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Sir Walter Barttelot, 1st Baronet, (10 October 1820 – 2 February 1893) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom who served as Member of Parliament for several constituencies.
Life
A member of an ancient Sussex family, Barttelot was the son of George Barttelot and his wife Emma (née Woodbridge). He was educated at Rugby School and then served in the 1st Royal Dragoons, purchasing his captaincy on 7 February 1845. After retirement from the army he raised the 6th (Petworth) Sussex Rifle Volunteer Corps on 15 February 1860 and was promoted to major to command the 2nd Administrative Battalion, Sussex Rifle Volunteer Corps on 26 April 1860. He continued to command the 2nd Sussex Rifle Volunteers until he became its Honorary Colonel in 1882.
In December 1860 he was elected as a Member of Parliament for West Sussex, which he served until 1885 when he became member for Horsham, serving until his death. Horsham's Barttelot Road off the Brighton Road was named after him. Sussex Police Headquarters was located there and current photographs of Barttelot Road are featured (Hidden Horsham). Barttelot was created a baronet, of Stopham in the County of Sussex, on 14 June 1875, and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1880. In 1892 he was admitted to the Privy Council.
He became a director of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway in August 1864, and served as its chairman from April to July 1867.
Barttelot married firstly Harriet, daughter of Sir Christopher Musgrave, 9th Baronet, in 1852. They had two sons and five daughters, including Dame Edith Sclater. After his first wife's death in 1863 he married secondly Margaret, daughter of Henry Boldero, in 1868. They had no children. Lady Barttelot died in January 1893. Barttelot survived her by only a few days and died in early February 1893, aged 72. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son Walter.
See also
Barttelot baronets
Sir Walter George Barttelot, 2nd Baronet
Sir Walter Balfour Barttelot, 3rd Baronet
References
External links
1820 births
1893 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
Deputy Lieutenants of Suffolk
1st The Royal Dragoons officers
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Walter%20Barttelot%2C%201st%20Baronet |
Burke High School can refer to:
Omaha Burke High School in Omaha, Nebraska
Burke High School (South Carolina) in Charleston, South Carolina
Burke High School (South Dakota) in Burke, South Dakota
Burke High School (Massachusetts) in Boston, Massachusetts
John S. Burke Catholic High School ("Burke Catholic"), Goshen, Orange County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%20High%20School |
James Michael Lyngdoh (born 8 February 1939) is an Indian civil servant and was Chief Election Commissioner of India from 14 June 2001 to 7 February 2004. He was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service in 2003.
Early life
Of Khasi origin, Lyngdoh hails from the northeastern state of Meghalaya. He did his schooling from St. Edmund's School, Shillong. Lyngdoh is the son of a district judge.
Career
Lyngdoh In one early post, his principled execution of mandated land reforms so enraged landlords that he was transferred before the year was out. Similar clashes with the powers-that-be marked his rise in the Service. He rose to serve as Secretary, Coordination and Public Grievances, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India.
Work as Election Commissioner
In 1997, the president named Lyngdoh one of India's three election commissioners. By 2001 he was chief election commissioner. Lyngdoh soon faced crisis in two of India's most troubled states.
Gujarat Elections, and Confrontation with Narendra Modi
In July 2002, S S Bhandari, Governor of Gujarat on the recommendation of State Cabinet headed by Chief Minister Narendra Modi, dissolved the Gujarat Assembly nine months before its term was due to end. The decision, attacked by main Opposition Congress and Left parties, was seen as an attempt to force the Election Commission to hold early elections in view of the Constitutional mandate prohibiting a more than six-month gap between two sessions of the House. The dissolution of the assembly had been publicly opposed by the Election Commission in wake of the then recent communal violence in the state.
The Election Commission headed by Lyngdoh ruled out early elections in Gujarat. On 20 August 2002, in a public meeting at Bodeli, near Vadodara, Narendra Modi targeted Lyngdoh. Modi insinuated that the reason the Election Commission had delayed holding the Gujarat assembly elections was because Lyngdoh was a Christian.
Lyngdoh had hit back at Narendra Modi for attacking him on religious grounds saying it was "quite despicable" and "gossip of menials" by those who have not heard of atheism.
A day after Prime Minister Vajapayee's rebuke, Modi claimed that the controversy with Lyngdoh was over following Vajpayee's "guidelines" but reiterated his demand for early assembly elections in Gujarat. In October 2002, the Indian Supreme Court upheld the Election Commission's order to defer assembly elections in Gujarat.
Publications
In 2004, Lyngdoh published a book titled "Chronicles of an Impossible Election ". In this book he has dealt with the electoral process in India and the role of Election Commission. It is a chronicle of the assembly elections held in Jammu and Kashmir in the year 2002. It also discusses the Gujarat elections of 2002. The book received widespread acclaim and praise.
View on Indian Politics and Politicians
Lyngdoh has frequently expressed his disdain for politics and politicians. In February 2004, in an interview, Lyngdoh had said: "Politicians by appointment only, all others are welcome to my house.". In August 2002, Lyngdoh had said that ""I think the politics today is dirty, vitiated and tendentious." Lyngdoh described politicians as a "cancer" which has no cure.
In 2013, J M Lyngdoh has expressed in views on "Decriminalization of Indian Electoral system" at the quarterly lecture series organised by the Centre of Public Policy Research (CPPR) supported by South Indian Bank
Post retirement
He remains active in public life after retirement. He is one of the members of India Rejuvenation Initiative an Indian anti-corruption organisation formed by a group of retired and serving bureaucrats.
In February 2011, Lyngdoh, while speaking to journalists after chairing a session on Free & Fair Elections – The Soul of Democracy, said state funding of elections is 'useless' and that a proportionate representation system where the electoral fight takes place between parties and not candidates would be more appropriate since it would involve significantly less expenditure.
In June 2012, Lyngdoh, while addressing a round table on "Indian Democracy & Elections – What is to be done?", said that a proportional representation system for at least 50 percent of the seats of the legislatures would reduce electoral malpractices. He explained that political parties would reduce the need to spend huge amounts of funds on elections of individuals if the switch to proportional representation is made. He opined that the Election Commission should take charge of even the internal elections of political parties since in his opinion that is the only way to ensure democracy.
References
Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
Chief Election Commissioners of India
Living people
Khasi people
1939 births
Indian Administrative Service officers
People from Meghalaya
National Defence College, India alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Michael%20Lyngdoh |
Gerhard Wagner (18 August 1888 – 25 March 1939) was the first Reich Doctors' Leader (Reichsärzteführer) in the time of Nazi Germany.
Life
Pre-Nazism
Born a surgery professor's son, he studied medicine in Munich and served as a doctor at the front in World War I (1914–1918). Among other things, he was awarded the Iron Cross, first class.
From 1919, Wagner ran his own medical practice in Munich, while also being a member of two Freikorps between 1921 and 1923, von Epp and Oberland. Just because of his Upper Silesian origins, Wagner stayed on (till 1924) as leader of the Upper Silesia German Community Associations (Deutschtumsverbände Oberschlesiens) and was chef of Munich´s division of the Loyal Upper Silesians („Verbände heimattreuer Oberschlesier"). In May 1929, he switched to the NSDAP.
1930s
Wagner was co-founder and as of 1932 leader of the National Socialist German Doctors' League, and also functioned from 1933 as a member of the Palatinate Landtag. A year later, in 1934, Wagner was ordered to the position of Reich Doctors' Leader. Moreover, he was "The Führer's Commissioner for National Health". By 1933, he had already become leader of the Main Office for National Health, and in 1936 came his appointment as that office's Main Service Leader (Hauptdienstleiter).
In December 1935, Wagner became leader of the Reichsärztekammer (Physicians' Chamber). At the 1936 Nuremberg Rally, he discussed the racial laws. As was typical of Nazi propaganda at this time, this was more in terms of the pure and growing race than the evil of the Jews. A shift in his political career came in 1937 when he was promoted to SA Obergruppenführer. Meanwhile, he was also commissioner for collegiate issues on Rudolf Hess's staff. Wagner died of cancer in 1939. His successor was Leonardo Conti.
References
External links
1888 births
1939 deaths
People from Chorzów
Physicians from the Province of Silesia
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
German Army personnel of World War I
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Nazi Party officials
Physicians in the Nazi Party
Sturmabteilung officers
Deaths from cancer in Nazi Germany
Proponents of scientific racism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard%20Wagner%20%28physician%29 |
Annius of Viterbo (; 5 January 143713 November 1502) was an Italian Dominican friar, scholar, and historian, born Giovanni Nanni in Viterbo. He is now remembered for his fabrications.
He entered the Dominican Order early in life. He obtained the degree of Master of Theology from the studium generale at Santa Maria sopra Minerva, the forerunner of the College of Saint Thomas and the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. He served as a lector at the studium sometime before 1466.
He was highly esteemed by Sixtus IV and Alexander VI; the latter made him Master of the Sacred Palace in 1499.
As a linguist, he spuriously claimed to be skilled in the Oriental languages. Walter Stephens says: "His expertise in Semitic philology, once celebrated even by otherwise sober ecclesiastical historians, was entirely fictive." Annius also claimed to be able to read Etruscan.
In perhaps his most elaborate pseudo-archeological charade, in the autumn of 1493, he undertook a well-publicized dig at Viterbo, during which marble statues of some of the most dramatic of the mythical figures associated with the city's legendarium appeared to be unearthed; they had all been "salted" in the site beforehand.
Works
He is best known for his Antiquitatum Variarum, originally titled the Commentaria super opera diversorum auctorum de antiquitatibus loquentium (Commentaries on the Works of Various Authors Discussing Antiquity) and often known as the Antiquities of Annius. In this work, he published alleged writings and fragments of several pre-Christian Greek and Latin profane authors, destined to throw an entirely new light on ancient history. He claimed to have discovered them at Mantua.
Among his numerous other writings were De futuris Christianorum triumphis in Turcos et Saracenos (Future Triumphs of the Christians over the Turks and the Saracens), a commentary on the Apocalypse, dedicated to Sixtus IV, to Christian kings, princes, and governments, and Tractatus de imperio Turcorum (The Empire of the Turks). The author identifies Mohammad as the Antichrist, and predicts that the end of the world will take place when the Christians will have overcome the Jews and the Muslims, an event which did not appear to him to be far distant.
One influential suggestion he made — in his commentary on the Breviarium de Temporibus of Pseudo-Philo — was that the genealogy of Jesus in the Gospel of Luke traced the lineage through the father of Mary.
In the Breviarium de Temporibus, the Christ's grandfather Eli according to Luke was identified with Eliachim, an alleged variant of St Joachim, the Virgin Mary's father according to the apocryphal Protoevangelium of James. According to Annius, the Marian direct descendance from king David testified Christ's inheritance of the throne of Israel in the lineage of His holy mother.
The more important of his unpublished works are:
Volumen libris septuaginta distinctum de antiquitatibus et gestis Etruscorum;
De correctione typographica chronicorum;
De dignitate officii Magistri Sacri Palatii (On the Esteem of the Office of the Master of the Sacred Palace); and lastly,
The Chronologia Nova, in which he undertakes to correct the anachronisms in the writings of Eusebius of Caesarea.
De marmoreis volturrhenis tabulis: the modern editor's preface affirmed it was "the first epigraphic study in western scholarship".
He was notorious for his text depicting the history and topography of ancient Rome from the "most ancient" authors. His Auctores vetustissimi printed at Rome, 1498, was an anthology of seventeen purportedly classical texts, all of which he had written himself, with which he embarks in the gigantic attempt to write a universal history of the post-diluvian West civilization, where the Etruscan people and the town of Viterbo/Etruria, custodian of the original knowledge of divine nature, takes on the leading role in the march of Man towards the future. Annius's map of Rome as founded by Romulus is a loose interpretation of one of his own forgeries. It prominently features Vicus Tuscus, the home of the Etruscans, whom Annius and his fellow Viterbans claimed as their ancestors. Part of the forgeries were motivated by a desire to prove that Viterbo was the site of the Etruscan Fanum Voltumnae.
In a defense of the papal lending institution, the Monte di Pietà, published c. 1495 under the title Pro Monte Pietatis, Annius contributed the essay Questiones due disputate super mutuo iudaico & ciuili & diuino, arguing against the usury of the Jews.
Looking for a patronage, Annius published its first treatise in February 1491 and dedicated it to Ranuccio Farnese. Analyzing the works of Diodorus Siculus, Annius supposed Isis and Osiris established new colonies in the Mediterranean Sea, the latter founding Viterbo, so as to derive a divine and Egyptian ancestry for the family of the ongoing Pope Alexander III, brother of Ranuccio.
Detection of his forgeries
The Antiquities met at once both with believers and with severe critics who accused him of willful interpolation, or even fabrication. The content was falsely attributed to Berosus, Fabius Pictor, Cato the Elder, Manetho and others. The spurious character of these "historians" of Annius, which he published both with and without commentaries, has long been admitted. The demolition of the forgeries owed much to Joseph Justus Scaliger.
Annius's forgeries began to unravel by the mid-16th century. In 1565–66, the humanist Girolamo Mei was engaged in a historiographical argument with Vincenzo Borghini, who presented a claim, for the occasion of the marriage of Francesco I de' Medici and Joanna of Austria, that Florence was founded by Augustus. He based his claim on inscriptions reported by Annius of Viterbo. Mei, no friend to the Medici, challenged this opinion and questioned the authenticity of Annius's materials, in a brief Latin treatise (De origine urbis Florentiae).
Viterbiae historiae epitoma
The volume Annio da Viterbo, Documenti e ricerche (Rome: Multigrafica Editrice for CNR, 1981) presents an unpublished work written by Annius: the Viterbiae historiae epitoma in the critical text edited by Giovanni Baffioni. The text is based on the manuscript Codex Vaticanus Latinus 6263 and represents the seventh and only extant book of the former work of Annius' Viterbia Historia, composed of seven books in which the Viterbian theologian writes the history of his municipal town ranging from its mythological origins (newly reinvented by Annius himself) until the times of Pope Innocent VIII. The second part of the book, edited by Paola Mattiangeli, deals with his influence on High Renaissance myth and allegory. In particular, it refers to Annius's esoteric interests and his influence over a number of painted frescoes in the city of Viterbo characterized by Egyptian imagery.
See also
Codex Nanianus
Notes
References
External links
Schiesaro, J. (2023). I falsi storiografici di Annio da Viterbo nell'Accademia fiorentina, in S. Ferrilli, M. Nava, J. Schiesaro (eds.), «Fucata vetustas». Prassi e ricezione del falso nella letteratura e nell'arte del Rinascimento italiano. Milan: Franco Angeli, pp. 121–148 "Fucata vetustas"
Pseudo-Berossus – original Latin text
Berosi sacerdotis chaldaici Antiquitatum libri quinque
Benjamin Anderson, curator. The invention of Antiquity: "The landscape of ancient Rome" Bryn Mawr exhibition, 2004
Auctores vetustissimi 1498 Woodcut of Rome illustrated in Bryn Mawr's copy
("It would appear that he was too credulous, and really believed the texts to be authentic.")
Dennis E. Rhodes, "Four Italian Judaica incunabula: Pro Monte Pietatis"
Guy Shaked, "Girolamo Mei's biography" (Archived 2009-10-25)
"L'appartamento Borgia in Vaticano"
Nicholas Temple, "Heritage and Forgery: Annio da Viterbo and the Quest for the Authentic", Public Archaeology (Vol.II/3), 2002
1430s births
1502 deaths
15th-century Italian historians
Historians of the Catholic Church
Italian Dominicans
Forgers
People from Viterbo
Fresco painters
Pseudepigraphy
Italian Renaissance humanists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annius%20of%20Viterbo |
Kiran Desai (born 3 September 1971) is an Indian author. Her novel The Inheritance of Loss won the 2006 Man Booker Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Fiction Award. In January 2015, The Economic Times listed her as one of 20 "most influential" global Indian women.
Early and personal life
Kiran Desai is the daughter of novelist Anita Desai. Kiran was born in Delhi, then spent the early years of her life in Punjab and in Mumbai, where she studied at Cathedral and John Connon School. She left India at 14, and she and her mother lived in England for a year, before moving to the United States.
Kiran Desai studied creative writing at Bennington College, Hollins University, and Columbia University.
Work
Desai's first novel, Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard, was published in 1998 and received accolades from such figures as Salman Rushdie. It won the Betty Trask Award, a prize given by the Society of Authors for best new novels by citizens of the Commonwealth of Nations under the age of 35.
Her second book, The Inheritance of Loss, (2006) was widely praised by critics throughout Asia, Europe and the United States. It won the 2006 Man Booker Prize, as well as the 2006 National Book Critics Circle Fiction Award. Desai became the youngest-ever woman to win the Booker Prize at the age of 35 (this record was broken by Eleanor Catton in 2013).
In August 2008, Desai was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion programme hosted by Michael Berkeley on BBC Radio 3. In May 2007, she was the featured author at the inaugural Asia House Festival of Cold Literature.
Desai was awarded a 2013 Berlin Prize Fellowship at the American Academy in Berlin.
Desai lives in New York City. She stated in 2017 that she had been working for more than a decade on a new book "about power… about a young Indian woman out in India and the world", which was slated to be out the following year. The novel has not been released; as of 2021, Desai has published no books since her Booker Prize-winning second novel in 2006.
Bibliography
See also
Desai
Indian English literature
Indian Writers
References
External links
Legacies, Loss and Literature , Nirali Magazine, December 2006
SAWNET biography
Rediff interview
Lunch with Kiran Desai
Bold Type: Interview with Kiran Desai
Kiran Desai interview with THECOMMENTARY.CA October 2007
Kiran Desai at the American Academy Berlin as Holtzbrinck Fellow
1971 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century Indian novelists
20th-century Indian women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
21st-century Indian novelists
21st-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian writers
American Hindus
American novelists of Indian descent
American women novelists
American women writers of Indian descent
Bennington College alumni
Booker Prize winners
Cathedral and John Connon School alumni
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
English-language writers from India
Hollins University alumni
Indian emigrants to the United States
Indian people of German descent
Indian women novelists
Novelists from Delhi
Women writers from Chandigarh
Women writers from Delhi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran%20Desai |
South Park: Chef's Luv Shack is a 2D game show-style party video game and is a sequel to the 1998 video game South Park, itself based on the American animated sitcom of the same name. Developed by Acclaim Studios Austin and published by Acclaim Entertainment, it was released in 1999 for the Dreamcast, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation and Nintendo 64. Its gameplay involves playing minigames and the ability to play against other players in a challenge for the most points. It also involves trivia questions about South Park and other topics.
Chef's Luv Shack was met with mixed reviews. It is the second of three South Park video game titles developed by Acclaim after South Park in 1998 and preceding South Park Rally in 2000.
Gameplay
In the game, the player takes the role of one of four characters: Eric Cartman, Kenny McCormick, Kyle Broflovski, or Stan Marsh in a game show hosted by Chef. The game intermittently switches between questions and mini-games, with a mini-game preceding every three questions. Players score points by correctly answering questions and mini-game ranking. Players lose points for questions answered incorrectly. The game is exclusively multiplayer; when played by one player, there is no AI, so that player always wins, even with a negative score. Players have the option to "shaft" (pass on) a question to another player after opting to answer the question. The "shafted" player can then pass the question on again or choose to answer the question. When "shafting", a question will always be answered by the last player to be "shafted".
Despite Chef's Luv Shack appearing on all the major home gaming consoles at the time, the only instance of the game taking advantage of the then-modern hardware is the up-to-four player multiplayer game featured in the Nintendo 64 and Sega Dreamcast versions. The PlayStation version supports four players with an adapter, and the PC version allows 2 players to play with a keyboard and 2 more players to play with Joysticks.
Reception
The Dreamcast and Nintendo 64 versions received mixed reviews, while the PC and PlayStation versions received unfavorable reviews. Blake Fischer of NextGen said of the Dreamcast version, "If you've already burned out on YDKJ, and you need some more game-show luvin', this is your only option, so you're stuck."
The Enforcer of GamePro said of the N64 version in one review, "If you're a fan of the show – which you almost have to be to answer a majority of the questions – you'll have a lot of fun with Luv Shack. Its whimsical comic take on the series makes for a fun time on a rainy Saturday afternoon." In another GamePro review, Scary Larry said that the same console version "will remain one of those few games that dedicated fans enjoy and deserve, and everyone else should avoid. There's no Luv here." Nash Werner said of the PC version, "So we're left with another South Park game that falls into the 'could've been better' category. Fans of South Park will love the audio quality and voice-overs done by Isaac Hayes. Pick it up if you must own everything South Park--it's fun for a few days." Tim Weaver of N64 Magazine gave it 83%, calling it "a triumph of simplicity and design, and offers a significantly different playing experience to Mario Party."
Notes
References
External links
1999 video games
Acclaim Entertainment games
Acclaim Studios Austin games
Dreamcast games
Multiplayer video games
Nintendo 64 games
Party video games
PlayStation (console) games
Video games based on South Park
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Colorado
Windows games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Park%3A%20Chef%27s%20Luv%20Shack |
Giovanni Nanni may refer to:
Annio da Viterbo, Dominican friar and forger of documents
Giovanni da Udine, painter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Nanni |
Māhoenui is a small community in the western North Island of New Zealand, on the Awakino River, near Piopio and Te Kuiti.
History
The Croall family lived on the Awakino River in the 1920s and 1930s, eventually having to leave the land as uneconomic to survive by traditional farming methods. Charles Croall, sr., relocated to Hamilton, setting up a construction business (Croall Construction) to build houses en-masse for the government. These subdivisions became known as 'State house areas' and were typically inhabited by lower socio-economic communities. Large numbers of those houses have been sold to private buyers, both individually and in bulk.
Lewis Robert Ridling (commonly known as Bob) and his wife Margaret Marina Ridling née Jackson along with their 5 sons and 3 daughters cleared the land by hand of scrub and bush in this area. The Ridlings worked their Māhoenui farm from the 1920s onward after Bob Ridling won the land in a returned veterans ballot after returning wounded from Gallipoli, Turkey from World War I. Many ex servicemen simply walked off the land due to the difficulty of turning it into viable farm land. The Moss's were also well known in the area as Mr Moss was the local school teacher in the 1930s.
Māhoenui is in meshblocks 1016005, 1016101-2, and 1016203-4, which had a population of 78 people in the 2018 census.
Education
Until 2005, Māhoenui had a small primary school, with a roll of six children in 2004. In 2005, the school closed down due to lack of students, with the property now privately owned.
Geography
Māhoenui is located in the King Country approx inland from the west coast of the North Island, the topography is hilly to mountainous, with small alluvial areas near the streams and river.
Economics
The primary activity is sheep farming, with beef and dairy farming to a lesser degree.
References
External links
Map of Māhoenui area
Croall and Moss Family memorial site
Mahoenui School
Map and demographic data source for New Zealand
Populated places in Waikato
Waitomo District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81hoenui |
The Newspaper is the largest independent student newspaper in Canada with circulation on and around the University of Toronto. It has been published by non-profit corporation Planet Publications Inc. and financially self-supported since its founding in 1978. It was briefly circulated as The Independent Weekly before returning to its original title, which is now commonly stylized as the newspaper with intentional lowercase.
The Newspaper is officially recognized by the University of Toronto under the campus media policy of its Governing Council, a unique policy protecting the rights of independent publishers on the University of Toronto campus.
The paper currently publishes biweekly with print issues distributed across the University of Toronto St. George campus in addition to various locations in downtown Toronto.
History
The founding editors of The Newspaper were former editors of The Varsity, Steven Petranik, Thomas Simpson and Ken Whitehurst. In The Newspaper'''s first year of publication, prominent professors at the University of Toronto contributed articles, including Allan Bloom, Denis Duffy, and Robertson Davies. In 1994, The Newspaper interviewed influential hip hop duo Gang Starr. The Newspaper's offices were originally located at 1 Spadina Crescent and were moved to 256 McCaul Street in 2013 due to renovations.
Special editions
Since 2003, The Newspaper's last print issue of every publishing season is a large compact alcohol-themed issue called The Boozepaper, often comprising a centerfold poster and beer reviews. There is also a Love and Sex Edition of the paper that centers around the themes of romance, sex, and dating published every February.
In November 2015, The Newspaper published a food-themed issue called The Foodpaper, though it is unknown whether this will be a recurring edition.
Notable alumni
Film director Atom Egoyan, novelists Rohinton Mistry and Ray Robertson, and television public affairs host Steve Paikin all contributed to The Newspaper'' while attending the University of Toronto.
See also
List of student newspapers in Canada
List of newspapers in Canada
External links
Official website
Newspapers published in Toronto
University of Toronto
Student newspapers published in Ontario
Newspapers established in 1978
Weekly newspapers published in Ontario
1978 establishments in Ontario
Biweekly newspapers published in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Newspaper |
James "Jim" Wilson is a fictional character, a supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a supporting character of the Hulk.
He was portrayed by P.J. Kerr in a cameo in the 2008 Marvel Cinematic Universe film The Incredible Hulk.
Publication history
Created by Roy Thomas and Herb Trimpe, the character made his first appearance in The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #131 (September 1970) as an angry young man who befriends the Hulk. During the late 1970s, he became a regular supporting character of the series, usually appearing as a friend of Bruce Banner. He was a replacement for the comic's original teen sidekick, Rick Jones, who had moved to Captain Marvel.
In The Incredible Hulk #232 (February 1979), it is revealed that Jim Wilson is the nephew of Sam Wilson, the superhero Falcon. Though this revelation occurred when Roger Stern was writing the series, Stern says that earlier Incredible Hulk writer Len Wein came up with the idea that they were related and simply didn't get around to it during his run.
Wilson was dropped from the series by 1980, and did not return until The Incredible Hulk Vol. 2 #388 (December 1991), in which it is revealed that Wilson was HIV-positive. He dies of complications from AIDS in The Incredible Hulk Vol. 2 #420 (August 1994).
Fictional character biography
James "Jim" Wilson grew up in Harlem and wanted to travel where he was often at odds with his father Gideon Wilson who worked as a Catholic minister. Wilson enlists Rick Jones to play a benefit concert at a hospice for AIDS patients. On the drive from the airport, Wilson reveals to Jones that he is HIV-positive and that his girlfriend left him. Wilson is injured while protecting Jefferson Wolfe from the assassin Speedfreek at the charity concert. Hulk rushes Wilson to a hospital. Jones and Hulk later secure evidence to send the mob boss who employed Speedfreek to prison.
Wilson is again seen in The Incredible Hulk #420 (August 1994), in which he is attacked by a mob protesting the fact that a court has ordered an HIV-infected boy to be allowed into a public school. (This is an analogy to Ryan White, where parents and teachers in Howard County, Indiana, lobbied against his school attendance before he died in April 1990.) Hulk is able to rescue Wilson from the mob, and takes him to the hi-tech medical facilities at the Mount, the secret headquarters of the Pantheon, the superhero group which Hulk is a member of. He learns that Wilson actually has AIDS, and has had it for some time. In addition to the broken ribs he sustained in the mob attack, he is suffering from Pneumocystis pneumonia and does not have long to live. Remembering the blood transfusion that the Hulk gave his cousin, Jennifer Walters (which turned her into the She-Hulk), Wilson asks Bruce Banner to give him a transfusion of his blood, hoping that the Hulk's blood would act as a cure to the virus. Banner initially refuses to take the risk of creating another monster, but eventually pretends to be giving Wilson a blood transfusion. Wilson reveals in private to Dr. Harr, the attending physician caring for him, that he was not fooled by Bruce's ruse, but played along anyway. Shortly afterward, Jim Wilson succumbs to the disease and dies.
After Wilson's death, Bruce donates a large sum of money to the hospice that Wilson worked at in order to allow them to comfortably exist for the next few decades.
Gideon Wilson inexplicably blames the Hulk for Jim's death and joins Gamma Corps to seek revenge. However, he ultimately admits to himself and the Hulk that he only blamed the Hulk for his son's death in order to avoid facing his own guilt for his failures as a father.
In other media
A character named Jim Wilson has a brief appearance in The Incredible Hulk played by P.J. Kerr. He is a student at Culver University and along with his friend Jack McGee witness the battle between the Hulk and General Ross's army. He and McGee are later interviewed by WHiH World News about the events where he is the one who dubs the Hulk his name. It is unknown if this version of the character is related to Sam Wilson.
Two nephews of Sam Wilson, A. J. and Cass, are featured in The Falcon and the Winter Soldier.
References
External links
Jim Wilson at Marvel Wiki
Comics characters introduced in 1970
Characters created by Herb Trimpe
Characters created by Roy Thomas
Marvel Comics sidekicks
Fictional African-American people
Fictional characters with HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS in comics
Marvel Comics male characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Wilson%20%28comics%29 |
A mining simulator is a type of simulation used for entertainment as well as in training purposes for mining companies. These simulators replicate elements of real-world mining operations on surrounding screens displaying three-dimensional imagery, motion platforms, and scale models of typical and atypical mining environments and machinery. The results of the simulations can provide useful information in the form of greater competence in on-site safety, which can lead to greater efficiency and decreased risk of accidents.
Training
Mining simulators are used to replicate real-world conditions of mining, assessing real-time responses from the trainee operator to react to what tasks or obstacles appear around them. This is often achieved through the use of surrounding three-dimensional imagery, motion platforms, and realistic replicas of actual mining equipment. Trainee operator employees are often taught in a program where they are scored against both their peers and an expert benchmark to produce a final evaluation of competence with the tasks they may need to complete in real-life.
Criticism
Mining companies that have implemented mining simulators into their training have shown greater employee competence in on-site safety, leading to an overall more productive working environment, and a higher chance of profitability for the company in the long-run by decreasing the risk of accidents, injuries, or deaths on the site though prior education. Being able to simulate real-world mining hazards in a safe and controlled environment has also shown to help prepare employees on proper procedure and protocol in the event of an on-site accident without the need to physically experience one, which often cannot be safely taught in the real-world. Simulating mining environments further helps to familiarize employees with mining equipment and vehicles before entering a real job site, leading to increased productivity, and a chance to correct inefficiencies while still in training.
Varieties
Mining simulator setups can range in size and features, which relates to the price and fidelity of the product. A simple simulator setup may only need to be installed on one Personal Computer or a virtual reality headset, but most often consist of three to six monitors and a motion platform. Any higher cost setups often are housed inside high-cube containers which may contain inside lighting, air conditioning, heating, and other amenities and add-ons which may not directly affect the effectiveness of the simulation training. Some mining simulators can also be mobile and move locations, which can be particularly helpful for use of the same simulator between multiple schools or colleges for apprentice programs.
Entertainment
Aside from practical training purposes, mining simulators have in more recent times also been created for entertainment as well as gaming purposes. The appeal of the genre of games comes from the ability for them to be played on other than specialized equipment, including more widely available Personal Computers, PlayStation, and Xbox consoles. The genre of game also gained popularity from the broader amount of resources that could be added and mined in-game, often substituting more realistically found resources for precious minerals such as gold or diamonds, but coal mining games do exist. Non-rock or mineral mining simulation games have also emerged, with cryptocurrency mining simulations becoming a popular subgenre, allowing players to simulate mining for coins such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Dogecoin.
See also
Flight simulation
Driving simulation
Train simulation
Submarine simulation
References
3D graphics software
Mining equipment
Real-time simulation
Simulation
Virtual reality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining%20simulator |
The Swansea Devil, also called Old Nick, is a wood carving of the Devil in Swansea, Wales. It was carved by an architect whose designs for St. Mary's Church had been rejected by a committee. Some years later when designing an office building across the road, he placed a carving of Satan facing the church and prophesied "When your church is destroyed and burnt to the ground my devil will remain laughing". This prophecy later came true when the church was bombed during the Second World War.
History
In the 1890s it was decided that St. Mary's Church in the centre of Swansea would be rebuilt. The task of designing the new church was put to tender. Among those who applied were a local architect and Sir Arthur Blomfield. The committee accepted Blomfield's designs and the church was built. The local man took his rejection as a slight against his talent. After several years a row of cottages adjacent to the church became available for purchase. The offended architect bought these houses, and tore them down. In their place he erected a red brick building to house the brewery offices, on which he placed a carving of Satan, facing the church. The local man is reputed to have prophesied: "When your church is destroyed and burnt to the ground my devil will remain laughing."
Blitz
Swansea, being a major strategic target in South Wales, was bombed heavily during World War II. One of the buildings destroyed during the three night blitz in February 1941 was St. Mary's Church. The building on which Old Nick was mounted was not hit and remained standing through the war thus allowing Old Nick to continue laughing over the burnt remains of the church.
Post war
In 1962 the brewery offices were torn down, while St. Mary's was rebuilt to the original designs. The devil was left to rot in a garage in Hereford,until a local historian returned him to Swansea during the 1980s.
Present day
Occupying the land of the brewery offices is now the Quadrant Shopping Centre, opened in 1979. Once returned to Swansea the devil was placed as close to his original location inside the shopping centre as possible without directly offending the church goers. There was notable religious objection to its reinstallation, and when the Quadrant was refurbished the carving was placed in storage. After public outcry aided by the local newspaper the South Wales Evening Post, the Devil was placed back once more to watch over St. Mary's.
In 2019, the carving was donated to the Swansea museum by the owners of the Quadrant.
References
Mass media and culture in Swansea
Welsh art
Welsh sculpture
The Devil in legend
Grotesques
Curses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea%20Devil |
Curling was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Winter Olympics. The competition was held in the patinoire olympique of Pralognan-la-Vanoise, a venue about 50 km from the host city, Albertville. The 1992 Winter Games was the third time curling was a demonstration sport at the Winter Olympics.
Medal summary
Medal table
Events
Men
The men's competition had eight countries in two groups.
Teams
Round robin
Pool A
Standings
Results
Pool B
Standings
Results
Ranking games
5th/6th place
7th/8th place
Playoffs
Semi-finals
Bronze medal game
Gold medal game
Women
The women's curling event at the 1992 Winter Olympics had eight countries in two groups.
Teams
Round robin
Pool A
Standings
Results
Tie-breakers
Pool B
Standings
Results
Ranking games
5th/6th place
7th/8th place
Playoffs
Semifinals
Bronze medal game
Gold medal game
References
External links
Official report
1992 Winter Olympics events
1992 in curling
1992
Curling competitions in France
Men's events at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Women's events at the 1992 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling%20at%20the%201992%20Winter%20Olympics |
Abdur Razzak (23 January 1942 – 21 August 2017) (known as Razzak) was a Bangladeshi actor and film director. He was dubbed Nayak Raj Razzak (King of Heroes), a term introduced by Ahmed Zaman Chowdhury, editor of the magazine Chitrali. Razzak won the Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Actor five times for his roles in the films Ki Je Kori (1976), Ashikkhito (1978), Boro Bhalo Lok Chhilo (1982), Chandranath (1984) and Jogajog (1988). He was awarded the Independence Day Award in 2015 by the Government of Bangladesh. He acted in more than 300 Bangladeshi and Indian Bengali and Urdu films and also directed 16 films. He is considered one of the greatest actors in Bangladeshi film industry.
Early life
Razzak was born in Naktala, South Kolkata. His parents Akbar Hossain and Nisarunnesa died at early ages. He joined the troupe Rongo Shobha Natya Dal led by Chhabi Biswas. In 1961, he went to Mumbai to get a diploma at the Filmalaya Film Institute. 1964 Calcutta riots made work difficult. That year he moved to Dacca to try to break into the nascent East Pakistani film industry.
In Dhaka, Razzak found work at Abdul Jabbar Khan's Iqbal Films, and assisted in Kamal Khan's Ujala. He then worked in small roles in the films Akheri Station and Tero Nombor Feku Ostagor Lane.
Career
In 1966, Zahir Raihan was looking for someone to play the lead role of his new film Behula. He chose Razzak who was then serving as one of his assistants. Razzak went on to act in films including Abirbhab, Moynamoti, Taka Ana Pai, Dorpochurno and Jibon Theke Neya (1970). After the 1971 Liberation War he continued working on the films Manusher Mon, Ora Egaro Jon and Osru Diye Lekha.
Razzak got his major breakthrough by acting in the action film Rongbaj (1974), directed by Zahirul Haq.
Razzak acted in leading roles with many prominent actors and actresses, including Anwar Hossain, Bulbul Ahmed, Sohel Rana, Ilias Kanchan, Shuchanda, Shabana, Bobita, Kabori, Sujata, Shabnam and others. He appeared in a number of films opposite actress Shabana.
Razzak went on to make more than 300 appearances in Bengali and Urdu movies.
Razzak made his directorial debut in 1977 with the film Ononto Prem. He created his own production company Rajlokkhi Productions . He went on to become the first Bangladeshi actor to be a UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador. He later founded the Bangladesh Film Artistes' Association.
Personal life
Razzak was married to Khairunnesa (nicknamed Laxmi). Together they had three sons, Bapparaj, Bappi, and Samrat, and two daughters, Nasrin Pasha and Afrin Alam. He died on 21 August 2017 in Dhaka.
Filmography
Awards and achievements
Film
Other
References
External links
The Beginning of Super Star – Nayakraaj Razzak The Legendary Actor
1942 births
2017 deaths
Bengali male actors
Actors from Kolkata
Film directors from Kolkata
Male actors in Bengali cinema
Male actors from Kolkata
Bangladeshi male film actors
Recipients of the Independence Day Award
National Film Award (Bangladesh) for Lifetime Achievement recipients
21st-century Bangladeshi male actors
20th-century Bangladeshi male actors
Burials at Banani Graveyard
Meril-Prothom Alo Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Best Actor National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur%20Razzak%20%28actor%29 |
Osceola High School may refer to:
Osceola High School (Arkansas) in Osceola, Arkansas
Osceola High School (Seminole, Florida) in Seminole, Florida
Osceola High School (Kissimmee, Florida) in Kissimmee, Florida
Osceola High School (Nebraska) in Osceola, Nebraska
Osceola High School (Wisconsin) in Osceola, Wisconsin
Osceola High School (Osceola, Missouri) in Osceola, Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osceola%20High%20School |
4011 may refer to:
4011, a 4000-series integrated circuit consisting of quad 2-input NAND gates
4011, the PLU code for bananas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4011 |
Myshimarina (Marina) Papaelia (, born c. 1931) was the first runner-up of Miss Egypt 1953. Papelia was sent to represent Egypt at Miss World 1953 when the winner, Antigone Costanda was unable to participate in the pageant. Papaelia finished at third place.
According to Eric Morley's 1967 book, "The Miss World Story", when Antigone Costanda won the Miss World pageant the following year, she claimed her victory was also a victory for Marina Papaelia.
References
Living people
Miss Egypt winners
Miss World 1953 delegates
People from Alexandria
1930s births
Egyptian people of Greek descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina%20Papaelia |
HMAS Larrakia (ACPB 84) is an Armidale-class patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).
Design and construction
The Armidale-class patrol boats are long, with a beam of , a draught of , and a standard displacement of 270 tons. The semi-displacement vee hull is fabricated from aluminium alloy, and each vessel is built to a combination of Det Norske Veritas standards for high-speed light craft and RAN requirements. The Armidales can travel at a maximum speed of , and are driven by two propeller shafts, each connected to an MTU 16V M70 diesel. The ships have a range of at , allowing them to patrol the waters around the distant territories of Australia, and are designed for standard patrols of 21 days, with a maximum endurance of 42 days.
