian immigrant parents Nelly Abdel-Malek and Said Malek (d. 2006). He has said he is also "an eighth Greek". His parents and older sister left Cairo in 1978 after his father, a travel agent and tour guide, became intrigued with Western visitors. They settled in Sherman Oaks, mostly staying in the San Fernando Valley. As a child, Malek rarely ventured into Hollywood, saying "I grew up in the San Fernando Valley in LA, but somehow, I had no idea that I lived right next to Hollywood... I truly thought that that was a million miles away, and it's just a 10-minute drive". His father sold insurance and was a travel agent, while his mother worked as an accountant. Malek was raised in his family's Coptic Orthodox Christian faith, and spoke Egyptian Arabic at home until the age of four. He has an identical twin brother named Sami, who is younger by four minutes and later became an ESL and English teacher. His older sister, Yasmine, is an ER doctor. His parents emphasized to their children the importance of preserving their Egyptian roots, and his father would wake him up in the middle of the night to talk on the phone to his Arabic-speaking extended family in Samalut.
As a first-generation American, Malek found it difficult to assimilate during his childhood because of cultural differences, even spending most of his childhood having his name mispronounced: "It only took me 'til high school where I found the confidence to tell everybody, 'No, my name is Rami.' It's a very upsetting thing to think about, that I didn't have the confidence to correct anyone at that point." As a result, he said it was difficult to form a self-identity as a child and gravitated towards "creating characters and doing voices" as he searched for an outlet for his energy.
Malek attended Notre Dame High School, where he was in the same class as actress Rachel Bilson. Actress Kirsten Dunst also attended the school and shared a musical theater class with him. His parents harbored dreams of him becoming a lawyer, so he joined the debate team in his freshman year. Though he struggled to form arguments, his debate teacher noted his talent in dramatic interpretation and encouraged him instead to perform the one-man play Zooman and The Sign at a competition. Reflecting on the moment, he said, "On stage I'm having this moment with my dad with a bunch of other people [in the audience], but then I thought, 'Wow, something really special is happening here.'" It was the first time he saw his father become emotional, and his parents' positive reaction to his performance left him feeling free to pursue an acting career. He and his brother were both involved in the school's drama department.
After graduating in 1999, Malek went on to study theater at the University of Evansville in Evansville, Indiana. He also spent a semester abroad in England, where he studied at Harlaxton College in Harlaxton, Lincolnshire. During the summer before his senior year, he interned at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut, where he became an acquaintance of playwright August Wilson. Of his decision to attend the University of Evansville theater program, he said, "The level of talent at the University of Evansville was formidable from faculty to fellow actors. There's a commitment and dedication that the theater program required that unearthed a work ethic I didn't know I had." He completed his BFA in 2003. The college later honored him with a 2017 Young Alumnus Award, given to those who have "achieved personal success and contribute services to their community and to UE".
Career
2004–2009: Early work
After his college graduation, Malek wanted to attend grad school for theater; with college debt growing, he moved to New York, where he shared a one-bedroom Lower East Side apartment with friends who were also in the theater community. His network of friends included writers and directors, many of whom would come together to form the Slant Theatre Project, and they would perform their own plays around the city. While visiting his family in Los Angeles, Malek met casting director Mali Finn, who convinced him to stay and look for work in Hollywood. After moving back in with his parents, he took jobs delivering pizzas and making falafel and shawarma sandwiches at a restaurant in Hollywood to make ends meet. Despite sending his resume to production houses, he found it difficult to get work as an actor, which led to bouts of depression and a loss of confidence. He considered getting a real estate license instead of pursuing an acting career.
After a year and a half, Malek finally received a call from casting director Mara Casey. She asked to speak to his agent. When he confessed he did not have one, she told him to get one first. After having a pleasant conversation, however, Malek suggested they meet anyway. She agreed, and the meeting led to him getting his first role in the TV sitcom Gilmore Girls; the episode he acted in first aired in January 2004. That same year, he starred in the theater production Johnny Boy at the 130-seat Falcon Theatre in Burbank, California and, later, in the production Shoes opposite Kelli Giddish with the Slant Theatre Project in New York City. He also voiced "additional characters" for the video game Halo 2, for which he was uncredited. In 2005, he received his Screen Actors Guild card for his work in two episodes of the Steven Bochco war drama Over There. Later that year, he appeared in an episode of Medium and was cast in the prominent recurring role of Kenny, on the Fox comedy series The War at Home. Kenny's "coming out" story earned accolades from GLAAD. In 2006, Malek made his feature film debut as Pharaoh Ahkmenrah in the comedy Night at the Museum. He reprised this role in the sequels Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009) and Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (2014). In the spring of 2007, he appeared on-stage as Jamie in the Vitality Productions theatrical presentation of Keith Bunin's The Credeaux Canvas at the Elephant Theatre in Los Angeles.
2010–2015: Supporting roles
Malek returned to television in 2010 in a recurring role as the suicide bomber Marcos Al-Zacar on the eighth season of the Fox series 24. Growing weary of playing characters he called "acceptable terrorists", he instructed his agent to reject any role that painted Arabs or Middle Easterners in a "bad light". Later that year, he received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Corporal Merriell "Snafu" Shelton in the Emmy Award-winning HBO World War II mini-series The Pacific. After the intensity of filming The Pacific, he chose to leave Hollywood and lived briefly in Argentina, though he says it was unsuccessful and he has "since found better ways of coping". During the filming of The Pacific, Malek received a letter from executive producer Tom Hanks praising Malek's performance. Hanks would then cast him as college student Steve Dibiasi in the feature film Larry Crowne, released in July 2011.
Those opportunities led to Malek securing supporting roles in a series of major films. In August 2010, it was announced that he had been cast as the "Egyptian coven" vampire, Benjamin, in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2. In 2013 he played Nate, a new employee at a group home for youths, in the indie film Short Term 12, opposite Brie Larson. He appeared in two Spike Lee films during this period, the 2012 remake of the South Korean film Oldboy, in a part that was trimmed significantly, and later in the crowdfunded picture Da Sweet Blood of Jesus. The two men have remained friends. He also had minor roles in Battleship, the Oscar-nominated The Master, and Ain't Them Bodies Saints. He appeared as Josh, one of the main characters in Until Dawn, a horror game released for the PlayStation 4 on August 25, 2015. He lent his voice and likeness to the character and was fully motion-captured for the game.
2015–present: Breakthrough and acclaim
Screenwriter Sam Esmail had auditioned over 100 actors to play the lead character of Elliot Alderson (a mentally unstable computer-hacker) for a show he was developing. Having failed to cast the part, he considered re-writing the character altogether. However, after seeing Malek's audition in late summer 2014, Esmail said, "It opened my eyes to who Elliot really was". The resultant psychological drama, Mr. Robot, premiered on June 24, 2015, on the USA Network, with Malek in the lead role. To accurately play the character, who suffers from mental and social disorders, he met with a psychologist. The role drew immediate acclaim from critics, with USA Today calling it his "breakout performance". Entertainment Weekly called Malek's "magnetic performance" the "best reason" to watch the show. Backstage remarked that Malek "anchored the drama" and that his "spin" on the anti-hero trope "promises a fresh direction for prestige TV". His performance earned him nominations for the Dorian Award, Satellite Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award. He won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. He was the first non-white actor to win an Emmy in that category since 1998. The show concluded in December 2019 with its fourth season, for which Malek received a third Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama.
Though he was among 3000 actors considered to play Han Solo in Solo: A Star Wars Story, Malek had his first starring role in Buster's Mal Heart, which premiered in September 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival to positive reviews. In it, Malek plays a man who leads two lives, one as Jonah and another as Buster. Casting him in the role before his success with Mr. Robot, the director, Sarah Adina Smith, said, "I had no idea how huge and adored he would become". Reviewing the actor's performance, John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Fans of Mr. Robot won't be disappointed in the least by this vehicle for Emmy-winning series star Rami Malek, which both fits in with Mr. Robot's delusion-prone paranoia and lets the charismatic actor stretch out in his first feature lead". Malek next starred as Louis Dega in Papillon, a remake of the 1973 film, co-starring Charlie Hunnam. It premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, and had a limited box office release in August 2018. In 2017, Malek joined the cast of the Netflix animated comedy series BoJack Horseman (season 4), voicing the character Flip McVicker, a writer who does not trust email.
In 2018, Malek portrayed Freddie Mercury in the Queen biopic, Bohemian Rhapsody. The film premiered in London on October 23, 2018, and became a major box office success, grossing over $900 million worldwide on a production budget of about $50 million. It became the sixth highest-grossing film of 2018 worldwide, and the highest-grossing musical biographical film of all-time. Though the film received mixed reviews overall, Malek's performance was acclaimed by critics. He won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role, the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film. In preparation for the role as Mercury, Malek moved to London where he worked with a dialect coach and a movement coach, and took piano and singing lessons. For four hours each day, he studied videos of Mercury with his movement coach, Polly Bennett. This included watching the 1985 Live Aid concert video on YouTube at least 1,500 times to perfect his performance for the film. He also had to get used to speaking and singing with a set of false teeth that mimicked Mercury's overbite. Brian May, Queen's guitarist who often attended filming, is quoted as saying that Malek's performance was so accurate that "we sometimes forgot he was Rami". Malek considers his role as Mercury the most important of his career, saying: This is a role I don't think can be outdone. I think we're always searching for that next great role, and I guess I'm fortunate that I've already been met with it. I'd like to think that there is more out there for me to do, and there is, but I do doubt that there is anything that lives up to how precious this role and this human being have been in my life.
In December 2018, it was announced that Malek would produce and star in an eight-episode podcast called Blackout. Scott Conroy was the writer of the podcast, a thriller about a small-town radio DJ who must "fight to protect his family and community from a coordinated attack that destroys the power grid and upends modern civilization". The podcast debuted with two episodes on March 19, 2019, with six subsequent episodes premiering weekly. It won the 2020 Webby Award for Best Scripted Podcast (Fiction). Malek also voiced Chee-Chee the gorilla in Dolittle, starring Robert Downey Jr.; the film was produced in 2018 and released in January 2020. In May 2019, Malek joined the cast of the crime thriller The Little Things, opposite Denzel Washington and Jared Leto. The film was released on January 29, 2021. On April 25, 2019, Malek was cast as the main villain in the James Bond film No Time to Die; he plays the "supervillain" Lyutsifer Safin. Principal photography on the film began in April 2019 and wrapped that October. It had an initial release date of April 2020, but, due to COVID-19 related delays, was moved to October 2021. To support the release of the film, Malek hosted Saturday Night Live in October 2021.
Malek was part of the all-star ensemble cast in David O. Russell's Amsterdam; the film was produced in early 2021 and released in October 2022. On December 2021, it was announced that Malek was joining the cast of Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer. In it he portrayed physicist David L. Hill. The film premiered on July 11, 2023.
Forthcoming projects
From 2018, Malek was developing a film for Universal Pictures with Mr. Robot creator Sam Esmail based on the memoir American Radical by Tamer Elnoury and Kevin Maurer; the story centers on an undercover Muslim FBI agent working for the agency post-9/11. Nazrin Choudhury was chosen to pen the screenplay. In April 2022, Esmail stated that the project was not going ahead, but that he and Malek were determined to collaborate on something else, and previously mentioned their talks about another movie project. During the press tour for Bohemian Rhapsody, Malek said he is working on a film, one he plans to write, produce, and direct himself on a small budget, since it is a story that he says "might get passed on by studios looking for something a bit more broad and commercial".
In February 2023, Malek was announced to be starring in the thriller film The Amateur.
Acting style
Malek's early roles established him as a character actor. He has remarked that he enjoys the auditioning process, sees it as a "proving ground to test things out", and has created so many diverse characters for auditions that he wishes he could collect them as a package to show to others. After reading his own Wikipedia article, Malek elaborated and said, "I would take the time to prepare for auditions as if I was actually gonna perform. I would come with something fully formed and hope that that resonated. Sometimes it did, many times it didn't but that's the proving ground and I appreciate it". However, following his success with Mr. Robot, he began to be regarded as a "leading man", though an "unconventional" one. He is portrayed by comedian Pete Davidson in Saturday Night Live sketches parodying the character. In 2017, Malek accepted an invitation to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, among 774 new members invited as part of the academy's efforts to diversify its members after criticism over the lack of diversity of the 88th Academy Awards.
To prepare for a role, he describes an initial stage of panic, followed by research into the character to create a world for that person. This includes finding music he thinks the character would listen to, as well as creating and imagining memories for that person to the point he has to perform as them. His most creative times are mornings and evenings. Malek likes to do experimental takes until he finds a take that will work. Director Sam Esmail noted that Malek is often dissatisfied with his work even when the director feels he has completed a perfect take. Because of their mutual insistence on getting a scene the best it can be, Esmail considers Malek a "co-creator". The actor has also been noted for his physical transformations to play his characters. He lost significant weight to play Elliot Alderson, Freddie Mercury, and Snafu Shelton, where Tom Hanks required that he maintain between six and eight-percent body fat. During the filming of The Pacific, Malek found it difficult to separate himself from his character, Snafu Shelton, which led to "some pretty intense mental anguish during and after filming". He noted the most valuable lesson from that experience was learning to distance himself from his characters, otherwise he would not have been able to take on complex roles later in his career, like Elliot Alderson in Mr. Robot.
Public image
Malek's appearance has inspired commentary in the industry and in the media. GQ Middle East called Malek's aspect "vampiric ... with one of those faces that looks young and mature, all at once. When you speak, Malek's oversized eyes give you full attention". In a letter to the producer after Malek's audition for The Pacific, Tom Hanks remarked, "This guy's got haunting eyes". The Globe and Mail, in an interview after the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, described the actor as "startlingly handsome ... with tawny skin and close-cropped curly hair. ... He speaks in a slow, just-woke-up drawl that contrasts with his dazzling smile and anything-goes energy. And he's mostly eyes. Giant, chalky blue eyes, the colour of one of those preternaturally still mineral lakes in the Rockies. They seem to see both outwardly and inwardly. They're sad, yet amused. Thousand-mile eyes".
He has also garnered attention for his fashion sense, particularly for his bold color choices and "quirky touches".
He was chosen (along with Boy George and A$AP Rocky) to be part of Dior Homme's Spring 2017 campaign, and the face of Saint Laurent's Spring/Summer 2020 campaign. GQ Middle East launched in October 2018 with Malek on its first cover. Fashion commentators have included him on their "best-dressed" lists, often at red-carpet events. Placing him at number 29 on its list of Best Dressed Men 2019, GQ called his looks, "neat, elegant and perfectly put together, ... experimental on the surface, but underneath they're also surprisingly approachable". Ilaria Urbinati is his stylist.
Over time, Malek's prominence in the industry has grown. In 2015, The Hollywood Reporter included him on Next Gen 2015, its annual list of stars who are 35 and under and "on the rise". Time magazine named Malek one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019 under the category of Artists.
The actor has lent his support to charities, such as the Epidermolysis Bullosa Medical Research Foundation and the ACLU. In September 2018, Malek started working with the (RED) organization after being inspired by his Freddie Mercury role. As an ambassador to raise awareness and funds to help eliminate HIV/AIDS, Malek traveled to Eswatini to "learn more about the state of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa". During his visit, Malek said, "To collectively come together and tackle, you know, arguably one of the largest, most horrific diseases anyone has ever known. That can happen right now. I can't think of anything that I'd rather be a part of, more than fulfilling any personal dream or aspiration".
Personal life
Malek tends to be reserved in interviews, having mentioned in one of them his desire to stay "anonymous" abroad. He avoids social media. The New York Times called him "extremely reluctant to dish about himself". He says he is the opposite of the introverted character of Elliot that he plays in Mr. Robot, saying, "I'm an exuberant person. I thrive on affection. I like chit chat ... One of the great things about living in New York is that you meet so many strangers, and I love encounters with strangers; I love meeting people and hearing their stories".
In 2009, Malek moved into a house in the Laurel Canyon neighborhood of Los Angeles, alongside his brother. He purchased a neighboring house in 2021.
Malek dated his Bohemian Rhapsody co-star Lucy Boynton from 2018 to 2023.
Awards and nominations
Malek has been nominated for and won several major industry awards. For his work on Mr. Robot, he has been nominated for three Golden Globes, an Emmy, two Satellite Awards, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, among others, winning an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2016. He won an Academy Award for Best Actor, a Golden Globe for the Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role, and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his performance as Freddie Mercury in Bohemian Rhapsody.
He is the first actor of Egyptian heritage to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. While his win was celebrated in Egypt by the media and some government officials, Member of Parliament Mohamed Ismail criticized Malek's win: "I was surprised by the Egyptian media's celebration of Rami Malek, because the role played by Rami Malek in the film is far from his real character. He is trying to [spread] homosexuality among the youth... The award has a specific goal, which is to corrupt morality in the Arab world. Rami Malek is a bad example. If he was in Egypt, he would have been hanged". The organization Human Rights Watch stated that the country deserved an Oscar for hypocrisy for praising Malek, given its prohibition on LGBT people being celebrated in the media.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theater
Video games
Podcasts
References
Works cited
External links
1981 births
Living people
21st-century American male actors
Actors from Torrance, California
American identical twins
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American people of Coptic descent
American people of Egyptian descent
American people of Greek descent
Best Actor AACTA International Award winners
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Actor BAFTA Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
HIV/AIDS activists
Identical twin male actors
Male actors from Los Angeles
Notre Dame High School (Sherman Oaks, California) alumni
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners
University of Evansville alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami%20Malek |
Go Chuck Yourself (released as Happy Live Surprise in Japan) is a live album by Canadian rock band Sum 41 recorded in London, Ontario in April 2005.
It was first released on December 21, 2005, in Japan, and was packaged with a bonus DVD featuring five songs from the show and Basketball Butcher. The US and European version was released on March 7, 2006, without the DVD..
Track listing
References
Sum 41 live albums
Albums produced by Tom Lord-Alge
2006 live albums
Aquarius Records (Canada) live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%20Chuck%20Yourself |
Dork is a pejorative term for a person (compare with "dweeb" and "fool").
Dork may also refer to:
People
Dork Sahagian, Armenian-American climate scientist
Arts, entertainment, and media
Dork (EP), an album by AFI
Dork (magazine), a UK music monthly
Dork, a common unofficial name for the higher-definition posable man CGI character introduced in the CGI program Poser 3 and Poser 4
Dork, the card game also known as President and other names
Dork: The Incredible Adventures of Robin 'Einstein' Varghese, a novel by Sidin Vadukut
Other uses
Dork disc, also called dust shield or spoke protector, is a disc, usually made of plastic, placed in the rear wheel of bicycles to prevent the chain from dropping or jamming into the spokes.
Google Dork, a technique that uses Google Search find security issues or to perform OSINT.
See also
Dorking (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dork |
"Gump" is a song by American musical parodist "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of "Lump" by alternative rock group The Presidents of the United States of America and also parodies the 1994 movie Forrest Gump. It is one of a handful of Yankovic songs describing the events of a movie, such as "Jurassic Park" and "The Saga Begins" and currently the only one parodied from a then-recent song.
The cover for the single is itself a parody of the Presidents of the United States of America's debut album cover. This is one of Yankovic's shortest album parodies, second only to his remade version of "My Bologna" (a parody of The Knack's "My Sharona"). In the video for this song, Yankovic dons a bald cap. The Presidents of the United States of America themselves praised the parody and has since often referred to the "Weird Al" song during live performances.
Comedian Brian Posehn recorded a skit for his 2020 comedy metal album Grandpa Metal called "My Phone Call with Weird Al", featuring Yankovic, in which Posehn seeks Yankovic's permission to record a parody called "Trump" about the then-current POTUS Donald Trump, and gets infuriated when Yankovic informs him of the band who wrote the original hit to which Posehn responds "and Sinbad did a genie movie that not even Sinbad remembers".
Track listing
"Gump" – 2:10
"Spy Hard" – 2:49
"Since You've Been Gone" – 1:22
"Since You've Been Gone" (Karaoke Version) – 1:22
"Callin' in Sick" (Instrumental) – 3:40
"Spy Hard" (Instrumental) – 2:49
"Spy Hard" (Orchestral Mix) – 2:49
Production
The song was recorded on January 3, 1996 at Santa Monica Sound Recorders, in Santa Monica, California. Before "Gump" was officially released, Yankovic played a rough version of the song for the Presidents of the United States of America on their tour bus. This marks the first time that Al was able to "see a band's reaction when they heard their parody for the first time." PUSA frontman Chris Ballew said he first heard Yankovic was doing his song on television, and later became friends with the parodist. Yankovic even directed a music video for the band's song "Mixed Up S.O.B." in 2008, and has joined them on stage a few times.
Music video
The music video for "Gump" is a double parody of both the movie Forrest Gump and the Presidents of the United States of America's music video for "Lump". The single's cover art is directly taken from the video shoot.
The video begins with a feather blowing through the air, much like the beginning of the original movie.
Andy Comeau appears as the titular character, Forrest Gump.
Yankovic appears as Chris Ballew, complete with bald head.
Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz appears as Jason Finn, and Steve Jay appears as Dave Dederer. Yankovic has stated that originally his guitarist, Jim West, was supposed to play the part of Dederer, but his hair was too long. Jay later filled in.
Throughout the video Forrest offers different people chocolates. He first offers Gladys Ormphby (Ruth Buzzi's Laugh-In character) some chocolates and she hits him with her purse. The second offer is to Henry Reichenbach who is portrayed to be a stereotypical biker which results in Gump being spun around by his head. He then offers Pat Boone some chocolates. Boone greedily devours most of the box.
The instruments used in the song are over-simplified as a parody of the Presidents of the United States of America's actual instruments (a basitar, or 2 stringed guitar for bass, and a guitbass, which is a 3 stringed guitar). Al uses a one stringed bass in the video, while the guitarist uses a two stringed "guitar".
In the instrumental break of the song, it shows Forrest running (a parody of the scene where Forrest runs all around the country) across the street, in a horse race, and outer space. As he runs in the street again, he suddenly bumps into a pole and falls down to the ground, as the song says, "Run...stop!"
As mentioned before, half of the music video is also a parody of the "Lump" music video: Instead of singing in a bog/marsh, Al and his band are dancing in the water fountain in the middle of the park. The silhouette scene in the "Lump" music video is also parodied, with Al and his band making hand shadows against the background.
At 1:04, during the silhouette scenes, Yankovic can be seen bending his guitar. This is similar to the videos for "Smells Like Nirvana" and "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*."
Gump is digitally edited into existing footage tapping John F. Kennedy on the shoulder, standing behind Richard Nixon and waving to the camera, and roasting hot dogs at an atomic bomb drop, just like the movie which edited Gump into several newsreels so he appeared to be interacting with historical figures.
The song ends with, "And that's all I have to say about that", which is the way Forrest Gump often ends his stories. Afterwards, the Presidents of the United States of America followed Weird Al's example and ended performances of "Lump" with that quote and they still continue to do so.
Chart positions
See also
List of singles by "Weird Al" Yankovic
List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic
References
External links
"Weird Al's" Official website
Al's Official MySpace page
Music video for "Gump" on YouTube
1996 singles
1996 songs
Music videos directed by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Scotti Brothers Records singles
Songs about fictional male characters
Songs with lyrics by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Songs written by Chris Ballew
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gump%20%28song%29 |
Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy is a robot combat action video game developed by Gabriel Entertainment and published by Infogrames. It is the sequel to Robot Arena, in the Robot Arena videogame series. Compared to its predecessor, it has many new features, such as the Havok physics engine and fully 3-D environments.
The player has the ability to completely design their own robot, including chassis design, weapon placement, mechanics and paint. Weapons are nearly completely customizable, including weapons that mount on various attachments, such as poles, disks, and tribars.
Although not well received from a marketing standpoint, this game has a dedicated fanbase and a community. , that is still active today.
Gameplay
Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy is an Action game. The player controls a radio-controlled robot which battles it out with other robots in order to win. Ways to win a battle include destroying the opponent's control board, immobilizing the opponent (such as flipping them over), having the most points at the end or in some cases eliminating them by pushing them into pits.
Different types of arenas are available to play, either being a standard map, a tabletop map, or a "king of the hill" map.
Different game types are available in single player, where either the player can play against 1 opponent, 3 others in a Battle Royale, or a 2v2 team-based match.
The main game mode is League mode where the player competes against fifteen other teams in nine events. The winner is the team with the most points at the end of the season.
Multiplayer is also available, where up to four players can pit their designs against their opponents. Online play was also supported which was facilitated by GameSpy.
There is also an exhibition mode, where you can place any of your bots against any computer bot in the game in a match, with settings controlling time limit, match type & arena, and if the hazards are active.
Reception
The game received very positive reviews from critics and fans alike, and is widely considered the best robot combat video game ever released, better even than the officially licensed Robot Wars games. The graphics were decent for its time, while the physics were much more realistic than the ones seen in the Robot Wars games. As of 2019, the game retains a cult following online, most notably on GameTechMods, which hosts frequent tournaments.
GameSpy gave it 77 out of 100 writing "A pleasant surprise. Whether you're going head-to-head against formidable AI bots or human opponents, it has plenty to offer both newcomers and bot-bashing aficionados alike".
Sequel
A sequel, Robot Arena III, was released on 26 May 2016 on Steam.
References
2003 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Windows games
Robot combat video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games using Havok
Infogrames games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Gabriel Entertainment games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot%20Arena%202%3A%20Design%20and%20Destroy |
Kee Business College is the former name of a for-profit college with branches in Chesapeake and Newport News, Virginia. Kee became a part of the Everest College system of colleges. Everest Institute offers classes in Business Accounting, Homeland Security, Massage Therapy, Medical Assisting, Medical Insurance Billing & Coding, Medical Administrative Assisting and Dental Assisting.
The college was founded in Newport News in 1941 as the College of Hampton Roads, and in 1982 it became Kee Business College. Between 1986 and 1996, the school's name was changed to National Education Center - Kee Business College Campus, returning to Kee Business College in 1996. In 1999, the Chesapeake campus was opened. In 2007 the name was changed again to Everest Institute.
The schools are owned by Corinthian Colleges.
References
External links
For-profit universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1941
Corinthian Colleges
1941 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kee%20Business%20College |
The Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty also known as the Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Board of Admiralty was a position on the Board of Admiralty and a civil officer of the British Royal Navy. It was usually filled by a Member of Parliament. Although he attended Board of Admiralty meetings informally he was not made a full member of that Board until 1929. He served as the deputy to the First Lord of the Admiralty in Parliament and was mainly responsible for all naval finance and spending proposals from 1625 until 1959.
History
The office was originally created in 1625 with the post holders holding titles under various names such as Secretaries to the Lords Admiral, Admiralty, Committees and Commissions. In July 1660 the post of Secretary to the Admiralty was formally created which lasted until 18 June 1763 when the office was then restyled First Secretary to the Admiralty this remained in place until 1870 when the First Secretary was renamed Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty, while the office of Second Secretary to the Admiralty was renamed Permanent Secretary to the Admiralty. In 1886, the Parliamentary Secretary was renamed Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty. In 1929 the Parliamentary and Financial Secretary is made a full member of the Board of Admiralty. In 1930, the Parliamentary and Financial Secretary served as Civil Lord to the Board of Admiralty. In 1959 the office of Parliamentary and Financial Secretary was abolished with the approval of parliament. In 1964 the Admiralty and thus Board of Admiralty was also abolished and merged into a new larger Ministry of Defence under the control of the Minister of State and Under-Secretary of State for the Navy.
Responsibilities
His duties have included at various times
All proposals for new and unusual expenditure
All questions involving reference to the treasury financially
Accounts cash, store, and dockyard expense.
Contract business except as dealt with by the controller
Finance
Estimates
Exchequer and audit department—questions with
Expenditure generally
General labour questions, including annual petitions
Payment of hire of ships
Purchases and sales of naval and victualling stores
Purchase and sale of ships
Purchase and sale of stores generally.
Questions involving reference to the treasury financially, except as provided for under civil lord
Office holders
Secretaries to the Lords Admiral, Admiralty, Committees and Commissions
Included:
Notes: From 1645 until 1652 there were two joint secretaries.
Sir Edward Nicholas, 1625–1638
Sir Thomas Smith, 1638–1645
William Jessop and Robert Coytmore, (jointly), 1645–1652
Robert Blackborne, 1652– July 1660
Secretaries to the Admiralty
Included:
Sir William Coventry, July 1660 – September 1667
Matthew Wren, September 1667 – July 1672
Sir John Werden, July 1672 1667 – June 1673
Samuel Pepys, June 1673 – May 1679
Thomas Hayter May 1679 – February 1680
John Brisbane, February 1680 – May 1684
Samuel Pepys, May 1684 – March 1689
Phineas Bowles, March 1689 – January 1690
James Southerne, January 1690 – August 1694
William Bridgeman, August 1694–26 September 1698 joint with Josiah Burchett until 24 June 1698
Josiah Burchett, 26 September 1698 – 20 May 1702
George Clarke, 20 May 1702 – 25 October 1705 joint with Josiah Burchett
Josiah Burchett, 25 October 1705 – 29 April 1741
Thomas Corbett, 1741–1751 joint with Josiah Burchett until 14 October 1742
John Clevland, 30 April 1751 – 18 June 1763
First Secretaries to the Admiralty
Included:
Philip Stephens, 18 June 1763 – 3 March 1795
Evan Nepean, 3 March 1795 – 21 January 1804
William Marsden, 24 January 1804 – 24 June 1807
Hon. William Wellesley Pole, 24 June 1807 – 12 October 1809
John Wilson Croker, 12 October 1809 – 2 May 1827
Notes: The Board of Admiralty commission ceased and came under the control of the Lord High Admirals Council from 1827 to 1828.
Hon. George Elliot, 1828–1834
George Robert Dawson, 1834–1835
Charles Wood, 1835–1839
Richard More O'Ferrall, 1839–1841
John Parker, 1841
Hon. Sidney Herbert, 1841–1845
Hon. Henry Lowry-Corry, 1845–1846
Henry George Ward, 1846–1849
John Parker, 1849–1852
Augustus Stafford, 1852
Ralph Bernal Osborne, 1853–1858
Hon. Henry Lowry-Corry, 1858–1859
Lord Clarence Paget, 1859–1866
Hon. Thomas Baring, 1866
Lord Henry Lennox, 1866–1868
William Edward Baxter, 1868–1871
Parliamentary Secretaries to the Admiralty
George Shaw-Lefevre, 1871–1874
Hon. Algernon Egerton, 1874–1880
George Shaw-Lefevre, 1880
George Trevelyan, 1880–1882
Henry Campbell-Bannerman, 1882–1884
Thomas Brassey, 1884–1885
Charles Ritchie, 1885–1886
Parliamentary and Financial Secretaries to the Admiralty
J. T. Hibbert 1886
Arthur Forwood 1886–1892
Sir Ughtred Kay-Shuttleworth, Bt, 1892–1895
William Ellison-Macartney 1895–1900
H. O. Arnold-Forster 1900–1903
E. G. Pretyman 1903–1905
Edmund Robertson 1905–1908
Thomas Macnamara 1908–1920
Sir James Craig, Bt 1920–1921
Leo Amery 1921–1922
Bolton Eyres-Monsell 1922–1923
Archibald Boyd-Carpenter 1923–1924
Charles Ammon 1924
J. C. C. Davidson 1924–1926
Cuthbert Headlam 1926–1929
Charles Ammon 1929–1931
The Earl Stanhope 1931
Lord Stanley 1931–1935
Sir Victor Warrender, Bt 1935
Lord Stanley 1935–1937
Geoffrey Shakespeare 1937–1940
Sir Victor Warrender, Bt 1940–1945
John Dugdale 1945–1950
James Callaghan 1950–1951
Allan Noble 1951–1955
George Ward 1955–1957
Christopher Soames 1957–1958
Robert Allan 1958–1959
Charles Ian Orr-Ewing 1959
office abolished on 16 October 1959
Departments under the office
Department of the Accountant-General of the Navy
Department of the Director of Contracts
Contracts and Purchase Department
See also
Permanent Secretary of the Admiralty
First Lord of the Admiralty
Board of Admiralty
British Admiralty
Citations
General and cited sources
Rodger, N.A.M. (1979). The Admiralty. Lavenham: Terence Dalton Ltd, Suffolk, England, .
P
Civil service positions in the United Kingdom
Admiralty during World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary%20and%20Financial%20Secretary%20to%20the%20Admiralty |
The Main Building of University College London, facing onto Gower Street, Bloomsbury, includes the Octagon, Quad, Cloisters, Main Library, Flaxman Gallery and the Wilkins Building. The North Wing, South Wing, Chadwick Building and Pearson Building are also considered part of the main UCL building.
History
In 1827, a year after the founding of UCL, construction of the main building began on the site of the old Carmarthen Square. The Octagon Building is a term used for the whole of the main building, but more commonly for a central part of it. At the centrepiece of the building is an ornate dome, which is visible throughout the immediate area. The Octagon was designed by the Architect William Wilkins, who also designed the National Gallery. The original plans by Wilkins called for a U-shaped enclosure around the quad. Funds, however, ran out in 1829 with only the portico and dome finished. Wilkins' original plans were not completed until the 20th century: The Main Building was finally finished in 1985, 158 years since the foundations were laid, with a formal opening ceremony by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.
Octagon
The Wilkins Building is a term used for the whole of the Main Building, but more commonly for a central part of it. The Octagon dome houses the central hall of the University Main Library, which contains casts from the John Flaxman casts collection, and a mural depicting the construction of UCL in a mythical scene with Jeremy Bentham overlooking the plans.
Front Quad
Facing Gower Street, the Front Quadrangle, abbrievated as the "Quad", is an enclosed square of paths, grass and a few disabled car parking bays. There are a large number of benches as well as two decommissioned astronomy observatories.
Cloisters
The enclosed north and south cloisters connect the Octagon dome to the north and south wings of the quad respectively. They are one of the main thoroughfares of the College, and accommodate a series of exhibitions and events throughout the year (for example shows from students of the Slade School of Art and from the UCL special collections). To the north of the north cloisters is the Housman Room, which is a staff common room. The auto-icon of Jeremy Bentham was located in the south of the south cloisters up until February 2020 when he was permanently relocated to the public atrium of the Student Centre.
Wilkins Building
The Wilkins Building refers specifically to the part of the building built during the lifetime of the architect William Wilkins. It does not include the later, U-shaped extensions around the Quad. Although these were designed by Wilkins they were not finished until 1985. Therefore the Wilkins Building refers to the oldest sections of the Main Building: the centre part of the main building which includes the UCL Main Library, the dome, the Flaxman Gallery and the Cloisters. The Wilkins Building (along with the south wing built in 1869–76, the north wing built in 1870–81 and parts of the west side built over 1912–52) is grade I listed; the two observatories in the quad are grade II listed.
Main Library
The Main Library contains UCL's collections relating to arts and humanities, history, economics, public policy and law. The Flaxman Gallery, a collection of sculptures and paintings by artist John Flaxman, is located inside the Main Library in the Octagon Building under UCL's central dome.
References
University College London
School buildings completed in 1985
Domes
Buildings and structures in Bloomsbury
Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL%20Main%20Building |
Centinela Avenue is a 10.2 mile major street in the Westside region of Los Angeles County, California.
Geography
Centinela Avenue is a major thoroughfare in Culver City, Inglewood, Ladera Heights, Mar Vista, Santa Monica, and West Los Angeles.
It is named after the 19th century Rancho Aguaje de la Centinela, whose site of former ranchlands it passes through.
Route
The street runs primarily north–south, with a southern east–west section.
Centinela Avenue is not a continuous street but is separated into northern and southern sections, with a jog connected by Ocean Park Boulevard.
Northern section
The northern section of Centinela Avenue is a minor two lane street. It begins near the Brentwood Country Club in Brentwood, Los Angeles. It proceeds south, ending at Ocean Park Boulevard and the Santa Monica Airport, a block west of the southern section of Centinela Avenue. It is the official dividing line between the cities of Santa Monica and Los Angeles.
This section of Centinela has two discontinuities. Going north, staying on Centinela requires a half-block jog west at Olympic Boulevard, and another half-block jog northeast at Wilshire Boulevard.
Southern section
The southern section of Centinela Avenue is a four-lane major thoroughfare. It starts off as Bundy Drive at Sunset Boulevard in Brentwood, passing through West Los Angeles to the Santa Monica Airport, where at Stanwood Drive its name changes to Centinela Avenue.
Centinela crosses and offers entry points to the following bike paths: Expo Bike Path (see Expo/Bundy station), Culver Boulevard Median Bike Path and Ballona Creek Bike Path.
At its intersection with Jefferson Boulevard, Centinela Avenue angles southeastward to become an east–west street. It runs parallel to/on the south of Slauson Avenue. Centinela Avenue ends at the intersection with Florence Avenue in Inglewood. Centinela Park and Centinela Hospital Medical Center are located within here.
History
The southern section was laid out in the 1890s. As reported by the Los Angeles Times’ Inglewood column in 1896, the route was laid out to connect Mesmer Station along the Santa Fe Railroad line (later the Venice–Inglewood line of the Pacific Electric) and “the brick-kiln northerly of here” (property that later became Centinela Park). The proposed line of the -wide road ran along “the northernly boundary of the Centinela grant” and rights-of-way were offered by Daniel Freeman and one Mrs. Cook.
Public transport
The north–south portion of the avenue is served by Santa Monica Transit line 14 and the west–east portion by Metro Local line 110.
The Bundy/Expo Metro station of the Metro E Line is located on Bundy Drive south of Olympic Boulevard.
Notable residents
Nicole Brown Simpson lived at 875 South Bundy Drive with her and O. J. Simpson's children, Sydney and Justin, at the time Nicole and Ron Goldman were murdered in the courtyard of that address, on June 12, 1994. The house sat empty for two years, until the next owner extensively remodeled it and had the address changed to 879 South Bundy Drive.
References
Streets in Santa Monica, California
Streets in Los Angeles
Culver City, California
Inglewood, California
Mar Vista, Los Angeles
West Los Angeles
Westside (Los Angeles County) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centinela%20Avenue |
Ḥabīb ibn Zayd al-Anṣārī (Arabic: حبيب بن زيد الأنصاري) sahaba and martyr of Islam.
Biography
His father, Zayd ibn Asim, was one of the first in Yathrib to accept Islam and his mother, Nusaybah bint Kab(Umm Ammarah) was the first woman to fight in defence of Islam. Habib accompanied his parents, aunt and brother to Mecca with the group of 75 people who pledged loyalty to Muhammad at Aqabah. Habib did not participate in the battle of Badr or the battle of Uhud because he was considered too young to bear arms. Thereafter, however, he took part in all the engagements which Muhammad fought, distinguishing himself by his bravery.
Death
By 630 Islam was the dominant force in Arabia, and the tribes converged on Mecca to proclaim their acceptance of Islam, including a delegation from Najd called Banu Hanifah, who appointed Musailama ibn Habib as their spokesman. On his return to Najd, Musailama recanted his allegiance, claiming to be a prophet himself. For various reasons the Banu Hanilab rallied around him, mostly out of tribal loyalty (asabiyyah). One member of the tribe declared:
"I testify that Muhammad is indeed truthful and that Musaylamah is indeed an imposter. But the impostor of Rabiah (the tribal confederation to which the Banu Hanifah belonged) is dearer to me that the genuine and truthful person from Mudar (the tribal confederation to which the Quraish belonged)."
Before long, the number of Musailama's followers increased and he felt powerful enough to write a letter to Muhammad;
"From Musailama, the messenger of God to Muhammad, the messenger of God. Peace be on you. I am prepared to share this mission with you. I shall have (control over) half the land and you shall have the other half. But the Quraish are an aggressive people." He then wrote to Musailama: "In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Compassionate. From Muhammad the Messenger of God, to Musailama the imposter. Peace be upon whoever follows the guidance. God will bequeath the earth to whosoever of His servants He wishes and the final triumph will be for those who are careful of their duty to God."
Musaylamah's influence spread and Muhammad chose Habib ibn Zayd to deliver another letter inviting him to abandon his claims. He presented the letter, which angered Musailama who ordered Habib chained and brought before him the following day. On the following day, Musailama presided over his assembly with his senior advisers and common people. He then ordered Habib to be brought before him and asked him if he believed Muhammad is the Messenger of God, which he affirmed. Musailama then asked
"And do you testify that I am the Messenger of God?" To which Habib replied "My ears have been blocked against hearing what you claim." Musailama then ordered his executioner to sever one of Habib’s limbs. He then questioned him again and Habib's answers were the same. Musailama thereupon ordered his henchman to cut off another part of Habib's body, which fell to the ground beside the other severed limb. Faced with Musaylamah's persistent questioning and the blows of his henchman, Habib kept on repeating: "I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God." Habib could not survive this torture much longer and he soon died. News of Habib's death reached his mother who said: "It was for such a situation that I prepared him... He pledged allegiance to [Muhammad] on the night of Aqabah as a small child and today as an adult he has given his life for [Muhammad]. If God were to allow me to get near to Musailama, I would certainly make his daughters smite their cheeks and lament over him."
The day she wished for arrived after the death of Muhammad when Abu Bakr declared war on the imposter. The Muslim army that confronted the forces of Musailama included Habib's mother Nusaybah and his brother Abdullah ibn Zayd.
At the Battle of Yamamah she was seen cutting through the ranks of soldiers. When she eventually reached Musaylamah, he had already been killed by Wahshy ibn harb and her son Habib was avenged. At Habib's death, Muhammad had commended him and his entire family and had prayed: "May God bless this household. May God have mercy on this household."
Sources
Hadrat Umar Farooq, Prof. Masudul Hasan, Islamic Publications Lahore
Companions of the Prophet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib%20ibn%20Zayd%20al-Ansari |
Redding is an American indie rock band from Belleville, Illinois, near St. Louis, Missouri. Redding take their name from the character Ellis Redding (played by Morgan Freeman) in the film The Shawshank Redemption.
The band consists of:
Joey Graves: lead vocals, guitar
Jeff McCullough: bass guitar, piano/keyboard, backing vocals
Danny Gula: guitar
Jon Stamm: drums/percussion
History
Origin and early years (1999 – 2003)
Learning to play music together in middle school, Joey Graves, Jon Stamm, and Danny Gula donned the name For the Moment for their developing garage band. Graves found himself at the helm of writing and recording the music (in the band’s home studio), and Stamm wrote the majority of the lyrics. In the spring of 2004, the trio began work on a four-song EP album. Graves tapped his first cousin, Jeff McCullough, to join the band and play bass guitar and piano. McCullough’s formal music training and experience in previous bands allowed him to become a major creative force in the developing group.
Sinclair Aircraft EP (2004)
On May 8, 2004 (two weeks before Graves, Stamm, and Gula graduated high school), For the Moment released the resultant home-recordings as an album called Sinclair Aircraft EP. The band sold all 300 copies before school ended. Most importantly, a copy of the Sinclair Aircraft EP came to the attention of Tom Derr (owner of Rock Ridge Music, who expressed interest in signing For the Moment to his label. But first, Derr and co-owner Chris Henderson (guitarist in alternative rock group 3 Doors Down) requested additional music. The band quickly wrote and recorded an early version of “Gleam”, which helped seal a contract with Rock Ridge Music. In the fall, Graves, Gula, and Stamm started school at Southwestern Illinois College as music majors.
Redding (2005 - 2008)
On January 5, 2005, the band changed its name to Redding, and began a recording session at Chris Henderson’s Rivergate Studios in Biloxi, Mississippi. Kirk Kelsey (producer, Creed) produced, engineered, and mixed the project. On August 6, the band performed at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheater for a crowd of nearly 20,000 before Staind and 3 Doors Down. In the week following, and again in October, Redding resumed and then completed recording at Greenville College. The band’s eponymous eight track debut album was released on July 11, 2006. It contains two re-recorded tracks from the Sinclair Aircraft EP -- “All I Can Hold” and “What You’ve Become”. A month later, Graves, Stamm, and Gula began studying Digital Media at Greenville College (the program from which McCullough had graduated in 2003).
Discography
Redding (2006)
Through the Cold - Single (2013)
References
Redding biography on Artist Direct
Redding album review by Playback:stl
External links
Official Website
Redding on Facebook
Indie rock musical groups from Illinois
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding%20%28band%29 |
Lasallian educational institutions are educational institutions affiliated with the De La Salle Brothers, a Catholic religious teaching order founded by French priest Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, who was canonized in 1900 and proclaimed by Pope Pius XII as patron saint of all teachers of youth on May 15, 1950. In regard to their educational activities the Brothers have since 1680 also called themselves "Brothers of the Christian Schools", associated with the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools; they are often referred to by themselves and others by the shorter term "Christian Brothers", a name also applied to the unrelated Congregation of Christian Brothers or Irish Christian Brothers, also providers of education, which commonly causes confusion.
In 2021 the International Lasallian Mission Web site stated that the Lasallian order consists of about 3,000 Brothers, who help in running over 1,100 education centers in 80 countries with more than a million students, together with 90,000 teachers and lay associates.
