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Sir Walter Massy-Greene KCMG (6 November 187416 November 1952) was an Australian politician and businessman. As a Liberal and Nationalist member of the House of Representatives, he became a protégé of Prime Minister Billy Hughes and was groomed as his successor. He served as Minister for Trade and Customs (1919–1921), Defence (1921–1923), and Health (1921–1923), but his prime ministerial aspirations were brought to an abrupt halt by his defeat at the 1922 federal election. Massy-Greene subsequently served two terms as a Senator for New South Wales (1923–1925, 1926–1938), but never regained his earlier influence in politics. In retirement he held numerous company directorships.
Early life
Walter Massy Greene was born on 6 November 1874 in Camberwell, Surrey, England (now part of South London). He was the second son of Julia (née Sandeman) and John Greene, a brewer and hotel proprietor. His maternal grandfather was General Robert Turnbull Sandeman, and his uncle Sir Robert Groves Sandeman was a colonial administrator in India. The family surname was Greene, but at some point Walter chose to treat his middle name as an additional surname; he officially added a hyphen in March 1933.
Greene grew up in Wimbledon before boarding at Lynton House College in Oxfordshire. He was sent to Australia in 1891 for health reasons, and worked as a farm and sawmill labourer in northern Tasmania for a period. He was later joined by his family who took up land near Kyneton, Victoria. In 1895, Greene joined the Bank of New South Wales and was posted to the gold-rush town of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. After a few years he joined the bank's head office in Sydney, and then was transferred to Lismore, New South Wales. From 1902 he farmed a property near Nimbin with his two brothers. He was elected to the newly created Terania Shire Council in 1906 and chosen as the inaugural shire president.
Politics
Massy-Greene joined the newly created Federal Liberal League in 1909. At the 1910 federal election, he was elected to the Division of Richmond with the support of small farmers. He joined the parliamentary Liberal Party and soon became known for his attacks on the Fisher government's financial legislation. Massy-Greene retained his seat at the 1913 election, which saw the Liberals win a one-seat majority in the House of Representatives. He was appointed as party whip by Prime Minister Joseph Cook, and subsequently played a key role in maintaining party discipline.
In 1917, following the Australian Labor Party split of 1916, the Liberal Party and the National Labor Party formed a coalition and Massy-Greene became a member of the resultant Nationalist Party. He continued to represent Richmond until 1922 when he was defeated by a Country Party candidate. He was appointed as a Nationalist Party Senator for New South Wales in 1923 and served to the 1925 election, when he was elected to the Senate from July 1926. He remained in the Senate until his retirement in 1938.
In the fourth Hughes Ministry Massy-Greene was an Honorary Minister in charge of matters relating to price-fixing (27 March 191817 January 1919). He was then promoted to be Minister for Trade and Customs (17 January 191921 December 1921). On 10 March 1921 he became the first Minister for Health, a position he held until 5 February 1923. He then became Minister for Defence until 5 February 1923.
He was relegated to the back bench during the Bruce Ministry. In the First Lyons Ministry he became the minister assisting the Leader of the Government in the Senate (6 January 193223 June 1932) and Assistant Treasurer (6 January 193225 September 1933).
He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in June 1933, in recognition of his service as Assistant Treasurer. He subsequently formally changed his surname to Massy-Greene to reflect his usage over the previous two decades.
Later life
Business career
In 1936, Massy-Greene became chairman of Associated Pulp and Paper Mills Ltd. on its formation, a post which he held until his death. He was also the chairman of the Emu Bay Railway Company and a director of the Electrolytic Zinc Company, Felt and Textiles of Australia Ltd., Yarra Falls Ltd., and many other companies.
Other activities
During World War II, Massy-Greene served as chairman of the Treasury Finance Committee and as a member of the National Security Capital Issues Advisory Board and Defence Board of Business Administration. In 1940, he led the Australian delegation to the Eastern Group Supply Conference which led to the creation of the Eastern Group Supply Council. Although he never attended university, Massy-Greene also served on the University of Melbourne council from 1939 to 1949, including as deputy chancellor from 1945 to 1947.
Personal life
Massy-Greene married Lula May Lomax in Mungindi, New South Wales on 6 February 1915. The couple had three children together. His son Sir Brian Massy-Greene served as chairman of the Commonwealth Banking Corporation.
After the deaths of George Pearce and Billy Hughes in 1952, Massy-Greene was the sole survivor of the Hughes Nationalist ministries. On 13 November 1952, he was admitted to Freemasons Hospital, Melbourne, where he underwent an operation on his gall bladder the following day. After "progressing satisfactorily" he died on 16 November. A state funeral was held at St John's Anglican Church, Toorak, before a cremation at Springvale Botanical Cemetery.
References
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Richmond
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
1874 births
1952 deaths
Commonwealth Liberal Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Defence ministers of Australia
Australian businesspeople
20th-century Australian politicians
People from Camberwell
English emigrants to colonial Australia
Australian people of Anglo-Irish descent
Australian Ministers for Health
People from Wimbledon, London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Massy-Greene |
Saint Novatus (died c. 151) is an early Christian saint. His feast day is 20 June.
Novatus and his brother, the martyr Timotheus, were the sons of Saint Pudens, and the brothers of Saints Pudentiana and Praxedes. His paternal grandfather was Quintus Cornelius Pudens, the Roman senator, who with his wife, Priscilla, was among St. Peter's earliest converts in Rome and in whose house the Apostle dwelt while in that city. A portion of the structure of the modern church of Santa Pudenziana (Via Urbana) is thought to be part of the senatorial palace or of the baths built by Novatus.
According to the 5th-century church historian Philostorgius, Novatus was of Phrygian descent.
The city of Novato, California, is named after a local Miwok leader who had probably been given the name of Saint Novatus at his baptism.
References
151 deaths
2nd-century Christian saints
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novatus |
Navnit Dholakia, Baron Dholakia, (born 4 March 1937), is a British Liberal Democrat politician and a deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords.
Education
Navnit Dholakia was born in Tanzania on 4 March 1937 to Permananddas Mulji Dholakia and Shantabai Permananddas Dholakia. He was educated in Tanzania and India, studying at the Home School and Institute of Science in Bhavnagar, Gujarat. Dholakia came to Britain to study at Brighton Technical College, taking his first job as a medical laboratory technician at Southlands Hospital in Shoreham-by-Sea.
Political career
He became active in the Liberal party and was elected to Brighton Borough Council between 1961 and 1964.
From 1976 he served as member of the Commission for Racial Equality and has been involved in the Sussex Police Authority, Police Complaints Authority and Howard League for Penal Reform. He is the current chair of Nacro, and also chairs its Race Issues Advisory Committee.
Dholakia was created a life peer as Baron Dholakia, of Waltham Brooks in the County of West Sussex, on 24 October 1997, and sits on the Liberal Democrat benches in the House of Lords.
From 1997 to 2002 he served as a Liberal Democrat whip in the House, and from 2002 to 2004 he was the Home Affairs Spokesman.
He was elected President of the Liberal Democrats at the end of 1999 and served in the post from 2000 to 2004. In November 2004 he was elected a joint deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords, and became the party's sole deputy leader in the Lords in 2010.
Dholakia is involved with a range of charities including being a Patron of the British branch of Child In Need India (CINI UK).
Honours
In the 1994 New Year Honours, Dholakia was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to race relations. In 2000 he was named "Asian of the Year", and won the Pride of India Award in 2005. In November 2009 he was given an honorary doctorate from the University of Hertfordshire. He was a deputy lieutenant (DL) in the county of West Sussex from 1999 to 2012.
Dholakia was appointed to the Privy Council (PC) in December 2010.
Personal life
He has been married to Lady Dholakia, née Ann McLuskie, since 1967. They have two daughters and live in West Sussex. He is a Hindu of Gujarati origin.
Sources
Lord Dholakia biography at the site of Liberal Democrats
UK Hindu youths' quest to find roots Times of India - 26 July 2001
References
1937 births
Indian peers
British Hindus
Commissioners for Racial Equality
Deputy Lieutenants of West Sussex
Dholakia, Navnit Dholakia, Baron
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Liberal Party (UK) councillors
Councillors in East Sussex
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Presidents of the Liberal Democrats (UK)
Tanzanian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British people of Indian descent
British people of Gujarati descent
Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman
English justices of the peace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navnit%20Dholakia%2C%20Baron%20Dholakia |
"Valentine's Day" is the sixteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's twenty-second episode overall. Written by Michael Schur and directed by Greg Daniels, the episode first aired in the United States on February 9, 2006 on NBC. The episode guest stars Craig Anton, Andy Buckley, Charles Esten, and Conan O'Brien as himself.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) travels to New York City to give a presentation, but accidentally tells everyone that he "hooked up" with Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin). Meanwhile, the rest of the office is jealous when Phyllis Lapin's (Phyllis Smith) boyfriend Bob Vance gives her several gifts. Also, Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) gives Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) a bobblehead model of himself.
The episode was the first time that Pam Beesly (Fischer) had a different hairstyle. In addition, many of the scenes were improvised, including Dwight's line about ham and Michael's antics in New York. "Valentine's Day" received mostly positive reviews from television critics and was watched by 8.95 million viewers.
Plot
Before a Valentine's Day meeting at the corporate offices in New York City with Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) and the new CFO David Wallace (Andy Buckley), Michael Scott (Steve Carell), defending Jan to the other branch managers, lets slip that he and Jan "hooked up". At the meeting, Michael shows a sentimental video about the staff at his branch called "The Faces of Scranton" before providing data on the financial status of his branch as asked. Craig (Craig Anton), from the Albany branch, is completely unprepared for the meeting and attempts to cover for it by insinuating that Jan is giving Michael preferential treatment because of the supposed sexual encounter between them. Due to Wallace hearing this accusation, Jan is convinced that her career is over. Michael defuses the situation by telling the CFO that it was a bad joke and Jan is innocent of any unethical behavior. As Michael leaves, Jan kisses him in the elevator, but groans when she realizes they were caught on camera.
Back in the office, Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) gives Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) a "Dwight" bobblehead doll, and he gives her a key to his home. Phyllis Lapin (Phyllis Smith) is inundated with gifts from her boyfriend Bob Vance (Robert R. Shafer), while Pam Beesly is irritated with Roy Anderson (David Denman) when the only thing he gives her for Valentine's Day is the promise of the "best sex of [her] life". Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) is forced to listen to Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) talk about her recent date with Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), who immediately regrets the entire encounter because it happened the day before Valentine's Day. He then turns down Kelly for another date on Valentine's Day. At the end of the day, Jim tells Pam "Happy Valentine's Day" and she watches him longingly as he leaves.
Production
This episode was the fourth episode of the series directed by series creator Greg Daniels. Daniels had previously directed the first season episode "Basketball", along with the second season episodes "The Dundies" and "The Client". "Valentine's Day" was written by Michael Schur, who plays Dwight's Amish cousin Mose. In the DVD commentary for this episode, Greg Daniels described how some of Michael's actions in this episode, such as having the requested branch info, unlike Craig, and saving Jan's job by deflecting Craig's comments when talking to David Wallace, were scripted to show how he plausibly remains employed.