The main armament of the Armidale class is a Rafael Typhoon stabilised gun mount fitted with an M242 Bushmaster autocannon. Two machine guns are also carried. Boarding operations are performed by two , waterjet propelled rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RHIBs). Each RHIB is stored in a dedicated cradle and davit, and is capable of operating independently from the patrol boat as it carries its own communications, navigation, and safety equipment.
Each patrol boat has a standard ship's company of 21 personnel, with a maximum of 29. The Armidales do not have a permanently assigned ship's company; instead, they are assigned to divisions at a ratio of two vessels to three companies, which rotate through the vessels and allow the Armidales to spend more time at sea, without compromising sailors' rest time or training requirements. A 20-berth auxiliary accommodation compartment was included in the design for the transportation of soldiers, illegal fishermen, or unauthorised arrivals; in the latter two cases, the compartment could be secured from the outside. However, a malfunction in the sewerage treatment facilities aboard in August 2006 pumped hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide into the compartment, non-fatally poisoning four sailors working inside, after which use of the compartment for accommodation was banned across the class.
Larrakia was constructed by Austal in Henderson, Western Australia. She was commissioned into the RAN in Darwin, Northern Territory on 10 February 2006. Larrakia is named after the Larrakia Aboriginal peoples, and is the only Armidale not to be named after a regional city.
Operational history
Larrakia is assigned to Attack Division, is based in Darwin, and performs border protection and fisheries protection patrols.
This vessel participated in Exercises Triton Thunder and Cassowary during May 2012. Larrakia operated off Dundee Beach in Darwin in concert with units from the Indonesian Navy and RAN Fleet Air Arm.
In June 2012, Larrakia was one of several ships to respond to a Suspected Illegal Entry Vessel which sank with 206 passengers while en route to Australia. The patrol boat served as the coordinating platform for the search-and-rescue operation.
Citations
References
Books
The chapter is available separately as Semaphore, Issue 4, 2006 in PDF and HTML formats.
Journal and news articles
External links
Royal Australian Navy webpage for HMAS Larrakia (II)
Naval ships of Australia
Armidale-class patrol boats
2006 ships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS%20Larrakia%20%28ACPB%2084%29 |
Abraham Izak Perold, Ph.D. (20 October 1880 – 11 December 1941) was a South African chemist and viticulturist. Educated in South Africa and Germany, Perold is best known for developing the Pinotage grape variety in 1925 through crossing Pinot noir and Cinsault. Dr. Perold also introduced 177 grape varieties into South Africa and became the first Professor of Viticulture at the University of Stellenbosch, later becoming Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture at the university.
See also
South African wine
List of wine personalities
References
External links
Short biography
Viticulturists
1880 births
1941 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Izak%20Perold |
Lucky 13 is a 2005 American romantic comedy film directed by Chris Hall and starring Brad Hunt, Harland Williams, Lauren Graham, Sasha Alexander, Debra Jo Rupp, John Doe, Kaley Cuoco and Taryn Manning.
Plot
This film is about Zach Baker and his quest to go back through his past experiences with women so he will have the perfect date with his lifelong friend, Abbey. Abbey would be the thirteenth woman he has gone out with and he hopes she will be "Lucky 13". The story revolves around Zach asking each woman what he did wrong in their relationship, so as to not make the same mistakes with Abbey. A recurring gag involves Zach throwing objects, representing his past affairs, into a lake. During the course of the film, Zach makes changes to his appearance and demeanor, trying to emulate the advice he gets from his past girlfriends—most of which is contradictory. After much soul-searching, Zach decides to ask Abbey to marry him—a proposal that she turns down in order to move to New York City and pursue her dream of being an artist. Zach eventually comes to realize that his life in the Mid-West is not so bad and he gains a new appreciation for his family and friends.
Cast
External links
2005 films
2005 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky%2013 |
Anchor Stone Blocks () are components of stone construction sets made in Rudolstadt, Germany, marketed as a construction toy.
Description
Anchor Stone pieces are made of a mixture of quartz sand, chalk, and linseed oil (German Patent 13,770; US Patent 233,780), precisely pressed in molds so that they fit together perfectly. The stones come in three colors in imitation of the red brick, tan limestone, and blue slate of European buildings. They are not recommended for play by children under 3 years of age because of their small size (CE No. 0494).
History
Origin
Anchor stones originated with the wooden building blocks designed by Friedrich Fröbel, the creator of the Kindergarten system of education. He had observed how children enjoyed playing with geometrically-shaped blocks.
The first Anchor Stone was produced when Otto Lilienthal and his brother Gustav decided to make a model of a stone building, using miniature blocks of stone. To this end, they started production of a limited number of blocks, made of a mixture of quartz sand, chalk, and linseed oil. Unfortunately, the Lilienthals, though brilliant inventors, had limited commercial success.
The stone blocks saw little popularity until 1880, when Friedrich Adolf Richter, a wealthy businessman who had built a small empire in Rudolstadt, purchased the rights to the process for 1000 marks, plus about 4800 marks (including 800 marks still owing) for the tooling and machines being used to produce them. He developed a series of sets of individually-packaged stones, which quickly became popular. Promoted by extensive advertising, 42,000 sets were sold in 1883 (Annual Report for 1883 of the Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Factory Inspection Service, Archives, Heidecksburg, Rudolstadt). In 1894, Richter applied his "Anchor" trademark to the Richter's Anchor Stone Building Sets (Richters Anker-Steinbaukasten). More than 600 different sets were produced over the multi-decade life of these sets; more than 1,000 stone shapes were made (CVA Stone Catalog). In 1910 Richter died, heralding the end of the first era for Anchor Stones (Registered as death # 878 in Jena on December 27, 1910; he died at 9:00 PM on December 25, 1910).
End and rebirth
Although Anchor Stones survived World War I and World War II, the factory was included within Communist East Germany when the Iron Curtain divided Europe. In 1953, the company was nationalized as VEB Anker-Steinbaukasten, a state-owned company. In 1963, the production of the blocks was stopped. The trademark "Anker" was used by various toy companies in East Germany, none of which were related to the stone building set factory.
However, existing sets of old Anchor Stones remained very popular within the international community. In 1979, the Club van Ankervrienden ("Club of Anchor Friends") was founded in the Netherlands. Initially the membership was limited to Dutch members, but foreign members were admitted starting in 1983. Today the club has about 230 members. With the support of the Club of Anchor Friends, the state of Thuringia, and the European Union, Georg Plenge was able to resurrect the company as Anker Steinbaukasten GmbH. Production at the factory in Rudolstadt restarted 15 September 1994, and new sets were sold to Club members in October 1994.
Anchor today
The new factory manufactures and sells all 15 of the sets in the main series (GK-NF) of Anchor sets as well as some sets modelling the Michaelis Basilika in Hildesheim and the Brandenburg Gate. They are widely available in Germany, including in the KaDeWe department store in Berlin, and are readily available online. A new series of sets for younger children called Die neue Steinzeit ("the new Stone Age") was introduced in 2012. The sets tend to be expensive, but high-quality; antique sets are just as playable now as when they were originally produced. Sets being produced today are made to the same specifications as the antique ones, so they can be easily integrated. In addition to construction sets, the artificial stone formula has been used to produce simple flat puzzles, such as tangrams.
Cultural influences
Scientists, engineers, and designers like Max Born, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Albert Einstein, Ivan Sutherland and Walter Gropius developed their creativity by playing with Anchor blocks. Anchor blocks have been exhibited in the Louvre and Deutsches Museum. They appear in a fairly prominent role in Jan Švankmajer's fantasy film Neco z Alenky as, among other things, the home of the White Rabbit. They also support a plot sequence in The Diamond in the Window, by Jane Langton.
References
External links
Website by Anchor enthusiast George Hardy
Website of the Anker Archive
Richter's Anchor Stone Building Sets (with digitized photos), Canadian Centre for Architecture
Construction toys
Manufacturing companies of Germany
Rudolstadt
Toy companies of Germany
Educational toys
Toy companies established in the 19th century
German companies established in 1880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor%20Stone%20Blocks |
Outlaw is the name of two different fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first Outlaw named Nigel Higgins is England's version of Punisher that first appeared in Punisher (vol. 2) #64 and was created by Dan Abnett, Andy Lanning, and Douglas Braithwaite. The second Outlaw named Inez Temple was created by Gail Simone for the series Deadpool and Agent X. She is a mutant with the ability of superhuman strength and an uncanny aptitude with firearms.
Fictional character biography
Nigel Higgins
Nigel Higgins is a man living in England who gets inspired by Punisher's activities that causes him to become the British version of Punisher called Outlaw. At the time when Kingpin planned to use the English channel to gather the European crime families into a united crime syndicate, Outlaw was the main contact for Punisher and Microchip.
During the "Suicide Run" crossover, Outlaw hears about Punisher's death and heads to the United States of America to investigate. When Punisher was found to be alive in the small town of Laastekist, Outlaw got mixed in with every copycat, ally, and villain that were converging on the location.
As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel" brand, Outlaw has left the vigilante business upon regretting if he should let bad guys live or not. Upon moving to New Yorkshire, Outlaw assumed the alias of "Neil Hibbs." His normal life was short-lived when he is chosen by Collector to partake in the "Contest of Champions" against his will at the Battlerealm. As part of Collector's team, Outlaw survived every battle. When Collector's right-hand man Maestro of Earth-69413 betrays Collector and takes the Iso-Sphere, Outlaw witnesses this action as Maestro becomes the new ruler of a reassembled Battleworld. Outlaw and the other contestants were defeated by Maestro as the two-presumed dead contestants Stick and Sentry of Earth-1611 appeared to cut Maestro's victory short. Upon getting hold of the Iso-Sphere, Outlaw used its powers to have Maestro contained somewhere, the other contestants to return to whichever place they want, and for the Iso-Sphere to shatter. Upon returning to England with the Earth-616 contestants, Outlaw had also wished for those he had killed to be returned to life. Outlaw then returned to the superhero business where he helps those in need instead of punishing the guilty.
During the Secret Empire storyline, Outlaw appears as a member of the Champions of Europe. The group, alongside Squirrel Girl and Enigma, successfully drives off the violent Hydra forces that had tried to claim Paris, France.
Inez Temple
Inez Temple was born in Texas and as a child she was bullied by other children, who called her Crazy Inez. This nickname still enrages Inez. Due to her mutant strength, she was far stronger than her peers and beat them whenever they bullied her, but her father taught her to be responsible with her powers. She is a descendant of Lance Temple, who was also known as the Wild West gunman The Outlaw Kid.
When she grew up, she became a mercenary, covering her hair with a long, blonde wig and even had breast augmentation surgery. She encountered Deadpool several times and flirted with him, but the two never really got a chance to hit it off. Outlaw was called in as a shooting instructor for Alex Hayden aka Agent X. They were both hired shortly afterwards to steal the Punisher's Colt .45 handguns and despite being competitors, they started a romantic relationship. They failed to steal the Punisher's guns and were locked up in a phone booth minus their weapons and clothes by Castle. The Punisher then killed the people who had sent them. After that Outlaw started to work with Agent X. When Alex announced his plans to set up a special agency for mercenaries, known as Agency X, she had to disappoint him though; her father had taken ill and she went back to Texas to be with him.
She returned after her father died and discovered that in her absence Alex had had an affair with his secretary Sandi Brandenberg. Her rage vanished when she saw that Alex was being attacked by the Black Swan. Black Swan called Outlaw "Crazy Inez" and in a fit of rage, Outlaw punched straight through his torso. This wasn't enough to kill Black Swan though and together with Taskmaster and Sandi, they defeated the Black Swan. Outlaw and Alex continued their relationship (as did Sandi and Taskmaster). She aided Alex Hayden with his mercenary company, Agency X, but with the end of the Agent X series, she disappeared from the limelight.
After Decimation, she was one of the few mutants to retain her powers. Heeding Cyclops's call for sanctuary, Outlaw went to the X-Mansion for protection and ran into Peepers along the way who was on the run from the Sapien League and battling their leader, the Leper Queen. She becomes one of the 198, and was bunking with Magma and Skids. She struck a rather friendly relationship with Magma; listening when Magma complains about Empath always following her and never leaving her alone even in her dreams.
When a group of superheroes known as the New Warriors accidentally blow up a town causing the general public to turn on superheroes and eventually ignite a superhero civil war. Domino, Shatterstar and Caliban break out the 198 and take them to a bunker in the middle of the desert. They get sealed inside with nuclear weapons and are activated for self-detonation. Outside the X-Men get involved with a fight against Bishop and the O*N*E and Domino wants to help them. Lorelei Travis notices that Cyclops is being controlled by Johnny Dee and recounts the story of the first few days at the 198 encampment. Outlaw is then used by Johnny Dee along with other mutants to attack Domino and Shatterstar. After holding Domino at gunpoint, Toad snaps her out of it. They are all freed from the bunker by combined X-Men, Avengers and military forces. Outlaw takes a leadership role throughout the crisis.
Outlaw was later kidnapped, bound and gagged along with Sandi Brandenberg by T-Ray, one of Deadpool's nemeses. Deadpool swiftly rescued them, seemingly killing T-Ray by skewering his head with his sword. The two were reunited with a now-obese Agent X, after being experimented on by HYDRA, and ended up under Deadpool's employ after being tentatively appointed head of Agency X by Hayden. Outlaw and Sandi then joined Weasel to help bring Deadpool and Bob: Agent of HYDRA back to the present day, after Weasel accidentally transported the two to World War II. After they were restored, the two stayed with the Fantastic Four, allegedly to play cards.
After being critically wounded from a fight with the Punisher, Deadpool comes to Outlaw for assistance. She reveals that she and Agent X are no longer in a relationship. Deadpool later returns and remodels her house after it is destroyed during a fight with the Punisher. She then sleeps with Deadpool after seeing that he actually cares for her.
Recently Outlaw has been seen on the mutant island of Utopia. During Second Coming, after the dome is set and the Nimrods arrive, Cyclops gathers mutants, including Inez, and delivers a speech saying that it's everyone's time to fight, today they are all combatants, today they are all X-Men.
Powers and abilities
The Nigel Higgins version of Outlaw has exceptional skills with firearms.
The Inez Temple version of Outlaw has some degree of superhuman strength, the exact limits of which aren't known. However, she can punch through brick walls with ease. The tissues of her body are somewhat more resistant to physical injury than that of an ordinary human. However, she is far from invulnerable and can be injured by weapons composed of conventional materials or with sufficient force, much like an ordinary human. Nonetheless she can withstand high caliber bullets without them penetrating, though she isn't totally impervious to them. In at least one instance after being shot with .45 caliber bullet from a moderate distance, Inez sustained no more injury other than some bruises. If injured, Outlaw is capable of healing herself somewhat faster from minor injuries than an ordinary human. Apart from her mutant powers, Outlaw has exceptional skills with firearms and with a lasso.
Alternate versions
Deadpool Pulp
In re-imagining of Deadpool set during the McCarthy era, the Inez Temple version of Outlaw is a fugitive from the United States after she is accused of stealing atomic bomb equipment.
Deadpool MAX
In this version, Outlaw is an insane asylum patient with dissociative multiple personality disorder with whom Deadpool has a brief relationship. She first poses as a psychiatrist to lure Deadpool there in order to extract his organs for illegal donations at the behest of a hospital doctor, but develops feelings for him and helps him escape. Later on, she reappears as Domino, asking Deadpool to elope with her as she reveals to be pregnant with his baby; however, the pregnancy is soon revealed to be fake and, through the trust of a Deadpool in denial, she assumes an appearance similar to Black Widow under the name "Honey Moon", in which Deadpool has her committed to the asylum again. She is seen later still as a Mrs. Claus-styled dominatrix called "Santa Clawz", with delusions of wanting to destroy Christmas by giving guns to children and forcing other inmates to make the weapons; only all they can do is draw guns on papers, and Deadpool and Bob quickly talk her down again. Her "Outlaw" persona only appears in flashbacks told by Agent X, another inmate whom she trained and asked to go after Bob and Deadpool for the US$10 million bounty on their heads.
In other media
Video games
The Inez Temple version of Outlaw appears as a member of the S.H.I.E.L.D. team that confronts the Punisher in the final cutscene of the 2009 PlayStation Network game The Punisher: No Mercy.
Film
While not appearing in person, a life-sized cutout of the Inez Temple version of Outlaw is seen in Deadpool 2, during the scene where Deadpool and Weasel interview the future members of X-Force.
References
External links
Uncannyxmen.net character bio on Outlaw
a more detailed look at Outlaw
Characters created by Andy Lanning
Characters created by Dan Abnett
Characters created by Gail Simone
Comics characters introduced in 1992
Comics characters introduced in 2002
Fictional Black British people
Fictional British people
Fictional characters from Texas
Fictional gunfighters in comics
Fictional mercenaries in comics
Fictional outlaws
Fictional people from London
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics female superheroes
Marvel Comics male superheroes
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics superheroes
Western (genre) gunfighters
Western (genre) heroes and heroines
Western (genre) outlaws | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw%20%28comics%29 |
Brian Orend is the Director of International Studies and a professor of Philosophy at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario.
Orend's works focus on just war theory and human rights. He is best known for his discussions of jus post bellum (justice after war), which deals with the termination phase of war.
Works
War and International Justice: A Kantian Perspective (Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2000)
Michael Walzer on War and Justice (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001)
Human Rights: Concept and Context (Broadview Press, 2002)
The Morality of War (Broadview Press, June 2006)
"War", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Online: Fall 2008 Edition)
See also
List of University of Waterloo people
References
External links
Professor Brian Orend's webpage at University of Waterloo
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian political philosophers
Canadian philosophers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Orend |
Alan Levin may refer to:
Alan Levin (business), former CFO of Pfizer
Alan Levin (filmmaker), filmmaker
Alan Levin (internet governance), policy, research and development specialist involved in global Internet Governance
Alan Levin (radio) (known on-air as Brother Wease), American radio personality
See also
Al Levine, baseball player
Allan Levine, Canadian author | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Levin |
HMAS Bathurst (ACPB 85), named for the city of Bathurst, New South Wales, is an Armidale class patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).
Design and construction
The Armidale class patrol boats are long, with a beam of , a draught of , and a standard displacement of 270 tons. The semi-displacement vee hull is fabricated from aluminium alloy, and each vessel is built to a combination of Det Norske Veritas standards for high-speed light craft and RAN requirements. The Armidales can travel at a maximum speed of , and are driven by two propeller shafts, each connected to an MTU 16V M70 diesel. The ships have a range of at , allowing them to patrol the waters around the distant territories of Australia, and are designed for standard patrols of 21 days, with a maximum endurance of 42 days.
The main armament of the Armidale class is a Rafael Typhoon stabilised gun mount fitted with an M242 Bushmaster autocannon. Two machine guns are also carried. Boarding operations are performed by two , waterjet propelled rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RHIBs). Each RHIB is stored in a dedicated cradle and davit, and is capable of operating independently from the patrol boat as it carries its own communications, navigation, and safety equipment.
Each patrol boat has a standard ship's company of 21 personnel, with a maximum of 29. The Armidales do not have a permanently assigned ship's company; instead, they are assigned to divisions at a ratio of two vessels to three companies, which rotate through the vessels and allow the Armidales to spend more time at sea, without compromising sailors' rest time or training requirements. A 20-berth auxiliary accommodation compartment was included in the design for the transportation of soldiers, illegal fishermen, or unauthorised arrivals; in the latter two cases, the compartment could be secured from the outside. However, a malfunction in the sewerage treatment facilities aboard in August 2006 pumped hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide into the compartment, non-fatally poisoning four sailors working inside, after which use of the compartment for accommodation was banned across the class.
Bathurst was constructed by Austal at their shipyard in Henderson, Western Australia. She was commissioned into the RAN in Darwin on 10 February 2006.
Operational history
Bathurst is based in Darwin and performs border protection and fisheries protection patrols.
On 30 November 2012, an armed intruder boarded Bathurst while she was berthed at . The intruder subdued the sailor on duty, before stealing two rifles and twelve pistols from the ship's armoury and escaping. The weapons were recovered the following day, and by 21 December, two men had been arrested: a sailor charged with the actual robbery, and a civilian found in possession of the stolen guns.
Citations
References
Books
The chapter is available separately as Semaphore, Issue 4, 2006 in PDF and HTML formats.
Journal and news articles
External links
Royal Australian Navy webpage for HMAS Bathurst (II)
Naval ships of Australia
Armidale-class patrol boats
2006 ships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS%20Bathurst%20%28ACPB%2085%29 |
Bouteloua gracilis, the blue grama, is a long-lived, warm-season (C4) perennial grass, native to North America.
It is most commonly found from Alberta, Canada, east to Manitoba and south across the Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, and U.S. Midwest states, onto the northern Mexican Plateau in Mexico.
Blue grama accounts for most of the net primary productivity in the shortgrass prairie of the central and southern Great Plains. It is a green or greyish, low-growing, drought-tolerant grass with limited maintenance.
Description
Blue grama has green to greyish leaves less than wide and long. The overall height of the plant is at maturity.
The flowering stems (culms) are long. At the top are one to four, usually two, comb-like spikes, which extend out at a sharp angle from the flowering stem. Each spike has 20 to 90 spikelets. Each spikelet is long, and has one fertile floret and one or two reduced sterile ones. Below the florets are two glumes, one long and the other long. The fertile floret has a lemma (bract) long, with three short awns (bristles) at the tip, and the sterile floret has a lemma about long with three awns about long. If pollinated, the fertile floret produces an oblong-elliptic brown seed long. When the seed is mature, the whole spikelet detaches, except for the two glumes, which remain.
The roots generally grow outwards, and deep.
Blue grama is readily established from seed, but depends more on vegetative reproduction via tillers. Seed production is slow, and depends on soil moisture and temperature. Seeds dispersed by wind only reach a few meters (6 ft); farther distances are reached with insects, birds, and mammals as dispersal agents. Seedling establishment, survival, and growth are greatest when isolated from neighboring adult plants, which effectively exploit water in the seedling's root zone. Successful establishment requires a modest amount of soil moisture during the extension and development of adventitious roots.
Established plants are grazing-, cold-, and drought-tolerant, though prolonged drought leads to a reduction in root number and extent. They employ an opportunistic water-use strategy, rapidly using water when available, and becoming dormant during less-favorable conditions. In terms of successional status, blue grama is a late seral to climax species. Recovery following disturbance is slow and depends on the type and extent of the disturbance.
Distribution
Blue grama has the widest distribution of all grama grasses. It will grow on most soil types, and readily adapts to local conditions. It can be found as far north as Alberta, and as far south as Mexico. It is present in most of the Midwestern United States, extending east to Missouri and Texas, and as far west as Southern California. It has been introduced to some eastern states, as well as South America.
Horticulture and agriculture
Blue grama is valued as forage, and is the most valuable grama. It is an ideal range grass in the southwest. It will survive heavy grazing and extreme drought, and is quite palatable to livestock. Grazing of blue grama rangelands might also prevent invasion of undesirable weedy plants.
Blue grama is grown by the horticulture industry, and used in perennial gardens, naturalistic and native plant landscaping, habitat restoration projects, and residential, civic, and highway erosion control. Blue grama flowers are also used in dried flower arrangements. Blue grama is the state grass of Colorado and New Mexico. It is listed as an endangered species in Illinois.
Blue grama has a large genome relative to other grama grasses. It can be diploid or tetraploid.
Among the Zuni people, the grass bunches are tied together and the severed end is used as a hairbrush, the other as a broom. Bunches are also used to strain goat's milk. The Costanoan, or Ohlone, use(d) the hollow stems as drinking straws. The Navajo use(d) it as sheep and horse feed.
Ecology
Blue grama is the dominant species of the US shortgrass steppe ecoregion. Populations of blue grama across the great plains are genetically differentiated (even at small spatial scales) and show functional trait variance connected to climate. Blue grama from more arid grasslands are also characterized by greater phenotypic plasticity.
It is a larval host to the Garita skipperling, green skipper, Pahaska skipper, Rhesus skipper, Simius roadside skipper, and the Uncas skipper.
References
External links
gracilis
Grasses of North America
Warm-season grasses of North America
Native grasses of the Great Plains region
Grasses of Canada
Grasses of Mexico
Grasses of the United States
Native grasses of California
Native grasses of Nebraska
Native grasses of Oklahoma
Native grasses of Texas
Flora of Mexico
Flora of the Western United States
Flora of the United States
Flora of the South-Central United States
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Canadian Prairies
Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert
Flora of the Great Basin
Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Flora of the Mexican Plateau
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Plants described in 1816
Symbols of Colorado
Symbols of New Mexico
Garden plants of North America
Drought-tolerant plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouteloua%20gracilis |
USS Burton Island (AG-88) was a United States Navy Wind-class icebreaker that was later recommissioned in the United States Coast Guard as the USCGC Burton Island (WAGB-283). She was named after an island near the coast of Delaware.
Construction
Burton Island was one of the icebreakers designed by Lt Cdr Edward Thiele and Gibbs & Cox of New York, who modeled them after plans for European icebreakers he obtained before the start of World War II. She was the sixth of seven completed ships of the Wind-class of icebreakers operated by the United States Coast Guard. Her keel was laid on 15 March 1946 at Western Pipe and Steel Company shipyards in San Pedro, California, she was launched on 30 April 1946, and commissioned on 28 December 1946 with Commander Gerald L. Ketchum in command.
Wind-class icebreakers had hulls of unprecedented strength and structural integrity, with a relatively short length in proportion to the great power developed, a cut away forefoot, rounded bottom, and fore, aft and side heeling tanks. Diesel electric machinery was chosen for its controllability and resistance to damage.
Burton Island was built during peacetime, so she had a much lighter armament than her war-built sisters, one 38 cal. deck gun and three quad-mounted Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft autocannons when in Navy service, and unarmed for the Coast Guard.
Ship's history
U.S. Navy, 1947–1966
On 17 January 1947, Burton Island, loaded with supplies, steamed from San Diego to the Ross Sea, Antarctica where she met with units of TF 68 on the first Antarctica Development project, Operation Highjump. After returning from Antarctica, Burton Island departed 25 July 1947 for the Point Barrow expedition to Alaska.
From April 1948 to December 1956, Burton Island participated in 19 Arctic and Alaskan cruises, including Operation Windmill. During Operation Windmill in the Antarctic, Burton Island was the flagship of Gerald L. Ketchum, commander of Task Force 39. Duties on the cruises varied including, supply activities, helicopter reconnaissance of ice flows, scientific surveys, underwater demolition surveys, and convoy exercises.
In March 1949, Burton Island was redesignated AGB-1.
In February 1958, Burton Island assisted Sōya, which had become iced in near Antarctica carrying a replacement crew of Japanese geophysical researchers. A helicopter carried out the original crew, stranded at the Japanese base at Showa Station, but was forced to leave 15 dogs behind, including Taro and Jiro, who survived an Antarctic winter without human accompaniment.
One prominent excursion was with the submarines USS Seadragon (SSN-584) and USS Skate (SSN-578) in 1962, in which torpedoes were tested underneath the polar ice pack after the two submarines had rendezvoused at the North Pole.
US Coast Guard, 1966–1978
On 15 December 1966, the U.S. Navy transferred the vessel, along with all of its icebreakers, to the United States Coast Guard and it was renumbered WAGB-283. After its transfer, Burton Island was stationed at Long Beach, California and used for icebreaking operations. Starting in 1967 through 1978, Burton Island went on eight different Deep Freeze operations to the Antarctic. In the operations, Burton Island was responsible for creating and maintaining aids to navigation, clearing channels through the ice for supply vessels, laying cables, delivering and dispatching the U.S. Mail at remote stations and vessels, search and rescue, fisheries patrol, law enforcement, and giving dental and medical treatment at remote Native Alaskan communities. In addition to Deep Freeze operations, Burton Island served as a floating platform for scientific surveys and research around Alaska and other isolated polar areas. Burton Island also conducted numerous search and rescue missions.
From October 1967 to April 1968 she participated in Operation Deep Freeze 1968. From October 1968 to April 1969 she participated in Operation Deep Freeze 1969. From November 1969 to April 1970 she participated in Operation Deep Freeze 1970 and her accompanying icebreaker USCGC Edisto (WAGB-284) was disabled. From November 1970 to April 1971 she participated in Operation Deep Freeze 1971 and again her accompanying icebreaker USCGC Staten Island (WAGB-278) was disabled. From August to September 1971 she conducted an oceanographic survey along the Alaska North Slope. From February to March 1972 she conducted a scientific survey in Cook Inlet, Alaska. From November 1972 to April 1973 she participated in Operation Deep Freeze 1973. From June to July 1973 she conducted oceanographic research in Alaskan waters. From November 1974 to April 1975 she participated in Operation Deep Freeze 1975. From 13 November 1975 to 26 February 1976 she participated in Operation Deep Freeze 1976. From July to September 1976 she deployed to the Arctic. From 9 November 1976 to 7 April 1977 she participated in Operation Deep Freeze 1977. During that deployment in December 1976, she carried out numerous search-and-rescue missions at Wellington, New Zealand, following a torrential downpour. From 9 July 1977 to 8 September 1977 she undertook a cruise to the Arctic Ocean, during which time her crew constructed several radar navigation towers along the north coast of Alaska and conducted gravity surveys of the Arctic Ocean. From 20 November 1977 to 1 April 1978 she participated in Operation Deep Freeze 1978. From mid-1977 to 9 May 1978 she was stationed at Naval Supply Center Oakland in Oakland, California and used for icebreaking.
Decommissioning and sale
She was decommissioned on 9 May 1978. An excerpt from a Maritime Administration letter dated 21 November 1995 indicates her ultimate fate:
The Maritime Administration sold the vessel by auction under PD-X-1033 dtd. 17 August 1980. The vessel was awarded to Levin Metals Corporation, San Jose, California on 7 October 1980, under contract No. MA-9868 for $261,000.00 The "Burton Island" was scrapped as of 28 April 1982.
Notes
References
USCGC Burton Island
External links
United States Coast Guard, Historian's Office. United States Coast Guard. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. . Retrieved 20 DEC 2021.
Wind-class icebreakers
Ships built in Los Angeles
1946 ships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC%20Burton%20Island |
St. Joseph Bay is a bay on the Gulf Coast of the U.S. state of Florida. The bay is located in Gulf County between Apalachicola and Panama City. Port St. Joe is located on St. Joseph Bay.
St. Joseph Bay is bounded on the east by the mainland, on the south by Cape San Blas, and on the west by the St. Joseph Peninsula. The north end of the bay is a relatively narrow opening to the Gulf of Mexico. The bay is approximately long north to south and wide at its widest point.
The waters of St. Joseph Bay contain the St. Joseph Bay State Buffer Preserve and the St. Joseph Bay Aquatic Preserve. The St. Joseph Peninsula forms the St. Joseph Peninsula State Park.
History
The Spanish established Presidio Bahía San José de Valladares on St. Joseph Bay in 1701. The French established Fort Crevecoeur on the shores of St. Joseph Bay opposite St. Joseph Point, the northern end of the St. Joseph Peninsula, in 1717, and captured the Presidio Bahía San José de Valladares the next year. Under pressure from Spain, the French then abandoned Fort Crevecoeur. The Spanish established the Presidio Bahía San José de Nueva Asturias on St. Joseph Point in 1719, but abandoned it in 1722.
The boom town of St. Joseph was founded on the shores of St. Joseph Bay in 1835. The town briefly prospered, but a yellow fever epidemic in 1841 drove most of the residents away and the town was soon abandoned. The St. Joseph Bay Light was established on St. Joseph Point in 1838, to serve the new town's port. The light was discontinued in 1847, after the town had been abandoned, and the unused tower was destroyed in a storm in 1851. A new lighthouse, the St. Joseph Light Range Station, was constructed in 1902 on the mainland across from St. Joseph Point, at Beacon Hill.
A new town, Port St. Joe, was founded a couple of miles north of the site of the old town of St. Joseph around 1910, when the Apalachicola Northern Railroad built a branch line to the Bay.
Wildlife
St. Joseph Bay is known in the area for its abundant scallop habitats. Open-harvest season for bay scallops along Florida's Gulf coast typically runs from July 1 through September 24.
References
Scalloping
Bodies of water of Gulf County, Florida
Bays of Florida on the Gulf of Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Joseph%20Bay |
Cantueso is a liquor made in the Spanish province of Alicante.
It is obtained from the distillation of the flowers and peduncle (botany) of the thyme plant Thymus moroderi and grain alcohol. Cantueso typically contains between 25% and 35% alcohol, with 100 grams of sugar per liter, giving it its characteristic, very sweet flavor, and a color that runs from transparent to brownish-gray. Given its sweet flavor, it is usually taken after meals, as a stomach tonic.
Cantueso must rest for at least two months, then is aged in wood casks during a period of at least two years. Its production is regulated by the denominación de origen "Distilled spirits of Alicante," along with anise paloma, herbero, and the café licor of Alcoy.
External links
Page of the denominación de origen of the liquors of Alicante
Spanish liqueurs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantueso |
William Charles Winshaw (1871-1968), was an American physician who created Stellenbosch Farmer's Winery (SFW) in South Africa in 1935. He was born in Kentucky, USA on 21 November 1871 and died in South Africa on 11 March 1968. He also co-owned the Oude Libertas vineyard there and produced Lieberstein, a dry white wine. He was married to Ada Charlotte (Day) and Susan Valerie
SFW merged with Distillers Corporation on December 4, 2000 to form Distell Group Limited.
See also
South African wine
List of wine personalities
References
External links
History of South African Wine
Wine merchants
1871 births
1968 deaths
American emigrants to South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Charles%20Winshaw |
Bouteloua is a genus of plants in the grass family. Members of the genus are commonly known as grama grass.
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus was named for Claudio and Esteban Boutelou, 19th-century Spanish botanists. David Griffiths produced a 1912 monograph on the genus.
Description
Bouteloua includes both annual and perennial grasses, which frequently form stolons. Species have an inflorescence of 1 to 80 racemes or spikes positioned alternately on the culm (stem). The rachis (stem) of the spike is flattened. The spikelets are positioned along one side of the spike. Each spikelet contains one fertile floret, and usually one sterile floret.
Distribution
Bouteloua is found only the Americas, with most diversity centered in the southwestern United States.
It also occurs in the Ciénaga de Zapata Biosphere Reserve of Cuba.
Uses
Many species are important livestock forage, especially blue grama.
Species
Species of Bouteloua include:
Bouteloua alamosana Vasey – Mesoamerica
Bouteloua americana (L.) Scribn. – American grama – southern Mexico, Central America, West Indies, northern South America
Bouteloua annua Swallen – Baja California Sur, Sonora
Bouteloua aristidoides (Kunth) Griseb. – needle grama – United States (California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico, South America, Aruba
Bouteloua barbata Lag. – six-weeks grama – United States, Mexico
Bouteloua bracteata (McVaugh) Columbus – Michoacán
Bouteloua breviseta Vasey – United States, Mexico
Bouteloua chondrosioides (Kunth) Benth. ex S.Watson – sprucetop grama – United States (AZ TX); Mesoamerica
Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. – sideoats grama – widespread in USA, Canada, Mexico
Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) Columbus – buffalograss – USA, Canada, Mexico
Bouteloua dimorpha Columbus – Great Plains in USA, Canada, Mexico, Honduras, Cuba, Trinidad
Bouteloua distans Swallen – Mexico
Bouteloua disticha (Kunth) Benth. – from southern Mexico to Ecuador; also Cuba, Galápagos
Bouteloua eludens Griffiths – USA (Arizona, New Mexico), Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora)
Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr. – United States, Mexico
Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths – blue grama – Great Plains in USA, Canada, Mexico
Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. – USA (Great Plains, Southwest), Mexico, Guatemala
Bouteloua johnstonii Swallen – Coahuila
Bouteloua juncea (Desv. ex Beauv.) A.S.Hitchc. – lamilla – Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico
Bouteloua media (E.Fourn.) Gould & Kapadia – from central Mexico to Uruguay
Bouteloua megapotamica (Spreng.) Kuntze – Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia
Bouteloua mexicana (Scribn.) Columbus – Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras
Bouteloua multifida (Griffiths) Columbus – from Sonora to Oaxaca
Bouteloua nervata Swallen – Hidalgo, México State
Bouteloua parryi (E. Fourn.) Griffiths – Parry's Grama, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Northern Mexico
Bouteloua pectinata (Bouteloua hirsuta var. pectinata) – tall grama, eyebrow grass – Texas
Bouteloua pedicellata Swallen – Puebla, Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Tlaxcala, Nuevo León, Veracruz
Bouteloua polymorpha (E.Fourn.) Columbus – from Durango to Oaxaca
Bouteloua purpurea Gould & Kapadia – Guanajuato, D.F., San Luis Potosí, México State, Hidalgo, Querétaro
Bouteloua radicosa (E. Fourn.) Griffiths – purple grama – USA (Arizona, New Mexico), Mexico (Chihuahua, Michoacán, Coahuila, Morelos, Puebla, Durango, Zacatecas, Distrito Federal de México, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas)
Bouteloua reederorum Columbus – Durango, Puebla, Zacatecas, Oaxaca
Bouteloua reflexa Swallen – Sonora, Sinaloa, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Nayarit
Bouteloua repens (Kunth) Scribn. & Merr. – slender grama – Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Mesoamerica, Colombia, Venezuela, West Indies
Bouteloua rigidiseta (Steud.) Hitchc. – Texas grama – New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mexico (Aguascalientes, Durango)
Bouteloua simplex Lag. Much of southwestern and central United States, Central America, western South America
Bouteloua scabra (Kunth) Columbus – from Hidalgo to Honduras
Bouteloua stolonifera Scribn. – San Luis Potosí, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas
Bouteloua swallenii Columbus – from El Salvador to Venezuela
Bouteloua triaena (Trin. ex Spreng.) Scribn. – from Sinaloa to Guatemala
Bouteloua trifida Thunb. – Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Mexico
Bouteloua uniflora Vasey – Nealley grama, oneflower grama – Utah, Texas, Coahuila, Zacatecas, Nuevo León, Querétaro, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas
Bouteloua vaneedenii Pilg. – Cuba, Leeward Islands, Venezuela
Bouteloua warnockii Gould & Kapadia – Warnock's grama – New Mexico, Texas, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas
Bouteloua williamsii Swallen – Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras
Formerly included
Some grass species, formerly classified under Bouteloua, have been reclassified under other genera including:Cathestecum ChondrosumNeobouteloua''
See also
List of Poaceae genera
References
External links
Interactive Key to Bouteloua of North America
Bunchgrasses of North America
Bunchgrasses of South America
Grasses of North America
Grasses of South America
Poaceae genera
Taxa named by Palisot de Beauvois
Taxa named by Mariano Lagasca | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouteloua |
Camden Park is the name of several different locations:
Australia
Camden Park, New South Wales, Australia, an outer suburb of Sydney, near Camden
Camden Park Estate, New South Wales, Australia, a property owned by John Macarthur, near Camden
Camden Park, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide
United Kingdom
Camden Park, London, England
United States
Camden Park (amusement park) an amusement park near Huntington, West Virginia
Camden State Park, Minnesota
Oriole Park at Camden Yards, a baseball stadium located in Baltimore, Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden%20Park |
"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend" is a song by the American punk rock band Ramones. Written by drummer Tommy Ramone, it was released on the first Ramones album. It was also released as the Ramones' second single, following "Blitzkrieg Bop."
Background
"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend" is the fourth track on the Ramones' debut album, Ramones. It was released as a single in September 1976. The song was written around 1975, as two demos of the tune were made prior to the debut and single releases.