Short "one-line" prayers are recited in Lasallian educational institutions during the school day, Typical wordings of some are:
Let us remember that we are in the holy presence of God.
Live Jesus in our hearts! Forever!
Saint de La Salle, pray for us.
The US-based La Salle International Foundation, which supports global educational and other networks of the De La Salle Brothers, say on their Web site that they sponsor educational projects and support schools in 80 countries; and that they give special attention to youth at risk, including those "educationally excluded, street children, orphans, victims of child abuse, drug addicts, disabled youth, individuals with mental illness, migrant and refugee youth, HIV+ and AIDS children, child victims of war, juvenile offenders, child laborers, victims of child trafficking, ethnic minorities, disadvantaged girls, and impoverished children".
Since the 1980s increasing numbers of cases of sexual and physical abuse of children, covered up by authorities, in institutions of the Catholic Church and others have been reported. Cases of physical and sexual abuse of children in Lasallian educational institutions, and failure to investigate, report, and subsequently protect children have been investigated, admitted, and apologised for.
Africa
Benin
Collège Mgr Steinmetz
Burkina Faso
Collège De La Salle, in Ouagadougou
Collège Lasallien Badenya, in Ouagadougou
Collège de Tounouma Bobo Dioulasso
Collège Saint Jean-Baptiste De La Salle Kiri Bobo Dioulasso
Collège Lasallien de Kongoussi
Centre Lasallien d'Initiation aux Métiers d'Agriculture (CLIMA), in Beregadougou
Collège Pierre Kula, in Diebougou
Collège Charles Lwanga, in Nouna
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Collège De La Salle and Saint Georges in Kinshasa
Collège Ntetembwa in Matadi
Bosawa, Liboke Moko, and Liziba primary schools, plus Institut Frère Iloo in Mbandaka
Tumba Kunda dia Zayi in Tumba
Egypt
Collège de la Salle in Daher, Cairo
Collège des Frères (Bab al-Louq), in Cairo
Collège Saint Gabriel in Alexandria
Collège Saint Joseph in Khoronfish, Cairo
Collège Saint Marc in Alexandria
Collège Saint Paul in Shobra, Cairo
Eritrea
Saint Joseph School, Karen
Hagaz Agricultural and technology school, Hagaz Eritrea
Ethiopia
St. Joseph School (Addis Ababa)
St. Joseph School (Adama)
Bisrate-Gabriel School (Dire Dawa)
Meki Catholic School (Meki)
Kenya
La Salle Catholic Primary School, Nairobi
Christ the Teacher Institute for Education, Nairobi
Saint Mary's Boys High School, Nyeri
Saint Paul School, Marsabit
Bishop Ndingi Mwangaza Collège, Nakuru
Child Discovery Center, Nakuru
Rongai Agricultural and Technical School, Rongai
St Lasalle School, Karemeno
Madagascar
Collège Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague, Ambositra
Collège Saint-Joseph, Ambatondrazaka
Collège Saint-Jean, Antalaha
Lycée Stella Maris, Toamasina
Institution Sainte Famille (Mahamasina), Antananarivo
École Saint-Joseph (Andohalo), Antananarivo
École Louis Rafiringa (Faravohitra), Antananarivo
Centre de Promotion rurale (CPR), Ambositra
Mozambique
Escola Joao XXIII, Beira, Sofala
Niger
L.E.P. Issa Béri in Niamey
Nigeria
De La Salle Middle School, Ondo State
Mount De La Salle College, Naka, Makurdi, Benue State
Rwanda
Académie De La Salle in Byumba
École d’Art NYUNDO in Gisenyi
Teachers Training College De La Salle Byumba
Kigali De La Salle School
Centre Intiganda Butare
De La Salle School of KIRENGE
Senegal
Collège Saint Charles Lwanga, Ziguinchor
South Africa
De La Salle Holy Cross College in Johannesburg
La Salle College in Roodepoort
Asia
Hong Kong
St. Joseph's College, in Hong Kong Island
La Salle College, Kowloon
La Salle Primary School, Kowloon
De La Salle Secondary School, N.T., in Sheung Shui
St. Joseph's Primary School
Chan Sui Ki (La Salle) College, in Homantin, Kowloon
Chong Gene Hang College, in Chai Wan
Chan Sui Ki Primary School, in Homantin, Kowloon
India
St.La Salle Hr.Sec School, in Tuticorin.
St.Joseph Hr.Sec.School, in Sooranam, Sivagangai
Boys Town ITI, Madurai
Arul Thendral, Aspirancy, in Madurai
S.Joseph.Juniorate, in Tuticorin
St.Pauls Higher Secondary School, in Montfort Hill, Aizawl
Indonesia
De La Salle Catholic University, in Manado
Israel and Palestine
Israel
Collège des Frères, in Haifa
Collège des Frères, in Jaffa
Collège des Frères, in Nazareth
Jerusalem
Collège des Frères, in the Old City of Jerusalem
Collège des Frères, in the Beit Hanina suburb of East Jerusalem
West Bank
Bethlehem University
Collège Des Frères, Bethlehem
Japan
Hakodate La Salle High School
La Salle High School (Kagoshima, Japan)
Jordan
De La Salle Frere, in Amman
Lebanon
Collège de La Salle, Kfayachit, Zgharta
Collège Mont La Salle, Ain Saadeh
Collège des Frères, Tripoli, Dedeh-Koura
Collège du Sacré-Cœur, Gemmayzé, Beirut
Collège Notre-Dame, Furn el Chebback, Beirut
École Saint-Pierre, Baskinta
Ecole Saint Vincent de Paul, Bourj Hammoud, Beirut
Malaysia
La Salle Chinese Primary School, Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur
La Salle School, Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur
La Salle School, Ipoh Garden, Ipoh, Perak
La Salle School, Jinjang, Kuala Lumpur
La Salle School, Klang
La Salle School, Kota Kinabalu
La Salle School, Peel Road, Kuala Lumpur
La Salle School, Penang Formerly on the site of SJK (C) Shang Wu, a Chinese Christian school
La Salle School, Petaling Jaya
La Salle School, Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
St. Andrew's Secondary School (Muar, Johor)
St. Anthony's School, Teluk Intan, Perak
St. Francis Institution, Melaka
St. George's Institution, Taiping, Perak
St. John's Institution, Kuala Lumpur
St. Joseph's Institution International School Malaysia, Petaling Jaya
St. Joseph's Secondary School in Kuching, Sarawak
St. Martin's School in Tambunan, Sabah
St. Mary's Secondary School in Sandakan, Sabah
St. Michael's Institution, Ipoh, Perak
St. Paul's Institution, Seremban
St. Theresa Chinese Primary School, Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur
St. Theresa Padungan Primary School in Kuching, Sarawak
St. Theresa Primary School in Kuching, Sarawak
St. Theresa Secondary School in Kuching, Sarawak
St. Xavier's Institution, Penang
Sacred Heart Secondary School in Sibu, Sarawak
(Note: The Lasallian Education Mission in Malaysia cites 44 schools in total)
Myanmar
Former Lasallian schools; no longer affiliated
St Peter's High School, Mandalay
St. Patrick's High School, Mawlamyaing
St. Paul's English High School, Yangon
Pakistan
La Salle High School Faisalabad
La Salle High School Multan
Philippines
De La Salle University - Manila
De La Salle University - Annex / Canlubang
De La Salle University - Dasmarinas
La Salle University - Ozamiz
De La Salle Araneta University
University of St. La Salle - Bacolod City
De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde
De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute
De La Salle Lipa - Batangas
De La Salle John Bosco College - Bislig City
De La Salle Andres Soriano Memorial College - Cebu
La Salle College - Antipolo
La Salle Academy - Iligan City
St. Joseph School - La Salle - Bacolod City
De La Salle Santiago Zobel School - Alabang
La Salle Green Hills - Mandaluyong
St. Jaime Hilario Integrated School – De La Salle Bataan
St. Benilde School - Bacolod
De La Salle Supervised Schools, a network of Lasallian private schools
St. Edward Integrated School - Cavite
Academy of Saint John
Escuela de Nuestra Señora de La Salette
Jesus the Risen Savior School
San Lorenzo Academy
Our Lady of the Holy Rosary School
Children of Mary Immaculate College
School of Saint Brother Benilde
Our Lady of Fatima Academy
St. Stephen's Academy
Vincentian Catholic Academy
The Lewis College
San Benildo Integrated School - Baliuag
San Lorenzo Ruiz Formation and Learning Center
Fr. Fay Francis Catholic School
St. John Integrated School
College of San Benildo-Rizal
St. Francis Academy - De La Salle Supervised
Lilyrose School - De La Salle
Our Lady of Mount Carmel Learning Center
College of St. John-Roxas
Leonides S. Virata Memorial School
La Salle College-Victorias
Beula Technical School - Palawan
Scola Guadalupana
St. Francis of Assisi School
St. Dominic Savio Learning Center
St. Michael Academy
LIDE Learning Center, Inc. (Isabel, Leyte)
DMC-College Foundation
Maryknoll High School of Lambajon
San Benildo Integrated School (Opol, Misamis Oriental)
Rizal Special Education Learning Center
Holy Family School
Singapore
De La Salle School
LASALLE College of the Arts
Saint Anthony's Primary School
Saint Joseph's Institution
Saint Joseph's Institution International School
Saint Joseph's Institution Junior (formerly Saint Michael's School)
Saint Patrick's School
Saint Stephen's School
Sri Lanka
De La Salle College, Mutwal
St. Anne's College, Kurunegala
St. Anthony's College, Wattala
St. Benedict's College, Colombo
St. Joseph's College, Grandpass
St. Joseph's Preschool, Mutwal
St. Mary's College, Chilaw
St. Sebastian's College, Moratuwa
St. Xavier's Boys' College, Mannar
De Mazenod College, Kandana
Diyagala Boys' Town, Ragama
Thailand
La Salle Chotiravi Nakhonsawan School
La Salle School Bangkok
La Salle Chanthaburi (Mandapitak) School
Vietnam
In 1975, all of the La Salle schools in Việt Nam were dissolved. In the following year the École Taberd was taken over by the Vietnamese Ministry of Education and transformed into a secondary school becoming the Trần Đại Nghĩa Specialist High School for gifted students in 2000.
Institution La Salle-Taberd, Saigon
Europe
Austria
Vienna
De La Salle Strebersdorf
De La Salle Währing
De La Salle Marianum
De La Salle Fünfhaus
Belgium
Communauté Éducative Saint-Jean-Baptiste in Tamines
Institut Notre-Dame Beauraing-Gedinne in Beauraing
Institut Saint-Joseph in Carlsbourg
Institut Saint-Joseph in Châtelet
ISJBDLS - Institut saint Jean Baptiste de La Salle in Brussels
Sint-Jorisinstituut in Bazel
Sint-Jansschool in Leuven
Technisch Instituut Sint-Jozef in Bilzen
Moretus-Ekeren in Ekeren (Antwerp)
Sint-Jozefinstituut in Genk
Kunsthumaniora Sint-Lucas in Ghent
De Pleinschool Leiekant in Kortrijk
De Pleinschool Groeningekant in Kortrijk
De Pleinschool Broelkant in Kortrijk
VISO in Mariakerke, Ghent
Instituut Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-van-Vreugde in Roeselare
Sint-Lukaskunsthumaniora in Schaerbeek
KCST in Sint-Truiden
Tuinbouwschool Scholengroep O.-L.-Vrouw in Sint-Truiden
Sint-Jozefsinstituut in Ternat
Zaventems Vrij Onderwijs (ZAVO) in Zaventem
Sint-Aloysius Scholengroep O.-L.-Vrouw in Zepperen
France
In France, the Brothers of the Christian schools run 68 primary schools, 92 middle schools, 53 general high schools and 47 vocational high schools, including:
Institut polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, engineering school
Institution Saint-Jean-Baptiste de la Salle (Avignon)
(Lorient)
Pensionnat Jean-Baptiste-de-La-Salle (Rouen)
Unilasalle, Beauvais
Institution Saint-Joseph (Toulouse)
Collège & Lycée le Likès (Quimper)
Greece
College De La Salle, in Pefka, Thessaloniki
Saint George De La Salle, in Syros Island, Cyclades
Saint-Paul De La Salle, in Alimos, Attiki
Collège Gréco-Français "Saint-Paul", in Piraeus, Attiki
Hungary
Österreichisch-Ungarische Europaschule, Budapest
Ireland
De La Salle College Churchtown, Dublin
De La Salle College Dundalk, County Louth
De La Salle College Waterford, County Waterford
De La Salle College Macroom, Cork
Beneavin De La Salle college, in Finglas, Dublin
Presentation De La Salle College, in Muine Bheag, County Carlow
St Fachtna's De La Salle College, in Skibbereen, County Cork
St. Joseph's De La Salle College Wicklow, County Wicklow
St John's College De La Salle, Ballyfermot, Dublin
St Gerald's College Castlebar, County Mayo
Italy
Istituto S. Giuseppe Demerode, in Rome
Istituto Gonzaga Milano
Istituto Pio XII In Rome
Jersey
De La Salle College
Malta
De La Salle College, in Cottonera
Stella Maris College, in Gżira
St. Benild, in Sliema
Poland
Szkoła im. św. Jana de La Salle, in Gdańsk
Szkoła im. św. Jana de La Salle, in Częstochowa
Slovakia
Spojená škola De La Salle, in Bratislava
Spain
Colegio La Salle Alcoi, in Alicante
Irungo La Salle, in Irun
Colegio La Salle, in Córdoba
Colegio La Salle Paterna, in Valencia
Colegio La Salle Paterna Profesional, in Valencia
Colegio La Salle, in Valladolid
Colegio Inmaculada Concepción La Salle, in Andújar
La Salle Barcelona, in Barcelona
La Salle Bonanova, in Barcelona
La Salle Gràcia, in Barcelona
La Salle Guadalupe de Plasencia, in Cáceres
La Salle Horta, in Barcelona
La Salle Inca, in Mallorca
La Salle Manacor, in Mallorca
La Salle Manlleu, in Barcelona
La Salle Mollerussa, in Lleida
La Salle Palma, in Mallorca
La Salle Palamós, in Girona
La Salle Pont d'Inca, in Mallorca
La Salle Premià de Mar, in Barcelona
La Salle Reus, in Tarragona
La Salle Sant Celoni, in Barcelona
La Salle Talavera, in Toledo
La Salle Tarragona, in Tarragona
La Salle Torreforta, in Tarragona
Turkey
Saint Joseph Fransız Lisesi, Istanbul
Saint Michel Fransız Lisesi, Istanbul
Saint Joseph Fransız Lisesi, Izmir
United Kingdom
The former De La Salle Academy, Liverpool is now Dixons Croxteth Academy (no formal faith affiliation)
De La Salle Boys' Home, Rubane House, Kircubbin, County Down, Northern Ireland. Closed 1985, site now Echlinville Distillery.
De La Salle College, in Belfast, Northern Ireland
De La Salle High School, in Downpatrick, Northern Ireland
De La Salle School, in Basildon, Essex
De La Salle School, in St. Helens, Merseyside
The former De La Salle College, Sheffield (until 1976) is now All Saints Catholic High School, Sheffield
The former building of De La Salle College of Higher Education, Middleton, is part of Hopwood Hall College
The former De La Salle College, Salford merged into Pendleton College in 1997
St Aloysius' College in Islington
St Gilbert's, former approved school, Hartlebury, Worcestershire
St John's College, Southsea, Portsmouth (Now Closed)
St Joseph's College in Upper Norwood, London
St. Joseph's College, Ipswich
St. Joseph's Industrial School, in Tranent
St Matthew Academy, Blackheath
St Patrick's Grammar School, Downpatrick, Northern Ireland
St Peter's Catholic School, Bournemouth
Cardinal Langley Roman Catholic High School, Middleton, Greater Manchester
North and Central America
Canada
De La Salle College, in Deer Park, Toronto, Ontario
Senator O'Connor College School, in North York, Toronto, Ontario
Costa Rica
La Salle School and College, in San José
Cuba
Colegio de La Salle, Vedado, Havana,
Colegio de La Salle, Miramar, Havana
Academia de La Salle, Havana
Colegio de La Salle, Marianao, Havana
Dominican Republic
Colegio Dominicano De La Salle, in Santo Domingo
Escuela/Liceo San Juan Bautista De La Salle, in Santo Domingo (Barrio Simón Bolívar)
Instituto San Juan Bautista De La Salle, Santo Domingo
Colegio De La Salle, in Santiago de los Caballeros
Escuela/Liceo Santo Hermano Miguel, in Santiago de los Caballeros (Barrio Mejoramiento Social)
Escuela/Liceo Juan XXIII, in Higuey
Escuela San Juan Bautista De La Salle, in Higuey (Barrio La Florida)
Honduras
Instituto Experimental La Salle, in San Pedro Sula
Mexico
Centro de Formación Integral La Salle, Tijuana, Baja California
Colegio Benavente, in Puebla, Puebla
Colegio La Salle de Puebla
Colegio Régis La Salle, in Hermosillo, Sonora
Escuela San Juan Bautista De La Salle, in Hermosillo, Sonora
Instituto La Salle, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora
Colegio Guadiana, in Durango, Durango
Instituto Francés de la Laguna, in Gómez Palacio, Durango
Instituto Regiomontano, in Monterrey, Nuevo León
Chepevera campus
Cumbres campus
Colegio Regiomontano Country, in Monterrey, Nuevo León
Colegio Francisco G. Sada, in San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León
Colegio Ignacio Zaragoza (CIZ) La Salle, in Saltillo, Coahuila
Colegio La Salle, in Monclova, Coahuila
Preparatoria La Salle Torreón Torreón, Coahuila
Colegio José de Escandón La Salle, in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas
Colegio de La Salle, in Matamoros, Tamaulipas
Colegio Cristóbal Colón, Estado de México
Colegio Simón Bolívar, in Ciudad de México
Escuela Cristóbal Colón, in Ciudad de México
Colegio La Salle Oaxaca
Instituto La Salle de Chihuahua
Colegio Francisco Febrés Cordero, in Guadalajara, Jalisco
Colegio Vasco de Quiroga, in La Piedad, Michoacán
Colegio La Salle, in Acapulco, Guerrero
Colegio La Salle de Veracruz
Universidad La Salle
Universidad de La Salle Bajío, León, Guanajuato
Universidad La Salle Cancun, Quintana Roo
Universidad La Salle Chihuahua
Universidad La Salle Cuernavaca, Morelos
Universidad La Salle, Mexico City
Universidad La Salle, Morelia, Michoacán
Universidad La Salle Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de México
Universidad La Salle Noroeste, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora
Universidad La Salle Oaxaca
Universidad La Salle Victoria, Tamaulipas
Universidad La Salle Pachuca, Hidalgo
Universidad La Salle Laguna, in Gómez Palacio, Durango
Universidad La Salle-Benavente, in Puebla, Puebla
Universidad La Salle Saltillo, Coahuila
Nicaragua
Instituto Pedagógico La Salle, in Managua
Escuela Monseñor Lezcano, in Managua
Colegio La Salle, in León
Universidad Tecnológica La Salle, in León
Instituto Politécnico La Salle, in León
Escuela La Salle, in León
Colegio La Salle, in Jinotega
Panama
Colegio De La Salle, in Panama City
Colegio San José De La Salle, in Colón
Colegio La Salle (de Margarita), in Colón
Colegio San Miguel Febres Cordero, in Los Lagos, Colón
United States
Arizona
San Miguel High School (Tucson, Arizona)
California
Cathedral High School, in Los Angeles
Christian Brothers High School in Sacramento
Cristo Rey De La Salle East Bay High School, in Oakland
De La Salle Academy, in Concord
De La Salle High School, Concord
De Marillac Academy, in San Francisco
Justin-Siena High School, in Napa
La Salle College Preparatory (formerly known as La Salle High School) in Pasadena, California
Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory in San Francisco
Saint Mary's College High School, in Berkeley
Saint Mary's College of California, in Moraga
Colorado
J. K. Mullen High School, in Denver
District of Columbia
St. John's College High School, in Washington, D.C.
Florida
Saint John Paul II Academy in Boca Raton
La Salle Education Center in Homestead
Illinois
De La Salle Institute, in Chicago
Christian Brothers of the Midwest in Chicago
Lewis University, in Romeoville
Montini Catholic High School in Lombard
Resurrection College Prep High School, in Chicago
St. Patrick High School, in Chicago
Louisiana
De La Salle High School, in New Orleans
Christian Brothers School, in New Orleans
St. Benilde School, in Metairie
St. Paul's School, in Covington
Archbishop Rummel High School, in Metairie
An institution calling itself LaSalle University in Mandeville was a diploma mill with no connection to the De La Salle Brothers
Maryland
Bishop Walsh School, in Cumberland (Allegheny County)
Cardinal Gibbons School (formerly Cardinal Gibbons High School). Run by the Lasallians 2001–2010.
Calvert Hall College High School, founded 1845 in downtown Baltimore, later relocated in 1960 to Towson
Michigan
De La Salle Collegiate High School, in Warren
Minnesota
DeLaSalle High School, in Minneapolis
Benilde-St. Margaret's School – St Louis Park
Cretin-Derham Hall High School, in St. Paul
Holy Family Catholic High School, in Victoria
Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, in Winona
Totino-Grace High School, in Fridley
Missouri
De La Salle Middle School, St. Louis (since 2014 operates as the public non-Catholic charter "La Salle Middle School")
La Salle Institute, Glencoe
Christian Brothers College High School, in St. Louis
Helias High School, Jefferson City
Montana
De La Salle Blackfeet School, Browning
Nebraska
Roncalli Catholic High School, in Omaha
New Jersey
Christian Brothers Academy in Lincroft
Hudson Catholic Regional High School, in Jersey City
Queen of Peace High School, in North Arlington. Closed in 2017.
New Mexico
College of Santa Fe (1966-2009) (previously St. Michael's College (1859–1966); subsequently the non-Lasallian Santa Fe University of Art and Design from 2010–2018), now closed
St. Michael's High School
New York
La Salle School, in Albany
The De La Salle School, in Freeport
La Salle Academy, in New York City
La Salle Institute, in Troy
Christian Brothers Academy, in Syracuse
Christian Brothers Academy, in Albany
St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute, in Buffalo
St. Peter's Boys High School, in Staten Island
St. Raymond High School for Boys, in The Bronx
Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, in Brooklyn
Martin Deporres Alternative School System in, Queens/Brooklyn
Manhattan College, in The Bronx
Ohio
La Salle High School, in Cincinnati
Oklahoma
Bishop Kelley High School, in Tulsa
San Miguel School in Tulsa
Oregon
De La Salle North Catholic High School, in Portland
La Salle High School, in Milwaukie
Pennsylvania
Central Catholic High School, in Pittsburgh
La Salle Academy, in Philadelphia
La Salle College High School, in Wyndmoor
La Salle University in Philadelphia
Saint Gabriel's System, including St Gabriel's Hall and De La Salle Vocational, for court-adjudicated youth, Philadelphia
Saint Thomas College, Scranton. Administered by the Lasallians 1897–1942, then transferred to the Jesuits. Renamed The University of Scranton in 1938
West Catholic Preparatory High School, in Philadelphia
Puerto Rico
Colegio de la Salle, in Bayamón
Colegio de la Salle, in Añasco
Rhode Island
La Salle Academy, in Providence
St. Raphael Academy, in Pawtucket
Tennessee
Christian Brothers High School, in Memphis
Christian Brothers University, in Memphis
Texas
Cathedral High School, in El Paso
Washington
La Salle High School, in Union Gap
Wisconsin
Roncalli High School, in Manitowoc
Oceania
Australia
De La Salle College, Caringbah, in Sydney, New South Wales
De La Salle College, Cronulla, in Sydney, New South Wales
De La Salle College, Malvern, in Melbourne, Victoria
De La Salle College, Revesby Heights, in Sydney, New South Wales
James Sheahan Catholic High School, in Orange, New South Wales
LaSalle Catholic College, Bankstown, in Sydney, New South Wales
La Salle College, in , Western Australia
Oakhill College, in Castle Hill, Sydney, New South Wales
O'Connor Catholic College, in , New South Wales
Saint Michael's College, in Adelaide, South Australia
Saint Bede's College, in , Victoria
Saint James College, in East Bentleigh, Victoria
Saint John's Regional College, in , Victoria
Former Lasallian schools in Australia
BoysTown , Queensland 1961–2001, closed after sex abuse scandal
De La Salle College, Ashfield, Sydney, New South Wales (1916–2022)
De La Salle College Coogee, Sydney, New South Wales (1946–1963)
De La Salle College Cootamundra, New South Wales (1913–1977)
De La Salle College, Orange, New South Wales (1928–1977)
New Zealand
De La Salle College, in Mangere East, Auckland
Francis Douglas Memorial College in New Plymouth
John Paul College in Rotorua
Papua New Guinea
De La Salle High School, Bomana, near Port Moresby
Lasalle Technical College – Hohola (Formerly HYDC), Port Moresby
Jubilee Catholic Secondary School, Port Moresby
Sacred Heart Teachers College, Bomana
Mainohana Catholic High School, Bereina
South America
Argentina
La Salle Buenos Aires, in Buenos Aires City
La Salle Florida, in Buenos Aires Province
La Salle San Martín, in Buenos Aires Province
San Juan Bautista De La Salle Pilar, in Buenos Aires Province
Santo Tomás de Aquino, in González Catán, Buenos Aires Province
San Martín de Porres, in José León Suárez, Buenos Aires Province
Casa Joven, in González Catán, Buenos Aires Province
La Salle Paraná, Provincia de Entre Ríos
Escuela Niño Jesús, in San Martín
La Salle Pigüé
La Salle Argüello, in Córdoba
San José, in Villa del Rosario
La Salle San Héctor Valdivielso, Malvinas Argentinas, Córdoba
La Salle Rosario, Santa Fé
La Salle Jobson, in Santa Fé, Santa Fé
Bolivia
Colegio La Salle, in La Paz
Colegio La Salle, in Santa Cruz
Colegio La Salle, in Cochabamba
Colegio La Salle, in Tarija
Colegio La Salle, in Beni
Colegio La Salle, in Pando
Colegio La Salle, in Oruro
Universidad La Salle, in La Paz
Brazil
Colegio La Salle in Canoas (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in Carazinho (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle Carmo in Caxias do Sul (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in Caxias do Sul (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in Dores (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in Esmeralda (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in Esteio (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in Hipólito Leite (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in Medianeira (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in Pão dos Pobres (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in Santo Antônio (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in São João (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in Sapucaia (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Unilasalle in Canoas (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Faculdade La Salle in Estrela (State: Rio Grande do Sul)
Colegio La Salle in Peperi (State: Santa Catarina)
Colegio La Salle in Xanxerê (State: Santa Catarina)
Colegio La Salle in Pato Branco (State: Parana)
Colegio La Salle in Toledo (State: Parana)
Colegio La Salle in Curitiba (State: Parana)
Colegio La Salle in Brasília (Distrito Federal)
Colegio La Salle in Águas Claras (Distrito Federal)
Colegio La Salle in Núcleo Bandeirante (Distrito Federal)
Colegio La Salle in Sobradinho (Distrito Federal)
Colegio La Salle in Lucas do Rio Verde (State: Mato Grosso)
Faculdade La Salle in Lucas do Rio Verde (State: Mato Grosso)
Colegio La Salle in Rondonópolis (State: Mato Grosso)
Faculdade La Salle in Lucas (State: Mato Grosso)
Colegio La Salle in Botucatu (State: São Paulo)
Colegio La Salle in São Carlos (State: São Paulo)
Colegio La Salle in São Paulo (State: São Paulo)
Colegio La Salle in Niterói (State: Rio de Janeiro)
Colegio Instituto ABEL in Niterói (State: Rio de Janeiro)
Unilasalle in Niterói (State: Rio de Janeiro)
Colegio La Salle in Manaus (State: Amazonas)
Faculdade La Salle in Manaus (State: Amazonas)
Colegio La Salle in Augustinópolis (State: Tocantins)
Chile
Colegio La Salle, in Santiago
Colegio San Gregorio de La Salle, in Santiago
Escuela San Lázaro, in Santiago
Instituto La Salle, in Santiago
Colegio La Salle, in Talca
Colegio La Salle, in Temuco
Escuela Francia, in Temuco
Colombia
Institución Educativa Nacional Dante Alighieri, San Vicente del Caguán
Colegio San José de La Salle (first Lasallian school in Colombia, 1890), in Medellín
Colegio De La Salle, in Cúcuta
Colegio De La Salle, in Cartagena
Colegio Bifi La Salle, in Barranquilla
Instituto La Salle, in Barranquilla
Colegio De San Carlos, in Medellín
Colegio De La Salle, in Montería
Colegio De La Salle, in Pereira
Colegio De La Salle, in Bucaramanga
Colegio De La Salle, in Villavicencio
Colegio De La Salle, in Orocue
Colegio De La Salle, in Bogotá
Colegio De La Salle, in Bello
Colegio De La Salle, in Envigado
Colegio San Carlos, in Medellín
Universidad Lasallista, in Caldas
Colegio La Salle De Bello, in Bello
I.E.D. La Salle, in Zipaquirá
Instituto Tecnico Central, in Bogotá
Liceo Hermano Miguel, in Bogotá
Academia La Salle San Benildo, in Bogotá
Universidad de La Salle, in Bogotá
San José de la Salle school Medellín
Instituto Politécnico Álvaro Gonzalez Santana, in Sogamoso
Ecuador
Unidad Educativa La Salle, in Conocoto, Municipality of Quito
Unidad Educativa San José – La Salle, in Guayaquil
Unidad Educativa San-Jose La Salle, in Latacunga
Unidad Educativa Francisco Febres Cordero La Salle, Quito
Unidad Educativa Santo Hermano Miguel La Salle, Quito
Unidad Educativa San Alfonso del Hierro La Salle, Quito
Unidad Educativa El Cebolllar La Salle, Quito
Paraguay
Escuela Jose Maria Bogarin, Santisima Trinidad, Asunción
San Isidro Labrador, Pozo Colorado.
Instituto de Formación Docente Diocesano, Capiibary
Perú
Colegio La Salle in Lima
Colegio "Fe y Alegría" Nº 43 in Lima
Colegio Hno. Noe Zevallos Ortega in Lima
Colegio De La Salle in Arequipa
C.E.E. San Juan Bautista De La Salle in Arequipa
C.E.P. San José - La Salle Cusco
Instituto Superior Tecnológico Pedagógico. La Salle - Urubamba, Cusco
Instituto Superior Pedagógico Público, Loreto, Iquitos
Instituto Superior Pedagógico "Fray Lorenzo Pascual Alegre", Requena, Iquitos
Instituto Superior Tecnológico "Manos Unidas", Requena, Iquitos
Centro Educativo Ocupacional "Manos Unidas", Requena, Iquitos
Centro Educativo Primario - Secundario Mixto (Anexo Al I.S.P.), Requena, Iquitos
Venezuela
Colegio La Salle La Colina, in Caracas
Colegio La Salle Tienda Honda, in Caracas
Colegio La Salle Guaparo, in Valencia
Colegio La Salle Los Taladros, in Valencia
Colegio La Salle, in Barquisimeto
Unidad Educativa Colegio Pre-artesanal Hermano Juan, in Barquisimeto
Colegio La Salle, in Mérida
E.T.I. Fundación La Salle, in San Félix
IUTMAR, in Punta de Piedras
Colegio San Jose La Salle, in Puerto Cabello, Carabobo
U.E. Felicita Baloche, in Puerto Cabello, Carabobo
Sexual abuse cases
There have been a number of cases of institutional sexual and physical abuse of children, many over a period of several decades, in Lasallian educational institutions in several countries. Some branches of the De La Salle Brothers admitted to these cases, and issued apologies publicly and to victims. The Northern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry in its report on physical and sexual abuse at the De La Salle Boys' Home at Rubane House considered "the extent and frequency of the abuse was such that it was systemic" and that "the [La Salle] Order's failings to properly investigate allegations of sexual abuse and to properly report them to relevant authorities and its failure to take proper steps to protect children from further sexual abuse" amounted to "a systemic failure to take appropriate steps to ensure the investigation and prosecution of criminal offences involving abuse".
On 11 March 2022 ministers from the five main political parties in Northern Ireland and six abusing institutions made statements of apology in the Northern Ireland Assembly.
The six institutions that apologised for carrying out abuse were De La Salle Brothers, represented by Br Francis Manning; the Sisters of Nazareth, represented bySr Cornelia Walsh; the Sisters of St Louis represented by Sr Uainin Clarke; theGood Shepherd Sisters, represented by Sr Cait O'Leary; Barnardo's in Northern Ireland, represented by Michele Janes; and Irish Church Missions, represented by Rev Mark Jones. In live reporting after the apology, BBC News reported that Jon McCourt from Survivors North West said "If what happened today was the best that the church could offer by way of an apology they failed miserably. There was no emotion, there was no ownership. ... I don't believe that the church and institutions atoned today." He called on the intuitions to "do the right thing" and contribute to the redress fund for survivors, saying that institutions have done similar for people in Scotland. McCourt praised the government ministers' apologies; they had "sat and thought out and listened to what it was we said.", but said that the institutions had failed to do this, leading to some victims having to leave the room while they were speaking, "compound[ing] the hurt." Others angry at the institutions' apologies included Caroline Farry, who attended St Joseph's Training School in Middletown from 1978 to 1981, overseen by nuns from the Sisters of St Louis, Pádraigín Drinan from Survivors of Abuse, and Alice Harper, whose brother, a victim of the De La Salle Brothers, had since died. Peter Murdock, from campaign group Savia, was at Nazareth Lodge Orphanage with his brother (who had recently died); he likened the institution to an "SS camp". He said "It's shocking to hear a nun from the institution apologising ... it comes 30 years too late ... people need to realise that it has to come from the heart. They say it came from the heart but why did they not apologise 30 years ago?"
Notes
References
Lists of Catholic schools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasallian%20educational%20institutions |
The Clifford Brown Jazz Festival is a free jazz music festival held annually in June at Rodney Square in Wilmington, Delaware, USA. The first festival was held in 1989 on the open lawn in the center of the city, and has grown into the largest free jazz festival on the East Coast. The event is held to keep alive the memory of Clifford Brown who died in a traffic accident in 1956 along with pianist Richie Powell. Pieces written by Brown and tribute pieces (like Benny Golson's "I Remember Clifford") are often played. Some acts have been staged at the Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library, where a fee was charged.
Past acts
2020
Arturo Stable Quartet
Sharon Sable Quintet
Cintron
Gerald Chavis Quintet
Mike Boone Quartet
Barbara Walker
Johnathan Barber & Vision Ahead
Vertical Current
Raye Jones Avery - Voices For Healing
Terra Soul Project
Dennis Fortune
The Whitney Project
Korey Riker Band
Fostina Dixon & Winds Of Change
Jeff Bradshaw Band
2019Jeff Bradshaw & Friends
Jamison Ross
Etienne Charles & Creole Soul
Alfredo Rodriguez
Spanish Harlem Orchestra
Pablo Batista w/ Nestor Torres
The Jenkins Project
Christian Scott
Norman Brown's Summer Storm
Fostina Dixon & the Winds of Change
Mwenso & the Shakes
Raye Jones Avery & Adagio
Kendrick Scott
Terrence Blanchard & E Collective
Branford Marsalis
2018
Laila Biali
Matthew Whitaker
The Clifford Brown Tribute Big Band with Gerald Chavis featuring Ernie Watts
Miguel Zenon Quartet
Jane Bunnett and Maqueque
Arturo Sandoval
The Lao Tizer Band featuring Chieli Minucci, Eric Marienthal & Karen Briggs
Deva Mahal SPECIAL GUEST BRIAN MCKNIGHT
Sammy Miller and The Congregation
Sara Lazarus
Scott Tixier
Sidewalk Chalk
Marcus Miller
2017
Clifford Brown Tribute Band
Alicia Olatuja
Theo Crocker
Karen Rodriguez
Danilo Perez Trio
Arturo O'Farrill Afro-Cuban Jazz Ensemble
High & Mighty Brass Band
Frederic Yonnet
Marsha Ambrosius
Wilmington Youth Jazz Band
Rob Zinn
Sumi Toonoka
Somi
Regina Carter
2016
Wilmington Youth Jazz Band
Maya Bellardo
Delaware Jazz All Stars
Miles Jaye
Marcus Johnson
The Ultimate Clifford Brown Tribute Band
Best Kept Soul
Miguel Orlando Band
Adriel Gonzalez Band
Aniya Jazz
Nadjah Nicole
Andra Day
Robert Glasper Trio
Saul Rubin Trio Feat. Leslie
Valery Ponomarev Big Band
Dr. Lonnie Smith
Euge Groove
Kim Waters
2015
Jackie Brown Jazz@a Band
Clifford Brown Trumpet Consortium
Aniya Jazz
Denise Montana w/Ray Drummond – Bass, Sharp Radway – Pno, Shirazette Tinnen -Drums,
Jermey Pelt – Trmpt, Jason Curry – Sax, Leon Jordan, Jr – Trmpt, Daniel Bauerkemper – Sax,
Wayne Escoffery – Sax, Jason Marshall – Baritone Sax, Robin Eubanks – Trombone
Edgardo Cintron & The Cintron Band
Tito Puente, Jr. Orchestra
John “Sax” Williams
Point Blank
Leela James
Norman Conners
Pieces Of A Dream
Jeff Lorber Fusion w/Eric Marienthal, Chuck Loeb, Jimmy Haslip & Khari Parker
2014
The Brownie-Roach Project
Dianne Schuur
Lynn Riley
Latin Jazz All-Stars: A Tribute to Dave Valentin
Amel Larruiex
Mindi Abair
Aniya Jazz
Jawanza Kobie
Habana Sax
Brian Culbertson
2013
Benny Golson Quartet
United Trumpet Summit - featuring: Randy Brecker, Dr. Eddie Henderson, Dave Douglas & Riley Mullins
Jessy J
Buster Williams Quartet “Something More.” with Patrice Rushen, Cindy Blackman Santana and Stefon Harris
To the Maxx
BWB - Rick Braun, Kirk Whalum and Norman Brown
JD3
The W. E. S. Group
Pedrito Martinez Group
Lalah Hathaway
2012
Monty Alexander
All-Star Tribute to Lionel Hampton featuring Jason Marsalis, Candido, Robin Eubanks, Kevin Mahogany and Russell Gunn
Claudio Roditi Septet
Randy Weston's African Rhythms
Steve Wilson: Bird with Strings
Christian McBride Big Band
Winston Byrd Quintet
Ernie Watts Quartet
Valerie Capers
Jane Monheit with special guest Mark O'Connor
Aaron Walker & Spiritual Rhythms
All These Miles: The Arpeggio Jazz Ensemble plays the music of Miles Davis
Hiromi: The Trio Project with Anthony Jackson & Simon Phillips
Dee Dee Bridgewater
2011
Junior Mance Quintet
Manifest 3
Ninety Miles
Avery Sharpe Quintet
Soul of Summer
Ronny Jordan Full Band
Take 6
Tizer
The Metta Quintet
Rufus Reid's Out Front Quintet
Rene Marie
Captain Black's Big Band
2010
John Pizarelli Swing Seven
Champian Fulton
Jerry Gonzales and the Fort Apache Band
Omar Sosa Afreecanos Quartet
Ravi Coltrane
Cindy Blackman
Marcus Miller and Christian Scott, "Tutu Revisited"
USAF Satellite Ensemble
Chick Corea Freedom Band
Pyeng Threadgill
Fostina Dixon and Winds Of Change
Tony Williams Ensemble
Mark Williams Quintet
Jose Carmona III
2009
Kombu Kombo
Roy Haynes and the Fountain of Youth Band
Jason Moran
Jazz Attack
Kem
Javon Jackson and Les McCann
The Bad Plus
Odean Pope Saxophone Choir
Dumpstafunk
Pete Escovedo
Bio Ritmo
Burnt Sugar, the Chamber Archestra
2008
Trio 3
Helen Sung Group
George Duke
Crittenden
Suzette Ortiz Jazz Ensemble
Steve Turre and Sanctified Shells
U of D Jazz Camp Graduates
Dr. Guy's Musiqology
Jumpin' Off A Cleff
Huascar Barradas
Raw Sugar Quintet
Atiba's Dream
David Sanborn Group
Hiromi's Sonic Bloom
Rashid Ali's Quintet
Clifford Brown Tribute Band featuring Terell Stafford
Maria Schneider Orchestra
Dirty Dozen Brass Band
Bonerama
Barbara Walker
Point Blank
Mingus Big Band
2007
The Mahavishnu Project
Skerik's Maelstrom Trio
The Blue Method
The Rhythm Council featuring Henry Butler & Papa Mali
Big Chief Bo Dollis and the Wild Magnolias
The Ed Palermo Big Band
The New Mastersounds
Jean Luc Ponty
Norman Brown's Summer Storm featuring Peabo Bryson, Jeff Lorber and Marion Meadows
Sherry Winston
Rob Swanson Quintet
Stanley Clarke
Wallace Roney (replaced Freddie Hubbard) and the New Jazz Composers Octet
Elegua
Aquiles Báez
Afghan Jazz Project
Metta Jazz Quintet
2006
Count Basie Orchestra
Edward Simon
Crimson Jazz Trio
Rebirth Brass Band
Wade in the Water Tour: Bill Summers, Troy Andrews, Mark Brooks, Jamal Batiste, Davell Crawford, Leon Brown, Donald Harrison, Shaka Zulu, Frenchy Frechette
Sandy Graham
The Tiptons
McCoy Tyner Trio
The RAW Sugar Quintet
Pucho and His Latin Soul Brothers
Fortune Vinson Cruse
Jae Sinnett
John Pizzarelli
Curtis Fuller
Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra
Rayford Griffin
Wilby Fletcher, Jr.
Duke Ellington's Sacred Concert
2005
JazzReach Hangin' With the Giants
Concert of Sacred Music featuring Duke Ellington's Sacred Music
Michael Wolff and Impure Thoughts
Diane Schurr featuring Dave Sammuels' Caribbean Jazz Project
Karl Denson's Tiny Universe
The Funky Meters
Chris Brubeck's Triple Play
The Headhunters
Ingrid Jensen and Project O
Lou Donaldson and Dr. Lonnie Smith
Flora Purim and Airto Moriera
Poncho Sanchez Latin Jazz Band
JazzChords of Calloway
Council of Jazz Advocates Wilmington Youth Jazz Band
Kennedy Center Betty Carter Jazz Ahead Graduates
Sherrie Maricle and The DIVA Jazz Orchestra with Rachael Price
Irvin Mayfield and the New Orleans Jazz Orchestra
Judith Owen
Louis Hayes and the Cannonball Adderley Legacy Band
Hugh Masekela
2004
T.S. Monk
Dave Valentin/Hiltin Ruiz Latin Jazz Project
David Sanchez
Ahmad Jamal
Ceceilia Smith and Jay Hoggard
Big Bad Voodoo Daddy
Jimmy McGriff
Stefon Harris and Blackout
Regina Carter and Del Symphony
Cassandra Wilson
Lincoln Center's Afro-Latin Jazz Orchestra
2003
Roy Hargrove
Terrell Stafford
Randy Brecker
David Weiss
The Preservation Hall Jazz Band
Barbone Street Jazz Band
Arturo Sandoval
Rolando Matias and Afro-Rican Ensemble
Kenny Barron
Greg Osby
The Masters of Groove
Lalah Hathaway
Herbie Hancock with The Delaware Symphony Orchestra
Wynton Marsalis/Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra
2002
Cab Calloway Orchestra
Claudia Acuna
Onaje Allan Gumbs Septet
Take 6
Nnenna Freelon
Omar Sosa Octet
Robert Jospe
The Langston Hughes Project-Ask Your Momma
Terrence Blanchard with the Delaware Symphony Orchestra
Nestor Torres
John Scofield
Bootsie Barnes Quintet
2001
The Afro-Rican Ensemble
The Navigators
Chuck Mangione
Fred Hughes Trio
Barbone St. Jazz
Fortune Vinson Cruse
Melissa Walker
Airmen of Note
Branford Marsalis
Cintron
Lenora Zenzalai Helm
Groove Collective
2000
Ingrid Jensen
Nicholas Payton's Louis Armstrong Centennial
Regina Carter
Joshua Redman
Stefon Harris
Dianne Reeves
Cecila Smith
Mary Kadderly
Cyrus Chestnut
Clarence “Gatemouth” Brown Big Band
Michael Brecker
McCoy Tyner with Michael Brecker
1999
Lou Donaldson Quartet
The Jazz Messengers: The Legacy of Art Blakey
Benny Golson and Randy Brecker
Steve Turre and Mulgrew Miller
Buster Williams and Carl Allen
Nnenna Freelon
Gonzolo Rubalcaba Trio
Alex Bugnon
Najee
Earl Klugh
Patti Austin
David Sanborn
Ivan Lins
!Cubanisimo!