For the first time ever on The Office, Pam Beesly's (Jenna Fischer) hair is in a different style. Several hairstyles were shown to Greg Daniels before the one used in the episode was selected. Dwight's line about a ham being a romantic gift was written during filming on the set. The writers did not have a punchline in the scene, so they came up with several alternatives, including ham, as well as "a boombox". Most of the street scenes in New York City were improvised. They had to be kept short because crowds quickly formed around Steve Carell when he was recognized. Conan O'Brien appeared in a cameo in the episode. He previously worked with Daniels on the writing staffs for Not Necessarily the News, Saturday Night Live and The Simpsons and the two also went to Harvard University together.
The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include Michael handing out plastic roses, Michael choosing the most attractive part of a woman, Creed calling everybody "Ace", Michael meeting Devon in New York, the Vance Refrigeration employees getting into a fistfight, Michael wondering why his meeting is on Valentine's Day, Jim learning that Dwight has a girlfriend, and Kevin learning that his fiancée has returned to town.
Cultural references
Michael notes that New York is the "city so nice they named it twice". He then proceeds to explain that the other name is Manhattan, failing to realize the limerick refers to the city of New York, which also lies in the state of New York. Later, he eats pizza at a Sbarro restaurant, a chain restaurant, but calls it his "favorite New York pizza joint". At Rockefeller Center, Michael thinks he sees Tina Fey, but it turns out to be a random person. Unbeknownst to Michael, Conan O'Brien walks past him. Near the end of the episode, Michael is posing in front of a Broadway sign for Fiddler on the Roof, and he says "Oy, vey! Schmear!" in a Yiddish accent. Michael's "Faces of Scranton" video plays over "With or Without You" by the Irish rock band U2. Michael later quotes a line from the 1980 comedy film Airplane! when he talks to Jan: "Don't call me Shirley".
When preparing to enter the Dunder Mifflin office for his presentation, Michael is seen sitting by the fountain in front of the tower at 1251 Sixth Avenue, directly across the street from Rockefeller Center. He gets up and walks toward the street, then is seen speaking to the camera in the lobby of the Simon & Schuster building at 1230 6th Avenue, indicating that Dunder Mifflin corporate has offices in that building.
Reception
"Valentine's Day" originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 9, 2006. The episode was viewed by 8.95 million viewers. This marked a dramatic improvement from the previous episode "Boys and Girls", which was viewed by only 5.42 million viewers.
"Valentine's Day" received mostly positive reviews. Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad wrote that "The Office continues to deliver outstanding episodes week after week." Sciannamea went on to say that the episode was "one of their best" and that it left him "wanting more". "M. Giant" of Television Without Pity graded the episode with a "A". Brendan Babish of DVD Verdict was pleased with the entry and awarded it an "A−". He named the highlight of the episode "Michael's overwrought 'The Faces of Scranton' presentation played over U2's 'With or Without You.'" Betsy Bozdech of DVD Journal called the episode "memorable" and noted that it illustrated Pam and Jim's relationship ebb and flow. Francis RizzoIII of DVD Talk declared that Ryan's statement about beginning to date Kelly before Valentine's Day was "one of the funniest lines in the entire season."
After the episode, fans wanted their own bobblehead dolls of Dwight. A petition was started to get NBC to sell them at their online store. NBC responded by creating an initial run of 4,000 bobblehead dolls, which sold out almost immediately. The network decided to make more, and since then, the bobblehead has become the best-selling merchandise on the NBC website, and has sold over 150,000 units.
References
External links
"Valentine's Day at NBC.com
2006 American television episodes
Television episodes set in New York City
The Office (American season 2) episodes
Valentine's Day television episodes
Television episodes directed by Greg Daniels
Television episodes written by Michael Schur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s%20Day%20%28The%20Office%29 |
Landkey () is a small village in the county of Devon in the south-west of England with a population of 2274, falling to 1,734 at the 2011 census. It is situated from the nearest town of Barnstaple. The village is a major part of the electoral ward called Landkey, Swimbridge and Taw. The total ward population at the above census was 4,957.
Origin
It was formerly believed by certain locals that Landkey was founded by Leon Freeman in 1586 as a settlement to escape from the Spanish Armada. This supposition is now categorised as a 'mistruth legend'.
It is now widely accepted that the name of the village, Landkey, is derived from the Llan of Kea, 'Llan' is the south-western Brythonic for an area of ground around a church or chapel, staying as 'llan' in Welsh and later developing as 'lann' in Cornish, which in this case was Saint Kea's hermitage.
Kea and a brother Celtic monk, Filia, are known to have worked together in the evangelisation of these parts, probably in the late 5th century. The coming of the Saxons often caused the changing of Celtic church dedications to those of more universally accepted and known saints. However, place names are more difficult to change. Thus Saint Kea's name persists in the village name of 'Landkey' and some 6 miles away Filia's name is contained in the village of 'Filleigh'. Today, the dedication of both parish churches is to St. Paul.
St Paul's Church
Landkey church, dedicated to Saint Paul, is an attractive building, entirely late 15th century, except for the chancel which was rebuilt in 1870. The interior is plastered and whitened throughout, with ceiled and bossed roofs, and possesses an elegant early perpendicular font dating from c.1400. The North aisle contains three stone effigies of the Beaupels, who held the manor of Landkey under the Bishop of Exeter.
The small South transept is the Acland Chapel, and contains a fine coloured monument to Sir Arthur Acland (d.1610) and his wife. The Aclands, one of the most notable of Devon families, originated within the parish at Acland Barton, from which they took their name in the time of King Henry II (1154-1189). They continued to own it until 1945, when Sir Richard Acland sold it to the tenant. Sir Arthur Acland (d.1610) purchased the estate of Killerton some 32 miles to the south, where the family later were seated. The parish now forms part of the "Benefice of Swimbridge with West Buckland and Landkey"; the current incumbent is the Revd. Peter Bowers.
Mazzard Fruit
Landkey is noted for its variety of sweet cherry called Mazzard fruit which was discovered by local farmers in the early 1800s. Landkey Parish Council have rescued Mazzard trees from the brink of extinction; they were once common in North Devon, but had almost died out. The parish council won a £35,000 matching grant through the Countryside Agency's Millennium Green project to pave the way for creating a orchard as part of a wider Millennium Green project.
All the 2 ft-high saplings were bought from Thornhayes Nursery at Cullompton, who also grafted the mazzard buds onto infant trees. All the mazzards - prunus avium - in varieties Greenstem Black, Black Bottler, Dun Small Black and Hannaford are thriving on the green.
Venn Quarry
Venn Quarry is located in open countryside 3 km to the south-east of Barnstaple. It lies to the north of Codden Hill, equidistant between the villages of Bishops Tawton and Landkey. It produced a high PSV gritstone, for which there is an increasingly important market for wearing courses in road making and repair. In addition, the quarry also produced aggregates for the construction industry and materials for a concrete batching plant located at the eastern end of the site. Quarrying for gritstone commenced at Venn in the 1930s, which predated the introduction of the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 and it had been in continuous operation since. There have been a number of planning permissions granted for extensions to both the working area and for mineral waste tipping.
Venn Quarry was mothballed on 8 September 2006.
Buildings and landmarks
These include:
Ladybirds Daycare
The Castle Inn
Ring o' Bells (now closed, converted to housing)
St Paul's Church
Venn Quarry
Post Office (closed)
Willows Tea Room
Village Shop (closed)
Landkey Community Primary Academy
Codden Hill
Landkey Millennium Green
Former residents
John Gay (1685–1732)
Temple Sandford (1877–1942)
See also
Annery kiln
References
External links
Landkey Community Page
Landkey Primary School League Table
Villages in Devon
Former manors in Devon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkey |
"Dwight's Speech" is the seventeenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's twenty-third episode overall. Written by Paul Lieberstein and directed by Charles McDougall, the episode first aired in the United States on March 2, 2006 on NBC.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) helps Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) with an important speech that he is going to give. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) plans a vacation to avoid Pam Beesly's (Jenna Fischer) wedding.
The speech scene employed over 500 extras, an unusual occurrence for the series. Much of Dwight's speech is based upon real speeches by Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. The episode received largely positive reviews from television critics. In its original broadcast, "Dwight's Speech" earned a Nielsen rating of 4.4 in the 18–49 demographic, being viewed by 8.4 million viewers.
Plot
Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) is named Northeastern Pennsylvania Salesman of the Year and must make a speech at an association meeting at the Radisson Lackawanna Station Hotel, getting some assistance from Michael Scott (Steve Carell). Before he leaves, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski), in retaliation for Dwight's cocky attitude, gives him tips on how to give public speeches. Unknown to Dwight, Jim's tips are taken from speeches by infamous dictators, such as Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini. When Michael and Dwight make it to the convention, Dwight gets cold feet and Michael goes up and tries to relive his glory days of winning Salesman of the Year two years in a row, but ends up embarrassing himself on the stage. Dwight finally works up the nerve to give his speech and, by using Jim's advice, wins over the crowd with a passionate yet unorthodox speech. Michael ends up leaving the convention room and later entertains Dwight with his tales at the bar.
Meanwhile, back in the office, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) begins to write invitations for her approaching wedding with help from Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) and Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling). Kelly talks about her dreams of getting married someday and is visibly hurt when Ryan responds to her flirtatious question about future weddings by saying he doesn't think he'll ever tie the knot; when Kelly leaves the room, Pam advises Ryan to be considerate of Kelly's feelings, but Ryan curtly notes "I know what I said." Jim makes plans for a vacation anywhere away from Scranton, and while that happens, the other employees subtly duel over the thermostat. At the end of the episode, Jim tells Pam that he will be going to Australia and, unfortunately, he will be missing her wedding as a result.
Production
"Dwight's Speech" was directed by Charles McDougall, making it his second directing credit after the earlier second season episode "Christmas Party". "Dwight's Speech" was written by Paul Lieberstein, who plays human resources director Toby Flenderson. Lieberstein later revealed that Jim never went on his trip to Australia, noting "The whole Pam thing took him by surprise, he transferred and then wasn’t really up for vacation. Unless, of course, we find a good joke in his vacation."
During the earlier scenes when Dwight is in Michael's office, Pam can be seen in the background talking to Meredith. According to actress Jenna Fischer, she and Kate Flannery stayed in character and acted out mundane talking scenes. Although they were not recorded, the dialogue was very detailed. In a guest post written for TV Guide, Fischer described several of the conversations, which ranged from Pam and Meredith discussing "the problems with the new quality-assurance computer-input program", that the computers don't "accept both alpha and numeric characters", "backlog [of] receipts dating to 2001", and that Dunder Mifflin "changed to all-numeric product codes in 2004 and the computer system does not allow for the earlier records."
The speech scene employed over 500 extras, which was unusual for The Office, and was hectic for the crew to organize.
The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include Dwight coming to work wearing sunglasses, Michael criticizing Dwight's speaking skills, Dwight trying to tell another joke to the office, Ryan bringing the wrong type of stamps for Pam's wedding invitations, and an extended scene of Michael's unfunny and very awkward speech.