References
1976 songs
2002 singles
Ramones songs
Songs written by Tommy Ramone
Song recordings produced by Craig Leon
1976 singles
American pop punk songs
Sire Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Wanna%20Be%20Your%20Boyfriend |
The title Baron Roberts has been held by three people:
Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts (1832–1914), British general, created Baron Roberts of Kandahar in 1892
Wyn Roberts, Baron Roberts of Conwy (b. 1930), Welsh Conservative politician
Roger Roberts, Baron Roberts of Llandudno (b. 1935), Welsh Liberal Democrat politician | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Roberts |
Krugle is a search engine that allows computer programmers and other developers to search Open Source repositories to locate open source code, and quickly share the code with other programmers on the internet. It finished its beta phase and went live on June 14, 2006.
The engine searches Apache, JavaDocs, SourceForge, and Wikipedia, amongst other sources. Repositories can be browsed, as well as project overviews being available.
Plugins to assist user searches are available for Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer, as well as user tools such as bookmarking and tagging.
On February 17, 2009, it was announced that Aragon Consulting Group would acquire the Krugle assets and technologies although the Krugle website would remain as a free resource.
See also
Koders
Ohloh
Notes
External links
Wired Article about Krugle (February 2006)
Code search engines
Internet search engines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krugle |
A kiondo is a handwoven bag made from indigenous vegetable twine with leather trimmings. It is indigenous to the Taita, Kikuyu and Kamba tribes of Kenya.
The Swahili word for a kiondoo is 'chondo,' plural 'vyondo'.
References
External links
Source of Dfinition
African clothing
Bags (fashion)
Kenyan culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiondo |
Mirabello may refer to:
Places
Greece
Mirabello Bay, a bay in Lasithi, Crete
Mirabello Province, a former province in Lasithi, Crete
Italy
Mirabello Castle
Mirabello, Emilia–Romagna, a frazione of the comune of Terre del Reno, in the Province of Ferrara
Mirabello Monferrato, a comune in the Province of Alessandria, Piedmont
Mirabello Sannitico, a comune in the Province of Campobasso, Molise
Mirabello, a frazione of the comune di Pavia: see Battle of Pavia and Mirabello Castle
People
Mirabello Cavalori (1520–1572) Italian painter
Lisa Mirabello, American medical geneticist
Simon de Mirabello (approx. 1280-1346), Flemish banker, and intermediary regent of Flanders (1340-1345)
See also
Mirabel
Mirabella
Mirabelle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabello |
WUTH-CD, virtual channel 47 (UHF digital channel 22), is a low-power, Class A UniMás-affiliated television station licensed to Hartford, Connecticut, United States, and serving the Hartford–New Haven television market. Owned by Santa Monica, California–based Entravision Communications, it is a sister station to Univision affiliate WUVN (channel 18). The two stations share studios at Constitution Plaza in downtown Hartford and transmitter facilities on Birch Mountain Road in Glastonbury, Connecticut.
History
What would become WUTH-CD was originally a translator for New York City's WXTV, as Hartford originally did not have a separate Univision affiliate. It moved from channel 61 (where it had been W61AH) to channel 47 in 1984 due to the launch of WTIC-TV, and briefly changed its call letters to WXTV-LP in 1995 (before reverting to its translator call of W47AD). Late in 2001, when Entravision bought WHCT to serve as a full-power Univision affiliate, W47AD's call letters were changed to WUTH-CA. The station became a charter affiliate of Telefutura (the predecessor of UniMás) in 2002, and Entravision took over ownership of WUTH later that year.
External links
UniMás network affiliates
UTH-CD
UTH-CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUTH-CD |
Overton High School may refer to:
Overton High School (Nebraska) in Overton, Nebraska
Overton High School (Tennessee) in Memphis, Tennessee
Overton High School (Texas) in Overton, Texas
John Overton High School in Nashville, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overton%20High%20School |
The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry is the combined medical school and dental school of the University of Western Ontario, one of 17 medical schools in Canada and one of six in Ontario. The dental school is one of 2 in Ontario and one of 10 in Canada.
History
The medical school at the University of Western Ontario was founded under the guidance of Bishop Isaac Hellmuth in 1881. At the time, the university was already at capacity with other departments, so most lectures were to be taken place in a small, five-room cottage. The first lecture was given on October 1, 1882. In 1888, a separate faculty building was opened on the corner of York and Waterloo in London, Ontario. The dental school was founded in 1964 and the first classes started in 1966. The two schools merged in 1997. The school is the seventh oldest in Canada, and the third in Ontario after Toronto's and Queen's medical schools. Schulich Medical School is based in London, with an undergraduate medical campus in Windsor. It consistently ranks as one of the top medical schools in Canada.
The school emphasizes a patient-centered approach to medicine, introducing new students to clinical methods in the first few weeks just like every other Canadian medical school. Schulich has consistently done well in residency matches, with the fourth highest match rate in Canada in 2012 (95.9%). The school has produced a number of notable alumni, including the discoverer of Barr bodies Murray Barr, "the Father of Family Medicine" Ian McWhinney, and the former Director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO) Margaret Chan.
Like other Canadian medical schools, admission to Schulich School of Medicine is highly competitive. The school receives more than ten times as many applications as there are places available. For the 2012/2013 cycle, Schulich received 14 applications for each available place with an acceptance rate of less than 7%.
The school is named after Seymour Schulich who donated $26 million in 2004 to the university. This was the largest donation ever received by the university, at the time.
MD Admissions
The Doctor of Medicine (MD) program at the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry receives approximately 2000 applications each year, of which 450 applicants are invited to interview for 171 spots (133 London campus and 38 Windsor campus). Schulich Medicine is unique in that it does not require prerequisite courses, thus encouraging students from a variety of disciplines to apply. Furthermore, no preference or advantage is given to specific programs. Schulich Medicine does not accept international students for the undergraduate program, but does accept students from provinces outside of Ontario.
Minimum requirements
Applicants are invited to interview based on minimum grade point average (GPA) and Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) requirements. For the 2021 application cycle, these minimums were a 3.70 GPA. MCAT of 380 total. Minimum score of in each of the following sections of: BBFLS 126, CPBS 127, CARS 127 on the MCAT. These cutoffs vary year to year based on the applicant pool. Students whose scores below any of the cut-offs are not considered and will automatically not receive an invitation to an interview. Students from Southwestern Ontario are required to have the same academic credentials, but are allowed to have slightly lower MCAT scores for individual sections (no lower than 8/section, but 32 overall still required). It is unknown if these students receive an advantage post-interview, as Schulich Medicine does not disclose their admission calculations. Furthermore, credentials for the matriculating class are not released to the public, but have been historically higher than the minimum requirements.
DDS Admissions
Admission to the Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) program at the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry is highly competitive, with the school receiving approximately 485 applications each year, of which 199 are invited to interview and 56 are offered admission.
Admissions Statistics
As of 2023, the incoming DDS class of 2026 consists of 55% female and 43% male students. 11% identify as LGBTQ and 53% are first-generation Canadians. The mean GPA on admission is 3.9 and the mean DAT reading comprehension and perceptual ability scores are 21. 28% of the incoming class completed a graduate degree prior to gaining admission to the DDS program.
Degrees offered
Medicine (MD)
The school's medical program consists of four years of studies; two of which are pre-clerkship, one is a rotating clerkship and the final year is an integration and consolidation year devoted to electives in preparation for the chosen speciality of the student.
Dentistry (DDS)
The school's dentistry program is a four-year program offering a Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) degree. The school also offers Canada's first accredited Qualifying Program for Internationally Trained Dentists (ITD), as well as a post-graduate programs in Clinical Orthodontics.
Medical science (BMSc)
The medical science undergraduate program is a joint program offered by the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry and the University of Western Ontario.
Full list of degree programs offered
Doctor of Medicine (MD)
Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS)
48 postgraduate medicine (residency) training programs
Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMSc)
MSc & PhD programs in basic and clinical sciences
Combined MD/PhD
Combined MD/DDS (Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Residency)
Graduate Orthodontics
Qualifying Program (for foreign-trained dental graduates)
Research
Undergraduate medical and dental students have the opportunity to conduct basic or clinical research under the supervision of a Schulich faculty member in the London or Windsor area. There are two main programs: Summer Research Training Program (SRTP) and Schulich Research Opportunities Program (SROP).
Summer Research Training Program
The goal of the SRTP program is to introduce medical students to basic or clinical research and stimulate their interest in academic medicine. Students pursue a medical research project during the summer months for two years prior to clerkship. Dental students have similar opportunities. A two-year commitment is mandatory for medical students to fully develop the project; as such, only first year student may apply to the program. However, for dental students such two year commitment is not obliged. Approximately 10-15 students are selected to enter these programs, depending on the feasibility of the project and the availability of funds. The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry provides funding for the student equal to the current Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Summer Studentship rate.
Medical students are required to attend weekly seminars during five of the ten summer months, where they listen to and critique other projects. An interim report is required at the end of the first summer, and students are required to present their final results at the SRTP Student Symposium at the end of the second summer. Students are also eligible for awards at the completion of the program. Historically, students have been successful in producing publications and conference abstracts.
Proposed projects are made available online each January. Students are invited to review the projects, contact faculty, and apply to the program. Applications are due in February, with funding decisions finalized in March.
COVID-19 pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, faculty and students of the school have engaged in research to advance candidate vaccines and other topics related to the virus. Funding for this research came from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, International Development Research Centre and Genome Canada.
Communications - Researcher Anita Kothari and Nursing professor Lorie Donelle received a $129,600 grant in March 2020 to develop a social media toolkit to assist public health officials in communication information to the public during a viral outbreak, as well as to study social media's role in the spread of misinformation.
Vaccines and therapeutics - Health Studies professor and Health Ethics, Law, & Policy (HELP) Lab co-director Maxwell Smith received a $283,656 grant in March 2020 to support expedited research and development of COVID-19 vaccines and treatments for the disease. Later that month an additional $998,840 was awarded to a team led by Schulich researchers Eric Arts, Stephen Barr, Chil-Yong Kang, and Ryan Troyer to "establish and test" a vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2, and to develop a "vaccine bank" to store vaccines for deployment against future coronavirus outbreaks.
Affiliated teaching hospitals
Notable faculty and alumni
Since their founding, the medical and dental schools have produced a number of famous physicians and inventors, including:
Frederick Banting: Surgeon; primary discoverer of insulin; lecturer in orthopedics and anthropology (1920-1921)
Margaret Chan: Former Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO)
Jane Philpott: Current Minister of Health and Member of Parliament for Markham-Stouffville
Henry J.M. Barnett: Neurologist; expert in the medical management of stroke; along with Charles Drake, co-founder of the Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences at University Hospital (London)
Charles G. Drake: Neurosurgeon; established the University of Western Ontario as a neurosurgical centre of excellence; pioneered treatment of vertebral basilar aneurysms
Gary G. Ferguson: Neurosurgeon; internationally recognized as a leader on research in stroke prevention surgery
Ian McWhinney: Family physician; known as the "Father of Family Medicine"; established the Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, often regarded as the premier research centre in Family Medicine in Canada
David Jaffray: a pioneer in medical imaging and professor at the University of Toronto
Henri Breault: Chief of Pediatrics and Director of the Poison Control Centre at Hotel Dieu Hospital; he was instrumental in the creation of the first child-proof container
Robert Noble: involved in the discovery of vinblastine
Murray Barr: discovered an important cell structure named after him: Barr body, an inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell, rendered inactive by lyonization
Gopal Bhatnagar: Head of Cardiovascular Surgery unit at the Trillium Health Centre; he led the team that performed the first cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in Canada in 2004 using the new Sorin mini-bypass technology
Jock McKeen: co-founder of the Haven Institute (Gabriola Island, Canada) with Bennet Wong
John David Spence: Medical researcher and professor at the University of Western Ontario
Paul Polak: co-founder and CEO of Windhorse International
A. Albert Yuzpe: obstetrician-gynecologist; known for his work on human fertility and emergency contraception. The Yuzpe regimen, is named after him
Barry A. Love: cardiologist; director of the Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory and director of the Pediatric Electrophysiology Service at the Mount Sinai Medical Center and assistant professor of both pediatrics and cardiology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Jonathan Larmonth Meakins:surgeon, expert in immunobiology and surgical infections; the fourth person and first Canadian appointed Nuffield Professor of Surgery Professor at University of Oxford. He is a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford and leads the Nuffield Department Surgery
William James Roche: Canadian politician and Conservative Member of Parliament
Donald Rix: pathologist and philanthropist
Thomas Chisholm: lecturer
Melanie Kok: Olympic Canadian rower
James Collip: dean of medicine at the University of Western Ontario, and part of the Toronto group which isolated insulin
Lawrence Sealewyn Holmes: dermatologist and radiologist; noted philatelist
John G. Kelton: dean of medicine at McMaster University Medical School and the McMaster Faculty of Health Sciences, developed a diagnostic test for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Danielle Martin: Canadian physician, health care administrator, author and an associate professor at the University of Toronto.
See also
Books
Murray Llewellyn Barr 'A century of medicine at Western: a centennial history of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Ontario' (London: University of Western Ontario, 1977)
John R. W. Gwynne-Timothy 'Western's first century' (London: University of Western Ontario, 1978)
Ruth Davis Talman 'The beginnings and development of the University of Western Ontario, 1878-1924.' (MA Thesis, University of Western Ontario, 1925)
References
Medical schools in Canada
University of Western Ontario
Dental schools in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulich%20School%20of%20Medicine%20%26%20Dentistry |
Kappa Mikey is an American animated comedy television series created by Larry Schwarz. Animated by Schwarz's production company, Animation Collective, The series ran from February 25, 2006 to September 20, 2008. 52 22-minute episodes were produced across two seasons.
The series was announced in 2002, when it was announced that Noggin's teen block The N would be co-developing and airing the series. Animation World Network reported that Noggin/The N had signed on as a co-producer. However, the show was moved to Nicktoons Network, a sister channel to Noggin. With the move, it became the first half-hour series to premiere exclusively on Nicktoons.
Plot
Intended as a parody of Japanese anime, the series follows a young American actor named Mikey Simon whose appearance is "rendered in a thick-line, pop-graphic, American cartoon style," and travels to Japan to star in a tokusatsu show called LilyMu, where his anime-influenced co-stars represent common anime clichés.
Each episode follows a specific formula. A typical episode starts with the cast filming a LilyMu segment, but the take is ruined, sometimes revealing the conflict that the characters deal with through the rest of the episode, with a minor subplot running beneath the main plot. After the problem is resolved, the LilyMu segment will be shot again and successfully completed the second time, often rewritten to incorporate whatever lesson was learned during the main story.
Deep into season 2, Kappa Mikey has stopped showing a LilyMu sequence at the end of an episode whenever it would make the episode too long, when the characters are in their LilyMu uniforms enough as it is, or when they successfully film a sequence without any mistakes before the ending.
The show's title is a play on the word kappamaki, a type of sushi. It is suggested that the show was the inspiration for naming the title character "Mikey" and used the prefix "kappa". Like Mikey, who is a "fish out of water" in Japan, the kappa itself is a water demon creature who can live on land. The kappas first appeared on this show in the episode "Mikey, Kappa" on August 5, 2007, where the origin of the title was explained.
Characters
Mikey Simon (voiced by Michael Sinterniklaas)
Gonard (voiced by Sean Schemmel)
Guano (voiced by Gary Mack)
Lily (voiced by Kether Donohue)
Mitsuki (voiced by Carrie Keranen)
Ozu (voiced by Stephen Moverly)
Yes Man (voiced by Jesse Adams)
Production
Larry Schwarz conceived the series in 2000, when he was working at Rumpus Toys, a toy design company in New York City. In September 2001, Rumpus and Sunbow Entertainment partnered to work on the series. In May 2002, the project was picked up by Noggin (a channel owned by MTV Networks) for its teen-oriented programming block, The N. Noggin/The N signed a co-development deal for the series, while Animation Collective retained the series' copyright and distribution rights. By the time animation was completed, The N had shifted more to live-action shows for young adults, so Kappa Mikey was moved to another MTV Networks-owned channel: Nicktoons Network. The series was tweaked in order to fit Nicktoons Network's younger audience. Voice talents were usually local, and its audio was recorded at Manhattan-based NYAV Post, which Michael Sinterniklaas owns. Larry Schwarz, along with the other executive producers, oversaw all phases of production, but only had writing credits on the pilot episode, "Mikey Impossible" and "A Christmas Mikey". All the episodes were directed by Sergei Aniskov. The instrumental score was composed by John Angier, who also wrote the lyrics to "The Recycling Song", "Ori and Yori's Hits", "Living With Mikey", "How Did We Get Here?" and the songs from "The Karaoke Episode".
Unlike other cartoons produced at the turn of the 21st century, the property was owned by the studio instead of an agency, the animation was not outsourced and the episodes were written by full-time staff. After producing Internet-based projects and television spots, the series became Animation Collective's first television series. The series was produced in New York City; pre-production began in 2002 and animation started in the summer of 2005. Production for the two seasons wrapped in September 2007.
The series was animated in Adobe Flash, with some moments of CGI rendered in Maya. To further emphasize the contrast in animation styles, one group of animators was assigned to the anime characters, and another group was in charge of Mikey and the other American characters. The vehicles on LilyMu and around Tokyo, as well as the weapons, the Gonard balloon, Pirate King's ship, the Karaoke Genie Machine, etc., were created in Maya and exported into Flash using the Toon Filter. The backgrounds were modeled in Maya, and texture, details, and clouds were added in Photoshop. Some of the backgrounds were inspired by actual locations in Tokyo. The show's anime-style characters perform with large comedic overuses of face faults, such as a face and/or body turning into an exaggerated general appearance, or becoming much smaller. This allowed animators to have more control over how a character looks and acts than on many other Flash shows, and they did not always have to be on-model. The show uses clichés common to anime, including the sweat drop, lines over the eyes or no eyes at all, big heads, flaming eyes, and bodies becoming smaller. Sometimes Mikey will try to do these things, which was one of the show's running gags, but cannot due to being drawn in an American style.
Episodes
Note: All episodes of the series were directed by Sergei Aniskov.
Series overview
Season 1 (2006–2007)
Season 2 (2007–2008)
Dancing Sushi
Dancing Sushi is a spin-off series based on the brief bumpers within the series. The series features four sushi characters – Salmon, Larry, Roro, and Meep – who all want to become the world's biggest pop stars. Unlike the main series, Dancing Sushi lacks any dialogue. The sushis were "voiced" by individuals involved in the original Kappa Mikey series including John Angier, the composer of the series, and director John Holt.
Dancing Sushi was produced from October 2007 to December 2007. It was intended as a way to continue offering fans of Kappa Mikey more of the same kinds of characters in the same universe, and also to keep animators working on the transition between the studio's two major shows; Speed Racer: The Next Generation was in production soon afterward. At one point, there was consideration to reprise some of the Kappa Mikey characters into this series as well.
Home media
A Kappa Mikey DVD was released on September 18, 2007 under the Starz Home Entertainment brand, and includes the episodes "Lost in Transportation," "Easy Come, Easy Gonard," and "The Man Who Would Be Mikey," all from the first season, as well as bonus material, including a fictional music video of "I'm Alright" taken from the episode "Battle of the Bands," wallpaper, an interactive game parodying Hollywood Squares, and a How-to-Draw-Mikey tutorial.
In 2008, the Animation Collective site advertised a second DVD that was scheduled be released sometime later that year. However, the announcement was removed from the website, leaving the exact release date to be unknown. The DVD was intended to include the first season in its entirety, with DVD extras, and would have been considered more of an "official" volume than the last one. No further announcement has been made as the status of this DVD. As of 2009, this release is shelved.
Season 1 (Episodes 1–13) was released on DVD on September 12, 2007 , and Season 2 (Episodes 14–26) was released on DVD on March 12, 2008 by Anchor Bay Entertainment in Australia.
The soundtrack for "The Karaoke Episode" is available as a downloadable album on iTunes. Both seasons of the show itself were also available for download from iTunes before they were later taken down from the online retailer.
Footnotes
References
External links
2000s American animated television series
2000s American satirical television series
2006 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated comedy television series
American children's animated fantasy television series
American children's animated superhero television series
American flash animated television series
Anime-influenced Western animated television series
English-language television shows
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Nicktoons (TV network) original programming
Satire anime and manga
Teen animated television series
Teen superhero television series
Television shows set in Tokyo
Works by Len Wein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa%20Mikey |
Shuriken School is an animated series that first aired on August 20, 2006. It was produced by Xilam Animation and Zinkia Entertainment (known for producing Pocoyo) in association with France 3 and Jetix Europe.
Characters
Main
Eizan Kaburagi (voiced by Nathan Kress) is a 10-year-old ninja student of Shuriken. Eizan is intelligent, hardworking, and eager to learn. His dream since childhood is to become a ninja. It is hinted that he has a crush on Okuni and also has a rivalry with Naginata. His weapon is a green plastic ruler. He is also clumsy as shown in the episode "Phantom of the Kabuki".
Okuni Dohan (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is a 10-year-old ninja student of Shuriken, and the only female member of the main group, also the most studious of them. She frequently cites examples from important lessons, and possesses great deductive skills and origami talent, and her weapon is a jump rope. She also has quite a short fuse, and has a crush on Eizan. There is a rivalry between Okuni and the Kimura Twins from Katana.
Jimmy B (voiced by Kimberly Brooks) is an 11-year-old ninja student of Shuriken. Jimmy comes from a comfortable New York family, but spent his time with his rap gang, developing a real talent for break-dancing. His parents sent him to Tokirohama to stay with his aunt and uncle. Before coming to Shuriken, he went to Katana School, but was expelled after a week. His weapon is a skateboard.
Nobunaga (voiced by Brooks): He comes from a long line of skilled sumo wrestlers, and dresses accordingly. He is fairly well respected among his peers, and his size and strength make him a formidable opponent. He appears as a fat boy with a large belly spilling over his mawashi. His girth makes him slow, but he trained to be agile enough to keep up with his peers. He was named after the Sengoku warlord, Oda Nobunaga.
Tetsuo Matsura (voiced by Charlie Adler): A bitter second-year student who looks down on all freshmen with disdain. He is a powerful and skilled ninja, but his anger keeps him from advancing further. This, combined with his great height, may mean that he has been held back for an unspecified amount of time. Constantly following him is his mindless lackey, Yota. He may be named after Tetsuo Shima from Akira.
Yota Sugimura (voiced by Jessica DiCicco): Tetsuo's very short and ever-present lackey, following him about like a remora follows a shark. He has little personality of his own, often inheriting the personality of the person he is with. He is extremely clumsy, but ironically is good at sneaking.
Ami Saeki (voiced by Jessica DiCicco): A blonde girl who wears a sailor fuku-type uniform. She is very vain, constantly obsessing over her appearance. However, her pampered looks conceal a great aptitude for disguise and deception. She has a crush on Jimmy B. which is implied in the episode, "Flip Flops of Fury". Daisuke seems to like her quite a lot; however, she does not return the feeling (though she did kiss him once in "Phantom of the Kabuki"). She was initially one of the students selected to go to the cheerleading school, but she gave her ticket to Okuni. She bears a resemblance to Minako Aino, and her first name may derive from Ami Mizuno, both from the Sailor Moon franchise.
Marcos Gonzalez (voiced by Nathan Kress): A Latin-American student who came to Shuriken School to hide from a vicious group, called the 3-Saints Gang, from Mexico. It turned out that he ran to Shuriken because he saw them with their masks off. Thinking they were after him, he hid in the aforementioned school. It was revealed in the episode "An XXL Lie" that they abandoned their masks to become Midwestern singers, making his whole escape humorously pointless. He is very sly and mysterious, and he wears sunglasses in order to hide his face. He excels in covert strikes, and possesses all-around good skills in other fields as well.
Jacques Morimura (voiced by Nathan Kress): A rather confused young, French man who believes Shuriken School is a diving school, due to the similarities between the uniforms. He dresses in a black scuba suit, reminiscent of Jacques Cousteau, whom he may be named after. His specialty is underwater combat.
Choki (voiced by Kress): A Tibetan monk who possesses the powers of telepathy and psychokinesis. He spends most of his time asleep or meditating, and has a very easy-going personality. Most of the time, he prefers floating over walking.
Daisuke Togakame (voiced by Maurice LaMarche): An arrogant student who cares more about his hair than his studies, Daisuke is a known coward, and is quick to run from a fight. However, he is not completely useless; his nimble fingers make him a very good tailor. He has a crush on Ami, constantly hitting on her and trying to randomly kiss her in almost every episode he appears in. In the episode "An XXL Lie", it is shown that he genuinely likes Ami. In the episode "Eizan's Shadow", Daisuke is seen not washing his hands after using the bathroom, suggesting poor hygiene habits.
Pork: Pork is, perhaps, the most mysterious of all the Shuriken School students. He appears to be an anthropomorphic pig, and is apparently mute (except for a small grunt in "An XXL Lie"). He communicates via musical instruments, which he is proficient in using. He is also very good at detecting the purpose and personality of disguised and supernatural enemies such as in the episodes "Funny Chick" and "The Demon and Mrs. Clean" respectively, where he detects that the Chick has foul purposes and tries to get the group to stop it, and that the demon messing up the place is really a possessed Mrs. Clean; thus he is not afraid of it unlike the others, but rather enjoys the actions of the former. These actions imply that in place of speech, he has been granted clairvoyance. He is shown to have mind control powers in one episode. He seems to have an interest in art.
Principal of Shuriken (voiced by Charlie Adler): Also called "Principal-sama", the principal is always worried about the school's funding and is also money-obsessed to the point that in the episode "Eizan's Shadow", he actually asked Kazumi's parents to put the withdrawn check on the phone so he could talk to it. However, he does have exceedingly good ninjitsu skills that made him the principal. He usually has a positive thinking in many situation. He has an allergy to animals.
Vladmir Keitawa (voiced by Charlie Adler): One of the three teachers at Shuriken School. He has a comically long middle name. He comes from Russia, has great physical strength and has a weakness for attractive women. Vlad once pretended to be a foreign exchange student named "Ed" in the episode "Vlad's Past", as it is revealed that although he teaches at Shuriken School, he is not a certified teacher because – due to his massive fear of tests – he did not pass the stealth and evasion course. Eizan and the gang disguise him as an exchange student and help him hide from the inspector, who is after Vlad to expose him. After conquering his fear and fooling Kubo and the inspector, it is proven that he has passed the course, making him a certified "Ninja Teacher".
Kubo Utamaro (voiced by Maurice LaMarche): One of the three teachers at Shuriken School. Kubo teaches boring theory lessons and has a crush on Kita. He also dreams of being principal one day.
Kita Shunai (voiced by Jessica DiCicco): One of the three teachers at Shuriken School. She has masterful skills with ninja weapons, contrasted with her fiery temper. She used to be a teacher at Katana School. She is also the only female teacher of Shuriken School.
Zumichito (voiced by Maurice LaMarche): Shuriken School's groundskeeper. He used to be a student there; thus he knows all of the secrets of the school, and knows a lot of stories about it as well.
Mrs. Clean (voiced by Charlie Adler): Real name Michiyo, Mrs. Clean is the Shuriken School's cleaning lady. She has spent her whole life around Shuriken School and knows some ninja moves as well. She takes great pride in her work, and if her cleaning is disrupted, she transforms into a terrifying demon.
Katana School
Naginata (voiced by Maurice LaMarche): An 11-year-old student of Shuriken's rivaling school, Katana. He is selfish, evil, and a twisted loner, who masters the art of trickery like no other, only using his ninjutsu for the cause of others' misfortune. He and his group sucks up to Katana's principal and usually cheats in battles where he's losing. He is also the only one of his gang that is not afraid of the principal. He has an intense rivalry with Eizan, having lost against him in the episode, "The Winning Ninja".
Bruce Chang (voiced by Kimberly Brooks): A 10-year-old ninja student of katana and is one of Naginata's loyal followers, Bruce likes getting into fights. He has a bad temper and also a loud mouth, which coincidentally, gets the group into trouble. He has a rivalry with Jimmy B. He is a brave fighter but is very reckless, usually jumping into a battle without a 2nd thought. He sleeps with a teddy bear.
The Kimura Twins (voiced by Jessica DiCicco): 10-year-old ninja students of katana and are followers of Naginata, they are sneaky and will usually gather information for Naginata. They act tough when they are together but when apart, they weaken. They are also dependent on each other. They are sexist as well, hating Okuni the most.
Doku: Another one of Naginata's followers, Doku is big and easily outwitted. His mother still brings him lunch every day.
Principal of Katana (voiced by Charlie Adler): Everyone seems to fear this man. He owns a cute ninja chick that he always keeps by his side named Chirpy Chick, and his face is always covered by an ominous shadow. Naginata and his group suck up to him to earn his favor, and he clearly despises Shuriken and its students. His hairstyle is similar to that of Heihachi Mishima from the Tekken fighting games.
Voice cast
French-language version
Hélène Bizot - Eizan Kaburagi
Sophie Arthuys - Jimmy B.
Emilie Rault - Okuni Dohan
Pierre Baton - Principal Sensei, Zumichito
Isabelle Volpe - Jacques Morimura
Stéphanie Lafforge - Choki
Sauvane Delanoë - Marcos Gonsales, Daisuke Togakame
Ariane Aggiage - Kita Shunai, Nobunaga
Bruno Magne - Vladimir « Vlad » Keitawa
Denis Laustriat - Kubo Utamaro
Philippe Valmont - Tetsuo Matsura
Brigitte Lecordier - Kimura Twins
Jean-Claude Donda - Naginata, Yota Suguimura, Cleaning Lady
Benjamin Pascal - Bruce Chang
Pascal Massix - Principal of Katana
English-language version
Nathan Kress - Eizan, Jacques, Choki, Marcos
Charlie Adler - Vladimir, Principal of Shuriken, Tetsuo, Principal of Katana, Cleaning Lady
Jessica DiCicco - Okuni, Ami, Kita, Kimura Twins, Yota
Maurice LaMarche - Daisuke, Naginata, Kubo, Zumichito
Kimberly Brooks - Jimmy, Nobunaga, Bruce Chang
Episodes
Home video
In the United States, the entire series was released onto DVD on August 12, 2014, from Cinedigm.
Movie
An animated film, entitled Shuriken School: The Ninja's Secret (also known as The Ninja's Secret: A Shuriken School Adventure), has been produced by Xilam. It aired on 21 December 2007 on Disney Channel Asia. In the US, it was released onto DVD on April 15, 2014, from Cinedigm.
Plot
"The plot of Shuriken: the Movie follows lead protagonists Eizan, Jimmy and Okuni during the summer holidays. The three friends soon engage an interesting albeit dangerous struggle for reputation, family, and a whole lot more when Eizan's dad is kidnapped by professional ninjas. Upon setting out to find and rescue Eizan's father, the kids must employ the skills and techniques they studied so fervently during their first year of ninja training. Things are difficult however, when they learn that the Jade Shuriken, an ancient symbol of extreme ninja power, threatens Eizan's dreams and potential to become a true ninja. A series of events unravel as Eizan strives to clear his name, realize his dreams and secure his place at Shuriken School."
Voice cast
Nathan Kress - Eizan
Charlie Adler - Vladimir, Principal of Shuriken, Tetsuo, Principal of Katana, Eizan's Father
Jessica DiCicco - Okuni, Ami
Kimberly Brooks - Jimmy, Nobunaga, Bruce Chang, Eizan's mother
Maurice LaMarche - Daisuke, Naginata, Kubo, Zumichito
Billy West (uncredited) - additional voices
References
External links
Xilam Shuriken School website
Zinkia Shuriken School website
French flash animated television series
Spanish flash animated television series
Jetix original programming
Xilam
YTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming
Ninja fiction
Anime-influenced Western animated television series
2000s French animated television series
2006 French television series debuts
2007 French television series endings
French children's animated action television series
French children's animated adventure television series
French children's animated comedy television series
Spanish children's animated action television series
Spanish children's animated adventure television series
Spanish children's animated comedy television series
2006 Spanish television series debuts
2007 Spanish television series endings
Animated television series about children | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuriken%20School |
Willie C. Offord (born December 22, 1978) is a former American football safety in the National Football League (NFL). Willie Offord retired in 2007 due to injury.
Playing career
Offord played collegiately at the University of South Carolina finishing his career with the Gamecocks with 185 total tackles, 110 of them being solo tackles.
He was drafted in the third round of the 2002 NFL Draft with the 70th pick overall by the Minnesota Vikings. He recorded 27 total tackles and one interception in his rookie year, his best year statistically. He has played mostly special teams during his 5-year tenure with the Vikings, serving as the special teams Captain in 2003–2006. Offord was placed on injured reserve just three games into the 2005 season with a devastating knee injury. He was released by the Vikings in 2006 due to a severely broken wrist.
Coaching career
He served as the Head Strength and Conditioning Coach, Linebackers Coach and Special Teams Coordinator for football at Orangeburg Preparatory Schools in Orangeburg, South Carolina. He spent the 2008 football season as the Head Football Coach at Paxon School for Advanced Studies in Jacksonville, Florida. On December 18, 2009, Offord was named the Head Football Coach at Interlachen High School in Interlachen, Florida. Offord is currently the Head Football Coach at North Marion High School (Florida), in Sparr, FL, after working one year as an assistant coach at Newberry College and the year before that as head coach at Columbia (SC) HS. Offord coached his alma mater, Palatka High School in Palatka, FL in the 2012 and 2013 seasons, taking the team to the FHSAA playoffs in 2013. Offord is the Head Football Coach at North Marion High School the 2018 FHSAA class 5A State Runner-up
References
1978 births
Living people
American football safeties
American strength and conditioning coaches
Minnesota Vikings players
South Carolina Gamecocks football players
High school football coaches in Florida
High school football coaches in South Carolina
People from Palatka, Florida
Players of American football from Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Offord |
Denny Morrison (born September 8, 1985) is a Canadian speedskater from Fort St. John, British Columbia. He is an Olympic champion as a member of Canada's men's team pursuit, an event which he also won silver in at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Morrison won his first individual Olympic medal in Sochi when he won a silver in the men's 1000 m after teammate Gilmore Junio selflessly gave up his spot in order for Morrison, who fell at the national qualification event, failed to originally qualify. He won a second individual medal at those games, a bronze in the 1500 m. With four total Olympic medals, Morrison shares the record for the most medals of any Canadian male long track speed skaters along with Gaétan Boucher.
Primarily a middle distance skater in the 1000 and 1500 m events, he held the world record time of 1:42.01 from March 14, 2008, to March 6, 2009, in the 1500 m. The time is still the Canadian record for the distance.
Morrison finished in 4th place in the Junior World Allround Championships in 2004 and 2005, and a 5th place in his first senior World Allround in 2006. He has also won twelve medals at the World Championships, with two gold, six silver, and four bronze medals to his name. Morrison once held the 9th place on the allround best-ever Adelskalender.
Career
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Morrison won a silver medal as part of the Canadian men's speed skating pursuit team. Individually, Morrison won a silver in the 1500 m and a bronze in the 1000 m at a World Cup event in Turin in 2005–06. In 2007, Morrison won gold in the 1000 metre event in Calgary in the World Cup finals with a time of 1:07:24. He set a Canadian record, bettering his idol, Jeremy Wotherspoon. In that same weekend, Morrison also won a bronze in the 1500 metre event.
Morrison also participated in the 2007 World Single Distance Championships, and achieved good results, winning three medals, bronze in the 1500 m and silver in the 1000 m, losing both times to Shani Davis. In the team pursuit event he, along with Arne Dankers and Justin Warsylewicz, set an early best time, which broke the old team pursuit world record (previously held by Morrison, Dankers and Steven Elm), but the Dutch team of Sven Kramer, Erben Wennemars and Carl Verheijen would go on to beat the time set by Canada by five-tenths of a second, relegating Canada to 2nd place.
In 2008 Morrison topped his result from the year before at the World Single Distance Championships in Nagano, Japan. He took the bronze medal in the 1000 meters, but won the 1500 m and took home the gold medal. A week later, at the ING Finale at the Olympic Oval in Calgary, he set a new world record in the 1500 meters in a time of 1:42.01, beating the old record held by both Shani Davis and Erben Wennemars.
He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver where he went in as a strong medal favourite in all three of his competitive events. Despite competing on home ice Morrison was unable to win an individual medal, his best finish was a ninth in the 1500 m. He did find the medal podium though when he won a gold medal in the team pursuit along with Lucas Makowsky and Mathieu Giroux. After the Olympics, Morrison considered retirement with some time away from summer training. Eventually he re-joined the World Cup circuit and eventually finished the season winning silver at the 2011 WSD Championships, with his team pursuit team. Re-motivated for 2012, he finished the season by winning his second World Championship title, again in the 1500 m. Morrison's 2013 season was off to a great start with an initial win at the first World Cup in Heerenveen, Netherlands, and finished the fall World Cup circuit leading the 1000 m points total so far. Morrison then injured himself while training in Fernie, British Columbia, breaking his tibia. At the time he was the leader of the 2012–13 ISU Speed Skating World Cup.
2014 Winter Olympics
Having to come back from injury, Morrison qualified for the men's 1500 m and the national trials for the Sochi Olympics. In the 1000 m disaster struck when he fell meaning he was unable to qualify for one of his best events. Though Morrison had two team pursuit medals to his name, he had yet to achieve an individual medal, a medal which he felt was missing from his collection. Gilmore Junio, a fellow athlete, relinquished his spot in order for Morrison to skate the event at the Olympics just days before the event was to take place. At the 2014 Winter Olympics Morrison won silver in the 1000 m trailing the eventual winner Stefan Groothuis by 4/100ths of a second. After the race Morrison made sure to first thank Junio "I have to thank my teammate Gilmore Junio because without him none of this would have been possible." He later added, "Props to my entire support team, and not just my teammates – Gilmore, huge move, definitely – but the therapists, the coaches, the team leader, everyone had a part in this medal and I'm so happy to share with all my entire team."
Following his silver medal performance, Morrison competed in his originally scheduled 1500 m event. Skating in the 15th pair of twenty he took over the lead until later pairings of Poland's Zbigniew Bródka took over the lead. Bródka would eventually end in a photo finish tie with Koen Verweij which would push Morrison into third and the bronze medal position. This gave Morrison his fourth ever Olympic medal, equaling Gaétan Boucher for the most medals by a Canadian male long track speed skater.
Post-Sochi
The 2015 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships meant more success for Morrison where he won two silver medals, an individual in the 1,500 m and a second in the team pursuit with Ted-Jan Bloemen and Jordan Belchos. Morrison said of the team's silver that "With (Bloemen) coming over this summer, it was a new team, and we struggled early on this season. So we had to communicate, find out what our flaws were, correct our flaws, and we had better results... And today, it all came together. This is just the beginning for us, on the road to the 2018 Olympics.".
Morrison suffered a fractured femur in a motorcycle accident in May 2015 leaving him with a steel rod permanently implanted in his leg and unable to recall where he was or how he had gotten there. Just eleven months after the accident Morrison again befell misfortune when he announced in late April 2016 that he had suffered a stroke in Utah during a 25-day bicycle ride from Arizona to Utah.
2018 Winter Olympics
Morrison qualified to compete for Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
Sponsorships
Though Morrison had many short term sponsors leading into his home Olympics, he was aligned primarily with DNOW since 2007. DNOW and his other sponsor, Pomeroy Hotel Group both failed to sign a renewal sponsorship past 2015 after Morrison was badly injured in a motorcycle crash. He worked with Nike from 2008 to 2013, B2Ten from 2006 to 2009, was a CAN Fund recipient in 2009 and 2014, 2018, and a recipient of the Investors Group Athlete Grant in 2008 and 2009. Morrison’s long comeback from the 2015 motorcycle crash (and resulting stroke in 2016) were backed by InjaNation and Mawer, who sponsored Morrison through his 4th Olympics in 2018, and until the end of his career at the conclusion of the 2018/2019 season
Personal life
Morrison is married to fellow speed skater Josie Spence. He survived a debilitating stroke at age 30 and a motorcycle crash a year earlier.