1998
Dizzy: The Man and His Music
Featuring: Ignacio Berroa, Cyrus Chestnut
Jon Faddis, Slide Hampton
Antonio Hart and John Lee
Pat Martino
Nancy Wilson
Heads Up Super Band: Kenny Blake, Joe McBride and Gerald Veasley
The Rippingtons with Russ Freeman
Joyce Cooling
Gato Baribieri
Lee Ritenour
Clarence Fountain and the Five Boys
Staple Singers
1997
Stanley Clarke
Spyro Gyro
Roy Hargrove
Ramsey Lewis
Jonathan Butler
4th World with Flora Purim and Airto
Marlena Shaw
Kevin Mahogany
Tom Grant
Manny Oquendo and Libre
Edgando Cintron and Tiempo Noventa
United Nations Jazz Orchestra
Paquito d’Rivera
1996
Sonny Rollins
Betty Carter
Terrence Blanchard
Boney James
Norman Brown
Poncho Sanchez
Tania Maria
Rick Braun
Keiko Matsui
Bela Fleck and The Flecktones
Tuck and Patti
1995
Clark Terry
T.S. Monk
Geri Allen
Wallace Roney
Randi Crawford
Pieces of A Dream
Hiroshima
The Caribbean Jazz Project
Randy Brecker and Denis DiBlasio
Mario Grigorov
John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers
KoKo Taylor and Her Blues Machine
1994
Raye-Avery Jones
Judith Kay with First State Ensemble
Wayne Krantz
The Duke's Men – Former members of Duke Ellington's Orchestra
Dave Schiff and Quartet
Harry Spencer and Vaneisa
1993
Lou Rawls and Band
Ray Baretto Jazz Ensemble
Angela Bofill
Benny Golson and The All Star Band featuring Helen Merrill
The Joe Harris Jazz Quartet
The Lionel Hampton Big Band
References
Jazz festivals in the United States
Music festivals in Delaware
Tourist attractions in Wilmington, Delaware
Music festivals established in 1989
1989 establishments in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford%20Brown%20Jazz%20Festival |
"Spy Hard" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic used as the theme song to the film of the same name. The song was originally released as a B-side on the "Gump" single, and was later re-released as its own single. It has never appeared on one of Yankovic's studio albums, but was included as a track on the Medium Rarities disc of his Squeeze Box boxed set.
Music video
The opening title sequence to the actual film Spy Hard is a pastiche of the title sequences from the James Bond films designed by Maurice Binder - specifically 1965's Thunderball, complete with multiple colored backgrounds, silhouetted figures, and "wavy" text. The song itself was a pastiche of songs used during James Bond title sequences, complete with an orchestra (conducted by Bill Conti, who composed the music for the 1981 Bond film For Your Eyes Only) and spy-themed lyrics.
An urban legend states that during the recording of the theme to Thunderball, Tom Jones held the song's final note long enough to pass out; in this film, Yankovic holds it long enough to make his head explode. Originally, Yankovic had planned to loop the note to the required length, but in the studio, he discovered he was able to hold the note long enough that no looping was required.
During the music video, Yankovic interacts with the titles twice. The first time occurs when the film's title is smacked away by Yankovic as he rises up into the shot. The second time, Yankovic glances towards his name as he is credited for the opening titles, proudly smirking immediately after. These are the only titles to appear in the video included on music video collections.
The sequence was later included on "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Videos, then again on "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection. While he had permission to include the title sequence (which he had directed), he did not have permission to use the actual printed credits from the film. Therefore, all names and titles had to be taken out, thus making the video slightly confusing, looking like Al was smacking thin air and glancing at nothing and smirking for no reason (this is the version Al has on his YouTube channel). When released on "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection the title of the film and his credit were put back in. Another version of the opening title sequence was released that contained multiple clips from the actual film.
End credits version
There is an alternate version of the song, which is played during the end credits of Spy Hard where the lyrics are changed from "The name of this movie is Spy Hard / They call it Spy Hard / You're watching Spy Hard / It's the theme from Spy Hard!" to "The name of this movie was Spy Hard / They called it Spy Hard / You just saw Spy Hard / It's the end of Spy Hard!" This version has never been commercially released.
See also
List of singles by "Weird Al" Yankovic
List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic
References
External links
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
1996 singles
Songs about spies
James Bond parodies
Music videos directed by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Songs written by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Songs written for films
1996 songs
Scotti Brothers Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy%20Hard%20%28song%29 |
Pancake Mountain is a children's television show created by filmmaker Scott Stuckey (of the famous Stuckey's family). Described as an “alt-rock guerrilla kids' dance party, forged in the crucible of Washington, D.C. cable-access television”, it is notable for featuring many punk rock/indie rock musicians like The White Stripes, Eddie Vedder, Fat Mike, The Melvins, Kings of Leon, Henry Rollins, Shirley Manson, Gerard Way, Daniel Johnston, Tegan and Sara, Katy Perry, Bright Eyes, Deerhoof, Ted Leo and the Pharmacists, The Fiery Furnaces, Thievery Corporation, Arcade Fire, Built to Spill, Jenny Lewis, Metric, Starcrawler and many others. The show is hosted by a goat puppet named Rufus Leaking, superhero Captain Perfect and his slightly more sensible foil Garnett who serve as interviewers and dance-party impresarios. Interviews have included George Clinton, Juliette Lewis, and Chuck Leavell among others.
Anti-Flag performed the theme song on the original 12 DVD episodes.
History
During an interview with CNN correspondent Heidi Collins, Scott Stuckey had this to say about the origin of the name for the show:
... Musician friend, Brendan Canty (ph), had written a song called "Pancake Mountain" and knew I was doing the show, and thought that it would be a good song for the show. And when I listened to it, I was like a name—this—we should name the show that. It was just an amazing song. And so the song kind of came first, then the name.
The majority of the show is filmed in Washington, D.C., and Arlington, Virginia, but the crew has been known to be fond of road trips and appear at such music festivals as SXSW, Bonnaroo, Lollapalooza and the Virgin Fest. Many of the early episodes were partially written with Fugazi frontman Ian MacKaye.
As of 2009 Pancake Mountain had completed twelve episodes and can be seen on public-access television in New York City, Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Texas, Colorado, and Washington State.
Filming for the show moved to Los Angeles in late 2008. In 2010, Stuckey got a call from director J. J. Abrams, who signed on to produce the show through his production company Bad Robot. Abrams and Stuckey spent a year pitching the show to various networks, but nobody picked it up.
Stuckey recalls "everyone wanted to try and fit us into a specific demographic, but we weren't willing to change the format" so Stuckey and Bad Robot ended their relationships on good terms. In 2011, Pancake Mountain decided to stop production.
In April 2014, The New York Times reported that PBS would start licensing new episodes of Pancake Mountain through their online platform, PBS Digital Studios.
The first episode premiered on June 9, 2014. It contained a new version of the original theme song performed by Brody Dalle of The Distillers.
Stuckey stated that PBS had given him and co-producer J.R. Soldano complete creative control of the show, and that had been a deciding factor in bringing the show back.
Rufus Leaking
Rufus Leaking is a fictional character (puppet) who is the star of Pancake Mountain. He was created by director Scott Stuckey and voiced by producer J.R. Soldano. His dialogue was written by both Stuckey and Soldano. The name is taken from Dave Schools, who would use it as an alias when checking into hotels while on tour.
Rufus is most famous for his interviews and sing-along duets with musical performers like The White Stripes and Henry Rollins .
Performers and special guests
Lily Allen, Anti-Flag, Arcade Fire, Lou Barlow, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, Lewis Black, Bright Eyes, The Buzzcocks, The Candy Band, Vic Chesnutt, George Clinton, Cypress Hill, The Datsuns, Deerhoof, Rick Derringer, Liz Durrett, Eddie Vedder, Elf Power, The Evens, Eyeball Skeleton, Fat Mike from NOFX, Fiery Furnaces, Tim Fite, The Flaming Lips, Franz Ferdinand, The Go! Team, Guster, Billy Idol, Ted Leo, Juliette Lewis, Jason Mraz, Kaiser Chiefs, Kate Pierson of The B-52's, Katy Perry, Kings Of Leon, Lez Zeppelin, Ian MacKaye / The Evens, Shirley Manson, Metric, The Melvins, M.I.A, My Morning Jacket, Nellie McKay, Northern State, Pylon, The Presidents of the United States of America, Psapp, Robert Randolph, Rock Kills Kid, Henry Rollins, Scissor Sisters, Shonen Knife, Steel Pulse, The Subways, Tegan and Sara, Thievery Corporation, Tilly and The Wall, Uncalled 4, The Undertones, The Watson Twins, Craig Wedren, Weird War, The White Stripes, Widespread Panic, Wolfmother, Wreckless Eric, X, Curt Kirkwood, and Gerard Way.
See also
Chic-a-go-go
Yo Gabba Gabba!
References
External links
Official Pancake Mountain website
Article from Time Magazine:Pancake Mountain: With a mix of puppets and rock bands, Scott Stuckey created a show that's fun and smart--and even a bit ironic - May 2008
The LA Times highlighted Pancake Mountain in their list of the Best Television of 2007.
Pancake Mountain on YouTube
LAist on Pancake Mountain date Sept 2007
Nothing Syrupy About 'Pancake' Washington Post date June 2006.
Article from the Washington Post date March 14, 2005.
Local children's television programming in the United States
Local music television shows in the United States
Culture of Washington, D.C.
American television shows featuring puppetry
American public access television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake%20Mountain |
Maria-Elisabeth Schaeffler (born 17 August 1941) is a German businesswoman and one of the owners of Schaeffler Group, one of the world's largest producers of rolling bearings. The other owner is her son Georg F. W. Schaeffler.
Early life
Schaeffler was born in Prague in 1941, which was then in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and grew up in Vienna, Austria.
Career
In 1963, Schaeffler married Georg Schaeffler, and moved to Herzogenaurach in Franconia, which is located within Bavaria. It was through Schaeffler's marriage that she would come to work for Schaeffler Group AG. In 1996 Georg died, and she took the reins of the family business.
It has been Schaeffler's legacy to continue with her husband's life's work, growing the family business, Schaeffler Group AG. Since 1996 Schaeffler has led her company through multiple lucrative acquisitions, including: INA, LUK, and FAG. These three companies in particular are large brand name corporations in making rolling bearings. These three acquisitions have made Schaeffler Group AG one of the largest producers of rolling bearings and linear motion products in the World.
In 1999, Schaeffler led the acquisition of the remaining shares of LuK, a clutch manufacturer, obtaining 50% of the shares of the company for Schaeffler Group AG. Schaeffler Group already owned 50% of the LuK shares. In 2001 she led the acquisition of FAG Kugelfischer Georg Schäfer AG Schweinfurt, with the acquisitions of FAG and INA, Schaeffler Group AG had become the second largest producer of rolling bearings in the World. In 2009 Schaeffler Group purchased a significant share of the company Continental AG.
Since 1996, Schaeffler Group AG has seen an increase in annual turnover and employment. By 2013 the annual turnover reached approximately 10 billion euros, and the employment tripled to over 70,000 employees, an impressive mark for a completely privately owned company.
Political activities
Schaeffler served as a CSU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2004. During the Hannover Messe in April 2016, she was among the 15 German corporate leaders who were invited to a private dinner with President Barack Obama.
Other activities
Corporate boards
Deloitte Germany, Member of the Advisory Board (2009-2018)
Austrian State and Industrial Holding (ÖIAG), Member of the Supervisory Board (2008-2014)
Deutsche Bank, Member of the European Advisory Board (2005-2014)
BayernLB, Member of the Supervisory Board (-2014)
Nürnberger Lebensversicherung AG, Member of the Supervisory Board (2012-2013)
Non-profit-organizations
Deutsches Museum, Member of the Board of Trustees
Mozarteum University of Salzburg, Member of the Advisory Board
Salzburg Easter Festival, Member of the Board of Trustees
Konzertgesellschaft München, Member of the Board of Trustees (2002-2018)
Recognition
Schaeffler has been given many awards and accolades, including the following:
2001 - Cross of Merit with Ribbon of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
2001 - Medal of Honor by the Nuremberg Chamber of Commerce for the Mid-Franconian region
2002 - Honorary citizen of the town of Höchstadt/Aisch
2003 - Bavarian Order of Merit
2004 - "Family Entrepreneur of the Year" award, presented by the economics magazine "impulse" and the "INTES Akademie für Familienunternehmen" (INTES Academy for Family-Owned Companies)
2005 - Honorary Member of the Senate of the Transylvania University of Brasov, Romania
2005 - Honorary citizen of the town of Jeonju, Jeollabuk-Do province, Korea
2006 - Honorary citizen of the town of Herzogenaurach Entry in the "Golden Book" of the Erlangen-Höchstadt district
2007 - Large Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria
2007 - 1st Class Cross of Merit of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
2007 - Karmarsch Medal
2011 - "Großer Tiroler Adler" medal
2011 - "Personality of the Year" award presented by the ÖkoGlobe-Institut of Duisburg-Essen University
2012 - "Gold medal of the District" for the Erlangen-Höchstadt district
2013 - "Family Entrepreneur of the Year award, 2012", selected by a jury of representatives of German industry and Handelsblatt
References
Bibliography
Press Releases: Maria-Elisabeth Schaeffler receives the Karmarsch Medal from the Association of Friends of Hanover University; Schaeffler AG; 3 December 2007
Press Releases: Maria-Elisabeth Schaeffler is awarded the Cross of Merit, 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for special services to the nation; Schaeffler AG; 5 October 2007
AND SOCIAL COMMITMENT OF THE BUSINESSWOMAN FROM HERZOGENAURACH Maria-Elisabeth Schaeffler Receives German Verdienstkreuz; Schaeffler AG; 3 May 2001
External links
Forbes World's Richest People
Female billionaires
Businesspeople from Bavaria
German billionaires
Living people
1941 births
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century German businesswomen
20th-century German businesspeople
Businesspeople from Prague
People from Erlangen-Höchstadt
21st-century German businesswomen
21st-century German businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria-Elisabeth%20Schaeffler |
Robert McAfee Brown (1920–2001) was an American Presbyterian minister, theologian, and activist.
Life
Born on May 28, 1920, in Carthage, Illinois, Brown was the son of a Presbyterian minister and the grandson of theologian and Presbyterian minister Cleland Boyd McAfee. He earned a bachelor's degree from Amherst College in 1943 and was ordained a Presbyterian minister in 1944. Brown earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree from Union Theological Seminary in 1945, and served as a United States Navy chaplain from 1945 to 1946. The recipient of a Fulbright grant, Brown studied at the University of Oxford before completing a doctorate in the philosophy of religion at Columbia University in 1951. He married Sydney Thomson, and had four children.
Initially, Brown taught at his alma mater, Union Theological Seminary, before accepting an appointment as Professor of Religion at Stanford University in 1962. There he became an international leader in civil rights, ecumenical and social justice causes. Brown campaigned against US involvement in the Vietnam War and was a co-founder of the group Clergy and Laity Concerned About Vietnam. He was also a Protestant observer at the Second Vatican Council.
Brown left Stanford in 1975 to return to Union as Professor of World Christianity and Ecumenism, but quickly found his new post unfulfilling. He resigned and moved back to the Bay Area, where he taught at the Pacific School of Religion in Berkeley, California, until his retirement in 1984. Brown was the author of 29 books, and his papers are now held at the Graduate Theological Union. Brown died on September 4, 2001, in Greenfield, Massachusetts, survived by his wife Sydney Thomson Brown, three sons, Peter, Mark and Tom and a daughter, Alison Ehara-Brown. A lecture series is named in his honor.
Published works
P. T. Forsyth: Prophet for Today (1952)
The Bible Speaks to You (1955, new ed. 1985)
The Spirit of Protestantism (1961)
Observer in Rome: A Protestant Report on the Vatican Council (1964)
The Collect'd Writings of St. Hereticus (1964)
The Ecumenical Revolution: An Interpretation of the Catholic-Protestant Dialogue (1973)
Religion and Violence: A Primer for White Americans (1973)
Is Faith Obsolete? (1974)
Frontiers for the Church Today (1974)
Theology in a New Key: Responding to Liberation Theology (1978)
The Hereticus Papers: (being Volume II of "The Collect'd Writings of St. Hereticus") (1979)
Gustavo Gutierrez: An Introduction to Liberation Theology (1980)
Making Peace in the Global Village (1981)
Unexpected News: Reading the Bible with Third World Eyes (1984)
Saying Yes and Saying No: On Rendering to God and Caesar (1986)
The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr: Selected Essays and Addresses (1986)
Spirituality and Liberation: Overcoming the Great Fallacy (1988)
Elie Wiesel: Messenger to All Humanity (1989)
Persuade Us to Rejoice: The Liberating Power of Fiction (1992)
Liberation Theology: An Introductory Guide (1993)
Dark the Night, Wild the Sea (1998)
Reflections over the Long Haul: A Memoir (2005)
References
External links
http://www.csec.org/csec/sermon/mcafee_3309.htm
http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/speakout/brown.html
American Calvinist and Reformed theologians
20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
American anti–Vietnam War activists
American Presbyterian ministers
United States Navy chaplains
Amherst College alumni
20th-century Christian clergy
People from Carthage, Illinois
1920 births
2001 deaths
United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ministers
20th-century American clergy
Military personnel from Illinois
People in Christian ecumenism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20McAfee%20Brown |
The Women's 15 kilometre individual biathlon competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy was held on 13 February, at Cesana San Sicario. Competitors raced over five loops of a 3.0 kilometre skiing course, shooting twenty times, ten prone and ten standing. Each miss resulted in one minute being added to a competitor's skiing time.
Anna Bogaliy-Titovets won at this track at the pre-Olympic trial event in 2005, when she finished in a time of 50:47.9 with one penalty minute, while Andrea Henkel was the defending World and Olympic champion. Henkel had not won a 15 km World Cup race apart from these two wins in the Championships, however, and Sweden's Anna Carin Olofsson was the World Cup leader before the Games.
Russia's Olga Pyleva originally placed second in the race, but was found to be in violation of anti-doping rules when she tested positive for carphedon, and she was then disqualified.
Results
The race was held at 12:00.
References
Women's biathlon at the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20individual |
An octagon is an eight-sided polygon.
Octagon may also refer to:
Buildings and locations
Octagon Barn (disambiguation)
Octagon Building (disambiguation)
Octagon Centre, at the University of Sheffield, England
Octagon house, a unique house style
Octagon House (disambiguation)
Octagonal Schoolhouse (disambiguation)
Octagon, Alabama
Octagon, Birmingham, proposed skyscraper in Birmingham, England
Octagon, Indiana
Octagon, Virginia
Music
Octagon (Bathory album), 1995
Octagon (String Trio of New York album), 1994
Octagon (Dilate album), 1997
Octagon, Octagon, Octagon, a 2003 EP by The Mint Chicks
People
Octagón (born 1961), Mexican wrestler
Dr. Octagon, an alter-ego of rapper Kool Keith
Sports
Octagon (mixed martial arts), the caged enclosure used for mixed martial arts bouts
Octagon (sports agency), global sports and entertainment content marketing subsidiary
Oktagon, an Italian mixed martial arts event
Other
Octagon (wine), a wine produced by Virginia wine producer Barboursville Vineyards
Octagon (novel), a 1981 novel by Fred Saberhagen
Second Quebec Conference, codenamed OCTAGON, meeting of the allied powers during World War II
Octagonal (horse), champion Australian racehorse
Octagon (video game), a minimalist twitch-reflex video game
See also
The Octagon (disambiguation)
Octagon Theatre, Bolton, Greater Manchester, England
Octagon Theatre, Perth, a theatre at the University of Western Australia
Octagonal (disambiguation)
Oktogon (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Swedish Railway Museum, (), in Gävle, Gästrikland, Sweden is the national museum for Sweden's railway history.
The Swedish Railway Museum is tasked with acquiring, preserving and supplying knowledge about Swedish railway history on the basis of the national collection. The museum is owned by Trafikverket (Swedish Transport Administration), which receives an annual sum for the museum's activities from the Government.
History
In 1915, the National Railway Board opened a railway museum in Stockholm. In 1942, a hall for locomotives and rolling stock was added at Tomteboda railway station in Stockholm. The Swedish Railway Museum has been located in Gävle since 1970. The Museum has the use of two yards with tracks and several large buildings, including two round loco sheds and a sizeable workshop. The complex covers a total area of some 16,000 square metres.
Collections
Some items for the collection had already been acquired by the end of the 19th century. The present collection, which is one of the finest of its kind in the world, contains more than 100 locomotives, some 150 coaches, and several hundred other items of rolling stock. The best of these are displayed in the basic exhibition. Although most of the other items are kept in the stores, they are available for viewing by groups or by pre-arrangement.
Apart from locomotives and rolling stock, tools, instruments, and models, as well as crockery, textiles and art in specially built settings are displayed at the museum. Photographs form an exciting pathway into historical times. The museum collection of photographs contains several hundred thousand pictures, and the museum is currently transferring copies of negatives, glass plates into digital form to make them more available for the public.
See also
Railway Museum of Grängesberg
List of museums in Sweden
External links
Trafikverket official website
Swedish Railway Museum official website
Railway museums in Sweden
Gästrikland
National railway museums
National museums of Sweden
Museums in Gävleborg County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20Railway%20Museum |
Canada Songs is the debut studio album by American rock band Daughters, released on August 12, 2003 through Robotic Empire.
Re-release
In 2016 Robotic Empire reissued a limited edition version of Canada Songs on cassette. The track list also included the four tracks from Daughters' debut EP, Daughters as bonus tracks.
Reception
Mat Hocking May of Drowned in Sound stated the album is "It’s nothing short of intense" and "a rabid cut ‘n’ slash firebomb of splintered art-core and lacerating guitar shrieks". May also praises Daughters' approach to the album saying "Daughters’ chaotically freeform approach reconfigures the way melody and noise is assimilated through some of the most fiercely challenging experimentation probably ever attempted."
Kerrang called the band a "A seditious delight" and stated "When you play chaotic art-core at blistering speed, there's a fine line between being inventive and exhilarating and being vapid and pointless. Thankfully, Daughters fall firmly into the former camp".
Dan Perrone of Punknews compared the album to grindcore in general and later said '[they are] not like most grind music". Perrone also praised the guitar playing "The guitars on Canada Songs are what makes this band worth listening to". Perrone finished his review saying "It's truly mind-blowing music, but like most grind, it loses value rather quickly after a few listens."
Spin magazine praised drummer Jon Syverson's fast way of playing, "Slap-happy metallic grind punk with a drummer who grooves like Roy Jones Jr. working over a kitchen full of pots and pans in 14/8 time. There are even oddly melodic moments, despite guitars that sound like busted car alarms, and at 11 minutes total, there's no wasted motion".
Cory of Lambgoat talked about the album's variety stating "There isn't an amazing variety from track to track". He also mentioned his dislike of the way the album was presented stating "My major problem with this disc (besides length) is the sort of pretension and pomposity with which it is presented. The Daughters' press release reads like the work of a grad student trying to impress his peers with big words and obscure philosophical references". Despite the seemly negative review he scored the album a 7/10 and described the album as "an excellent ten minutes of spastic grind and discordant chaos".
Track listing
Personnel
Production and recording
Keith Souza – production
Alan Douches – mastering
Artwork and design
Jeremy Wabiszczewicz – album artwork and layout
References
2003 debut albums
Daughters (band) albums
Robotic Empire albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20Songs |
A night deity is a goddess or god in mythology associated with night, or the night sky. They commonly feature in polytheistic religions. The following is a list of night deities in various mythologies.
Arabian
Al-Qaum, Nabatean god of war and the night, and guardian of caravans
Aztec
Lords of the Night, a group of nine gods, each of whom ruled over a particular night
Itzpapalotl, fearsome skeletal goddess of the stars
Metztli, god or goddess of the moon, night, and farmers
Tezcatlipoca, god of the night sky, the night winds, hurricanes, the north, the earth, obsidian, enmity, discord, rulership, divination, temptation, jaguars, sorcery, beauty, war, and strife
Tzitzimimeh, skeletal goddesses of the stars
Yohaulticetl, the lunar goddess known as the "Lady of the Night"
Canaanite
Shalim, god of dusk
Egyptian
Khonsu, god of the moon
Nut, goddess of the night also associated with rebirth
Greco-Roman
Greek
Achlys, a primordial goddess of the clouding of eyes after death, the eternal night, and poison
Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, and wild animals, who was commonly associated with the moon
Astraeus, Titan god of the dusk, stars, planets, and the art of Astronomy and Astrology
Asteria, Titan goddess of nocturnal oracles and the stars
Hades, god of the underworld, whose domain included night and darkness
Hecate, the goddess of boundaries, crossroads, witchcraft, and ghosts, who was commonly associated with the moon
Nyx, goddess and personification of the night
Selene, Titaness goddess and personification of the moon
Thanatos, the personification of death, the son of Nyx and Erebus and twin brother of Hypnos
Roman
Diana Trivia, goddess of the hunt, the moon, crossroads, equivalent to the Greek goddesses Artemis and Hecate
Latona, mother goddess of day and night, equivalent to the Greek goddesses Leto and Asteria
Luna, goddess of the moon, equivalent to the Greek goddess Selene
Nox, primordial goddess of night; equivalent to the Greek goddess Nyx
Summanus, god of nocturnal thunder
Etruscan
Artume (also called Aritimi, Artames, or Artumes), Etruscan goddess of the night; equivalent to the Greek goddess Artemis
Hindu
Ratri, goddess of night
Chandra, god of the moon
Rahu, celestial deity of darkness and eclipse
Bhairava, god of night, guardian of all 52 Shakti Peetha
Kali, goddess of death
Dewi Ratih, Balinese goddess of the moon
Hurrian
DINGIR.GE6 (reading uncertain), goddess representing the night and associated with dreaming
Persian
Ahriman, god of darkness, night and evils
Lithuanian
Aušrinė, goddess of the morning star
Breksta, goddess of twilight and dreams, who protects people from sunset to sunrise
Mėnuo, god of the moon
Vakarė, goddess of the evening star
Žvaigždės, goddesses of the stars and planets
Meitei/Sanamahism
Sajik (Arietis)
Thaba (Musca)
Khongjom Nubi (Pleiades)
Apaknga (Lunar mansions)
Sachung Telheiba (A Orionis)
Likla Saphaba (Orion)
Chingcharoibi (G Geminorum)
Chungshennubi (Cancer)
Leipakpokpa (Mars)
Yumsakeisa (Mercury)
Sagolsen (Jupiter)
Irai (Venus)
Thangja (Saturn)
Shakok (Uranus)
Shamei (Neptune)
Norse
Nótt, female personification of night
Máni, male personification of the Moon
Polynesian
Hine-nui-te-pō, goddess of night and death and the ruler of the underworld in Māori mythology
Ira, sky goddess and mother of the stars
Taonoui, Māʻohi goddess who was the mother of the stars
Slavic
Zorya, two guardian goddesses, representing the morning and evening stars
Chernobog, god of darkness, chaos, famine, pain, and all that is evil
See also
Chthonic (underworld) deities
Lists of deities in Sanamahism
Night | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20night%20deities |
Distinction, the fundamental philosophical abstraction, involves the recognition of difference.
In classical philosophy, there were various ways in which things could be distinguished. The merely logical or virtual distinction, such as the difference between concavity and convexity, involves the mental apprehension of two definitions, but which cannot be realized outside the mind, as any concave line would be a convex line considered from another perspective. A real distinction involves a level of ontological separation, as when squirrels are distinguished from llamas (for no squirrel is a llama, and no llama is a squirrel). A real distinction is thus different than a merely conceptual one, in that in a real distinction, one of the terms can be realized in reality without the other being realized.
Later developments include Duns Scotus's formal distinction, which developed in part out of the recognition in previous authors that there need to be an intermediary between logical and real distinctions.
Some relevant distinctions to the history of Western philosophy include:
Necessity and contingency
Inductive and Deductive
Distinctions in contemporary thought
Analytic–synthetic distinction
While there are anticipation of this distinction prior to Kant in the British Empiricists (and even further in Scholastic thought), it was Kant who introduced the terminology. The distinction concerns the relation of a subject to its predicate: analytic claims are those in which the subject contains the predicate, as in "All bodies are extended." Synthetic claims bring two concepts together, as in "All events are caused." The distinction was recently called into question by W.V.O. Quine, in his paper "Two Dogmas of Empiricism."
A priori and a posteriori
The origins of the distinction are less clear, and it concerns the origins of knowledge. A posteriori knowledge arises from, or is caused by, experience. A priori knowledge may come temporally after experience, but its certainty is not derivable from the experience itself. Saul Kripke was the first major thinker to propose that there are analytic a posteriori knowledge claims.
Notable distinctions in historical authors
Aristotle
Aristotle makes the distinction between actuality and potentiality. Actuality is a realization of the way a thing could be, while potency refers simply to the way a thing could be. There are two levels to each: matter itself can be anything, and becomes something actually by causes, making it something which then has the ability to be in a certain way, and that ability can then be realized. The matter of an ax can be an ax, then is made into an ax. The ax thereby is able to cut, and reaches a new form of actuality in actually cutting.
Aquinas
The major distinction Aquinas makes is that of essence and existence. It is a distinction already in Avicenna, but Aquinas maps the distinction onto the actuality/potentiality distinction of Aristotle, such that the essence of a thing is in potency to the existence of a thing, which is that thing's actuality.
Kant
In Kant, the distinction between appearance and thing-in-itself is foundational to his entire philosophical project. The distinction separates the way a thing appears to us on the one hand, and the way a thing really is.
See also
References
Abstraction
Concepts in logic
Difference
Metaphysical properties
Concepts in metaphysics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinction%20%28philosophy%29 |
"The Night Santa Went Crazy" is an original song performed by "Weird Al" Yankovic. The black comedy Christmas song is performed as a pastiche of "Black Gold" by Soul Asylum. It has melodic references to "Black Gold", "Mama, I'm Coming Home" by Ozzy Osbourne, and "I Believe in Father Christmas" by Greg Lake.
It is the twelfth and final track on the album Bad Hair Day, released as a single during the 1996 Christmas season. The "extra gory" version of the song appears on the compilation album The Essential "Weird Al" Yankovic. Both albums have received positive critical reviews.
Lyrics
The song starts with Santa's elves making Christmas presents for good, "Gentile" children. Suddenly, a drunken Santa bursts in with a rifle in his hand, and covered with ammunition "like a big, fat, drunk, disgruntled Yuletide Rambo". He says, "Merry Christmas to all, now you're all gonna die!" He proceeds to destroy half of the North Pole, hold the elves and helpers hostage, and kill most of his reindeer in various graphic, sadistic ways. The National Guard and FBI come to restore order.
The song's epilogue has two different versions, with one version being called the "Extra Gory Version". In the original epilogue, the singer explains to Virginia that Santa was arrested and locked up in a federal prison, with the possibility of release for "good behavior in 700 more years." Meanwhile, the two surviving reindeer are coping with post-traumatic stress disorder, the elves get jobs working for the postal service, and Mrs. Claus negotiates film rights for the incident. In the Extra Gory Version of the song, the singer explains that Santa Claus is dead, as he was shot in the head by "some guy from the swat team", and that the children weren't getting any more presents while the elves had to "stand in line to file for unemployment." The singer surmises that Santa Claus had grown tired of only receiving milk and cookies for his work, concluded he was getting "gypped", and went postal because of it.
Music Video
An official music video for this song was made by TJ Morris. It parodied Rankin/Bass stop motion animation and recreates the lyrics of the song in graphic detail. The most noticeable difference between the lyrics and the events of the music video is that the epilogue has the Easter Bunny smuggle a metal file to Santa, allowing Santa to escape from prison.
Release
"The Night Santa Went Crazy" was released as the third and final single from Bad Hair Day on November 26, 1996; the CD single features "The Night Santa Went Crazy" and "Christmas at Ground Zero", another holiday-themed song from Yankovic's 1986 album Polka Party!. The cover art displays the original drawing of Santa Claus by Mark Osborne that inspired Yankovic to write the song. Though the single did not chart upon original release, it later peaked at number 35 on the United States Billboard Holiday Digital Tracks chart in 2010.
An "extra gory" version of the song was included as the third track on the "Amish Paradise" single. In this version, Vixen and Donner are not mentioned (leaving their fate ambiguous), Santa is killed by a member of the SWAT team, and the elves file for unemployment benefits. Another rendition combining elements of the album and the "extra gory" versions was written for Yankovic's Touring with Scissors tour in 1999; it is featured on the "Weird Al" Yankovic Live! video album. He later performed "The Night Santa Went Crazy" on the television variety show Penn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular.
The "Extra Gory" version is on the compilation album The Essential "Weird Al" Yankovic, and on the album Medium Rarities.
Track listing
CD single
"The Night Santa Went Crazy" – 4:03
"Christmas at Ground Zero" – 3:07
Personnel
These credits are adapted from Bad Hair Day liner notes.
"Weird Al" Yankovic – arrangement, keyboards, vocals, production
Bernie Grundman – mastering
Steve Jay – bass, background vocals
Tony Papa – engineering, mixing
Colin Sauers – additional engineering
Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz – percussion, drums
Rubén Valtierra – keyboards
Jim West – guitar, background vocals
Charts
See also
Bad Hair Day
The Essential "Weird Al" Yankovic
"Christmas at Ground Zero"
"Father Christmas"
References
Songs about Santa Claus
1996 singles
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
Songs written by "Weird Al" Yankovic
American Christmas songs
Black comedy music
Christmas novelty songs
1996 songs
Scotti Brothers Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Night%20Santa%20Went%20Crazy |
Brett Palin (born June 23, 1984 in Nanaimo, British Columbia) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman.
Playing career
Palin played junior hockey with the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League (WHL), winning the league championship in 2003 and 2005, and the Memorial Cup in 2004. He was a prospect in the Calgary Flames system, having signed with the franchise in 2005 as an undrafted free agent. On July 7, 2010, he signed with the Nashville Predators and was assigned to captain AHL affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals.
After beginning his European career with KLH Chomutov of the Czech Extraliga for two seasons, Palin signed a one-year contract in Germany with Grizzly Adams Wolfsburg of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga on May 8, 2013.
On June 3, 2015, Palin left the HockeyAllsvenskan after one season with Mora IK and signed a one-year contract with Austrian club, EHC Black Wings Linz of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). Palin played two seasons with the Black Wings before concluding his career with Hungarian EBEL club, Fehérvár AV19, in the 2017–18 season.
Career statistics
References
External links
1984 births
Abbotsford Heat players
EHC Black Wings Linz players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Fehérvár AV19 players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
Kelowna Rockets players
Milwaukee Admirals players
Mora IK players
Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights players
Piráti Chomutov players
Quad City Flames players
Sportspeople from Nanaimo
Grizzlys Wolfsburg players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett%20Palin |
Carlos Agustín Ahumada Kurtz (born 1964) is an entrepreneur of dual Argentine-Mexican nationality. His main areas of business are mining, construction and football. He founded the El Independiente newspaper in Mexico and was a partner and founding member of Colegio de Imagen Pública A.C.
He gained public notoriety in 2004, when he denounced corruption of top officials in the government of Mexico City, going public with videos showing him being extorted by public officials. This episode became known as the "video scandal".
He was apprehended in Havana by Cuban authorities, acting on an extradition request by Mexico, and later deported.
On May 8, 2007, he was released from prison, cleared of all charges.
Several analysts and columnists considered Ahumada a "political prisoner".
On December 28, 2007, the Federal District Human Rights Commission (Comisión de Derechos Humanos del Distrito Federal CDHDF) issued its recommendation 19/2007, addressed to the Government Secretariat of the Federal District (Secretaría de Gobierno del Distrito Federal) and the General Justice Department of the Federal District (Procuraduría General de Justicia del Distrito Federal), requesting them to offer public apologies to Carlos Ahumada and his family. Ahumada was the subject of an article by Fidel Castro, entitled "El Gigante de las Siete Leguas, Parte II".
In May 2009, Ahumada published his first book: Derecho de réplica.
Carlos Ahumada, wanted by the Attorney General of Mexico, was arrested in Argentina on August 16, 2019.
Currently, Carlos Ahumada is President of Club Sportivo Estudiantes in the province of San Luis, Argentina, a football team competing in the Torneo Argentino "A" of the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino (AFA).
References
External links
Carlos Ahumada's personal web site
Carlos Ahumada Kurtz on terra.com
20th-century Mexican businesspeople
21st-century Mexican businesspeople
Mexican newspaper publishers (people)
Argentine emigrants to Mexico
People from Córdoba, Argentina
Naturalized citizens of Mexico
1964 births
Living people
Argentine people of German descent
Argentine newspaper publishers (people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Ahumada |
Georgia Medical Institute (GMI) is now Everest Institute a system of for-profit colleges in Georgia, United States. They offer career training programs in the health care industry.
GMI opened in 1977 as the Georgia Medical Employment Preparatory Center, in 1986 it changed its name to the Georgia Medical Institute and began expanding its campuses. The schools were owned by Corinthian Colleges, Inc., which purchased them in 2000. The name was changed to Everest Institute in April 2007.
Everest Institute Campus Locations - Georgia
Atlanta, Georgia
DeKalb, Georgia
Jonesboro, Georgia
Marietta, Georgia
Norcross, Georgia
External links
Georgia Medical Institute
Education in Georgia (U.S. state)
For-profit universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1977
1977 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Corinthian Colleges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Medical%20Institute |
People's Army for the Restoration of the Republic and Democracy or PARRD ( L’Armée Populaire pour la restauration de la République et démocratie) is a rebel group operating in the Central African Republic (CAR). PARRD wants to overthrow current CAR President François Bozizé. PARRD has claimed responsibility for two major attacks, contributing to the influx of Central African refugees in southern Chad. During mid-October 2006, fighting between PARRD and government troops escalated, and on October 15, the International Federation of Human Rights Leagues (FIDH) reported that 70,000 refugees have fled the CAR to Chad and Cameroon. FIDH official, Marceau Sivieudehe, stated that: "It's obvious that the civilian population is the main victim of such a chaotic situation ... [they] are living in an absolutely precarious situation." S/he criticized the lack of attention the crisis in the CAR has been receiving from the international community and warned of a subregional collapse that could impact the CAR, Chad, and Cameroon.
References
See also
Chadian-Sudanese conflict
Central African Republic Bush War
Rebel groups in the Central African Republic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Army%20for%20the%20Restoration%20of%20the%20Republic%20and%20Democracy |
Greatheart Silver is a 1982 science fiction novel written by Philip José Farmer. It is a collection of three of Farmer's stories from the series Weird Heroes published in the 1970s with the title character, a lineal descendant of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, working for the Acme Zeppelin Corporation as a blimp pilot and private detective.
Plot summary
Greatheart Silver, the thirty-year-old first mate on Acme Zeppelin 8, is the sole survivor of an attack by the Mad Fokker, an air pirate and World War I veteran who was mothballed by the United States government because it could not undo his mental conditioning. Bendt Micawber (the CEO of Acme Corporation and the descendant of Mr. Micawber from David Copperfield) cites his survival as dereliction of duty. Receiving a plastic prosthetic leg as well as his pension as compensation, Greatheart is fired from Acme. During his recovery, Greatheart's fiancee breaks up with him and his Sioux grandmother sends him a birdcage with two ravens inside. He names them Huginn and Muninn after the Norse god Odin's all-seeing ravens.
Using his skills with computers to alter his records and receive a glowing reference from Micawber, Greatheart is soon employed by the Phoenix branch of Acme Security-Southwest. Under the tutelage of Fenwick Phwombly (who describes himself, though is never identified, as the Shadow), Greatheart journeys to the town of Shootout, where many aging villains have gathered for a last great crime. However, they are stopped by a group of aging heroes including Phwombly in an action similar to the gunfight at the OK Corral.
Two years later, Greatheart (named for the character in Pilgrim's Progress) is disguised as an employee of Acme W-W Cleaners and narrowly avoids averting a kidnapping. The victim of the terrorist group turns out to be Micawber's estranged daughter, Jill Micawber, who went under an assumed name so she would not be associated with her ruthless father. Greatheart traces the kidnappers, despite the efforts of Micawber to trail him, to the Fokker D-LXIX Press building, specializers in erotica owned by Acme Zeppelin.
Using a DRECC computer, executive Rade Starling can transform any printed work into a sensually appealing one (e.g. Glinda of Oz becomes The Secret Life of Glinda of Oz, or The Good Witch Goes Bad) and after knocking Greatheart out reveals his plan, with a microchip embedded in the books' front covers, to overwhelm readers' emotions and make them euphoric and suggestible. With the help of Jill, a previous acquaintance of his from UCLA, Greatheart enables Starling's project to overwhelm him and his associates. Since the project was conducted on Acme-owned property, Greatheart has sufficient blackmail on Micawber to prevent his harassing him again.
With Jill's leverage, Greatheart marries her and (with Micawber's grudging blessing) becomes captain of Acme Zeppelin 49. On a trans-Pacific journey to Minerva with a cargo of iridium and platinum, another group of kidnappers attempts to abduct Jill and encounters a Brittany separatist group on board. When gunshots go off and penetrate the airbag as well as short out the computers on the bridge, the groups must work together to reach land.
1982 American novels
Novels by Philip José Farmer
1982 science fiction novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatheart%20Silver |
Mephenytoin (marketed as Mesantoin by Novartis) is a hydantoin, used as an anticonvulsant. It was introduced approximately 10 years after phenytoin, in the late 1940s. The significant metabolite of mephenytoin is nirvanol (5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin), which was the first hydantoin (briefly used as a hypnotic). However, nirvanol is quite toxic and mephenytoin was only considered after other less toxic anticonvulsants had failed. It can cause potentially fatal blood dyscrasia in 1% of patients.
Mephenytoin is no longer available in the US or the UK. It is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.
References
Anticonvulsants
Hydantoins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephenytoin |
Arlene Alda ( Weiss; born March 12, 1933) is an American musician, photographer and writer. She began her career playing clarinet professionally, then moved on to photography and writing children's books. She is married to actor Alan Alda.
Early life
Alda was born Arlene Weiss in the Bronx, New York City to Jewish parents. She attended Evander Childs High School and Hunter College, graduating in January 1954 as a music major, Phi Beta Kappa, Cum Laude. She became a member of the National Orchestra, a training orchestra, conducted by Leon Barzin. She studied clarinet with Abraham Goldstein and Leon Russianoff, becoming a member of the Houston Symphony Orchestra, playing assistant first clarinet and bass clarinet under the baton of Leopold Stokowski.
Weiss played first clarinet in the Ridgefield Orchestra. She pursued an early interest in photography by studying with Mort Shapiro and Lou Bernstein, ultimately changing careers and becoming a photographer and writer. As a photographer, Alda had several one-person shows, including those in Nikon House in New York City and the Mark Humphrey Gallery in Southampton, New York. As a freelance photographer, her photographs have appeared in The Saturday Evening Post, Vogue, People Magazine, Life Magazine, and Today'''s Health Magazine, for which she received a Chicago Graphics Communications Award for her photo essay, "Allison's Tonsillectomy".
Literary works
Alda is the author of 15 children's books, including the best seller, Sheep, Sheep Sheep, Help Me Fall Asleep (Doubleday Books for Young Readers, 1992), Arlene Alda's 1,2,3 (Tricycle Press 1998), which won an American Library Notable citation, The Book of ZZZs (Tundra 2005), Did You Say Pears? (Tundra 2006) and Except the Color Grey (Tundra 2011). She also wrote the popular Hurry Granny Annie (Published by Tricycle Press in 1999) as well as Hold the Bus (Published by Troll Press in 1996), Iris Has a Virus (2008) and Lulu's Piano Lesson (2010). For much, but not all, of her career as an author, she has provided her own photography as illustrations used in her children's books.
She is also represented in photo anthologies, Women of Vision, and Soho Gallery 2. Alda is the author of On Set (Fireside/Simon and Schuster 1981) illustrated with over one hundred of her photographs and The Last Days of Mash (Unicorn, 1983) with photos by Alda and co-written with her husband, Alan Alda. Her most recent book, Just Kids from the Bronx'' (Henry Holt and Co. March 2015.) an Oral History of 64 interviews with prominent Bronxites. The story tellers include Al Pacino, Regis Philbin, Colin Powell, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Mary Higgins Clark, Avery Corman, Chazz Palminteri, TATS CRU Graffiti Artists, Grandmaster Melle Mel, and the others, from age 93 to age 23.
Personal life
Arlene is married to actor Alan Alda. They wed on March 15, 1957, and they have three daughters, Eve (b. 1958), Elizabeth (b. 1960), and Beatrice (b. 1961), as well as eight grandchildren.
Awards and honors
Alda was honored as The New Jewish Home's Eight Over Eighty Gala 2015 honoree.