Cultural references
In order to practice his public speaking skills, Dwight tries to convince the office that Brad Pitt was in a car accident. Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) then states that it "is karma because of what he did to Jennifer Aniston." During the meeting in the break room Dwight references Good Morning, Vietnam. Michael later references the movie at the actual convention when he is filling time for Dwight. When Jim asks the office where he should go for vacation, Kevin tells him he should go to Hedonism Resorts, describing it as "Club Med, only everything is naked." Toby tells him he should go to Amsterdam, while Creed informs him that he should go to Hong Kong. Dwight later reveals that, given the chance, he would go to New Zealand to "walk the Lord of the Rings trail to Mordor and I will hike Mount Doom." Much of Dwight's speech is drawn from a variety of sources, including the following:
Reception
"Dwight's Speech" originally aired on NBC on March 2, 2006. The episode received a 4.4 rating/10 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 4.4 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 10 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode was viewed by 8.4 million viewers, and retained 88 percent of its lead-in My Name Is Earl audience. An encore presentation of the episode on August 15 received a 1.9 rating/6 percent share and was viewed by over 4.6 million viewers and retained 100 percent of its lead-in audience.
"Dwight's Speech" received mostly positive reviews. Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad wrote that he wonders if the Jim-Pam relationship "will reach some sort of resolution or become a season-ending cliffhanger". Sciannamea also noted that "you know you're living in a Bizarro World when Dwight wins Dunder Mifflin's salesman of the year award." M. Giant of Television Without Pity graded the episode with an "A–." Francis Rizzo III of DVD Talk felt that Dwight's enlarged role was great, but noted that the episode was not as funny as his "strange behavior" in "The Injury."
Betsy Bozdech of DVD Journal described "Dwight's Speech" as an instant classic. Not all reviews were so glowing. Brendan Babish of DVD Verdict felt that "Dwight's Speech" was "one of the few misfires" of the season, noting that it "certainly has laughs", but that "its humor is a bit too absurd compared to the show's usual riffs on office ennui". He ultimately gave the episode a "B−", but wrote that "Dwight's Speech" being the worst episode of the season was a "testament to the show's excellence."
IGN ranked the scene with Dwight making his speech as its third-best moment in the first two seasons, and called Wilson's performance a "hilariously spot-on impersonation of Mussolini's crazed arm movements." In addition, Rolling Stone named the same scene the eighteenth-funniest scene in the first three seasons of The Office.
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
"Dwight's Speech" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 2) episodes
2006 American television episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight%27s%20Speech |
WIXT may refer to:
WIXT (AM), a radio station (1230 AM) licensed to serve Little Falls, New York, United States
WMJQ-CD, a low-power television station (channel 27, virtual 40) licensed to serve Syracuse, New York, which held the call sign WIXT-CA from 2005 to 2013 and WIXT-CD from 2013 to 2021
WIXT-TV, formerly television station WSYR-TV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIXT |
The Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council is the chairman of the Palestinian Legislative Council of the Palestinian Authority. As Chairman, the Speaker acts as interim President of the Palestinian National Authority if the latter is unable to perform his or her duties. Under Palestinian law, the interim President holds the role for sixty days until an election is held.
Since 29 March 2006, the Speaker has been Aziz Dweik, of Hamas, though the Palestinian Legislative Council has not met since 2007.
History
After the resignation of Palestinian Prime Minister, Mahmoud Abbas, on 6 September 2003, the Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council, Ahmed Qurei became acting Prime Minister, and he would be Prime Minister until 26 January 2006.
Rawhi Fattouh became interim President of the Palestinian Authority following the death of Yasser Arafat on 11 November 2004 until 15 January 2005, when Mahmoud Abbas was sworn in as President following the election.
List
See also
Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization
President of the State of Palestine
President of the Palestinian National Authority
Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority
Leaders of Palestinian institutions
References
1996 establishments in the Palestinian territories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker%20of%20the%20Palestinian%20Legislative%20Council |
Pseudodiarrhea, also known as hyperdefecation or excess stool, is defined as increased stool frequency (more than three times daily) with a normal daily stool weight of less than 300 g.
Pseudodiarrhea is often associated with rectal urgency and accompanies irritable bowel syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and anorectal disorders such as proctitis. Patients with rectal obstruction (e.g., from fecal impaction, obstruction due to a vaginal pessary) may also present with pseudodiarrhea, since only liquid stool can make it through.
Pseudodiarrhea may be more common than chronic diarrhea and should always be considered in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea.
References
Gastrointestinal tract disorders
Digestive disease symptoms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodiarrhea |
Vladeta Jerotić (; 2 August 1924 – 4 September 2018) was a Serbian psychiatrist, psychotherapist, philosopher and writer.
Biography
Vladeta Jerotić grew up as the only child of an official of the Royal Court of Audit (Glavna kontrola) in Zadarska Street of the old Belgrade quarter Kosančićev venac. He attended the primary school and the gymnasium in his native place and graduated with maturity diploma in 1942. The young man could not continue his education at the university, because the academic institution was closed in the years of the German occupation during World War II in Yugoslavia.
In his memoirs, he described his parental home as non-nationalist, non-chauvinist and non-communist, and that no one from his whole family joined Tito’s Partisans or Mihailović's Chetniks. Jerotić remained true to this principle and he never became a member of the Communist Party or any other political organization. In 1945, he began studying at the Medical Faculty and obtained his doctorate as MD in 1951. He specialized in neuropsychiatry and psychotherapy and spent several years for further professional training in Germany, Switzerland and France. During his stay in Bern, the young doctor had written contact with Hermann Hesse in 1959, which is listed and archived in the inventory and the collection of the Swiss Literary Archives. In 1961, he came back to Belgrade and worked at the institute of occupational health. In 1963, he moved to the Dragiša Mišović hospital in Dedinje and became appointed chief of the department for psychiatry in 1971–85.
Since 1985, he lectured for more than a decade on pastoral psychology at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology of the University of Belgrade. In 2000, he was elected as a member of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in the Department of Language and Literature, where he became a corresponding member in 1994. He was honorary president of the Serbian Analytical Society and a member of the International Association of Applied Psychology. Jerotić received the 2003 Isidora Sekulić Award for his autobiography Putovanja, zapisi, sećanja: 1951–2000 (Voyages, Notes, Memories) and the Dositej Obradović Award 2014 for his life achievement. Over and above that, he was honored with numerous other prizes in recognition of his work since 1982.
Religious views
He can be described as a believing Christian of the Serbian Orthodox religion, but he always wisely exerted the principles of respect, tolerance and openness towards other religions, based on the long-term knowledge from his psychological work. Jerotić described the human psyche as divided into three "parallelly and continuously active" layers based on beliefs and traditions from either paganism, the Old Testament or the New Testament.
Jerotić often compared and combined beliefs and teachings from different religions: "A man/woman is spiritually restless when she/he both loves and hates one and the same person (his/her child, spouse) sometimes or for a long while. She/he is unhappy when his/her love remains unrequited, she/he is then capable of turning into hate the love previously felt, unhappy when in fear of the loss of a loved one, deeply sorrowful and restless when the loss actually occurs. On the basis of this truth, the great Indian philosopher Buddha grounded his philosophical teaching incorporating the four truths and the eightfold path to salvation. However, one thing remains clear to the Christian and the psychologist that people shall remain restless as long as they love and hate."
Death and legacy
Jerotić died on 4 September 2018 in Belgrade at the age of 94 and the numerous obituaries in the Serbian media appreciated his personality, integrity and philanthropy and presented the respect and importance that the Serbian society and its public pay tribute to him. He was buried in the New Cemetery.
In 2007, the Jerotić Foundation (Zadužbina Vladete Jerotića) was established, which manages and preserves the extensive legacy of his lifetime achievement, consisting of more than over 500 publications, including about 200 studies and articles in scientific journals.
Selected works
Sigmund Frojd: Iz kulture i umetnosti (Sigmund Freud: From Culture and Art; partially translated by Vladeta Jerotić), Matica srpska, Novi Sad 1969.
Ličnost mladog narkomana (Personality of a young drug addict), Institute for alcoholism and drug addiction, Belgrade 1974.
Psihoanaliza i kultura (Psychoanalysis and Culture), Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod, Belgrade 1974.
Bolest i stvaranje: patografske studije (Illness and Creation: Phatographic Studies), Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod, Belgrade 1976.
Sigmund Frojd: Autobiografija (Sigmund Freud: Autobiography; partially translated by Vladeta Jerotić), Matica srpska, Novi Sad 1976.
Između autoriteta i slobode (Between Authority and Freedom), Prosveta, Belgrade 1980.
Neurotične pojave našeg vremena (Neurotic Phenomena of Our Time), Kolarčev narodni univerzitet, Belgrade 1981.
Neuroza kao izazov (Neurosis As Challenge), Medicinska knjiga, Belgrade 1984.
Psihodinamika i psihoterapija neuroza (Psychodynamics and Psychotherapy of Neurosis; with Milan Popović), Nolit, Belgrade 1984.
Čovek i njegov identitet: psihološki problemi savremenog čoveka (The Human’s Identity: the psychological problems of modern human being), Dečje novine, Gornji Milanovac 1988, .
Jung između Istoka i Zapada (Jung between East and West), Prosveta, Belgrade 1990, .
Mistička stanja, vizije i bolesti (Mystical Conditions, Visions and Illnesses), Dečje novine, Gornji Milanovac 1991,.
Putovanje u oba smera (Trip In Both Directions), Plato, Belgrade 1992, .
Samo dela ljubavi ostaju (Just the Work of Love Remains; preface by monk Mitrophan of Hilandar), Novi dani, Belgrade 1994.
Putovanja, zapisi, sećanja: 1951-2000 (Voyages, Notes, Memories), Srpska književna zadruga, Belgrade 2003, .
50 pitanja i 50 odgovora: iz hrišćansko-psihoterapeutske prakse (50 questions and 50 answers: from Christian psychotherapeutic practice), Ars Libri, Belgrade 2003, .
Psihoterapija i religija (Psychotherapy and Religion), Ars Libri, Belgrade 2006, .
Jung entre l'Orient et l'Occident, Éditions L'Âge d'Homme, Lausanne 2012, .
Awards
Zahvalnica Matice srpske 1982 (Matica srpska Letter of Gratitude)
Povelja bolnice "Dr Dragiša Mišović“ 1983 (Charter of Honor of "Dr Dragiša Mišović“ Hospital)
Povelja Srpskog lekarskog društva 1993 (Charter of Honor of Serbian Medical Society)
Đorđe Jovanović Award 1994
Laza Kostić Award 1997
Order of St. Sava (First Grade) 2001
Isidora Sekulić Award 2003
Dositej Obradović Award 2014
Teodor Pavlović Award 2015
Velika povelja Brankovog kola 2017 (Grand Charter of Honor of Branko's Circle)
Feast of the Presentation Order, posthumously awarded, 2019
References
1924 births
2018 deaths
Physicians from Belgrade
University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine alumni
Serbian psychiatrists
Psychotherapists
Psychologists of religion
Writers from Belgrade
Christian writers
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Serbia
Recipients of the Order of St. Sava
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Translators to Serbian
Translators from German
Burials at Belgrade New Cemetery
20th-century translators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladeta%20Jeroti%C4%87 |
Devotional may refer to:
Acts of devotion, especially those repeated regularly
Devotional song, a hymn which accompanies religious observances and rituals
Devotional (video), of the 1993 Depeche Mode tour
Daily devotional, religious publication or practice
See also
Devotion (disambiguation)
Devotional Songs, a 1992 studio album by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
Devotional Tour, a 1993 concert tour by Depeche Mode
Christian devotional literature, religious writing designed for personal edification and spiritual formation
Filmi devotional songs, in Hindi movies
Hindu devotional movements, various forms of Hinduism in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotional |
The four provinces, capital territory and two autonomous territories of Pakistan are subdivided into 39 administrative "divisions", which are further subdivided into districts, tehsils and finally union councils. These divisions were abolished in 2000, but restored in 2008.