Records
Personal records
World records
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
References
External links
"The ball has just started rolling..." – January 2009
Denny Morrison crowns season with world title and world record, March 2008
Video of Denny Morrison's world record race in the 1500 m; 1:42.01, March 14, 2008
Denny Morrison at SpeedSkatingStats.com
Photos of Denny Morrison
1985 births
Living people
Canadian male speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for Canada
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
World record setters in speed skating
People from Fort St. John, British Columbia
People from the Peace River Regional District
Sportspeople from British Columbia
21st-century Canadian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny%20Morrison |
"Butterfly" is a song by Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue from her seventh studio album Light Years (2000). The song was written by Minogue and Steve Anderson at Real World Studios, Wiltshire in 1999. Minogue recorded her vocals at Cello Studios, Los Angeles in January 2000 with American DJ Mark Picchiotti, who subsequently produced the track in Chicago. "Butterfly" is a contemporary house, dance-pop, and EDM track that portrays spiritual freedom and joy of life. Although Light Years was not released in the US, "Butterfly" was issued as a promotional single through Blueplate Records and its sublabel Blue² Records, both of which are owned by Picchiotti.
Music critics picked "Butterfly" as an instant standout from the parent album, praising its catchy melody and potential for a hit single. The song peaked at number 14 and spent 12 weeks on the Billboard US Hot Dance Club Play. The track's popularity led to its inclusion on the US edition of Minogue's Fever (2002). Minogue performed the track at London's G-A-Y nightclub (2000) and on her On a Night Like This concert tour (2001), before adding it as a dance interlude in Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour (2006–2007).
Background and recording
Following the commercial disappointment of Impossible Princess (1997), Minogue ended her six-year relationship with Deconstruction Records and signed with Parlophone in June 1999. In an early meeting with Parlophone, Minogue decided to return to her pop roots and believed that the then-upcoming album was a new beginning for her. Before signing with Parlophone, Minogue spent a week with her frequent collaborator Steve Anderson at Real World Studios in Box, Wiltshire, where most of the production of Impossible Princess was completed. "Butterfly" was among the chosen tracks from the session, along with "So Now Goodbye" and "Bittersweet Goodbye". Anderson found that the writing of "Butterfly" was easy; the track, which was composed on a piano, started off as a ballad. By the time they wrote the chorus, Anderson realized the track's potential and made it more upbeat. Anderson recalled: "The Brothers in Rhythm in me leaped in and it all went hands in the air very quickly." He recorded a demo of the track with drums, bass, and Minogue's vocals on it.
Through his manager, American DJ Mark Picchiotti received a CD from Parlophone A&R executive Miles Leonard. The disc contains three demo tracks by Minogue for his consideration, including a cover of "Under the Influence of Love" and "Butterfly". He saw the potential of "Butterfly" and agreed to produce it. He flew to Los Angeles to work with Minogue at the Cello Studios from 23–25 January 2000. During the recording, the producer stacked Minogue's vocals to create a thicker sound, and also layered the chorus several times. Picchiotti was pleased with session and with Minogue's performance, saying she was "incredibly professional." He brought the track back to Hutch Studios in Chicago to add the final touches. When Picchiotti submitted the complete song, which includes sitars and strings arrangement, he was encouraged by the label to change the production to a more club-friendly sound.
Composition and release
Music critics identified "Butterfly" as a contemporary house, dance-pop, and electronic dance track. The song contains electronic drums, basslines, cascading synths, and a flute performance by Paul Mertens. "Butterfly" is written in the key of A♭ minor and has a tempo of 132 beats per minute. The track uses the butterfly image to describe the spiritual freedom and joy of life, with lines such as: "You are more than my everything and your love gives me wings — like a butterfly." Picchiotti instructed Minogue's vocals in order to fit the cheerful theme; she can be heard singing harmonies in a light tone of voice in the background.
Parlophone included "Butterfly" on Minogue's seventh studio album Light Years (2000). Prior to the album, in May 2000, two remixes of the track were issued as a test pressing in the UK to measure DJ reactions to Minogue's new material. "Butterfly" was considered to be the fourth single from Light Years, but was pulled in favour of the Latin-influenced "Please Stay," which was released in December 2000.
Although Light Years was not released in the US, Picchiotti asked permission to release "Butterfly" there via Blueplate Records, an independent label he founded in 1999. He was granted a limited budget and had to commission additional remixes, release and promote the single within six months. Picchiotti produced the Sandstorm Mix, while also picking other remixes and dubs for the single release, including the work by English dance music production group Dillon & Dickins (credited as Illicit) and fellow American DJ E-Smoove. In November 2001, "Butterfly" was released as a promotional single in the US through both Blueplate Records and its sublabel Blue² Records. The single was issued in two formats in 2001: a twelve-inch single, and a double twelve-inch single. In early 2002, a CD single and a maxi single were issued; the covers of the 2002 releases are taken from the photoshoot for Light Years, which show Minogue wearing nothing but a towel.
Reception and live performances
The single releases were only available via the website of Blueplate Records, with buyers required to contact the label by phone for purchases. "Butterfly" debuted at number 42 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play in September 2001, her first entry since "Confide in Me" (1994). The single peaked at number 14 in October and spent a total of 12 weeks on the chart, her longest run at the time. Due to its popularity, "Butterfly" was included as a bonus track on the US edition of Minogue's eighth studio album Fever (2002), distributed by Capitol Records.
Nick Levine of Digital Spy and Nick Smith of musicOMH picked "Butterfly" as one of the standout tracks from Light Years. Michael Dwyer of The Age found Minogue gives a "hardcore Mardi Gras" performance, while Mike Wass of Idolator praised the fluttery and memorable sound. Levine and Wass believed "Butterfly" should have been picked as a single due to its catchy tunes. Marc Andrews, the author of Kylie Song by Song (2022), commended Picchiotti for making the track "not just dancefloor friendly but literally fly!". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine stated house tracks "On a Night Like This" and "Butterfly" predicted the rise of EDM music and created the template for Minogue's releases over the next 15 years.
Minogue performed "Butterfly" in June 2000 at London's G-A-Y nightclub, along with other songs such as "Spinning Around", "Better the Devil You Know" and "Step Back in Time". She went on to perform the track on her sixth concert tour, On a Night Like This (2001), in which she caressed and interacted with a group of shirtless male dancers. Andrews felt the performance transformed the track into "a sexed-up club banger." Muri Assunção of Billboard praised the sensual and entertaining performance, calling it a tribute to "the gay leather fetish fans;" while Mike Gee of The Sydney Morning Herald highlighted it as an energetic and "ass-shaking fun" segment. The Sandstorm Dub of "Butterfly" was used as a dance interlude in Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour (2006–2007).
Track listings
Maxi CD single
"Butterfly" (Radio Mix) (4:09)
"Butterfly" (Sandstorm Mix) (7:15)
"Butterfly" (E-Smoove Mix) (8:05)
"Butterfly" (Illicit Mix) (7:19)
"Butterfly" (Trisco Mix) (7:50)
"Butterfly" (Havoc Mix) (7:56)
"Butterfly" (Craig J. Mix) (5:41)
"Butterfly" (Sandstorm Dub) (9:03)
"Butterfly" (E-Smoove Dub) (8:06)
CD single
"Butterfly" (Sandstorm Mix) (7:15)
"Butterfly" (E-Smoove Mix) (8:05)
"Butterfly" (Illicit Mix) (7:19)
"Butterfly" (Trisco Mix) (6:37)
"Butterfly" (Radio Mix) (4:09)
12-inch single
"Butterfly" (Sandstorm Vocal Mix) (7:15)
"Butterfly" (E-Smoove Vocal Mix) (8:05)
"Butterfly" (Illicit Mix) (7:19)
"Butterfly" (Trisco Extended Mix) (7:50)
Double 12-inch single
"Butterfly" (Sandstorm Vocal Mix) (7:15)
"Butterfly" (Sandstorm Dub) (9:03)
"Butterfly" (E-Smoove Dub) (8:06)
"Butterfly" (E-Smoove Vocal Mix) (8:05)
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Light Years:
Kylie Minogue lead vocals, songwriting
Steve Anderson songwriting
Mark Picchiotti production, mixing
Tom Carlisle mix engineer
Craig J Snider additional keyboards
Dem Girls backing vocals
Natural guitars, additional arrangements
Kraig McCreary guitars
Resin Rubbers strings
Paul Mertens flute
Dave Sears additional arrangements
Chart
Release history
Notes
References
Citations
Websites
Print sources
Media notes
2001 songs
Kylie Minogue songs
Parlophone singles
Songs written by Steve Anderson (musician)
Songs written by Kylie Minogue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly%20%28Kylie%20Minogue%20song%29 |
Paxton High School can refer to:
Paxton High School (Florida) in Paxton, Florida
Paxton High School (Nebraska) in Paxton, Nebraska
See also
Paxton (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxton%20High%20School |
Fitness and figure competition is a class of physique-exhibition events for women and recently also men. While bearing a close resemblance to bodybuilding, its emphasis is on muscle definition, not size. The class was originally introduced when bodybuilding's popularity began to noticeably decline, in terms of both fanbase and number of participants.
Overview
Fitness and Figure are two distinct forms of competition, not just one. In a Fitness contest (the older of the two disciplines), female competitors showcase their physiques (which are noticeably less massive than bodybuilders') while performing a demanding, time-limited, aerobic/dance routine. In a Figure contest, the most important attributes are a curvaceous-yet-trim body, and facial beauty; however, the physique guidelines are similar to a Fitness pageant's, and many contestants move back and forth between the two disciplines. The Figure division emerged on the bodybuilding scene when the numbers for Fitness pageant competitions started to dwindle. Typically, fitness and figure competitions are held as part of the larger-drawing bodybuilding contests.
History
Women's fitness competitions did not start until the 1980s. In previous years it was uncommon for women to compete in muscle building competition. Beauty pageants were the main way for women to compete. Women's body building is a relatively new cultural phenomenon, and has shown a significant increase in popularity since the 1980s. Body building has traditionally been seen as a male-appropriate activity, and various authors have documented the struggle faced by pioneering women body builders as they entered the competitive body building world in the 1970s. Gold's Gym is said to have prided itself on being ‘ovary free’ until the late 1970s. The first women's Fitness competition was produced by Wally Boyko in 1985 at the National Fitness trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada; it included a swimsuit round, an athletic routine, and an evening gown segment. Louis Zwick, then the producer of American Muscle Magazine (a magazine-format, bodybuilding TV show on ESPN), produced and aired a segment on the pageant. The number of contests was proliferating, and Zwick himself launched Fitness America (now Fitness Universe) in 1989 to capitalize on the trend. The International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness soon followed suit, holding its own, sanctioned fitness pageant—Fitness Olympia—in 1995.
The first women's Figure competition was the NPC (the major sanctioning body for would-be professional bodybuilders and organized amateur bodybuilding) Figure Nationals held in 2001 at Borough of Manhattan Community College's Performing Arts Center, in New York City's Tribeca section. It was a qualifier and precursor to the 2003 IFBB Figure Olympia, held in Las Vegas, Nevada. The Fitness Universe organization launched their own Figure division in 2005.
Categories
Fitness competition
A typical fitness competition consists of a swimsuit round and a routine round. In the swimsuit round, the competitors wear two-piece swimsuits and high-heeled shoes, presenting their physiques with a series of quarter- or half-turns toward the judges and audience. Physique guidelines for fitness competitions typically suggest a small amount of muscular mass; clear separations between muscle groups (but, no visible striations); and, leanness. The swimsuit must cover at least fifty percent of the gluteus maximus muscle; no thongs or G-strings are allowed. The routine round requires a physically active stage performance; most competitors attempt aerobic, dance, and/or gymnastic routines.
Fitness contests sanctioned by the International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness (IFBB) are the Fitness Olympia and the Fitness International. Fitness contests sanctioned by Wally Boyko Productions are the National Fitness Sanctioning Body (NFSB) Ms. Fitness USA and the International Fitness Sanctioning Body (IFSB) Ms. Fitness World. Fitness contests sanctioned by the Fitness Universe organization are the Fitness America Pageant and the Fitness Universe Pageant.
Figure competition
Figure competition is a newer sub-category of fitness contests. Figure shows exclude the routine round common to fitness shows. The competitors are judged solely on muscular symmetry and definition; as in fitness shows, muscle size is downplayed. Figure competitions appeal most to women who want to compete in a body competition, but wish to avoid fitness shows' additional athletic and creative demands (the routine round), or bodybuilding's demands for heavy muscle mass.
A typical figure competition includes two rounds, though this varies by organization. In the symmetry round, the competitors appear on stage in high-heeled shoes and a one-piece swimsuit in a side-by-side line that faces the judges. They execute a series of quarter-turns to the right, allowing the judges to view and compare them from all sides for symmetry, presentation, and other aesthetic qualities such as skin tone, hair, make-up, and stylishness of clothing. In the next round (the group comparisons), competitors return in high heels and a two-piece bathing suit, executing a series of quarter-turns. At this stage, they are judged more critically against the others for conditioning, leanness, and how "feminine" and "athletic" (as opposed to brawny) their muscularity is. Included in either of these rounds, or perhaps just the evening show, the competitors come out individually on stage for a model walk where they are judged on presentation, gracefulness, confidence, poise, and professionalism.
Figure contests sanctioned by the International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness (IFBB) are the Figure Olympia and the Figure International. Figure contests sanctioned by the Fitness Universe organization is the Figure Universe Pageant.
Bikini competition
Bikini competition was created as a category with much less emphasis on muscularity to accommodate even more women into the world of physique competitions and IFBB recognized bikini competition as an independent competition category on 7 November 2010. Rapidly growing, bikini category looks for lean and firm physique and "competitors are scored on proportion, symmetry, balance, shape and skin tone". Women that are not willing to be as muscular as bodybuilders can still participate in bikini competition. The tan that they have is also a point that should be taken into consideration when it comes to participating at a bikini competition. The first Bikini Olympia was introduced in 2010, since then it has grown to become the largest and most popular division on the fitness stage.
Physique competition
Women's physique category has been created to give a platform for women who enjoy weight training, competing, and contest preparation. Competitors should display a toned, athletic physique showcasing femininity, muscle tone, and beauty/flow of physique. The following are examples of common terms used in the bodybuilding industry. These words can be helpful to assess what should not be descriptive to the physiques being judged in women's physique: ripped, shredded, peeled, striated, dry, diced, hard, vascular, grainy, massive, thick, and dense. While all types of physiques will be considered when it comes to height, weight, structure, etc. Excessive muscularity should be scored down accordingly. Women's physique competitors should have the overall aesthetics and look that is found in figure with a little more overall muscularity.
Women's physique categories are broken down into two parts, a group comparison and an individual performance routine. During group comparisons competitors will be directed through a series of poses that can consist of any of the following: quarter turns, front or rear double biceps with open hands, left or right-side chest with front leg and arms extended, left or right-side triceps with front leg extended, hands over head abdominals.
In the individual performance routine contestants perform a small choreographed routine to music. Not only do they have to look good on stage they have to show their personality on stage depending on the physique competition some will require you to wear a one-piece bikini or a two-piece bikini. Some competitions depending on the organization for instance NPC or IFBB will require the use of high heels or bare feet. Along with the use of jewelry or no jewelry, physique competitors also have to worry about their tan, makeup and hair.
See also
Fitness model
List of female fitness & figure competitors
Fitness Gurls
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness%20and%20figure%20competition |
Paul Ragueneau (18 March 1608 – 3 September 1680) was a Catholic Jesuit missionary.
Biography
He was born in Paris and died in the same city. He is sometimes confused with his elder brother François, also a Jesuit. Father François Ragueneau accompanied Father Charles Lalemant who was returning to Canada in 1628. Their vessel was captured by Kirke who was then blockading the St. Lawrence and he was sent as a prisoner to England. It cannot be determined whether Francois ever did visit the Canadian missions.
Paul Ragueneau became a novice in the Society of Jesus in 1626.
From 1628 to 1632 he taught at the Collège in Bourges after which he furthered his religious training at the College of La Flèche. From there, he went to Quebec in 1636.
Upon arriving in Quebec, he was almost immediately sent to the Huron mission where he worked under the instruction of Fathers Jean de Brébeuf and Jérôme Lalemant for eight years. In 1645 he became superior of the Huron mission. During his time as superior, a number of his missionaries met their deaths, the first being Father Antoine Daniel (4 July, 1648). They became known as the Canadian Martyrs. He remained at his post on St. Mary's on the Wye until 1649, when persuaded by the Huron leaders to join the fugitives on St. Joseph's island (1649).
After a bloody defeat, followed by the massacres of Fathers Noël Chabanel and Charles Garnier, Ragueneau, yielding to the entreaties of the few whom famine, pestilence, and the fury of the Iroquois had spared, led the small band of 400 survivors, the remnants of a nation of ten thousand, to their final refuge, Quebec, after a long and perilous journey. Ragueneau wrote the Relations of the Hurons of 1648–49, 1649–50, 1650–51, and 1651–52 which describes the destruction of the mission.
In 1650, he became vice-rector of the College of Quebec, and superior of the Canadian mission. In 1656, Ragueneau was assigned to the residence at Trois-Rivières. In 1657, he left for Sainte-Marie-de-Ganentaa. He was part of the times that saw the departure of Fathers Chaumonot, Le Moyne, and other missionaries. This first attempt at an organized apostolate among the Iroquois had failed.
In 1662 he returned to France and remained there as procurator of the mission. Ragueneau died in Paris 3 September 1680.
The Parish Municipality of Ragueneau in Quebec, Canada, is named after him. In July 2012, there were proposals to name a Canadian federal riding after him.
References
External links
New Catholic Dictionary
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
1608 births
1680 deaths
17th-century French Jesuits
French Roman Catholic missionaries
Jesuit missionaries in New France
Roman Catholic missionaries in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Ragueneau |
Call in may refer to:
Phone-in
'Call-in', (or 'called in'), referring to a planning decision process being passed to a higher authority
In New Zealand, a function available under the Resource Management Act 1991
In the United Kingdom, see Development control in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20in |
The Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism 2005 (CECPT) is a regional multilateral treaty negotiated under the auspices of the Council of Europe. It was concluded in Warsaw on 16 May 2005. Most notable amongst its provisions are the three new offences which it defines: Public Provocation to Commit a "Terrorist Offence"; Solicitation of Persons to Commit "Terrorist Offences"; and Provision of Training For "Terrorist Offences". Parties are required to establish these offences in their national legal systems. However the obligation only applies in respect of behaviour where there is an international nexus of some sort. A "terrorist offence" is defined as any of the offences defined under the 12 existing international conventions on terrorism presently in force.
The Incitement Offence
The most controversial part of the CECPT is its definition of Public Provocation to Commit a Terrorist Offence. Article 5 of the CECPT defines this as intentionally distributing "a message to the public, with the intent to incite the commission of a 'terrorist offence', where such conduct, whether or not directly advocating terrorist offences, causes a danger that one or more terrorist offences may be committed."
This is the first attempt in an international law context to define "incitement" to terrorism. It is controversial most notably because of the inclusion of “indirect” incitement. The limits of this concept are not defined in the CECPT. Article 12 of the CECPT requires parties to implement, and apply the offence in a way which is compatible with the Right to freedom of Expression as recognised in International Law [See Article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights, and Article 19 of the UN's International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ]. There is some evidence that in a purported fulfilment of their obligations under the CECPT, States are going further than the CECPT and the relevant Human Rights principles would require or permit. See for example the British Terrorism Act 2006, section 1.
Signatures and ratifications
The CECPT is open for signature by the member states of the Council of Europe, the European Community, and by non-member states which have participated in its elaboration. It came into force on 1 June 2007 in Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine; as of July 2016 it has been ratified by 35 states. A further 10 states and the European Union have signed but not ratified the convention.
References
External links
Text of the CECPT pdf
Explanatory Report to the Convention
Chart of Signatures, Ratifications etc
UK Parliament's Human Rights Committee's analysis of Human Rights problems with UK implementation of incitement offence
counter-terrorism-law.org
2005 in Poland
Treaties concluded in 2005
Treaties entered into force in 2007
Terrorism treaties
Council of Europe treaties
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Andorra
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of Monaco
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Poland
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of Serbia
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20of%20Europe%20Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20of%20Terrorism |
The City of Adam (Hebrew adam ha-ir) is a place which appears in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua , where it is described as standing "beside Zarethan" on the east bank of the Jordan. There, says the biblical text, the flow of the water was arrested, and rose up "upon an heap" at the time of the Israelites' passing over.
Identification
Damiya
The classical identification is with Tell ed-Damye on the east bank of the River Jordan.
The nearby modern Jordanian village is called Damia.
References
Bibliography
History of the Tribes of Jordan and Palestine, Tribes of Jordan and Palestine (Fayez A. Farda)
Hebrew Bible cities
Former populated places in Jordan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Adam |
Johannes, Count van den Bosch (2 February 1780 – 28 January 1844) was a Dutch officer and politician. He was Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1830–1833), commander of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, Minister of Colonies, and Minister of State. He was an officer in the Military William Order.
Biography
Johannes van den Bosch was born on 2 February 1780 in Herwijnen in the Dutch Republic (the present-day Netherlands), to the physician Johannes van den Bosch Sr. and his wife Adriana Poningh.
Van den Bosch enrolled in the army of the Batavian Republic in 1797 and was, at his own request, sent to Batavia in the Dutch East Indies as a lieutenant a year later. At the time, the emphasis was put on asserting commercial interest, and Dutch control over the Indonesian archipelago was limited. As an adjutant, Van den Bosch remained close to the consecutive Governor-Generals, and was involved in the transformation from trade colonialism to territorial colonial expansion. In 1808, he had a conflict with the new Governor-General, Herman Willem Daendels, after which he was honourably discharged from service at the rank of colonel. He and his family were sent back to Europe in 1810.
On his way back to the Netherlands, Van den Bosch was captured by the British and remained a captive until 1812. Upon arriving in the Netherlands, he joined the provisional government tasked with restoring the authority of the Prince of Orange, William Frederick. He was recommissioned in the army as a colonel and, in the name of the Prince of Orange, captured Utrecht and Naarden. In 1818, Van den Bosch was involved in the establishment of the Society of Humanitarianism, under the auspices of Prince Frederick, and was put on inactive in the military in order to focus on the society. The society considered labour to be the only means to combat poverty. In Drenthe, it founded the 'free colonies' of Frederiksoord, Willemsoord and Wilhelminaoord, where the poor from big cities would learn to care for themselves in a disciplined manner.
In 1827, Van den Bosch was tasked with restoring Dutch control over the West Indies as commissioner-general. He left the society and arrived on Curaçao in December that year, and would stay in the colony for eight months. During this period, he took several initiatives concerning trade and banking, focussed on stimulating economic activity and scope of the colony. Among other things, he introduced a regulation which would make the Constitution of the Netherlands apply to the colony as well, and used it to attempt to improve the living conditions of slaves. Only shortly after his return in 1828, Van den Bosch rose to the rank of lieutenant general and was appointed Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. In this capacity, he is most famous for the introduction of the cultivation system in 1830. This system forced Javanese farmers to use a fifth of their farmland for export goods such as coffee, sugar and indigo.
Van den Bosch returned to the Netherlands on 18 May 1834 and was appointed Minister of Colonies on 30 May. As Minister, he demanded increasingly high financial results from the colonies, often to the detriment of the interest of individual farmers and slaves. In 1839, he received criticism from the House of Representatives for the opaqueness of his policy on loans between the government and the Netherlands Trading Society. Van den Bosch voluntarily stepped down from office on 1 January 1840, upon which he was granted the title Count van den Bosch by royal decree, as well as the honourable title of Minister of State. He entered the House of Representatives for South Holland in 1842 and would remain there until his death.
Count van den Bosch died on 28 January 1844 at his estate in The Hague, as a result of a short disease.
Titles
17 June 1835: elevated into the Dutch nobility with the title of Baron
25 December 1839: created Count (Dutch: Graaf)
See also
Landrentestelsel
Frederiksoord
Society of Humanitarianism
References
The information in this article is based on that in its Dutch and German equivalents.
The Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
External links
Dutch Parliament: J. graaf van den Bosch
Johannes van den Bosch
1780 births
1844 deaths
People from Lingewaal
Governors-General of the Dutch East Indies
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army generals
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army officers
Ministers of Colonial Affairs of the Netherlands
Counts of the Netherlands
Dutch military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20van%20den%20Bosch |
Jim Rome Is Burning (originally titled Rome Is Burning and often abbreviated as JRIB) is a sports conversation and opinion show hosted by Jim Rome. Debuting on May 6, 2003, as Rome Is Burning, it was originally a weekly show in primetime at 7:00 PM ET on Tuesday nights on ESPN. After a short hiatus in 2004, it returned with a new name, Jim Rome Is Burning, and a late-night Thursday timeslot. In February 2005, JRIB became a daily program airing each afternoon at 4:30 PM in between NFL Live and Around the Horn. After ESPN expanded NFL Live to sixty minutes, JRIB moved to ESPN2 as part of its new afternoon lineup on September 12, 2011. It was produced by Mandt Bros. Productions in association with ESPN Original Entertainment and taped in Los Angeles as opposed to ESPN's Bristol, Connecticut headquarters. This was due to his daily radio commitment.
The show ended on January 27, 2012, with the announcement that Rome had agreed to a contract with CBS, CBS Sports Network, and Showtime. Outside of some 4:3 non-essential game footage camera angles used in play analysis during NFL Matchup, Rome is Burning was the final program in the ESPN family of networks outside ESPN Classic to be produced in standard definition and never upgraded to high definition.
Segments
Rome Is Burning: Rome gave takes on four or five of the top sports-related stories of the day and always opened with the statement "Here's what I am burning on."
Alone with Rome: Interview segment with current and former athletes, coaches, sports writers/columnists, and celebrities.
The Forum: Rome was joined by a reporter, sports figure, or entertainer, usually for an entire week, to discuss various sports topics. Until 2011 there were usually two panelists joining Rome for The Forum.
Correspondents: Generally, a player gave a tour of one of their team's sports facilities or took Rome and the TV audience through a normal day in the life of a sports athlete. The correspondents included David Wright, Nick Swisher, Ty Lawson, Tony Gonzalez, Delonte West and Donté Stallworth. For special occasions such as the NFL Draft, there was a group of correspondents. The players who appeared as correspondents were said to attain good "JRIB karma" afterwards.
Final Burn: The last segment of the show, in which Rome gave one or two final takes. He then thanked the show's guests and signed off with "I will see you next time. I am out."
These segments almost always ran in the above order, with Correspondents pieces about once per week. On rare occasions, if the Forum guest was late to the studio or the remote location, that segment would air after the Forum. On other occasions, the segments were in a different order by design. A show might end with a Correspondents piece instead of a Final Burn.
U Smack 2 (formerly known as Smack Back): Rome responded to phone calls and e-mails. Discontinued in late 2005.
See also
Jim Rome
The Jim Rome Show
External links
ESPN: Jim Rome is Burning
Jim Rome official website
ESPN.tv official site
2003 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
ESPN original programming
ESPN2 original programming
American sports television series
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Rome%20Is%20Burning |
Herbero is a liquor made in the Sierra de Mariola region in the northern part of the Spanish province of Alicante. This mountain range is famous for its abundance of medicinal and aromatic plants, some of which are used to make the herbero liquor. Herbero is often found in a regional cocktail called mesclaet.
The drink originated during The Moorish Occupation of Spain, when the Moors brought distilling technology to the peninsula.
Herbero is obtained from the distillation or maceration of plants collected in the mountain range with a grain alcohol solution with between 22% and 40% alcoholic content. The color of the resulting liquor may be transparent, or it may vary from yellow to clear green to red.
The plants used in the production of herbero include at least four of the following: sage, chamomile, pennyroyal, lemon verbena, the root of the blessed thistle, peppermint, cattail, fennel, anise, melissa, agrimony, savory, felty germander, thyme, and French lavender.
Its production is regulated by the denominación de origen "Distilled spirits of Alicante" together with anise paloma, café licor from Alcoy, and cantueso.
External links
Home page of the denominación de origen of traditional distilled spirits of Alicante
Spanish Wines' page on herbero
Spanish liqueurs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbero |
The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs (NEA), also known as the Bureau of Near East Asian Affairs, is an agency of the Department of State within the United States government that deals with U.S. foreign policy and diplomatic relations with the nations of the Near East. It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, who reports to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
Organization
The offices of the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs direct, coordinate, and supervise U.S. government activities within the region, including political, economic, consular, public diplomacy, and administrative management issues.
Office of Levant Affairs – Responsible for U.S. relations with Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria
Office of North African Affairs – Responsible for U.S. relations with Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia
Office of Arabian Peninsula Affairs – Responsible for shaping, coordinating and implementing foreign policy in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen
Office of Israel and Palestinian Affairs – Responsible for diplomatic issues associated with the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Office of Iraqi Affairs – Oversees Iraq–United States relations
Office of Iranian Affairs – Develops, coordinates, recommends, and executes U.S. policy on Iran
Office of Regional and Multilateral Affairs – Responsible for regional political and economic issues, including political-military affairs, multilateral organizations, labor and social affairs, counternarcotics, environment, refugees, counterterrorism, and human rights
Office of Press and Public Diplomacy – Responsible for the coordination of public diplomacy activities in the NEA region, and preparing press guidance for the Department Spokesperson in the Bureau of Public Affairs
Office of Middle East Partnership Initiative – Responsible for programming in support of reform throughout the region, with special emphasis on empowering women and youth, education, strengthening economies, and broadening political participation
Organization
The bureau is currently led by Joey Hood, a career diplomat serving as the Acting Assistant Secretary. From June 5, 2019, to January 20, 2021, the bureau was led by Assistant Secretary David Schenker. He was preceded by David Satterfield (acting). See Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs for the list of all incumbents.
References
NEA
United States diplomacy
Government agencies established in 1992
1992 establishments in Washington, D.C.
United States–Middle Eastern relations
Arab–American relations
Algeria–United States relations
Bahrain–United States relations
Egypt–United States relations
Iran–United States relations
Iraq–United States relations
Israel–United States relations
Jordan–United States relations
Kuwait–United States relations
Lebanon–United States relations
Libya–United States relations
Morocco–United States relations
Oman–United States relations
Qatar–United States relations
Saudi Arabia–United States relations
State of Palestine–United States relations
Syria–United States relations
Tunisia–United States relations
United Arab Emirates–United States relations
United States–Yemen relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20Near%20Eastern%20Affairs |
The is a rapid transit system in Sendai, Japan. It is operated by the Sendai City Transportation Bureau. The subway consists of two lines, the north-south Namboku Line, which opened in July 1987, and the east-west Tozai Line, which opened in December 2015.
The subway was damaged in the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami and shut down. It reopened on 29 April 2011.
Lines
Rolling stock
Sendai Subway 1000 series 4-car EMUs (Namboku Line, since July 1987)
Sendai Subway 2000 series 4-car EMUs (Tozai Line, since December 2015)
Network Map
References
External links
Sendai City Transportation Bureau
Sendai Subway – official website
Network map
Sendai Subway Map
Tōzai Line – official website
Underground rapid transit in Japan
Transport in Sendai
1987 establishments in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai%20Subway |
South African wine has a history dating back to 1659 with the first bottle being produced in Cape Town by its founder and governor Jan van Riebeeck. Access to international markets led to new investment in the South African wine market. Production is concentrated around Cape Town and almost exclusively located within the Western Cape province, with major vineyard and production centres at Constantia, Paarl, Stellenbosch and Worcester.
There are about 60 appellations within the Wine of Origin (WO) system, which was implemented in 1973 with a hierarchy of designated production regions, districts and wards. WO wines must only contain grapes from the specific area of origin. "Single vineyard" wines must come from a defined area of less than 6 hectares. An "Estate Wine" can come from adjacent farms if they are farmed together and wine is produced on site. A ward is an area with a distinctive soil type or climate and is roughly equivalent to a European appellation.
History
The roots of the South African wine industry can be traced to the explorations of the Dutch East India Company, which established a supply station in what is now Cape Town. A Dutch surgeon, Jan van Riebeeck, was assigned the task of managing the station and planting vineyards to produce wines and grapes. This was intended to ward off scurvy amongst sailors during their voyages along the spice route to India and the East. The first harvest was made on 2 February 1659 (as noted in Van Riebeeck's log) seven years after the landing in 1652. The man succeeding Van Riebeeck as governor of the Cape of Good Hope, Simon van der Stel, sought to improve the quality of viticulture in the region. In 1685, he purchased a large estate just outside Cape Town, establishing the Constantia wine estate. After Van der Stel's death, the estate fell into disrepair, but was revived in 1778 when it was purchased by Hendrik Cloete.
Many growers gave up on winemaking, and instead chose to plant orchards and alfalfa fields to feed the growing ostrich feather industry. The growers that did replant with grapevines chose high-yielding grape varieties such as Cinsaut. By the early 1900s, more than 80 million vines had been replanted, creating a wine lake. Some producers would pour unsaleable wine into local rivers and streams. The imbalance between supply and demand that caused depressed prices prompted the South African government to fund the formation of the Koöperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt (KWV) in 1918. Started as a co-operative, the KWV soon grew in power and prominence eventually setting policies and prices for the entire South African wine industry. To deal with the wine glut, the KWV restricted yields and set minimum prices that encouraged the production of brandy and fortified wines.
For much of the 20th century, the South African wine industry received minimal international attention. Its isolation was exacerbated by the boycotts of South African products in protest against the country's system of Apartheid. It was not until the 1990s when Apartheid was ended, and the world's export market opened up, that South African wines began to experience a renaissance. Many producers in South Africa quickly adopted new viticultural and winemaking technologies. The presence of flying winemakers from abroad brought international influences and focus on well-known varieties such as Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. The reorganisation of the powerful KWV co-operative into a private business sparked further innovation and improvement in quality. Vineyard owners and wineries who had previously relied on the price-fixing structure that bought their excess grapes for distillation were forced to become more competitive by shifting their focus to the production of quality wine. In 1990, less than 30% of all the grapes harvested were used for wine production meant for the consumer market with the remaining 70% being distilled into brandy, sold as table grapes and juice, or discarded. By 2003, the numbers had been reversed with more than 70% of the grapes harvested that year reaching the consumer market as wine.
Climate and geography
South Africa is located at the tip of the African continent with most wine regions located near the coastal influences of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. These regions have a mostly Mediterranean climate that is marked by intense sunlight and dry heat. Winters tend to be cold and wet with potential snowfall at higher elevations. The threat of springtime frost is rare with most wine regions seeing a warm growing season between November and April. The majority of annual precipitation occurs in the winter months and ranges from in the semi-desert-like region of Klein Karoo to near the Worcester Mountains. Regions closer to the coast, or in the rain shadow of inland mountain chains like the Drakenstein, Hottentots Holland and Langeberg, will have more rain than areas further inland. In many South African wine regions irrigation is essential to viticulture. The Benguela current from Antarctica brings cool air off the south Atlantic coast that allows the mean temperatures of the area to be lower than regions of comparable latitude. A strong wind current, known as the Cape Doctor, brings gale-force winds to the wine regions in the Cape which have the positive benefit of limiting the risk of various mildew and fungal grape disease as well as tempering humidity, but can also damage grapevines that are not protected.
During the harvest months of February and March, the average daily temperatures in many South African wine regions is with spikes up to not uncommon in the warm inland river valleys around the Breede, Olifants and Orange Rivers. On the Winkler scale, the majority of South African wine regions would be classified as Region III locations with heat summation and degree days similar to the California wine region of Oakville in Napa Valley. Warmer regions such as Klein Karoo and Douglas fall into Region IV (similar to Tuscany) and Region V (similar to Perth in Western Australia) respectively. New plantings are the focus in cooler climate sites in the Elgin and Walker Bay regions which are characterised as Region II with temperatures closer to the Burgundy and Piedmont.
The wine regions of South Africa are spread out over the Western and Northern Cape regions, covering west to east and north-south. Within this wide expanse is a vast range of macroclimate and vineyard soil types influenced by the unique geography of the area which includes several inland mountain chains and valleys. Within the Stellenbosch region alone, there are more than 50 unique soil types. In general, the soils of South Africa tend to retain moisture and drain well, having a significant proportion of clay (often at least 25% of the composition) with low pH levels around 4. The pH levels of the soils are often adjusted with lime and calcium treatment. Other soil types found in South Africa include granite and sandstone in Constantia, shale in Elgin and arenaceous shale in Walker Bay. Near the river valleys, the soils are particularly lime rich with a high proportion of sand and shale.
Statistics
South Africa is the eighth largest wine producer in the world and the world's sixth largest exporter of wine. South Africa exports R10.3 billion (roughly US$ 600 million) worth of wine annually. In 2022 a total of 90,512 hectares of land used for wine grape cultivation by 2,613 wine grape producers for 536 cellars, the industry employed 269,096 people. The country produces 1.13 billion liters of wine annually with 81% being consumed domestically. In 2019 the wine industry's contribution to the national economy was R55 billion.
Wine of Origin
Drafted in 1973, the "Wine of Origin" (WO) programme legislates how wine regions of South Africa are defined and can appear on wine labels. While some aspects of the WO are taken from the French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) system, the WO is concerned primarily with accuracy in labelling and does not place any additional regulations on wine regions such as permitted varieties, trellising methods, irrigation and crop yields. Wine regions under the WO system fall under one of four categories – the largest and most generic are geographical units (such as the Western Cape region) which include the smaller, but still largely defined regions (such as Overberg), followed by districts (like Walker Bay) and then finally wards (such as Elgin). The Eastern Cape province is South Africa's most recent wine region. While geographical units, regions and districts are largely defined by political boundaries – wards are the level of origin designation that is most defined by unique terroir characteristics.
Wine regions
As of 2003, South Africa was 17th in terms of area planted with vines, with the country owning 1.5% of the world's grape vineyards with . Yearly production among South Africa's wine regions is usually around 10 million hL (264 million US gallons) which regularly puts the country among the top ten wine producing countries in the world. The majority of wine production in South Africa takes place in the Cape, particularly the south-west corner near the coastal region. The historical heart of South African wine has been the area near the Cape Peninsula and modern-day Cape Town. This area is still of prominence in the industry being home to the major wine regions of Constantia, Stellenbosch and Paarl. Today, wine is grown throughout the Western Cape and in parts of the Northern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape regions. The river regions along the Breede Valley, Olifants and Orange Rivers are among the warmest areas and are often the location of bulk wine production and distillation. The cooler climate regions east of Cape Town along the Indian Ocean coast, such as Walker Bay and Elgin, have seen vast expansion and development in recent years as producers experiment with cool climate varietals and wine styles.
Below are some notable Wine of Origins districts.