References
External links
Arlene Alda at Macmillan
Just Kids From the Bronx
Living people
Writers from the Bronx
American children's writers
American clarinetists
Women clarinetists
Musicians from New York City
Hunter College alumni
1933 births
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American musicians
20th-century women musicians
20th-century American photographers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American photographers
21st-century American writers
21st-century American women writers
Photographers from New York City
American women children's writers
Jewish American musicians
Jewish women musicians
Jewish women writers
Jewish American writers
20th-century American women photographers
21st-century American women photographers
21st-century American Jews
Fulbright alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene%20Alda |
The X-10 Graphite Reactor is a decommissioned nuclear reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, it was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile-1), and the first designed and built for continuous operation. It was built during World War II as part of the Manhattan Project.
While Chicago Pile-1 demonstrated the feasibility of nuclear reactors, the Manhattan Project's goal of producing enough plutonium for atomic bombs required reactors a thousand times as powerful, along with facilities to chemically separate the plutonium bred in the reactors from uranium and fission products. An intermediate step was considered prudent. The next step for the plutonium project, codenamed X-10, was the construction of a semiworks where techniques and procedures could be developed and training conducted. The centerpiece of this was the X-10 Graphite Reactor. It was air-cooled, used nuclear graphite as a neutron moderator, and pure natural uranium in metal form for fuel.
DuPont commenced construction of the plutonium semiworks at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge on February 2, 1943. The reactor went critical on November 4, 1943, and produced its first plutonium in early 1944. It supplied the Los Alamos Laboratory with its first significant amounts of plutonium, and its first reactor-bred product. Studies of these samples heavily influenced bomb design. The reactor and chemical separation plant provided invaluable experience for engineers, technicians, reactor operators, and safety officials who then moved on to the Hanford site. X-10 operated as a plutonium production plant until January 1945, when it was turned over to research activities, and the production of radioactive isotopes for scientific, medical, industrial and agricultural uses. It was shut down in 1963 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.
Origins
The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938, followed by its theoretical explanation (and naming) by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, opened up the possibility of a controlled nuclear chain reaction with uranium. At Columbia University, Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard began exploring how this might be done. Szilard drafted a confidential letter to the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, explaining the possibility of atomic bombs, and warning of the danger of a German nuclear weapon project. He convinced his old friend and collaborator Albert Einstein to co-sign it, lending his fame to the proposal. This resulted in support by the U.S. government for research into nuclear fission, which became the Manhattan Project.
In April 1941, the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) asked Arthur Compton, a Nobel-Prize-winning physics professor at the University of Chicago, to report on the uranium program. His report, submitted in May 1941, foresaw the prospects of developing radiological weapons, nuclear propulsion for ships, and nuclear weapons using uranium-235 or the recently discovered plutonium. In October he wrote another report on the practicality of an atomic bomb. Niels Bohr and John Wheeler had theorized that heavy isotopes with even atomic numbers and odd number of neutrons were fissile. If so, then plutonium-239 was likely to be.
Emilio Segrè and Glenn Seaborg at the University of California produced 28 μg of plutonium in the 60-inch cyclotron there in May 1941, and found that it had 1.7 times the thermal neutron capture cross section of uranium-235. At the time plutonium-239 had been produced in minute quantities using cyclotrons, but it was not possible to produce large quantities that way. Compton discussed with Eugene Wigner from Princeton University how plutonium might be produced in a nuclear reactor, and with Robert Serber how the plutonium produced in a reactor might be separated from uranium.
The final draft of Compton's November 1941 report made no mention of using plutonium, but after discussing the latest research with Ernest Lawrence, Compton became convinced that a plutonium bomb was also feasible. In December, Compton was placed in charge of the plutonium project, which was codenamed X-10. Its objectives were to produce reactors to convert uranium to plutonium, to find ways to chemically separate the plutonium from the uranium, and to design and build an atomic bomb. It fell to Compton to decide which of the different types of reactor designs the scientists should pursue, even though a successful reactor had not yet been built. He felt that having teams at Columbia, Princeton, the University of Chicago and the University of California was creating too much duplication and not enough collaboration, and he concentrated the work at the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago.
Site selection
By June 1942, the Manhattan Project had reached the stage where the construction of production facilities could be contemplated. On June 25, 1942, the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) S-1 Executive Committee deliberated on where they should be located. Moving directly to a megawatt production plant looked like a big step, given that many industrial processes do not easily scale from the laboratory to production size. An intermediate step of building a pilot plant was considered prudent. For the pilot plutonium separation plant, a site was wanted close to the Metallurgical Laboratory, where the research was being carried out, but for reasons of safety and security, it was not desirable to locate the facilities in a densely populated area like Chicago.
Compton selected a site in the Argonne Forest, part of the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, about southwest of Chicago. The full-scale production facilities would be co-located with other Manhattan Project facilities at a still more remote location in Tennessee. Some of land was leased from Cook County for the pilot facilities, while an site for the production facilities was selected at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. By the S-1 Executive Committee meeting on September 13 and 14, it had become apparent that the pilot facilities would be too extensive for the Argonne site, so instead a research reactor would be built at Argonne, while the plutonium pilot facilities (a semiworks) would be built at the Clinton Engineer Works in Tennessee.
This site was selected on the basis of several criteria. The plutonium pilot facilities needed to be from the site boundary and any other installation, in case radioactive fission products escaped. While security and safety concerns suggested a remote site, it still needed to be near sources of labor, and accessible by road and rail transportation. A mild climate that allowed construction to proceed throughout the year was desirable. Terrain separated by ridges would reduce the impact of accidental explosions, but they could not be so steep as to complicate construction. The substratum needed to be firm enough to provide good foundations, but not so rocky that it would hinder excavation work. It needed large amounts of electrical power (available from the Tennessee Valley Authority) and cooling water. Finally, a War Department policy held that, as a rule, munitions facilities should not be located west of the Sierra or Cascade Ranges, east of the Appalachian Mountains, or within of the Canadian or Mexican borders.
In December, it was decided that the plutonium production facilities would not be built at Oak Ridge after all, but at the even more remote Hanford Site in Washington state. Compton and the staff at the Metallurgical Laboratory then reopened the question of building the plutonium semiworks at Argonne, but the engineers and management of DuPont, particularly Roger Williams, the head of its TNX Division, which was responsible for the company's role in the Manhattan Project, did not support this proposal. They felt that there would be insufficient space at Argonne, and that there were disadvantages in having a site that was so accessible, as they were afraid that it would permit the research staff from the Metallurgical Laboratory to interfere unduly with the design and construction, which they considered their prerogative. A better location, they felt, would be with the remote production facilities at Hanford. In the end a compromise was reached. On January 12, 1943, Compton, Williams, and Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., the director of the Manhattan Project, agreed that the semiworks would be built at the Clinton Engineer Works.
Both Compton and Groves proposed that DuPont operate the semiworks. Williams counter-proposed that the semiworks be operated by the Metallurgical Laboratory. He reasoned that it would primarily be a research and educational facility, and that expertise was to be found at the Metallurgical Laboratory. Compton was shocked; the Metallurgical Laboratory was part of the University of Chicago, and therefore the university would be operating an industrial facility from its main campus. James B. Conant told him that Harvard University "wouldn't touch it with a ten-foot pole", but the University of Chicago's Vice President, Emery T. Filbey, took a different view, and instructed Compton to accept. When University President Robert Hutchins returned, he greeted Compton with "I see, Arthur, that while I was gone you doubled the size of my university".
Design
The fundamental design decisions in building a reactor are the choice of fuel, coolant and neutron moderator. The choice of fuel was straightforward; only natural uranium was available. The decision that the reactor would use graphite as a neutron moderator caused little debate. Although with heavy water as moderator the number of neutrons produced for every one absorbed (known as k factor) was 10 percent more than in the purest graphite, heavy water would be unavailable in sufficient quantities for at least a year. This left the choice of coolant, over which there was much discussion. A limiting factor was that the fuel slugs would be clad in aluminum, so the operating temperature of the reactor could not exceed . The theoretical physicists in Wigner's group at the Metallurgical Laboratory developed several designs. In November 1942, the DuPont engineers chose helium gas as the coolant for the production plant, mainly on the basis that it did not absorb neutrons, but also because it was inert, which removed the issue of corrosion.
Not everyone agreed with the decision to use helium. Szilard, in particular, was an early proponent of using liquid bismuth; but the major opponent was Wigner, who argued forcefully in favor of a water-cooled reactor design. He realized that since water absorbed neutrons, k would be reduced by about 3 percent, but had sufficient confidence in his calculations that the water-cooled reactor would still be able to achieve criticality. From an engineering perspective, a water-cooled design was straightforward to design and build, while helium posed technological problems. Wigner's team produced a preliminary report on water cooling, designated CE-140 in April 1942, followed by a more detailed one, CE-197, titled "On a Plant with Water Cooling", in July 1942.
Fermi's Chicago Pile-1 reactor, constructed under the west viewing stands of the original Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, "went critical" on December 2, 1942. This graphite-moderated reactor only generated up to 200 W, but it demonstrated that k was higher than anticipated. This not only removed most of the objections to air-cooled and water-cooled reactor designs, it greatly simplified other aspects of the design. Wigner's team submitted blueprints of a water-cooled reactor to DuPont in January 1943. By this time, the concerns of DuPont's engineers about the corrosiveness of water had been overcome by the mounting difficulties of using helium, and all work on helium was terminated in February. At the same time, air cooling was chosen for the reactor at the pilot plant. Since it would be of a quite different design from the production reactors, the X-10 Graphite Reactor lost its value as a prototype, but its value as a working pilot facility remained, providing plutonium needed for research. It was hoped that problems would be found in time to deal with them in the production plants. The semiworks would also be used for training, and for developing procedures.
Construction
Although the design of the reactor was not yet complete, DuPont began construction of the plutonium semiworks on February 2, 1943, on an isolated site in the Bethel Valley about southwest of Oak Ridge officially known as the X-10 area. The site included research laboratories, a chemical separation plant, a waste storage area, a training facility for Hanford staff, and administrative and support facilities that included a laundry, cafeteria, first aid center, and fire station. Because of the subsequent decision to construct water-cooled reactors at Hanford, only the chemical separation plant operated as a true pilot. The semiworks eventually became known as the Clinton Laboratories, and was operated by the University of Chicago as part of the Metallurgical Project.
Construction work on the reactor had to wait until DuPont had completed the design. Excavation commenced on April 27, 1943. A large pocket of soft clay was soon discovered, necessitating additional foundations. Further delays occurred due to wartime difficulties in procuring building materials. There was an acute shortage of both common and skilled labor; the contractor had only three-quarters of the required workforce, and there was high turnover and absenteeism, mainly the result of poor accommodations and difficulties in commuting. The township of Oak Ridge was still under construction, and barracks were built to house workers. Special arrangements with individual workers increased their morale and reduced turnover. Finally, there was unusually heavy rainfall, with falling in July 1943, more than twice the average of .
Some of graphite blocks were purchased from National Carbon. The construction crews began stacking them in September 1943. Cast uranium billets came from Metal Hydrides, Mallinckrodt and other suppliers. These were extruded into cylindrical slugs, and then canned. The fuel slugs were canned to protect the uranium metal from corrosion that would occur if it came into contact with water, and to prevent the venting of gaseous radioactive fission products that might be formed when they were irradiated. Aluminum was chosen as it transmitted heat well but did not absorb too many neutrons. Alcoa started canning on June 14, 1943. General Electric and the Metallurgical Laboratory developed a new welding technique to seal the cans airtight, and the equipment for this was installed in the production line at Alcoa in October 1943.
Construction commenced on the pilot separation plant before a chemical process for separating plutonium from uranium had been selected. Not until May 1943 would DuPont managers decide to use the bismuth phosphate process in preference to one using lanthanum fluoride. The bismuth phosphate process was devised by Stanley G. Thompson at the University of California. Plutonium had two oxidation states; a tetravalent (+4) state, and hexavalent (+6) state, with different chemical properties. Bismuth phosphate () was similar in its crystalline structure to plutonium phosphate, and plutonium would be carried with bismuth phosphate in a solution while other elements, including uranium, would be precipitated. The plutonium could be switched from being in solution to being precipitated by toggling its oxidation state. The plant consisted of six cells, separated from each other and the control room by thick concrete walls. The equipment was operated from the control room by remote control due to the radioactivity produced by fission products. Work was completed on November 26, 1943, but the plant could not operate until the reactor started producing irradiated uranium slugs.
Operation
The X-10 Graphite Reactor was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor after Chicago Pile-1, and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. It consisted of a huge block, long on each side, of nuclear graphite cubes, weighing around , that acted as a moderator. They were surrounded by of high-density concrete as a radiation shield. In all, the reactor was wide, deep and high. There were 36 horizontal rows of 35 holes. Behind each was a metal channel into which uranium fuel slugs could be inserted. An elevator provided access to those higher up. Only 800 (~64%) of the channels were ever used.
The reactor used cadmium-clad steel control rods. Made from neutron-absorbing cadmium, these could restrict or halt the reaction. Three rods penetrated the reactor vertically, held in place by a clutch to form the scram system. They were suspended from steel cables that were wound around a drum, and held in place by an electromagnetic clutch. If power was lost, they would drop into the reactor, halting it. The other four rods were made of boron steel and horizontally penetrated the reactor from the north side. Two of them, known as "shim" rods, were hydraulically controlled. Sand-filled hydraulic accumulators could be used in the event of a power failure. The other two rods were driven by electric motors.
The cooling system consisted of three electric fans running at . Because it was cooled using outside air, the reactor could be run at a higher power level on cold days. After going through the reactor, the air was filtered to remove radioactive particles larger than in diameter. This took care of over 99 percent of the radioactive particles. It was then vented through a chimney. The reactor was operated from a control room in the southeast corner on the second floor.
In September 1942, Compton asked a physicist, Martin D. Whitaker, to form a skeleton operating staff for X-10. Whitaker became the inaugural director of the Clinton Laboratories, as the semiworks became officially known in April 1943. The first permanent operating staff arrived from the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago in April 1943, by which time DuPont began transferring its technicians to the site. They were augmented by one hundred technicians in uniform from the Army's Special Engineer Detachment. By March 1944, there were some 1,500 people working at X-10.
Supervised by Compton, Whitaker, and Fermi, the reactor went critical on November 4, 1943, with about of uranium. A week later the load was increased to , raising its power generation to 500 kW, and by the end of the month the first 500 mg of plutonium was created. The reactor normally operated around the clock, with 10-hour weekly shutdowns for refueling. During startup, the safety rods and one shim rod were completely removed. The other shim rod was inserted at a predetermined position. When the desired power level was reached, the reactor was controlled by adjusting the partly inserted shim rod.
The first batch of canned slugs to be irradiated was received on December 20, 1943, allowing the first plutonium to be produced in early 1944. The slugs used pure metallic natural uranium, in air-tight aluminum cans long and in diameter. Each channel was loaded with between 24 and 54 fuel slugs. The reactor went critical with of slugs, but in its later life was operated with as much as . To load a channel, the radiation-absorbing shield plug was removed, and the slugs inserted manually in the front (east) end with long rods. To unload them, they were pushed all the way through to the far (west) end, where they fell onto a neoprene slab and fell down a chute into a pool of water that acted as a radiation shield. Following weeks of underwater storage to allow for decay in radioactivity, the slugs were delivered to the chemical separation building.
By February 1944, the reactor was irradiating a ton of uranium every three days. Over the next five months, the efficiency of the separation process was improved, with the percentage of plutonium recovered increasing from 40 to 90 percent. Modifications over time raised the reactor's power to 4,000 kW in July 1944. The effect of the neutron poison xenon-135, one of many fission products produced from the uranium fuel, was not detected during the early operation of the X-10 Graphite Reactor. Xenon-135 subsequently caused problems with the startup of the Hanford B reactor that nearly halted the plutonium project.
The X-10 semiworks operated as a plutonium production plant until January 1945, when it was turned over to research activities. By this time, 299 batches of irradiated slugs had been processed. A radioisotope building, a steam plant, and other structures were added in April 1946 to support the laboratory's peacetime educational and research missions. All work was completed by December 1946, adding another $1,009,000 (equivalent to $ in ) to the cost of construction at X-10, and bringing the total cost to $13,041,000 (equivalent to $ in ). Operational costs added another $22,250,000 (equivalent to $ in ).
X-10 supplied the Los Alamos Laboratory with the first significant samples of plutonium. Studies of these by Emilio G. Segrè and his P-5 Group at Los Alamos revealed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium-240, which has a far higher spontaneous fission rate than plutonium-239. This meant that it would be highly likely that a plutonium gun-type nuclear weapon would predetonate and blow itself apart during the initial formation of a critical mass. The Los Alamos Laboratory was thus forced to turn its development efforts to creating an implosion-type nuclear weapon—a far more difficult feat.
The X-10 chemical separation plant also verified the bismuth-phosphate process that was used in the full-scale separation facilities at Hanford. Finally, the reactor and chemical separation plant provided invaluable experience for engineers, technicians, reactor operators, and safety officials who then moved on to the Hanford site.
Peacetime use
After the war ended, the graphite reactor became the first facility in the world to produce radioactive isotopes for peacetime use. On August 2, 1946, Oak Ridge National Laboratory director Eugene Wigner presented a small container of carbon-14 to the director of the Barnard Free Skin and Cancer Hospital, for medical use at the hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. Subsequent shipments of radioisotopes, primarily iodine-131, phosphorus-32, carbon-14, and molybdenum-99/technetium-99m, were for scientific, medical, industrial and agricultural uses.
In August 1948, the reactor was used to produce the first electricity derived from nuclear power. Uranium slugs within an aluminum tube were irradiated within the reactor core. Water was circulated through the tube by means of an automatic feedwater system to generate steam. This steam was fed to a model steam engine, a Jensen Steam Engines #50, which drove a small generator that powered a single bulb. The engine and generator are on display at the reactor loading face, just below the staircase leading to the loading platform.
The X-10 Graphite Reactor was shut down on November 4, 1963, after twenty years of use. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 21, 1965, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. In 1969 the American Society for Metals listed it as a landmark for its contributions to the advancement of materials science and technology, and in 2008 it was designated as a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society. The control room and reactor face are accessible to the public during scheduled tours offered through the American Museum of Science and Energy.
Similar reactors
The Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) Graphite Research Reactor was the first nuclear reactor to be constructed in the United States following World War II. Led by Lyle Benjamin Borst, the reactor construction began in 1947 and reached criticality for the first time on August 22, 1950. The reactor consisted of a , cube of graphite fueled by natural uranium. Its primary mission was applied nuclear research in medicine, biology, chemistry, physics and nuclear engineering. One of the most significant discoveries at this facility was the development of production of molybdenum-99/technetium-99m, used today in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually, making it the most commonly used medical radioisotope. The BNL Graphite Research Reactor was shut down in 1969 and fully decommissioned in 2012.
When Britain began planning to build nuclear reactors to produce plutonium for weapons in 1946, it was decided to build a pair of air-cooled graphite reactors similar to the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Windscale. Natural uranium was used as enriched was not available, and similarly, graphite was chosen as a neutron moderator because beryllia was toxic and hard to manufacture, while heavy water was unavailable. Use of water as a coolant was considered, but there were concerns about the possibility of a catastrophic nuclear meltdown in the densely populated British Isles if the cooling system failed. Helium was again the preferred choice as a coolant gas, but the main source of it was the United States, and under the 1946 McMahon Act, the United States would not supply it for nuclear weapons production, so, in the end, air cooling was chosen. Construction began in September 1947, and the two reactors became operational in October 1950 and June 1951. Both were decommissioned after the disastrous Windscale fire in October 1957. They would be the last major air-cooled plutonium-producing reactors; the UK's follow-on Magnox and AGR designs used carbon dioxide instead.
, another reactor of similar design to the X-10 Graphite Reactor is still in operation, the Belgian BR-1 reactor of the SCK•CEN, located in Mol, Belgium. Financed through the Belgian uranium export tax, and built with the help of British experts, the 4 MW research reactor went critical for the first time on May 11, 1956. It is used for scientific purposes, such as neutron activation analysis, neutron physics experiments, calibration of nuclear measurement devices and the production of neutron transmutation doped silicon.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Defunct nuclear reactors
Graphite moderated reactors
Military nuclear reactors
Nuclear weapons infrastructure of the United States
History of the Manhattan Project
Military history of Tennessee
1943 establishments in Tennessee
1963 disestablishments in Tennessee
Government buildings completed in 1943
Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
National Historic Landmarks in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Roane County, Tennessee
World War II on the National Register of Historic Places
Atomic tourism
Tourist attractions in Roane County, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-10%20Graphite%20Reactor |
Cheswardine ( ) is a rural village and civil parish in north east Shropshire, England. The village lies close to the border with Staffordshire and is about 8 miles north of Newport and 5 miles south east of Market Drayton. At the 2001 Census, the parish (which also includes the villages of Chipnall and Soudley as well as several small hamlets such as Goldstone and Ellerton), had a population of 991 people, increasing to 1,076 at the 2011 Census.
History and architecture
The name Cheswardine, recorded in 1086 as Ciseworde, in 1189 as Chesewordin and about 1650 as Cheswardyne, is probably derived from the Old English for "cheese-producing settlement".
Cheswardine was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, when the manor was held by Robert of Stafford, but is probably a much older settlement, with the church likely being built on an ancient fortified site.
Land north of the church was granted to Hamon le Strange in 1155 and a manor house surrounded by a moat built soon after. The manor were rebuilt as a small castle between 1250 and 1350. Ownership passed to the Earl of Arundel and Surrey in 1376. The moat, earthworks and some buried ruins remain and Cheswardine Castle was scheduled as a historical monument in 1976.
The parish church, dedicated to St Swithun, overlooks Cheswardine from the hill at the top of the village. This is at least the third church on this site, and was rebuilt in 1887-1889 under the direction of the architect John Loughborough Pearson, who died before the work was completed. The work was completed with the assistance of funding by the then squire of the Cheswardine Estate, Charles Donaldson-Hudson, who provided half of the estimated cost of £8,500.
Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north and south with a total population taken at the 2011 Census of 4,240.
Local amenities
Local amenities include a primary school, St Swithun's Church, as well as two village pubs, the Red Lion, and the Fox and Hounds, which serves food. There is also a Parish hall, bowling green and playing fields. However, the local post office was closed down in 2006 and turned into a residential building. A new community village shop (believed to be the smallest shop in Britain) opened in its place in 2010.
People and awards
Conservative MP and former minister Sir Peter Bottomley was baptised at St Swithun's Church, where his parents had married, his mother being a member of the Vardon family of Goldstone Hall. The ashes of his father (Sir James Bottomley), mother, brother and grandparents are buried in the churchyard.
Cheswardine was also home to the late MBE award winner, charity fund-raiser Winnie Goodwin.
The village has been runner up in Britain in Bloom several times.
See also
Listed buildings in Cheswardine
References
External links
The Manor of Cheswardine
St Edward's College, Cheswardine Hall (Former juniorate of La Mennais brothers)
Villages in Shropshire
Civil parishes in Shropshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheswardine |
John Neville, Baron Neville (c. 1410 – 29 March 1461) was an English nobleman who fought for the House of Lancaster during the Wars of the Roses. He belonged to a senior but impoverished branch of the Neville family of northern England, which had earlier been disinherited in favour of a younger branch headed by John's half–uncle, Richard, Earl of Salisbury. John Neville and his brothers spent several years feuding with Salisbury over the contested inheritance and, when the dynastic wars broke out, John sided with the Lancastrians whilst the junior Nevilles sided with the House of York.
John was a beneficiary of the spoils of war after the Yorkists fled England in 1459, being awarded many of his rival Neville cousins' confiscated lands and offices, and was also raised to the rank of baron. When Richard of York returned in 1460 and claimed the throne, Lord Neville initially posed as an ally, but went back to the Lancastrian side just before the Battle of Wakefield. York gave battle, likely thinking Neville would arrive to reinforce him, but was instead attacked and slain. Lord Neville himself, however, was killed shortly thereafter in an ambush leading up to the Battle of Towton in 1461. His son later inherited the earldom of Westmorland.
Family and background
He was born in about 1410, the second son of Sir John Neville (d. 1420) (eldest son and heir apparent of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland by his first wife Margaret de Stafford) by his wife Elizabeth Holland (c.1388-1423), fifth daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent by his wife Alice FitzAlan (d.1416).
He had two brothers, Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland, and Sir Thomas Neville (died 1458) of Brancepeth Castle, County Durham, and one sister, Margaret Neville, who married Sir William Lucy of Woodcroft, Bedfordshire.
At sometime before 5 February 1452 he married (as her second husband) Anne Holland (d.1486), the daughter of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter by his first wife Anne Stafford (a daughter of Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford and the widow of Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March). Anne Holland was the widow of his nephew Sir John Neville (d.1450), son of Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland by his first wife Lady Elizabeth Percy. Anne Holland outlived him and married thirdly to James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas (d.1491), but had no issue by him. She died 26 December 1486, and was buried in St. Anne's Chapel in the Blackfriars in the City of London. By Anne he had one son:
Ralph Neville, 3rd Earl of Westmorland son and heir and heir to his uncle the 2nd Earl. He obtained a reversal of his father's attainder on 6 October 1472.
Life
Neville–Neville rivalry
In the 1430s, John Neville's older brother, the Earl of Westmorland, waged what was virtually a private war with their uncle, the Earl of Salisbury, and the Beaufort branch of the Neville family, regarding an inheritance dispute. John joined his brother and played an important part in the struggle. He was mentioned in a 1438 letter to the king's chancellor reporting that the rival Nevilles had "assembled great routs and companies upon the field", done "great and horrible offences" and engaged "in slaughter and destruction" of the northern English local populace. The dispute was an uneven one, for the Earl of Salisbury was wealthier and better connected with powerful members of the nobility and clergy, aside from also being a blood relation of the English royal family. Salisbury got the better end of the dispute, and the parties were outwardly reconciled in 1443, in a settlement that heavily favoured the earl. The senior Nevilles, for their part, continued to resent their cousins over the matter. This rivalry ensured that, in the factional and turbulent politics of the 1450s, each branch of the family took opposite sides: when Salisbury and his son the Earl of Warwick sided with Richard, Duke of York, the senior branch took the side of the House of Lancaster, thus merging the family feud into the larger Wars of the Roses.
After the Neville settlement of 1443, the Earl of Westmorland appears to have largely given up his role in national politics, so it was his brother John whom the party of Queen Margaret of Anjou tried to recruit as an ally against the Duke of York and the earls of Salisbury and Warwick. Sir John Neville was summoned as a knight of the shire for the West Riding of Yorkshire to a great council which was to meet at Leicester on 21 May 1455. York, Salisbury and Warwick anticipated that charges would be brought against them at the meeting, so they intercepted and attacked the royal party at St Albans, their victory at which led to a brief protectorate by the Duke of York which lasted until February 1456. After the queen wrested back control over the government, she encouraged John Neville and his family to renew their rivalry in the north with York's ally, the Earl of Salisbury. In 1457, with the death of Salisbury's brother Robert, bishop of Durham, the queen secured the appointment of her man, Laurence Booth, to the vacant see. Booth (whose niece John's son later married) promptly began replacing Salisbury's relatives with members of the senior Neville branch in the administrative offices of the bishopric, with Sir John nominated justice of assize (becoming "the leading member of the Durham judiciary"). John also gained part of the goods sequestrated from the late bishop Robert.
Breakout of war
After the rout and flight of the Yorkist lords at Ludford in October 1459, Sir John Neville received substantial rewards comprising largely the forfeited estates and offices of the Earl of Salisbury. On 20 November 1459, he was raised to the peerage as Lord Neville by a writ of summons to parliament; this was the "Parliament of Devils", at which York and the junior Nevilles were attainted. On 19 December, "for good services against the rebels", he was appointed constable of Salisbury's castles of Middleham and Sheriff Hutton and steward of their associated lands, and was also granted a share of the forfeited lands of the Yorkist Sir John Conyers. In County Durham, Lord Neville became constable of Barnard Castle and master forester of Teesdale forest with an annuity of 40 marks. On 18 March 1460, he received another grant from Salisbury's empire: a yearly rent of 100 marks from the manors of Worton and Banbridge and the forest of Wensleydale.
Lord John responded to this patronage by raising men for the Lancastrian cause before their defeat at the Battle of Northampton in July 1460. He appears to have initially acquiesced to the new regime established by the Earl of Warwick in the aftermath of the battle, being summoned to parliament on 30 July 1460 and gaining initial trust from the Yorkists, who do not seem to have considered him an irreconcilable enemy. Neville was absent from the Parliament in October at which Richard, Duke of York claimed the throne, but was given a commission to proceed against the Lancastrian "rebels" assembling in the north. He then joined them instead, attending the muster of Margaret of Anjou in Yorkshire and being among those who devastated the northern estates of the Yorkist lords. Still, the Yorkist government (appearing to be unaware of this) put him on a commission of oyer and terminer on 8 December.
From Wakefield to Towton
In December the Duke of York marched north in person to deal with the unexpectedly quick rising of the queen and her supporters. Under pretence of being an ally, Lord Neville visited him and received a commission to raise men on the duke's behalf, but joined the enemy with his recruits. He was thus with the Lancastrian party at the ensuing Battle of Wakefield, 30 December, where York was defeated and slain. John's uncle and enemy, the Earl of Salisbury, and his son Sir Thomas Neville were also killed. One theory explaining why Richard of York left the safety of Sandal Castle to confront the stronger Lancastrian host is that he thought John Neville would arrive to reinforce him, but Neville then instead switched sides as soon as the duke exposed himself.
Lord Neville joined the queen's army which marched south and looted towns along the way. His troops in particular sacked Beverley on 12 January 1461. On the 20th, at York, John, his brother the Earl of Westmorland and other lords declared their approval of an agreement which entailed the cession of Berwick to the Scots in exchange for their support. Neville probably fought at the second Battle of St Albans on 17 February, where his cousin the Earl of Warwick, leading the Yorkists, was defeated. In March, the Yorkists once again marched north, now under the leadership of Richard of York's son Edward (proclaimed King Edward IV). Neville and his cousin Lord Clifford (whose grandmother was a Neville of the elder branch) commanded a force which ambushed the Yorkist vanguard under Warwick at the Battle of Ferrybridge at dawn on 28 March. While retreating north towards the main Lancastrian host, they were caught in a counter–ambush by John Neville's uncle William, Lord Fauconberg (of the junior Neville branch), at a valley called Dintingdale, near the village of Saxton. Neville, Clifford and most of their force were killed.
The Battle of Towton the following day secured the English throne for the House of York. Neville was attainted on 4 November 1461 and his lands escheated to the crown, leaving his widow unprovided for. John's son and heir, Ralph Neville, obtained a reversal of the attainder on 6 October 1472. Ralph later succeeded John's childless older brother as earl of Westmorland.
Arms
Lord John Neville's coat of arms were the conventional Neville arms differenced by a fleur-de-lis azure on the center.
Citations
References
15th-century births
1461 deaths
Barons in the Peerage of England
English military personnel killed in action
John
People of the Wars of the Roses
Year of birth unknown
Year of birth uncertain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Neville%2C%20Baron%20Neville |
The giant squid's elusive nature and fearsome appearance have long made it a popular subject of legends and folk tales. Its popularity as an image continues today with references and depictions in literature, film, television, and video games.
Often, the giant squid is represented as being in dramatic, evenly matched combat with a sperm whale. This powerful image is no longer considered accurate given the evidence that exists for a simpler predator-prey relationship between whale and squid, with the whale being the predator and the squid the prey, though sucker scars have been seen on sperm whale skin.
Books and comics
(Alphabetical by author)
In Book 27 (The Exposed) of K. A. Applegate's Animorphs book series, Rachel and Tobias morph sperm whales to find a giant squid, and then the rest of the group morphs the one squid to find the Pemalite ship.
Jaws''' author Peter Benchley's novel Beast features a giant squid terrorizing Bermuda. A TV movie (IMDB entry) was also made. However Benchley's description of the Beast (with clawlike teeth in the center of its suckers) more accurately describes the Colossal Squid.The Lost Symbol by Dan Brown includes the body of a giant squid kept in storage at the Smithsonian Institution. At one point the novel's villain viciously drowns a woman in the containers alcohol solution.
Arthur C. Clarke used giant squid in many of his works. In The Deep Range, a squid of exaggerated size is captured and exhibited. In the short story "Big Game Hunt", a device capable of controlling the behavior of invertebrates is used in an attempt to capture and film a giant squid. In Childhood's End, one of the characters stows away on an alien spacecraft by hiding inside a model of a giant squid battling a whale.
A giant squid is a key player in Michael Crichton's novel Sphere, as well as in the film version.
James Bond fights a giant squid in Ian Fleming's book, Dr. No. The scene is absent from the film adaption.
A giant squid is mentioned in the book Andrew Lost in the Deep by J. C. Greenburg.
H. P. Lovecraft frequently used tentacled, squid-like monsters in his Cthulhu Mythos.
The giant squid specimen currently housed in the Darwin Centre at London's Natural History Museum forms a key role in the plot of fantasy author China Miéville's 2010 novel Kraken.
Chapter 59 ("Squid") of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick details the Pequod's encounter with a giant squid.
The creature used by Ozymandias in Alan Moore, Dave Gibbons, and Jim Higgins' comic book series Watchmen resembles the likeness of a squid.
James Rollins' SIGMA Force Book 4: The Judas Strain (2007) provides detailed descriptions of sightings of schools of giant predatory attacks by Taningia danae squid in the waters off the island of Pusat and graphic descriptions of collaboratortive squid attacks of several characters.
A giant squid also dwells in the lake at Hogwarts in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series of books. It seems to be quite friendly towards the students, and sometimes even acts as a lifeguard when they swim or fall in the lake.
A giant squid acts as a minor character in Charles Sheffield's novel The Web Between the Worlds.
Many giant squids are mentioned in Tentacles, the sequel to Cryptid Hunters, by Roland Smith. The character of E-Wolf is hired to capture a giant squid for the Northwest Zoo and Aquarium. Smith portrays the squids as pack hunters, when in real life they are solitary.
In J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, the Fellowship come up against the Watcher in the Water, a monster that lurks in the waters of the Sirannon, beneath the western walls of Moria. Although Tolkien's description is vague, the creature is frequently depicted as a giant squid or kraken with varying (often exaggerated) numbers of tentacles, and appeared as such in the 2001 film.
The River Moth, which flows through author Jeff VanderMeer's fictional city of Ambergris, is inhabited by giant squid. The city is named after ambergris, a substance secreted by sperm whales.
Captain Nemo's submarine, the Nautilus, fights a band of seven giant squid in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. In the 1954 film adaptation, there was only one giant squid, which was played by a large prop and served as the film's antagonist.
In H. G. Wells' "The Sea Raiders", a voracious swarm of giant squids (of the fictional species Haploteuthis ferox) slay a total of eleven people in boats and even attack a man on shore.
John Wyndham's book The Kraken Wakes depicts an invasion of squid-like aliens.
Film and television
Film
(Chronological)
John Wayne and Ray Milland battle a giant squid in the climax to Cecil B. DeMille's 1943 film Reap the Wild Wind.
Walt Disney's adaptation of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film) features a scene where Capt. Nemo's Nautilus is attacked by a giant squid (that probably mistook it for a sperm whale).
A menacing giant squid briefly appears in the film Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (1961).
In the film The Pagemaster (1994), Adventure, looking for a book to help Richard get past his fear of heights, picks out 20000 Leagues Under the Sea and turns to a page with an illustration of a giant squid. Immediately water gushes out of the book, and the giant squid's tentacles slowly emerge, as Richard and Adventure ascend a ladder to escape.The Beast (1996), a film (with William Petersen, Karen Sillas) is about a giant squid terrorizing a Pacific NW Island, based on Peter Benchley's novel.
At the end of the film Rugrats Go Wild (2003), Nigel Thornberry & the Rugrats see a live giant squid.
The title of the film The Squid and the Whale (2005) refers to the popularly imagined combat between sperm whale and giant squid, specifically as depicted in the diorama at New York's American Museum of Natural History, which the main character visits in the last scene of the movie.
A blue, bioluminescent giant squid makes an appearance in the 2016 Disney/Pixar animated film, Finding Dory as a antagonist.
A giant squid Titan appears in the 2017 science fiction kaiju film, Kong: Skull Island, where the titular monster briefly subdues and eats one. They were given the codename "MireSquid"
Television
(Alphabetical by series)
The squid becomes a contender in the twelfth episode of Animal Face-Off (2004) against the sperm whale, in which it loses.
The Doctor Who episode "The Power of Kroll" (1978) features a carnivorous monster resembling a giant squid which lives at the bottom of a swampy lake, and is worshipped by the natives despite the fact that it sometimes eats them.
The Giant Squid a.k.a. Doctor Voltrang's Clone Monster made its appearance in Godzilla by Hanna-Barbera in Episode 14: "Calico Clones". When the Calico crew escaped sinister clones of themselves, the scientist responsible for the clones' creation, Doctor Voltrang, sent out his deadly Giant Squid to recapture them. Captain Majors summoned Godzilla, who tied the Squid's tentacles into knots, forcing the Giant Squid to retreat.
In the Family Guy episode "Death Is a Bitch", a giant squid appears as an uninvited and threatening guest in the Griffin home that they choose to "just ignore and pretend it doesn't exist."
In the Free Willy episode "Cephalopod", a giant squid named Goliath is genetically altered by The Machine, and sent to catch and devour Willy the orca, his adopted little brother Einstein, the young orphaned dolphin and their human friend Jesse. But in the end, Willy defeats Goliath and foils The Machine's evil plan again.
In the Futurama episode "The Deep South" (2000), Fry and Umbriel cheer at a fight between a sperm whale and a giant squid.
An episode of the TV show Invader Zim which was unaired in the United States, called "Zim Eats Waffles", shows Dib watching Zim battling a "Giant Flesh-Eating Demon Squid" to the disbelief of his colleagues.
In Godzilla: The Series episodes New Family Part 1 and New Family Part 2 Mutant Giant Squids were causing trouble in Jamaica, so H.E.A.T. came to check them out. They were saved by Godzilla (Junior) (who was presumed dead after being attacked by the military in the last episode) and find out that the reported trouble must be coming from a more powerful, super predator which turns out to be Crustaceous Rex.
The giant squid was #3 in the Most Extreme episode, "Body Parts", because it has the largest eyes of any living animal. It was #5 in another episode, "Monster Myths", because it's not a sea monster and can't sink ships.
The documentary series The Future Is Wild depicts certain species of squid evolving into land-based, air-breathing forms culminating in the tall, 8 ton "Megasquid" 200 million years in the future. Other squid species include an ocean-dwelling, long "Rainbow Squid" capable of highly sophisticated optical camouflage and color alterations, and the small, arboreal "Squibbon", highly agile terrestrial squid which spend their lives swinging through the branches of massive lichen trees of the future. It is implied that the Squibbon may someday evolve into Earth's next sapient life form.
In Jonny Quest Episode 18 "Pirates From Below" The Giant Squid a surprise visitor gave Dr. Quest the opportunity to try out the underwater prober's arms.
The British show Octonauts also features both giant squid and colossal squid.
A giant squid appears in the Rocko's Modern Life episode Fish-N-Chumps. Unlike other depictions of a giant squid, the squid in this episode is very friendly and saved Rocko, Heffer and Filburt in exchange for some cheese.
A giant squid attacks the ship Alton Brown is working on in the Good Eats episode, Squid Pro Quo 2. The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest (a re-imagining of the franchise in the 90s) featured an entire episode dedicated to the giant squid, although the squids in the episode were as large as buildings.
In The Replacements episode "The Means Justify the Trend" (2006), a giant squid can be seen attacking a submarine.
In the Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated episode "The Midnight Zone", a giant squid briefly appears when Mystery Incorporated investigate an undersea town in a submarine.
On the Cartoon Network show The Secret Saturdays, a show about a family of cryptozoologists, the parents (Solomon "Doc" and Drew Saturday) are telling their son, Zak Saturday briefly in one episode about how they spent their last anniversary in the stomach of a Giant Squid. This is impossible, as neither a giant squid nor even a colossal squid can swallow a human whole.
In the 1970s cartoon series Super Friends, Superman and Aquaman rescued a cruise ship from a giant squid, which had been enlarged by the scientist Dr Pisces. The giant squid's ink had the effect of instantly enlarging any marine creatures that came into contact with it.
A giant squid and a colossal squid both made an appearance in Wild Kratts.
Music
(Alphabetical by artist)
Artists
The post-metal band Giant Squid takes its name from the animal.
Deathcore band "Here Comes the Kraken" refers to a giant squid.
The indie group Modest Mouse sold shirts on tour in the year 2001 featuring a giant squid fighting a sperm whale.
The Wizard Rock band "The Giant Squidstravaganza" takes its name from the animal, and its appearance in the Harry Potter series, and sings songs exclusively from the point of view of that specific giant squid, often expressing his love for toast.
Albums
A giant squid fighting a sperm whale in space is shown on the album cover of They Might Be Giants' Apollo 18 (1992).
Songs
Scottish pirate metal band Alestorm has a song on their album Back Through Time (2011) called "Death Throes of the Terrorsquid", about a band of pirates fighting a giant squid. The song is actually a sort-of continuation of a previous song called "Leviathan" from their Black Sails at Midnight (2008) album.
The artist "Allergic to Shellfishness" has written and recorded a song "The Great Vampire Squid"
Australian songwriter Baterz wrote and recorded a humorous ballad entitled "Giant squids" in which he speculated that the animals "have a much better time than we do".
Folk Rock Singer/Songwriter Jonathan Coulton's EP Where Tradition Meets Tomorrow includes a song, "I Crush Everything," about a remorseful giant squid.
Metal band "Engorged" have a song entitled "Architeuthis" from the album Where Monsters Dwell.Squid in general - and giant squid in particular - are mentioned in several songs written by Robyn Hitchcock, notably the Soft Boys' song Underwater MoonlightA song by the heavy metal group "Tourniquet" titled "Architeuthis" is about the mysteries of the giant squid.
"Mary The One-Eyed Prostitute Who Fought The Colossal Squid And Saved Us From Certain Death On The High Seas, God Rest Her One-Eyed Soul" is a song from The Dreadnoughts' debut album "Legends Never Die".
Video games
(Alphabetical by game or franchise title)
In Abzû giant squids appear in the chapter 4 of the game.
In Assassin's Creed II and Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, encounters with a giant squid appears as an Easter egg in both games. In Assassin's Creed II, Ezio can encounter a giant squid in the Assassin Tomb located under the Santa Maria Delle Visitazione. In Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, pirate Edward Kenway can watch a battle between white sperm whale and a giant squid while diving on the Antocha Wreck from the window of a wrecked ship.
In BioShock, when entering the fictional city Rapture aboard an underwater elevator, a giant squid can be seen for a fair amount of time before it moves away, either fleeing from the elevator, or from the whale seen almost immediately afterwards. Later in the game, a dead giant squid can be seen in a display case.
In Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2, mind-controlled giant squids are one of the most powerful naval units in the Soviet arsenal.
In Dragon Quest VIII: Journey of the Cursed King, one of the bosses you fight is a giant squid called Khalamari who uses two of its tentacles to act as hand puppets. It has attacked several ships but when it is defeated, Khalamari reveals he is friendly but was brainwashed by Dhoulmagus. After being cured, Khalamari gives you a Gold Bracer.
In Endless Ocean for the Wii, a giant squid can be found in the Abyss, along with a Sperm Whale. Being a non-violent game, the giant squid will not hurt you and the sperm whale will not attack the giant squid. In its sequel Endless Ocean 2: Adventures of the Deep, however, the giant squid is too dangerous to continue the quest and the only way to proceed is to lure a sperm whale to fight it while you find the mini-sub.
In the game "Jaws Unleashed", the shark encounters a Colossal squid in a level called "the Deep". Juvenile Colossal Squid can be encountered in free roam mode. The squid in the level "The Deep" is very exaggerated, if JAWS is in the game then the giant squid is at least .
In Kirby's Epic Yarn, the boss Capamari is what first appears to be a giant squid wearing a knit cap, but he then turns out to be an octopus.
A giant squid is the boss of a level for Super Adventure Island II. To defeat it, you must attack its tentacle while the body is out of the water then attack the body. Defeating it gives you the Moon Stone.
In the Mario franchise, large squid-like monsters called "Bloopers" are common enemies of the video game character Mario. In a few games giant Bloopers serve as bosses.
In Super Mario RPG, the first boss of the sunken ship is a giant squid that goes by the name, King Calamari. Log from the former crew revealed the squid attacked the ship and the trapped it in the treasure room while the ship sank. It is capable of speech and when its mind is read, King Calamari states that the ship is his. It has 800 Hit Points and its left tentacles have 200 Hit Points while its right tentacles have 260.
In the Dreamcast game Skies of Arcadia, the main character fights (in a ship battle) a giant squid named Obispo.
In Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves, Sly and the gang attempt to subdue the legendary giant squid known as "Crusher" in order for them to defeat Blood Bath Bay's main antagonist, Captain Lefwee. After an arduous battle between Crusher and Sly's crew aboard a pirate ship of their own, they are able to subdue the giant creature and possess its mind with the help of The Guru for use in their operation.
In the game Soulcalibur III, the character Nightmare gains a "giant" squid as his joke weapon.
In Stranded Deep, the most powerful boss in the game, Lusca The Great is a giant squid.
In Super Metroid, the boss character Phantoon resembles a giant squid, as well as the Ozymandias squid creature from the comic series Watchmen.
In Void Bastards, "junk squids" are a species of omnivorous giant squids capable of surviving in hard vacuum and large enough to devour even sizeable spacecraft.
In World of Warcraft, the final boss in the Throne of the Tides dungeon is a giant squid called Ozumat. Its model has since been used in Mists of Pandaria as a quest enemy and a dying one can be seen in the Isle of Thunder.
In the fighting game X-Men: Children of the Atom'', a giant squid is visible in the background in Omega Red's stage.
Statues and sculptures
The House on the Rock in Spring Green, Wisconsin has an enormous sculpture of a giant squid and sperm whale battling.
A thirteen meter giant statue was constructed in the Japanese fishing town of Noto in 2021. The purpose of the statue was to attract tourists to the town, although it was widely criticised for being funded with coronavirus relief money.
Miscellany
The Lego Aqua Raiders "Aquabase Invasion" set is centered on a giant squid.
See also
Kraken
Kraken in popular culture
Cephalopods in popular culture
List of squid-faced humanoids
References
Giant squid
Cephalopods in popular culture
Marine life in popular culture
Fictional squid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20squid%20in%20popular%20culture |
Clones is a puzzle real-time strategy by Canadian developer Tomkorp for Microsoft Windows, released on November 18, 2010 through Steam. Clones was created by independent game developer Tomkorp Computer Solutions as their first game. It features alien creatures named clones to which the player can assign a variety of morph commands which cause the clones to deform their body in order to navigate the terrain. Multiple game types are supported as well as both singleplayer and multiplayer modes.
Gameplay
The core gameplay of Clones is similar to Lemmings but includes several differences such as multiple game modes, networked multiplayer, a world ranking system, simple A.I., and a built-in level editor. Primarily a 2D game, Clones uses a 3D camera to display the Clones planet (single-player worldmap) and to allow zooming and rotation of the 2D landscape. The player cannot control the clones directly, except for the mutated light clone, and must issue morphs to the clones which deform their bodies and allow them to perform 10 different actions to help navigate the landscape.
Game modes
The clones are grouped into 8 different colour groups with identical functionality. In singleplayer the user controls only one group with the rest being computer controlled (or not available), while in multiplayer every player may control a different group. The objective for each level depends on the current game mode which can be one of the following:
Corral the Clone - The group which beams up (saves) the most clones wins.
Capture the Clone - Each group tries to lure a large clone to an exit area.
Procure the Particle - Each group must direct their clones to pick up a particle and then lead the particle-carrying clone to the particle receptacle.
Multiverse Match - Every group has their own sealed duplicate level and must race to complete the puzzle in the shortest time.
Quantum Quarrel - Each group tries to atomize clones of other groups. The last clone group standing wins.
Super Synergy (multiplayer only) - Co-operative multiplayer. Multiple players can solve puzzles as a team.
Quantum Loop (singleplayer only) - A level with N groups is played N times and on each iteration the player controls the Nth group and must co-ordinate the morphs given in the past with the currently controlled group.
Each game mode may have a number of options to vary the gameplay such as allowing a single saboteur clone in the Multiverse Match mode.
Multiplayer
The multiplayer experience takes place in the setting of the intergalactic CloneMaster League. Players can host a tournament or view a list of all active tournaments in the universe and join one. Multiplayer matches offer a high degree of replay value and can be much more intense than singleplayer as a result of humans being so unpredictable. Players have the option of registering a one-on-one match with the CloneStats world ranking system which uses a chess-like method for determining a players rank. This mode is similar to Multiplayer Lemmings from the SNES version of Lemmings, but playable over the internet or LAN.
Level editor
Clones comes with a built-in, fully featured WYSIWYG level editor which will allow players to create their own multiplayer levels as well as CloneMaster packs to extend the number of singleplayer puzzles. The editor uses object primitives to build up a level from many small pieces. Objects can be freely rotated, scaled, tinted, and alpha-blended to produce levels with a high level of appeal. Levels can be compressed into level packs and then uploaded to the ClonesGame.com website to share with other players.
Plot
The single-player campaign places the player in the role of a new CloneMaster, visiting the Clones Planet who is to progress on a pilgrimage to visit and learn from 10 Elder CloneMasters. Each defeated Elder gives the player a segment of a medallion which once restored will unlock a final Elder CloneMaster. Each CloneMaster will present the player with 10-20 puzzles with the final puzzle being a head-to-head battle against the Elder in Multiverse Match mode. Players are encouraged to learn as much as possible from the Elders before engaging in online play, which can be very challenging.
Development
Clones was developed by Tomkorp Computer Solutions Inc. which is a two-man company from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada that specializes in building customized multi-user database applications. Clones is their first released game. Financial support was provided by Telefilm Canada, STEM, and Fortune Cat Games Studio Incubator.
Funding
Funding for the Fortune Cat Video Games incubator comes from Component IV of the Winnipeg Partnership Agreement by Western Economic Diversification Canada. This component is designed to strengthen Winnipeg's innovation system by supporting projects that increase the awareness, capacity and use of new technologies. Component IV will also build necessary infrastructure to promote growth in knowledge-based sectors such as aerospace, life sciences and alternative energy.
References
External links
2010 video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer online games
Puzzle video games
Video games about cloning
Video games about extraterrestrial life
Video games developed in Canada
Windows games
Windows-only games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clones%20%28video%20game%29 |
Wuwei () is a prefecture-level city in northwest central Gansu province. In the north it borders Inner Mongolia, in the southwest, Qinghai. Its central location between three western capitals, Lanzhou, Xining, and Yinchuan makes it an important business and transportation hub for the area. Because of its position along the Hexi Corridor, historically the only route from central China to western China and the rest of Central Asia, many major railroads and national highways pass through Wuwei.
History
In ancient times, Wuwei was called Liangzhou (—the name retained by today's Wuwei's central urban district) and is the eastern terminus of the Hexi Corridor. People began settling here about 5,000 years ago. It was a key link for the Northern Silk Road, and a number of important archaeological finds were uncovered from Wuwei, including ancient copper carts with stone animals. The motifs and types of objects in the Wuwei graves, as well as their earthenware, lacquer, and bronze composition, constitute typical examples of the Han Chinese burial style that can be found all over China. Other graves found along the Hexi Corridor show Xiongnu and other minority influence, which are used to trace regimes such as the Northern Liang. It became an important provincial capital during the Former Han Dynasty as the Hou Hanshu makes clear:
"In the third year [170 CE], Meng Tuo, the Inspector of Liangzhou (modern Wuwei), sent the Assistant Officer Ren She, commanding five hundred soldiers from Dunhuang. He, with the Wuji Major Cao Kuan, and Chief Clerk of the Western Regions, Zhang Yan, brought troops from Yanqi (Karashahr), Qiuci (Kucha), and the Nearer and Further Kingdoms of Jushi (Turfan and Jimasa), altogether numbering more than 30,000, to punish Shule (Kashgar). They attacked the town of Zhenzhong (Arach) but, having stayed for more than forty days without being able to subdue it, they withdrew. Following this, the kings of Shule (Kashgar) killed one another repeatedly and, for its part, the Imperial Government was unable to prevent it."
In 121 BC Han emperor Wudi brought his cavalry here to defend the Hexi Corridor against the Xiongnu Huns. His military success allowed him to expand the corridor westward. Its importance as a stop along the Silk Road made it a crossroads of cultures and ethnic groups from all over central Asia. Numerous Buddhist grottoes and temples in the area attest to its role as a path for bringing Buddhism from India and Afghanistan to China.
During the Three Kingdoms period (184-280), Liangzhou was governed by Ma Teng. After the death of Ma Teng, Ma Chao assumed the post and governed the province for a short time before it fell into the hands of Cao Cao, ruler of Wei Kingdom.
Liangzhou was briefly (from 400 to 421) a state during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
Famous cultural relics from Wuwei include the Galloping Bronze Horse (), Western Xia mausoleums(), Wuwei White Towers Temple (), Tianti Mountain Grotto (), Luoshi(Kumārajīva) Temple (), and the Confucian temple ().
Geography and climate
Wuwei is located in the Hexi Corridor between the Tibetan plateau and Mongolian Plateau. The south of Wuwei is higher than the north, with an elevation ranging from above sea-level. Its area is . Average annual temperature is . The climate is a cold desert climate (Köppen BWk), with precipitation between . Evaporation is from , creating a net loss of water each year. There are 2200–3000 sunlight hours each year and 85–165 frost free days. Summer temperatures can be in excess of , in the shade are by no means unheard of.
Southwest of Wuwei, there is a thick Tianzhu Formation made of clastics intercalated with sandy shale and shale. Minerals deposits occurring in the vicinity of Wuwei include graphite, iron, titanium, and limestone.
A species of stone loach, Triplophysa wuweiensis, is named after Wuwei where it was first discovered.
Administration
1 urban district, 2 counties, 1 autonomous county, 116 towns, and 41 townships
Demographics
Population 1,815,054. Urban: 509,600 with 38 ethnic groups represented including Han, Hui, Mongol, Tu, Tibetan, etc.
Economy
Consistent sunlight and fertile soil make agriculture one of Wuwei's biggest industries. Other important industries are textiles, metallurgy, and construction materials. Melons, vegetables, wine and livestock are all major agricultural products. Organic farming is a trend with more land being set aside for “green farming” each year. Land use can be broken down into the following:
of water
of forest
of grassland.
of “undeveloped” land.
of farmland.
of corn
of vegetables
of melons
for livestock
of vineyards
Transport
Wuwei is served by the G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway and China National Highway 312; the serves trains on the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway.
Footnotes
References
Hill, John E. (2015) Through the Jade Gate to Rome - China to Rome. CreateSpace, Charleston, South Carolina. .
External links
Official website of Wuwei government
Gansu Province Official Website
Prefecture-level divisions of Gansu
Populated places along the Silk Road | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuwei%2C%20Gansu |
Alala (Ancient Greek: (alalá); "battle-cry" or "war-cry") was the personification of the war cry in Greek mythology. Her name derives from the onomatopoeic Greek word (alalḗ), hence the verb (alalázō), "to raise the war-cry". Greek soldiers attacked the enemy with this cry in order to cause panic in their lines and it was asserted that Athenians adopted it to emulate the cry of the owl, the bird of their patron goddess Athena.
According to Pindar, Alala was the daughter of Polemos, the personification of war, and was characterised by the poet as "prelude to spears, to whom men offer a holy sacrifice of death on behalf of their city". A poetic epithet of the war god Ares is Alaláxios (). Alala is one of the attendants of Ares out on the battlefield, along with the rest of his entourage: Phobos and Deimos (his sons); Eris/Discordia, with the Androktasiai, Makhai, Hysminai, and the Phonoi (Eris' children); the Spartoi, and the Keres.
In Italy the war-cry (modified as Eja Eja Alalà) /e.jɑ e.jɑ ɑ.lɑ.'lɑ/ was invented by Gabriele D'Annunzio in August 1917, using the Greek cry preceded by a Sardinian shout, in place of what he considered the barbaric 'Hip! Hip! Hurrah!'. It was used by the aviation corps soon afterwards before setting out on a dangerous flight during World War I. In 1919 it was associated with the corps that captured Fiume and was then adopted by the Fascist movement. Later a young Polish sympathiser, Artur Maria Swinarski (1900–65), used the cry as the title of a collection of his poems in 1926.
See also
Battle cry
Ululation
Notes
References
Pindar, Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments, edited and translated by William H. Race, Loeb Classical Library No. 485, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1997. . Online version at Harvard University Press.
War goddesses
Greek goddesses
Battle cries
Greek war deities
Personifications in Greek mythology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alala |
Joan Mascaró, generally known as Juan (8 December 1897 – 19 March 1987) was a Spanish translator. He used the Spanish spelling of his name (Juan) because the Catalan spelling (Joan) is the same as that of the female English name "Joan".
Biography
He was born in Santa Margalida, Majorca to a farming family and took interest in spirituality at the early age of 13. Mascaró is responsible for one of the most popular English translations of the Hindu text Bhagavad Gita (1962), and of some of the major Upanishads (1965). He also translated, from Pāli into English, a key Buddhist text, Dhammapada (1973). His first work, Lamps of Fire (1958), was a collection of religious and spiritual wisdom from across the world; a selection from the book inspired the Beatles song "The Inner Light" (1968). Though his native tongue was Catalan, he translated into English. Mascaró's obituary in The New York Times said he had, "achieved the unique feat of translation from languages not his own (Sanskrit and Pali) into another language not at first his own (English)."
His interest in religion started from the age of 13 when he studied a book on occultism. After finding this spiritually misleading, he discovered an older English translation of the Bhagavad Gita. This inspired him to study Sanskrit in order to gain a better understanding of the text, as the available translation was quite poor.
Mascaró studied modern and oriental languages at Cambridge University and spent some time lecturing on the Spanish Mystics. He then went to Ceylon where he was Vice-Principal of Parameshwara College at Jaffna. Later, he became Professor of English at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. He settled in England after the Spanish Civil War and there made his translations of the Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads, as well as returning to Cambridge University, where he was a supervisor of English and lectured on "Literary and Spiritual Values in the Authorized Version of the Bible." He was made doctor honoris causa by the University of the Balearic Islands.
He married Kathleen Ellis in 1951 and had a twin son and daughter. He died in 1987 at his home in Comberton, Cambridge.
Bibliography
Lamps of Fire/Lámparas de fuego (1958) .
The Bhagavad Gita (1962) .
The Upanishads (1965) .
Dhammapada (1973)
The Creation of Faith (1993) .
Himalayas of the Soul (1938) .
A Star from the East, An Appreciation of Bhagavad Gita (1954).
El ser y el amor (Ensayos sobre el Apocalipsis) (1973).
Cartes d'un mestre a un amic (1993) .
References
External links
Webpage devoted to Juan Mascaró at LletrA (UOC), Catalan Literature Online (Catalan)
Margalida Munar. «La idea d'educació en l'obra de Joan Mascaró i Fornés.»,
Climent Picornell. Joan Mascaró i Fornés i The Beatles (o George Harrison) http://jcmllonja.balearweb.net/post/112757
1897 births
1987 deaths
People from Mallorca
Translators from Catalonia
Translators from Hindi
Translators from Pali
Translators from Sanskrit
Translators to English
Academic staff of the Autonomous University of Barcelona
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
20th-century translators
People from Comberton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Mascar%C3%B3 |
Bronx Community Board 3 is a local government unit in the New York City borough, of the Bronx, encompassing the neighborhoods of Crotona Park East, Claremont, Concourse Village, Melrose, and Morrisania. It is delimited by Sheridan Boulevard to the east, the Cross Bronx Expressway and Crotona Park North to the north, Park Avenue and Webster Avenue to the west, and East 159th Street and East 161st Street to the south.
Community board staff and membership
The current chairperson of the Bronx Community board 3 is Dr. Rev. Bruce Rivera. Its District Manager is John Dudley. Currently, Dudley is the longest serving District Manager in the borough of the Bronx.
The City Council members representing the community district are non-voting, ex officio board members. The council members and their council districts are:
15th NYC Council District - Ritchie Torres
16th NYC Council District - Vanessa Gibson
17th NYC Council District - Rafael Salamanca
Demographics
As of the United States 2000 Census, the Community Board has a population of 68,574, up from 57,162 in the 1990 Census and 53,638 in 1980.
Of them, 36,273 (52.9%) are of Hispanic origin, 30,201 (44%) are Black, non-Hispanic, 678 (1%) are White, non-Hispanic, 248 (0.4%) are Asian or Pacific Islander, 216 (0.3%) American Indian or Alaska Native, 169 (0.2%) are some other race (non-Hispanic), and 789 (1.2%) of two or more races (non-Hispanic).
References
External links
Community boards of the Bronx | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx%20Community%20Board%203 |
We™ are an illbient production and DJ collective that was formed in Williamsburg, Brooklyn in 1991 by DJ Olive aka Gregor Asch, Lloop aka Rich Panciera and Once 11 aka Nacho aka Ignacio Platas. They have released music on Asphodel Records alongside DJ Spooky, Byzar and Sub Dub. They are now associated with the Agriculture Records label. We™ have remixed tracks for Arto Lindsay, Free Kitten, and Medeski, Martin, and Wood among others.
It is unknown whether or not We™ are still active.
As Is (1997)
The Square Root of Negative One (1999)
Decentertainment (2000)
References
Illbient | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20%28illbient%20group%29 |
Elliott Marks (3 December 1941 – 9 July 2003) was a Canadian movie stills photographer who was posthumously awarded the first Still Photographer Award by the International Cinematographers Guild Publicists Awards in 2004. According to the award citation: "Marks devoted 25 years of his life to capturing some of the best images from an array of classic Hollywood films. His credits include Pirates of the Caribbean, The Horse Whisperer, Clueless, Down and Out in Beverly Hills, Annie and Rocky.
Elliott Stephen Marks was born in Toronto, Ontario, in 1941. After a career as a wildlife photographer he gained his first screen credit as the still photographer for Jonathan Livingston Seagull in 1973. In 1996, Marks was inducted as a founding member of the Society of Motion Picture Still Photographers. He was the recipient of the Society of Operating Cameramen's Lifetime Achievement Award.
Marks was married to Deborah Klar. He also fathered a son, Harrison, by his first wife Andie.
The movie Starsky & Hutch was dedicated to Marks.
References
'2004 Publicists Awards', International Cinematographers Guild, (2004). Retrieved November 15, 2015.
1941 births
2003 deaths
Canadian photographers
Movie stills photographers
People from Toronto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20Marks |
Scott Jennings is the name of:
Scott Jennings (born 1977), a United States political appointee in the administration of George W. Bush
Scott Jennings (game designer) (born 1966), American commentator on MMORPG games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Jennings%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Xernona Clayton Brady (née Brewster, born August 30, 1930) is an American civil rights leader and broadcasting executive. During the Civil Rights Movement, she worked for the National Urban League and Southern Christian Leadership Conference, where she became involved in the work of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Later, Clayton went into television, where she became the first African American from the southern United States to host a daily prime time talk show. She became corporate vice president for Turner Broadcasting.
Clayton created the Trumpet Foundation. She was instrumental in the development of the International Civil Rights Walk of Fame that was developed by the foundation to honor the achievements of African Americans and civil rights advocates. She convinced a Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan to denounce the Klan. Clayton has been honored by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the city of Atlanta for her work.
Early life
Xernona and her twin sister Xenobia were born in Muskogee, Oklahoma, the daughters of Reverend James and Elliott (Lillie) Brewster. Her parents were administrators of Indian affairs in Muskogee, Oklahoma. In 1952, Clayton earned her undergraduate degree with honors from Tennessee State Agricultural and Industrial College in Nashville, Tennessee. She majored in music and minored in education. At TSU, Clayton became a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. She is a Baptist. She pursued graduate studies at the University of Chicago.
Career
Clayton began her career in the Civil Rights Movement with the National Urban League in Chicago, working undercover to investigate racial discrimination committed by employers against African Americans. Clayton moved to Atlanta in 1965, where she organized events for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), under the direction of Martin Luther King Jr. She developed a deep friendship with Dr. King's wife, Coretta Scott King. Clayton and Scott King traveled together on concert tours. Although Clayton did not march with King, citing a fear of being arrested, Clayton helped plan King's marches.
In 1966, Clayton coordinated the Doctors' Committee for Implementation, a group of African American physicians who worked for and achieved the desegregation of all Atlanta hospitals. The Doctors' Committee served as a model for nationwide hospital desegregation, and was honored by the National Medical Association.
Clayton then headed the Atlanta Model Cities program, a federally funded group dedicated to improving the quality of desegregated neighborhoods. Clayton met Calvin Craig, the Grand Dragon of the Georgia Ku Klux Klan, through the Model Cities program, as Craig served in a policy position with the organization. Craig cited Clayton's influence when he decided to denounce the Klan in April 1968.
In 1967, Clayton became the first Southern African American to host a daily prime time talk show. The show was broadcast on WAGA-TV in Atlanta and was renamed, The Xernona Clayton Show. Clayton joined Turner Broadcasting in 1979 as a producer of documentary specials. In the 1980s, she served as director of public relations for Turner Broadcasting. In 1988, Turner Broadcasting promoted Clayton to corporate vice president for urban affairs, assigning her to direct Turner projects and serve as a liaison between Turner Broadcasting and civic groups in Atlanta and throughout the country. Clayton retired from Turner Broadcasting in 1997, choosing to call the retirement a "professional transition".
Clayton serves on the board of directors of the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change. She served on the Board of Review for the state of Georgia's Department of Labor. In 1991, she published an autobiography, I've Been Marching All The Time, a title inspired by King. The book focused on her life and her views of the Civil Rights Movement.
In 1993, Clayton, with Turner Broadcasting, created the Trumpet Awards to honor achievements of African Americans. She serves as the chair, president, and CEO of the Trumpet Awards Foundation that was formed in late 2004. In early 2004, Clayton created the International Civil Rights Walk of Fame.
Personal life
Clayton was a member of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was the pastor.
Clayton was married to Ed Clayton (who also worked with Dr. King) from 1957 until his death in 1966. She co-authored a revised edition of her late husband's biography of Martin Luther King Jr. that is titled The Peaceful Warrior.
Following her first husband's death, Clayton married Paul L. Brady, the first African American to be appointed as a Federal Administrative Law Judge, in 1974. Brady and Clayton have two children from Brady's previous marriage, Laura and Paul Jr.
Honors
TSU honored Clayton at their Blue and White All-Star Academy Awards in 2005. Clayton's footprints were added to the International Civil Rights Walk of Fame in 2006. On May 1, 2011, Clayton received the James Weldon Johnson Lifetime Achievement Award from the Detroit branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). She received the Local Community Service Award from Spelman College in 2004.
In September 2011, the Atlanta City Council renamed a street and a plaza at Hardy Ivy Park in downtown Atlanta in Clayton's honor. In conjunction with the National Newspaper Publishers Association, the AFC Enterprises Foundation awards an annual Xernona Clayton Black Press Scholarship amounting to $10,000 to a student pursuing a doctoral degree in journalism. The Mattel Toy Company created a "Xernona Clayton Barbie" doll in her honor in 2004.
Xernona Clayton has been honored worldwide for her contributions to humanity, which includes: Bronze Women of the Year for Human Relations, 1969; Communications Woman of Achievement Award by the Atlanta Chapter of American Women in Radio and Television, 1984–85; Superior Television Programming Award by Iota Phi Lambda sorority, 1971; being named one of Georgia's Most Influential Women 1984 and Black Georgian of the Year 1984; being included in Leadership Atlanta, Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, 1971; named Bethune-Tubman Woman of the Year Award, Chicago, 1985; named Woman of the Year by Black Women Hall of Fame foundation, 1985; The Kizzy Award 1979; Humanitarian Award, Hillside International Truth Center, 1986; First Black woman to receive The Trailblazer Award by the Greater Atlanta Club Business and Professional Woman; named one of the nation's Top 100 Black Business and Professional Women by Dollars and Sense Magazine, 1985; being one of Seven Atlanta honorees for Black Achievers Award by the Equitable, 1986; being inducted into the Academy of Women Achievers by the YWCA, 1986; Communications Award by the OICs of America, 1986; American Spirit Award by the United States Air Force Recruiting Service, 1987; and receiving the President's Award by the National Conference of Mayors, 1983.
On International Women's Day in 2023, the City of Atlanta unveiled a statue of Clayton in the plaza also named in her honor on West Peachtree Street. The location in downtown Atlanta was symbolic for Clayton, as she had been "thrown out of a hotel" on the street during the Civil Rights Movement.
Bibliography
References
1930 births
Living people
People from Muskogee, Oklahoma
Activists for African-American civil rights
American television executives
Women television executives
African-American television personalities
African-American women writers
American women writers
African-American writers
Tennessee State University alumni
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Writers from Oklahoma
African-American women journalists
African-American journalists
American women journalists
American television talk show hosts
University of Chicago alumni
People from Atlanta
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xernona%20Clayton |
Phillyblog.com was an Internet forum or virtual community whose focus was Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and its surrounding communities. Pennsylvania governor Ed Rendell was its honorary chairperson.
History
It was started in October 2002 by four Philadelphians who decided to create a site for productive discussion about the city of Philadelphia and its surrounding region.
Membership
Residents and former residents of Philadelphia's many neighborhoods (and its immediate suburbs) met here to ask questions, share ideas and discuss their experiences of life in the fourth largest metro in the United States. Phillybloggers were a mixture of natives, long-time residents and newcomers to the city, as well as the occasional expatriate. Popular discussion topics included food and dining, local and national politics, parenting and education and crime in the city. As of 5/3/2008 there were 52,489 threads, 748,683 posts and 23,171 members.
Like any other public Internet forum, it had its share of Internet trolls, as well as a breed particular to Philadelphia, the Negadelphian, or someone who says negative comments about Philadelphia, especially about its professional sports teams. The site affected local Philadelphia issues. State Representative Mark B. Cohen was an active blogger.
Community Impact
Because of its search-engine placement, Phillyblog had been a go to resource for people who wanted to discuss issues about Philadelphia. The site was also followed (and quoted) by members of the local media, and used by law enforcement officers for gathering and disseminating information about crime and criminals.
PhillyBlog ran a "Best of Philly ..."" contest. The site and its founder Wil Reynolds were profiled in the February 15, 2007, Philadelphia Daily News.
References
External links
Original blog listing
Original Homepage
Internet forums
Mass media in Philadelphia
Internet properties established in 2002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillyblog |
Carrickfergus Grammar School is a controlled grammar school situated in Carrickfergus, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Since opening in 1962 with 60 pupils and 4 teachers, its pupil numbers have increased to just over 800 pupils from ages 11 to 18 in Years 8 to 14.
The school is situated on the former site of Thornfield Manor, overlooking the town of Carrickfergus, and has a proud view of Carrickfergus Castle and Belfast Lough.
The school is known for its sporting achievements, especially in rugby, hockey, and football and its music department, including the senior choir, which often performs in high-profile venues, such as The National Concert Hall in Dublin, and has made numerous television appearances.
The school motto Præstantia roughly translates as 'Excellence' and the school's mission statement reads "Further Excellence from Present Strengths".
Notable alumni include inventor/guitarist Cameron Neville, who attended the school from 2014-2021
History
The school was founded in 1962 with just 60 pupils, but now accommodates approximately 800 students and 70 staff. In 2018, the school was the second top Controlled Grammar in Northern Ireland for GCSE Results.
The school was expanded to deal with an increase in numbers when an extension was built in 1983.The motto changed to Præstantia, the school crest was replaced with a new logo and the school colours changed to reflect better the diversity of the school community. The school continued to grow, and in 1999 was the first grammar school in Northern Ireland to achieve the Investors in People award. It was also later awarded the Goldmark by the Northern Ireland Sports Council for the quality of its physical education. In 2008, the school achieved specialist school status, specialising in science, and was awarded the International School Award in recognition of its work encouraging global awareness in school.
In 2009, the school achieved its first major school sports trophy for rugby in recent years, winning the Ulster Schools Trophy. In 2012, the school had more success, winning the Northern Bank Medallion Bowl.
The school's first principal was J McK Grainger, founding the school with 60 pupils. Grainger was at the school until his retirement in 1977, when he was succeeded by H Jamison, who was principal until 1989. K Irwin succeeded Jamison in 1990, and stayed in the position until his retirement in 2009. K Mulvenna took over the principalship in 2009 and retired in April 2019. Past principals have facilities within the school named after them, such as the Grainger Centre, the Jamison Room, and Irwin Park. The current principal is J A Maxwell.
Houses
There are four school houses, Castle, Fergus, Knockagh and Thornfield, and new students are assigned to one of these houses when they arrive. A Boys' and Girls' House Captain and Vice-Captain are elected each year by members of Year 13.
Notable former pupils
John Stewart, Ulster Unionist Party politician, MLA and War hero
References
External links
Official Site
Grammar schools in County Antrim
Educational institutions established in 1962
Carrickfergus
1962 establishments in Northern Ireland
Specialist colleges in Northern Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrickfergus%20Grammar%20School |
The Messenger of the Sacred Heart is a Roman Catholic periodical; the print organ of the Apostleship of Prayer, a pious association founded in nineteenth century France by the Jesuits. There are many editions in various languages, promoting devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. In the late 1940s, The Messenger was banned in many Soviet Block countries.
History
The Messenger of the Sacred Heart was originally founded in France as the print organ of the Apostleship of Prayer, a pious association founded in 1844 by Francois-Xavier Gautrelet, S.J. The first Messenger of the Sacred Heart was published in 1861. The Apostleship of Prayer has always operated under the auspices of the Society of Jesus. By 1941, there were seventy-two Messengers around the world published in forty-four different languages. The English and the Australian Jesuits prepared their own editions. A children's edition was also produced.
English Messenger
William Maher SJ (1823-1877) translated and composed the words and music to the hymn Soul of My Saviour, among other hymns. Maher served as the editor of the English Messenger until his death in 1877. Henry James Coleridge then added the Messenger to his other duties as editor of The Month. In 1884, Coleridge was able to pass the editorship of "The Messenger" to Augustus Dignam SJ, who also happened to be spiritual adviser to Frances Margaret Taylor, the former publisher of The Lamp. Taylor was by then Mother Magdalen of the Sacred Heart and head of the Congregation of the Poor Servants of the Mother of God. A writer, in her own right, with her experience in publishing, she helped Dignam with "The Messenger".
Irish Messenger
Generally known simply as The Messenger, it was founded by Irish priest, Fr. James Cullen SJ in 1888. In November 1887, Cullen was appointed director for Ireland of the Apostleship of Prayer, to spread devotion to the Sacred Heart. Cullen had earlier served as a curate in Enniscorthy. The boatmen who carried goods between Enniscorthy and Wexford worked hard; it was there, Cullen first became concerned with men spending their money on drink.<ref name=Kennedy>[https://www.irishcatholic.com/the-remarkable-legacy-of-the-pioneers/ Kennedy, Fionnula. "The remarkable legacy of the Pioneers, The Irish Catholic, December 27, 2018]</ref> In 1888, he founded the Irish Messenger of the Sacred Heart which he saw as a means to promote temperance, by presenting temperance as an expression of one's devotion to the Sacred Heart. Though primarily a vehicle for the promotion of devotion to the Sacred Heart, Fr. Cullen also utilized the Messenger for the propagation of devotion to Mary. Helpful articles in the early days offered advice ranging from how to iron a blouse to the good rearing of hens. It is printed in Dublin. With sales of The Messenger around 52,000, it is still one of the largest-selling magazines in Ireland. Messenger Publications publishes the Journal Studies for the Irish Jesuit province.
Canadian Messenger
A Canadian version was launched in 1891 and published at the Jesuit seminary in Montreal until 1925, and thereafter in Toronto. The Canadian Messenger was a member of a family of Messengers published around the world by the Jesuits. The Messager Canadien du Sacre Coeur'' was published for French-speaking Canadians. Due to increased costs and declining subscribers, it ceased publication in June 2014.
In 1947, The Messenger was banned in Yugoslavia, Albania, Austria, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Bohemia and Ruthenia in Czechoslovakia
References
External links
Home page for The Sacred Heart Messenger
Sacred heart Messenger (Canada and USA)
Catholic magazines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger%20of%20the%20Sacred%20Heart |
In sociology, distinction is a social force whereby people use various strategies—consciously or not—to differentiate and distance themselves from others in society, and to assign themselves greater value in the process. In Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (La Distinction, 1979), Pierre Bourdieu described how those in power define aesthetic concepts like "good taste", with the consequence that the social class of a person tends to predict and in fact determine his or her cultural interests, likes, and dislikes.
Political and socio-economic, racial and gender distinctions, based upon social class, are reinforced in daily life within society. In The Rebel Sell: Why the Culture Can't be Jammed (2004), Joseph Heath and Andrew Potter describe "distinction" as a social competition in which the styles of social fashion are in continual development, and that the men and women who do not follow the development of social trends soon become stale, and irrelevant to their social-class stratum.
Cultural distinction
Cultural distinction is expanded with the concept of cultural capital, which are the social assets of a person, and a key element of outward display of power or lack thereof.
Bourdieu proposes that those with a high volume of cultural capital – non-financial social assets, such as education, which promote social mobility beyond economic means – are most likely to be able to determine what constitutes taste within society. Those with lower volumes of overall capital accept this taste, and the distinction of high and low culture, as legitimate and natural, and thus accept existing restrictions on conversion between the various forms of capital (economic, social, cultural). Those with low overall capital are unable to access a higher volume of cultural capital because they lack the necessary means to do so. This could mean lacking the terminology to describe or methods of understanding classical artwork, due to features of their habitus, for example. The acceptance of 'dominant' forms of taste is, Bourdieu argues, a form of 'symbolic violence'. That is, the naturalization of this distinction of taste and its misrecognition as necessary denies the dominated classes the means of defining their own world, which leads to the disadvantage of those with less overall capital. Moreover, that even when the subordinate social classes might seem to have their own ideas about what is and what is not good taste, "the working-class ‘aesthetic’ is a dominated aesthetic, which is constantly obliged to define itself in terms of the dominant aesthetics" of the ruling class.
Bourdieu discussed an objectified cultural capital, where the visual aesthetic of people or objects is more important than the inner-meaning. Bourdieu argues that pictures that are not attractive become appealing because of the high levels of cultural capital. Giselinde Kuipers evaluated physical looks among four European countries. Her study found the relationship of social position and beauty for males was weakest, but for females was highest. This study reflected Bourdieu’s aesthetic disposition because Kuiper found that young and educated people are attracted to an original beauty. Kuipers’ research presents evidence of cultural capital being more transmissible. Such examples being younger generations having different aesthetic styles into traditional culture.
Legal distinction
Distinctions of legal societies, being internal and external perspectives, play a role on the way law communities are viewed. Legal distinction’s position in society is determined by a variety of factors such as culture, ideology, politics, economics, science, education and technology.
Sociologist Max Weber uses assessment of value judgments against socio-scholars. Sociology scholars, in law, are commonly viewed as fixers of law policies who give important guidance to the law makers. Weber argues that socio-scholars have to show passion for any value among society.
Law and morals should be separated according to the separation thesis. This thesis is criticized by many sociologists due to systems being separated from normative systems in society. Distinction in legal and social science is shown to be different from the normative order.
Roger Cotterrell argues law is made up of a communal network and the operations within are determined by intrinsic values. In Cotterrell’s argument, he concludes a dualistic view of law being symbolic and instrumental by socio-legal theory instead of legal theory to determine legal normativity.
Military distinction
Military distinction deals with the roles of military personnel and society. Various differing roles in many countries could change the distinction military perceives to society.
Task changes in the military has changed the view on society for the role that is established. Soldiers are viewed as peacekeepers and identify with this role while also being in the role of a warrior. Terrorism is another factor that plays a role on military and their perception by society. Terrorism is a major threat that military deal with and are not typically tasks of police forces. Society sees the structural position of the military to be separate from police forces.
Civil-military divide influences roles of work force and military organization. The two groups interact by social, cultural, and educational differences. Roles are defined by relationships between military personnel and citizen-soldiers. Social actors, like threats to environment, cause tensions that could be brought into discussion for differing sectors of military.
References
Egan, Maurice Francis (1898). "The Passion for Distinction," The North American Review, Volume CLXVII, Issue 504.
Patmore, Coventry (1890). "Distinction,” The Eclectic Magazine, Vol. LII.
Social inequality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinction%20%28sociology%29 |
The Conspicuous Service Cross (CSC) is a decoration (medal) of the Australian honours system. It is awarded to members of the Australian Defence Force "for outstanding devotion to duty or outstanding achievement in the application of exceptional skills, judgment or dedication, in non-warlike situations". In November 2019, 1129 people were listed as recipients. All ranks are eligible for the award.
History
The Conspicuous Service Cross was introduced in 1989 to acknowledge outstanding achievement and performance of duty in non-warlike circumstances. Previously, there had been no option for such recognition other than using awards within the Order of Australia.
Description
The medal is a nickel-silver modified Maltese Cross with each axis measuring 38 millimetres, ensigned with the Crown of Saint Edward in nickel-silver, with the arms of the cross interspersed with fluted rays. The obverse bears a central device of the Southern Cross surrounded by a laurel wreath.
The back of the cross shows a horizontal panel.
The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, having alternating diagonal stripes of bush green and sandy gold 6 millimetres wide.
Additional awards of the CSC wear a nickel-silver bar with a superimposed replica of the cross. The bar is attached to the ribbon of the original award.
Multiple award recipients
Several people have received the Conspicuous Service Cross for a second time, including:
See also
Australian Honours Order of Wearing
Post-nominal letters (Australia)
:Category:Recipients of the Conspicuous Service Cross (Australia)
Notes
References
External links
It's an Honour - Australian government website
Military awards and decorations of Australia
1989 establishments in Australia
Awards established in 1989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous%20Service%20Cross%20%28Australia%29 |
The Skiing Cochrans are a family of American alpine ski racers from Richmond, Vermont, a dominant force on the U.S. Ski Team in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and again in 2000s, 2010s and 2020s.
In 1961, parents Mickey and Ginny Cochran built a small ski area on their hillside property along the Winooski River in rural Vermont, the Cochrans ski hill, where they trained their four children to be world-class ski racers. All four - Bob, Barbara Ann, Marilyn and Lindy - represented the U.S. in the Winter Olympics, with Barbara Ann winning the gold medal in slalom at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Japan. The next generation of Cochrans has continued the racing tradition, placing six family members on the U.S. Ski Team, while Cochran's Ski Area has grown into a local winter recreation area with three lifts and eight slopes attracting families from around Vermont.
ParentsGordon T. "Mickey" Cochran (1924–1998) - An athlete, a soldier, an engineer, and a teacher all rolled into one, Mickey's talents added up to genius on the ski slopes. He was a standout athlete in baseball and football at Chelmsford High School in Massachusetts. He pitched and played quarterback for the University of Vermont until his engineering studies were interrupted by the war. He served in the 84th Infantry Division in France and Germany in World War II. His unit was surrounded in the Battle of the Bulge. He saw significant action, including crossing the Rhine on a floating foot bridge under fire. His squad saw 300% casualties between October 1944 and the end of the war in Europe. His athletic skills helped him to survive with minor wounds. While in the army he pitched batting practice in Europe for Ted Williams. He also played semi-pro baseball in the US and the provincial leagues in Canada. He returned to the University of Vermont after the war and earned a BS in mechanical engineering and a master's degree in education. He loved skiing and applied engineering to developing his own highly successful technique, independently of what was popular. Under his tutelage - and while training on the backyard ski hill that he built himself - all four of his children became members of the U.S. Ski Team. Among his other accomplishments, Mickey was the Alpine Director of the U.S. Team during the 1973-74 ski season and coach of the University of Vermont (UVM) Ski Team throughout the 1970s. With Mickey as alpine coach the UVM Ski Team won their first major winter carnivals, including Dartmouth in 1973, Middlebury and Williams, and began the longest regular season undefeated streak in NCAA history. Mickey died in March 1998 of congestive heart failure at the age of 74. The athletes he coached at UVM noted that he was all the man there is, and one of the greatest ski coaches ever. He was inducted into the UVM Athletic Hall of Fame in 1972.Virginia Davis "Ginny" Cochran (1928–2005) - Matriarch of "The Skiing Cochrans" and long-time co-owner of Cochran's Ski Area with her husband, Mickey. In 1961, when Cochran's first opened, Ginny started the first after-school learn-to-ski program at the area at the request of the Richmond PTO. Since that time, thousands of schoolchildren and older skiers have learned to "Ski the Cochran Way", a great many taught by Ginny herself. In addition to raising four children who competed in the Winter Olympics, Ginny managed the ski area until her death in 2005 at age 76. She was posthumously honored with a resolution by the state legislature.
ChildrenMarilyn Cochran Brown (born 1950) - member of the U.S. Ski Team (1967–74), 1969 World Cup giant slalom champion, 1970 World Championship bronze medalist in the combined, member of the 1972 US Olympic and 1974 World Championship teams, was three-time U.S. national champion. She won many awards including the Beck International Trophy as the top US international skier in 1971 and the Buddy Werner Award for sportsmanship in 1974. Marilyn was inducted into the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame in 1978. Her son Roger Brown was also a member of the U.S. Ski Team for two years after graduating with an engineering degree from Dartmouth ('04), where he was NCAA slalom champion in 2002 and a three-time All-American. He worked on Barack Obama's campaign in Georgia and Indiana during the 2008 election and was a Research Assistant for Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont until November 2010 when he joined his brother Douglas, and cousins Jimmy Cochran and Timmy Kelley, to work on their new enterprise, Slopeside Syrup. Her other son, Douglas Brown, attended St. Lawrence University, where he was captain of the ski team for two years and an academic All-American. He graduated in May 2009. He coached skiing and taught chemistry at the Berkshire School in Massachusetts during the 2009-2010 school year. He now is working on the sugarbush with his brother and cousins, laying lines to tap ultimately 20,000 trees on the land originally purchased by his Cochran grandparents. Roger's and Douglas' father, Christopher Brown, was an All-American skier at UVM, a member of the UVM Hall of Athletic Fame, is a professor of Mechanical Engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Barbara Ann Cochran (born 1951) - member of the U.S. Ski Team (1967–74), gold medalist in slalom 1972 Olympic in Sapporo, Japan, silver medalist in slalom at the 1970 World Championships, and the U.S. national champion in giant slalom and slalom. In 1972, she was awarded the Beck International Trophy by the USSA recognizing her as the top American skier in international competition that year. Barbara was inducted into the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame in 1976. Following graduation from the University of Vermont in 1978, she taught physical education, health, and family and consumer science and was a ski coach and instructor at Cochran's Ski Area. She is also a motivational speaker, offering workshops and seminars and individual coaching to athletes, coaches, parents, and students. Her son Ryan Cochran-Siegle is a member of the U.S. Ski Team, and won the 2017 US National Super-G title as well as five junior National titles. He won gold medals in downhill and combined at the Alpine Jr. Championships in Italy in March 2012. [USSA News Bureau March 2 and 9, 2012] Barbara’s daughter Cate Hegarty coached skiing at Pat's Peak in New Hampshire, while attending the University of New Hampshire.Robert "Bob" Cochran, M.D. (born 1951) - member of the U.S. Ski Team (1968–74) and U.S. Pro Tour (1975–77). In 1973, he was the gold medalist in the Hahnenkamm combined, the first victory in that event by a U.S. ski racer. Later that season, he won a giant slalom at Heavenly Valley, California, the first World Cup GS victory by a U.S. male. He was a two-time U.S. national champion in slalom, giant slalom, and downhill, and went on to become a family practice physician in New Hampshire. Bob was inducted into the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame in 2010. His son Jimmy (b. 1981) was a member of the U.S. Olympic Teams in 2006 and 2010, raced in three World Championships (2005, 2007, and 2009), and captured four U.S. titles. Jimmy retired from ski racing in March 2012 following the U.S. Alpine Championships at Winter Park. His daughter Amy raced for the University of Vermont. His oldest son, Thomas Cochran, stopped skiing to begin a singing career and later became an emergency physician at the Keene Medical Center in Keene, N.H.Lindy Cochran Kelley (born 1953) - Member of the U.S. Ski Team (1970–78), University of Vermont Ski Team (1978–81), top American finisher 1976 Olympic slalom & giant Slalom in Innsbruck, Austria, U.S. national champion in slalom (1973) & giant slalom (1976), NCAA All-American (1979). Daughter Jessica Kelley and son Tim were both members of the U.S. Ski Team. Her other son Robby is also a U.S. Ski Team member. Robby and his older brother Tim are also two of the four founding members of Redneck Racing, an independent ski racing team ready to make waves on the 2014/2015 Nor-Am, Europa, and World Cup tours.