The divisions do not include the Islamabad Capital Territory or the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which were counted at the same level as provinces, but in 2018, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas were subsumed into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and allocated to neighbouring divisions therein.
History
Administrative divisions had formed an integral tier of government from colonial times. The Governor's provinces of British India were subdivided into divisions, which were themselves subdivided into districts. At independence in 1947, the new nation of Pakistan comprised two wings – eastern and western, separated by India. Three of the provinces of Pakistan were subdivided into ten administrative divisions. The single province in the eastern wing, East Bengal, had four divisions – Chittagong, Dacca, Khulna and Rajshahi. The province of West Punjab had four divisions – Lahore, Multan, Rawalpindi and Sargodha. The North-West Frontier Province (as it was then called) had two divisions – Dera Ismail Khan and Peshawar. Most of the former Sind Province became Hyderabad Division. Most of the divisions were named after the divisional capitals, with some exceptions.
From 1955 to 1970, the One Unit policy meant that there were only two provinces – East and West Pakistan. East Pakistan had the same divisions as East Bengal had previously, but West Pakistan gradually gained seven new divisions to add to the original six. The Baluchistan States Union became Kalat Division, while the former Baluchistan Chief Commissioner's Province became Quetta Division. Princely State of Khairpur and with some parts of Hyderabad division were joining to form Khairpur Division. The former princely state of Bahawalpur became Bahawalpur Division, therefore joining West Punjab. The Federal Capital Territory was absorbed into West Pakistan in 1959 and in 1960 merged with the district of Las Bela to form the Karachi-Bela Division. In 1969, the princely states of Chitral, Dir and Swat were incorporated into West Pakistan as the division of Malakand with Saidu as the divisional headquarters. In 1975, Khairpur division abolished and replace it with Sukkur Division. In 1980, Sukkur division(Formally Khairpur division) was bifurcated to create Larkana division. In 1990, Mirpurkhas division created by bifurcation of Hyderabad division.
In 2000, Government abolished division system in the Sindh Province.
On 11 July 2011, Sindh government restored division in the province.
On 24 April 2014, Create Banbhore Division by bifurcation of Hyderabad division and Shaheed Benazirabad Division by bifurcation of Sukkur, Hyderabad and Mirpur Khas division.
On 17 August 2022, Gujrat Division was established in Punjab Province. Recently, 1 new division was created in Punjab Province named Mianwali Division on 14 January 2023.
New Divisions
When West Pakistan was dissolved, the divisions were regrouped into four new provinces. Gradually over the late 1970s, new divisions were formed; Hazara and Kohat divisions were split from Peshawar Division; Gujranwala Division was formed from parts of Lahore and Rawalpindi divisions; Dera Ghazi Khan Division was split from Multan Division; Faisalabad Division was split from Sargodha Division; Sibi Division was formed from parts of Kalat and Quetta divisions; Lasbela District was transferred from Karachi Division to Kalat Division; Makran Division split from Kalat Division. The name of Khairpur Division was changed to Sukkur Division and Headquarters of Khairpur Division shifted from khairpur to Sukkur. Shaheed Benazirabad is also a new division in Sindh.
During the military rule of General Zia-ul-Haq, the Advisory Council of Islamize Ideology (headed by Justice Tanzilur Rahman) was tasked with finding ways to Islamic the country. One of its recommendations was that the existing four provinces should be dissolved and the twenty administrative divisions should become new provinces in a federal structure with greater devolution of power, but this proposal was never implemented.
In the recent past (i.e. in last three decades), Naseerabad Division was split from Sibi Division; Zhob Division was split from Quetta Division; Bannu Division was split from Dera Ismail Khan Division; Mardan Division was split from Peshawar Division; Larkana Division were split from Sukkur Division and Shaheed Benazirabad DivisionMirpur Khas Division and Banbhore Division were split from Hyderabad Division. Sahiwal Division was formed from parts of Lahore and Multan Divisions while Sheikhupura Division was formed from Lahore and Faisalabad Divisions. The capital of Kalat Division was moved from Kalat to Khuzdar. Rakhshan Division is recently added to Balochistan comprising parts of Quetta and Kalat Divisions with capital at Kharan.
Recently in June 2021, Loralai Division was added to Balochistan, by splitting off from Zhob Division. Recently on 17 August 2022 Gujrat Division was added to Punjab. On January 14, 2023, Mianwali Division was added to Punjab.
Abolition
In August 2000, local government reforms abolished the "Division" as an administrative tier and introduced a system of local government councils, with the first elections held in 2001. Following that there was radical restructuring of the local government system to implement "the principle of subsidiarity, whereby all functions that can be effectively performed at the local level are transferred to that level". This meant devolution of many functions, to districts and tehsils, which were previously handled at the provincial and divisional levels. At abolition, there were twenty-six divisions in Pakistan proper – five in Sindh, six in Balochistan, seven in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and eight in Punjab. Abolition did not affect the three divisions of Azad Kashmir, which form the second tier of government.
Restoration
In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the divisions of all provinces.
In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in 2010 the Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.
In July 2011, following excessive violence in the city of Karachi and after the political split between the ruling PPP and the majority party in Sindh, the MQM and after the resignation of the MQM Governor of Sindh, PPP and the Govt. of Sindh decided to restore the commissioner system in the province. As a consequence, the five divisions of Sindh have been restored namely, Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Larkana with their respective districts. As mentioned earlier, two new divisions added in Sindh i.e. Bhanbore and Shaheed Benazirabad divisions.
Karachi district has been de-merged into its 5 original constituent districts namely Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir. Recently Korangi has been upgraded to the status of a sixth district of Karachi. These six districts form the Karachi Division now.
Current divisions
The following tables show the current 33 divisions by province with their respective populations as of the 2017 Census of Pakistan, and the 6 divisions of Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.
Provinces
Administered territories
Divisions by population
See also
Administrative units of Pakistan
Division (country subdivision)
Divisions of Punjab
Former administrative units of Pakistan
Local government in Pakistan
References
External links
Decentralisation Programme
National Reconstruction Bureau
Devolution Trust of Pakistan
Subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions%20of%20Pakistan |
The Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact () was signed in Nanjing on August 21, 1937, between the Republic of China and the Soviet Union during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The pact went into effect on the day that it was signed and was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on September 8, 1937.
Effects
At first, the pact led to improving relations between the Kuomintang government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, and the Soviet Union. After the signing of the pact, the Soviets began sending aircraft to the Chinese national government in Operation Zet, as well as economic aid, to help stave off the Japanese invasion. Chiang hoped that was a precursor to Soviet intervention into the war, but as time passed, he soon realized that the Soviet Union was constricted in the aid that it could provide to avoid upsetting the tacit alliance with the United Kingdom, France, and later the United States, all of which favored China in the war but would back Japan against the Soviets to weaken the last two.
The treaty also allowed the Soviets to focus their attention more on the West, where Nazi Germany was building up for what appeared to be war with the Soviets, especially after the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact had been signed. That contributed to the worsening relationship between China and Germany, which had already seen the end of German military assistance in China.
Breach by Soviet Union
Ironically, in 1937, while the pact was being signed, the Soviets brazenly breached it before and after the signing by conducting the Xinjiang War (1937) from August to October.
The Soviet Army was assisting the puppet Governor Sheng Shicai in Xinjiang. The Kuomintang Muslim general Ma Hushan led the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) to resist the invasion.
Before the invasion, Ma Hushan had communicated with Chiang Kai-shek and mentioned to Peter Fleming that Chiang would send help to fight the Soviets. However, the outbreak of war against Japan led Ma to face the Soviet invasion on his own. Despite resisting and killing Soviet soldiers, Ma's forces eventually succumbed to Soviet mustard gas bombardment, and he fled to India, where he took a steamer back to China.
Sheng Shicai then invited Soviet forces to garrison in Turfan, right next to Gansu Province.
The Republic of China government was fully aware of the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang province and of Soviet troops moving around Xinjiang and Gansu, but it was forced to mask the maneuvers to the public as "Japanese propaganda" to avoid an international incident and for continued military supplies from the Soviets.
The Chinese government responded with its own military moves. Muslim general Ma Buqing then virtually controlled the Gansu corridor. He had earlier fought against the Japanese, but since the Soviet threat was great, Chiang made some arrangements regarding Ma's position. In July 1942, Chiang instructed Ma to move 30,000 troops to the Tsaidam marsh in the Qaidam Basin of Qinghai. Chiang named Ma Reclamation Commissioner, to threaten Sheng Shicai's southern flank in Xinjiang, which bordered Tsaidam.
After Ma had evacuated his positions in Gansu, Kuomintang troops from central China flooded the area and infiltrated Soviet occupied Xinjiang, gradually reclaimed it, and forced Sheng Shicai to break with the Soviets.
The Ili Rebellion broke out in Xinjiang when a Kuomintang Muslim officer, Liu Bin-Di, was killed while he was fighting Turkic Uyghur Rebels in November 1944. The Soviets supported the Turkic rebels against the Kuomintang, and Kuomintang forces fought back.
The Kuomintang government ordered Ma Bufang several times to march his troops into Xinjiang to intimidate the Soviet puppet Sheng Shicai. That helped in providing protection for Chinese settling in Xinjiang. Ma Bufang was sent with the Muslim Cavalry to Urumqi by the Kuomintang in 1945 during the Ili Rebellion to protect it from the Uyghur army from Hi (now Ili).
See also
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship
References
Further reading
Low, Alfred D. The Sino-Soviet Dispute: An Analysis of the Polemics.Madison, Jersey: FDU Press, 1976.
Lee, Chong-Sik. Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria: Chinese Communism and Soviet Interest, 1922 – 1945. Berkley:U of CA Press, 1983.
Lawrance, Alan. China Since 1919: Revolution and Reform, A Sourcebook.New York: Routledge, 2004.
Garver, John W. "Chiang Kai-shek's Quest for Soviet Entry into the Sino-Japanese War." Political Science Quarterly 102, no. 102 (1987): 295 – 316.
External links
Text of the treaty
China–Soviet Union relations
Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Treaties of the Soviet Union
1937 in the Soviet Union
1937 in China
Treaties concluded in 1937
Non-aggression pacts
Interwar-period treaties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet%20Non-Aggression%20Pact |
Spalding High School may refer to:
Spalding High School (Georgia), USA
Spalding High School, Lincolnshire, England
Spaulding High School (New Hampshire), USA
Spalding Institute, Illinois, USA
Archbishop Spalding High School, Maryland, USA
See also
Spaulding High School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalding%20High%20School |
Bronx Community Board 6 is a local government unit of the city of New York, encompassing the neighborhoods of Bathgate, Belmont, East Tremont, and West Farms as Bronx Community District 6. It is delimited by Bronx Park to the east and north, Webster Avenue to the west, and Crotona Park North and the Cross Bronx Expressway to the south.