Constantia
The Constantia Valley is located south of Cape Town on the Cape Peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. Because of its location, the region receives oceanic influences on each side that create a cooling effect contributing to a long, slow ripening period in the summer where average daily temperatures fall between . Winters are often moderate and mild but wet with annual precipitation usually over . The soil of the region is composed primarily of Table Mountain sandstone with high concentrations of loam and granite. The area grows a wide range of grapes with Sauvignon blanc being particularly noted. The area is now home to 11 wine farms (Andrews, 2017). It is the oldest winegrowing region in the country, with the farm Groot Constantia being the oldest wine estate. Another well-known name in the region is Klein Constantia, which was established in 1685 by the VOC Governor of the Cape Simon van der Stel. Their fame reached its peak when Napoleon Bonaparte ordered as much as 1,126 liters (297 gallons) of Constantia wine "Vin de Constance" shipped in wooden casks each year to Longwood House, his home in exile on St Helena from 1815 until his death in 1821.
Stellenbosch
The Stellenbosch district is the second oldest wine region in South Africa, after Constantia, and is responsible for around 14% of the country's annual wine production. First planted in 1679, Stellenbosch is located east of Cape Town. The region is surrounded by the Helderberg, Simonsberg and Stellenbosch Mountains and receives some climatic influences from nearby False Bay. The bay tempers the climate and keeps average temperatures during the summer growing season to around , just slightly warmer than Bordeaux. Vineyard soil types range from decomposed granite on the hillside near the mountains to sandy, alluvial loam in the valleys near the rivers.
The seven wards of Stellenbosch-Banghoek, Bottelary, Devon Valley, Jonkershoek Valley, Papegaaiberg, Polkadraai Hills and Simonsberg-Stellenbosch – are well known for their red wine production that demonstrate terroir distinction – particularly Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinotage and Shiraz. Simonsberg was the first wine ward to gain individual distinction. White wine production centres on Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc which are often blended together. The western reaches of Stellenbosch, such as Bottelary and near Elsenburg also include a sizeable portion of Chenin blanc plantings in areas rich in light, sandy soils.
Paarl
For most of the 20th century, Paarl was for all practical purposes the heart of the South African wine industry. It was the home of the KWV as well as the annual Nederburg Wine Auction where the reputation of a vintage or an estate could be established. Gradually, the focus shifted southwards to Stellenbosch where Stellenbosch University gained a more prominent role in the South African wine industry with its viticulture and winemaking programmes. The transfer of power from the KWV to a private business further shifted the focus away from Paarl. However, the terroir driven wines of its wards, the Franschhoek Valley and Wellington, have revitalised interest in the area in recent years.
The fortified wine produced in Paarl and nearby Tulbagh can be designated with the unique WO of Boberg relating to its proximity to the Berg River. This was repealed in 2019 and is no longer an approved label designation.
Franschhoek Valley
The Franschhoek Valley was founded by Huguenot settlers who brought with them from their native France their traditions and winemaking expertise. The ward includes some higher elevation vineyard sites which can produce full flavoured white wines with noticeable acidity levels.
Franschhoek will soon be South Africa's first wine region to form a classification system (Appellation Grand Prestige) for its wines, with Semillon, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon being identified as the area's most tried-and-trusted grapes over a number of decades.
Breede River Valley
The Breede River Valley, located east of the Drakenstein Mountains, is a warm climate region that can be very dry and arid in some places. The river itself provides easy access to irrigation which makes bulk wine production of high yield varieties commonplace. The Robertson district is located closest to the river along alluvial soils and the occasional calcium-rich outcrop of land. The average annual precipitation is generally below , making irrigation essential. Temperatures during the summer growing season are normally around . The Bonnievale ward is the most notable sub-region of Robertson, noted for its Chardonnay and Shiraz wines.
The Worcester district is responsible for more wine than any other wine region in the country with one fifth to one quarter of the entire South African yearly wine production coming from this area. Located just beyond Du Toit's Peak in the Breede River Valley, Worcester includes a broad fertile plain that relies on irrigation due to its dry, arid climate. The area's large and numerous co-operatives produce sizeable amounts of fortified wine as well as Muscadel and Hanepoot based dessert wines. In recent years, the Slanghoek ward and the Breedekloof district have been successful growing botrytised and dry Sauvignon blanc wines. The Worcester district is home to nearly half of all the Semillon, and a third of Ruby Cabernet, planted in South Africa with sizeable plantings of Colombard and Chenin blanc.
Overberg
The cool climate Overberg region has been the site of the most recent interest and development in the South African wine industry, particularly with increased plantings of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. The entire area received very little attention until the late 20th century and was not even classified in 1973 within the original Wine of Origins programme. The maritime climate of Walker Bay and the cool, higher elevation vineyards of Elgin located east of Cape Town, have had success producing these varietals as well as Sauvignon blanc.
Other notable regions
The Klein Karoo region (meaning Little Karoo) has a semi-desert climate and was known mostly for sheep and ostrich farming. The region stretches from Montagu in the west to the village of De Rust in the east. In Calitzdorp warm temperatures are moderated by sea breezes that start in the late afternoon, and cool night time temperatures. Wine production in the area is largely centred on fortified "port-style" wine and Muscadels.
The Atlantic influenced West Coast region includes the wine making areas of Durbanville, Olifants River, Piketberg and Swartland. While this region was known historically for its large, bulk wine production, in recent years, producers have focused on premium wine production such as plantings of Sauvignon blanc in the Groenekloof area near Darling and Pinotage in unirrigated farmland of the Swartland. In the Olifants River region, Chenin blanc and Colombard are popular. The area is also home to South Africa's biggest single co-operative winery – the Vredendal Co-operative.
The Northern Cape wine regions located along the Orange River include the hottest wine producing areas in South Africa. Wine production here was slow to take root, delayed to the 1960s when better irrigation and temperature control fermentation technology became available. Today, the area is responsible for nearly 12% of all the wine produced in South Africa – mostly by large co-operatives for bulk wine production. The Hartswater region, located north of Kimberley, is South Africa's northernmost wine region.
KwaZulu-Natal was designated as a Geographical Unit in 2005 and is one of South Africa's most recent wine regions. The first wine estate in this region was The Stables Wine Estate, and the region's first Wine of Origin wine was released by Tiny and Judy van Niekerk in July 2006. The Stables Wine Estate went bankrupt in 2012. Current cultivars doing well in the growing wine region of KwaZulu-Natal are: Sauvignon Blanc, Pinotage, Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. With mild summer temperatures, the region boasts South Africa's coolest vineyards.
The Eastern Cape followed soon after through the pioneering efforts of Ronnie and Janet Vehorn. In 2009, Harrison Hope Wine Estate was registered as the first wine estate in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The estate made history again with its 2009 Merlot becoming the first certified estate wine ever produced in the Eastern Cape region. Situated in the Amatola Mountains, this area enjoys high temperatures in summer with little to no humidity. Unfortunately, late frost, hail, summer rainfall, and duiker make for some of the harshest conditions for wine grapes. Grapes grown in this region include: Chardonnay, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Pinotage, Sauvingnon Blanc and Shiraz.
Other notable wards
The Ruiterbosch ward, located southwest of the Klein Karoo around Mossel Bay, has a generally cool climate influenced primarily by the Indian Ocean. The area is planted largely with Riesling, Sauvignon blanc and Pinot noir. The Cederberg located east of the southern reaches of the Olifants rivers includes some of the highest elevated vineyards in South Africa, planted at altitudes more than .
Viticulture
Historically vineyards in South Africa were planted with untrellised bush vines planted apart at a density of 7,000 vines per hectare (2,800 vines per acre). Following the phylloxera devastation, the focus of viticulture in South Africa was more on quantity rather than quality. Vineyards were planted with high yield varieties, widely spaced to facilitate the use of mechanical harvesting. In the late 20th century, more producers began to focus on quality wine production and adopted modern viticultural practices. Vines were planted to an average density of 3,300 per hectare (1,300 per acre) and pruned to keep yields down to 49–56 hl/ha (2.8–3.2 tons/acre). The most common form of trellising found in South Africa is the vertical hedge row system that uses a split cordon supported on a wire kept around off the ground. The grapevine leaves are trained upright on separate wires that allow plenty of sunshine to reach the grapes, but provide enough coverage to keep them from being sunburned. The vines are usually pruned to allow four to five spurs each with two to three buds (potential grape clusters) per cordon. Heat is also a concern come harvest time with some wineries harvesting only at night in the cooler temperatures under floodlights.
The lack of precipitation in many wine regions make irrigation a necessity. Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems are used to provide anywhere from of extra water a year. Modern winemakers are developing new techniques and an understanding of the role that water stress plays in the development of quality wine grape production. Producers who do not irrigate will sometimes use the phrase "dryland" or "dry farmed" on their wine labels as a marketing angle. Besides irrigation, an important concern for vineyard owners is the threat of vineyard pests such as mealy bugs and baboons. To combat these hazards, some vineyard owners will utilise Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes such as the importation of ladybugs, a natural predator of mealy bugs.
While ocean winds keep some fungus and mildew threats at bay, downy mildew and powdery mildew (known regionally as "white rust") can pose an occasional threat during the wet winter season. Near harvest time, botrytis can also appear, being a hazard or a welcome visitor depending on whether or not botrytised wine production is the goal. Another threat is diseased and virus-infected rootstock. After the phylloxera devastation, vineyards in South Africa were replanted with American rootstock (nowadays most commonly 99 Richter, 110 Richter and 101-14 Mgt). Some of these imported rootstocks were infected with various virus such as corky bark, fanleaf and leafroll, which soon spread to other vineyards. These virus-infected vines have a shortened lifespan and difficulties with photosynthesis, which can lead to poor ripening of phenolic compounds in the grape and low quality wine. Since the 1980s, efforts have been undertaken by the South African wine industry to quarantine and promote healthy virus-free vineyards. Additionally, work has been undertaken in clonal research to identify which grape varieties grow best in which climate and wine region.
Vine Improvement Programme
Following the end of Apartheid and the opening of export markets, the South African wine industry had a substantial learning curve to overcome in order to be competitive on the world's wine market. The Vine Improvement Programme (VIP) was established to bring modern viticultural understanding to the industry. The first phase launched in the late 20th century focused on virus-free and yield controlling rootstock as well as clonal research. The second phase, which is ongoing, focuses on matching up various combinations of grape varieties, clones and rootstock to specific terroir that can produce quality wine. Over the last 20+ years, the work of the VIP has brought the South African wine industry to the forefront of viticultural advances.
Winemaking and wines
The winemaking traditions of South Africa often represent a hybridisation of Old World wine making and the new. Since the end of Apartheid, many producers have been working on producing more "international" styles of wine that can succeed on the world market. Flying winemakers from France, Spain and California have brought new techniques and styles to South Africa. In the 1980s, the use of oak barrels for fermentation and ageing became popular. The use of chaptalisation is illegal in South Africa as the country's warm climate makes attaining sufficient sugar and alcohol levels for wine production non-problematic. Winemakers more often have problems with low acidity levels which require supplementation with additional acids like tartaric acid.
Today the focus of the South African wine industry is on increasing the quality of wine production – particularly with the more exportable and fashionable red grape varieties. Traditionally, South African red wines had a reputation for being coarse in texture with rustic flavours. The Afrikaans word dikvoet used to describe these wines meant literally "thick foot". In the vineyards, growers focused on yield control for better ripeness, while winemakers used modern techniques to create softer, fleshier wines. Temperature control fermentation as well as controlled malolactic fermentation were more widely used as well as less dependency on filtration as a means of stabilisation.
Cape port-style wine
The South African wine industry has a long history of fortified wine production producing wines known colloquially as "Cape port" (though the term "Port" is protected by the European Union and refers only to the wines from the Douro region of Portugal). These wines are made from a variety of grapes, such as Shiraz and Pinotage, as well as Portuguese varieties like Tinta Barroca, Touriga Nacional, Souzão and Fernão Pires. The minimum alcohol level for these wines must be 16.5–22%. The many styles of "Cape port" closely parallel their Portuguese counterparts and include:
Cape White port – Can be made from any white grape varieties (such as Chenin blanc, Colombard or Fernão Pires) except for Muscats. Required to be aged in wood barrels for at least six months.
Cape Ruby port – Usually a blend of several fruity, full bodied wines that have been aged for at least six months in wood for each wine and at least a year total for the entire blend.
Cape Tawny port – A blend that has been aged in wood long enough to acquire a tawny colour with a smooth, slightly nutty flavour. Blending Ruby and White ports to create Tawny port is prohibited.
Cape Late Bottled Vintage (LBV) port – A wine composed of grapes harvested in a single vintage that is aged at least two years in oak and three to six years total before being bottled. South Africa wine laws require that the term "Late Bottled Vintage" or "LBV" appear on the wine label along with the vintage and bottling year.
Cape Vintage port – A wine composed of grapes harvested in a single vintage, aged in wood and released with the words "Vintage Port" and the vintage year on the label.
Cape Vintage Reserve port – A wine produced in a vintage year recognised by the South African wine industry or trade publications as being of exceptional quality. The wine must be aged for at least one year in oak and sold exclusively in glass wine bottles. The words "Vintage Reserve Port" and vintage date must appear on the wine label.
Other fortified and dessert wines
In addition to port-style wine, South African wine makers also produce "sherry-style" wines produced in a solera system and a unique vin de liqueur made from Muscat known as Jerepigo (or Jerepiko). With Jerepigo, the brandy is added to the must prior to fermentation, which leaves the wine with a residual sugar (RS) level of at least 160 grams per litre. South Africa's long history of late harvest dessert wines include the modern-day Edel Laat-oes wines infected with noble rot (known locally as Edelkeur) and containing at least 50 grams of residual sugar per litre. Wine labelled simply as Laat-oes is from grapes harvested late, but not infected with botrytis. These wines must have an alcohol content of at least 10% and residual sugar levels between 10 and 30 grams per litre. Wines above 30 grams RS may be called Spesiale Laat-oes or "special late harvest" which may imply that some grapes infected with botrytis were used.
Sparkling wines
Sparkling wines in South Africa are produced with both the Charmat and the traditional "Champagne Method". The first champagne method wines produced in South Africa came from the Simonsig estate (in Stellenbosch) in 1971. To distinguish South African sparkling wines (and to comply with European Union regulations protecting the term "Champagne" and champenois), wines made in this traditional bottled fermented method are labelled as Methode Cap Classique (or MCC). These wines have been traditionally made using Sauvignon blanc and Chenin blanc, but in recent years have seen more of the traditional "Champagne grapes" of Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier being used. Red sparkling wine made from Pinotage can also be found.
Labelling laws
South African labelling law focuses largely on geographical origins, falling under the purview of the Wine of Origin legislation. Single vineyard designated wine can be produced, provided the vineyard is registered with the government and all grapes used in the production of the wine were grown in that vineyard. While the term "estate" no longer qualifies as a designation of geographic origins, wineries can still label "estate wines" provided all the grapes were grown, and the wine was vinified and bottled on the same property. The South African Wine & Spirit Board operates a voluntary programme that allows South African wines to be "certified" for quality and accuracy in labelling. Under this certification process, vintage dated wine must be composed of at least 85% grapes that were harvested that vintage year. Varietal wines must also be composed of at least 85% of the listed varietal. Blends, such as a Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinotage blend, can have both varietals listed on the label provided the two wines were vinified separately. A wine that has been "co-fermented", with both grapes crushed and vinified together such as a Shiraz-Viognier, cannot list both varietals. As of 2006, about 35% of Cape wineries participated in this voluntary programme.
Grape varieties
Grape varieties in South Africa are known as cultivar, with many common international varieties developing local synonyms that still have a strong tradition of use. These include: Chenin blanc (Steen), Riesling (until recently known locally as Weisser Riesling), Crouchen (known as Cape Riesling), Palomino (the grape of the Spanish wine Sherry known locally as "White French"), Trebbiano (Ugni Blanc), Sémillon (Groendruif) and Muscat of Alexandria (Hanepoot). However, wines that are often exported overseas will usually have the more internationally recognised name appear on the wine label. In 2015, SAWIS (South African Wine Information and Systems) reported that the country had 100,146 hectares of vineyards, with about 55% planted with white varieties. Chenin blanc has long been the most widely planted variety, still accounting for over 18% of all grape area planted in South Africa as of 2015, though it is slowly decreasing in overall share of vineyard area. In the 1980s and 1990s, interest in international varieties saw increase in plantings of Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc. Other white grape varieties with significant plantings include Colombard (also spelled locally as Colombar), Cape Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Hanepoot, Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains, Riesling and Sémillon. Both red and white mutants of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains as well as Chenel and Weldra, two Chenin blanc-Ugni blanc crossings, are used for brandy distillation and fortified wine production.
From the 1990s, plantings of red grape varieties rose steadily. In the late 1990s, less than 18% of all the grapes grown in South Africa were red. By 2009 that number had risen to 44%. For most of the 20th century, the high yielding Cinsaut was the most widely planted red grape variety, but the shift in focus to quality wine production has seen plantings of the grape steadily decline to where it represented just 2% of all South Africa vineyards in 2009. In its place, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz and Pinotage have risen to prominence with Cabernet Sauvignon being the most widely grown red grape variety covering 12% of all plantings in 2009. Other red grape varieties found in South Africa include: Carignan, Gamay (often made in the style of Beaujolais wine with carbonic maceration), Grenache, Petit Verdot, Cabernet Franc, Pontac, Ruby Cabernet, Tinta Barroca and Zinfandel.
There is a wide range of lesser known groups that are used to feed the country's still robust distilled spirits and fortified wine industry. These grapes usually produce bland, neutral wine that lends itself well to blending and distillation but is rarely seen as varietal bottlings. These include: Belies, False Pedro, Kanaän, Raisin blanc, Sultana and Servan.
Pinotage
Pinotage, a crossing of Pinot noir and Cinsaut, has seen its plantings rise and fall due to the current fashion of the South African wine industry. Today, it is the second most widely planted red grape variety in South Africa. While there are supporters who want to make the grape South Africa's signature variety, critics of the grape note that hardly any other wine region in the world has planted this variety due to its flaws. In the early 1990s, as Apartheid ended and the world's wine market was opening up, winemakers in South Africa ignored Pinotage in favour of more internationally recognised varieties like Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon. Towards the end of the 20th century, the grape's fortunes began to turn, and by 1997 it commanded higher prices than any other South African grape. It is a required component (30–70%) in "Cape blends". Here it is made into the full range of styles, from easy-drinking quaffing wine and rosé to barrel-aged wine intended for cellaring. It is also made into a fortified "port-style", and even a red sparkling wine. The grape can be very dependent on the style of winemaking, with well made examples having the potential to produce deep coloured, fruity wines that can be accessible early as well as age. However, critics of the variety believe that the variety's flaws – green vegetal flavours and tannins, and susceptibility to developing banana and nail polish acetate aromas – are present in far more examples of Pinotage that reach the consumer market. Pinotage reached its zenith in 2001, covering 7.3% of the total vineyard area, but this has since decreased to 6%.
Important organisations
The South African wine industry has been led by many powerful organisations in both the private sector and through governmental agencies. Unlike other New World wine regions, the South African wine industry is largely influenced by several large co-operatives. The Koöperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt (KWV) was a co-operative first created through the funding and encouragement of the South African government as a force to stabilise and grow the South African wine industry. As the KWV is now a privately owned winemaking co-operative, some of its regulatory responsibilities have fallen to other organisations such as the South African Wine & Spirit Board. The Wine & Spirit Board runs the voluntary certification programme that allows South African wines to be "certified" for quality and accuracy in labelling. In addition to being subject to various labelling guidelines, wines are blind tasted by a panel of experts for quality, and are put through an analytic test for faults. Like the vintage and varietal labelling guidelines, these tests are voluntary, but wines that are not submitted for testing are liable for random testing for health requirements.
The Wine & Spirits board also operates the South African Wine Industry Trust (SAWIT) and provides funding for the marketing and development of SAWIT. Established in 1999 by a joint agreement between the South African government and the KWV, which put forth 369 million rand ($46 million US$), SAWIS works to promote the export market for South African wines abroad, and the development of new technologies and education. Additionally, SAWIS works with the Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) programme to promote the black community's involvement in the South African wine industry – including ownership opportunities for vineyards and wineries.
South African wine competitions
Wine competitions are held to assess whether a wine is of good quality and whether it is true to its character. The most prominent South African wine competitions include:
ABSA Top 10 Pinotage
Amorim Cap Classique Challenge
Diners Club Winemaker of the Year
FNB Sauvignon Blanc Top 10
Michelangelo International Wine & Spirits Awards
Old Mutual Trophy Wine Show
Shiraz SA Challenge
Standard Bank Chenin Blanc Top 10 Challenge
Veritas Awards
See also
Winemaking
Agriculture in South Africa
Boschendal
Cape Classics
Economy of the Western Cape
KwaZulu-Natal wine
List of wineries in South Africa
South African cuisine
The South African Wine Initiative
Tot System
References
External links
WO booklet from SAWIS, gives history and has maps of the appellations
Wines of South Africa (WOSA) Industry body
ABSA Top 10 Pinotage South African Pinotage Wine Competition
Mosaic Top 5 Pinot Noir Wine Awards South African Pinot Noir Wine Competition
Veritas Awards General South African Wine Competition
South African cuisine
South African drinks
Wine by country
Agriculture in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20wine |
The round window is one of the two openings from the middle ear into the inner ear. It is sealed by the secondary tympanic membrane (round window membrane), which vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the inner ear through the oval window. It allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur.
Structure
The round window is situated below (inferior to) and a little behind (posterior to) the oval window, from which it is separated by a rounded elevation, the promontory.
It is located at the bottom of a funnel-shaped depression (the round window niche) and, in the macerated bone, opens into the cochlea of the internal ear; in the fresh state it is closed by a membrane, the secondary tympanic membrane (, or ) or round window membrane, which is a complex saddle point shape. The visible central portion is concave (curved inwards) toward the tympanic cavity and convex (curved outwards) toward the cochlea; but towards the edges, where it is hidden in the round window niche, it curves the other way.
This membrane consists of three layers:
an external, or mucous, derived from the mucous lining of the tympanic cavity;
an internal, from the lining membrane of the cochlea;
and an intermediate, or fibrous layer.
The membrane vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the cochlea through the oval window as the fluid in the cochlea is displaced when pressed by the stapes at the oval window. This ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur.
Both the oval and round windows are about the same size, approximately . The entrance to the round window niche is often much smaller than this.
Function
The stapes bone transmits movement to the oval window. As the stapes footplate moves into the oval window, the round window membrane moves out, and this allows movement of the fluid within the cochlea, leading to movement of the cochlear inner hair cells and thus hearing. If the round window were to be absent or rigidly fixed (as can happen in some congenital abnormalities), the stapes footplate would be pushing incompressible fluid against the unyielding walls of the cochlea. It would therefore not move to any useful degree leading to a hearing loss of about 60dB. This is, unsurprisingly, the same as for conditions where the stapes itself is fixed, such as otosclerosis.
Imaging
The round window is located within the mesotympanum, at the posterior extremity of the basal turn of the cochlea. The oval windows is also located within the mesotympanum, opening at the inferior and lateral part of the vestibule. Both can be seen readily on CT.
Clinical significance
The round window sometimes fails to develop correctly and causes the hearing loss mentioned above. Unfortunately round window malformations are often associated with other ear malformations and the hearing loss can be much more severe.
Some types of ear surgery (now generally abandoned) used to leave the round window open to the outside world and covered over the oval window. Sound pressure therefore hit the round window but was shielded from the oval window. It therefore travelled "backwards" around the cochlea but still gave useful hearing as the hair cells were still deflected in the same way.
The round window is often used as an approach for cochlear implant surgery. It has also recently been used as a site to place middle ear implantable hearing aid transducers. This work has been publicised by Prof. Vittorio Colletti in Verona.
Additional images
See also
Oval window
References
External links
Diagram (as 'round window') at Southwest Tennessee Community College
Overview at University of Denver
Auditory system
Ear | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round%20window |
Major General William Sidney Graves (March 27, 1865 – February 27, 1940) was a United States Army officer who commanded American forces in Siberia during the Siberian Expedition, part of the Allied Intervention in Russia, towards the end of World War I.
Early life and education
He was born on March 27, 1865 in Mount Calm, Texas, to the Reverend Andrew Carrol, a Southern Baptist minister and Evelyn Bennett. Graves began attendance at the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, in 1884, although he caught pneumonia and missed his plebe year as a result. Nevertheless, he continued to attend and ultimately graduated forty-second in a class of forty-nine on June 12, 1889. Among his fellow graduates included several men who would become general officers, such as Charles Dudley Rhodes, Clement Flagler, Eben Eveleth Winslow, Frank Daniel Webster, Walter Augustus Bethel, Winthrop S. Wood, Chester Harding, William L. Kenly, Joseph D. Leitch, Edward McGlachlin Jr., George LeRoy Irwin, William Wright Harts, William G. Haan, Charles Crawford and William Lassiter. Charles Young was another distinguished graduate, becoming the first African American to attain the rank of colonel.
Marriage
Graves married Katherine Pauline "Kate" Boyd, daughter of William Lang and Augusta Josephine (née Merriam) Boyd, at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Cheyenne, Wyoming, on February 9, 1891. Katherine was the niece of his commanding officer, Henry C. Merriam.
Military career
He served in the Spanish–American War in the Philippines until 1902. He fought at the Battle of Caloocan as a company commander during the insurrection. He was the assistant chief of the Army General Staff.
In 1918, the year after the American entry into World War I, he was given command of the 8th Division and sent to Siberia under direct orders from President Woodrow Wilson. He landed on September 1, 1918. His orders were to remain strictly apolitical amidst a politically turbulent situation. As a result, he was frequently at odds with his Allied peers, the State Department, and various Russian groups.
Given some 7,000 soldiers in what was called the American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.), and aided by Joseph D. Leitch as his chief of staff, he settled on the idea of making sure the Trans-Siberian railroad stayed operational and brought in a number of railroad experts to run the railway. His troops did not intervene in the Russian Civil War despite strong pressure brought on him to help the White army of Admiral Kolchak. Early on, Graves developed a strong distaste for Kolchak and his government.
Graves thought that the British, French, and Japanese forces in Siberia were all following self-serving political ambitions beyond the stated goals of the Allies, which were to protect supplies provided by the powers to their erstwhile Tsarist allies and to provide for the safe conduct of foreign allied troops, primarily Czechs, who were to exit Russia via Vladivostok. Graves believed that the British and French were trying to suppress Bolshevik forces. He also believed that the Japanese had plans to annex part of Eastern Siberia (the Amur region, east of Lake Baikal). The Japanese deployed an estimated 72,000 soldiers—some 6 times the authorized troop level of 12,000 set by the Allies.
U.S. forces operated the Trans-Siberian railroad for almost two years, while bandits roamed the Siberian countryside and the political situation turned chaotic. The U.S. military did accomplish its main objective and the entire Czech Legion was evacuated out of Russia via Vladivostok. The last U.S. soldiers left Siberia April 1, 1920. Historian Benson Bobrick wrote of Graves: "In the whole sad debacle, he may have been the only honorable man."
General Graves was promoted to the rank of major general on July 11, 1925, and retired from the army in 1928. He then wrote a book about his time in Siberia, entitled America's Siberian Adventure 1918-20.
Family
William and Kate had four children, two of whom survived their parents. The first two children are buried at Fort Logan National Cemetery in Denver, Colorado: a newborn infant (died October 27, 1891) and a girl, Marjorie (November 19, 1892 – February 24, 1894).
A son, Sidney Carroll Graves (1893–1974) graduated from West Point in 1915 and followed his father into a military career, attaining the rank of major. He earned two Distinguished Service Crosses: the first during World War I, and the second while serving in the Russian Expeditionary Force. In 1921 he married Olga Roosevelt (Bayne), a relative of President Theodore Roosevelt. Olga's grandfather, Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, and the president's father, Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., were brothers.
The youngest child, Dorothy, married William R. Orton.
Awards
His awards included the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the citation for which reads:
Death
Graves died on February 27, 1940, in Shrewsbury, New Jersey.
Legacy
His papers are held in the Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University.
Footnotes
References
Kennan, George F.: The Decision to Intervene
Biography of Graves on HHSWeb.com
Obituaries of Graves from the New York Times and the Herald Tribune
External links
Arlington National Cemetery
1865 births
1940 deaths
United States Army Infantry Branch personnel
Military personnel from Texas
American military personnel of the Russian Civil War
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Hill County, Texas
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
United States Army generals of World War I
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20S.%20Graves |
Limited depravity is the doctrine that denies original sin has entirely tainted human free will. Instead, the doctrine asserts that all humans, while unable not to sin, have the inherent ability to accept Jesus Christ's offer of salvation. This belief is held by Pelagianism, Semi-Pelagianism, and some who call themselves Arminians. It is rejected by Calvinists and most Arminians including Jacobus Arminius himself, his followers, the Remonstrants, John Wesley and most Methodists.
Christian hamartiology
Christian terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited%20depravity |
Lone Mountain is a neighborhood and a historic hill in west-central San Francisco, California. It is the present site of the northern half of the University of San Francisco's main campus. It was once the location of the Lone Mountain Cemetery, a complex encompassing the Laurel Hill, Calvary, Masonic and Odd Fellows Cemeteries.
History
Lone Mountain is one of San Francisco's historic hills. The Spanish name for Lone Mountain was El Divisadero, from the Spanish divisadero, which means a point from which one can look far.
The Lone Mountain Cemetery was opened on May 30, 1854. In 1867, the cemetery was renamed Laurel Hill Cemetery. After decades of litigation and public debate, the gravesite remains were all moved, primarily to Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in the city of Colma, immediately south of San Francisco. In what writer Harold Gilliam described as "an act of civic vandalism", thousands of crypts and mausoleums were unearthed, the granite and marble dumped along the Pacific shoreline to reinforce seawalls.
The Lone Mountain College (formerly Sacred Heart Academy and San Francisco College for Women) was founded in 1898; and changed leadership and ownership many times, before becoming part of USF. The Lone Mountain area is also known as "University Terrace" because of the terraces that connect the two USF campuses.
Neighborhood
The Lone Mountain neighborhood of San Francisco is a vibrant and includes residential, commercial and a university community. It is also the site of the Angelo J. Rossi Playground and Rossi Pool located at Arguello Boulevard and Anza Street.
See also
List of San Francisco, California Hills
San Francisco Columbarium & Funeral Home
References
External links
Encyclopedia of San Francisco Article on cemeteries
Hills of San Francisco
History of San Francisco
Mountains of the San Francisco Bay Area
University of San Francisco
Neighborhoods in San Francisco
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone%20Mountain%20%28California%29 |
Anastatia may refer to:
Given name
A variant of the given name Anastasia
Anastatia Mayers (born circa 2005), Antigua and Barbuda citizen, first of a mother-daughter pair to reach space, first Caribbean woman to reach space, in an August 2023 Virgin Galactic suborbital tourist flight
Kathleen Anastatia Mylne, OBE, elevated at the 1959 Birthday Honours
Surname
A variant of the surname Anastasia (surname)
Bryan Anastatia (born 1992), Netherlands soccer player
Fictional characters
Given name
Anastatia Bates, a P.G.Wodehouse character in "The Purification of Rodney Spelvin" from The Heart of a Goof
Anastatia Spelvin, a P.G.Wodehouse character in "Rodney Has a Relapse" from Nothing Serious (short story collection)
See also
Anastacia (disambiguation)
Anastasia (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastatia |
Luther King may refer to:
Martin Luther King Jr., an American Baptist minister and civil rights activist from 1954 through 1968
Martin Simões, a Portuguese footballer
See also
Martin Luther King (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20King |
WHCT-LD (channel 35) is a low-power television station licensed to both Hartford and New Haven, Connecticut, United States, affiliated with MeTV. The station is owned and operated by Weigel Broadcasting, and maintains a transmitter on Rattlesnake Mountain in Farmington.
History
The WHCT call letters, which were once used on channel 18 (now Univision affiliate WUVN), were adopted by the station in August 2001. Ten years after the station signed on, from 1991 to 2001, its call letters were W69CL, with a brief change to W32BV during a failed attempt to move it to channel 32 from 1997 to 1998.
In December 2019, Weigel Broadcasting agreed to purchase WHCT-LD from Venture Technologies Group for $1.5 million. The sale was completed on September 30, 2020, and Weigel placed five of their networks on WHCT-LD immediately, replacing the Jewelry Television affiliation.
Weigel had not had an affiliate in the area for any of their networks since WZME (channel 43, mainly serving the New York market from Bridgeport) ended their affiliation with MeTV in 2015. WZME would eventually be affiliated with MeTV Plus on September 27, 2021, and Story Television upon its launch on March 28, 2022.
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
References
External links
HCT-LD
MeTV affiliates
Heroes & Icons affiliates
Start TV affiliates
Movies! affiliates
Catchy Comedy affiliates
OnTV4U affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1991
1991 establishments in Connecticut
Weigel Broadcasting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHCT-LD |
Mantric is a Norwegian progressive metal band from Oslo that formed in 2007.
Background
When the last remaining founding members of Extol, vocalist Peter Espevoll and drummer David Husvik, decided to end the band in 2007, the remaining members, John Mjaaland, Tor Glidje, Ole Sveen, who had previously played together in Lengsel and Ganglion, decided to continue the already in-progress songwriting process and change the name of the band to Mantric. Husvik was also a part of the first lineup, but eventually left.
The band was signed to Prosthetic Records and released their debut album, The Descent in 2010. The album has received generally positive reviews including 8 out of 10 scores from both Metal Hammer and Decibel. Mantric has since played a handful of shows and festivals in Europe and are currently demoing material for their next album. In 2015, the band released a new song and announced two releases, an EP and a Studio album. In 2015, the band released their sophomore album entitled, Sin, which was well received. The album was said to be of various sounds, mainly progressive metal, but also post metal, death metal, and black metal. On 20 March 2020, it was announced the band had signed with Tooth & Nail / Solid State Records and had released a new single titled "Polyanna". The band is set to release their third album, False Negative on 24 April 2020. On 9 April, the band released "The Towering Mountain".
Members
Current
John Robert Mjåland – bass, vocals (2007–present)
Ole Halvard Sveen – vocals, lead guitar, violin, mandolin, squeezebox (2007–present)
Tor Magne Glidje – rhythm guitar, vocals, percussion (2007–present)
Live musicians
Anders Salomon Lidal – soundscapes (2007–present)
David Husvik – drums (2007–2009, 2011–present)
Martin Siverstein – guitar
Former
Kim Akerholdt – drums (2009–2011)
Discography
Studio albums
The Descent (2010)
Sin (2015)
False Negative (2020)
EPs
Die Old (2015)
Singles
"Polyanna" (2020)
"The Towering Mountain" (2020)
References
External links
Mantric discography at Discogs
Norwegian Christian metal musical groups
Norwegian progressive metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 2007
2007 establishments in Norway
Musical groups from Oslo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantric |
The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) is a widely used measure of impulsiveness. It includes 30 items that are scored to yield six first-order factors (attention, motor, self-control, cognitive complexity, perseverance, and cognitive instability impulsiveness) and three second-order factors (attentional, motor, and non-planning impulsiveness).
The BIS is the most widely used self-report measure of impulsive personality traits. As of June 2008, Web of Knowledge (an academic citation indexing and search service) tallied 457 journal citations of the 1995 article which defined the factor structure of the 11th version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Although initially developed in the United States, the BIS-11 has been applied widely around the world, including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Scotland, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.
The first version of the scale, the BIS-1, was released in 1959. The current version, the BIS-11, was released in 1995.
Scoring
The BIS-11 is a 30-item self-report questionnaire that is scored to yield a total score, three second-order factors, and six first-order factors. The questions are published in the 1995 references article. The following is a list of the items contributing to each factor score.
Validity
Patton et al. reported internal consistency coefficients for the BIS-11 total score that range from 0.79 to 0.83 for separate populations of under-graduates, substance-abuse patients, general psychiatric patients, and prison inmates.
Modified versions
Short versions of the BIS-11 have been developed. The BIS-15 developed by Spinella includes 15 of the original 30-item BIS-11 and has been used in several other languages such as German, Spanish, French, Thai, and Kannada. There is also an Italian version who has been labelled BIS-15 developed by Maggi and colleagues but shares only 12 items with Spinella's BIS-15. The BIS-Brief includes eight items of the original 30-item BIS-11.
References
External links
Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11
Personality tests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barratt%20Impulsiveness%20Scale |
Carlton Errol Morse (June 4, 1901 - May 24, 1993) was a Louisiana-born producer/journalist best known for his creation of the radio serial One Man's Family, which debuted in 1932 and ran until 1959 as one of the most popular as well as long-running radio soap operas of the time. He also was responsible for the radio serial I Love a Mystery. A radio legend, he experimented with television and published three novels. Morse is considered by many to be one of the best radio scriptwriters.
Early life
In 1901, Carlton was born in Jennings, Louisiana, to George and Ora Morse. In 1906, his family relocated to a fruit ranch at Talent, Oregon, and when Morse was 16, they moved to Sacramento, California. After graduating from high school in Sacramento, Morse went to the University of California from 1919 to 1922 but did not graduate. Instead, he dropped out and returned to Sacramento, beginning a career as a journalist with the Sacramento Union.
Journalism career
From 1922 to 1928, Morse was employed at the Sacramento Union, the San Francisco Illustrated Daily Herald, The Seattle Times, Vancouver Columbian, Portland Oregonian and The San Francisco Bulletin. When the Bulletin was absorbed into the San Francisco Call in 1929, Morse lost his job, soon after marrying his first wife, Patricia DeBall. Though The Seattle Times offered him another job, he declined. This was to mark the beginning of his career in radio.
Radio
After losing his newspaper job, Morse brought several scripts he had written throughout the 1920s to an interview with NBC. He soon was offered a job at KGO, the San Francisco outlet of NBC's Blue Network, and began his radio career scripting House of Myths. Morse began work on NBC Mystery Serial, which included such episodes as "Captain Post: Crime Specialist" and "Case of the One-eyed Parrot". Other mysteries scripted by Morse included The Witch of Endor, The City of the Dead, Captain Post: Crime Specialist, The Game Called Murder and Dead Men Prowl.
He also did four programs based on San Francisco Police Department files: Chinatown Squad, Barbary Coast Nights, Killed in Action and To the Best of Their Ability. Morse worked closely with San Francisco Police Chief William J. Quinn, who narrated all four series.
Morse's major successes were One Man's Family, and I Love a Mystery. One Man's Family began in 1932, with I Love A Mystery following in 1939. The two series were almost polar opposites; "One Man's Family" was a daily soap opera, targeted at housewives, and "I Love a Mystery" was an adventure serial for adolescents and lovers of the macabre. Both are regarded by radio historians as two of the all-time best radio serials.
I Love a Mystery was a tremendous hit and many episodes still offer chills to modern listeners. The original series was broadcast from 1939 to 1942 on the NBC Blue Network and then had one more season (1943–44) on CBS. It was later revived on the Mutual Broadcasting System from 1949 through 1953. The original run was broadcast from Hollywood, and the revival originated from New York City.
Morse created and wrote the soap opera Family Skeleton, which ran on CBS radio in 1953-1954.
Additional radio credits
Chinatown Tales
Musical Miniatures
Illustrated Tales
Split Second Tales
House of Myths
Adventures by Morse
I Love Adventure (adaptations of stories from "I Love a Mystery")
His Honor the Barber
The Family Skeleton
Television
Morse was also a pioneer in television as well. He was part of Slice of Life, the first television drama series aired on Los Angeles' television station, KFI. Morse brought One Man's Family to television (1949–52), years before it left the airwaves with the end of the Golden Age of Radio.
Morse brought a revision of Slice of Life to network television with the title Mixed Doubles. He was producer, director, and writer for the situation comedy, which ran on NBC August through October in 1949. He also had an unsuccessful soap opera, Kitty Foyle in 1958.