GrandchildrenRoger Brown (born 1981) - Son of Marilyn, US Ski Team Member & All-American. Graduated Dartmouth College in 2004. 2002 NCAA Slalom Champion. Jimmy Cochran (born 1981) - The son of Robert, member of U.S Olympic Teams in 2006 and 2010, finishing as the top American in the slalom in 2006. Also competed in the World Championships in 2005, 2007, and 2009 and earned four U.S. alpine skiing titles.Jessica Kelley (born 1982) - Daughter of Lindy, Former U.S. Ski Team memberTim Kelley (born 1986) - Son of Lindy, member of U.S. Ski Team (2013-2016) and competed at 2015 World Championships in the slalom. Three-time All-American at the University of Vermont where he was the 2011 NCAA Slalom champion, as well as national runner-up in 2012 and member of Vermont's 2012 NCAA National Championship team. He is the co-founder of Redneck Racing with his brother Robby.Robby Kelley (born 1990) - Son of Lindy, member of U.S. Ski Team (2011–present), U.S. national champion in the giant slalom in 2012. Competed on the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 and has earned 7 Nor-Am Cup podiums, as well as one European Cup podium.Ryan Cochran-Siegle''' (born 1992) - Son of Barbara Ann, member of U.S. Ski Team (2011–present), competed for the United States at the 2018 Winter Olympics in the men's Downhill, Men's Combined, Super-G and GS, placing first among American skiers in the Super-G (14th) and giant slalom (11th). 2012 Nor-Am Super-G and Downhill winner, 2012 World Junior Championship gold medalist in the downhill and Combined, 2014 Nor-Am Cup Champion, competed on the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup in 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2018. 2017 U.S. National Champion in Super-G. Ryan Cochran-Siegle is a silver medalist in the Super G at the 2022 Winter Olympics.
Timeline
1961 - Cochran's Ski Area founded; Ginny Cochran offers first after-school program at the request of the Richmond P.T.O.
1965 - Adjacent parcel purchased for future ski area expansion
1966 - New trails and rope tow installed on present Cochran's Ski Area site
1967 - Marilyn & Barbara Ann Cochran named to the U.S. Ski Team
1968 - Bobby Cochran named to the U.S. Ski Team
1969 - Marilyn Cochran wins the World Cup season title in giant slalom
1970 - Lindy Cochran joins her siblings on the U.S. Ski Team; Barbara Ann wins a silver medal in slalom and Marilyn wins a bronze medal in combined at the World Championships
1972 - Barbara Ann Cochran wins the gold medal in slalom at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Japan
1973 - Bob Cochran wins the combined event at the prestigious Hahnenkamm in Kitzbühel, Austria, and a giant slalom at Heavenly Valley
1974 - Mickey Cochran serves as Alpine Director of the U.S. Ski Team; Cochran's Ski Club founded. Barbara Ann and Marilyn retire from international competition
1975 - Bobby Cochran turns professional; Mitey Mite handle lift installed at Cochran's Ski Area
1976 - Lindy Cochran is top American in both slalom and giant slalom at the Olympic Games in Innsbruck, Austria. Barbara inducted into the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame
1978 - Marilyn inducted into the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame
1979 - T-bar installed at Cochran's Ski Area
1984 - New lodge built at Cochran's Ski Area
1985 - Innovative "Ski-Tots Program" introduced at Cochran's by Lindy (Cochran) Kelley as the Cochran family continues to coach and teach the next generation of Cochran's skiers
1998 - Mickey Cochran dies at the age of 74; Cochran's Ski Area turns non-profit
1999 - Cochran's Ski Area was granted nonprofit, 501(c)(3) tax status by the Internal Revenue Service. Mission statement: "To provide affordable skiing/snowboarding, lessons and race training for area youths and families and continue the tradition Mickey & Ginny have created."
2002 - Lindy Cochran's daughter Jessica Kelley named to the U.S. Ski Team; Marilyn Cochran's son Roger Brown wins NCAA slalom title competing for Dartmouth College
2003 - Bob Cochran's son Jimmy Cochran named to the U.S. Ski Team
2004 - Jimmy Cochran wins U.S. National Championships in Slalom and giant slalom
2005 - Ginny Cochran dies at age 76. Roger Brown named to the U.S. Ski Team
2006 - Jimmy Cochran competes in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy. Lindy Cochran's son Tim Kelley named to the U.S. Ski Team. Amy Cochran, racing for the University of Vermont, places second in the giant slalom and third in the slalom at the Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association (EISA) Championships.
2007 - Jimmy Cochran, Jessica Kelley, and Tim Kelley all begin their 2007/2008 season together on the U.S. Ski Team
2008 - Jimmy Cochran wins two more U.S. national titles in slalom and combined
2010 - Jimmy Cochran competes in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia. Bobby inducted into the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame
2011 - Ryan Cochran-Siegle named to the U.S. Ski Team; Tim Kelley wins NCAA slalom title for the University of Vermont; Robby Kelley named to the U.S. Ski Team from the May Mammoth Mountain Training Camp.
2012 - Ryan Cochran-Siegle wins gold in downhill and combined at the Alpine Junior World Ski Championships in Roccasoro, Italy; Robby Kelley wins the US National GS Title.
2013 - Ryan Cochran-Siegle and Robby Kelley named to the 2013 World Championships Team.
2015 - Tim Kelley named to the 2015 World Championships Team.
2017 - Ryan Cochran-Siegle and Robby Kelley named to 2017 World Championships Team. Ryan Cochran-Siegle wins US National Super-G Title.
2018 - Ryan Cochran-Siegle competes at the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea
2020 - Ryan Cochran-Siegle wins his first world cup race in Bormio, Italy
2022 - Ryan Cochran-Siegle wins the silver medal in the Super-G event at the Beijing Olympics
Cochran's
In 2006, snow making equipment was installed at the site. The ski area is mostly run with volunteers.
In 2010 the Ski Area installed lights for night skiing.
Video
Vermont Public Television - Vermont Makers - Barbara Cochran - 2013
References
External links
FIS-ski.com - Cochran
Cochran Ski Area.org
Vermont Ski & Snowboard Hall of Fame - Cochran family
Vermont Guides - Cochran family
sportssuccesscoaching.com
Slopeside Syrup.com
Spokesman-Review'' - AP photo - It's all in the family - Cochrans in Oregon - (1971-11-10, p. 19)
Cochrans, The Skiing
Sports families of the United States
Cochran
Families from Vermont
Skiing in Vermont
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing%20Cochrans |
The Night They Raided Minsky's is a 1968 American musical comedy film written and produced by Norman Lear, with music and lyrics by the duo of Charles Strouse and Lee Adams, and directed by William Friedkin. Based on a 1960 novel by Rowland Barber, the film is a fictional account of the invention of the striptease at Minsky's Burlesque in 1925. It stars Jason Robards, Britt Ekland, Norman Wisdom, Forrest Tucker, Harry Andrews, Denholm Elliott, Elliott Gould and Bert Lahr.
The film was released by United Artists on December 18, 1968, to generally positive reviews. It was a financial success and later spawned a stage musical adaptation, Minsky's, in 2009.
Plot
In 1925 Rachel Schpitendavel, an innocent Amish girl from rural Pennsylvania, arrives in New York's Lower East Side hoping to make it as a dancer. Rachel's dances are based on Bible stories. She auditions at Minsky's Burlesque, but her dances are much too dull and chaste for the bawdy show. But Billy Minsky and the show's jaded straight man, Raymond Paine, concoct a plan to use Rachel to foil moral crusader Vance Fowler, who is intent on shutting down the theater.
Minsky publicizes Rachel as the notorious Madamoiselle Fifi, performing the "dance that drove a million Frenchmen wild", hoping it will prompt a raid by Fowler and the police. Instead, Billy would let Rachel perform her innocuous Bible dances, thus humiliating Fowler.
During the run-up to her midnight performance, Raymond and his partner, Chick, show Rachel the ropes of burlesque, and they both fall for her in the process. Meanwhile, Rachel's stern father, who even objects to her Bible dances, arrives in search of his daughter.
The film climaxes when Rachel takes the stage after her father has called her a whore and she realizes that Raymond and the Minskys are just using her. Her father tries to drag her offstage, but she resists, tearing a slit in her dress. The sold-out crowd spurs her on, and Rachel begins to enjoy her power over the audience and starts to strip. She looks into the wings and sees Raymond, who senses a raid and perhaps the end of an era, leaving the theater for good. Rachel calls and throws out her arms to him, inadvertently dropping the front of her dress and baring her breasts. Fowler blows his whistle and the police rush to the stage and close down the show. A madcap melee follows. In the end, most of the cast members are loaded into a paddy wagon, including Rachel's bewildered father.
Cast
Production
Background
In his book Minsky's Burlesque, Morton Minsky (with Milt Machlin) wrote, "As for April 20, 1925, the day that the raid on which the book was based took place, it was hardly epochal in the history of burlesque, but it did turn out to be a prelude to much greater troubles... Anyway, the raid story was fun, but the raid itself was simply one of the dozens to which we had become accustomed; certainly no big crisis."
Minsky's theater, the National Winter Garden on Houston Street, was raided for the first time in 1917 when Mae Dix absentmindedly began removing her costume before she reached the wings. When the crowd cheered, Dix returned to the stage and continued removing her clothing to wild applause. Morton's older brother, Billy, ordered the "accident" repeated every night. This began an endless cycle; to keep their license, the Minskys had to keep their shows clean but to keep drawing customers, they had to be risqué. Whenever they went too far, however, they were raided.
According to Morton Minsky, Mademoiselle Fifi was a woman named Mary Dawson from Pennsylvania. Morton suggests that Billy persuaded Dawson to expose her breasts to create a sensation. By 1925, it was permissible for girls in legitimate shows staged by Ziegfeld, George White and Earl Carroll – as well as burlesque – to appear topless as long as they were stationary in a "living tableau". Mademoiselle Fifi stripped to the waist but moved, triggering the raid. "Although the show, in general, had been tame," Morton wrote, "Fifi's finale and the publicity that soon followed the raid ensured full houses at the soon-to-be-opened [Minsky's] theater uptown [on 42nd Street]." (The Minskys did not stage burlesque on 42nd Street until 1931 when they leased the Republic Theater. They had a short-lived venture at the Park Theater on Columbus Circle in 1922 but left that theater after only a year. They leased the Apollo Theater on 125th Street from 1924 until 1933, after which it became famous as a showcase for African-American talent.)
In 1975, Mary Dawson, then 85, refuted the legend. "I was never a stripteaser. I never did anything risque". She said that novelist Rowland Barber "just put all that in the book to make it better." She claimed she was not even at the theater that night. Her father was a police officer and a straitlaced Quaker, although he never came to New York City and never led a raid on one of the Minsky burlesque houses.
Pre-production
In April 1961, producer Leonard Key outbid several others for the stage rights to Rowland Barber's book. (Debbie Reynolds reportedly had sought film rights in 1961 as well.) At that time it was reported to be the highest price ever paid for such rights, and that the novel would be adapted by screenwriter Edward Chodorov. Later in the year, however, Key had enlisted screenwriter Julius J. Epstein. At these early stages, Sammy Cahn as well as Johnny Mercer and Henry Mancini were rumored to write the music. The show never found financial backing before the option for the stage rights ran out two years later in 1963.
Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin bought the film rights in September 1965. Lear originally announced that production would begin in the fall of 1966. Dick Shawn was reportedly being considered for the "lead role" (unspecified) in July 1966. However, filming didn't begin until a year later, on October 8, 1967.
On May 23, 1967, the Los Angeles Times reported that William Friedkin was set to direct. Friedkin's first film, Good Times (1967), starring Sonny and Cher, had just been released. A musical comedy that spoofs various movie genres, including mysteries, westerns, and spy thrillers, it was a critical and box-office flop. Friedkin was quoted as saying that 'The Night They Raided Minskys will be a "poetic reality."
Tony Curtis was cast as Raymond Paine in June 1967, but dropped out a month later because of creative differences. Alan Alda, whose father, Robert Alda, had been in burlesque, was cast as Paine, but was unable to leave his role on Broadway in The Apple Tree. Jason Robards took over the Paine role about a month before filming began. (Raymond Paine was the name of a real straight man who was in the show that night. He was killed in a hit-and-run accident in 1934.) Elliott Gould, who was then married to Barbra Streisand, was signed in August 1967 and made his film debut as Billy Minsky.
Mickey Rooney was said to be considered for the Chick Williams role, but Joel Grey, then on Broadway in Cabaret, was initially cast. Grey had to drop out, however, because the film had no firm end date and Grey was committed to starting rehearsals for George M!, a musical about George M. Cohan, in mid-December. British comedian Norman Wisdom, who had recently been nominated for a Tony Award for his acclaimed performance in the James Van Heusen-Sammy Cahn musical comedy Walking Happy, was cast. Wisdom had made a series of low-budget star-vehicle comedies for the Rank Organisation. Never highly regarded by critics, Wisdom's films had enjoyed good box-office returns in his native country. The Night They Raided Minsky's was his first American film, and he received good notice. A contributor to Variety wrote: "So easily does Wisdom dominate his many scenes, other cast members suffer by comparison", and Time compared him to Buster Keaton.
The songs were written by the Broadway team of composer Charles Strouse and lyricist Lee Adams, who had won a Tony Award for the musical Bye Bye Birdie in 1961, and went on to win Tonys for Applause (1970) and Annie (1977, with lyricist Martin Charnin). Strouse also wrote the theme song "Those Were The Days" for Lear's sitcom All in the Family. The score was orchestrated and conducted by Broadway veteran Philip J. Lang, working on his only film made for theatrical release.
Production
The Night They Raided Minsky's was the first musical shot entirely on location in New York City. The budget exceeded $3 million, making it the most expensive film shot in the city up to that time. A block of East 26th Street between First and Second Avenues was transformed into the Lower East Side 1925. (The vacant tenements on the block were scheduled to be torn down as part of an urban renewal project, but the city postponed demolition for the filmmakers.) Parking meters were disguised by garbage cans and barrels. Exteriors were shot there for two weeks. A portion of an elevated train station 30 feet tall and 56 feet long was built. A scene in a subway car was filmed on the Myrtle Avenue elevated in Brooklyn. Some interiors were filmed at Chelsea Studios. The theater sequences were filmed at what was then the Gayety Theater (now the Village East Cinema), at 181 Second Avenue on the Lower East Side.
The Night They Raided Minsky's was Bert Lahr's last film. The 72-year-old comedian, best known for his role as the Cowardly Lion in The Wizard of Oz, was a veteran of the old Columbia burlesque wheel. Lahr was hospitalized on November 21 for what was reported as a back ailment. In Notes on a Cowardly Lion: The Biography of Bert Lahr, his son, John Lahr, wrote: "Bert Lahr died in the early morning of December 4, 1967. Two weeks before, he had returned home at 2 a.m., chilled and feverish, from the damp studio where The Night They Raided Minsky's was being filmed. Ordinarily, a man of his age and reputation would not have had to perform that late into the night, but he had waived that proviso in his contract because of his trust in the producer and his need to work. The newspapers reported the cause of death as pneumonia; but he succumbed to cancer, a disease he feared but never knew he had."
Most of Lahr's scenes had already been shot. Norman Lear told The New York Times that "through judicious editing, we will be able to shoot the rest of the film so that his wonderful performance will remain intact." The producers used test footage of Lahr, plus an uncredited voice double and a body double, burlesque legend Joey Faye, to complete the late comedian's role.
Filming began on October 8 and was scheduled to wrap on December 22, 1967. The movie was released exactly a year later, on December 22, 1968.
Post-production
Film editor Ralph Rosenblum documented his experience working on The Night They Raided Minsky's in his 1979 book (written with Robert Karen), When the Shooting Stops ...The Cutting Begins.
Rosenblum wrote: "I had taken Minsky's on not because I believed it would be a great editorial challenge but because I saw it as a lark. I had just come off six months on The Producers, a trying experience that pickled my nerve endings, and I badly needed a soothing job...The script revealed a frothy, unimportant film full of musical numbers, the kind of thing that might be snapped into shape in six to eight weeks of editing. I loved cutting musicals; I expected a short stretch of mindless fun." In the end, it took him over nine months to cut the film.
He wrote: "From the very beginning, the idea behind The Night They Raided Minsky's had been to create an 'old-fashioned musical with a New Look'...although what it was and how it was going to be accomplished no one knew...Had anyone dared to acknowledge that the New Look we hoped to achieve in Minsky's was essentially a [Richard] Lester look, we all might have been saved some anguish; but such an acknowledgement would have been considered inappropriate, if not blasphemous, and so it barely crossed our minds."
Rosenblum called the screening of his first cut with Friedkin and Lear "disastrous." "The chief drawback of Minsky's dramatic episodes was their predictability," Rosenblum wrote. "The script had aimed for an old-fashioned charm, but, with a few important exceptions, no new twist of sophistication was added to please a modern audience." When the cut was screened for David Picker, an executive VP of United Artists, he called it "the worst first cut I've ever seen." However, since there was no set release date for the film, Picker told Lear and Rosenblum, "Whatever you want to do, go ahead, take your time, and do it."
Drawing on his background editing documentaries, Rosenblum turned to the huge stock film libraries in New York and began selecting clips from the 1920s. By arduous trial and error, this footage was used not only to evoke a sense of time and place but also to comment on and enhance scenes in the film. Rosenblum created montages of this material and Friedkin's footage, often marrying vintage footage with new by transitioning from black and white into color. The effect, Rosenblum wrote, was "magical."
While Rosenblum worked over the cut throughout most of 1968, Lear was developing other projects, including one that would become the TV series All in the Family; Friedkin, meanwhile, was in England, directing the film adaptation of Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party. Not long after he saw the first cut of Minsky's, Friedkin was interviewed on British television, and called Minsky's "the biggest piece of crap I'd ever worked on." According to Rosenblum, "I'd heard that [Friedkin] would be barred from screenings [of Minsky's] because of his talk show blunder and would have to pay to get in."
Eventually, The Night They Raided Minsky's was remade in the cutting room. "Above all, this emerging Minsky's was highly contemporary," Rosenblum wrote. "One might even conclude it had a New Look. The obvious fact that had eluded us from the beginning suddenly struck me now: The avant-garde quality Richard Lester had achieved in films like Help! could only be accomplished through editing. From the moment the Search for the New Look began, Minsky's was destined to be a cutting-room picture."
Rosenblum claimed that there are 1,440 cuts in the film; by comparison, Annie Hall, a film of the same length, has only 382.
Of course, most of the credit went to Friedkin, who, according to Rosenblum, "may not have even seen the film." Friedkin later admitted to having "no vision" for Minsky's and instead borrowed from Rouben Mamoulian's film Applause (1929), an early talkie about burlesque notable for its innovative camera work.
In 2008, Friedkin recalled, "Minsky's was way over my head. I didn't have a clue what to do. Norman produced it and he was a very difficult, tough guy to work with, but I learned a great deal from him and I was struggling every day on the set. It wasn't a great script...it was a lot of schtick. But it would've been a lot better if I'd been more familiar with that world of burlesque in the 20s, which I wasn't. So because of that, I think the film suffers to a great degree from that."
In an online interview in 2012, Friedkin said, "I have few if any positive, memories of it. But when I made the DVD recently, having not seen the film for 40 years, I thought it had some pleasant and amusing moments."
In his 2013 memoir, The Friedkin Connection, the director wrote: "There were many problems with it, but the biggest was my ineptitude. I had researched the period but I didn't know how to convey the right tone." At one point he asked Norman Lear to fire him.
Title sequence
The main title sequence was designed by Pablo Ferro (1935–2018), who was also an uncredited editor on the film.
Reception
The film opened in Los Angeles on December 18, 1968, before rolling out throughout the United States in December. The film received good reviews for its tribute to old-time burlesque. Roger Ebert wrote in the Chicago Sun-Times, "The Night They Raided Minsky's is being promoted as some sort of laff-a-minit, slapstick extravaganza, but it isn't. It dares to try for more than that and just about succeeds. It avoids the phony glamour and romanticism that the movies usually use to smother burlesque (as in Gypsy) and it seems to understand this most-American art form."
The New York Times critic Renata Adler wrote, "The nicest thing about the movie, which is a little broad in plot and long in spots, is its denseness and care in detail: The little ugly cough that comes from one room of a shoddy hotel; the thoughtfully worked out, poorly danced vaudeville routines; the beautifully timed, and genuinely funny, gags. 'I hear the man say impossible,' a man on the stage says when the man here hasn't said a word. And the vaudeville [sic] routines of innocence forever victimized, for an audience of fall guys, works pretty much as it must have worked in its time." (December 23, 1968)
Judith Crist, in New York magazine, wrote "...what a delight to have a chance to laugh out loud at sex! Like the burlesque, it glorifies – and with tender loving care – this boisterous, colorful, wiggling eulogy to the Lower East Side bump-and-grind culture of the 1920s is plotless, frenetic, funny, and just as good as the real thing. It's nostalgic as all get out to see the lumpy dumpy chorus, the snorers and the leerers and the lechers around the runway, the Crazy House bit and the spielers, and, beyond the theater, the East Side in its glory from the barrels of half-sours to the knishes to the Murphy-bedded hotel rooms. Director William Friedkin (this was his pre-The Birthday Party film) proves his sense of cinema again by remarkable intersplicing of newsreels and striking use of black-and-white fade-ins to color." [Friedkin, according to Ralph Rosenblum, had nothing to do with those effects.] Crist also praised the "off-beat" casting and summed up that the film was "really just what we were wishing for for Christmas."
Time magazine called the film "a valedictory valentine to old-time burlesque. In legend, the girls were glamorous, and every baggy-pants buffoon was a second W. C. Fields. In truth, the institution was as coarse as its audiences. Minsky's mixes both fact and fancy in a surprisingly successful musical ...Minsky's was 58 days in the shooting and ten months in the editingand shows it. Marred by grainy film and fleshed out with documentary and pseudo-newsreel footage of the 1920s, the film spends too much time on pickles, pushcarts, and passersby. But it compensates with a fond, nostalgic score, a bumping, grinding chorus line, and a series of closeups of the late Bert Lahr, who plays a retired burlesque comedian. Like Lahr, the film offers an engaging blend of mockery and melancholy."
The film did better than expected at the box office, improving its earnings in its second week and outgrossing United Artists' Candy in New York, despite the latter film's more well-known cast, grossing $198,152 in its first 23 days from two theaters in the city.
According to an interview in the Manchester Evening News (published October 22, 2007), The Night They Raided Minsky's is Britt Ekland's favorite film of hers. Ekland divorced Peter Sellers four days before the film was released. Walter Winchell reported that the divorce stemmed from Sellers' displeasure that she had appeared nude in the film.
Ekland was quoted, "I loved William Friedkin who directed me in the film The Night They Raided Minky's because he was very specific and honest and young. He got the performance out of me which he knew I had in me."
Television series
In 1972, Daily Variety reported that Yorkin and Lear were adapting The Night They Raided Minsky's for a half-hour CBS sitcom called Slowly I Turned, set in the 1920s. It would have been their third sitcom, following All in the Family and Sanford and Son.
Stage adaptation
A stage adaptation as a musical, titled Minsky's, opened officially on February 6, 2009, at the Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles, and ran through March 1, 2009. The new musical was directed and choreographed by Casey Nicholaw, with a book by Bob Martin and music and lyrics by Charles Strouse and Susan Birkenhead. Though the show's program notes that it is based on the film, the book is essentially a new story.
Home media
The film was released on DVD on May 20, 2008, in wide-screen and full-screen versions.
See also
List of American films of 1968
References
External links
1968 films
1968 musical comedy films
American musical comedy films
1960s English-language films
Films about entertainers
Films based on non-fiction books
Films directed by William Friedkin
Films set in 1925
Films set in New York City
Films with screenplays by Norman Lear
Films scored by Charles Strouse
Films produced by Norman Lear
1960s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Night%20They%20Raided%20Minsky%27s |
Punta Prieta is a desert town in the Mexican state of Baja California, on Federal Highway 1.
Parador Punta Prieta
A few kilometers north along Highway 1 is Parador Punta Prieta, where Highway 12 takes off to the east towards Bahía de los Ángeles and Punta La Gringa.
See also
Punta Prieta Airstrip
Notes
There are at least two places named Punta Prieta in Mexico. Punta Prieta, Baja California Sur, is a small town on the west coast of Baja California Sur.
References
2010 census tables: INEGI
San Quintín Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta%20Prieta%2C%20Baja%20California |
Gjergj Fishta (; 23 October 187130 December 1940) was an Albanian Franciscan friar, poet, educator, politician, rilindas, translator and writer. He is regarded as one of the most influential Albanian writers of the 20th century due to his epic masterpiece Lahuta e Malcís and the editor of two of the most authoritative magazines after Albania's independence, Posta e Shypniës and Hylli i Dritës.
Notably being the chairman of the commission of the Congress of Manastir, which sanctioned the Albanian alphabet, he was part of the Albanian delegation to the Versailles Conference, 1919. In 1921 he was a member and became the deputy chairman of the Albanian parliament, later on in the '20s and the '30s he was among the most influential cultural and literary figures in Albania. After the communist regime came to power, his literary oeuvre had been taken out of circulation and it stayed so until the fall of communism.
Biography
Early life
Gjergj Fishta was born to Ndoka and Prenda Kaçi, a Catholic family in Fishtë, located in the Zadrima region of what was then the Ottoman Empire. Baptised by the name Zef, the youngest of three brothers and one sister. The parish priest of Troshan, parish where Fishta was included, Marian Pizzochini of Palmanova, asked his parents to make him a friar. At the expense of the parishioner, Zef went to the Franciscan school in Shkodra until 1880, when Troshan's College began its activity. He studied philosophy and Catholic theology in Bosnia (seminaries in Kraljeva Sutjeska, Franciscan monastery in Livno, Franciscan monastery in Kreševo), among Bosnian Catholics.In 1902, he became the head of the Franciscan college in Shkodër. Fishta was under influence of Bosnian Franciscan friars as a student in monasteries in Austria-Hungary, when he wrote his main work Lahuta e Malcís, influenced by the national epics of the Serbian literature according to Robert Elsie. Dedicated to the commander Ali Pasha of Gusinje the work was an epic poem that consisted of 30 cantos focusing on the events of the League of Prizren, which had become a symbol of the Albanian national awakening.
He interpreted Albania in the conference of Paris on 1919. From the beginning of April 1919 to 1920, he served as Secretary of the Albanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. At the end of 1920, he was elected to parliament by Shkodër, and in 1921 he became the Vice President of the Albanian parliament. In 1924, Fishta supported Fan Noli in his attempt to found a democratic system in Albania. After the establishment of the Zogu regime, Fishta left willingly to go into exile in Italy in 1925/26, before he resumed his position as teacher and writer in Shkodër, where he died in 1940.
Literary works
In 1899, Fishta, along with Preng Doçi and Ndre Mjeda founded the Shoqnia e bashkimit të gjuhës shqipe (Society for the Unity of the Albanian Language) literary society, usually known as the Shoqnia Bashkimi (The Union Society), or simply Bashkimi (The Union) of Shkodra for publishing Albanian language books. In the late Ottoman period Fishta's publications included folk songs and a number of poems, which like other Albanian publications of the time often had to be published abroad and smuggled into the empire to avoid censorship.
In 1907, Fishta wrote the satirical work The Wasps of Parnasus that critiqued Albanians of the time that placed individual interests
over national ones and the intelligentsia who did not devote themselves to studying the Albanian language and showed disdain toward it. As a representative of the Society for the Unity of the Albanian Language, Fishta participated and was elected for president of the committee in the Congress of Monastir (today Bitola in North Macedonia, then Ottoman Empire) held in 1908. Participants of the congress accepted Fishta's proposal for the Latin Bashkimi alphabet, and many of its elements were merged into the Istanbul alphabet resulting in the standard Albanian alphabet. In 1916, he was core founder of the Albanian Literary Commission, where he unsuccessfully tried to place Shkodra subdialect as standard literary Albanian.
Through both his work as a teacher as well as through his literary works, Fishta had a great influence on the development of the written form of his native Gheg Albanian. Fishta worked also as a translator (of Molière, Manzoni, Homer, et al.).
Critic
Robert Elsie hypothesized that in Lahuta e Malcís, Fishta substituted the struggle against the Ottomans with a struggle against the Slavs, after the recent massacres and expulsions of Albanians by their Slavic neighbours. After World War II the authorities in Yugoslavia and Albanian historiography controlled by communist regime in Tirana (influenced by Yugoslav communists) proscribed Fishta's works as anti-Slavic propaganda.
According to Arshi Pipa, Fishta's satirical works are modulated after the Bejte tradition of Shkodër, which he elevated to a literary level.
Legacy
Awards in his lifetime
In the last years of the Ottoman rule over Albania, proposed by the wali of Shkodër Hasan Riza Pasha he was awarded with the Maarif Order of 2nd class (tr. Maarif Nişanı, Order of Education) for his contribution in the local education. He was awarded with the Order of Franz Joseph from Austro-Hungarian Empire authorities, later on in 1925 with the Medaglia di Benemerenza by the Holy See. On 1931 by the Order of the Phoenix by Greece, and after the Italian invasion of Albania he was part of the Royal Academy of Italy.
Historical
In Soviet historiography he was referred to as "former agent of Austro-Hungarian imperialism" who took position against Slavic people and Pan-Slavism because they opposed "rapacious plans of Austro-Hungarian imperialism in Albania" and had a role in Catholic Clergy's preparation "for Italian aggression against Albania".
Honours and awards
In Albania:
National Flag Order (posthumous)
From other countries:
Second Class of the Order of Education (Ottoman Empire, 1912)
Knight of the Order of Franz Joseph (Austrian Empire)
Medaglia di Benemerenza (Holy See, 1925)
Commander of the Order of the Phoenix (Kingdom of Greece, 1931)
Bibliography
Lahuta e Malcís, epic poem, (Zara, 1902)
Anzat e Parnasit, satire, (Sarajevo, 1907)
Pika voese republished afterwards and retitled Vallja e Parrizit, (Zara, 1909)
Shqiptari i qytetnuem, melodrama, (1911)
Vëllaznia apo Shën Françesku i Assisi-t, (1912)
Juda Makabe, tragedy, (1914)
Gomari i Babatasit, (Shkodër, 1923)
Mrizi i Zanave, (Shkodër, 1924)
Lahuta e Malcís (2d. ed.), Gesamtdruck, (Shkodër 1937). In English The Highland Lute, trans. by Robert Elsie and Janice Mathie-Heck. I. B. Tauris (2006)
Sources
Maximilian Lambertz: Gjergj Fishta und das albanische Heldenepos "Lahuta e Malsisë" – Laute des Hochlandes. Eine Einführung in die albanische Sagenwelt. Leipzig 1949.
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Biography of Gjergj Fishta
1871 births
1940 deaths
People from Lezhë County
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
Albanian-language poets
Albanian-language writers
20th-century Albanian poets
20th-century Albanian writers
Albanian translators
Italian–Albanian translators
Albanian schoolteachers
Albanian Catholic poets
19th-century Albanian poets
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Albanian Franciscans
French–Albanian translators
Knights of the Order of Franz Joseph
Recipients of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
People from Scutari vilayet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjergj%20Fishta |
Anne Valerie Craine (born 30 April 1954) is a Justice of the Peace from the Isle of Man.
Early life
Craine went to primary school at Dhoon School before attending Ramsey Grammar School after which she studied at St Godric’s Secretarial College in London. Carine served as a justice of the peace in the Isle of Man from 2000–2003. She was elected to the House of Keys at the 2003 by-election for the Keys constituency of Ramsey.
Career
In 2005 she succeeded Phil Gawne as Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. In the island's 2006 General Election, Anne Craine topped the poll in Ramsey. She won 1,969 votes and Allan Bell claimed the second seat in the town with 1,768 votes. Despite having been an MHK for only three years, she saw off tough competition from Leonard Singer, who had resigned as an MLC in order to stand for the Keys, but was unsuccessful with 1,621 votes.
Craine was Minister of Education between 2006 and 2010, and Minister for the Treasury between 2010 and 2011, succeeding Allan Bell from 1 April. In 2011, she lost her Ramsey seat to Leonard Singer.
Governmental positions
Craine had the following posts in the Manx government: While in government she presided over the 27th Commonwealth's Small Countries Conference at the 53rd Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference in Delhi in September 2007.
Minister for the Treasury, 2010–2011
Minister of Education, 2006–2010
Personal life
Anne Craine married to David Craine in 1978 and they have two sons and a daughter.
References
External links
Department of the Treasury - Minister of the Treasury
Manxradio - General elections 2006 candidate page
Manx women in politics
1954 births
Living people
Members of the House of Keys 2001–2006
Members of the House of Keys 2006–2011
21st-century British women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Craine |
This is a list of high schools, also known as secondary colleges, in the state of Victoria, Australia. The list includes Government, Private, Independent and Catholic schools.
A
Academy of Mary Immaculate
Aitken College
Alamanda College
Albert Park College
Alexandra Secondary College
Alia College
Alice Miller School
Alkira Secondary College
Alphington Grammar School
Altona Secondary College
Antonine College
Apollo Bay College
Aquinas College
Ararat Community College
Ashwood High School
Assumption College, Kilmore
Auburn High School
Australian International Academy
Ave Maria College, Melbourne
Avila College
B
Bacchus Marsh College
Bacchus Marsh Grammar School
Baimbridge College
Bairnsdale Christian Community School
Bairnsdale Secondary College
Ballarat Christian College
Ballarat Clarendon College
Ballarat Grammar School
Ballarat High School
Ballarat Secondary College
Balwyn High School
Bannockburn P-11 Collage
Bayside Christian College
Bayside College
Bayswater Secondary College
Bayview College
Beaconhills College
Beaufort Secondary College
Beechworth Secondary College
Belgrave Heights Christian School
Bellarine Secondary College
Belmont High School, Geelong
Benalla College
Bendigo Senior Secondary College
Bendigo South East College
Bentleigh Secondary College
Berengarra School, The
Berwick Grammar School
Berwick Secondary College
Beth Rivkah Ladies College
Bialik College
Billanook College
Birchip School
Blackburn High School
Bogong Outdoor Education Centre
Boort Secondary College
Boronia Heights College
Box Hill High School
Box Hill Senior Secondary College
Braemar College
Brauer College Warrnambool
Braybrook College
Brentwood Secondary College
Bright College
Brighton Grammar School
Brighton Secondary College
Broadford Secondary College
Brookside College
Brunswick Secondary College
Buckley Park College
Bundoora Secondary College
C
Camberwell Girls Grammar School
Camberwell Grammar School
Camberwell High School
Camperdown College
Cann River College
Canterbury Girls' Secondary College
Carey Baptist Grammar School
Caroline Chisholm Catholic College
Carranballac College
Carrum Downs Secondary College
Carwatha College, Melbourne
Casey Grammar School
Casterton Secondary College
Castlemaine Secondary College
Cathedral College Wangaratta
Catherine McAuley College
Catholic College (Sale)
Catholic College Wodonga
Catholic Ladies' College
Catholic Regional College (Caroline Springs)
Catholic Regional College (Melton)
Catholic Regional College (North Keilor)
Catholic Regional College (St Albans)
Catholic Regional College (Sydenham)
Caulfield Grammar School
Chaffey Secondary College
Chairo Christian School
Charles La Trobe College
Charlton College
Cheltenham Secondary College
Christian Brothers College
Christian College, Geelong
Clonard College
Cobden Technical School
Cobram Anglican Grammar School
Cobram Secondary College
Coburg High School
Cohuna Secondary College
Colac College
Collingwood College
Copperfield College
Cornish College
Corryong College
Covenant College, Geelong
Craigieburn Secondary College
Cranbourne East Secondary College
Cranbourne Secondary College
Creek Street Christian College
Creekside College
Crusoe Secondary College
D
Damascus College
Dandenong High School
Darul Ulum College
Daylesford Secondary College
De La Salle College (Australia)
Derrinallum College
Diamond Valley College
Dimboola Memorial Secondary College
Distance Education Centre, Victoria
Donald High School
Doncaster Secondary College
Donvale Christian College
Doveton College
Dromana College
Drouin Secondary College
E
Eaglehawk Secondary College
East Doncaster Secondary College
East Loddon College
East Preston Islamic College
Echuca College
Edenhope College
Edgars Creek Secondary College
Elisabeth Murdoch College
Eltham College
Eltham High School
Elwood College
Emerald Secondary College
Emmanuel College: Notre Dame Campus
Emmanuel College: St. Paul's Campus
Emmanuel College, Warrnambool
Emmaus College
Epping Secondary College
Essendon Keilor College
Euroa Secondary College
F
Fairhills High School
FCJ College Benalla
Featherbrook College
Fintona Girls' School
Firbank Girls' Grammar School
Fitzroy High School
Flinders Christian Community College
Footscray City College
Forest Hill College
Foster Secondary College
Fountain Gate Secondary College
Frankston High School
G
Galen Catholic College
Geelong Baptist College
Geelong Grammar School
Geelong High School
Geelong Lutheran College
Genazzano FCJ College
Gilmore College for Girls
Gilson College
Gippsland Grammar School
Girton Grammar School
Gisborne Secondary College
Gladstone Park Secondary College
Glen Eira College
Glen Waverley Secondary College
Good Shepherd College
Goroke College
Goulburn Valley Grammar School
Greensborough College
Grovedale College
Gleneagles Secondary College
H
Haileybury College, Melbourne
Hamilton and Alexandra College
Hampton Park Secondary College
Hawkesdale College
Healesville High School
Heathdale Christian College
Heatherton Christian College
Heathmont College
Henderson College
Heritage College
Heywood and District Secondary College
Highvale Secondary College
Highview College
Hillcrest Christian College
Hopetoun College
Hoppers Crossing Secondary College
Horsham College
Hume Central Secondary College
Huntingtower School
I
Ilim College of Australia
Irymple Secondary College
Ivanhoe Girls' Grammar School
Ivanhoe Grammar School
J
John Paul College
John Monash Science School
K
Kambrya College
Kaniva College
Kardinia International College
Karingal Park Secondary College
Keilor Downs College
Kensington Community High School
Kerang Technical High School
Kew High School
Keysborough Secondary College
Kilbreda College
Killester College
Kilmore International School
Kilvington Grammar School
King's College, Warrnambool
Kingswood College
Kolbe Catholic College, Greenvale
Koo Wee Rup Secondary College
Koonung Secondary College
Korowa Anglican Girls' School
Korumburra Secondary College
Kurnai College
Kurunjang Secondary College
Kyabram Secondary College
Kyneton Secondary College
L
Lake Bolac College
Lakes Entrance Secondary College
Lakeside Lutheran College
Lalor North Secondary College
Lalor Secondary College
Lara Secondary College
Lauriston Girls' School
Lavalla Catholic College
Lavers Hill College
Laverton College
Leibler Yavneh College
Leongatha Secondary College
Lighthouse Christian College
Lilydale Adventist Academy
Lilydale Heights College
Lilydale High School
Little Yarra Steiner School
Loreto College, Ballarat
Loreto Mandeville Hall
Lorne P-12 College
Lowanna Secondary College
Lowther Hall Anglican Grammar School
Loyola College, Melbourne
Luther College (Victoria)
Lynall Hall Community School
Lyndale Secondary College
Lyndhurst Secondary College
M
Mackillop Catholic Regional College
Mackillop College
Macleod College
Mac.Robertson Girls' High School
Maffra Secondary College
Mallacoota College
Manangatang College
Mansfield Secondary College
Maranatha Christian School
Marcellin College
Marian College (Ararat)
Marian College (Myrtleford)
Marian College (Sunshine West)
Maribyrnong Secondary College
Marist-Sion College
Maroondah Secondary College
Mary MacKillop Catholic Regional College
Maryborough Education Centre
Marymede Catholic College
Mater Christi College
Matthew Flinders Girls' Secondary College
Mazenod College
McGuire College
McKinnon Secondary College
Melbourne Girls' College
Melbourne Girls' Grammar School
Melbourne Grammar School
Melbourne High School
Melbourne Rudolf Steiner School
Melton Christian College
Melton Secondary College
Mentone Girls' Grammar School
Mentone Girls' Secondary College
Mentone Grammar School
Mercy Diocesan College
Mercy Regional College
Methodist Ladies' College
Mildura Baptist College
Mildura Senior College
Mill Park Secondary College
Minaret College
Mirboo North Secondary College
Monash Secondary College
Monbulk College
Monivae College
Monterey Secondary College
Montmorency Secondary College
Mooroolbark College
Mooroopna Secondary College
Mordialloc Secondary College
Mornington Secondary College
Mortlake College
Mount Alexander College
Mount Beauty Secondary College
Mount Carmel Christian College
Mount Clear College
Mount Eliza Secondary College
Mount Erin College
Mount Evelyn Christian School
Mount Hira College
Mount Lilydale Mercy College
Mount Ridley College
Mount Rowan Secondary College
Mount Scopus Memorial College
Mount St Joseph Girls' College
Mount Waverley Secondary College
Mountain District Christian School
Mowbray at Brookside
Mowbray College
Mullauna College
Murrayville Community College
Murtoa College
Myrtleford Secondary College
N
Nagle College
Narre Warren South College
Nathalia Secondary College
Nazareth College, Melbourne
Neerim District Secondary College
Newcomb Secondary College
Newhaven College
Nhill College
Niddrie Secondary College
Noble Park Secondary College
North Geelong Secondary College
Northcote High School
Northside Christian College
Northern Bay College
Norwood Secondary College
Nossal High School
Notre Dame College, Shepparton
Numurkah Secondary College
Nunawading Christian College
O
Oakleigh Grammar School
Oberon High School
Olivet Christian College
Orbost Secondary College
Our Lady of Mercy College
Our Lady of Sacred Heart College
Our Lady of Sion College
Ouyen College
Overnewton Anglican Community College
Oxley College
Ozford College
P
Padua College, Melbourne
Pakenham Secondary College
Parade College
Parkdale Secondary College
Pascoe Vale Girls' Secondary College
Patterson River Secondary College
Pembroke Secondary College
Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School
Penola Catholic College
Peter Lalor Secondary College
Phoenix Community College
Plenty Valley Christian College
Portland Secondary College
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne
Presentation College, Windsor
Preshil, The Margaret Lyttle Memorial School
Princes Hill Secondary College
Pyramid Hill College
Port Melbourne secondary college
R
Red Cliffs Secondary College
Reservoir District Secondary College
Ringwood Secondary College
River City Christian College
Robinvale College
Rochester Secondary College
Rosebud Secondary College
Rowville Secondary College
Roxburgh College
Rushworth College
Rutherglen High School
Ruyton Girls' School
S
Sacré Cœur School
Sacred Heart College Geelong
Sacred Heart College, Kyneton
Sacred Heart College (Yarrawonga)
Sacred Heart Girls' College
Saint Ignatius College Geelong formerly Catholic Regional College (Drysdale)
Sale College
Salesian College Chadstone
Salesian College (Rupertswood)
Samaritan Catholic College
Sandringham College
Santa Maria College
Scoresby Secondary College
Scotch College, Melbourne
Seymour College
Shelford Girls Grammar School
Shepparton High School
Sherbrooke Community School
Siena College
Simonds Catholic College, West Melbourne
Sirius College
South Coast Christian College
South Gippsland Secondary College
South Oakleigh Secondary College
Southern Cross Grammar
Southwood Boys' Grammar School
Springvale Secondary College
St Albans Secondary College
St Aloysius' College
St Andrew's Christian College
St Anthony's Coptic Orthodox College
St Arnaud Secondary College
St Augustine's College Kyabram
St Bede's College (Mentone)
St. Bernard's College, Melbourne
St Brigid's College, Horsham
St Catherine's School, Toorak
St. Columba's College, Melbourne
St Francis Xavier College, Melbourne
St Helena Secondary College
St James College
St John's Greek Orthodox College
St John's Regional College
St. Joseph's College, Echuca
St Joseph's College Mildura
St. Joseph's College, Geelong
St. Joseph's College, Melbourne Closed in 2010
St. Joseph's College, Ferntree Gully
St. Kevin's College, Toorak
St Leonard's College
St Margaret's School
St Mary of the Angels School
St Mary's Coptic Orthodox College
St Mary's College (Seymour)
St Michael's Grammar School
St Monica's College
St Patrick's College, Ballarat
St Paul's Anglican Grammar School
St Peter's College, Cranbourne
St Thomas Aquinas College
Star of the Sea College
Staughton College
Stawell Secondary College
Stott's College
Strathcona Baptist Girls' Grammar School
Strathmore Secondary College
Sunbury College
Sunbury Downs Secondary College
Surf Coast Secondary College
Sunshine College
Suzanne Cory High School
Swan Hill College
Swifts Creek School
Swinburne Senior Secondary College
Sydney Road Community School
T
Tallangatta Secondary College
Taylors College, Melbourne
Taylors Lakes Secondary College
Templestowe College
Terang College
The Geelong College
The Grange College
The Islamic Schools Of Victoria
The King David School
The Knox School
The Meridian International School
The Peninsula School
Thomas Carr College
Thomastown Secondary College
Thornbury High School
Timboon School
Tintern Grammar
Toorak College
Trafalgar High School
Traralgon College
Trinity Anglican College
Trinity College, Colac
Trinity Grammar School, Victoria
Trinity Lutheran College
Tyrrell College
U
University High School, Melbourne
Upper Yarra Secondary College
Upwey High School
V
Vermont Secondary College
Victoria University Secondary College
Victorian College for the Deaf
Victorian College of the Arts Secondary School
Victory Christian College, Bendigo
Victory Lutheran College, Wodonga
Viewbank College
W
Wallan Secondary College
Wanganui Park Secondary College
Wangaratta High School
Wantirna College
Warracknabeal Secondary College
Warragul Regional College
Warrandyte High School
Warrnambool College
Waverley Christian College
Wedderburn College
Weeroona College
Wellington Secondary College
Werribee Secondary College
Werrimull College
Wesley College, Melbourne (Elsternwick, Glen Waverley & St. Kilda Road Campuses)
Westall Secondary College
Westbourne Grammar School
Western Heights College
Western Port Secondary College
Wheelers Hill Secondary College
Whitefriars College
Whittlesea Secondary College
Williamstown High School
Wodonga Middle Years College formed from merger between Mitchell Secondary College, Wodonga High School and Wodonga West Secondary College
Wodonga Senior Secondary College formed from merger between Mitchell Secondary College, Wodonga High School and Wodonga West Secondary College
Wonthaggi Secondary College
Woodleigh School
Woodmans Hill Secondary College
Worawa Aboriginal College
Wycheproof College
Wyndham Central College
X
Xavier College
Y
Yarra Valley Grammar School
Yarram Secondary College
Yarrawonga Secondary College
Yea High School
[[Yeshivah College
Yarra hills secondary college
Australia|Yeshivah College]]
See also
List of schools in Australia
List of schools in Victoria
List of high schools in Melbourne
High schools
High
High schools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20high%20schools%20in%20Victoria |
"Little" Jack Lawrence (born December 18, 1976) is an American musician from Covington, Kentucky, currently living in Nashville, Tennessee.