Community board staff and membership
The current chairperson of the Bronx Community board 6 is Evonne Capers. Its District Manager is John Sanchez.
The City Council members representing the community district are non-voting, ex officio board members. The council members and their council districts are:
15th NYC Council District - Oswald Feliz
17th NYC Council District - Rafael Salamanca
Demographics
As of the United States 2000 Census, the Community District has a population of 75,688, up from 68,061 in 1990 and 65,014 in 1980.
Of them, 46,391 (61.3%) are of Hispanic origin, 19,694 (26%) are Black, non-Hispanic, 7,021 (9.3%) are White, non-Hispanic, 891 (1.2%) are Asian or Pacific Islander, 201 (0.3%) American Indian or Alaska Native, 238 (0.3%) are some other race (non-Hispanic), and 1,252 (1.7%) of two or more races (non-Hispanic).
References
External links
Community boards of the Bronx
Belmont, Bronx
West Farms, Bronx | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx%20Community%20Board%206 |
2006 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 2006.
Incumbents
President: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas-CMD)
Vice President: Noli de Castro (Independent)
Senate President:
Franklin Drilon (until July 23)
Manuel Villar (from July 24)
House Speaker: Jose de Venecia
Chief Justice:
Artemio Panganiban (until December 7)
Reynato Puno (from December 8)
Philippine Congress: 13th Congress of the Philippines
Events
January
January 27 – Marine Captain Nicanor Faeldon, who escaped from the Philippine Army headquarters on December 14, is recaptured by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). Faeldon and other junior officers of the AFP launched the Oakwood mutiny on July 27, 2003, where they demanded President Arroyo and then Defense secretary Angelo Reyes to resign.
February
February 1 – The Revised-Value Added Tax (R-VAT) is implemented, causing a hike in prices of consumer goods.
February 4 – A stampede occurs during the first anniversary of ABS-CBN's television program Wowowee at the PhilSports Complex, causing the deaths of 74 people and the wounding of about 400 others
February 17 – After heavy rains in the preceding ten days, a mudslide occurs on the town of Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte, killing 50 people, but with 958 people still missing the death toll is expected to rise dramatically.
February 24 – President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on 11:25 am declares a state of emergency via Proclamation No. 1017 after a failed coup attempt and street protests commemorating the 20th anniversary of the People Power Revolution. The protesters converged at the EDSA Shrine led by Vice President Teofisto Guingona were dispersed right after the proclamation. The protesters at EDSA-Santolan led by Prof. Randy David were dispersed violently by the police. Several leftist and rightist leaders were arrested or were under the threat of arrest within the next seven days. The President declared the lifting of the state of emergency via Proclamation No. 1021 on March 3.
April
April 20 – The Supreme Court declares that a part of Executive Order No. 464 as unconstitutional, thus paving way for the resumption of Congressional inquiries.
April 25 – The Supreme Court rules that a part of the government policy of Calibrated Pre-Emptive Response as unconstitutional.
May
May 3 – The Supreme Court rules that the Proclamation No. 1017 was constitutional, although a part of General Order No. 5 as unconstitutional.
May 11 – Typhoon Caloy (international name: Typhoon Chanchu) landfalls on Samar. On the next day, it landfalls on Mindoro. Caloy caused the deaths of 41 and $1.9 million in damages.
May 18 – Mountaineer Leo Oracion reaches the summit of Mount Everest via the Nepalese side, becoming the first Filipino to do so, although another mountaineer, Dale Abenojar claims that he reached the summit first via the Tibetan side, on May 15.
June
June 2 – Four U.S. Marines facing rape charges in the Philippines see their accuser in court for the first time as the formal trial begins in a case that was filed in December, stemming from an incident at a Subic Bay bar. The case has prompted protests and calls for the Visiting Forces Agreement to be amended or scrapped. (Reuters)
June 3 – The deaths of three Philippines soldiers by the communist New People's Army is confirmed. The ambush by NPA guerrillas took place in Balbalan, Kalinga. The NPA also says two more government soldiers were killed and four were wounded in another attack on an army outpost in Pinukpuk, but the government could not confirm this. (AFP)
June 8 – U.S. Navy investigators who looked into rape allegations against four marines in the Philippines are barred by the U.S. embassy from testifying in the trial of the four. The plaintiff's attorney characterised the move as a "clear attempt on the part of the US government, to keep us from getting the evidence that we need and from showing the court the truth." (AFP)
June 13 – A group calling itself Taong Bayan at Kawal, or Masses and Soldiers, claims for an early-morning bomb blast at a police headquarters in Manila, as well as earlier blasts at Manila office building on June 6, an explosion outside the home of an ally of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo last week and two simultaneous bomb blasts in police stations on June 11. The group denies it was behind a bombing in Lipa City that injured nine people on June 11. (AFP)
June 19 – 900 villagers are evacuated as Mount Bulusan spews ash at Sorsogon. (Manila Standard)
June 24 – President Arroyo signs the repeal of the death penalty law, as stated in Republic Act No. 9346.
June 26 – The opposition bloc files impeachment charges against President Arroyo.
July
July 14 – Mayon Volcano in Albay spews out lava and ash. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology raised the alert level from level 1 to level 3, prompting evacuations.
July 15 – The Professional Regulation Commission admits that there was a leakage of test questions in the June 2006 Nurses Licensure Examination.
July 24:
Senator Manuel Villar is elected as the new Senate President, replacing Franklin Drilon at the resumption of the regular session of Congress.
President Arroyo suspends classes in Metro Manila and other areas due to Typhoon Glenda (international codename: Kaemi).
On her State of the Nation Address, President Arroyo proposes for the creation of five new super regions, and pushes for constitutional change, among others.
August
August 7 – Mayon Volcano intensifies its volcanic activity, leading the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology to raise the alert level from level 3 to level 4, which prompted mandatory evacuation procedures.
August 11 – An oil spill off the coast of Guimaras occurs, causing widespread environmental damage.
August 16 – The administration block at the Judicial Committee of the House of Representatives junks the last impeachment case against President Arroyo.
August 24 – The House of Representatives plenary junked the impeachment case against President Arroyo, voting 173–32.
August 31 – The petition of Sigaw ng Bayan group for a people's initiative for amendments in the constitution is trashed by the Commission on Elections on the basis that there was no enabling law.
September
September 28 – Typhoon Milenyo causes widespread damage throughout Luzon, causing at least two deaths, destruction to property, suspension of classes and the Metrorail, closing down of government offices, suspension of trading at the Philippine Stock Exchange, the paralyzation of the South Luzon Expressway, cancellation of flights at Ninoy Aquino International Airport and a Luzon-wide blackout.
October
October 10 – At least six people are killed in a bombing at Makilala, Cotabato during the town fiesta. Earlier in the day, a blast wounded at least four people at Tacurong City.
October 17 – Supporters of Mayor Jejomar Binay of Makati barricade themselves at the front of city hall as the Department of the Interior and Local Government hands out their suspension order against the Mayor, Vice Mayor and seven councilors.
October 25 – The Supreme Court, voting 8–7, junks the petition of the Sigaw ng Bayan (Shout of the People) group for a people's initiative in the constitution.
October 31 – Voters in Maguindanao's 29 municipalities have approved the creation of a new province to be composed of 10 towns, named Shariff Kabunsuan. It became the Philippines’ 80th province and the sixth in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.
November
November 26 – Miss Earth 2006 beauty pageant is hosted in the Philippines at the National Museum Grounds at Manila. Miss Chile wins the pageant.
November 29 – The House of Representatives loosens it rules on amending the Constitution.
December
December 1 – Albay declares a state of calamity has Typhoon Reming causes 198 deaths and counting.
December 3 – President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declares a "state of national calamity" as 406 perished after Typhoon Reming caused several mudslides around Mayon Volcano.
December 4 – U.S. Marine Daniel Smith is found guilty in the Subic rape case; Three other U.S. Marines are acquitted.
December 7 – The House of Representatives passes a resolution calling for a Constituent Assembly, without a concurrent resolution of the Senate.
December 8:
Due to Typhoon Seniang threatens Cebu, the 12th ASEAN Summit is postponed.
Dinagat Islands becomes the 81st province after the voters approved its secession from Surigao del Norte.
December 10 – Meycauayan becomes a city in the province of Bulacan through ratification of Republic Act 9356 which was approved last October 2.
December 12 – The House of Representatives backtracks on its plans for a constituent assembly and instead pushed for a constitutional convention.
December 13 – The National Disaster Coordinating Council revises the death tolls for Typhoon Reming, with 720 dead, 2,360 injured and 762 missing persons.
December 16 – Abra Representative Luis Bersamin Jr. is gunned down during a wedding ceremony at Quezon City.
December 27 – Khadaffy Janjalani's remains are recovered near Patikul, Sulu, by the Philippine military.
December 30 – Convicted American serviceman Lance Corporal Daniel Smith is freed from a Makati jail late evening Friday and transferred to the US Embassy on orders of the Philippine government.
Holidays
On November 13, 2002, Republic Act No. 9177 declares Eidul Fitr as a regular holiday. The EDSA Revolution Anniversary was proclaimed since 2002 as a special non-working holiday. Note that in the list, holidays in bold are "regular holidays" and those in italics are "nationwide special days".
January 1 – New Year's Day
February 25 – EDSA Revolution Anniversary
April 9 – Araw ng Kagitingan (Day of Valor)
April 13 – Maundy Thursday
April 14 – Good Friday
May 1 – Labor Day
June 12 – Independence Day
August 21 – Ninoy Aquino Day
August 27 – National Heroes Day
October 23 – Eidul Fitr
November 1 – All Saints Day
November 30 – Bonifacio Day
December 25 – Christmas Day
December 30 – Rizal Day
December 31 – Last Day of the Year
In addition, several other places observe local holidays, such as the foundation of their town. These are also "special days."
Sports
January 21, Boxing – Manny Pacquiao defeated Mexican Erik Morales in a tenth-round technical knockout at the Thomas & Mack Center, Las Vegas. The victory caused jubilation in the country wracked by poverty and political instability.
February 19, Basketball – Red Bull Barako wins the Philippine Basketball Association 2005–06 Fiesta Conference after defeating the Purefoods Chunkee Giants in six games.
February 24–25, Wrestling – The World Wrestling Entertainment RAW Live Tour made its stop at Araneta Coliseum, featuring matches for the WWE Championship, the WWE Intercontinental Championship, and the WWE Women's Championship, among others. John Cena, Shelton Benjamin and Trish Stratus retained their title belts on the two-night event amidst an overflowing crowd at the Araneta Coliseum.
July 2, Boxing – Manny Pacquiao wins a 12-round unanimous decision over Mexican Óscar Larios in front of his hometown fans at the Araneta Coliseum.
July 21, Basketball – The Purefoods Chunkee Giants defeated the Red Bull Barako at the Philippine Basketball Association 2006 Philippine Cup Finals, 4–2 at the Araneta Coliseum.