Later life
Morse eventually retired from radio/TV in order to write novels from his home, named Seven Stones. Three of his books, Killer at the Wheel, A Lavish of Sin and Stuff the Lady's Hatbox were based on I Love a Mystery. In 1984, Morse's first wife Patricia died. Later in life, Morse copyrighted his scripts and novels. He was a member of San Francisco's Bohemian Club, and he attended many conventions held in his honor. Before his death in 1993, Morse founded the Morse Family Trust. He is survived by his second wife, Millie Morse.
Recognition
Morse has a star in the Radio section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame; it is located in front of 6445 Hollywood Boulevard.
Papers
The Library of Congress houses the Carlton Morse Copyright Script Collection. Located in the library's Recorded Sound Section of the Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division, the collection includes 47 scripts from I Love a Mystery, four scripts from Adventures by Morse, and 13 scripts from I Love Adventure.
Additional items related to Morse are available in the Carlton E. Morse Collection at the City of Thousand Oaks Library in Thousand Oaks, California. The collection includes scripts from Morse's radio and television series as well as other documents and memorabilia.
See also
List of Bohemian Club members
References
External links
I Love a Mystery
NBC Mystery Serial
Carlton Morse Collection at the Library of Congress
1901 births
1993 deaths
American radio directors
American radio personalities
American radio producers
American radio writers
American soap opera writers
People from Talent, Oregon
The Oregonian people
Screenwriters from Oregon
20th-century American screenwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton%20E.%20Morse |
Cherry Street may refer to:
Cherry Street (Toronto), Canada
Cherry Street (Manhattan), New York, U.S.
Cherry Street, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.
Cherry Street (Philadelphia), U.S.
Cherry Street (Macon), U.S., the location of The Telegraph
Cherry Street, Hong Kong
See also
Cherry Street Bridge (disambiguation)
Cherry Street Historic District (disambiguation)
Cherry Street Hotel, Toronto
The Cherry Street Tavern, Philadelphia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20Street |
Shirley Conran OBE (née Pearce; born 21 September 1932) is a British novelist and journalist.
Early life
Born in 1932, she attended St. Paul's Girls' School, London, and then a finishing school in Switzerland, which later provided some inspiration for the fictional school ''L'Hirondelle' in her 1982 novel Lace. Her father was an alcoholic and her home life was difficult, causing Conran to leave home at 19. She worked as an artist's model, and then trained as a sculptor at Southern College of Art, Portsmouth (now part of Southampton University), and as a painter at Chelsea Polytechnic (now part of University of the Arts London).
Career
Following the breakdown of her first marriage, Conran turned to writing in order to support her children. She wrote for the Daily Mail and in 1968 became women's editor and launched Femail, the newspaper's first dedicated women's section. Writing in the Mail in 2018, Conran reflected that this was the first time women in British journalism were being allowed free rein to write about what interests them, given "newspapers had only ever included a woman's section about knitting, dress patterns, recipes and the odd interview with worthy charity organisers." For its pioneering work, Conran believes the first edition of "Femail" magazine should be in the Feminist Archives.
Conran later became women's editor for The Observer magazine, and wrote columns for Vanity Fair. Her influential 1975 non-fiction book Superwoman coined the phrase that became a feminist slogan: "Life's too short to stuff a mushroom."
Her first novel Lace was published in 1982 by Simon & Schuster and was a huge bestseller, spending 13 weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list, reaching as high as No. 6. It became known as a 'bonkbuster' for its many explicit and often bizarre sex scenes. It was adapted into a 1980s US miniseries starring Phoebe Cates. It contains the infamous line: "Which one of you bitches is my mother?"
Personal life
Conran was married to Sir Terence Conran from 1955 to 1962; they are the parents of two sons: Sebastian Orby Conran and Jasper Alexander Thirlby Conran, both designers. In 2009, she wrote that she suffered from chronic fatigue syndrome. Conran has homes in France and London, and lived in Monaco for several years. She founded the educational non-profit Maths Action.
Works
Fiction
Lace (Simon & Schuster, 1982)
Lace 2 (1985)
The Complete Story (omnibus, 1986)
Savages (1987, movie rights owned by Warner Brothers but never made)
The Amazing Umbrella Shop (1990 - children's book co-authored with her children Jasper and Sebastian Conran)
Crimson (1992)
Tiger Eyes (1994)
The Revenge (aka Revenge of Mimi Quinn, 1998)
Non-fiction
Superwoman (1975), see Superwoman (sociology)
Superwoman 2 (1977)
Futurewoman: How to Survive Life After Thirty (1979)
Superwoman in Action (1979)
The Magic Garden (1983)
Down with Superwoman: For Everyone Who Hates Housework (1990)
Money Stuff (2014)
Other
The Magic Garden was adapted as a computer program and published by Acornsoft for the BBC Micro as Shirley Conran's Magic Garden.
References
External links
Official website
Sarah Hughes: 'What trashy novels taught me about life', Observer Books, 31 January 2021
1932 births
Living people
20th-century British novelists
20th-century English women writers
20th-century English writers
Alumni of the University of Portsmouth
English expatriates in Monaco
English journalists
English non-fiction writers
English novelists
English women journalists
English women non-fiction writers
English women novelists
Shirley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley%20Conran |
Dong Haichuan (13 October 1797 or 1813 – 25 October 1882) is regarded as a skillful martial artist and is widely credited to be the founder of Baguazhang. Most, if not all, existing schools of Baguazhang place Dong Haichuan at the beginning of their lineage. Some traditional teachers in China do not regard Dong as the founder, though, but merely as the first identified transmitter of Baguazhang knowledge to the wider public. In their opinion, prior to Dong, Baguazhang teaching was conducted behind closed doors from one Taoist to another within the Taoist sect. There are no historical evidence of practicing Baguazhang among the Taoists prior to the modern era, however.
Biography
He was born on 13 October 1797 or 1813 in Zhu village, Ju Jia Wu Township, Wen'an County, Hebei Province, China. As a child and young man he intensely trained in the martial arts of his village. The arts were probably Shaolin-based and may have included Bafanshan (a possible precursor to Fanziquan), Hongquan, Xingmenquan, and Jingangquan. These were the arts being taught in and around Dong's village at this time. Alternatively, Dong is sometimes said to have learned and practiced Erlangquan, Luohanquan, or other arts.
His family is thought to have been so poor, at some point around 1853, Dong left Hebei Province to seek work elsewhere. By many accounts he is described as spending his youth travelling, penniless, and often getting in trouble. But he, even by his own claims, continued to study martial arts intensely during his travels. Where, by whom, and what he was taught, varies depending on the source. But it is generally accepted that, during this time, Dong studied Taoist training methods that included some kind of circle walking practice. He synthesized his previous experience with his village arts, what he had learned in his travels, and his Taoist studies to create a unique art originally called Zhuanzhang (Turning Palms). Zhuanzhang in later years became called Baguazhang.
Around 1864 Dong arrived in Beijing and was hired as a servant at the residence of the Prince Su. Later Prince Su gave him the job of tax collector. Dong and his top student Yin Fu went to Mongolia to collect taxes, where he spent ten years. Upon his return he left the prince's employ and began to teach publicly, giving up all other occupations to fully devote himself to developing and teaching Baguazhang.
The nature of what he taught is generally disputed. Some believe that he consistently taught only the first three of eight palms (Single Change Palm, Double Change Palm and Smooth Body Palm) and that he would vary the last five depending on the individuals' previous martial arts experience. Others believe that he taught considerably more material. It was also in his public teaching period that the art was given the name Baguazhang (Eight tri-gram palm). Baguazhang became popular in Beijing and surrounding areas.
In his later years he was poor and lived with Yin Fu's student Ma Gui. Ma owned a lumber yard and Dong lived on the premises. He died on 25 October 1882 in Beijing.
By the late 19th century, Baguazhang had become a well-known fighting style in Beijing and northern China, and Dong Haichuan and his students became famous. This gave rise to many fictitious stories and written pulp novels which were adopted as fact.
Students
Dong taught Baguazhang to several highly regarded martial artists, notably Fu Zhensong, Yin Fu, Ma Gui, Cheng Tinghua and Liang Zhenpu. Some of these students' names are recorded on his grave.
Bibliography
Smith, Robert W. "Chinese Boxing",
Liang, Shou-Yu; Yang, Jwing-Ming; Wu, Wen-Ching "Baguazhang : Emei Baguazhang Theory and Applications", pp 36–38,
Smith, Robert W.; Pittman, Allen "Pa-Kua – Eight Trigram Boxing" pp 19–22,
See also
Baguazhang
Neijia
Neigong
Neijin
Chinese martial arts
Liang Zhenpu
Li Ziming
Sui Yunjiang
References
External links
The Yin and Yang of Ba Gua Zhang: The Legends of Thin Yin and Spectacles Cheng by Frank Allen & Clarence Lu
1797 births
1882 deaths
Chinese baguazhang practitioners
Martial arts school founders
People from Langfang
Qing dynasty Taoists
Sportspeople from Hebei | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong%20Haichuan |
California Medical Facility (CMF) is a male-only state prison medical facility located in the city of Vacaville, Solano County, California. It is older than California State Prison, Solano, the other state prison in Vacaville.
Facilities
CMF's facilities include Level I ("Open dormitories without a secure perimeter") housing, Level II ("Open dormitories with secure perimeter fences and armed coverage") housing, Level III and IV ("Individual cells, fenced perimeters and armed coverage") housing.
With a "general acute care hospital, correctional treatment center (CTC), licensed elderly care unit, in-patient and out-patient psychiatric facilities, a hospice unit for terminally ill inmates, housing and treatment for inmates identified with AIDS/HIV, general population, and other special inmate housing," it is known as "the [California] prison system's health care flagship" and "has many of its best clinical programs." CMF has the largest hospital among California prisons. Furthermore, "the Department of State Hospitals operates a licensed, acute care psychiatric hospital within CMF."
In 2005, CMF had 506 medical staff positions (many of which were not filled) and a health care budget of $72.3 million. As of Fiscal Year 2006/2007, CMF had a total of 1,853 staff and an annual budget of $180 million. As of September 2007, it had a design capacity of 2,179 but a total institution population of 3,047, for an occupancy rate of 139.9 percent.
As of April 30, 2020, CMF was incarcerating people at 101.5% of its design capacity, with 2,396 occupants.
History
CMF opened in 1955.
Among other programs at CMF, the Volunteers of Vacaville began in 1960 as a cooperative effort between the community, staff, and inmates. Inmates who participate in the Volunteers of Vacaville's Blind Project create audiobooks, transcribe books into Braille, clean and repair Perkins Brailler machines, and resurface eyeglasses. The initial goal of this organization was to transcribe books onto audiotape for the blind community outside of the prison. The Blind Project has since grown into a nationally and internationally recognized leader in blind services.
In 1984, the California prison system's first AIDS case was treated at CMF, and later the system's first specialized AIDS facilities were developed there.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the quality of medical care at CMF was found to be lacking, as evidenced by the following:
After an investigation, the United States Department of Justice sent a January 1987 letter to then-Governor George Deukmejian stating that CMF "deprive[s] inmates of their right to be free from deliberate indifference to their serious medical needs."
A 1988 lawsuit charged that CMF was "a filthy, vermin-infested, overcrowded prison," and that medical care there was "grossly inadequate." Although at the time "all inmates in California prisons" with HIV/AIDS were sent to CMF, the suit claimed that "overcrowded housing and medical conditions in the AIDS wing are worse than in the main prison." A 1990 consent decree caused CMF's healthcare to "operat[e] under a separate set of rules and with supervision by a court-appointed expert," but a 1998 agreement "plac[ed] the medical and psychiatric care at the facility under the same rules and guidelines as those affecting the rest of the state prison system."
A 1989 lawsuit by HIV-infected inmates at CMF claimed that separate housing limited their access to prison services (such as recreation, visitation, and jobs) and subjected them to "unnecessary mental anguish." A consent decree led to a pilot program to integrate up to 30 of the 140 HIV-infected inmates at Vacaville [i.e., CMF] into the prison's general population.
In spring 1992, the two top HIV specialists at the prison resigned, frustrated by limited resources and what they described as "institutionalized apathy" toward AIDS among inmates." The California State Assembly's Public Safety Committee wrote a 1992 report criticizing the care of inmates with HIV or disabilities at CMF. By January 1993, CMF had embarked on a $5.8 million plan to improve the care of AIDS patients, including "a renovated housing unit, a hospice, an enlarged staff, an ombudsman to hear complaints, warmer clothes and nutritional supplements and sensitivity training for guards.
In 1996 at CMF, a 17-bed, state-licensed hospice began caring for dying inmates which was the first hospice among California prisons. Due to an increasing population of elderly at CMF, a nursing home with 21 beds opened in September 2005 as a pilot program.
Notable inmates
Steven Allen Abrams (born 1961) – perpetrator of the Costa Mesa school car attack
Bobby Beausoleil (born 1947) – Manson Family member sentenced for murder
William R. Bradford (1946–2008) – Murderer and suspected serial killer; died at CMF in 2008
Juan Corona (1934–2019) – Serial killer; spent "part of his time" after his first 1973 conviction at CMF.
John Lee Cowell, murderer of Nia Wilson
Richard Allen Davis (born 1954) – Career criminal and murderer of Polly Klaas; was at CMF twice. In 1974, after being arrested for burglary, he was sent to CMF "for a 90-day diagnostic study." He was also sentenced to spend six years in CMF for a separate burglary beginning August 1975, but was "paroled a year later."
Donald DeFreeze (1943–1974) – Leader of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), was incarcerated at CMF from 1969 until he was transferred to Soledad State Prison in 1972.
Jim B. Gordon (1945–2023) – Musician, member of Derek and the Dominos; murdered his mother in 1983. Jim died in March 2023.
Edmund Kemper (born 1948) – Serial killer; Current inmate who was incarcerated "a short time after" his 1972–1973 murders.
Timothy Leary (1920–1996) – Psychologist; served time at CMF in 1973–1974 "for possession of marijuana and escape from a minimum-security prison at San Luis Obispo i.e. California Men's Colony.
Charles Manson (1934–2017) – Leader of the Manson family cult; was transferred from Folsom State Prison to CMF in March 1974 based on "deterioration of his mental condition"; he was returned to Folsom in October 1974. He was again transferred to CMF in May 1976 where he stayed for over nine years, which was noted as a special favor by prison counselor and friend Edward George. While at CMF, Manson gave his first notable interview on June 13, 1981, to Tom Snyder for NBC's The Tomorrow Show. In September 1984, "following a dispute about ... Hare Krishna religious chanting," a fellow inmate "doused [Manson] with paint thinner and set [him] afire," causing "second-and third-degree burns on the head, face and hands." Manson was transferred to San Quentin State Prison in July 1985. Recordings made by Manson at the facility during 1983-4 were released on a vinyl LP by Ben Gurecki in 2013.
Dan Montecalvo (1941–2013) – Murdered his wife in 1988; died in 2013
Roy Norris (1948–2020) – Serial killer and one of the two "Toolbox Killers"; died at CMF in 2020 a week after his transfer.
Kenneth Parnell (1931–2008) – Convicted of the 1972 kidnapping of seven-year-old Steven Stayner, died there in 2008.
Edgar H. Smith (1934–2017) – Murderer who once convinced William F. Buckley into championing his cause, was incarcerated at CMF for the last few years of his life, dying there in 2017.
Theodore Streleski (born 1936) – Murderer; was released unconditionally from CMF in September 1985 after 7 years and 20 days there.
Brandon Tholmer (born 1949) – Serial killer
Erwin Walker – WW2 veteran convicted of murder and several shootouts; paroled in 1974
Karl F. Werner (born 1952) – Serial killer
Thero Wheeler (1945–2009) – Member of the SLA; escaped in 1973
See also
References
External links
California Medical Facility's Blind Project, the Volunteers of Vacaville
1955 establishments in California
Prisons in California
Buildings and structures in Vacaville, California
Law enforcement in the San Francisco Bay Area
Vacaville, California
Charles Manson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Medical%20Facility |
Benny Spellman (December 11, 1931 – June 3, 2011) was an American R&B singer, best known for the 1962 single "Lipstick Traces (on a Cigarette)" and its B-side "Fortune Teller", both written by Allen Toussaint (credited as Naomi Neville).
"Lipstick Traces" reached #28 on the U.S. Billboard R&B singles chart and #80 on the Billboard Hot 100, while "Fortune Teller" was later performed many other artists including The Who and The Rolling Stones. Spellman variously worked with Toussaint, Earl King ("Trick Bag"), Huey "Piano" Smith, Ernie K-Doe, Wilson Pickett, The Neville Brothers and The O'Jays.
Spellman was born in Pensacola, Florida. He sang backing vocals on Ernie K-Doe's number one hit record, "Mother in Law". He recorded a single, "Word Game", on Atlantic Records in 1965, but later semi-retired from music to work in the beer industry.
In 1988, Collectables Records issued a retrospective album of 16 of Spellman's recordings from the 1960s. In 2009, he was inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.
Spellman died of respiratory failure in June 2011, at the age of 79.
Personal life
Spellman was Catholic.
References
External links
Louisianamusichalloffame.org
Rockabilly.nl
1931 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American singers
Ace Records (United States) artists
20th-century African-American male singers
American rhythm and blues singers
Deaths from respiratory failure
Musicians from Pensacola, Florida
Singers from Florida
20th-century American male singers
African-American Catholics
21st-century African-American people
Burials at Barrancas National Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny%20Spellman |
Saffire – The Uppity Blues Women was a three-woman blues musical ensemble in the Washington, D.C. area. It was founded in 1984 by Ann Rabson, Gaye Adegbalola and Earlene Lewis. Lewis separated from the band in 1992 and was replaced by Andra Faye. The group then featured Rabson on piano, vocals and guitar, Adegbalola on vocals and guitar, and Faye on vocals, bass, mandolin, violin and guitar.
Saffire's music was a combination of serious blues songs and comedic novelty songs. They covered original songs (such as "Do Your Duty" by Wesley 'Sox' Wilson, "You Got to Know How" by Sippie Wallace & Jack Viertel, and "Don't You Tell Me"), as well as the music of blueswomen who had inspired them, such as Big Mama Thornton, Ida Cox and Koko Taylor. Their music, both comedic and serious, tends to deal with feminist themes, which has made them popular outside of traditional blues circles.
Saffire was the first acoustic band to be signed by Alligator Records. Their song "Middle Aged Blues Boogie," written by Adegbalola, was named best original song at the W.C. Handy Awards (now the Blues Music Awards) in 1990. Saffire has shared the stage with B.B. King, Ray Charles, Willie Dixon and Koko Taylor.
An announcement on the group's website in November, 2009, stated Saffire had retired and amicably disbanded. Rabson died on January 30, 2013, in Fredericksburg, Virginia, after a long battle with cancer. She was 67.
Andra Faye is now living and playing in the Indianapolis, Indiana area.
Discography
Middle Age Blues (self-produced cassette, 1987)
Uppity Blues Women (1990)
Hot Flash (1991)
Broad Casting (1992)
Old, New, Borrowed & Blue (1994)
Cleaning House (1996)
Live & Uppity (1998)
Ain't Gonna Hush (2001)
Deluxe Edition (compilation, 2006)
Havin' The Last Word (2009)
References
American blues musical groups
Musical groups from Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffire%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Uppity%20Blues%20Women |
Acute uric acid nephropathy (AUAN, also acute urate nephropathy) is a rapidly worsening (decreasing) kidney function (acute kidney injury) that is caused by high levels of uric acid in the urine (hyperuricosuria).
Causes
Acute uric acid nephropathy is usually seen as part of the acute tumour lysis syndrome in patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy for the treatment of malignancies with rapid cell turnover, such as leukemia and lymphoma. It may also occur in these patients before treatment is begun, due to spontaneous tumor cell lysis (high incidence in Burkitt's lymphoma).
Acute uric acid nephropathy can also be caused by an acute attack of gout.
Pathophysiology
Acute uric acid nephropathy is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals within the kidney interstitium and tubules, leading to partial or complete obstruction of collecting ducts, renal pelvis, or ureter. This obstruction is usually bilateral, and patients follow the clinical course of acute kidney failure.
Diagnosis
The picture of acute kidney failure is observed: decreased urine production and rapidly rising serum creatinine levels. Acute uric acid nephropathy is differentiated from other forms of acute kidney failure by the finding of a urine uric acid/creatinine ratio > 1 in a random urine sample.
Prevention
Patients at risk for acute uric acid nephropathy can be given allopurinol or rasburicase (a recombinant urate oxidase) prior to treatment with cytotoxic drugs.
Treatment
Treatment is focused on preventing deposition of uric acid within the urinary system by increasing urine volume with potent diuretics such as furosemide. Raising the urinary pH to a level higher than 7 (alkalinization) is often difficult to attain, although sodium bicarbonate and/or acetazolamide are sometimes used in an attempt to increase uric acid solubility.
Dialysis (preferably hemodialysis) is started if the above measures fail.
References
Nephrology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute%20uric%20acid%20nephropathy |
The Taehŭng concentration camp is a North Korean prison camp for political dissidents and those who have committed economic crimes. It is located in the Kŏmdŏk district (chigu) of Tanch'ŏn-si, South Hamgyong province in eastern North Korea. It has been reported that a number of North Korean nationals who have traveled to sporting events abroad have, on their return, been imprisoned for speaking about their experiences in other countries, particularly South Korea.
See also
Human rights in North Korea
Politics of North Korea
References
South Hamgyong
Concentration camps in North Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taehung%20concentration%20camp |
The Buick Velite is a roadster concept car designed by Buick and built by Gruppo Bertone. It was first presented to the public at the 2004 New York International Auto Show.
In 2002, Buick showed a roadster concept car that they called the Bengal. It was widely thought to be an impressive exercise in styling, but it was never considered to be a viable production vehicle.
Originally speculated to use the Kappa platform (the basis that underpins the Pontiac Solstice and the Saturn Sky roadsters), in actuality the Velite makes use of the Zeta platform — which is shared with the Holden Commodore/2008 Pontiac G8, as well as the fifth-generation Chevrolet Camaro.
External links
Automobile.com: Buick Velite Concept
References
Bertone vehicles
Velite | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick%20Velite%20%28concept%20car%29 |
In the practice of international law, command responsibility (also the Yamashita standard, the Medina standard, and superior responsibility) is the legal doctrine of hierarchical accountability for war crimes, whereby a commanding officer (military) and a superior officer (civil) is legally responsible for the war crimes and the crimes against humanity committed by his subordinates; thus, a commanding officer always is accountable for the acts of commission and the acts of omission of his soldiers.
In the late 19th century, the legal doctrine of command responsibility was codified in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which are partly based upon the Lieber Code (General Orders No. 100, 24 April 1863), military law that legally allowed the Union Army to fight in the regular and the irregular modes of warfare deployed by the Confederacy during the American Civil War (1861–1865). As international law, the legal doctrine and the term command responsibility were applied and used in the Leipzig war crimes trials (1921) that included the trial of Captain Emil Müller for prisoner abuse committed by his soldiers during the First World War (1914–1918).
In the 20th century, in the late 1940s, the Yamashita standard derived from the incorporation to the U.S. Code of the developments of the legal doctrine of command responsibility presented in the Nuremberg trials (1945–1946). Abiding by that legal precedent, the U.S. Supreme Court allowed the U.S. prosecution of the war crimes case against Imperial Japanese Army General Tomoyuki Yamashita for the atrocities committed by his soldiers in the Philippine Islands, in the Pacific Theatre (1941–1945) of the Second World War. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East charged, tried, and judged Gen. Yamashita for "unlawfully disregarding, and failing to discharge, his duty as a commander to control the acts of members of his command, by permitting them to commit war crimes".
In the 20th century, in the early 1970s, the Medina standard expanded the U.S. Code to include the criminal liability of American military officers for the war crimes committed by their subordinates, as are the war-criminal military officers of an enemy power. The Medina standard was established in the court martial of U.S. Army Captain Ernest Medina in 1971 for not exercising his command authority as company commander, by not acting to halt the My Lai Massacre (16 March 1968) committed by his soldiers during the Vietnam War (1955–1975).
Historical development
9th-century BCE to 5th-century BCE Asia
In The Art of War (5th century BCE), Sun Tzu said that the duties and responsibilities of a commanding officer were to ensure that in prosecuting a war, his soldiers act in accordance with the customary laws of war, by limiting their operational actions to the military aims of the war.
15th-century Europe
In 1474, in the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806), the trial of the Burgundian knight Peter von Hagenbach was the first international recognition of the legal doctrine of command responsibility, of a commander's legal obligation to ensure that his soldiers act in accordance with customary law in prosecuting their war.<ref name="Grant">Grant, Linda. "Exhibit highlights the first international war crimes tribunal". '"Harvard Law Bulletin.</ref> The tribunal tried Hagenbach for atrocities committed by his soldiers during their military occupation of Breisach, and was found guilty of their war crimes, condemned to death, and then was beheaded.
The Knight Hagenbach was accused of, tried, and convicted for war crimes that "he, as a knight, was deemed to have [had] a duty to prevent"; in self-defense, Hagenbach argued that he was only following the military orders of Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy, to whom the Holy Roman Empire had bequeathed Breisach. Although the term command responsibility did not exist in the 15th century, the tribunal did presume he had a legal responsibility for the war crimes of his soldiers, thus Hagenbach's trial was the first war crimes trial based upon the legal doctrine of command responsibility.Levine, Eugenia. "Command Responsibility: The Mens Rea Requirement". Global Policy Forum. February 2005.
19th-century United States
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the legal doctrine of command responsibility was codified in the Lieber Code – General Orders No. 100: Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field (24 April 1863) – the contemporary updating of the 18th-century military law of the 1806 Articles of War that allowed the Union Army to lawfully combat the regular and irregular modes of warfare (partisans, guerrillas, spies) deployed by the Confederacy in the mid-19th century.
As U.S. military law, the Lieber Code stipulated a commander's legal responsibility for the war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by his subordinate officers, sergeants, and soldiers; and further stipulated the duties and rights of the individual soldier of the Union Army to not commit war crimes – such as the summary execution of Confederate POWs, irregular combatants, and enemy civilians; thus Article 71, Section III of the Lieber Code stipulates that:
20th century
The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are the international legal foundations for the conduct of war among civilized nations, especially the legal doctrine of command responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity. The Hague Convention of 1907 updated the codifications of the Hague Convention of 1899, thus, in Convention IV (18 October 1907), the Laws and Customs of War on Land emphasizes command responsibility in three places: (i) Section I: On Belligerents: Chapter I: The Qualifications of Belligerents; (ii) Section III: Military Authority over the Territory of the Hostile State; and (iii) the Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention deal specifically with command responsibility.
To wit, Article 1 of Section I of Convention IV (Hague 1907) stipulates that:
Moreover, command responsibility is stipulated in Article 43, Section III of Convention IV:
Furthermore, command responsibility is stipulated in Article 19 of Convention X, the Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention:
Militias and irregular formations
Since the 1990s, national governments hire mercenary soldiers to replace regular army soldiers in fighting wars, which replacement of tactical combat personnel (infantry) – by a private military company – raises the legal matter of command responsibility for the war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by mercenaries ostensibly not subject to the military law of any belligerent party.
Political scientists and military jurists said that when the operational conduct of mercenary soldiers is indistinguishable from the operational conduct of the combatant soldiers (uniform, weapons, tactics, missions, etc.) that practical likeness renders the mercenary (militiaman or irregular combatant) into a legitimate agent of the belligerent state, who thus is subject to the legal liabilities of command responsibility codified in the Hague and in the Geneva Conventions.
The Yamashita standard
As a legal doctrine of military law, command responsibility stipulates that an act of omission is a mode of individual criminal liability, whereby the commanding officer is legally responsible for the war crimes committed by his subordinates, by failing to act and prevent such crimes; and for failing to punish war-criminal subordinates. In late 1945, the war-crimes trial of General Tomoyuki Yamashita, Japanese Fourteenth Area Army, was the first instance of a commanding officer formally charged with a criminal act of omission by “unlawfully disregarding and failing to discharge his duty as a commander to control the acts of members of his command by permitting them to commit war crimes” in the Philippine Islands, where his soldiers committed atrocities against Allied prisoners of war, Filipino guerrillas, and civilians during the Second World War.
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East who charged, tried, and judged Gen. Yamashita guilty of war crimes established the Yamashita standard of criminal liability, whereby if "vengeful actions are widespread offenses, and there is no effective attempt by a commander to discover and control the criminal acts, [then] such a commander may be held responsible, even criminally liable". In 1946, with the Application of Yamashita, 327 U.S. 1, the U.S. Supreme Court resolved the ambiguous wording of that legal definition of command responsibility, which did not establish the commander's required degree of knowledge of the war crimes committed by his subordinates.
At Nuremberg, in the High Command Trial (Case No. 12, 1947–1948), the U.S. military tribunal ruled that in order for a commanding officer to be criminally liable for the war crimes of his subordinates "there must be a personal dereliction", which "can only occur where the act is directly traceable to him, or where his failure to properly supervise his subordinates constitutes criminal negligence on his part" by way of "a wanton, immoral disregard of the actions of his subordinates amounting to [the commander's] acquiescence" to the war crimes.
At Nuremberg, in the trial of the Hostages Case (Case No. 7, 1947–1948), the judgements of the U.S. military tribunal seemed to limit the circumstances wherein a commanding officer has a duty to investigate, document, and know in full of all instances of atrocity and war crime, especially if the commander already possessed information regarding the war crimes of his subordinate officers and soldiers.
After the war crimes trials of the Second World War, military law expanded the scope and deepened the definition of command responsibility, by imposing criminal liability upon commanding officers who fail to prevent their soldiers committing war crimes against prisoners of war and atrocities against civilians. The last two war-crime trials of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials (1946–1949), explicitly discussed the requisite standard of mens rea (a guilty mind) for war crimes to occur, and determined that a lesser level of knowledge is sufficient for the commander to be complicit in the war crimes of his subordinates.
Superior responsibility
Legalized torture
Concerning the superior responsibility inherent to civilian control of the military, civil and military jurists said that prosecuting the War on Terror would expose the officers of the George W. Bush administration (2001–2008) to legal liability for the war crimes and for the crimes against humanity committed by their military subordinates in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Consequent to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, the U.S. government deployed legalistic arguments to justify torture by way of prisoner abuse, arguing that captured al Qaeda fighters are unlawful combatants – not soldiers – and thus could be subjected to enhanced interrogation methods, because under U.S. law they were classified as detainees and not as prisoners of war (POWs). To justify flouting the Geneva Conventions (1949) protecting prisoners of war, U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzáles said that classifying al Qaeda POWs as unlawful combatants "substantially reduces the threat of domestic criminal prosecution under the War Crimes Act of 1996".
In the case of Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006), the U.S. Supreme Court overruled Attorney General Gonzáles' illegal reclassification of POWs as detainees; ruled that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions applies to the Al Qaeda POWs at the Guantanamo Bay prison camp; and ruled that the Guantanamo military commission who tried, judged, and sentenced al Qaeda POWs was an illegitimate military tribunal, because the U.S. Congress did not establish it.
Moreover, the Human Rights Watch organization said that, given his superior responsibility of government office, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld would be criminally liable for the torturing of the prisoner Mohammed al-Qahtani. In "The Real Meaning of the Hamdan Ruling Supreme Court: Bush Administration Has Committed War Crimes" (2006), the writer Dave Lindorff said that in flouting the Geneva Conventions, the Bush Administration were legally liable for war crimes in U.S.-occupied Iraq.
Universal jurisdiction
In 2006, a prosecutor of the Nuremberg Trials (1945–1946), Benjamin Ferencz, said that the U.S. invasion of Iraq (2003) was a crime against peace that breached international law, and so exposed the superior responsibility of U.S. President George W. Bush for unilaterally launching an aggressive war without a formal declaration of war. In November 2006, the Federal Republic of Germany invoked universal jurisdiction and began legal proceedings against U.S. defense secretary Rumsfeld, U.S. Attorney General Gonzáles, the jurist John Yoo, and CIA chief George Tenet, for their legal liability for U.S. war crimes.
Moreover, in legal practice, the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA) functions as an amnesty law for the Bush Administration to flout their superior responsibility and thus their legal liability for war crimes committed when prosecuting the War on Terror, because, by denying POWs the right of habeas corpus, the MCA retroactively rewrote the War Crimes Act of 1996, which defined war crime as any serious violation of the Geneva Convention, which left the POW no means of legal defense.Military Commissions Act of 2006
Dorf, Michael C. "Why The Military Commissions Act is No Moderate Compromise". FindLaw. October 11, 2006.
Mariner, Joanne. "The CIA, the MCA, and Detainee Abuse". FindLaw. 8 November 2006.
Mariner, Joanne. "Europe's Investigations of the CIA's Crimes". FindLaw. 20 February 2007.
Kuttner, Robert. "The John McCain Charade". . Boston Globe. 1 October 2006.
Alexandrovna, Larisa. "Republican Torture Laws Will Live in History". AlterNet. 2 October 2006. In "Court 'can envisage' Blair Prosecution" (2007), the jurist Luis Moreno-Ocampo (ICC, 2003–2012) offered to begin a war-crimes enquiry for a war-crimes trial of British Prime Minister Tony Blair and U.S. President George W. Bush, for the International Criminal Court to hear.
In "History Will Not Absolve Us: Leaked Red Cross Report Sets up Bush Team for International War-crimes Trial" (2007), Nat Hentoff said that the report Leave No Marks: Enhanced Interrogation Techniques and the Risk of Criminality (2007), by Human Rights First and Physicians for Social Responsibility, would be evidence of U.S. war crimes at a war-crimes trial of the War on Terror. Moreover, by the end of the Bush Administration in 2008, the international community said that the United Nations Convention Against Torture (1985) obligated the U.S. government to prosecute the civilian and military officers who ordered and realized the torture of POWs captured during the War on Terror.
The United Nations special rapporteur on torture, Manfred Nowak (in office 2004–2010), said that, as a former president of the U.S., George W. Bush had lost his head-of-state immunity and that international law obligated the U.S. government to start criminal proceedings against the government officials and military officers who violated the U.N. Convention Against Torture. In support of Nowak's statement, the jurist Dietmar Herz explained that former president George W. Bush is criminally responsible for adopting torture-as-interrogation, per the legal doctrine of superior responsibility stipulated in of the international laws of war and the U.S. Code.
Codification
The Additional Protocol I (AP I, 1977) to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 was the first comprehensive codification of the legal doctrine of command responsibility. In the Additional Protocol No. I, the terms of Article 86(2) "explicitly address the knowledge factor of command responsibility", and stipulate that:
Therefore, in the execution of military operations, Article 86(2) obligates a commanding officer to "prevent, and, where necessary, to suppress and report to competent authorities" any violation of the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol I.
Definitions
In discussions of command responsibility the term command is defined as
Moreover, Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Convention and the statutes of the International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the International Criminal Court (ICC) stipulate that the prevention and prosecution of war crimes and of crimes against humanity are legal responsibilities of a commanding officer.
Application
Nuremberg tribunal
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the Nuremberg trials (20 November 1945 – 1 October 1946) resulted from the common opinion among jurists that the severity of Nazi war crimes and crimes against humanity (e.g. the Holocaust) required prosecution, judgement, and resolution by an International Military Tribunal authorized by the Nuremberg Charter (8 August 1945), which determined the procedures and legal bases to prosecute military officers, civil officials, and civilian people who committed:
Legally, the jurisdiction of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg applied to all "leaders, organisers, instigators and accomplices" who participated in planning and committing crimes against humanity and war crimes.
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
The ICTY statute article 7 (3) establishes that the fact that crimes "were committed by a subordinate does not relieve his superior of criminal responsibility if he knew or had reason to know that the subordinate was about to commit such acts or had done so and the superior failed to take the necessary and reasonable measures to prevent such acts or to punish the perpetrators."The Prosecutor v. Delalić et al. ("the Čelebići case") first considered the scope of command responsibility by concluding that "had reason to know" (article 7(3)) means that a commander must have "had in his possession information of a nature, which at the least, would put him on notice of the risk of ... offences by indicating the need for additional investigation in order to ascertain whether ... crimes were committed or were about to be committed by his subordinates."
In The Prosecutor v. Blaškić ("the Blaškić case") this view was corroborated. However, it differed regarding mens rea required by AP I. The Blaškić Trial Chamber concluded that "had reason to know", as defined by the ICTY Statute, also imposes a stricter "should have known" standard of mens rea.
The conflicting views of both cases were addressed by the Appeals Chambers in Čelebići and in a separate decision in Blaškić. Both rulings hold that some information of unlawful acts by subordinates must be available to the commander following which he did not, or inadequately, discipline the perpetrator.
The concept of command responsibility has developed significantly in the jurisprudence of the ICTY. One of the most recent judgements that extensively deals with the subject is the Halilović judgement of 16 November 2005 (para. 22–100).
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
United Nations Security Council Resolution 955 (1994) set up an international criminal tribunal to judge people responsible for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994; additional later resolutions expanded the scope and timeline of the tribunal. The tribunal has jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.
The judgement against Jean-Paul Akayesu established rape as a war crime. Rape was placed in line with "other acts of serious bodily and mental harm" rather than the historical view of rape as "a trophy of war". Akayesu was held responsible for his actions and non-actions as mayor and police commander of a commune in which many Tutsis were killed, raped, tortured, and otherwise persecuted.
Another case prosecuted persons in charge of a radio station and a newspaper that incited and then encouraged the Rwandan genocide. The defendants were charged with genocide, incitement to genocide, and crimes against humanity for their positions of control and command in the "hate media", although they physically had not committed the acts.
International Criminal Court
Following several ad hoc tribunals, the international community decided on a comprehensive court of justice for future crimes against humanity. This resulted in the International Criminal Court, which identified four categories.
Genocide
Crimes against humanity
War crimes
Crimes of aggression
Article 28 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court codified the doctrine of command responsibility. With Article 28(a), military commanders are imposed with individual responsibility for crimes committed by forces under their effective command and control if they
It uses the stricter "should have known" standard of mens rea, instead of "had reason to know", as defined by the ICTY Statute. Although the ICC Pre-Trial Chamber established a test for the "should have known" standard during the prosecution of Jean-Pierre Bemba, it has never been tested because Bemba had "actual knowledge" of crimes by his subordinates.
The Bush administration adopted the American Servicemembers' Protection Act and entered into Article 98 agreements in an attempt to protect any US citizen from appearing before this court. As such it interferes with implementing the command responsibility principle when applicable to US citizens.
War in Darfur
Human Rights Watch commented on this conflict by stating that:The Sunday Times in March 2006 and the Sudan Tribune in March 2008 reported that the UN Panel of Experts determined that Salah Gosh and Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein
Following an inquiry by the United Nations, regarding allegations of involvement of the Government in genocide, the dossier was referred to the International Criminal Court. On May 2, 2007, the ICC issued arrest warrants for militia leader Ali Muhammad al-Abd al-Rahman, also known as Ali Kushayb, of the Janjaweed, and Ahmad Muhammad Haroun for crimes against humanity and war crimes. To this day Sudan has refused to comply with the arrest warrants and has not turned them over to the ICC.
The International Criminal Court's chief prosecutor, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, announced on July 14, 2008, ten criminal charges against President Omar al-Bashir, accusing him of sponsoring war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity. The ICC's prosecutors have charged al-Bashir with genocide because he "masterminded and implemented a plan to destroy in substantial part" three tribal groups in Darfur because of their ethnicity. The ICC's prosecutor for Darfur, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, is expected within months to ask a panel of ICC judges to issue an arrest warrant for Bashir.