Career
Lawrence currently plays bass guitar in the Raconteurs, the Greenhornes, the Dead Weather and City and Colour as well as the autoharp and banjo in Blanche. He also guested on the theme song to the 2008 Bond film Quantum of Solace entitled "Another Way To Die", playing bass guitar and baritone guitar. On May 22, 2009, Lawrence married photographer Jo McCaughey at Jack White's house in Nashville in a double ceremony with Meg White and Jackson Smith. Lawrence contributed to the soundtrack of the 2009 Spike Jonze film Where the Wild Things Are. He is uncredited but is one of the members of Karen O's backup band for the album, Karen O and the Kids. He is also credited on four songs from Wanda Jackson's album, The Party Ain't Over, which Jack White produced. He also plays bass on one track on White's album Blunderbuss and one track on Glim Spanky's album Looking for the Magic.
Discography
1999 The Greenhornes - Gun for You
2001 The Greenhornes - The Greenhornes
2002 The Greenhornes - Dual Mono
2004 Loretta Lynn - Van Lear Rose
2004 Blanche - America's Newest Hitmakers
2005 The Greenhornes - East Grand Blues EP
2005 The Greenhornes - Sewed Soles
2006 The Raconteurs - Broken Boy Soldiers
2007 Blanche - Little Amber Bottles
2008 The Raconteurs - Consolers of the Lonely
2009 The Dead Weather - Horehound
2009 Karen O & The Kids - Where the Wild Things Are
2010 The Dead Weather - Sea of Cowards
2010 The Greenhornes - ★★★★
2010 Karen Elson - "The Ghost Who Walks"
2012 Jack White - "Blunderbuss"
2013 City and Colour - "The Hurry and the Harm"
2014 Karen O - "Crush Songs"
2015 JEFF the Brotherhood - "Wasted on the Dream"
2015 The Dead Weather - "Dodge and Burn"
2015 City and Colour - "If I Should Go Before You"
2015 JEFF the Brotherhood - Global Chakra Rhythms
2017 Foshee - Strange Relations
2018 Glim Spanky - "TV Show"
2019 The Raconteurs - Help Us Stranger
2019 City and Colour - "A Pill For Loneliness"
Equipment
Pedals
The Dead Weather
Electro-Harmonix Bass Micro Synth - (An old one and a reissue)
Fulltone Bass Drive
References
External links
theraconteurs.com - official The Raconteurs site
thedeadweather.com - official The Dead Weather site
greenhornes.com - official The Greenhornes site
blanchemusic.com - official Blanche site
American banjoists
American rock bass guitarists
American rock singers
American autoharp players
Living people
Rock musicians from Kentucky
People from Covington, Kentucky
Place of birth missing (living people)
1976 births
Songwriters from Kentucky
Singers from Kentucky
Guitarists from Kentucky
American male bass guitarists
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century American bass guitarists
The Dead Weather members
The Raconteurs members
The Greenhornes members
American male songwriters
Blanche (band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Lawrence%20%28bass%20guitarist%29 |
MLS Cup 1996 was the inaugural edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS), the top-level soccer league of the United States. Hosted at Foxboro Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, on October 20, 1996, it was contested by D.C. United and the Los Angeles Galaxy to decide the champion of the 1996 season.
Both finalists finished in the top two spots of their respective conferences, with D.C. placing second in the East and Los Angeles atop the West. The two teams also had identical win–loss records in the first two rounds of the playoffs, losing the opening match of the Conference Semifinals and winning the remaining four matches of both rounds. The final match was played in heavy rain due to the proximity of Hurricane Lili, which also inundated the field. The MLS Cup had an attendance of 34,643 spectators, falling short of the 42,000 people who paid for tickets, and included a large contingent of traveling D.C. supporters.
The match ended in a 3–2 victory for D.C. United, with a golden goal scored by Eddie Pope in overtime that followed a second-half comeback for the team. Los Angeles had taken a 2–0 lead in the 56th minute on goals by Eduardo Hurtado and Chris Armas, but conceded two goals to D.C. in the second half to force overtime. Marco Etcheverry assisted both goals, which began as free kicks that were headed into the goal by substitutes Tony Sanneh and Shawn Medved. Etcheverry went on to take the corner kick that led to Pope's goal and was named the man of the match. The finalists also earned a berth in the 1997 CONCACAF Champions' Cup and met in the semifinals, which ended in a victory for the Galaxy.
Venue
Foxboro Stadium in the Boston suburb of Foxborough, Massachusetts, was announced as the venue of the inaugural MLS Cup during a league press conference on August 29, 1996. The other finalist, Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C., was instead given hosting priority for the 1997 edition. The 58,098-seat stadium was the home venue of the New England Revolution and the New England Patriots of the National Football League. The league had planned to limit capacity to 33,000 seats for the championship, but canceled those plans as ticket sales reached more than 40,000 in the days prior to the cup.
Road to the final
Major League Soccer (MLS) was formed as the Division I league of the United States in the early 1990s during organization of the 1994 FIFA World Cup to comply with FIFA's hosting requirements. The league decided on a playoff format to determine its yearly champion in a fashion similar to other sports leagues in North America. It also adopted an Americanized version of the game's rules, including a shootout to decide tied matches (for which the winners earned one point) and a countdown clock to keep time.
The inaugural MLS season was delayed to 1996 and consisted of ten teams organized into two conferences, divided between east and west. Each team played 32 matches in the regular season, which ran from April to September, facing opponents from the same conference four times and outside of their conference three to four times. The top four teams from each conference qualified for the playoffs, which were organized into three rounds and played from late September to October. The first two rounds, named the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals, were home-and-away series organized into a best-of-three format with a hosting advantage for the higher seed. The winners of the Conference Finals advanced to the single-match MLS Cup final, which would be held at a predetermined neutral venue.
MLS Cup 1996 was contested by D.C. United, who finished second in the Eastern Conference, and the Los Angeles Galaxy, who finished first in the Western Conference. The two finalists played each other three times during the regular season, with the Galaxy winning away 2–1 on April 20 and at home 3–1 on May 5, D.C. winning 2–1 on August 18 at RFK Memorial Stadium. Both teams finished with a 4–1 record in the playoffs, losing only the opening match of the Conference Semifinals, and shared comparable records during the regular season.
D.C. United
Washington, D.C., was awarded an MLS franchise on June 15, 1994, which would play at RFK Memorial Stadium and later be named D.C. United. The league allocated U.S. defender Jeff Agoos, U.S. midfielder John Harkes, and Bolivian forwards Marco Etcheverry and Juan Berthy Suárez to D.C. United, which signed former University of Virginia Cavaliers coach Bruce Arena as its manager in January 1996. In the general player draft, D.C. was given the last pick and signed Salvadorian forward Raúl Díaz Arce in the first round, completing a trio of Latin American attackers, and several starting players in later rounds. With its two picks in the college draft, United selected defender Eddie Pope in the first round and midfielder Jesse Marsch in the third round; in the supplemental draft, D.C. used its single pick on Argentine midfielder Mario Gori.
D.C. United played in the inaugural league match against the San Jose Clash at Spartan Stadium on April 6, losing 1–0 to a goal by Eric Wynalda. The team went on to lose three more matches in April, including its home opener, before defeating the Dallas Burn on May 1 by a score of 3–1. In their next victory, 5–2 on May 15 against the Columbus Crew, newly added forward Steve Rammel scored the first hat-trick in league history while Etcheverry recorded three assists. D.C. went on to win three matches in a row to start June and earn the second-place spot in the Eastern Conference, trailing the Tampa Bay Mutiny by eight points. Bruce Arena spent part of his time in June and July as coach of the Olympic team, causing him to miss several D.C. matches.
The team remained in second place behind Tampa Bay for much of July and August, with a losing record, but was the fourth-highest scoring team in the league. The points gap between the two teams had increased to eleven at the beginning of August, but was reduced to five after D.C. United defeated the Mutiny three times. D.C. won four straight matches in late August and clinched a playoff berth, but still fell short of home-field advantage in the playoffs. The team finished the season with two more wins and two losses, retaining its second-place spot with a 16–16 record.
In the first round of the playoffs, D.C. played the third-place New York/New Jersey MetroStars, with whom they had developed a rivalry. The first leg, played at Giants Stadium on September 24, was the first playoff match in league history and ended in a 2–2 draw in regular time. The MetroStars won the match 6–5 in a shootout, which lasted eleven rounds until captain Peter Vermes scored the winning goal. Vermes was originally scheduled to be the eighth kicker for the MetroStars, but requested to be moved to the eleventh round because of an injury; D.C. officials claimed that the move made him an ineligible kicker and disputed the result, which the league ruled was valid. United won the second leg at home with a lone goal by Marco Etcheverry in the 72nd minute, following several hard tackles and an ejection for D.C. striker Jaime Moreno, to set up the third leg at RFK Memorial Stadium. D.C. United took a 1–0 lead in the 65th minute of the match on a goal by Rammel off a deflection by several MetroStars defenders. The MetroStars responded with an equalizing goal in the 86th minute on a strike by Antony de Ávila, but conceded a penalty in the final minute of regular time after Rob Johnson tripped Etcheverry. Díaz Arce converted the penalty kick to give D.C. a 2–1 win and clinch their place in the Eastern Conference Final.
United faced the Tampa Bay Mutiny, the regular season champions with a home advantage, in the Eastern Conference Final, which was rescheduled due to stadium conflicts for both teams. D.C. hosted the first leg and took advantage of Tampa's missing defender Frank Yallop to win 4–1 after being tied 1–1 at halftime. Díaz Arce scored a hat-trick, while Rammel scored the winning goal with a header in the 54th minute. D.C. United went on to win 2–1 in the second leg hosted by Tampa Bay, with goals by Richie Williams and Díaz Arce in the second half to clinch an MLS Cup appearance.
Los Angeles Galaxy
Los Angeles was one of the original seven franchises awarded by MLS in 1994, and was owned by a group of investors led by banker Marc Rapaport. Former U.S. national team manager Lothar Osiander was hired as the first head coach of the Los Angeles franchise, which was named the Los Angeles Galaxy. The Galaxy had already acquired Mexican goalkeeper Jorge Campos, the league's first major international signing, and were also allocated American defender Dan Calichman, Salvadorian midfielder Mauricio Cienfuegos, and Ecuadorian striker Eduardo Hurtado. Osiander selected several experienced national team members in the general draft, including defenders Robin Fraser and Curt Onalfo, and midfielder Jorge Salcedo. The team also filled its roster by adding midfielders Greg Vanney and Chris Armas and forwards Guillermo Jara and Ante Razov from the collegiate and supplemental drafts in early March. National team winger Cobi Jones also signed with the Galaxy as a marquee player and left the team with 23 players on its roster, which was cut to 18 to fall under league regulations.
The Galaxy debuted to a crowd of 69,255 spectators at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, and defeated the MetroStars 2–1. The team quickly took first place in the Western Conference by winning its first twelve matches, including the first eight without a shootout. The Galaxy led the league with 2.4 goals per game and 1.0 goals against average, with Eduardo Hurtado leading eleven goalscorers with seven goals. The winning streak was broken by the last-place Colorado Rapids on June 30, beginning a four-match losing streak that lasted through July and caused tension between the players and coaching staff.
Los Angeles alternated between wins and losses in early August before beginning a five-match losing streak that saw them fall to second place in the Western Conference behind the Kansas City Wiz. By the end of the month, the team had fallen to third place behind the Dallas Burn, but qualified for the playoffs ahead of Colorado and the San Jose Clash. Los Angeles climbed back into first place in mid-September with victories over San Jose and twice against Dallas to finish the regular season with a 19–13 record and 49 points atop the Western Conference and second overall in MLS. Hurtado finished second in scoring, with 21 goals and seven assists, and was named to the MLS Best XI alongside Marcos Cienfuegos and Robin Fraser.
The Galaxy faced the fourth-place San Jose Clash in the Conference Semifinals, who they won all four regular season matches against. The Clash hosted the first leg and won 1–0 on a headed goal by Tayt Ianni in the 36th minute, which came after several chances to score for the home side. Los Angeles tied the series at one match apiece with goals in the final six minutes by Fraser and Hurtado to win 2–0 in the second leg at the Rose Bowl. San Jose striker Eric Wynalda and defender Oscar Draguicevich were ejected late during the match after each being shown two yellow cards, and were suspended for the third leg. The Galaxy advanced to the Western Conference Final after a 2–0 victory in the third leg, with two goals scored in the first half by Hurtado and Cienfuegos from a controversial penalty kick called against Ben Iroha.
The Western Conference Final was played between the Galaxy and the third-seeded Kansas City Wiz, who had defeated the second-place Dallas Burn. Los Angeles hosted the first leg and won 2–1 with a volleyed goal by Chris Armas in the 48th minute and a shot by Greg Vanney in the 57th minute; Kansas City had responded to the first goal with an equalizer by Preki in the 52nd minute after a run through the Galaxy defense, but were unable to find a second goal. Preki opened the scoring in the 69th minute of the second leg with a penalty kick after being fouled in the box by Vanney, who went on to tie the match in the 77th minute after finishing a cross from Cienfuegos. The second leg remained tied after regulation time and overtime, with several disallowed goals called against Kansas City, and was decided in a penalty shootout from . The shootout was won 3–1 by the Galaxy, with the winning shot by Robin Fraser in the fifth round, and the team advanced to the MLS Cup final.
Summary of results
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away). Playoffs were in best-of-three format with penalty shootout (SO) if scores were tied.
Broadcasting
The inaugural MLS Cup final was broadcast in the United States on ABC in English, with a broadcast team that was used by ESPN for its previous MLS matches during the regular season and playoffs. Phil Schoen was the play-by-play commentator, while Ty Keough and Bill McDermott provided color analysis; Roger Twibell was the studio anchor and was joined by Revolution defender Alexi Lalas, who also performed the national anthem with his electric guitar. The final reached an estimated audience of 1.6 million viewers, exceeding league expectations but falling short of other sports programming from that day. In local markets, the match had an estimated Nielsen rating of 2.4 in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area and 3.3 in Greater Los Angeles.
Match
Summary
A nor'easter swept through New England following Hurricane Lili, bringing winds gusting at and a rainstorm that inundated the field ahead of the match, which weighed down the tarp covering the field and created several shallow puddles. The weather caused league officials to consider cancellation or postponement of the MLS Cup final, but the lack of lightning allowed the match to continue as planned, kicking off with a temperature of . The storm also caused the cancellation of Major League Baseball's World Series opening game, which was being played on the same night in New York City. A total of 42,368 tickets were sold before the match, but only 34,643 spectators were counted in attendance, including approximately 5,000 to 7,000 United fans and supporters' group members who traveled from Washington, D.C. The match also attracted international attention, resulting in an overfilled press box that was cleared out by the fire marshal for a potential capacity code violation.
Both teams fielded most of their regular players, with the exception of Los Angeles captain Dan Calichman, who was suspended for yellow card accumulation during the playoffs. The Galaxy kicked off the match and had early control of possession, which they leveraged into several attacking chances. The opening goal of the final was scored in the fifth minute by Eduardo Hurtado, who headed a cross from Mauricio Cienfuegos on the right wing. Hurtado celebrated by sliding stomach-first with his teammates onto the waterlogged pitch. D.C. gained more possession of the ball during the remainder of the first half while looking for an equalizing goal, while Los Angeles switched to counter-attacking plays. Several shots towards goal from United, including a chance for Richie Williams in the 11th minute, missed the target or were saved by Jorge Campos.
The Galaxy continued to have the most scoring chances early in the second half and took a 2–0 lead in the 56th minute as Chris Armas dribbled past four defenders to make a left-footed shot from . Weather conditions worsened as the match went on, with passes and other balls stopped by the water-logged field and higher winds. D.C. United coach Bruce Arena brought on two midfielders, Tony Sanneh and Shawn Medved, midway through the second half who helped shift momentum in the team's favor. Sanneh scored D.C.'s first goal in the 73rd minute, heading in a free kick that was won by Jaime Moreno and taken by Marco Etcheverry from . Los Angeles coach Lothar Osiander responded by sending on two of his own substitutes, forward Ante Razov and defender Curt Onalfo, but the team was unable to extend its lead after Cobi Jones hit the crossbar with a chipped shot in the 78th minute.
Moreno won a second free kick near the penalty area in the 81st minute, setting up another shot taken by Etcheverry. Jorge Campos saved the free kick with a punch and a follow-up shot by Medved, but was unable to keep the rebound from Medved, who scored the tying goal from . After several attempts by various D.C. players to score a winning goal, the match reached the end of regulation time and proceeded into sudden death overtime. The Galaxy were unable to capitalize on several chances early in overtime before conceding a corner kick to D.C. United in the 94th minute. Etcheverry took the corner kick, which was redirected into the goal by defender Eddie Pope in the box, clinching a 3–2 victory for D.C. United. Pope celebrated the championship-winning golden goal by diving into the field before being mobbed by his teammates. For his three assists, Etcheverry was named the MLS Cup most valuable player.
Details
Post-match
The match was called "a great exclamation point on an incredible season" by league commissioner Doug Logan, despite the weather conditions. The winning D.C. United players celebrated on the field for 30 minutes and returned the following day to a welcome by 1,000 fans at Reagan National Airport. D.C. went on to complete the "double" by winning a second trophy, the 1996 U.S. Open Cup, a week later at RFK Memorial Stadium by defeating the Rochester Raging Rhinos of the second-division A-League by a score of 3–0. D.C. United returned as MLS Cup finalists in the following three seasons, winning two more championships in 1997 and 1999, the latter of which was a rematch against the Galaxy in Foxborough.
D.C. and Los Angeles qualified as the U.S. representatives for the 1997 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, which was primarily hosted at RFK Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C. The Galaxy played Santos Laguna in the qualifying playoffs and won 4–1 to earn a berth in the quarterfinals alongside D.C. United. Both teams defeated their quarterfinals opponent, with Los Angeles defeating Salvadorian club C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo 2–0 and hosts D.C. winning 1–0 against United Petrotrin of Trinidad and Tobago. The Galaxy then met D.C. United in the semifinals and won 1–0, the lone goal scored by Cobi Jones in the tenth minute, but were defeated 5–3 in the final by Cruz Azul, who won their fifth Champions' Cup.
References
1996
D.C. United matches
LA Galaxy matches
Soccer in Massachusetts
Sports competitions in Foxborough, Massachusetts
October 1996 sports events in the United States
1996 in sports in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS%20Cup%201996 |
The episode list of the ABC sitcom Boy Meets World. The series ran from September 24, 1993, to May 5, 2000, with 158 episodes produced, spanning 7 seasons.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (1993–94)
Season 2 (1994–95)
Season 3 (1995–96)
Season 4 (1996–97)
Season 5 (1997–98)
Season 6 (1998–99)
Season 7 (1999–2000)
Ratings
Notes
References
External links
Lists of American sitcom episodes
Episodes
Lists of Disney television series episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Boy%20Meets%20World%20episodes |
"The Secret" is the thirteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's nineteenth episode overall. It was written by Lee Eisenberg and Gene Stupnitsky and directed by Dennie Gordon. The episode first aired on January 19, 2006 on NBC.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) is forced into spending time with Michael Scott (Steve Carell) so that Michael will not reveal Jim's feelings for Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer). Meanwhile, Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) takes a "sick day" and Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) investigates whether he is actually sick.
"The Secret" was written in roughly 26 hours and was the fastest episode written for the series at the time. The title for the episode is purposely vague and refers to Jim's hidden feelings for Pam, Dwight and Angela's relationship, and Oscar's homosexuality. "The Secret" is also the first episode where many of the actors not credited in the opening sequence are credited directly afterwards instead of as guest appearances. The scenes at the Hooters restaurant were filmed relatively early in the day, and a majority of the scenes were improvised by Carell. "The Secret" received largely positive reviews from television critics and was watched by 8.7 million viewers, ranking as the forty-fourth most-watched television episode of the week.
Plot
Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) realizes that Michael Scott (Steve Carell) mistakenly assumed he was making his feelings for Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) known to everyone. He tells Michael that he meant this to be a secret between the two of them. Michael concludes from this that he and Jim are friends, which leads to an awkward lunch at Hooters paid for with a corporate credit card. Michael ultimately reveals Jim's secret to everyone, forcing Jim to confess his crush to Pam himself, although he tells her that he got over it three years ago. However, Michael later tells her that he learned of the crush during the recent "booze cruise", leading her to suspect Jim is still infatuated.
Meanwhile, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) "investigates" Oscar Martinez's (Oscar Nunez) claimed sick day from work, learning that the co-worker is actually taking time off to ice-skate. Dwight blackmails Oscar, saying he owes him a favor in return for not revealing his unauthorized leave-taking. He then watches a movie with Oscar and Oscar's "roommate" Gil (Tom W. Chick).
Production
Writing
"The Secret" was written by Lee Eisenberg and Gene Stupnitsky. The episode was written in roughly 26 hours and was the fastest episode written for the series, at the time. The idea to make the entry the "spring cleaning episode" was "throw[n] in at the last minute" because the writers were "desperate". The subplot was inspired by a friend of Eisenberg's, who suggested the story after he was forced to undergo spring cleaning at his office.
The title for the episode is purposely vague. During the commentary, the cast revealed that there are actually three "secrets" in the episode: Jim's hidden feelings for Pam, Dwight and Angela's relationship, and Oscar's homosexuality. Stupkitsky later joked that there are "actually nine secrets in the episode". The cold opening – wherein Michael tries to tell a joke where the punch line is "What's up dog?" – was inspired by the same prank being pulled on Stupnitsky. The original cold opening for the episode featured Michael playing golf in his office, but it was cut.
Jenna Fischer felt that Krasinski's performance in the episode was "really great" and called "The Secret" her "favorite John Krasinski episode". Krasinski said that Creed Bratton's line, "Which one is Pam?" was his favorite moment "in the entire show, ever". Fischer, in turn, said that her favorite moment was when Jim confesses that he does not have a crush on her, due to the emotion involved. Fischer later admitted that, after the shot was filmed, she cried because it "broke [her] heart".
Filming
"The Secret" was directed by Dennie Gordon, who would go on to direct the season two episode "Boys and Girls". Tom W. Chick portrayed Gil. The cast were particularly impressed with his acting; Fischer called him a "great casting" choice. Lindsey Stoddart, who plays one of the Hooters waitresses, was an improv acquaintance of Martin's.
The shots at the Hooters restaurant were filmed relatively early in the day, and a majority of the scenes were improvised by Carell. In fact, Carell decided to play the penis game – in which two or more people shout the word "penis" at varying levels in an attempt to out do each other – which Krasinski called "the craziest thing I have experienced". The scene where Pam and Kelly discuss wedding plans was particularly difficult to shoot all in one scene, due to the amount of activity going on. John Krasinski later noted that he was impressed that the director and cameramen were able to successfully get the shot. The sequence featuring Michael and Jim talking in the break room was made of two composition shots, because Krasinski was laughing "the entire" time. Michael buying Stanley a peach ice tea and telling him that he will "hate it" was entirely improvised.
Deleted scenes
The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include the cut cold opening of Michael playing with his new putting toy, Dwight expounding on his thoughts on dust bunnies, Michael surveying his "worker bees", Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) finding an unfinished People Magazine crossword puzzle from 1999 in Michael's office, Michael describing his college fraternity experience, and Michael buying Jim a Hooters T-shirt.
Cultural references
Michael attributes the 1981 song "Our Lips Are Sealed" to The Bangles, when it was really sung by The Go-Go's. Michael and Jim go to Hooters, a company whose waiting staff are primarily young, attractive waitresses usually referred to simply as "Hooter Girls" whose revealing outfits and sex appeal is played up and is a primary component of the company's image. At the restaurant, Michael makes several breast jokes. Near the end of the episode, Michael makes reference to a nonexistent Cinemax movie called More Secrets of a Call Girl.
Reception
"The Secret" originally aired on NBC on January 19, 2006. The episode was watched by 8.7 million viewers. This marked a slight decrease in viewers from a lead-in episode of "My Name is Earl", but more than a follow-up episode of "ER". "The Secret" ranked as the forty-fourth most-watched episode for the week ending January 22.
M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode an "A". Brendan Babish of DVD Verdict gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded the entry a "B". He wrote that while it was ""a solid episode" it "lacks any of the belly laughs the show frequently elicits". Michael Sciannamea of AOLTV called the installment "a terrific episode" and wrote that "Michael Scott […] was at his obnoxious best […] in this episode". Furthermore, he highly praised the story, noting that "the Jim/Pam scenario has definitely taken a more interesting turn". During the filming of "The Secret", the cast of the show discovered that Carell had been nominated for a Golden Globe Award. Fischer later noted that it was "fun that ['The Secret' is] the episode that airs after his win".
References
External links
"The Secret" at NBC.com
2006 American television episodes
American LGBT-related television episodes
The Office (American season 2) episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20%28The%20Office%29 |
Paul Faure may refer to:
Paul Faure (archaeologist) (1916–2007), French archaeologist
Paul Faure (politician) (1878–1960), French politician | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Faure |
Deborah Compagnoni (; born 4 June 1970) is an Italian former Alpine skier who won three gold medals at the 1992, 1994, and 1998 Winter Olympics.
Biography
Deborah Compagnoni was born in Bormio, northern Lombardy, and skied with the G.S. Forestale club.
Compagnoni soon attracted attention for her great talent. Her career was always marked by major successes, but also by serious accidents. After her first major victory, the World Junior title in giant slalom, and her first podium in World Cup, she broke her right knee in the Val d'Isére downhill. After surgery, she decided to stop competing in downhill races, where her talent could have permitted even greater successes than those she obtained in her still outstanding career.
Compagnoni won her first race in the World Cup in 1992. She also won the gold medal at the Winter Olympics of the same year, again in the super-G; however, while racing the giant slalom one day later, she destroyed her left knee.
In the following years, she left the speed disciplines (downhill and Super-G), confirming herself as one of the best giant slalom specialists. Her fragile knees hindered Compagnoni's practice activity, and limited the number of victories in the World Cup; however, she always arrived in her best shape for the major championships. In 1994, at the Lillehammer Olympics, she won the gold medal in the giant slalom, a feat she repeated four years later in Nagano. In 1998, she won also a silver medal in the Slalom, finishing second by only 0.06 seconds.
Compagnoni won the World Championship in giant slalom in 1996; in the following year's edition, she repeated the victory, alongside winning with the slalom title, a feat never accomplished by any other Italian female skier. She won a total of 16 races in the Alpine Skiing World Cup (13 giant slalom, 2 super-G, and 1 slalom), plus a giant slalom World Cup in 1997.
Deborah Compagnoni is considered the best Italian female skier of all time, the equal of famous male champions like Gustav Thöni and Alberto Tomba. The World Cup skiing track in her native Santa Caterina Valfurva has been named after her.
She is married to Alessandro Benetton, and they have three children: Agnese, Tobias, and Luce; they live in Ponzano Veneto, Italy. Her brother Jacopo Compagnoni, a fellow Alpine skier, died during an avalanche on Monte Sobretta on December 16, 2021, at the age of 40.
World Cup results
Season titles
Season standings
Races victories
These are her world cup victories.
See also
List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists
Italian sportswomen multiple medalists at Olympics and World Championships
Italian skiers who closed in top 10 in overall World Cup
List of FIS Alpine Ski World Cup women's race winners
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Sportspeople from the Province of Sondrio
Skiers from Lombardy
Italian female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
Benetton people
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Italy
Olympic silver medalists for Italy
Olympic alpine skiers for Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah%20Compagnoni |
In mathematics, the Cartan model is a differential graded algebra that computes the equivariant cohomology of a space.
References
Stefan Cordes, Gregory Moore, Sanjaye Ramgoolam, Lectures on 2D Yang-Mills Theory, Equivariant Cohomology and Topological Field Theories, , 1994.
Algebraic topology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan%20model |
Robert Ferrigno (born 1947) is an American author of crime novels and of speculative fiction. Eight books published between 1990 and 2004 were additions to the detective and thriller genres, while the post 9/11 'Assassin trilogy' is set in an imagined United States dominated by Islam.
In February 2009 he was nominated as a finalist for an Edgar Award and has been reviewed by the LA Times and the New York Times for his book Prayers for the Assassin.
Novels
The Horse Latitudes (1990), his first
Cheshire Moon (1993)
Dead Man's Dance (1995)
Dead Silent (1996)
Heartbreaker (1999)
Flinch (2001)
Scavenger Hunt (2003)
The Wake-Up (2004)
Prayers for the Assassin (2006)
Sins of the Assassin (2008)
Heart of the Assassin (2009)
The Girl Who Cried Wolf (2013)
References
External links
Author's Website
Author profile at Simon & Schuster
Interview in January Magazine
1947 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American mystery writers
Living people
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ferrigno |
Bronx Community Board 4 is a local government unit of the City of New York, encompassing the neighborhoods of Mount Eden, Highbridge and Concourse. It is delimited by Webster Avenue and Park Avenue to the east, Washington Bridge and the Cross Bronx Expressway to the north, the Harlem River to the west, and East 149th Street to the south.
Community board staff and membership
The current chairperson of the Bronx Community board 4 is Robert Garméndiz.
The City Council members representing the community district are non-voting, ex officio board members. The council members and their council districts are:
8th NYC Council District - Diana Ayala
16th NYC Council District - Althea Stevens
17th NYC Council District - Rafael Salamanca
Demographics
As of the United States 2010 Census, the Community Board has a population of 146,441, up from 119,962 in 1990 and 114,309 in 1980.
Of them, 81,505 (58.4%) are of Hispanic origin, 50,416 (36.1%) are Black, non-Hispanic, 2,020 (1.4%) are White, non-Hispanic, 1,984 (1.4%) are Asian or Pacific Islander, 489 (0.4%) American Indian or Alaska Native, 777 (0.6%) are some other race (non-Hispanic), and 2,372 (1.7%) of two or more races (non-Hispanic).
References
External links
Community boards of the Bronx
Concourse, Bronx | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx%20Community%20Board%204 |
Heptanol may refer to any of four isomeric chemical compounds:
1-Heptanol, an alcohol with a seven carbon chain and the structural formula of CH3(CH2)6OH
2-Heptanol, a secondary alcohol with the hydroxyl on the second carbon of the straight seven-carbon chain
3-Heptanol, an organic alcohol with the chemical formula C7H16O
See also
C7H16O
Fatty alcohols
Alkanols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptanol |
Washu can refer to:
WashU, an abbreviation for Washington University in St. Louis
Washū, another name for Yamato Province, Japan
Washu Hakubi, a fictional character the manga series Tenchi Muyo! | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washu |
Loop 1604 is the outer highway loop encircling San Antonio, Texas, spanning approximately . Originally constructed as a two-lane highway, the northern segment of the route, from US 90 in western San Antonio to Kitty Hawk Road in northeastern Bexar County, has been upgraded to a four-lane freeway. Loop 1604 is designated the Charles W. Anderson Loop in honor of former Bexar County Judge Charles W. Anderson, who died from cancer in 1964 after serving for 25 years.
Route description
Loop 1604 forms a complete loop around the city of San Antonio and is the outer of two loops around the city with I-410 being the inner loop. The route has portions that are built to freeway standards, portions built as a divided highway, and portions that are just a two-lane rural road. As with I-410, the city's inner loop, the northern half is more urbanized and the southern half, for the most part, remains rural.
The loop officially begins and ends at I-10 east of San Antonio. It heads south from I-10 as a two-lane road and turns towards the southeast and intersects FM 1346, FM 1518, and FM 3465 while turning back towards the south and reaching a junction with US 87 in Lone Oak. Continuing to the south, Loop 1604 has a second intersection with FM 3465, an intersection with FM 3432 as the road turns towards the southwest and a junction with US 181 near Calaveras Lake. Heading southwest from US 181, the highway intersects FM 327 as it enters the city of Elmendorf. It intersects FM 327 once again as it leaves Elmendorf heading towards the southwest. At FM 1303, Loop 1604 turns towards the west before a junction with I-37.
Continuing west through the southern portions of Bexar County, the loop intersects FM 1937 (South Flores Road) and FM 3499 before an interchange with US 281. The highway continues to the west to an interchange with SH 16, passing to the south of the Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas plant. The highway continues to the west and begins to curve towards the north as it enters the city limits of Somerset and an intersection with FM 2790 (Somerset Road). Completing the turn to the north as it leaves Somerset, Loop 1604 heads north to an interchange with I-35. The highway heads north after the I-35 interchange to an intersection with FM 2536 (Old Pearsall Road) before an interchange with US 90.
North of US 90, Loop 1604 becomes a four-lane divided highway with median crossings only located at traffic lights and turnarounds at those traffic lights to facilitate traffic flow of vehicles turning around to go in the opposite direction. The highway enters the San Antonio city limits near Marbach Road and follows near the city limit. Major intersections along this stretch include Marbach Road, FM 1957 (Potranco Road) and Wiseman Boulevard. The loop continues north near the campus of Northwest Vista College to a junction with the western terminus of SH 151. The intersection is signalized but southbound traffic is not required to stop due to no left hand turns from SH 151 to Loop 1604. Westbound traffic from SH 151 are either routed to the northbound main lanes of Loop 1604 or the northbound frontage road of Loop 1604. In 2016, TxDOT unveiled plans to upgrade the section from US 90 to SH 151 to a freeway starting in late 2016, and Google Earth satellite imagery showed this freeway under construction in 2017-2018.
The freeway portion starts as the loop curves towards the northeast at the junction with SH 151. Loop 1604 has diamond interchanges at FM 471 (Culebra Road), Shaenfield Road, New Guilbeau Road, Braun Road, and SH 16 (Bandera Road).
The freeway continues to the northeast with interchanges at FM 1560 (Hausman Road) and Babcock Road. The freeway begins to head east at the Babcock Road interchange and passes near the UTSA main campus, the Shops at La Cantera and Six Flags Fiesta Texas. The freeway continues to the east to a cloverleaf interchange with I-10. East of I-10, the freeway has interchanges with Lockhill-Selma Road, FM 1535 (Military Highway), Bitters Road and Huebner Road. As it passes through the north side of San Antonio, the freeway has interchanges with FM 2696 (Blanco Road) and Stone Oak Parkway before reaching US 281, which connect by way of an interchange completed in December 2012.
Continuing east from the US 281 interchange, the freeway has interchanges with several local roads to include Gold Canyon Drive, Redland Road, Bulverde Road, and O'Connor Road. The freeway continues east to interchanges with Judson Road and Green Mountain Road before it curves to head to the southeast. Now heading southeast, the freeway has an interchange at FM 2252 near Rolling Oaks Mall and an interchange at Lookout Road before it leaves the San Antonio city limits. Upon leaving San Antonio, the freeway enters the Live Oak city limits before a cloverleaf interchange at I-35. Southeast of I-35, Loop 1604 enters the Universal City city limits before reaching an interchange with SH 218, which provides access to Randolph Air Force Base. TxDOT has upgraded two intersections between the interchange at SH 218 and Kitty Hawk Road, where Loop 1604 used to have two at-grade turn-offs, one at Palisades Drive and one at Granada Drive. These intersections are now separated from the main lanes and are relegated to the service road at these locations. The same applies to two former at-grade turn-offs southeast of the Kitty Hawk Road interchange at Meadowland Drive and Byrd Boulevard. Meadowland and Byrd now do not intersect the main lanes of Loop 1604 . The last two interchanges of the freeway are located at FM 1976 and FM 78. Once in the Converse city limits, Loop 1604 remains a 4-lane divided highway, but has at-grade intersections. The highway passes by the western boundary of Randolph Air Force Base before curving to the south. The highway re-enters San Antonio city limits prior to its interchange at I-10 at its official beginning and end.
History
Loop 1604 was designated on June 30, 1977, after FM 1604 was combined with a large portion of FM 1518 to complete a larger loop around San Antonio. Three bypasses were completed in the early 1980s: on December 12, 1979, FM 1937 was extended to replace a bypassed portion near Losoya; on March 3, 1981, FM 327 was designated as the through route when Loop 1604 was rerouted around Elmendorf; and in 1983, Loop 1604 was routed around Lone Oak, creating FM 3465 over the previous routing.
New overpasses were built at Shaenfield Road, New Guilbeau Road, and Braun Road. TxDOT has expanded the project further south to SH 151 and US 90, creating a direct flyover overpass from southbound Loop 1604 to eastbound US 90. The expansion was deemed necessary due to the growth of San Antonio's far west side.
Future
TxDOT plans to widen Loop 1604 from four lanes to ten between SH 16 (Bandera Road) near Helotes and I-35 in Universal City. The expansion will add two travel lanes and one HOV lane in each direction. Additionally, the project will replace the cloverleaf interchange at I-10 with a five-level stack interchange, reconfigure the layout of exit and entrance ramps, along with other improvements. Segment 1 (SH 16 to I-10) officially broke ground on July 26, 2021 and is expected to be completed by mid 2024; segment 2, the reconstruction of the I-10 interchange, construction started in July 2022 and is expected to be completed in mid 2027. Construction of segment 3, from I-10 to US 281, started in November 2021 and is expected to be completed in mid 2025; segments 4 and 5 are currently unfunded.
Junction list
Clockwise reads down and counterclockwise reads up.
See also
References
Beltways in the United States
1604
Transportation in Bexar County, Texas
Loop 1604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20State%20Highway%20Loop%201604 |
The Furrow is an Irish Catholic theological periodical published monthly by Maynooth College.
History
It was founded in 1950 by James G. McGarry, Professor of Sacred Eloquence and Pastoral Theology at St. Patrick's College, Maynooth. Canon McGarry was killed in a car accident in 1977. Canon McGarry was succeeded by the waspish Fr Ronan Drury as editor, a role Drury would hold for forty years, until his death in 2017. The current editor is the Reverend Dr Pádraig Corkery, Department of Moral Theology, Pontifical University, Maynooth.
McGarry set out his editorial and pastoral ambitions for the journal in the first edition:
"The Furrow is something new. It is new in the ground it opens. Many branches of pastoral work to which our times have given a special importance demand a fuller treatment — preaching, pastoral organisations, the liturgy, the Church, its art and architecture. And it is in such matters especially that theory needs to be confirmed and corrected by practice. The pooling of experiences in varying conditions of work and the exchange of views on new pastoral methods are means hitherto little used, yet they can give valuable help to all who are charged by God to keep His field. A new opportunity is offered in The Furrow for the sharing of such experience. Moreover, recent years have given evidence of an increasing interest in writing on the part of our younger priests. Life in the priesthood and Christian culture offer to such young writers rich and fertile themes, opening to them a new way of serving the Church, its faith and civilisation. The Furrow will consider it a point of duty to support and encourage such writers."
Style
The journal has a pastoral and theologically liberal style and is widely read outside of Ireland.
Contributors
Contributors have included Cardinals Cahal Daly, Tomás Ó Fiaich, Godfried Danneels, Walter Kasper and Leo Joseph Suenens; theologians such as Karl Rahner, Bernard Kennedy, Gabriel Daly, Rosemary Haughton, Enda McDonagh, Nicholas Lash and Mary Grey; political figures such as President Mary Robinson, President Mary McAleese, Garret FitzGerald and John Reid, and writers such as Seamus Heaney, Fr. Desmond Forristal, Mary Gordon, and Micheal O'Siadhail.
Archive
A fully digitized back catalogue of every edition is available on the JSTOR website.
References
External links
The Furrow
1950 establishments in Ireland
Catholic magazines
Christianity studies journals
English-language journals
Magazines published in Ireland
Magazines established in 1950
Quarterly journals
St Patrick's College, Maynooth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Furrow |
Sabahattin Oğlago (born June 25, 1984) is a four-time Olympian cross-country skier from Turkey, competing at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. He is tall and weighs .
Born in Muş on June 25, 1984, he earned his best finish of 22nd in the team sprint at Turin in 2006, while his best individual finish was 60th in the individual sprint event at Salt Lake City four years earlier.
Oğlago's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 54th in the 30 km mixed pursuit event at Sapporo in 2007.
His best World Cup finish was 62nd in an individual sprint event at Estonia in 2008. While representing his country at the 2011 World Universities Winter Games in Erzurum, he carried the Turkish flag at the opening ceremony of the games. Competing in the individual sprint category, he ranked fourth in the rankings.
References
External links
1984 births
People from Muş
Turkish male cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers for Turkey
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Living people
21st-century Turkish people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahattin%20O%C4%9Flago |
Gart Westerhout (15 June 1927 – 14 October 2012) was a Dutch-American astronomer. Well before completing his university studies at Leiden, he had already become well-established internationally as a radio astronomer in the Netherlands, specializing in studies of radio sources and the Milky Way Galaxy based on observations of radio continuum emissions and 21-cm spectral line radiation that originates in interstellar hydrogen. He emigrated to the United States, became a naturalized citizen, and held a number of important scientific and management positions in academic and government institutions.
Career
Westerhout was born in The Hague, and studied at the University of Leiden (Sterrewacht te Leiden) with Hendrik van de Hulst and Jan Hendrik Oort. Contemporaries and colleagues in the Netherlands included Hugo van Woerden, C. Lex Muller, Maarten Schmidt, Kwee Kiem King, Lodewijk Woltjer, and Charles L. Seeger, III (son of the ethnomusicologist, brother of Pete Seeger and half-brother of Mike Seeger). While they were students, Wim Brouw, Mike Davis, Ernst Raimond, Whitney Shane and worked with him.
He was awarded Physics and Astronomy degrees: Cand. (1950) and Drs. (1954) and was awarded a Ph.D. in Astronomy and Physics in 1958. Notable scientific achievements included: the significant Westerhout Catalog of continuum emission radio sources, by which "W" numerical designations such sources are still referenced (see for example Westerhout 49), done with the then-new Dwingeloo telescope; and his survey of neutral hydrogen in the outer parts of our Galaxy. His pioneering work, with colleagues, showed the first hints of spiral structure in the interstellar gas, revealed differential rotation in our Galaxy, and established a revised Galactic coordinate system still in use today.
While still at Leiden University, he held the posts of Assistant (1952–56), Scientific Officer (1956–59, and Chief Scientific Officer (1959–62). Arriving in 1962 as the first Director of a fledgling Astronomy Program at the University of Maryland (started by Uco van Wijk), he grew it into a major department granting masters and doctorate degrees. On the research side the Line Survey, Maryland-Green Bank Galactic 21-cm undertaken with the 91-m radio telescope of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, not only extended to higher angular resolution our knowledge of Galactic structure, but also accomplished the training of graduate students who went on to notable achievements of their own.
He continued at Maryland in that role through 1973, with additional responsibilities from 1972-73 as Chairman of the Division of Mathematical & Physical Sciences and Engineering. From 1973 to '77 he was Professor of Astronomy at the University of Maryland, temporarily becoming Visiting Astronomer at the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIfR) in Bonn, Germany 1973-74.
From 1977-1993 he was Scientific Director at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, DC. While there, he guided the evolution of that observatory toward astronomical data obtained from telescopes at the Flagstaff station, astrometric data produced by the techniques of radio interferometry and by innovative application of optical interferometry techniques (ground- and space-based.)
Together with his wife Judith, he had 5 children – Magda Cathleen, Gart, Brigit, Julian, and Anthony.
When Edward L. G. Bowell discovered asteroid 5105 Westerhout, he named it in Westerhout's honor.
Memberships
Memberships include International Astronomical Union (IAU) (Commissions 33, 34, 40, 24 & 5),
International Scientific Radio Union (URSI), American Astronomical Society (AAS), Royal Astronomical Society, and Sigma Xi.