August 19, Softball – A Junior League softball team from Bacolod was beaten by a team from Naples, Florida, 8–0, at the Junior League World Series held at Kirkland, Washington
September 11, Billiards – Efren Reyes wins the World 8-Ball Open Championship at Reno, Nevada, beating Rodney Morris, 8–6.
September 22, Collegiate Basketball – San Beda College win the 82nd NCAA seniors' basketball tournament, beating the Philippine Christian University (PCU). San Sebastian College-Recoletos defeated the PCU High School to win the juniors' championship.
October 2, Collegiate Basketball – The University of Santo Tomas defeated the Ateneo de Manila University, 76–74, in overtime, at the deciding third game of the 69th UAAP men's basketball tournament. Their women's counterpart won the Women's championship while the Ateneo juniors team won the Juniors championship.
October 21–22, Wrestling – The WWE SmackDown! Survivor Series Tour makes it stop at the Araneta Coliseum.
November 12, Billiards – Pool player Ronato Alcano defeated Ralf Souquet in the 2006 WPA Men's World Nine-ball Championship in Pasay, 17 racks to 11.
November 18, Boxing – Manny Pacquiao knocked out Erik Morales at their boxing bout held at the Thomas & Mack Center, Las Vegas. (AP via Yahoo! Sports)
Television
December 10 – Mau Marcelo was declared the first Philippine Idol at the final results show was held in the Araneta Coliseum. (INQ7.net)
Births
January
January 19 – JB Agustin, actor, socialite and philanthropist
January 27 – Niana Guerrero, dancer
March
March 4 – JM Canlas, actor (d. 2023)
March 15 – Bryce Eusebio, actor
April
April 10 – Sofia Pablo, actress
April 11 – Jana Indanan, actress and dancer
May
May 3 – Mutya Orquia, actress
June
June 22 – Francis Concepcion, actor
June 23 – CX Navarro, actor
July
July 7 – John Clifford, actor
August
August 5 – James David Graham, actor
August 23 – Aiyana Waggoner, actress and model
September
September 2 – Josh de Guzman, actor
September 14 – Hannah Lopez Vito, actress and host of Team Yey!
October
October 24 – Allyson McBride, actress
December
December 3 – Krystal Brimner, singer and actress
December 15 – Kenneth Gutierrez, actor
December 30 – David Remo, actor
Deaths
January 2 – Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, Supreme Court Associate Justice and Constitutional Commission president (b. 1914)
January 11 – Amir bin Muhammad Baraguir, Sultan of Maguindanao (b. 1960)
January 23 – Ernie Baron, television journalist, host, and inventor (b. 1940)
January 29 – Andrew Gonzalez, educator and linguist (b. 1940)
February 4 – Rosa del Rosario, actress (b. 1917)
February 14 – Ramon Bagatsing, longest serving Mayor of Manila from 1971 to 1986, Plaza Miranda bombing survivor (b. 1916)
April 5 – Don Antonio Madrigal, father of Senator Jamby Madrigal (b. 1918)
April 23 – Chat Silayan, actress and former beauty queen (b. 1960)
April 12 – Luzviminda Puno, Clerk of Court of the Supreme Court and wife of Chief Justice Puno (b. 1940)
May 2 – Tonette Lopez, Filipino activist
May 6 – Allen Cudal, guitarist of Greyhoundz (b. 1982)
May 29 – Sotero Llamas, politician (b. 1951)
June 1 – Mariano Yogore, Filipino microbiologist (b. 1921)
June 17 – Hilario P. Davide Sr., Filipino teacher and politician (b. 1905)
July 26 – Romualdo Vicencio, incumbent congressman, 2nd district of Northern Samar (b. 1934)
August 14 – Analiza "Hazel" Recheta, Arnel Guiao and Ismael Cabugayan, television journalists of ABC 5
August 18 – Jose Cabalum Sr., Filipino educator and founder of the Cabalum Western College in Iloilo City (b. 1915)
August 25 – Gregorio Cendana, chief information officer during Marcos presidency (b. 1930)
August 28 – Joey Rufino, former executive director of LAKAS (b. 1954)
September 4 – Khadaffy Janjalani, Filipino Islamist (b. 1975)
September 18 – Eddie Mercado, television host (b. 1938)
September 19 – Conrado M. Vasquez, Supreme Court Associate Justice and Ombudsman (b. 1913)
September 20 – Jojo Lapus, newspaper journalist and television scriptwriter (b. 1945)
October 3 – Alberto Ramento, bishop of the Philippine Independent Church (b. 1937)
October 7 – Dan Campilan, television journalist (b. 1980)
November 2 – Rafael Donato, educator and linguist (b. 1938)
November 11 – James Bersamin, board member of the 2nd District of Abra (b. 1950)
November 24 – Maximo V. Soliven, newspaper journalist and publisher (b. 1933)
November 28 – Rosita Quinto Stecza, 1950s actress under the screen name Rosa Mia (b. 1924)
November 29 – Victoria Quirino-Delgado, acted as First Lady of the Philippines during term of her widowered father (b. 1929)
November 30 – Rafael Buenaventura, former governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (b. 1938)
December 4 – Ernesto Gidaya, retired general and Veterans Freedom Party incumbent congressman (b. 1926)
December 16 – Luis Bersamin, incumbent congressman, lone district of Abra (b. 1944)
December 20 – Ben Arda, Filipino professional golfer (b. 1929)
December 21 – Ramon Obusan, choreographer, National Artist for Dance (b. 1938)
December 22 – Danilo Ayala Bernardo, journalist (b. 1948)
References
2006 in Southeast Asia
Philippines
2000s in the Philippines
Years of the 21st century in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20in%20the%20Philippines |
Sir Henry Bedingfeld (1505–1583), also spelled Bedingfield, of Oxburgh Hall, King's Lynn, Norfolk, was a Privy Councillor to King Edward VI and Queen Mary I, Lieutenant of the Tower of London, and (in 1557) Vice-Chamberlain of the Household and Captain of the guards. With Sir Henry Jerningham he was among the principals who rallied to Mary's cause following the death of Edward VI in 1553 and helped to set her upon the throne. He was a senior figure in the kinship group of Catholic recusant landowning knights of Suffolk. Given responsibility for the custody of Mary I's half-sister Elizabeth when in the Tower of London and at Woodstock, his reputation has suffered from the repetition of claims of his severity towards her: however Queen Elizabeth was respectful towards him and continued to find service for him. Among the foremost Englishmen of his time, he occupied prominent and honourable positions and was of unquestioned loyalty.
Family and education
Sir Henry was the eldest of five sons of Sir Edmund Bedingfield (1479/80–1553) and his wife, Grace (died in or after 1553), the daughter of Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney. His brothers were Francis, Anthony, Humphrey and Edmond, and his sisters were Elizabeth and Margaret. In February 1527/28, he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn. The Bedingfelds were closely connected to the ancient family of Beaupré, of Beaupré Hall, Outwell/Upwell, Norfolk.
During the 1530s he married Katherine (died 1581), the daughter of Sir Roger Townshend of Raynham, Norfolk and his wife Amy Brewes, daughter and co-heiress of William de Brewse of Wenham Hall, Suffolk, and of Stinton Hall in Norfolk. In 1549 he was one of the many knights, esquires and gentlemen who assisted the Marquess of Northampton in putting down Kett's Rebellion at Norwich, where, with Sir Thomas Paston, Sir John Clere, Sir William Waldegrave and Sir Thomas Cornwallis, he was appointed to the defence of part of the city. By that date, or certainly by 1551, he had received knighthood.
In 1553, the year of his father's death and the accession of Queen Mary, Sir Henry Bedingfield succeeded his father as heir to the Oxburgh estate and the Hall which had been built by his grandfather, the elder Sir Edmund Bedingfield, (died 1496/97). It was to the March parliament of 1553, the second parliament of King Edward VI, that Sir Henry was first elected, on that occasion as Knight of the Shire for Suffolk: from this it is supposed that he was then acquiescent in the regency of the Duke of Northumberland.
Career
Bedingfeld held various offices, including Privy Councillor to King Edward VI and Queen Mary I, Constable and (in 1555) Lieutenant of the Tower of London, and (in 1557) Captain of the Guard and Vice-Chamberlain of the Household to Mary I.
After the death of King Edward VI in 1553, Sir Henry Bedingfeld and (Sir) Henry Jerningham (together with Sir William Drury, John Sulyard, Sir John Shelton, Clement Higham and others) were two supporters very instrumental in placing Mary Tudor on the throne, coming to her aid at Kenninghall or Framlingham with 140 well-armed men. Bedingfeld proclaimed the queen at Norwich. He was afterwards rewarded for his loyalty with an annual pension of 100 pounds out of the forfeited estates of Sir Thomas Wyatt. Queen Mary appointed him a Privy Councillor and Knight Marshal of her army. It was in the light of this allegiance that he was elected to the first parliament of Mary's reign in October 1553 as one of the Knights of the Shire for Norfolk, and again in the succeeding parliament of 1554.
In March 1554 Mary (following Wyatt's rebellion) placed her half-sister Princess Elizabeth in the Tower of London. She was certainly aware that her mother Katherine of Aragon in later life had been kept at Kimbolton in the custody of Sir Henry's father. She now entrusted Sir Henry with the princess Elizabeth's custody, appointing him Constable of the Tower of London on 8 May, and instructing him to guard Elizabeth at Woodstock Palace, where he remained with her until March 1555.
John Foxe, in the Acts and Monuments, took every opportunity to blacken Bedingfield's character, and depicted him as severe and cruel towards his charge. Although, after her accession to the throne in 1558, Elizabeth used to address Sir Henry at court as "Her Gaoler", most agree that the term was probably applied loosely and in good spirit. "That seems to have rather been a term of royal familiarity, than contempt; for had it been the latter, he would scarce have been so much at court as it appears he usually was," wrote Blomefield. The correspondence, published by C.R. Manning, suggests that Bedingfield conducted himself in gentlemanly fashion towards the princess: J.M. Stone, noting that Elizabeth granted the manor of Caldecott to him, observed that John Strype, Bishop Burnet and Sir Reginald Hennell had followed Foxe's account uncritically.
A mandate of Mary's to Bedingfield survives in which she instructs him to deliver his orders to the bearer, John Sulyard, and to receive from him her orders as if from herself, and to carry them out unfailingly. Sir Henry was appointed to the Lieutenancy of the Tower on 28 October 1555, after the resignation of Thomas Brydges. Among his prisoners were Sir Peter Carew, Sir Nicholas Arnold, Sir William Courtenay and Sir John Bray. Many unpleasant episodes passed in the Tower of London during Bedingfield's governance of it, not least the tortures and executions arising from the Henry Dudley conspiracy in 1556, and the enforced recantation of Sir John Cheke a few days after the death of Edward Lewknor. Yet several prisoners under his charge were permitted to have access to their wives or family members, and in such matters Sir Henry appears to have been the obedient interpreter of Mary's direct commands, rather than the initiator of autocratic or vindictive practises.