Zimbabwe
For his conduct as President of Zimbabwe, including allegations of torture and murder of political opponents, it was suggested Robert Mugabe may be prosecuted using this doctrine. Because Zimbabwe has not subscribed to the International Criminal Court's jurisdiction it may be authorised by the United Nations Security Council. The precedent for this was set by its referral to bring indictments relating to the crimes committed in Darfur.
See also
Joint criminal enterprise
Cases before the International Criminal Court
Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
Crime against humanity
Crime against peace
Geneva ConventionsJus ad bellumJus in bello''
List of war crimes
List of war criminals
Nuremberg Charter
Nuremberg Principles
Parental responsibility
Respondeat superior
Superior orders
The Buck Stops Here
Vicarious liability
War crimes
War Crimes Act of 1996
Notes
References
The interests of States versus the doctrine of superior responsibility Ilias Bantekas, International Review of the Red Cross No. 838, p. 391–402
YAMASHITA, MEDINA, AND BEYOND: COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY IN CONTEMPORARY MILITARY OPERATIONS MILITARY LAW REVIEW
THE TRIBUNAL'S FIRST TRIAL TO CONSIDER COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY... by the ICTY
The Haditha Double Standard by Victor Hansen, JURIST
The Last Line of Defense: The Doctrine of Command Responsibility, Gender Crimes in Armed Conflict, and the Kahan Report (Sabra & Shatilla) The Berkeley Electronic Press
YAMASHITA v. STYER, Commanding General, U.S. Army Forces, Western Pacific, Findlaw
Yamashita v. Styer, 327 U.S. 1 (1946) or
The Yamashita Standard by Anne E. Mahle, PBS
Command Responsibility in the United States by Anne E. Mahle, PBS
BY JOHN D. HUTSON AND JAMES CULLEN
Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law by Allison Marston Danner† and Jenny S. Martinez, CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW
YAMASHITA, MEDINA, AND BEYOND: COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY IN CONTEMPORARY MILITARY OPERATIONS by MAJOR MICHAEL L. SMIDT
Command Responsibility and Superior Orders in the Twentieth Century - A Century of Evolution by Stuart E Hendin BA, MA, LLB, LLM, QC, Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law, Volume 10, Number 1 (March 2003)
The Last Line of Defense: The Doctrine of Command Responsibility
SUPERIOR OR COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
THE YAMASHITA WAR CRIMES TRIAL: COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY THEN AND NOW by Major Bruce D. Landrum
Sugamo and the River Kwai By Robin Rowland, Paper presented to Encounters at Sugamo Prison, Tokyo 1945–52, The American Occupation of Japan and Memories of the Asia-Pacific War, Princeton University, May 9, 2003
ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES IN THE PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS General McCaffrey presented the following on 18 November 1995 during "Nuremberg and the Rule of Law: A Fifty-Year Verdict."
THE CONTEMPORARY LAW OF SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY By Ilias Bantekas, the American Journal of International Law v.93, no. 3, July 1999
International criminal law
Law of war
Legal doctrines and principles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command%20responsibility |
The Bump is a form of popular dance introduced in the 1970s in the United States. Two partners, generally one male and one female, bump their hips against each other to the beat of the song. Sometimes the dance can be more suggestive, with the female dancer bumping her hip against the male dancer's crotch. For this reason, the Bump is often believed to be the precursor to the erotic and controversial dance grinding.
Sources
Novelty and fad dances
Funk dance
1970s fads and trends | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump%20%28dance%29 |
Helen V. Milner (born 1958) is an American political scientist and the B. C. Forbes Professor of Public Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, where she is also the Director of the Niehaus Center for Globalization and Governance. She has written extensively on issues related to international political economy like international trade, the connections between domestic politics and foreign policy, globalization and regionalism, and the relationship between democracy and trade policy.
Career
She graduated with honors in international relations at Stanford University in 1980 and obtained her Ph.D in Political Science at Harvard University in 1986.
In Milner's 1988 book Resisting Protectionism, she seeks to explain why U.S. trade policy in the 1920s was more protectionist than in the 1970s, despite many similar underlying conditions. She argues that greater economic interdependence in the latter period created a coalition of actors who stood to gain from trade and thus lobbied against protectionism. The social science research design book Designing Social Inquiry by King, Keohane and Verba characterizes her study as a successful way that qualitative scholars can overcome omitted variable bias.
Since 1986 she was a professor at Columbia University and was between 2001 and 2004 James T. Shotwell Professor of International Relations at Columbia University. She moved to Princeton University in 2005, where she served as chair of the Politics department until 2011.
In 2021-2022, she served as president of the International Studies Association.
For the moment, she is conducting research on issues related to globalization and development, such as the political economy of foreign aid, the digital divide and the global diffusion of the internet, and the relationship between globalization and environmental policy.
Academic awards and honors
Phi Beta Kappa, Stanford University, 1979.
Ray Atherton Fellowship in International Relations, Harvard University, 1980-1981 and 1981-1982.
Teaching Fellowship, Harvard University, 1982-1983.
Research Fellowship, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1983-1984.
Kennedy Traveling Fellowship, Harvard University, 1985, dissertation research in Paris at the Atlantic Institute for International Relations.
Sumner Prize, awarded by Harvard University for the exceptional thesis in international law and peace, June 1986.
Summer Fellowship, Columbia University Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1987 and 1988.
German Marshall Fund Fellowship, 1989-90 (declined).
Social Science Research Council Advanced Research Fellowship in Foreign Policy Studies, 1989-91.
Research grants, Institute for Social and Economic Policy Research, Columbia University, 1999-2002.
Member, Council on Foreign Relations, 2002–present.
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2000–present.
Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford CA., 2001–02.
Fellow, Bellagio Study and Conference Center, Rockefeller Foundation, Bellagio, Italy, summer 2004.
Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, elected 2019
Bibliography
Books
General editor of multi-volume series.
General editor of multi-volume series.
References
External links
Princeton - Helen V. Milner
Princeton - Helen V. Milner - Curriculum Vitae
American women political scientists
American political scientists
International relations scholars
1958 births
Living people
Stanford University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Princeton University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Social Science Research Council
American women academics
21st-century American women
Presidents of the International Studies Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Milner |
Warwick B. Smith (born 11 June 1971 in Perth) is a Scottish curler from Bridge of Earn, Perth and Kinross.
Career
Smith made his international debut at the 1996 World Curling Championships as the skip for the Scotland team. His debut was fairly successful, as the team would win the silver medal, losing to Canada's Jeff Stoughton in the final.
At the 1998 Championships, Warwick would play third for David Smith and the team finished in 4th place. The following year Warwick played third for Hammy McMillan and won gold, this time beating Jeff Stoughton's team in the final.
Smith was a member of the Great Britain 2002 Winter Olympics curling team. He played third for McMillan, but the team finished a disappointing 7th place. At that year's World Championship, Warwick skipped the Scotland team to a bronze medal. The following year, he skipped a team to a 7th-place finish. In 2004, he played third for Ewan MacDonald and finished 5th.
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Smith played second for David Murdoch and finished 4th, but Smith had the highest accuracy of any curler in the men's competition round robin. The team then went on to win the World Championship.
For the next season, Smith built a new team with Ross Hepburn as lead, David Smith (no relation) as second, and Craig Wilson as third. After winning the Scottish Championship, they represented Scotland at the 2007 World Championship, with Ewan MacDonald being the alternate player. The team did not fare well there, compiling a 4–7 record and finishing 9th.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Scottish male curlers
British male curlers
Olympic curlers for Great Britain
Curlers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
World curling champions
European curling champions
Scottish curling champions
Sportspeople from Perth and Kinross | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick%20Smith%20%28curler%29 |
Margaret Kelly may refer to:
Margaret Kelly (civil servant), acting director of the United States Mint by 1911
Margaret B. Kelly (born 1935), American accountant and politician from Missouri
Margaret Kelly (dancer) (1910–2004), Irish dancer and the founder of the Bluebell Girls dance troupe
Margaret Kelly (swimmer) (born 1956), British swimmer
Margaret Kelly (pharmacologist) (1906–1968), American pharmacologist
Margaret Skillion (née Kelly), sister of Australian bushrangers Ned Kelly and Dan Kelly
Margaret Kelly, first wife of Bill Murray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Kelly |
Adam James Hammill (born 25 January 1988) is an English footballer who plays as a winger for Maghull. Hammill represented England U21s, though he also qualified to play for the Republic of Ireland at international level.
Hammill is a product of the Liverpool academy, but failed to make a league appearance for the club at senior level, before leaving to join Championship side Barnsley in 2009. After a successful period at Barnsley, he entered the Premier League when he moved to Wolverhampton Wanderers in 2011, with whom he remained until 2013.
In 2015, Hammill returned to Barnsley on a short-term contract but remained until 2018.
Club career
Liverpool
Hammill was born in Liverpool and was a member of the Youth Academy at Liverpool since he joined the club at age nine. After appearing for the youth and reserves teams, he was promoted to Melwood on a full-time basis. He was part of the Liverpool team that defeated Manchester City in the 2006 FA Youth Cup final. While at the academy, Hammill initially played as an attacking midfielder and striker. But he turned "around 14 or 15", Hammill converted to a winger after being convinced by Academy Manager Steve Heighway, a position both he and Heighway, himself, played today.
In January 2007, he got his first taste of senior football when he was loaned to Scottish side Dunfermline Athletic until the end of the season. He played eighteen games for Dunfermline, including the Scottish Cup final, and scored once against Celtic. After his loan spell at Dunfermline Athletic came to an end, Hammill stated playing in Scotland benefited him, due to playing in the final and more first team opportunity.
He spent the 2007–08 season on loan at Championship side Southampton. Hammill hoped joining Southampton could benefit him for first team experience, as well as making a breakthrough. While in his first two months at Southampton, Hammill signed a three-year contract with his parent club, Liverpool, keeping him until 2011. Hammill made his Southampton debut, where he came on as a substitute for Jhon Viáfara, in the 63rd minute, in a 4–1 loss against Crystal Palace. By November, Hammill made two starts and came on from the substitute bench six times, and as a result he was sent to the reserves or remained on the substitute bench. Having regained his first team place, Hammill then provided two assists for the club, as Southampton beat Hull City 4– 0 on 8 December 2007. Throughout the season, Hammill remained in the first team spotlight at Southampton, as he made 28 appearances in total.
Returning to Anfield, he signed a new five-year contract with Liverpool in July 2008, before being sent out on loan for a sixth time; joining Blackpool in a six-month deal. He made his debut for the Seasiders on 9 August 2008, where he played 90 minutes in a 1–0 home defeat to Bristol City. In the next game against Norwich City on 16 August 2008, Hammill won a penalty in the 55th minute, which Ben Burgess successfully converted, in a 1–1 draw. He scored his first goal in English football for the Seasiders on 16 November in the West Lancashire derby 3–1 home defeat to Preston. After a successful loan spell he returned to Liverpool on 30 December, where Rafael Benítez would decide whether or not Hammill would return to Bloomfield Road despite keen on using him in the Liverpool first team.
Barnsley
He did have a second loan deal during the 2008–09 season, but it was instead with Barnsley, whom he joined in February 2009 for the remainder of the campaign. Hammill made his Barnsley debut in his first spell on 17 February 2009, where he came on as a substitute for Andranik Teymourian in the 80th minute, in a 1–0 win over Sheffield Wednesday. Having become a first team regular throughout the season, Hammill scored his first Barnsley goal whilst on loan, in the last game of the season, in a 2–1 win over Plymouth Argyle. After the match, Hammill returned to his parent club.
Following his loan spell at Oakwell in Spring 2009, Barnsley launched a bid which was turned down as Liverpool wanted to see what Hammill could offer during pre-season. However, Hammill remained out of the Liverpool first team after yet being given a squad number despite playing in a friendly match, which he scored. Barnsley then made a second bid, which Liverpool, this time, accepted and Hammill signed a three-year contract on 10 August 2009. Though he has no regrets leaving Liverpool for Barnsley, Hammill, however, said Liverpool will forever be in his blood.
Hammill's first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 11 August 2009 in a League Cup first round tie, with a 1–0 win at Lincoln City. He scored his first goal of the 2009 season for Barnsley, away at Derby County, as the Reds recorded their first win of the season under new manager Mark Robins. Hammill's goal was a curling effort from the edge of the box that won him the club's Goal of the Year Award for 2009. Two weeks later on 29 September 2009, Hammill scored his second Barnsley goal, in a 3–1 win over West Brom Albion, followed up by the third and fourth goal against Doncaster Rovers on 17 October 2009 and Bristol City on 24 October 2009 Four days later on 28 October 2009, Hammill was fouled by Manchester United's Gary Neville, which saw him sent-off, as Barnsley lose 2–0 in the last-16 of League Cup. Throughout the 2009–10 season, Hammill remained in the first team, which he made forty–three appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.
At the start of the 2010–11 season, Hammill started the season well he scored four goals in the first nine matches against Bristol City, Middlesbrough, Leeds United (which he also has a hat-trick assist during the match) and Derby County. Hammill then provided a double assist on 16 October 2010, in a 3–1 win over Nottingham Forest. Hammill added four more goals against Hull City, Preston North End, Portsmouth and Burnley. By the first half of the season, Hammill scored eight times in twenty–five appearances for the club, which he describe the 2010–11 season as a best season as professional.
His performance soon attracted interests from Premier League clubs.
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Eventually, on 20 January 2011, Hammill signed for Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers on a three-and-a-half-year contract after Wolves triggered a £500,000 buy-out clause in his contract. Hammill was previously linked with a move to Premier League's rival and his former club, Blackpool, before joining Wolverhampton Wanderers.
He made his Wolves debut as a substitute against boyhood and former club Liverpool two days later. He made ten appearances in total for the club during the remainder of the season, but found himself on the sidelines towards the end of the campaign as manager Mick McCarthy recalled the more experienced Stephen Hunt.
Ahead of the 2011–12 season, Hammill expressed determination to fight for his first team place at Wolverhampton Wanderers. The 2011–12 season saw Hammill making his first appearance of the season, playing 89th minutes, in a 4–0 win over Northampton in the first round of League Cup. Hammill then scored his first – and only goal – for Wolves, when he netted a free-kick in a League Cup tie against Millwall. However, although he made a series of substitute appearances in the Premier League during the first half of the season he was unable to establish himself in the team.
On 1 March 2012, he was sent on loan to Championship side Middlesbrough on an emergency loan deal until the end of the season. He made his debut two days later in a 3–1 away victory against Portsmouth, but he finished the campaign mostly on the substitutes bench before returning to Wolves.
Wolves had suffered relegation to the Championship at the end of the season, and now appointed Ståle Solbakken as their new manager. However this change of manager did not improve Hammill's involvement in Wolves' first team and he was again made available for loan. As a result, Hammill was placed on a transfer list.
Following his loan spell at Huddersfield Town came to an end, Hammill made four final appearances for Wolves, appearing as a substitute in a series of matches in the final months of the 2012–13 season as the club battled unsuccessfully under new manager Dean Saunders to avoid a second relegation. In total he made 27 appearances for Wolves, scoring once, before his time at Molineux ended as Kenny Jackett arrived as manager.
Huddersfield Town
Shortly before the end of the transfer window on 31 August 2012, he joined fellow Championship side Huddersfield Town in a loan deal to last until 13 January 2013. He made his Huddersfield début as a substitute in a 2–2 draw at Ipswich the following day, and scored his first goal for the club minutes after coming on as a substitute in a 1–3 loss at Peterborough on 23 October 2012. His only other goal for the Terriers happened to be his final kick of his loan spell with a last minute equaliser against Birmingham City in January 2013. Shortly after, Hammill was recalled by the club.
On 24 June 2013, Hammill rejoined Huddersfield Town in a permanent deal for an undisclosed fee, signing a three-year deal (with a further year's option) with the Terriers. Upon joining the club, Hammill was given number twelve shirt. He made his second debut for the club as a substitute in the 1–0 defeat by Nottingham Forest on 3 August 2013. He scored his first goal in his second spell in the 5–1 win over AFC Bournemouth on 24 August 2013, and three days later, on 27 August 2013, Hammill scored again, which turned out to be a winning goal, in a 3–2 win over Charlton Athletic in the second round of League Cup. His impressive performance then earned him October Player of the Month. Hammill later scored three more goals later in the season against Barnsley, Blackburn Rovers and Middlesbrough. In an aftermath 2–1 loss against Wigan Athletic, Hammill was fined by the club after expressing frustrating when he was substituted. Since returning to the club, Hammill has excelled in the new 3–5–2 formation as a right wing-back. Despite suffering ankle injury, Hammill went on to make forty–nine appearances and scoring five times and assisting twelve times in all competitions.
In the 2014–15 season, Hammill played four times at the start of the season. However, Hammill felt out of favour with Huddersfield Town manager Chris Powell, and subsequently was dropped from the team's match-day squad, as well as, his own injury concern. Even after returning to training, Hammill was sent to play in the club's reserve for several matches throughout 2014. After four months absent, Hammill made his first appearance when he come on as a substitute in the 84th minute, in a 2–1 win over Bolton Wanderers on 28 December 2014.
After being told he can leave Huddersfield Town in the January transfer window, it was announced on 9 January 2015, he joined fellow Championship side Rotherham United on loan for the rest of the season. Hammill made his Rotherham United debut the next day, playing the whole 90 minutes, in a 1–0 loss against Brentford. Despite missing some games due to being ineligibile to face his parent club, Hammill helped the club survive relegation and made fourteen appearances for the club. Hammill returned to his parent club after Rotherham United made it clear to Hammill that they would not sign him on a permanent basis.
Though he made five appearances at the start of the 2015–16 season, which saw his shirt number changed from twelve to twenty-five, it was announced on 1 September 2015, he was released by Football League Championship side Huddersfield Town by mutual consent. After leaving the club, Hammill went on trials at Bolton Wanderers, Partick Thistle and Barnsley.
Return to Barnsley
On 9 November 2015 it was confirmed that Hammill had re-joined Barnsley on a short-term deal.
On his second debut for the club he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win the Quarter-Final of Football League Trophy tie against York City. Hammill then scored his second goal against Wigan Athletic and Barnsley won 4–2 on penalties after the game was played for 120 minutes in the Semi-Final of Football League Trophy. Following this, Hammill signed a contract with the club. Shortly signing a contract with Barnsley, Hammill scored his first league goal since 2010, in a 3–2 win over Colchester United on 12 December 2015. Three weeks later on 2 January 2016, Hammill scored again, in a 2- 1 in over Millwall and provided two assists, including Sam Winnall's goal, who scored a hat-trick, in a 6–1 win over Rochdale three weeks later on 23 January 2016. After being sidelined over his fitness, Hammill scored on his return on 7 February 2016, in a 3–0 win over Bury. After serving three match ban following a goalless draw against Bury on 23 February 2016, Hammill then scored the winning goal, in the final of Football League Trophy, in a 3–2 win over Oxford United on 3 April 2016. Six days later on 9 April 2016, Hammill scored in a 2–1 loss against Chesterfield. Hammill went on to play a vital role in the League One play-offs promotion to the Championship when he scored two times in three appearances against Walsall in the second leg and the final against Millwall. On his return to Barnsley in his third spell, Hammill made thirty-three appearances and scoring nine times in all competitions.
On 14 June 2016, after a successful short-term deal with the club, Hammill signed a 2-year contract with the club that will run to the summer of 2018. Upon signing a contract, Hammill revealed he turned down a move to Bristol City, citing family reason. Hammill started well at the start of the season, with Barnsley started well in a good form and scored his first goal of the season, in a 4–0 win over Rotherham United on 27 August 2016, and scoring again three weeks later on 13 September 2016, in a 4–0 win over Wolves.
He was released by Barnsley at the end of the 2017–18 season.
St Mirren
On 2 October 2018, Hammill joined Scottish Premiership club St. Mirren on a short-term contract until January 2019. He had to be substituted after 35 minutes of his debut, a 4–1 defeat at Aberdeen, as he suffered an injury to his shoulder. On 24 November he scored both goals in a 2–0 win over Hearts.
Scunthorpe United
On 3 January 2019, Hammill signed for Scunthorpe United on an 18-month deal. He would later join Stockport County on loan.
Derry City
On 23 July 2020, Hammill signed for League of Ireland team Derry City. By October 2021 he was a free agent.
Prescot Cables
In July 2022 he signed for Prescot Cables.
On 6 November 2022, Hammill announced his retirement from football.
On 10 February 2023, Hammill came out of retirement and re-signed for Prescot Cables.
Maghull
In July 2023 he signed for Maghull.
International career
At international level, Hammill is eligible to represent the country of birth England as well as Republic of Ireland through his grand parents, he has to date represented England at youth level being capped at both U19 and U21 level. Along with then Liverpool teammates Craig Lindfield and Paul Anderson, Hammill was called up for the England under-19 team in 2006, and scored his first Under-19 international goal in the win against Switzerland in November 2006.
On 27 March 2011, Hammill was called up to the England U21 squad for the first time, as Stuart Pearce had a number of injuries and made the decision to rest some key players. He is in the squad to face both Denmark and Iceland. He went on to make his U21 debut against Iceland, coming on as a substitute in the 74th minute.
On 28 March 2011, it was confirmed that Hammill is eligible to play for the Republic of Ireland national side through his late grandfather.
Personal life
Hammill grew up supporting Liverpool, which he went on to play for the club's academy and in the first team. Hammill said he grew up idolising Ryan Giggs and Michael Owen.
During his time at Barnsley, Hammill resided "an apartment just a few miles away from Oakwell Stadium ". In 2010, Hammill was engaged to his fiancée, Ashleigh, but soon broken off. He is a father of two children, a daughter and a son.
In the early hours of 7 October 2012, Hammill was involved in an altercation outside a Liverpool nightclub while celebrating a friend's birthday and was arrested for assaulting two female paramedics. The paramedics had attended the scene after Hammill had collapsed inside the club drunk and been taken outside. He was formally charged with two counts of assault on 27 October, to which he pleaded guilty on 12 November. On 20 November 2012 he was sentenced to 12 weeks of jail suspended for 12 months, 150 hours of unpaid work and to pay £350 to each of the paramedics. Hammill later told The Huddersfield Examiner that he regretted his action.
Career statistics
Honours
Liverpool
FA Youth Cup: 2005–06
Dunfermline Athletic
Scottish Cup runner-up: 2006–07
Barnsley
Football League Trophy: 2015–16
Football League One play-offs: 2016
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
Men's association football wingers
English men's footballers
Liverpool F.C. players
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
National League (English football) players
League of Ireland players
England men's youth international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
English people of Irish descent
English people convicted of assault
St Mirren F.C. players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Derry City F.C. players
Prescot Cables F.C. players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Hammill |
nProtect GameGuard (sometimes called GG) is an anti-cheating rootkit developed by INCA Internet. It is widely installed in many online games to block possibly malicious applications and prevent common methods of cheating. nProtect GameGuard provides B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) security services for online game companies and portal sites. The software is considered to be one of three software programs which "dominate the online game security market".
GameGuard uses rootkits to proactively prevent cheat software from running. GameGuard hides the game application process, monitors the entire memory range, terminates applications defined by the game vendor and INCA Internet to be cheats (QIP for example), blocks certain calls to Direct X functions and Windows APIs, keylogs keyboard input, and auto-updates itself to change as new possible threats surface.
Since GameGuard essentially works like a rootkit, players may experience unintended and potentially unwanted side effects. If set, GameGuard blocks any installation or activation of hardware and peripherals (e.g., a mouse) while the program is running. Since GameGuard monitors any changes in the computer's memory, it will cause performance issues when the protected game loads multiple or large resources all at once.
Additionally, some versions of GameGuard had an unpatched privilege escalation bug, allowing any program to issue commands as if they were running under an Administrator account.
GameGuard possesses a database on game hacks based on security references from more than 260 game clients. Some editions of GameGuard are now bundled with INCA Internet's Tachyon anti-virus/anti-spyware library, and others with nProtect Key Crypt, an anti-key-logger software that protects the keyboard input information.
List of online games using GameGuard
GameGuard is used in many online games.
9Dragons
Atlantica Online
Blackshot
Blade & Soul
Cabal Online
City Racer
Combat Arms: Reloaded
Combat Arms: The Classic
Darkeden
Digimon Masters Online
Dragon Saga
Elsword (no longer used as of March 29, 2017)
Flyff
Grand Chase
Lineage 1 & 2
Legend of Mir 3
Seal Online
Smash Legends
Phantasy Star Online: Blue Burst
Priston Tale
Metin2
Playpark Moxiang
Pangya
PUBG: Battlegrounds
Mu Legend
La Tale
MapleStory
PangYa
Phantasy Star Online 2
Return of Warrior
Riders of Icarus
Rohan: Blood Feud
RF Online
Rumble Fighter
Ran Online
Rappelz
Royal Crown
Uncharted Waters Online
Undecember
Valkyrie Profiles Silmeria (PS2)
Fleet Mission: NavyField
Star Stable Online (removed at 16.6.2022)
Mir4 Global
References
External links
Anti-cheat software
ja:NProtect#nProtect GameGuard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NProtect%20GameGuard |
The L2 BAT (Battalion, Anti-Tank) was a 120 mm calibre recoilless anti-tank rifle used by the British Army. It was also produced in the MOBAT version without a gun shield, and the ConBAT version with a new spotting rifle attachment. The L6 Wombat version was greatly lightened through the use of magnesium alloys hence the name (Weapon Of Magnesium Batallion Anti Tank). The Wombat was used by mobile units such as paratroopers and marines.
BAT was developed from the wartime Ordnance, RCL, 3.45 in, replacing it and the Ordnance QF 17-pounder to become the standard anti-tank weapon of the Army in the post-World War II era. The BAT and MOBAT were used until anti-tank guided missiles, such as Vigilant and MILAN, took their place. WOMBAT remained in anti-tank platoons in Berlin to supplement MILAN until the late 1980s, due to the expected engagement ranges should the Warsaw Pact have ever attacked. The wire guidance of MILAN would also have been problematic in the built up areas of Berlin. It was envisioned that Wombat would be used in 'shoot-and-scoot' attacks mounted on the back of stripped down Land Rover vehicles.
The Wombat was a development version which was adopted and replaced the earlier BAT and MOBAT weapons. It was in turn replaced by anti-tank guided missiles. The L6 Wombat itself comprised the L12A3 BAT gun, but mounted on a new lightweight carriage. The vertically sliding breech of the BAT and MoBAT was replaced by a lighter horizontally hinged breech. The Wombat was mounted on a small two wheeled carriage, which was removable in order to be moved over obstacles and then locked to the carriage again. The weapon was normally carried in the rear of a specially adapted Land Rover (Portee). The Wombat could also be mounted on the FV432/40 armoured personnel carrier.
The usual round for Wombat was a HESH, which it could fire out to around 1,800 m. The HESH round could defeat of armour. Other ammunition types include the canister and modified canister rounds. The latter released flechettes, or small darts, giving a "shotgun" effect. These rounds could be used against infantry in the open. The base of the BAT cartridge case was frangible, the reaction gases venting directly backwards through a single large venturi. This was in contrast to the US recoilless designs, which used a frangible sidewall to the cartridge case and multiple venturi.
During the Cold War era, NATO and British Royal Marine forces used the Swedish made Snow Trac as a carrier for the L6 Wombat in the snow-covered mountains of Norway.
Wombats were among the anti-tank weapons taken by the Parachute Regiment to the Falklands War in 1982, but they were not off-loaded from the transport ships.
Operators
Non British users of the MOBAT variant were Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia and New Zealand. Australia used the WOMBAT variant.
Variants
L2 BAT, Battalion Anti Tank
The original towed gun complete with a heavy armoured shield and wheeled mount. Accepted for service in 1953.
L4 MoBAT (Mobile BAT)
A BAT with the shield removed to lighten it (even though it still weighed some and a spotting weapon (a Bren light machine gun) added. It could be towed by an Austin Champ or, later, a Land Rover.
L6 WOMBAT
A new build weapon with a lightweight carriage, which meant that it was usable by all air Mobile (Infantry Battalions) plus mobile troops, such as the Parachute Regiment and Royal Marine Commandos. It was also fitted to vehicles, such as the FV432 or a 3/4 ton portee Land Rover. When fitted with an M8C .50 cal spotting rifle, which fired a zirconium-tipped spotter tracer round visible past 2,000 yards, it could engage targets out to . The strike was observed by the No. 1, who called the fall of shot. The No. 2 maintained the spotting rifle and observed the back blast area. The WOMBAT entered service in 1964, rapidly replacing earlier versions in service with the regular army; but it never fully replaced MOBAT and CONBAT with infantry units of the Territorial Army.
L7 CONBAT ("Converted BAT")
A conversion of the L4 MoBAT or L2 BAT utilizing a L40A1 12.7 mm spotting rifle. (The American designation was the .50-cal M8C spotting rifle. It used a shorter cartridge than the .50-cal machine gun.) The tracer rounds matched trajectory with the CONBAT to 350.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Norris, J., Anti-tank Weapons (Modern Military Equipment), Brassey's (UK) Ltd, 1996.
External links
Pictures of Mobat and ammunition
Recoilless rifles of the United Kingdom
Cold War weapons of the United Kingdom
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120%20mm%20BAT%20recoilless%20rifle |
Alan Levin (February 28, 1926 – 13 February 2006) was an American filmmaker and journalist best known for making documentaries on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and Home Box Office (HBO) networks. Three of his documentaries won Emmy Awards.
Early life and career
Levin was born Alan Levinstein in Brooklyn, New York. He served during World War II and graduated from Wesleyan University in Connecticut in 1946. His career started as a journalist working for Associated Press and the New York Post. He worked for Senator Harrison Williams in 1963-64 before becoming a producer on WABC-TV between 1965 and 1967.
His father, Herman, assisted Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan with his founding of the Jewish Reconstructionist movement in the 1930s. His grandfather, Isaac Levinstein, owned several movie theaters in New York in the early 1900s.
Documentary career
Levin's documentary career started with WNET, a Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) primary member station. He first attracted attention with The New Immigrants in 1979 which explored the immigration of non-European migrants to the US and earned him his first Emmy.
His 1982 film Portrait of an American Zealot was one of the first films of the growing popularity of the so-called religious right. That film marked the end of his employment for PBS although he would continue to make films for the network. In 1986, he made Inside the Jury Room featuring the first jury deliberation to be filmed which was shown on PBS Frontline
He partnered with Bill Moyers to film a number of documentaries. The Secret Government: The Constitution in Crisis looked at the activities of the CIA leading up to the Iran-Contra Affair. It earned Levin his second Emmy.
Levin would later make documentaries for HBO. With his son, Marc Levin and his production partner Daphne Pinkerson, he made Thug Life about the lives of four prisoners in Washington. It earned him his third Emmy in 1999.
He died in Maplewood, New Jersey in February 2006.
References
Newsday "Documentary filmmaker Alan Levin dies at 79" 17 February 2006, retrieved 18 February 2006
Marquis Who's Who TM. Marquis Who's Who, 2006. "Alan Levin"
1926 births
2006 deaths
Wesleyan University alumni
American documentary filmmakers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Levin%20%28filmmaker%29 |
The wage–fund doctrine is a concept from early economic theory that seeks to show that the amount of money a worker earns in wages, paid to them from a fixed amount of funds available to employers each year (capital), is determined by the relationship of wages and capital to any changes in population. In the words of J. R. McCulloch,
The economists who first stated this relationship assumed that the amount of capital available in a given year to pay wages was an unchanging amount. So they thought that as the population changed so too would the wages of workers. If the population increased, but the amount of money available to pay as wages stayed the same, the results might be all workers would make less, or if one worker made more, another would have to make less to make up for it and workers would struggle to earn enough money to provide for basic living requirements.
Later economists determined that the relationship of capital and wages was more complex than originally thought. This is because capital in a given year is not necessarily a fixed amount, and the wage–fund doctrine was eventually abandoned in favor of later models.
Model
In essence, wage–fund doctrine states that workers' wages are determined by a ratio of capital to the population of available workers.
In this model, there is a fixed amount of capital available to pay for the costs of production and the wages necessary to sustain workers in the time between the start of production and the sale of production output. Capital may change from year to year, but only as a result of reinvesting the prior year's savings. "The wage-fund, therefore, may be greater or less at another time, but at the time taken it is definite". (Walker)
Population is the endogenous variable affecting wages. As the working population changes, the available wage moves in the opposite direction. Additionally, because capital is fixed, "the whole of [wage fund] is distributed without loss; and the average amount received by each laborer is, therefore, precisely determined by the ratio existing between the wage-fund and the number of laborers". (Walker)
If one worker earns more, another worker must earn less to compensate.
Origins
The doctrine has its roots in the Physiocrats’ Tableau économique (Spiegel, pg. 389) in which the landowners provide capital to farmers in the form of land leases. The amount of land and the rents from it are fixed, and the capital needed for farming supplies and food for laborers in any one year is directly derived from the profits of the previous year’s production. Population is also the variable factor, but for the Physiocrats, it was constrained by the amount of land available for growing food, not by the amount of capital available to pay wages.
From the early 1800s until after the Napoleonic wars were over in 1815, Great Britain had almost full employment to the point that "an increase in the number of laborers had the effect to throw some out of employment or to reduce the rate of wages for all". (Walker)
Capital was still believed to come only from savings in prior years, and no additional amount of money could be added to the production process to support more workers. Additionally, the capital used in the equation above was the macroeconomic concept of a country's total accumulated wealth, not the wealth of individuals.
At the macroeconomic level, though, enough capital had been generated in prior years that "employers found no (financial) difficulty in paying their laborers by the month, the week, or the day, instead of requiring them to await the fruition of their labor in the harvested or marketed product". (Walker)
Unlike the Physiocrats' tableau, the money to maintain the subsistence of employees during production did not have to come from previous year's savings. The wages were so low, however, that workers still lived at barely subsistence level.
Principles of Political Economy
John Stuart Mill's Principles of Political Economy, published in 1848, provides the definitive treatment of Wage-Fund Doctrine. Mill's solution to increasing the wage rate above subsistence level is to control the growth of the population. If population grew faster than the growth of capital, wages would fall. If wages fell below subsistence levels, population would decrease from disease and starvation.
In 1869, Mill qualifies his support of the Wage-Fund Doctrine due to recognition that capital is not necessarily fixed in that it can be supplemented through "income of the employer which might otherwise go into savings or be spent on consumption" (Spiegel, pg. 390), but Mill eventually came to see an error in Wage-fund doctrine from his reading of William Thornton's On Labour, and declared it a "prevailing and mischievous error." Walker also states in "The Wages Question" that the limits on capital and the growth in population "were accidental, not essential" to the formation of the doctrine. The limitation on the growth of industrial capacity placed a limit on the number of workers who could be accommodated more than the limit on capital. Furthermore, English agriculture "had reached the condition of diminishing returns." (Walker); therefore, each additional worker was not providing more output than he needed for himself for survival. Given the improvements in technology and productivity that followed 1848, the original reasons that gave rise to the doctrine were seen to be unusual and not the basis for a universal law.
Criticism
William Stanley Jevons
In a preface to the first edition of his 1871 publication The Theory of Political Economy, a seminal work in the Marginal Revolution in economic theory, William Stanley Jevons criticises Wage-Fund Doctrine as useless, calling it "purely delusional" and stating:"This theory pretends to give a solution of the main problem of the science [economics]—to determine the wages of labour; yet, on close examination, its conclusion is found to be a mere truism, namely, that the average rate of wages is found by dividing the whole amount appropriated to the payment of wages by the number of those between whom it is divided."
Henry George
In Chapter III of his 1879 treatise on the causes behind poverty in progressive economies, Progress and Poverty, the self-taught economist Henry George argues against the wage-fund doctrine, writing:"The proposition I shall endeavour to prove is: That wages, instead of being drawn from capital, are in reality drawn from the product of the labour for which they are paid...
Neither the money, which is but the draft, nor the particular form of wealth that he calls for by use of the draft, represents advances of capital for his maintenance; on the contrary it represents the wealth, or a portion of the wealth, his labour has already added to the general stock."Rather than poverty among wage-earners being caused by overpopulation, Henry George in Chapter IX instead argues that the margin of production, rather than the population of workers sharing a pool of capital, sets the rate of wages: "The law of wages we have thus obtained is that which we previously obtained as the corollary of the law of rent.
It is, that:
Wages depend upon the margin of production, or upon the produce that labour can obtain at the highest point of natural productiveness open to it without the payment of rent."
See also
Labour economics
Human overpopulation
Notes
References
Walker, Francis Amasa;
The Wages Question] Macmillan and Co. 1888.
Spiegel, Henry William; The Growth of Economic Thought, Duke University Press, 1983.
Labour economics
Classical economics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage%E2%80%93fund%20doctrine |
Hylopathism, in philosophy, is the belief that some or all matter is sentient or that properties of matter in general give rise to subjective experience. It is opposed to the assertion that consciousness results exclusively from properties of specific types of matter, e.g. brain tissue.
Etymology and specific definition
The term is relatively uncommon even in philosophical discussion, and is often erroneously equated with panpsychism despite notable differences between the two views that are evident in the etymologies of the two words: "panpsychism" derives from the Greek pan, "all", and psyche, "soul" or "mind" (the terms consciousness and experience being preferred in philosophy), and implies the sentience of all things; hylopathism derives from hylo-, which is translated either as "matter" or "wood" depending on its context, and whose English equivalent is hyle, and pathos, "emotion" or "suffering" (and, by extension, experience). Hylopathism is thus not necessarily a belief in the universality of sentience, but rather in the derivation of sentience from matter.
See also
Hyle
Leibniz
Panpsychism
Pathetic fallacy
The Force
References
Panpsychism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylopathism |
Craig Wilson (born 14 September 1973 in Dumfries) is a Scottish curler from Dunblane. In 1993, Wilson won the World Junior Curling Championships for his Scotland team over Michel Ferland of Canada. However, the following year he would finish 5th.
Wilson wouldn't return to an international event until 2003 when he played third for David Murdoch and won a gold medal at the European Curling Championships. At the 2005 Ford World Men's Curling Championship, Wilson would win a silver medal with Murdoch as they lost to Canada's Randy Ferbey team in the final.
Wilson was picked to be the alternate player for team Great Britain at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
In later years Wilson turned his hand to golf and hones his craft at Dunblane GC. He is currently training hard at the Peebles golf camp.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Scottish male curlers
British male curlers
Olympic curlers for Great Britain
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Continental Cup of Curling participants
European curling champions
Scottish curling champions
Sportspeople from Dunblane
Sportspeople from Dumfries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Wilson%20%28curler%29 |
The Calgary Kangaroos is an Australian rules football club based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. They welcome all new players, regardless of prior experience, practice at A E Cross High School in Glamorgan, play games at the Inland Athletic Park and are members of AFL Canada. The Roos also run introductory training sessions at various elementary and high schools across the city, in an effort to grow the sport locally. The current number one ticket holder of the club is former Calgary City Mayor, the Honourable Naheed Nenshi
The Calgary Kangaroos regular season consists of a series of home and away games between the three (3) Metro teams the Bears, Cowboys and Wolves. The Wolves team were created in 2015 owing to the growth of the club, and went on to win the Calgary Metro Championship in their inaugural year. During the season there are trips to Banff, Vancouver, Kelowna and Edmonton. The trip to Edmonton is to play for the Capitol Cup in addition to hosting the Stampede Cup locally.