He contributed his scientific and management expertise widely, for example to IAU, National Science Foundation (NSF), AAS, National Research Council, Associated Universities Inc., Inter-Union Committee for the Allocation of Frequencies (IUCAF), URSI, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, MPIfR, MIT's Haystack Observatory, Arecibo Observatory, National Academy of Sciences.
Awards
Awards and special recognition have included a NATO Fellowship, CSIRO (Australia) Fellowship,
Award for the Teaching of Science, Washington Academy of Sciences, Humboldt Prize, Listings in : Outstanding Educators of America, American Men and Women in Science, Who's Who in America.
Bibliography
A. Papers published in refereed journals
l. Astronomy research
"A Comparison of the Intensity Distribution of Radio-Frequency Radiation with a Model of the Galactic System," (with J. H. Oort), Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 11, 323, 1951.
"The Rotation of the Inner Parts of the Galactic System," (with K. K. Kwee and C. A. Muller), Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 12, 211, 1954.
"Search for Polarization of the Crab Nebula and Cassiopeia A at 22 cm Wavelength," Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 12, 309,1956.
"The Flux Densities of some Radio Sources at 400 Mc/s," (with C. L. Seeger and H. C. van de Hulst), Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 13, 89, 1956.
"Continuous Radiation from the Direction of the Galactic Centre at 22 cm," Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 13, 105, 1956.
"A Catalogue of 21-cm Line Profiles," (with C. A. Muller), Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 13, 151, 1957.
"The Distribution of Atomic Hydrogen in the Outer Parts of the Galactic System," Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 13, 201, 1957.
"Observations of Occulations of the Crab Nebula by the Moon at 400 Mc/s," (with C. L. Seeger), Bull Astron. Inst. Neth., 13, 312, 1957.
"Intensites Relatives des Quatre Principales Radiosources Observees sur la Longueur d'Onde 22 cm; Note sur la Radiosource Saggittarius A", Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 245, 35, 1957.
"Observations of Discrete Sources, the Coma Cluster, the Moon, and the Andromeda Nebula at a Wavelength of 75 cm.," (with C. L. Seeger and R. G. Conway), Astrophys. J., 126, 585, 1957.
"A Survey of the Continuous Radiation from the Galactic System at a Frequency of 1390 Mc/s," Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 14, 215, 1958.
"Note on the Density of Ionized Hydrogen in the Galactic System," Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 14, 261, 1958.
"The Galactic System as a Spiral Nebula," (with J. H. Oort and F. J. Kerr), Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc., 118, 379, 1958.
"The New I.A.U. System of Galactic Coordinates," (with A. Blaauw, C. S. Gum and J. L. Pawsey), Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc., 121, 123, 1960.
"A 21-cm Determination of the Principal Plane of the Galaxy," (with C. S. Gum and F. J. Kerr), Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc., 121, 132, 1960.
"Die Durchmusterung Der Milchstrasse Und Die Quellendurchmusterung Bei 2.7 Gllz," (with W. Altenhoff, P. G. Mezger and H. Wendker), Veroffentl. Sternwarte 59, Bonn, November 1961.
"The Polarization of the Galactic 75-cm Radiation," (with C. L. Seeger, W. N. Brouw and J. Tinbergen), Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 16, 187, 1962.
"The Structure of the Galaxy from Radio Observations," I.E.E.E. Trans., AP-12, 954, 1964.
"A Survey of the Continuous Radiation at 400 Mc/s," (with C. L. Seeger, R. G. Conway and T. Hoekema), Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 18, 11, 1965.
"A Catalogue of Discrete Sources Observed at 400 Mc/s," (with M. M. Davis and L. Gelato-Volders), Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., 18, 42, 1965.
"21-cm Line Emission in Open Clusters," (with W. E. Howard and C. Gordon), Astrophys. J., 154, 103, 1968.
"The Maryland – Green Bank Galactic 21-cm Line Survey" (with H.-U.Wendlandt), Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 49, 143, 1982.
"Telescope Beam Characteristics and Temperature Scale of the Maryland- Green Bank 21-cm Line Survey" (with G.L.Mader and R.H.Harten), Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 49, 137, 1982.
"Astrometry and Precise Time", with G.M.R.Winkler, Oceanus 33, 89–95. 1991
2. Instrumentation or techniques
"Table for the Reduction of Velocities to the Local Standard of Rest" (with D. A. MacRae), The Observatory, Lund, Sweden, 1956.
"A Method for Accurately Compensating for the Effects of the Error Beam of the NRAO 300-foot Radio Telescope at 21-cm Wavelength," (with H.-U. Wendlandt and R. H. Harten), Astron. J., 78, 569, 1973.
"Hydrogen 21-cm Line Temperature scale", (with R.H.Harten and F.J.Kerr), Astron.J., 80, 307, 1975
B. Papers presented at scientific meetings
1. Invited papers
"Kosmische Bronnen Van Radiostraling," (with H. C. van de Hulst), Sterr. Coll. Ned. Astr. Club., 13, 1956.
"A 21-cm Line Survey of the Outer Parts of the Galaxy," In IAU Symp. 4, ch. 5, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1957.
"Progress Report on 21-cm Research by the Netherlands Foundation for Radio Astronomy and the Leiden Observatory," In IAU Symp 4, ch. 4, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1957.
"Galactic Radiation and its Physical Interpretation", Introductory Report, Comm. V, URSI 13th General Assembly, London, 1960.
"A Summary of our Knowledge of the Neutral Hydrogen in Galaxies", In Problems of Extra-Galactic Research, McMillan and Co., New York, 1962.
"Current Radio Astronomical Research in the Netherlands", Proc.I.R.E. Austr., 24, 214, 1963.
"The Interpretation of Recent 21-cm Line Data in Terms of Large-Scale Galactic Structure," IAU Symp. 20, Australia, 1963.
"Observation and Interpretation of Optical and Radio Polarization," IAU Symp. 20, Australia, 1963.
"Three Years of Galactic Radio Astronomy," Proc. of URSI General Assembly, Tokyo, 1963.
"Brightness Temperatures Expected for a Radio Telescope with High Resolving Power," In Proc. OECD Symp. on Large Antennae, Paris, 1963.
"Site Requirements," In Proc. OECD Symp. on Large Antennae, Paris, 1963.
"The Early History of Radio Astronomy", In International Conference on Education in and History of Modern Astronomy, ed. R. Berendzen, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 198, 211, 1972.
"Some Remarks on the Ideal Automated Observatory," In NRAO/IEEE/URSI Symp. on the Collection and Analysis of Astrophysical Data, ed. R. Burns, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl., 15, 327, 1974.
"The Influence of Acquisition Techniques on the Compilation of Astronomical Data", in IAU Colloquium 35 on Data Compilation, Strasbourg 1976, ed. Jaschek and Wilkins, Reidel, Dordrecht, Astrophys. and Space Sc. Lib 64, 49, 1977
"Future Development in U.S. Naval Observatory Time Services",
Proc. 9th Ann. PTTI meeting, NASA Tech. Mem. 78104, 1, 1978
"Radio Astrometry and Other Accurate Astrometry Plans at the U.S. Naval Observatory", ESA Colloquium on European Satellite Astrometry, Padua, Ed. C.Barbiery and P.L.Bernacca, Universita di Padova 1979
"Space Astrometry – its Impact on Astronomy and Astrophysics", Highlights of Astronomy Vol.5, 779, Ed. P.A.Wayman, Reidel Dordrecht 1980
"Early Dutch Radio Astronomy", URSI General Assembly Comm. J, Washington 1981, Ed. W.T.Sullivan (not published).
"The Pioneers of HI", in "Seeing through the Dust", eds. A.R.Taylor, T.L.Landecker, A.G.Willis, Astron. Soc. Pacific Conf.Ser. 276, 3, 2002
"The Start of 21-cm line Research: the Early Dutch Years", in "Seeing Through the Dust", eds. A.R.Taylor, T.L.Landecker, A.G.Willis, Astron. Soc. Pacific Conf.Ser. 276, 3, 2002
2. Contributed papers
"75-cm and 22-cm Continuum Surveys," In IAU Symp. 9, ch. 80, Stanford Univ. Press, 1959.
"75-cm Galactic Background Polarization: Progress Report," (with W. N. Brouw, C. A. Muller and J. Tinbergen), Astron. J., 67, 590, 1962.
"Radio Studies of HII Regions and Galactic Structure," (with M. Komesaroff), IAU Symp. 20, Australia, 1963.
"Galactic 21-cm Iine Observations at Green Bank," Astron. J., 69, 152, 1964.
"Preliminary Observations of 21-cm Line Emission in Open Clusters," (with W. L. Howard), Astron. J., 70, 688, 1965 (Abstract).
"The Maryland-Green Bank Galactic 21-cm Line Survey'", IAU Symp. 31, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 173, Acad. Press, 1967.
"A Motion Picture Film of Galactic 21-cm Line Emission," IAU Symp. 38, paper 19, ed. G. Contopoulos and R. Becker), Reidel, Dordrecht, 1970.
"A High-Resolution Polarization Survey of the North Polar Spur," (with D. Bechis), ln IAU Symp. 60, ed. F. J. Kerr and S. C. Simonson, Springer Verlag, 1974.
"Progress Report on the Maryland-Green Bank Galactic 21-cm Line Survey, In IAU Symp. 60, ed. F. J. Kerr and S. C. Simonson, Springer Verlag, 1974.
"The U.S.Naval Observatory Parallax Program" (with R.H.Harrington), Bull. d'Inf. Centre de Donnees Stell. 20, 24, 1981
"Data on Time and Polar Motion: Immediate Accessibility" (with D.D.McCarthy), I.A.U. Colloq. 64, Automated Data Retrieval in Astronomy, Strasbourg, Ed. C.Jaschek, Reidel Dordrecht, 1982
"U.S.Naval Observatory Parallaxes and the Fundamental Reference Frame – their Interaction with Hipparcos" (with J.A.Hughes), ESA Colloquium on Space Astrometry, Strasbourg 1982
"Concluding Remarks," in IAU Symposium 109, Astrometric Techniques, H.K. Eichhorn and R. J. Leacock (eds), Reidel Dordrecht, 799–803, 1986
"Fricke's Influence on the World of Astronomy," Celestial Mechanics 37, 345–348, 1985
"The USNO/CALTECH Measuring Program" (with D. Monet), Bull d'Information du CDS 37, 75–78, 1989
"Concluding Remarks," Bull d'Information du CDS 37, 91–92, 1989
"Astrometry: New Vitality for an Ancient Science," Aerospace America 27, No. 10, 34–37, 1989
"The Flagstaff Measuring Machine" (with D. Monet), in IAU Symposium 141, Inertial Coordinate System on the Sky, J.H.Lieske and V.K.Abalakin, Eds., Kluwer Dordrecht 1990
"Concluding Remarks", in IAU Symposium 141, Inertial Coordinate System on the Sky, J.H.Lieske and V.K.Abalakin, Eds, Kluwer Dordrecht, 1990
C. Books or contributions to edited books
"The Radio Galaxy," Sci. Am., 201, 45, 1959.
"The Mapping of the Galaxy," In Tomorrow was Yesterday, C.B.S., George Braziller, New York, 1964.
"Distribution of Interstellar Hydrogen," (with F. J. Kerr), ch. 8, in Stars and Stellar Systems, vol. 5, p. 166, Univ. of Chicago Press,1965
"Radio Emission of the Galaxy," Comm. 40 report, IAU Trans. XII A, Acad. Press, 1965.
"Galactic Radio Astronomy," Comm. 40 reports on Astronomy, lAU Trans. XIVA, 460, Reidel, Dordrecht – Holland, 1970.
"Galactic Radio Emission in the 21-cm Line and the Continuum," In Galactic Astronomy, ed. H. Y. Chiu and A. Muriel, pp. 147–190, Gordon and Breach, 1971.
D. Technical reports and others
"The Maryland-Green Bank Galactic 21-cm Line Survey," first edition, University of Maryland, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 1966.
"Maryland-Green Bank 21-cm Line Survey," second edition, University of Maryland Astronomy Program, 1969.
References
External links
Things Unseen: The Westerhout radio sources
Howard Laster, Joseph Weber & Gart Westerhout in College Park, late 1960s
1927 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Dutch astronomers
20th-century American astronomers
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of Leiden University
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Scientists from The Hague
Dutch emigrants to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gart%20Westerhout |
Single-rope technique (SRT) is a set of methods used to descend and ascend on the same single rope. Single-rope technique is used in caving, potholing, rock climbing, canyoning, roped access for building maintenance and by arborists for tree climbing, although to avoid confusion in the tree climbing community, many have taken to calling it "stationary" rope technique.
Single-rope technique is used in contrast to double-rope technique (DRT), also known as moving-rope technique.
Historical developments
In the 1930s, as caving became increasingly popular in France, several clubs in the Alps made vertical cave exploration an outdoor sport. During World War II, a team composed of Pierre Chevalier, Fernand Petzl, Charles Petit-Didier and others explored the Dent de Crolles cave system near Grenoble, France, which became the deepest explored cave in the world (-658m) at that time. The lack of available equipment during the war forced Pierre Chevalier and the rest of the team to develop their own equipment, leading to technical innovation. The first use of single-rope technique with prusik and mechanical rope ascenders (Henri Brenot's "monkeys", first used by Chevalier and Brenot in a cave in 1934) can be directly traced back to the exploration of the Dent de Crolles cave system. American caver Bill Cuddington, known as "Vertical Bill" developed single-rope techniques in the U.S. in the late 1950s. In 1958, two Swiss alpinists, Juesi and Marti teamed together, creating the first commercially available rope ascender known as the Jumar. In 1968 Bruno Dressler asked Petzl, who worked as a metals machinist, to build a rope-ascending tool, today known as the Petzl Croll, that he had developed by adapting the Jumar for pit caving. Petzl started a small caving equipment manufacturing company Petzl, which manufactures equipment for caving, climbing, mountaineering and at-height safety in civil engineering. The rappel rack was developed in the late 1960s by cavers in the Huntsville, Alabama caving club to facilitate long descents. The evolution of mechanical ascension systems helped extend the practice and safety of pit exploration.
Ascent
For ascent (prusiking or "jugging"), cammed devices (ascenders, Jumar, Petzl Croll) are used that can be pushed up the rope but lock and hold the user's weight when a downward force is applied; these must also be easily removable from the rope without being detached from the user. Knots such as the prusik, Bachmann and Klemheist are used to ascend ropes in emergencies in climbing and mountaineering; they have ceased to be the primary ascent method in single-rope technique because they are slow in use, and ice or mud greatly reduce their efficiency.
Numerous prusik systems have been devised. Popular systems are:
Sit-stand systems (also known as frog rig) - one ascender is at chest level attached to the sit harness, and a second is held in the hand with a long loop of rope for the feet. Movement up the rope is by repeated moving of the foot loop ascender up the rope, pushing up with both feet together, and sitting, supported by the chest ascender. This motion appears like a frog kick.
Rope-walking systems - one ascender attached directly to one foot, and the second connected to the other foot by a rope with the ascender higher up to avoid clashing. Movement up the rope is by alternate stepping movements with the feet.
Descent
Modern single-rope technique uses specialized devices for both descent and ascent, and low-stretch kernmantel rope of 8-11 mm diameter. Descent (abseiling or rappeling) uses various forms of friction brake to control speed. The most commonly used are the Petzl Stop (self-locking) and Bobbin, and rappel racks. For safe single-rope technique, especially on drops with complex rigging with intermediate belays, it is essential that the abseiling device can be removed from the rope without being unclipped from the harness. This is a problem with the simplest device, the single piece figure eight. These also twist the rope, which is a problem if there is a rebelay below so the rope cannot untwist itself. Figure eights and racks do have the advantage of being able to be used on a doubled rope. Other essential items of a personal single-rope technique set are a sit harness and one or more safety cords ("cow's tails") terminated in carabiners, for temporary attachment to safety ropes at the heads of drops and used in maneuvers at intermediate rope belays. To pass intermediate belays on a descent, the ascending devices may also be required.
Rigging
How the rope is sent down a shaft has great bearing on the type of single-rope technique used. In general, while rope-walking techniques may be very effective for climbing long unobstructed pitches, they prove less versatile in cases of awkward passages and complex rope rigging with re-belays used to avoid hazards such as loose rocks, waterfalls, and rope damage from rub points.
Rigging in the United States is typically done using a single anchor point, and pitches are rigged as a single long drop, often in excess of 100 meters. The rope is usually a thick abrasion-resistant type, which allows the rope to go over the lip of a shaft in contact with the rock. This is sometimes pejoratively called Indestructible Rope Technique. To descend such large drops on a bobbin-type descender would be difficult owing to the thickness and stiffness of the rope, and the resulting descent would be slow and jerky. The bobbin-descender could also overheat and melt the surface of the rope. Racks are preferred as they have a much larger heat sink capacity and offer a much smoother descent on such pitches. Using the frog system to ascend long pitches is time consuming, so rope-walking systems are preferred.
In Europe, pitches are often more complex, and multi-pitch rigging is used extensively. Long drops are broken into smaller pitches. Re-belays and deviations are used to direct the rope away from areas of sharp rock and from water. Where rope rub cannot be avoided, rope protectors are installed. Traverses are often installed to allow the rigger to reach an area where it is possible to hang the rope with no rub. Since allowing the rope to rub against the walls is prevented, lighter ropes are used, usually 8-9mm thick. This has the advantage of being lighter and therefore more economical to carry on long or deep trips. Bobbin descenders are quicker to change over at re-belays and are also lighter to carry. Deviations are short length of tape or rope pulling the main rope to one side with a carabiner which can be conveniently unclipped and replaced to allow passing. Rope-walking techniques are less effective in cases of awkward passageways and for changeovers at rebelays.
Many caves have been equipped with bolt holes consisting of internally threaded metal inserts fixed into holes drilled in the rock. Subsequent visitors carry their own belay eyelets to bolt into these points. Selecting the best position for bolts needs particular care, the aim often being to achieve a 'Y' shaped rope hang between two bolts on opposite walls. This technique can help to prevent the rope from coming in contact with the rock, shares the load between the two belays, and reduces the shock load should one fail (in comparison with the use of a slack backup rope).
See also
Pit cave
Ascender (climbing)
References
External links
Museum of vertical devices
Climbing techniques
Caving techniques
Caving equipment
Ropework | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-rope%20technique |
UNISUR is an optical submarine telecommunications cable system in the South Atlantic Ocean linking Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil.
It has landing points in:
Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil
Maldonado, Maldonado Department, Uruguay
Las Toninas, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
It has a design transmission capacity of 560 Mbit/s and a total cable length of 1,720 km. It started operation on 16 November 1994.
References
Submarine communications cables in the South Atlantic Ocean
Argentina–Brazil relations
Argentina–Uruguay relations
Brazil–Uruguay relations
1994 establishments in Argentina
1994 establishments in Brazil
1994 establishments in Uruguay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNISUR |
Kalaniyot (English: "anemones") is an Israeli song that became popular in the days leading up to the establishment of the State of Israel and has remained an Israeli classic.
The lyrics, by Nathan Alterman, describe a little girl who dreams she is gathering anemones in a basket and brings them to her mother. The music, by Israeli composer Moshe Vilensky, became one of his most famous melodies.
The song was used as a code during the British Mandate to alert fighters of the Lehi and Etzel to the presence of British soldiers, alluding to their red berets.
The song was sung by Shoshana Damari. It was sung to her by family and friends when she was on her death bed.
See also
Music of Israel
Culture of Israel
References
External links
Performance of Kalaniyot by Shoshana Damari in Youtube
Songs in Hebrew
Israeli songs
Songs about flowers
1945 songs
Code names
Lehi (militant group)
Irgun | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaniyot |
Fan-in is the number of inputs a logic gate can handle. For instance the fan-in for the AND gate shown in the figure is 3. Physical logic gates with a large fan-in tend to be slower than those with a small fan-in. This is because the complexity of the input circuitry increases the input capacitance of the device. Using logic gates with higher fan-in will help in reducing the depth of a logic circuit; this is because circuit design is realized by the target logic family at a digital level, meaning any large fan-in logic gates are simply the smaller fan-in gates chained together in series at a given depth to widen the circuit instead.
Fan-in tree of a node refers to a collection of signals that contribute to the input signal of that node.
In quantum logic gates the fan-in always has to be equal to the number of outputs, the Fan-out. Gates for which the numbers of inputs and outputs differ would not be reversible (unitary) and are therefore not allowed.
See also
Fan-out, a related concept, which is the number of inputs that a given logic output drives.
References
Logic gates
de:Fan-Out#Fan-In | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-in |
is a Japanese playwright, screenwriter, actor and film director and was previously married to Japanese actress Satomi Kobayashi. He was named after Taihō Kōki, the youngest sumo wrestler to become yokozuna. He studied dramatics at Nihon University.
In an attempt to add his own character to his movies, his directorial approach follows a "one scene = one shot" system, whereby he pans the camera around as opposed to cutting. He claims this comes from his experience in theatre, where there are no cuts. Mitani does not use a computer.
Early life
Mitani liked watching TV dramas and puppetries of NHK in his childhood. He was especially interested in works of puppetry such as "Shin Hakkenden" () and Sangokushi (), jidaigeki dramas such as Tenka Gomen () and Tenka Dōdō (), and Taiga dramas such as Kaze to Kumo to Niji to.
Throughout his life, he has expressed interest in works starring famous detectives, such as the Sherlock Holmes series.岡崎信治郎・藤田健一編『シャーロックホームズ冒険ファンブック』、小学館、2014年、21頁。Shinjirō Okazaki and Kenichi Fujita (ed.) Sharokku Hōmuzu bōken fan bukku(Guidebook of "Sherlock Holmes"), Tokyo, Shogakukan, 2014, p.21. He has collected numerous novel volumes, pastiches, and DVDs related to Sherlock Holmes, and in 2014 adapted the story into a puppetry set in a boarding school. In his high school days, he planned to produce a film featuring a detective, loosely based on And Then There Were None, and went on location to Enoshima, Kanagawa with his friends, though this film was never finished.
Mitani has also stated that he enjoys foreign cinema, and is a fan of the films 12 Angry Men, The Wages of Fear, Columbo, and the director Billy Wilder. He has mentioned how he believes Hollywood comedy films are not as funny as those in the Golden Age and as Japanese comedy improves.
Career
Mitani's work has primarily comprised witty comedies which are often parodies. In production, he usually writes scripts visualizing actors and actresses as close to the characters. Mitani is the author of a weekly column in the Asahi Shimbun daily newspaper in which he often discusses his favorite films, his writing process, and the actors and actresses with whom he has worked.
Works
Feature films and TV dramas
(Note: Many of Mitani's films began as successful plays.)12 Nin no Yasashii Nihonjin: 12 Gentle Japanese (1991)Furi-kaereba Yatsu Ga Iru (TV)Furuhata Ninzaburō (TV series)Shinsengumi! (TV series)Sōrito Yobanaide (TV series)Rajio no Jikan aka Welcome Back, Mr. McDonald (1997)Minna no Ie aka Everyone's Home (2001)Warai no Daigaku: University of Laughs (2004)The Uchoten Hotel aka Suite Dreams (2006)The Magic Hour (2008) Gaki No Tsukai Silent Library (2008)Walking, Talking (2011 TV movie, post-production)Wagaya no rekishi (2010 TV series)A Ghost of a Chance (Suteki na Kanashibari, also known as Once in a Blue Moon) (2011 screenplay and direction)Daikūkō 2013 (2013 TV movie)The Kiyosu Conference (2013)Galaxy Turnpike (2015)Sanada Maru (2016 TV series)Fūunji tachi (2018 TV)Kuroido Goroshi (2018 TV)Hit me Anyone One More Time (2019)The 13 Lords of the Shogun (2022 TV series)
TheatreThe Show Must Go On (1991)Warai no Daigaku: University of Laughs (2004)Vamp Show (2006)Talk Like Singing (2009)
PuppetriesThe Three MusketeersSherlock Holmes''
Recurring cast members
Honors
Medal with Purple Ribbon (2017)
Notes
External links
Mitani Koki on IMDB
1961 births
Japanese dramatists and playwrights
Japanese film directors
Japanese film producers
Japanese essayists
Japanese male actors
Nihon University alumni
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
People from Tokyo
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dki%20Mitani |
The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge collapse, also known as the Entre-os-Rios tragedy (Portuguese: Tragédia de Entre-os-Rios), occurred in the evening of 4 March 2001, between Entre-os-Rios, in the municipality of Penafiel, and Castelo de Paiva, in northern Portugal. After days of heavy rain and flooding, one of the pillars of the Hintze Ribeiro Bridge, a 114 year-old bridge over the Douro river that had visible signs of degradation, collapsed due to scour, dragging with it part of the deck. One bus and 3 cars fell into the Douro river, killing a total of 59 people, of which the bodies of 36 were never recovered.
Background
The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge, also known as the Entre-os-Rios Bridge, was built over the Douro river between 1884 and 1886 to link the village of Entre-os-Rios to Castelo de Paiva. The bridge was named after Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal when the bridge was built.
The bridge structure consisted of six pillars, with only two permanently exposed to the flow and two others implanted on a sand deposit. With the increase in sand extraction from the 1970s onward, the sand deposits around these two pillars began decreasing due to direct extraction, having almost disappeared by 1982, as reported in a survey carried out in that year.
An analysis of the technical documentation regarding the surveys of the bridge over time showed a lowering of the river bottom, next to the pillar that would collapse, of approximately 11.5 meters in the period from 1913 to 1982, and of 1.5 meters between 1982 and 1989.
Between November 2000 and March 2001, five major floods were registered in the Douro river, putting the river flow permanently at above 2000 m3/s over a period of three months. This caused insufficient sediment deposit and a riverbed lowering of around 4 meters, on average, observed in the stretch of the river where the Hintze Ribeiro Bridge was located.
In the years prior to the disaster, the degradation of the bridge was noticeable and there were calls for a new bridge. In 1999, the President of the Municipality of Entre-os-Rios, Paulo Teixeira, said that "[they] hope that a tragedy is not necessary for a new bridge to be built". In January 2001, two months before the disaster, the local population demonstrated against the poor state of the bridge, claiming better road accesses.
Disaster
On 4 March 2001, around 21h15, the fourth pillar of the Hintze Ribeiro Bridge collpsed, taking down the segments of the deck between the third and sixth pillars. A bus from the transportation company Asadouro with 53 passengers and three cars with 6 other people were crossing the bridge at that moment and fell into the river. There were no survivors.
Firefighters of Entre-os-Rios initiated a search and rescue operation minutes after the collapse.
Aftermath
In the morning of 5 March, less than 24 hours after the disaster, the Portuguese Minister of Social Infrastructure Jorge Coelho resigned, claiming political responsibility for the disaster. Prime Minister António Guterres visited the location later that morning. Two days of national mourning were declared.
The strong river current carried the bodies of the victims downstream more than 30 kilometres to the Atlantic Ocean. Bodies were found inside the retrieved vehicles and on beaches of northern Portugal and the Spanish region of Galicia. The last body found was on 22 May 2001, 79 days after the disaster.
The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge had linked Castelo de Paiva, in the Aveiro District, and Entre-os-Rios, in the Porto District. After the loss of the bridge and until a new bridge was completed, residents of Castelo de Paiva had to travel an additional 70 kilometres to reach the Porto area.
Dismantlement of what remained of the original bridge was started in June 2001, and a new bridge was built, 7 metres downstream of the original. In May 2002, the new bridge, also named Hintze Ribeiro Bridge, was inaugurated.
A memorial monument to the victims of the disaster, named "Angel of Portugal" (Anjo de Portugal) was inaugurated in January 2003. The monument consists of a concrete plinth containing the names of all the victims, on top of which is a 12-metre tall bronze statue of an angel. The crypt and the statue have a combined height of 20 metres.
See also
Bridge scour
List of bridge failures
References
2001 disasters in Portugal
Bridge disasters caused by maintenance error
Bridge disasters in Portugal
Bus incidents in Portugal
Castelo de Paiva
Transport disasters in Portugal
2001 in Portugal
2001 road incidents
March 2001 events in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hintze%20Ribeiro%20Bridge%20collapse |
WCIW-LP (107.7 FM, "Radio Conciencia") is an American low-power radio station licensed to serve the community of Immokalee, Florida, United States. The station is operated by the Coalition of Immokalee Workers, an organization representing farm workers in one of the largest winter vegetable markets in the United States of America. The WCIW-LP broadcast license is held by Interfaith Action of Southwest Florida, Inc.
Programming
With 100 watts of effective radiated power, WCIW-LP broadcasts a community radio format to an area approximately in and around Immokalee, bringing music and news to the immigrant farm workers from their homelands, in their own languages. The languages include Spanish, Haitian Creole, and some of the indigenous languages of Central America.
History
In June 2001, Interfaith Action of Southwest Florida, Inc., applied to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit for a new broadcast radio station. The FCC granted this permit on June 11, 2003, with a scheduled expiration date of December 11, 2004. The new station was assigned call sign "WCTI-LP" on December 2, 2003. The station was assigned new call sign "WCIW-LP" by the FCC on January 12, 2004. After construction and testing were completed, the station was granted its broadcast license on June 7, 2004.
WCIW-LP was the fifth community radio barnraising of the Prometheus Radio Project.
See also
List of community radio stations in the United States
List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates
References
External links
Community radio stations in the United States
Haitian-American culture in Florida
Haitian Creole-language mass media
Hispanic and Latino American culture in Florida
CIW-LP
CIW-LP
Radio stations established in 2004
Collier County, Florida
CIW-LP
2003 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCIW-LP |
Jill Fraser, MBE (15 April 1946 – 10 February 2006) was a British theatre owner and director.
The daughter of the actor Alec Fraser, who played the Vagabond King in New York, and the West End actress Guinevere Fraser, she co-owned (with her husband James Sargant), and was artistic director of, the Watermill Theatre from 1981 until her death.
The Watermill Theatre is located in the hamlet of Bagnor near Newbury in Berkshire. Under her direction it became a major regional theatre, attracted Michael Hordern to be its president (until his death in 1995), furthered the careers of new acting talents (including Sean Bean and David Suchet), and provided an outreach programme to take drama to communities without theatres.
"The Watermill, steered by its enterprising artistic director Jill Fraser, is one of the few theatres in the country that seems to make a conscious effort to promote new musicals, as opposed to revivals, transfers from Broadway and compilation shows... Celebrations for the theatre's 30th birthday included excerpts from its world premiere productions of The Ugly Duckling, Warts And All, and The Great Big Radio Show!"
Although she and her husband had put the theatre up for sale with the intention of securing its longer term future (the preferred option being the Watermill Theatre Trust, set up to continue Fraser's vision), she died from cancer, aged 59, before this was due to be completed in summer 2006. However, the security of its long-term future is in no doubt.
References
External links
Obituary in The Times
The Telegraph memorial article
Watermill Theatre web site
1946 births
2006 deaths
English theatre directors
British women theatre directors
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from cancer in England
People educated at South Hampstead High School
People from Speen, Berkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill%20Fraser |
Doctrine and Life is an Irish religious periodical published by the Dominican religious order. It was initially published from September 1946 as part of the Irish Rosary magazine. From February 1951 it was published as a separate periodical, under its founding editor Fr. Anselm Moynihan. From 1951 to 1961 it was published bimonthly, before becoming a monthly publication in January 1961.
Prominent Irish priest Fr Austin Flannery O.P., became its second editor in 1957, editing it up until 1988. It is now published ten times a year and the present editor (and a director of Dominican Publications) is Fr. Bernard Treacy, O.P. Religious Life Review (incorporated as a supplement in Doctrine and Life), evolved from a monthly supplement starting in 1969, edited by Fr. Flannery until 2003, and Thomas McCarthy, OP (Collegio San Clemente) served as editor from 2003 until 2016.
Other contributors have included David Begg, Liz Murphy RSM, Dr. Thomas O'Loughlin, Rebecca Roberts and Dr. Thomas R. Whelan CSSp.
See also
Dominicans in Ireland
References
Catholic magazines
Magazines published in the Republic of Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine%20and%20Life |
The Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) is an agency that reports to the Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights within the Department of State. Under the umbrella of its general mission of developing policies and programs to combat international narcotics and crime, INL plays an important role in the training of partner nation security forces.
INL works to keep Americans safe by countering crime, illegal drugs, and instability abroad. The bureau's programs have 4 main objectives; 1) disrupt and reduce illicit drug markets and transnational crime, 2) combat corruption and illicit financing to strengthen democratic institutions and advance rule of law, 3) strengthen criminal justice systems to support stable, rights respecting partners, and 4) leverage learning, data, and resources to advance the mission. Counternarcotics and anticrime programs also complement counterterrorism efforts, both directly and indirectly, by promoting modernization of and supporting operations by foreign criminal justice systems and law enforcement agencies charged with the counter-terrorism mission. The head of the Bureau is the Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Todd D. Robinson.
The bureau manages the Department of State's Narcotics Rewards Program and Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program in close coordination with the Department of Justice, Department of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and other interested U.S. agencies.
INL is not a law enforcement organization but it specializes in managing large law enforcement training programs, e.g. in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Iraq.
The Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Office of Aviation (INL/A), is the aviation service
provider in support of counter-narcotics, law enforcement, and overseas missions operations. The Bureau has more than 200 fixed wing and rotary wing aircraf (including OV-10, AT-802 and C-27 planes and Hueys, Blackhawk and K-Max helicopters) involved in INL counter-narcotics aviation programs in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Guatemala, Pakistan, Costa Rica, and Afghanistan. About half of the aircraft are operating from Colombia and the rest are in Bolivia, Peru, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Actual operations and support were provided by DynCorp International, until its 2021 acquisition by Amentum.
INL has a broad social media presence with accounts on X (formerly known as Twitter), Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram under the handle @stateinl.
See also
Advance-fee fraud
Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) - U.S. Department of State
United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority
References
External links
INL
Drug policy of the United States
Government agencies established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20International%20Narcotics%20and%20Law%20Enforcement%20Affairs |
Lisa Harrow (born 25 August 1943) is a New Zealand RADA-trained actress, noted for her roles in British theatre, films and television. She is perhaps best known for her portrayal of Nancy Astor in the British BBC television drama Nancy Astor.
Early life
Harrow was born in the Auckland suburb of Mount Eden on 25 August 1943, the daughter of Kennedy Mayo Harrow and Eleanor Joan Harrow (née Stacpoole). She studied at the University of Auckland, and later graduated from RADA in 1968, joining BBC Radio's Repertory Company.
Acting career
Theatre
Harrow's stage career started at the Royal Shakespeare Company; roles there included Olivia in John Barton's production of Twelfth Night opposite Judi Dench, and Portia in The Merchant of Venice opposite Patrick Stewart. Other leading roles in the UK theatre include Juliet opposite John Hurt's Romeo at the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry, and Ann Whitfield in Man and Superman opposite Peter O'Toole at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket.
Harrow has performed on stage all over America. She took over the central role of Vivian Bearing in the Pulitzer Prize winning play Wit in its long-running off-Broadway production in New York City. She was named 2001 Performer of the Year in Pittsburgh for Medea. Other roles include: Raynevskya in The Cherry Orchard at Yale Rep and the Chautauqua Theatre Company, where she also played Kate Keller in All My Sons. She played Creusa in the Washington Shakespeare Theatre Company's 3 October 2009–4/12/2009 production of Euripides's Ion.
Television and film
Harrow is known for playing Nancy Astor, the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons, in the 1982 BBC drama Nancy Astor. It aired in the United States in the PBS series Masterpiece Theatre.
Her first film role was in the Italian film The Devil Is a Woman (1974) starring Glenda Jackson. Also in 1976, she featured in an episode of Space: 1999 as Anna Davies in 'The Testament of Arkadia'. Harrow played Helen Alderson in the film adaptation of James Herriot's book All Creatures Great and Small (1975), starring alongside Simon Ward and Anthony Hopkins. She reprised the role the following year in the sequel It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet, this time opposite John Alderton and Colin Blakely.
Harrow guest-starred in The Professionals as a formidable counsel arguing at a Court of Inquiry for the disbandment of CI5 in the second-season episode 'The Rack' (1978), written by Brian Clemens. She also starred in the BBC2 series 1990 as Deputy Controller Lynn Blake.
Harrow played journalist Kate Reynolds in the horror film Omen III: The Final Conflict (1981) starring Sam Neill, and worked with Neill again in Krzysztof Zanussi's film . She starred in the New Zealand film Shaker Run in 1985, and played Lizzie Dickinson in the BBC series Lizzie's Pictures (1987). She won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance in The Last Days of Chez Nous (1992). In 1990, Harrow played the tart-tongued, ignored wife in a cunning family of rich brewers in Sins of the Father, Episode 13 of the Inspector Morse series for ITV, starring John Thaw. That year, she also starred in the ABC-TV miniseries adaptation of Come In Spinner, and played the role of Imogen Donahue in Agatha Christie's Poirot 'The Kidnapped Prime Minister'. Her most recent television performance in Britain was as Kavanagh's wife Lizzie in the series Kavanagh QC, also starring Thaw. She left the programme after the 3rd series (transmitted in 1997) to move to America.
In 2014, she played Marion in the New Zealand television series Step Dave.
In the 2015 New Year Honours, Harrow was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to the dramatic arts.
Personal life
In 1980, Harrow met Sam Neill while filming Omen III: The Final Conflict (1981) and the two have a son together.
She was married to whale biologist Roger Payne (died 10 June 2023), and lived in Vermont, US. Payne was founder and President of Ocean Alliance. He and Scott McVay found that the long, complex and apparently random sounds produced by male humpback whales are actually rhythmic, repeated sequences, and therefore, are properly called 'whale songs'. The couple created a lecture/performance piece called "SeaChange: Reversing the Tide".
Author
Harrow is the author of the environmental handbook What Can I Do?, published in separate editions for Australia, New Zealand, the UK and the United States. She has a website to promote the book. The U.S. edition:
(pbk. : alk. paper) Includes bibliographical references.
Honours
In the 2015 New Year Honours, Harrow was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the dramatic arts.
Filmography
The Devil Is a Woman (1974) as Emilia Contreas
Space: 1999 - Episode : 'The Testament of Arkadia' (1975 – TV) as Anna Davis
All Creatures Great and Small (1975 – TV) as Helen
It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet (1976) as Helen
Star Maidens (1976 – TV) as Dr Liz Becker
1990 (1978 – TV) as Lynn Blake
The Look (1978 – TV) as Sonny
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1980 – TV) as Ann Coggeshall
Omen III: The Final Conflict (1981) as Kate Reynolds
(1981) as Wanda
Nancy Astor (1982 – TV) as Nancy Astor
Man and Superman (1982 – TV) as Ann Whitefield
Other Halves (1984) as Liz
Shaker Run (1985) as Dr. Christine Rubin
Lizzie's Pictures (1987 – TV) as Lizzie Dickinson
Act of Betrayal (1988 – TV) as Eileen McGurk
Always Afternoon (1988 – TV) as Nancy Kennon
Nonni and Manni (1988–89 – TV) as Sigrid Jónsdóttir
Come In Spinner (1990 – TV) as Claire Jeffries
Inspector Morse: 'The Sins of the Fathers' (1990 – TV) as Thelma Radford
The Last Days of Chez Nous (1992) as Beth
Agatha Christie's Poirot: 'The Kidnapped Prime Minister' (1990) as Mrs. Daniels
That Eye, the Sky (1994) as Alice Flack
Kavanagh QC (1995–97 – TV) as Lizzie Kavanagh
Sunday (1997) as Madeleine Vesey
Country (2000) as Miriam
Jessica (2004 – TV) as Hester Bergman
Red Knot (2014) as Lisa Harrow
Step Dave (2014 – TV) as Marion Gray
Henry (2017) as Joanna
The Brokenwood Mysteries: 'Exposed To The Light' (2021 – TV) as Charlotte Chambers
Blind Bitter Happiness Pilot (2021 – TV) as Grandma Magsie
Destination Love (2021 – TV) as Katherine
References
External links
Lisa Harrow | Biography, Photos, Movies, TV, Credits | Hollywood.com
1943 births
Living people
New Zealand stage actresses
New Zealand film actresses
New Zealand television actresses
Non-fiction environmental writers
Actresses from Auckland
Alumni of RADA
University of Auckland alumni
People from Windsor County, Vermont
Best Actress AACTA Award winners
Officers of the New Zealand Order of Merit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Harrow |
The Lotus Mark I was the first car designed and built by Colin Chapman in 1948, while Chapman was still a student at the University of London. The car was designed to compete as a trials car, and was constructed on an Austin 7 chassis and running gear and given registration number OX 9292. Chapman built the body utilizing a composite made of thin aluminium bonded to plywood. He modified the rear suspension to give better handling and the engine to give more power. His approach to automobile construction using sound engineering principles and ingenious chassis design set the stage for many more revolutionary designs to follow. Although the original Mark I has been lost to history after being bought by a mysterious buyer in 1950, a replica (see photo) was created to the same dimensions that uses an identical Austin chassis and running gear. Chapman and his future wife competed with the car in English Trials, a form of competition over rough terrain against time. Chapman continued to develop and modify the Mark I. First larger wheels and tyres were fitted and the front beam axle was split and hinged in the centre to provide independent front suspension. The success of the car helped encourage Chapman to continue designing competition cars.
Further reading
Tipler, John, Lotus and Caterham Seven: Racers for the Road The Crowood Press, 1995. pp. 13–14.
Coulter, Jeremy, The Lotus & Caterham Seven: A Collector's Guide Motor Racing Publications, 1986. p 9.
Wliiam Taylor, The Lotus Book: The Complete History of Lotus Cars Coterie Press, Limited, 1998, pp. 12–13.
External links
Motorbase Accessed 17 February 2006.
References
First car made by manufacturer
Mark 01 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20Mark%20I |
Nothing Comes Easy is a boxed set of four CDs by the British girl singer Sandie Shaw released in 2004. It contained digitally remastered versions of every A-side and B-side of the singles she released in the UK from 1964 to 1988, plus several rare and unreleased recordings.
Track listing
Disc: 1
"As Long As You're Happy Baby"
"Ya-Ya Da-Da"
"(There's) Always Something There To Remind Me"
"Don't You Know"
"I'd Be Far Better Off Without You"
"Girl Don't Come"
"I'll Stop At Nothing"
"You Can't Blame Him"
"Long Live Love"
"I've Heard About Him"
"Message Understood"
"Don't You Count On It"
"How Can You Tell"
"If Ever You Need Me"
"Tomorrow"
"Hurting You"
"Nothing Comes Easy"
"Stop Before You Start"
"Run"
"Long Walk Home"
"Think Sometimes About Me"
"Hide All Emotion"
"I Don't Need Anything"
"Keep In Touch"
"Puppet On A String"
"Tell The Boys"
"Tonight In Tokyo"
"You've Been Seeing Her Again"
Disc: 2
"You've Not Changed"
"Make Me Cry"
"Today"
"London"
"Don't Run Away"
"Stop"
"Show Me"
"One More Lie"
"Together"
"Turn On The Sunshine"
"Those Were The Days"
"Make It Go"
"Monsieur Dupont"
"Voice In The Crowd"
"Think It All Over"
"Send Me A Letter"
"Heaven Knows I'm Missing Him Now"
"So Many Things To Do"
"By Tomorrow"
"Maple Village"
"Wight Is Wight"
"That's The Way He's Made"
"Rose Garden"
"Maybe I'm Amazed"
"Show Your Face"
"Dear Madame"
Disc: 3
"Where Did They Go?"
"Look At Me"
"Father And Son"
"Pity The Ship Is Sinking"
"One More Night"
"Still So Young"
"Just A Disillusion"
"Your Mama Wouldn't Like It"
"Anyone Who Had A Heart"
"Anyone Who Had A Heart - Instrumental"
"Wish I Was"
"Life Is Like A Star"
"Hand In Glove"
"I Don't Owe You Anything"
"Are You Ready To Be Heartbroken?"
"Steven (You Don't Eat Meat)"
"Frederick"
"Go Johnny Go!"
"Please Help The Cause Against Loneliness"
"Lover Of The Century"
"Nothing Less Than Brilliant"
"I Love Peace"
Disc: 4 - Previously Unreleased Tracks & rarities
"As Long As You're Happy Baby"
"It's All Over /(Guardo Te Che Te Ne Vai)
"So This Is Love"
"Gypsy Eyes"
"Don't Run Away" (Early Version)
"Every Day"
"Now"
"Toy"
"Any Time, Any Place, Anywhere"
"I Must Be Lucky"
"Surround Yourself With Sorrow"
"I Can't Go On Living Without You"
"Fool On The Hill"
"The Comedy"
"It's Affecting My Mind" (Che Effetto Mi Fa)
"Love Is For The Two Of Us"
"She's Such A Beauty"
"Strawberry Pie"
"Sour Grapes"
"Be My Baby"
"Wish I Was" (Demo)
"Sentimental Again"
References
Sandie Shaw albums
2004 compilation albums
EMI Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing%20Comes%20Easy |
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