Bedingfeld's friend and fellow Privy Councillor was Sir Henry Jerningham: on 25 December 1557, as Sir Edward Hastings became Lord Chamberlain of the Household and Sir Thomas Cornwallis Comptroller, so Henry Jerningham became Master of the Horse and Henry Bedingfield succeeded Jerningham as Vice-Chamberlain and became Captain of the Guard. Both maintained friendship with Sir John Bourne, also a Privy Councillor and Secretary of State during the reign of Mary I. He was then re-elected for the third and last time as a Knight of the Shire for Norfolk in the parliament of 1558.
With the death of Queen Mary and the accession of Elizabeth in 1558, Sir Henry withdrew from public office and retired to Norfolk, though maintaining connections in court. According to Foxe, Elizabeth is said to have discouraged his presence, saying "If we have any prisoner whom we would have sharply and straitly kept, we will send for you!". Sir Henry remained a firm adherent to the Catholic faith, and in his last years was challenged for his recusancy. In December 1569 the justices of Suffolk delivered to the Privy Council various bonds of those who had refused to subscribe to a declaration of obedience to the Act of Uniformity 1558: these included a bond of Sir Henry's, dated 1 December 1569, for good behaviour towards the Queen and for his appearance before the Privy Council. His lands were valued at £500 and his goods at £1000 at Oxburgh in the Norfolk diocesan returns of recusants of 1577. In her royal progress of 1578 Elizabeth received Sir Henry's hospitality at Oxburgh, or intended to do so.
Elizabeth and Sir Henry at Woodstock, 1554–5
The correspondence and papers relating to Princess Elizabeth's confinement by Sir Henry Bedingfield are usefully presented by Manning, and narrated by J.M. Stone (1905), F.A. Mumby (1909) and Katherine Bedingfield (1912). These authors neither diminish Elizabeth's fears and terrors at the events nor needlessly vilify her custodian.
At the Tower of London
The following letter refers to Elizabeth's arrival at the Tower:"To the right worshipfull Sir Henry Bedingfeld Knt., give these, Written in haste. My dutye remembered these shal be to advyse you that on friday my lady Elisabeth was sent to the tower at 10 of the cloke, the Parliament shal be holden at Westminster the daye afore assured and the Quene is in good helthe, thanks be to God, who preserve you in much worshipe thys good fryday, rydyng by the way, by yours to commande, Thomas Walters."
Sir Henry is described by his historians as a stern Norfolk knight, "in whose courage and probity" the Queen knew that she could confide... However, when she first saw Sir Henry enter the inner court of the Tower with the hundred men-at-arms in their blue coats under his command, she asked in terror "if the Lady Jane's scaffold was removed." The Lieutenant of the Tower endeavoured to calm her by saying there was no cause for alarm, but his orders were to consign her into the charge of Sir Henry Bedingfeld, to be conveyed to Woodstock. "Elizabeth, not knowing what manner of man Bedingfeld was, inquired whether he made conscience of murder, if such an order were entrusted to him."
The journey to Woodstock
On 19 May she was removed from the Tower, first by barge at the Tower Wharf, and so to Richmond, where she had an interview with the Queen. The next day she crossed the river at Richmond to proceed on her journey to Woodstock. The letters and State documents relating to this journey throw further light upon it. Sir Henry's note on the affair was as follows: "A memoriall off all letters, warrants, etc., whyche I have to shewe concerning the s'vice aboute my lady Elizabeth's grace, whereunto I was commanded by the Quene's highnes, which s'vice began the 8th off May 1554 — fyrst yere off hyr moste noble reign."
Anthony, Humphrey, and Edmund Bedingfeld, brothers of Sir Henry, appear to have formed part of the guard brought by him to the Tower. In Sir Henry's report to the Queen of the journey from the Tower of London to Woodstock, he noted that the people between London and Windsor were not "hoole on matters of Religion" ...that "theye be fullye fyxed to stonde to the late abolyshyng off the byshopp off Romez aucthorite, as heretofore agaynste the order of all charite hath been establyshed by statute lawe within thys Realme." The letter goes on to say that "My Ladye Elisabeth's grace" had not "been verye well at ease," and yet she wanted to go out walking, "In the whyche and other lyke hyr requests I am mervolouslye p'plexed to graunte hyr desyer or to saye naye."
Next there was written "a remembrance off the journeye made by my Ladye Elizabeth's grace from Wyndsore to Syr Wyllm Dormer's house at West Wyckhm the xxth off maye 1 Marie Regine. Ffyrst when hyr grace cam to the castell gate to take hyr lytter, there stoode off Master Norrey's s'v'nts xvj, in tawneye coots, to receyve hyr oute, at whyche place there weere sum people to behold hyr... Itm, hyr grace passed the towne off Wyndsore wth moche gasyng off people unto Eton Colledge, where was used the like, as well by the scollers as others; the lyke in villages and ffeldes unto Wycombe, where most gasyng was used, and the wyves had p'pared cake and wafers w'ch at hir passing bye them, thei delyvered into the lytter. She receyved yt wth thanks untyll by the quantitee she was accombred and, wth the herbes delyvered in with the wafers, trobled as she sayde, and desyred the people to cease."
Arrival at Woodstock
At West Wycombe, Sir William Dormer and 17 servants in "blewe coats" awaited her, half-a-mile from his house, with Lady Dormer and her daughter-in-law. At Woburn Sir Henry began talking with a "husbande man," and found him "a verye protestunte," and thought there were many about there of "the same opinion." From the Dormers' house the princess and her suite went on to Lord William's, and thence to Woodstock. When the party arrived there, Queen Mary sent instructions to "her trustie and right well beloved counsellor Sir Henry Bedingfeld knyght." She had reason to believe that Elizabeth was implicated in some conspiracy against her, and she wrote that in the face of so much evidence it was difficult to believe that her sister was guiltless of the charges brought. Sir Henry was admonished to continue his "accustomed diligence in the charge by us comitted to yow."
Then followed a report that "my ladye Elizabeth's grace ys daylye vexed with the swellyng in the face and other parts off hir bodye," and Sir Henry deputed Edmund his brother to declare the same to "my lorde Chamberlayne" and to ask for a doctor. "Doctour Owen" wrote directions to Sir Henry on the subject: apparently he thought it was not the "tyme off the yere to minster purgacions owing to the distemperaunce of the weather."
After this, Sir Henry wrote a long letter to the Privy Council relating various conversations between himself and the princess, to which is added the following, "My lords it hath come to my knowledge by dyv'se creditable and wrshipfull p'sons, that the remayneng off Cranmer, Rydleye, and Latimer, at Oxforde, in such sort as theye dooe, hath done nooe smal hurte In theys parts, even amonge thoose that were knowne to be goode afore."
Pleasures and responsibilities
In her next letter to him, the Queen showed consideration for his comforts."Trustye and right well beloved, we gret you well, and wheare we understande yt by occasion of certyn our instructions Latelye gyvene unto you, ye doe continuallye make your personall abode within that our howse of Woodstock without removing from thence, at anye time, which thing might p'adventure in continuance be both som daunger to your helth, and be occasion also yt ye shall not be so well able to understande the state of the countreye theare abowts, as other wyse ye might. We let you wit yt, in consideracon thereof we are pleased ye maye at anye tyme when yourself shall thinke convenyant, make your repayre from owt of our sayed howse, leaving one of your brethren to loke to yor charge, and se to the good goverunce of that howse in yor absence. So as nevertheless ye returne back ageyne yor self at night, for the batter loking to yor sayed charge. And for yor better ease and recreacon we are in lyke manner pleased yt ye and yor brethren maye at yor libertyes halk for yor pastyme at the partrige, or hunt the hare, wthin that our maner of Woodstock or anye of our grounds adioynyng to the same, ffrom tyme to tyme, when ye shall thynke moste convenient; and that also ye maye yf ye shall so thinke good, cause yor wwf to be sent for, and to remayne theare wth you as long as yor self shall thinke meete. Geven under or signet, at or castle of Fernham ye — Julye, ye seconde yere of or Reigne."
Soon afterwards, Sir Henry wrote that if "this great Ladye shall remayne in this howse, there must be rep'acons done bothe to the covering of the house in lead and slate, and especially in glass and casemonds, or elles neyther she nor anye yt attendethe uppon hir shal be able to abyde for coulde." He wrote to the Bishop of Ely, asking to be released from his responsibility, as he had been for 15 weeks "in care off mynde and some travell of bodye": he begged him to remind the Lord Chancellor (Bishop Gardiner) how he had accepted the custody of the princess at Gardiner's earnest request, in a conversation held "uppon the caulseye (causeway) betwexte the house off saynete Jamys and Charyng Crosse." He added that he had asked for his Lordship's house at the "black friers" in London, but heard it was disposed of: therefore he now asked for the one at Holborn, as he has no house "off refuge in London, butte the comon Inne, and woulde be gladde to gyve large monye to be avoyded off that inconvenience."
Thomas Parry
Princess Elizabeth had an ally in her time at Woodstock:"Thomas Parry, the princess's cofferer, had to provide for her household but on 26 May, three days after her arrival at Woodstock, the Council told Bedingfield that there was no reason for Parry to stay there. Elizabeth's guardian communicated this decision to Parry, who baffled him by staying in the town. Parry now proceeded to make Bedingfield's life a misery. He first objected to the provisioning of his retinue out of Elizabeth's resources, until Bedingfield was commanded to supply them by a special warrant. This was simply a harassing tactic, for books were being conveyed to Elizabeth, some of which Bedingfield suspected of being seditious, and when Parry sent him two harmless ones he was forced to return them for want of explicit instructions. Bedingfield complained that he was helpless, as 'daily and hourly the said Parry may have and give intelligence,' and once again the cofferer's position was referred to the Council. Early in July Parry was at the Bull Inn, 'a marvellous colourable place to practise in,' receiving every day as many as 40 men in his own livery, besides Elizabeth's own servants. At length the Council forbade such large meetings and, from Bedingfield's subsequent silence on the point, it seems that the order was obeyed."
Religious welfare
Later, Sir Henry reported to the Council that the Lady Elizabeth, after "hir confession in Catholyke fourme dydde receyve the most comfortable Sacramente," and before receiving she declared to Sir Henry "that she had never plotted against the Queene." The Council replied that the Queen took great pleasure in the news that the Lady Elizabeth "doth so well conforme hirself in the receyvyng off the most blessed Sacramente off the altar." Sir Henry wrote to the Queen mentioning Elizabeth's use of the reformed prayer book, etc., and refers to Mary's recent marriage: he expressed the hope of an heir to the throne, which would be a joy to all true Englishmen, "that wee maye as holye Simeon dydde for the byrth of Chryste, prayse Godde for the same."
Evidently there was some difficulty in getting Elizabeth to give up the reformed prayer book, and in reply to Sir Henry's remonstrance she reminded him that it had been used in "the king my father his dayes." Bedingfeld doubted her orthodoxy, and also that of the ladies who attended her, and he recommended that some "lerned men" should "preche and talke with them in the matter of there religion." He again asked to be released from his unwelcome task at Woodstock, but no answer came. Through his intervention, the princess asked for, and obtained, a doctor and surgeon, and was bled in the arm and foot. She also asked to be moved nearer to London, as there was great difficulty in conveying provisions to Woodstock during the winter.