The Calgary Kangaroos are Canada's most successful football club having been a regular feature in the USAFL National Championships finals. The Roo's were Division Two runners up in 2008, and then went on to win back-to-back Division Two titles in 2009 and 2010, earning a Division One promotion. In 2011, Calgary played their way through to the Grand Final, but lost to a more accurate Denver 3.2.20 to 0.5.5. The less said about 2012 the better. In 2013, Calgary again played its way into the Division One Grand Final, being beaten by the home team, Austin Crows 4.2.26 to 4.1.25.
In 2014, the Roos had 13 Canadian players selected to represent Team Canada in both the men's and women's competitions at the 2014 AFL International Cup in Melbourne, Australia.
Team Awards
Bears
Cowboys
Wolves
Club Awards
Coach of The Year
Umpire of The Year
Troy Rose Award
Championship Results
Calgary Champions
USAFL (United States Australian Football League)
See also
References
External links
Calgary Kangaroos
Calgary Kookaburras
AFL Canada
USAFL
Kangaroos
Australian rules football clubs established in 2002
2002 establishments in Alberta
Australian rules football clubs in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary%20Kangaroos |
Feel Euphoria is the seventh studio album by American progressive rock band Spock's Beard released on July 8, 2003. It was the first album the band recorded following the departure of vocalist/songwriter Neal Morse, also the first full-length album to feature drummer Nick D'Virgilio as lead vocalist. It marked the beginning of a more band-oriented era of songwriting, as before Neal Morse had written the bulk of the band's material, now all of the remaining band members wrote for the band, including bass player Dave Meros, who picked up his first songwriting credit in the history of the band (other than full-group credits) on the song "Ghosts of Autumn".
Tracks 7 through 12 comprise the suite "A Guy Named Sid".
Track listing
Special edition bonus tracks
"Moth of Many Flames" (Morse, Boegehold) – 2:49
"From the Messenger" (Okumoto) – 7:25
Critical reception
With the departure of Morse, a change in sound was noted by many critics. Sea of Tranquility reported, "Two, maybe three, tracks are almost unrecognizable as Spock's Beard songs", and Sputnik Music said Morse's departure drastically affected the band's sound due to new way of writing music for the group. Proggnosis reported, "this cd should almost be addressed as an entirely different band, with the same name of course."
Personnel
Nick D'Virgilio – lead vocals, drums, acoustic & some electric guitars, percussion, loops
Alan Morse – electric and acoustic guitars, vocals
Ryo Okumoto – keyboards
Dave Meros – basses
Additional personnel
Stan Ausmus - songwriting
John Boegehold – songwriting, synths and "backward stuff" on "East of Eden, West of Memphis"
Gina Ballina – french horn
Claire Pasquale - trumpet & piccolo trumpet
Steve Velez – cello
J'Anna Jacoby – violin on "Carry On"
Production
Arranged & produced by Spock's Beard
Recorded, engineered & mixed by Richard Mouser
Mastered by Jay Frigoletto
References
2003 albums
Spock's Beard albums
Inside Out Music albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel%20Euphoria |
Kalmuk Steppe, or Kalmyk Steppe is a steppe with a land area of approximately 100,000 km², bordering the northwest Caspian Sea, bounded by the Volga on the northeast, the Manych on the southwest, and the territory of the Don Cossacks on the northwest. The historic home to the Kalmuck or Kalmyks, it is in the Federal subject of Astrakhan Oblast in Russia. Before the appearance of the Kalmyks to this region, the area was long known as the Povoletsk steppe by the Russians.
The western Kalmuck Steppe occupied by the Yergeni hills, is deeply trenched by ravines and rises 300 and occasionally 630 ft. above the sea. It is built up of Tertiary deposits, belonging to the Sarmatian division of the Miocene period and covered with bess and black earth, and its escarpments represent the old shore-line of the Caspian. No Caspian deposits are found on or within the Yergeni. These hills exhibit the usual black earth flora, and they have a settled population.
The eastern part of the steppe is a plain, lying for the most part 30 to 40 ft. below the level of the sea and sloping gently towards the Volga. Post-Pliocene Aral-Caspian deposits, containing the usual fossils (Hydrobia, Neritina, eight species of Cardium, two of Dreissena, three of Adacna and Lithoglyphus caspius), attain thicknesses varying from 105 ft. to 7 or 10 feet, and disappear in places. Lacustrine and fluviatile mineral deposits occur intermingled with the above. Large areas of moving sands exist near Enotayevsk, where high dunes or barkhans have been formed.
A narrow tract of land along the coast of the Caspian, known as the “hillocks of Baer,” is covered with hillocks elongated from west to east, perpendicularly to the coast-line, the spaces between them being filled with water or overgrown with thickets of reed, Salix, Ulmus campestris, almond trees, &c. An archipelago of little islands is thus formed close to the shore by these mounds, which are backed on the N. and N.W. by strings of salt lakes, partly desiccated. Small streams originate in the Yergeni, but are lost as soon as they reach the lowlands, where water can only be obtained from wells. The scanty vegetation is a mixture of the flora of south-east Russia and that of the deserts of central Asia.
As of 1911, the steppe had an estimated population of 130,000 persons, living in over 27,700 kibitkas, or felt tents. There were many Buddhist monasteries. Part of the Kalmucks were settled (chiefly in the hilly parts), the remainder being nomads. Antony Beevor, in his 1998 book Stalingrad, said that "Russians from the north thought of [Kalmyk Steppe] as 'the end of the world'". In 1943 the people were forcibly deported (see Kalmykia).
See also
Kalmykia The Kalmyk Steppe was partly occupied by Germans in August-December 1942, the Abwehr until November 1943.
References
I. V. Mushketov, Geol. Researches in the Kalmyk Steppe in 1884–1885 (St Petersburg, 1894, in Russian); Kostenkov’s works (1868–1870); and other works quoted in Semenov’s Geogr. Dict. and Russ. Encycl. Dict.
Geography of Kalmykia
Eurasian Steppe
Grasslands of Russia
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk%20Steppe |
Georgina Starr (born 1968) is an English artist and one of the Young British Artists. She is best known for her video, sound, performance and installation works. Starr's work has been described in Artforum magazine as exploring "the imaginative self’s ability to make something magically complex, layered and densely referential out of virtually nothing but its own 'stuff'”
Life and work
Starr was born in Leeds and lives and works in London. She studied at Jacob Kramer school of Art,
Middlesex Polytechnic, attended the Slade School of Art from 1990 until 1992 and the Rijksakademie Van Beeldende Kunst in Amsterdam from 1993 to 1994. She has exhibited widely in group and solo exhibitions, including the Tate Gallery in London, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Venice Biennale, and in galleries in cities throughout the world including Basel, Tokyo, Ghent, Brisbane, and Barcelona.
She has been identified as a member of the second wave of Young British Artists.
Whether playing a lonely teenager re-enacting a high school play (Frenchy, 1996), a nightclub singer with schizophrenia (The Hungry Brain, 1995), a visitor from another planet (Visit to a Small Planet, 1994), a silent movie star (THEDA, 2007–10), a ventriloquist or psychic medium, her face and voice are always the focus, constantly changing and morphing as she performs. As David Frankel noted in Artforum, ”she seems both a familiar presence and at the same time unknowable, one multifaceted figure- she is all of them-but at the same time non-of them at all… Starr proposes a model of art-making and combines the baroque with the spontaneous….the frame is fiction".
Starr's first video Static Steps in 1992 featured small paper figures reacting physically to "random static electricity" and added a voice-over narrating the 'steps' as if the movements were rehearsed dance steps. The idea was to re-describe invisible and "often random aspects of modern life" so they seem important.
In 1993, Starr's video Crying was described as "euphoric"."
A review from 1996 said of Crying, “ If expressionist art demands the simultaneous release and recording of deep feeling, then this might be expressionism's quintessence – but as the tape plays again, and again, emotion becomes performance. What may have been a problem for Jackson Pollock here appears as strategy: repeated, the gesture that carries emotion loses meaning. Yet enough of a trace of it remains that one would be ashamed to write it off as rote or fake; better to say that it becomes elusive and unreliable. And Starr, who seems to show us herself so openly, eludes us too."
In 1994, Starr's Visit to a Small Planet featured videos, photographs, objects and drawings based loosely on a memory of a Jerry Lewis film called Visit to a Small Planet which evoked many emotional states.
In the five screen videos Starr was given special powers of mind-reading, invisibility and animal telepathy.
The large installation was exhibited as a solo exhibition at Kunsthalle Zurich in 1995 alongside the publication of her first book, "Visit to a Small Planet", a script which spanned the years 1978 (when she saw the original film aged 10) to the present day. The work then toured in the British Art Show4.
In 1996, Starr made Hypnodreamdruff which began as a film script, but turned into a "multi-screen, multi-media installation incorporating a nightclub, bedroom, kitchen and caravan," according to a description on her website. It was exhibited in Amsterdam at Stedelijk Museum in 1995, Tate London in 1996, in New York City at Barbara Gladstone in 1996, and Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Germany in 1997. Hypnodreamdruff was a complex narrative of the "interior life" of one of three fictional people sharing an apartment and was described as a "rowdy yet poignant portrait of the alienation and fantasy of everyday life."
David Frankel described the work in Artforum as "involving a series of interlocking situations or narratives carried by videos and installations, their sites ranging from a 1970’s caravan seen in Magic to a teenage girl's bedroom (in Frenchy) to a nightclub (The Hungry Brain) to the kitchen of three London flatmates (Dream Interference Device). An amalgam of dream, memory, reenactment, and something like TV sitcom…”
Critic Dan Glaister of The Guardian reported that Catherine Lampert of the Whitechapel Gallery was surprised that no women were nominated for the 1996 Turner prize; Lampert said "Tracey Emin and Georgina Starr have both produced notable work this year (1996)."
In 1998, critic Tim Hilton of The Independent described Starr's Tuberama as an "expensively constructed" model tube train which went around the gallery while an animated film by Starr played simultaneously with "loud music."
Critic and pop singer Momus described Tuberama as "the musical of the short story of the cartoon strip of the painting, is about sitting on the tube and feeling paranoid about the people opposite you: who would be their leader if the train broke down for a week?"
In his essay, Tuberama, A Musical on the Northern Line Filip Luyckx describes Tuberama : "While we identify ourselves with Georgina, she translates, as if she were a thought-reading machine, what goes on in the minds of the passengers…..The eroticising aspect of the imagination in contemporary mass culture finds a grateful subject here. A work like Tuberama starts as a comic strip and gradually overruns into our reality."
In a review in Art Monthly in 2000 a critic described Starr's new exhibition in London The Bunny Lakes are Coming: "Art is meant to be more sensitive than popular culture but doesn't always manage it. The Bunny Lakes are Coming is a melange of pop cultural melancholy and terror that is as sensitive as a fresh bruise. Starr's longstanding interest in the exploration of internality through the products of popular culture has been chided in the past. If returning home is a way of testing whether you have moved one, Starr has not endeavoured to please. Her new work is as dark as her early work was light. Maybe her early work was too soft, now it's too soft to touch."
In 2007, film critic Jonathan Romney described Starr's new silent film Theda : "In a 40-minute black-and-white film Theda British artist Georgina Starr, best known for her series of works inspired by the 1965 thriller Bunny Lake is Missing, pays tribute to this stormiest of divas and undertakes an archeology of gestural art of the silent-era actress (Theda Bara), drawing on the styles of several other now forgotten grande-dames, such as Barbara La Marr and Maud Allan.....the film is divided into three parts "prelude", "act" and "epilogue"....but "prelude " is the real coup: in a long single take, Starr runs through the codified expressive repertoire of the Theda-era performer with such precision that any ironic distance evaporate. The poster for "Theda" show a séance and indeed Starr makes herself the medium. Through her playful, tender homage the silent goddesses speak again."
Art critic John Zinsser described his reaction to Starr's show Theda in New York City: "It was a show that revealed itself to me very slowly" which was "full of surprises" and that the personality of the show was "very strong" and "beguiling in its nuttiness." Zinsser described Starr as a "video artist" whose work featured a book about a "movie that you didn't see" which was "written in a faux academic style". Critic Gregory Volk compared Starr to writers like Emerson in making a "meter making argument" and that her show was "so out there" and "crazily eccentric" and "crazily adventurous" and, as a result, "utterly convincing."
Theda toured as a film with live soundtrack to New York City, Toronto, Tokyo, Liverpool, Basel, Berlin, Genoa and Stockholm.
In 2011 a new score was composed by the German soprano Sigune von Osten for a live performance at The Pier Theatre in Bournemouth.
Starr was a judge for the Northern Art Prize in 2008. The Guardian reported in November 2008 that Starr was dating artist Paul Noble who paints "debauched imaginary townscapes." Starr and Noble traveled to Palestine and both worked at the International Academy of Art Palestine. Artist Andrew Palmer credits Starr for influencing his thinking about art. In November 2008, Starr put artwork from her project Bunny Lake and reproduced them on a Vespa scooter in a project to raise funds for charity.
Starr's 2010 project I am a Record, according to a website description, dissected and revealed "the artist's personal, geographic and imagined environment" and featured a wide variety of recordings made since age five including the rumbling of a broken radiator which she thought was "speaking to her," "re-enactments of secretly recorded stranger's conversation," field recordings, singing voices, paranormal telephony, family dinner conversations, "air eddies transformed into music," and other unusual sounds.
It is an audio collection featuring over 80 vinyl records with handmade cover artwork, posters, inserts and booklets.
The monograph I am a Record was published in 2010 by Le Confort Moderne. A large retrospective exhibition of Starr's work entitled "Hello. Come here. I want you." was held in France at Frac Franche-Comté in 2017 presenting earlier works alongside newly commissioned installations.
Books
"Georgina Starr", Ikon Gallery, 1998.
"The Bunny Lakes", Emily Tsingou Gallery 2002.
"THEDA", 2007
"I am a Record", Le Confort Moderne, 2010
"The History of Sculpture", 2014
Works
Whistle 1992
Static Steps 1992
Crying 1993
Erik 1994
Visit to a Small Planet 1994
The Nine Collections of the Seventh Museum 1994
Getting to Know You 1995
The Party 1995
Hypnodreamdruff 1996
Tuberama 1998
The Bunny Lake Series 1999-2004
Big V 2005
Theda 2007-10
I Am a Record 2010
I Am the Medium 2010
Before Le Cerveau Affamé 2013
I, Cave 2015
Androgynous Egg 2017
Moment Memory Monument 2017
Quarantaine 2020
References
External links
Georgina Starr website
Georgina Starr interviewed by Brian Sherwin- myartspace.com
Grrrrrrradio monthly podcasts from the artist
Picture of Starr smashing a statue in 2008
1968 births
English contemporary artists
British video artists
Women video artists
English installation artists
Living people
British sound artists
Women sound artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina%20Starr |
The Lajat (/ALA-LC: al-Lajāʾ), also spelled Lejat, Lajah, el-Leja or Laja, is the largest lava field in southern Syria, spanning some 900 square kilometers. Located about southeast of Damascus, the Lajat borders the Hauran plain to the west and the foothills of Jabal al-Druze to the south. The average elevation is between 600 and 700 meters above sea level, with the highest volcanic cone being 1,159 meters above sea level. Receiving little annual rainfall, the Lajat is largely barren, though there are scattered patches of arable land in some of its depressions.
The region has been known by a number of names throughout its history, including "Argob" ( ’Argōḇ,) in the Hebrew Bible and "Trachonitis" () by the Greeks, a name under which it is mentioned in the Gospel of Luke (). Long inhabited by Arab groups, it saw development under the Romans, who built a road through the center of the region connecting it with the empire's province of Syria. The pagan cults that predominated in Trachonitis during the Roman and pre-Roman era persisted through much of the Byzantine era, until the 6th century when Christianity became dominant. During Byzantine rule, Trachonitis experienced a massive building boom with churches, homes, bathhouses and colonnades being constructed in numerous villages, whose inhabitants remained largely Arab.
The region may have been abandoned at some point, only to be repopulated by refugees from other regions of Syria during the Mongol invasions in 13th-century. This earned the region its modern Arabic name, al-Lajāʾ, meaning "the refuge". During early Ottoman rule in the 16th century, al-Lajat contained numerous agricultural villages and farms, but by the 17th century, the region was all but abandoned. Local Bedouin tribes, such as the Sulut, increasingly used the region for grazing their flocks, and Druze migrants from Mount Lebanon began settling the area in the early 19th century. Today, the population is mixed, with Druze inhabiting its central and eastern areas, and Muslims and Melkites living in villages along its western edge.
Etymology
Lajat's ancient name "Trachonitis" signifies the land associated with the trachon, "a rugged stony tract." There are two volcanic districts south and east of Damascus, to which the Greeks applied this name: that to the northwest of the mountain of Jabal al-Druze (Jabal Hauran) is called in Arabic, el-Leja, which means "the refuge" or "asylum".
Geography
The Lajat is situated in southeastern Syria, spanning a triangle-shaped area between the 45-kilometer Izra'-Shahba line in the south 48 kilometers northward to the vicinity of Burraq. It is about 50 kilometers south of Damascus. Its northern border is roughly marked by the Wadi al-Ajam gorge, which separates it from the Ghouta countryside of Damascus. It is bordered to the east by the Ard al-Bathaniyya region, to the southeast by Jabal al-Druze (also called Jabal Hauran), to the south by the Nuqrah (southern Hauran plain) and to the northwest by Jaydur (northern Hauran plain).
Topography
The Lajat's average elevation is between 600 and 700 meters above sea level, and it is higher than the surrounding plains. Many of its volcanic cones are higher than 1,000 meters above sea level, with the highest, just west of Shahba, at 1,159 meters. In general the volcanic cones and mounds rise 20 to 30 meters above the lava fields.
Much of the Lajat is covered by gray, disintegrated lava fields that form jagged basalt boulders, though there are some areas of smoother, rocky ground punctured with holes. The holes were formed from gas bubbles caused by cooling lava that flowed over the uneven landscape. Among the mostly barren landscape are depressions with far less rocky ground than the rest of the Lajat. The depressions are called ka′ in Arabic and have average diameters of 100 meters. The depressions are likely the result of earlier volcanic eruptions. The depressions represented scattered patches of arable land among lava and fewer larger areas of fertile ground. The few wadis (dried up streams) of the Lajat are generally shallow and broad. Even fewer than the wadis are deep fissures that form caves or reservoirs.
Water sources
Springs and underground water sources in the Lajat are scarce and most water is supplied by cisterns. Shortages of water are particularly severe during the summer months. While during the Lajat's ancient history, its inhabitants stored water from winter rainfall in reservoirs built near homes, by the early 20th century, these reservoirs had long fallen into disrepair. Thus, by the modern era, every village contained rectangular cisterns to store rainwater, which serves as the main source of water.
History
Antiquity
Early history
In ancient times, Trachonitis included the regions of Lajat and the Tulul as-Safa to its east. For much of the 1st and 2nd millenniums BCE, the region lacked political significance and was influenced by the Damascus-based Arameans and the Israelites. Trachonitis was annexed by the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BCE. During this period, the region was a frontier zone between the southern Nabataeans and northwestern Itureans, both Arab groupings.
Roman period
The Roman Empire conquered Syria and in 24 BCE put Trachonitis, then inhabited by nomadic marauders and cattle herders who lived its caves and depressions, under the authority of Herod the Great; it was incorporated into the Herodian Kingdom of Judea. To keep watch over the people of Trachonitis, Herod built the town of Bathyra (modern location unknown, but possibly in the vicinity of as-Sanamayn). During the Roman era, Trachonitis' inhabitants gradually became settled and gained exemption from taxation.
The Romans built a road that passed through the center of Trachonitis and connected with the Roman road system in Syria. Several towns and villages sprang up in Trachonitis between the 1st and 4th centuries CE. Many of these settlements had theaters, colonnades and temples. There are almost twenty sites in the Lajat that contain ruins and inscriptions from the Roman period, including Phillipopolis (modern-day Shahba) and Sha'ara (ancient name unknown). The town of Zorava (modern-day Izra') was the political center of Trachonitis and its earliest inhabitants were Nabatean Arabs. The main Nabatean tribes of the town were the Sammenoi and the Migdalenoi (migrants from nearby al-Mujaydil). The inhabitants practiced a Roman pagan cult as early as 161 CE. In the 3rd century, they built numerous houses and baths from basaltic stone, and the town had a relatively urban character.
Byzantine period
The Romans were succeeded by the Byzantine Empire in Syria during the mid-4th century CE. For the following three centuries, Trachonitis saw a huge uptick in settlement and building activity. Among the major Byzantine-era settlements were Bosor (modern Busra al-Harir), Zorava, Jirrin, Sur, Deir al-Juwani, Rimea, Umm al-Zaytun, Shaqra and Harran. There are at least thirty sites in the Lajat with ruins tracing back to the Byzantine era. The Byzantine era saw the expansion of Christianity in the regions surrounding the Lajat, but there archaeological evidence indicates that Christianity only affected a few Lajat villages, particularly those along its southwestern edges, until the mid 6th century. One of the earliest known Christian communities in Trachonitis was Sur (ancient name unknown), which had a Christian edifice dated to 458.
Zorava was the cosmopolitan capital of Byzantine Trachonitis. Its pagan temple was replaced by the martyrium of Saint George in 515 and the town became a bishopric in 542. There are no earlier indications of a Christian presence in Zorava. In addition to its Arab inhabitants, the town had a Greek-speaking community (Greek was the lingua franca of Byzantine Syria), made up mostly of army veterans, who themselves were likely ethnic Arabs recruited from the province. By the mid-6th century, the Arabs of Trachonitis had largely become Christians with the cult of Saint Elijah being predominant; the cult of Saint Sergius was dominant in Trachonitis' neighboring regions. In Harran, a bilingual Arabic-Greek inscription dated from 568 describes the construction of a martyrium built by a local Arab phylarch.
Middle Ages
The region's modern name "Lajah" was first recorded during the Middle Ages, and the region was only mentioned by later Arab geographers, indicating that it had likely been abandoned prior to the 13th century. In the early 13th century, during Ayyubid rule, the Lajat was said to contain a "large population" and numerous villages and fields, according to Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi. According to historian H. Gaube, the Lajat was likely settled by refugees from other parts of Syria due to the pressures of the Mongol invasions. There are at least thirteen sites in the Lajat that contain Islamic-era ruins, most of which date to the 13th century.
Ottoman period
The Lajat contained some populated places during early Ottoman rule, which began in 1517, but other than a few Christian-populated villages along its western periphery, the region was abandoned by at least the 17th century.
The Lajat was settled by Druze migrants, mostly from Wadi al-Taym and Mount Lebanon, in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century. Prior to that, the Lajat was dominated by the Sulut, a Bedouin tribe. Two Druze villages, Umm al-Zaytun and Lahithah, existed in the interior of the Lajat in the early 19th century. Major Druze settlement began in the aftermath of the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war. By 1862, Dama, Salakhid, Ahira, al-Kharsa, Sumayd and Harran, all in the heart of the Lajat, were settled by Druze from the Azzam, Shalghin and Hamada families, who were newcomers to the Hauran region. The increasing Druze presence in Lajat led to confrontations with the Sulut tribesmen, their erstwhile allies against the Ottoman authorities, in June 1868. Ismail al-Atrash led the Druze in their battles with the Sulut, while the prominent Druze clans of al-Hamdan and Bani Amer aligned with the Sulut against their chief rival, the Bani al-Atrash. The Ottoman governor of Syria, Rashid Pasha, resolved to end the war, and mediated an agreement stipulating a total Druze withdrawal from Lajat.
Nonetheless, Druze habitation continued and was principally concentrated on the Lajat's eastern edge and its southern interior, which bordered the Druze heartland of Jabal Hauran. In 1867, the Azzam and Halabi families established the villages al-Zabayer and al-Surah al-Saghirah, both situated at the eastern edge of Lajat, respectively. Between then and 1883, the Murshid family settled Lubayn, the Abu Hassun settled Jurayn and the Shalghin settled al-Majadil. Along the Lajat's eastern edge, the Halabi and Bani Amer families settled Jadaya, al-Matunah, Dhakir, Khalkhalah, Umm Haratayn, Hazim and al-Surah al-Kabirah. Druze activity in the Lajat's northeastern slopes regressed because of the scarcity of water and arable land, but the villages of al-Salmiyah, Huqf, Buthaynah, Burk, Arraja, Umm Dabib, al-Tayyibah and al-Ramah were established there mostly by the Bani Amer, but also by the Bani al-Atrash, al-Ghanim and al-Qal'ani clans between 1862 and 1883.
Modern period
In the early 20th century, the cultivated areas of the Lajat were mostly located in its western and southwestern parts, where soil was cleared of stone and nutrient rich. Wheat and barley were grown in small quantities, and in the vicinity of some villages were olive, apricot and pear trees; other than that, the region was treeless. Other vegetation included several patches of wild flowers throughout narrow cracks between the rocks of the Lajat. Lajat was designated a World Biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 2009.
Biblical references
An extremely rugged region, sixty walled cities were on the island, which was ruled over by Og at the time of the Israelite conquest (; ). Later, Lajat, in Bashan, was one of Solomon's commissariat districts. In Luke's Gospel, the region was called Trachonitis ("the rugged region") (Luke 3:1). This region formed part of Herod Philip's tetrarchy - it is only referred to once, in the phrase tes Itouraias kai Trachbnitidos choras, literally, "of the Iturean and Trachonian region".
Here "sixty walled cities are still traceable in a space of 308 square miles. The architecture is ponderous and massive. Solid walls 4 feet thick, and stones on one another without cement; the roofs enormous slabs of basaltic rock, like iron; the doors and gates are of stone 18 inches thick, secured by ponderous bars. The land bears still the appearance of having been called the 'land of giants' under the giant Og."
"I have more than once entered a deserted city in the evening, taken possession of a comfortable house, and spent the night in peace. Many of the houses in the ancient cities of Bashan are perfect, as if only finished yesterday. The walls are sound, the roofs unbroken, and even the window-shutters in their places. These ancient cities of Bashan probably contain the very oldest specimens of domestic architecture in the world" (Porter, 1867).
Population
Most of the inhabited areas of the Lajat are along its fringes, with only a few scattered villages in the interior. The interior villages lay in relatively stone-less depressions. Most villages were built among the Lajat's ancient ruins. Historically, the population of the Lajat consisted of nomadic and semi-nomadic Bedouin tribesmen, peasants from the Hauran plain who occasionally used it as a refuge, and beginning in the 19th century, Druze from Jabal al-Druze who settled it and/or occasionally used it for refuge or to exploit resources. The Lajat was also used as a grazing area for sheep, goats and camels.
By the early 20th century, about 5,000 semi-nomadic Bedouin from the Sulut tribe and a smaller population of Bedouin from the Fahsa tribe inhabited the Lajat. Alongside them were about 10,000 Druze peasants who lived along the eastern and southeastern edges and to a lesser extent in the interior.
Populated places in the Lajat
Maps
References
Bibliography
Porter, Josias Leslie. The Giant Cities of Bashan and Syria's Holy Places, New York: T. Nelson, 1867.
External links
Ewing, W. "Definition for ARGOB (2)", International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1915.
TRACHONITIS
Hebrew Bible places
Geography of Syria
Biosphere reserves of Syria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajat |
Proverbs 31 is the 31st and final chapter of the Book of Proverbs in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. Verses 1 to 9 present the advice which King Lemuel's mother gave to him, about how a just king should reign. The remaining verses detail the attributes of a good wife or an ideal woman (verses 10–31). The latter section is also known as Eshet Ḥayil.
Text
The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 31 verses.
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).
The words of Lemuel (31:1–9)
In this part, an unnamed queen-mother gives instruction to her son, King Lemuel, on his duty to administer justice. Using the appeal to his filial respect to a mother and his birth as an answer of a prayer (verse 2, cf. ), the mother warns the king against sexual promiscuity and drunkenness (verses 3–7). The eighth and ninth verses are an appeal against inequality and injustice.
The good wife (31:10–31)
Verses 10–31 of this chapter, also called Eshet Ḥayil (אשת חיל, woman of valor), form a poem in praise of the good wife, a definition of a perfect wife or "ideal woman" in the nation of Israel, who is 'an industrious housewife, a shrewd businesswoman, an enterprising trader, a generous benefactor (verse 20) and a wise teacher (verse 26). This "Woman of Valor" has been described as the personification of wisdom, or in some sense as a description of a particular class of women in Israel, Persia, or in Hellenistic society. Some see this as a praise directed from the husband to his wife.
It is one of the thirteen alphabetical acrostic poems in the Bible, where each line begins with a successive letter in the Hebrew alphabet. The word חיל (Ḥayil) appears in verses 10 and 29 of the passage, thought as the summary of the good woman's character. Traditionally it has been translated as "virtuous" or "noble". Some scholars have suggested that it rather means "forceful", "mighty", or "valiant", because this word is almost exclusively used in the Tanakh with reference to warfare.
Aberdeen theologian Kenneth Aitken notes that in view of the warnings against women portrayed as dangerous or adulterous in chapters 1 to 9, it is "fitting" that the book ends by "directing the attention of prospective bridegrooms to the ideal wife".
Verse 30
Charm is deceitful and beauty is passing,
But a woman who fears the Lord, she shall be praised.
The key to the woman's industry, acumen, kindness and wisdom lies in her "fear of the ".
Uses
This chapter is recited on Friday night before Shabbat dinner in some Jewish homes.
The chapter has been emphasized within the biblical womanhood movement, and a number of books have been published on the "Proverbs 31 woman". This emphasis has been subject to criticism in Christian articles.
References
Sources
External links
Text of Proverbs 31
Text of Eshet Hayil (JPS 1917 - Public Domain)
31
Solomon
Women in the Hebrew Bible | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverbs%2031 |
The Burnaby Eagles is an Australian Rules Football team playing in the British Columbia Australian Football League, plus various tournaments held in Western Canada and North-West United States. The club fields both a Mens and a Womens team.
The club was established in 2005 and is based in Burnaby, British Columbia with home matches at the Burnaby Lakes Sports Complex.
2005 to 2008 - Formative years
The Burnaby Eagles was formed in 2005 as the second club based in Vancouver, alongside the Vancouver Cougars. During these years the club played in a wider North-Western competition against teams from Alberta, Washington State and Oregon.
2009 to 2012 - Premiership Years
By 2010 several new clubs were formed in Vancouver starting the BC AFL Premiership competition. In 2009 the Eagles were beaten grand finalist under the guidance of Matthew bell as coach.
In 2011 Adam Kelly was appointed coach and enjoyed a dominant first season with the Eagles only losing one game throughout the season. The Eagles won a closely contested grand final in wet and cold conditions against West Coast Saints to record their first premiership, final scores 7.7.49 to 6.5.41 a win by 8 points. High-flying centre half forward Adam Simpson capped the season by winning both the BC AFL best & fairest and the leading goal-kicker in the competition.
In 2012 the Eagles witness a high turnover of players but still managed to claw their way into the grand final after an exciting 6 point semi-final win against West Coast Saints. The grand final was a torrid affair on a hot day with Vancouver Cougars eventually prevailing in the last quarter.
2013 to 2019 - Canadian Development
The club started to focus on the development of Canadian players, with the club noted for the numerous Canadian representatives during this time. Canadian players were the club B&F winners for four years running, Jim Oertel (2015 & 2016), Gino Brancati (2017) and Trent Loosemore (2018) all becoming regular Canadian representatives.
On the field the club struggled for several seasons although David Kuss won the league goal-kicking in 2013. The Burnaby Eagles next appeared in a grand final during the 2016 season with Jake Wilkins the coach however went down in a close game by 10 points.
In 2019 Rory Bennett became the first Eagle in 8 years to win the BC AFL best & fairest.
2020 to present - Womens team and post-COVID
Women players had occasionally played in the Men's BC AFL competition. In 2018 a fully fledged Womens club Vancouver Vixens was formed as the only Womens team in Vancouver. The team would play against nearby Seattle and various tournaments. In late 2019 the Vixens team merged in with Burnaby Eagles to form the only Vancouver based club with both a Womens and Mens section.
COVID interrupted both the 2020 and 2021 seasons with a tentative restart in 2022.
Honours
2005 Season – NW Pacific Grand Finalists (vs Seattle)
2006 Season – NW Pacific Grand Finalists (vs Vancouver Cougars)
2006 Season – US Regional Championships Winners (combined with Vancouver Cougars)
2009 Season – BCAFL Grand Finalists (vs West Coast Saints)
2011 Season – BCAFL Premiership Winners (vs West Coast Saints)
2012 Season – BCAFL Grand Finalists (vs Vancouver Cougars)
2016 Season - BCAFL Grand Finalists (vs West Coast Saints)
Guernseys
The club guernsey was originally based on the West Coast Eagles strip, blue with yellow sides and wore the guernseys during the premiership season. In 2013 the guernsey followed the lead of the West Coast Eagles by switching to a vertical stripe of Blue, white and yellow.
The club wore a unique design between 2016 and 2019 consisting of left-hand side bright yellow and the right-hand side of the guernsey a lighter blue that previous variations
The current guernsey iteration was designed in early 2020 and is worn by both the Mens and Womens teams. The guernsey contains a classic v-shape of yellow and white with lighter blue covering the rest of the guernsey
References
External links
Sports clubs and teams in Vancouver
Australian rules football clubs in Canada
Sport in Burnaby
2005 establishments in British Columbia
Australian rules football clubs established in 2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnaby%20Eagles |
The Vancouver Cougars are a member of the Australian Football League Canada and compete in the British Columbia Australian Football League (BCAFL).
The club was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada on January 15, 2001, becoming the first ever Aussie Rules club in the City of Vancouver.
History
Club founders James Lay and Stuart Grills had played Australian Football for the Seattle Cats throughout 2000. Large numbers of Australians visiting the city annually, as well as numbers of non-Australians that had shown an interest in the sport, prompted investigations into founding a club in Vancouver.
Grills had talked to Duncan McFarlane (an ex-pat Australian) about starting a team in Vancouver and was given a great deal of encouragement and many contacts in Australia who may be able to help. In December 2000, Lay and Grills agreed that it would take considerable organisation to get a Vancouver Team started. Stuart had been advertising Australian Football by placing posters on his car, but there had been no real response. In December, Stuart received several emails from Greg Everett (Junior Development Executive-CAFA), and it was agreed that the Vancouver team would need resources such as footballs, uniforms (jumpers) and coaching materials to get the team started. Thanks to the efforts of Greg Everett and the behind the scenes promotions by CAFA via their website, the team began to gain numbers.
Within the first few weeks of January 2001, Stuart had been contacted by several individuals interested in playing footy. The very first training session witnessed four players in attendance: James Lay, Stuart Grills, Peter Campion and Greg Everett. The seeds had been planted and the team was growing.
The first official team game was held on March 17, 2001. The VAFC played an exhibition game of Gaelic Football against the Vancouver Irish Sporting Social Club – men and women. It was a huge success and, even though the Irish won convincingly, it developed a great relationship with their organisation and is now scheduled as the first event of every season, becoming a Cougars tradition.
The Official 2001 Team List comprised 33 players (36% Non-Aust). In addition to the 33 players, the VAFC developed an email list of more than 20 additional people who either were interested in playing in the future, curious about the team's success or had affiliations with the club through other teams.
The club slowly helped the development of a second Vancouver area team, the Burnaby Eagles. In 2007 the Burnaby Eagles became their own entity and call Burnaby Lakes Rugby Club their home.
The numbers attracted to the fast-paced sport helped the Vancouver Cougars split yet again in 2008. This was the birth of the West Coast Saints, coached by former Vancouver Cougars premiership coach Scott Sheen.
The BCAFL now consists of six men's teams and three women's teams based spread across Vancouver, BC, Victoria, BC and Seattle, WA.
In 2017 the Vancouver Cougars won the BCAFL Grand Final against the West Coast Saints.
Jumpers and colours
It was agreed by the founding members that the club needed to have a visual identity that was reflective of a power but most importantly made reference to the Canadian territory where the club would be based, deciding on the "Cougars". The VAFC is represented in all media relations and club materials as the "Cougars" and is supported by the image of the Cougar on its official logo.
The Cougars have a sister-club relationship with Port Melbourne in the VFL, and wear similar jumpers (red and blue vertical stripes), the only addition being the Cougars' logo on the front. The complete set of jumpers were donated by Port Melbourne as well as a number of Australian footballs.
Premierships and club records
NWPAFL Premierships:
2001
2002
2004
2006
2007
2012
USAFL National Championships Premierships:
2008 – Division One
British Columbia Australian Football League (BCAFL) Premierships
2015
2017
Juniors
There is an affiliated eight-team juniors league, the North Delta Junior Australian Football League, also in Vancouver.
See also
References
External links
Vancouver Cougars Website
Cou
Australian rules football clubs in Canada
2001 establishments in British Columbia
Australian rules football clubs established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver%20Cougars |
Chai Zemin (; October 1916 – June 7, 2010) was a Chinese diplomat, and the first ambassador of the People's Republic of China to the United States after the normalization of the Sino-US relationship in 1979.
Early life
Chai Zemin was born in October 1916 in an ordinary family in Wenxi, Shanxi. After he graduated from high school, he became politically active and joined the Communist Party of China.
Chai's career as a diplomat started in December 1960 when he entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China. He was appointed China's ambassador to Hungary in 1961, to Guinea in 1964, and to Egypt in 1970.
In 1975, China and Thailand established diplomatic relations, and Chai became the first China's ambassador to Thailand. During his two-and-half-year term in Thailand, he experienced two general elections, three coups d'état, four different prime ministers and five different governments in the country. It had been a great challenge for him to work in such a turbulent environment, and the King of Thailand awarded him a White Elephant Medal for his diplomatic achievement.
In the summer of 1978, China and the United States started negotiations on normalizing relations between the two countries, and Chai Zemin took the position of director in the People's Republic of China Liaison Office (PRCLO) in Washington, D.C., and participated in the negotiations. It was agreed at the end of 1978 that China and the United States would officially establish relations on January 1, 1979, and set up embassies and appoint ambassadors to each other's country. Chai thus became the first China's ambassador to the United States thirty years after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
In the fall of 1981, Michigan State University conferred an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws on Chai for his contributions to China–US relations.
In 1983, Chai Zeming left his ambassador position and assumed the title of vice director of the Chinese Foreign Affairs Society, and had since been a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference for three terms.
In the early 1990s, Chai resigned his position at the Chinese Foreign Affairs Society, and afterwards, he became director and consultant of a number of other societies and organizations.
References
1916 births
2010 deaths
Politicians from Yuncheng
Ambassadors of China to Hungary
Ambassadors of China to the United States
Ambassadors of China to Thailand
Ambassadors of China to Egypt
Ambassadors of China to Guinea
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shanxi
People's Republic of China politicians from Shanxi
Chinese Esperantists
Diplomats of the People's Republic of China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai%20Zemin |
Pilger may refer to:
People with the surname
Detlev Pilger, German politician
John Pilger, Australian journalist
Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger, German botanist
Zoe Pilger, British author and art critic
Places
Pilger, Nebraska, United States
Pilger, Saskatchewan, Canada
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilger |
Pleasanton High School may refer to:
Pleasanton High School (Nebraska), a public high school located in Pleasanton, Nebraska
Pleasanton High School (Pleasanton, Texas), a public high school located in Pleasanton, Texas, U.S.
See also
Pleasanton (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton%20High%20School |
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