At length came a letter from the Queen ordering Sir Henry to bring Elizabeth with all speed to Hampton Court, and the good "gaoler" was free to return home.
Portraits
His portrait was at Oxburgh Hall, where it was described in the following manner: "Body full, face turned very slightly towards the sinister, grey eyes full, long nose, light brown hair, round beard and moustache turning grey, soft black cap right down on the head." Dress: "Black doublet, high shoulders to it, and high black collar, very wide behind, small white frill all round the face; the right hand is forward clenched, probably holding gloves, frill round the wrist, a ring with an eagle displayed thereon, being on the third finger of the hand." S. Inscribed: "Anno D. 1573 ætatis suæ 68." "Sir Henry Bedingfeld Governor of the Tower." An engraving is in the National Portrait Gallery. A miniature, oil on ivory, dated c.1700–1799, is today at Oxburgh Hall, which now belongs to the National Trust. The miniature was previously in the ownership of the Conyngham family, Marquesses Conyngham, at Slane Castle, County Meath, Ireland.
Death and monument
Dame Katherine Bedingfeld was buried at Oxborough on 7 December 1581, and Sir Henry on 24 August 1583. Sir Henry's will, which gives a lively impression of the community at Oxburgh Hall, was dated 15 August 1583 and proved on 13 November following.
The Bedingfield chapel, Oxborough
Their monument is to be found in the Bedingfield chapel at the parish church of St John, Oxborough. Shortly after the Second World War the tower of this church collapsed, destroying most of the nave. The chancel of the church, together with the Bedingfield chapel which was built onto the south side of it, was spared destruction and still remains. The chapel is most famous for two tombs made of floriated terracotta components - the finest of their kind, among a series of early 16th century monuments mainly in East Anglia associated with families who intermarried with the Bedingfields. (They include, among others, the Marneys of Layer Marney Tower, Sir Philip Bothe of Shrubland Old Hall, and Sir Edward Echyngham of Barsham). One of these at Oxborough, a table tomb with a high arching canopy over it, extends across the chapel enclosing its eastern end as the inner sanctum of the Bedingfield memorials. The other, also with a canopy, stands across the archway opening on the north side into the chancel of the church, blocking the entry but affording a view into the chancel space. These are the tombs of Sir Henry's grandparents, Sir Edmund Bedingfield senr., Knight of the Bath, who died in 1496-97, and his second wife Dame Margaret Bedingfield (née Scott, the daughter of Sir John Scott of Scott's Hall), the latter of whom, dying a widow in 1514, by her will established the chapel.
Monument
The monument to Sir Henry himself and to his wife Katherine is undated, and stands against the south wall of the Bedingfield chapel. It is a large construction of vari-coloured marbles, in the form of a shallow altar table projecting from the wall. Its frontage is arranged as three pilasters of dark marble, separating two square panels of suffused reddish-veined marble which enclose inner panels of black marble. All these features are outlined with gilt mouldings. At the outer ends of the table arise a pair of tall detached grey columns with gilded bases and capitals of the Corinthian order. These support an elaborately moulded and dentillated horizontal entablature above, and frame a large wall-piece of suffused reddish-veined marble ornamented with gilded fetter-locks (a motif associated with this family) and a bandwork design, interwoven with a glittering thread-like decoration. All of this encloses a central dark panel with gilt lettering, which bears a Latin inscription:
Heraldry
Over the entablature are three free-standing heraldic escutcheons, painted in polychrome. The centrepiece is a large circular frame with the arms of Bedingfield, ermine a spread eagle gules beaked and peded or, quartering the arms of Todenham, Peche, Rochester, Pateshull, Weyland, Herling, Jenny, Bourn of Long-Stratton, Waldegrave, Wyfold and Claworth. The Bedingfield crest is shown, a demi-eagle or. The sinister escutcheon, which is shield-shaped, has the arms of Bedingfield and Todenham quarterly, impaling those of Townsend and Brews quarterly (representing the marriage of Sir Henry and Dame Katharine). The dexter escutcheon has the shield of Townsend, with quarterings for Haywell, Brews, Ufford, Carbonell and Shardelowe.
Children
The children of Sir Henry Bedingfeld and Katherine Townsend were:
Edmund Bedingfield (died 1585) of Eriswell in Suffolk, who married (1) Anne, daughter of Sir Robert Southwell of Hoxne, Suffolk; and (2) Anne, daughter of John Moulton of Thurgarton, Norfolk, Esq. The children of Edmund Bedingfield and Anne Southwell were:
Thomas Bedingfield (died 9 April 1590), son and heir, married Frances, coheiress of John Jerningham of Somerleyton in Suffolk, Esq.
Sir Henry Bedingfield (1587–1657)
William, under age in 1593
Edmund Bedingfeld of Briston in Norfolk, married Elizabeth, daughter of John Castell of Raveningham in Norfolk
Edmund Bedingfeld
Frances Bedingfeld
Elizabeth Bedingfeld
Anthony Bedingfeld
Mary Bedingfeld (died 1629), married Sir William Cobb (died 27 August 1607) of Sandringham in Norfolk, Knight, the great-grandson of Francis Mountford. His descendants owned Sandringham until about 1686. Lady Cobb's name is to be found in 1595 in the 'Popish Recusant' Rolls
Anne Bedingfeld, the wife of Robert Skerne of Bondby in Lincolnshire
Nazareth Bedingfeld, the wife of Edward Yelverton of Norfolk. Both Nazareth and her husband were also recusants
Thomas Bedingfeld, Gentleman pensioner to Queen Elizabeth, died 1613. Buried in St. James' Clerkenwell
John Bedingfeld (died 1606+) of Redlingfield in Suffolk
Nicholas Bedingfeld, of Swatshall in Gislingham, died without issue in 1636
Henry Bedingfeld of Sturston
Alice Bedingfeld, married (1) Thomas Carvell, eldest son of Humphrey Kerville of Wiggenhall St Mary Magdalen, Norfolk; and (2) Henry Seckford, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Queen Elizabeth
Amy Bedingfeld, the wife of Thomas Wilbraham, Attorney of the Court of Wards
Eva Bedingfeld (died 1631), the wife of William Yaxley of Yaxley, Suffolk
Katherine Bedingfeld
Elizabeth Bedingfeld, married Edmund Richers of Swannington, Norfolk
Anne Bedingfeld
References
Sources
William Joseph Sheils, ‘Bedingfield family (per. 1476-1760)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [accessed 5 June 2005: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/76392]
J. M., Stone Studies From Court and Cloister, Essays Historical and Literary, pb. 1908 London and Edinburgh sands and company St Louis, MO.
Ann Weikel, ‘Bedingfeld , Sir Henry (1509x11-1583)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
1505 births
1583 deaths
Lieutenants of the Tower of London
People from King's Lynn
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Members of the Parliament of England for Norfolk
English MPs 1553 (Mary I)
English MPs 1554
English MPs 1558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Bedingfeld |
Maryland Route 14 (MD 14) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs from MD 16 near Secretary east to MD 313 in Eldorado. MD 14 connects those two towns with the towns of East New Market and Brookview in northern Dorchester County. The state highway also shares a concurrency with MD 331 between the communities of Rhodesdale and Shiloh Church. The sections of MD 14 between East New Market and Eldorado were constructed between 1911 and 1914. The highway through Secretary was constructed in the late 1920s. The portion of MD 14 east of Shiloh Church was first marked as part of U.S. Route 213 (US 213) in 1927. In the early 1930s, US 213 was rerouted through Vienna; as a result, MD 14 was extended to its present eastern terminus in Eldorado.
Route description
MD 14 begins at an intersection with MD 16 (Mt. Holly Road) a short distance west of East New Market. The state highway heads north as two-lane undivided Secretary Road in a straight line before curving to the east and crossing the Warwick River, where the highway's name changes to Main Street and the route enters the town of Secretary. MD 14 intersects Poplar Street, which leads to the suicide bridge over Cabin Creek, before leaving the town. The state highway's name changes to Secretary East New Market Road as the road turns southeast toward the town of East New Market. MD 14 passes through East New Market on Academy Road and Railroad Avenue, with the name change occurring at the center of town at the highway's second intersection with MD 16, known at this point as Main Street. After intersecting MD 392 (East New Market Bypass) and crossing the Seaford Line of the Maryland and Delaware Railroad at-grade, MD 14 leaves the town limits of East New Market.
MD 14 continues east as East New Market Rhodesdale Road. The state highway passes north of North Dorchester High School before the western intersection with MD 331 (Shiloh Church Hurlock Road) in the hamlet of Shiloh Church. MD 14 and MD 331 head east in a concurrency to the community of Rhodesdale, where MD 331 splits to the southeast toward Vienna as Rhodesdale Vienna Road. MD 14 crosses an unused rail right-of-way owned by Delmarva Power and Light Company and continues east as Rhodesdale Eldorado Road. The state highway curves northeast and briefly passes through the town of Brookview before crossing Marshyhope Creek on the Brookview Bridge. Shortly after crossing the creek, MD 14 reaches its eastern terminus at MD 313 in the town of Eldorado. MD 313 continues northeast as Eldorado Road and southeast as Sharptown Road.
History
The first section of MD 14 to be constructed as a modern highway was between East New Market and Shiloh Church in 1911. The next two sections were constructed as part of the major north–south highway of the Eastern Shore; the Shiloh Church–Brookview segment was built in 1912 and the Brookview–Eldorado portion was completed in 1914. When route numbers were first assigned in 1927, MD 14 was placed on the western section and US 213 was marked on the two eastern sections. MD 14 between Secretary and East New Market was constructed in 1926 and 1927. The final section between the western junction with MD 16 and Secretary was paved in 1929 and 1930, and was designated as MD 342. While the modern bridge over Marshyhope Creek at Brookview was completed in 1932, it served a lighter traffic load than the previous bridge because of the opening of a new bridge over the Nanticoke River at Vienna the previous year. By 1933, US 213 was relocated through Vienna and MD 14's eastern terminus was moved from Shiloh Church to Eldorado. MD 14's concurrency with US 213 became a concurrency with MD 331 in 1939 when the two latter highways swapped corridors due to the completion of the new Choptank River Bridge in 1935; at the same time, MD 14 extended west, replacing MD 342.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 14
Maryland Roads - MD 14
014
Maryland Route 014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%2014 |
Emmaus Bible College was an Australian Bible College established in 1954 last located in Macquarie Park, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was associated with the Christian Community Churches of Australia (Open Brethren). It was affiliated with the South Pacific Association of Evangelical Colleges and the Sydney College of Divinity. In late 2017 it amalgamated with the Australian College of Christian Studies (formerly known as Tabor College NSW).
It offered courses on site and by distance education, with courses accessed from 105 countries and in 125 languages. Emmaus Bible College was a sister institution to the founding Emmaus Bible College, opened in 1941 in Toronto, Canada.
The college had about 30 full and part-time students. Sixty percent of the student body were Brethren. Its library held the largest collection of Brethren books in the southern hemisphere.
References
External links
1954 establishments in Australia
Evangelical seminaries and theological colleges in Australia
Educational institutions established in 1954
Plymouth Brethren
Seminaries and theological colleges in New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmaus%20Bible%20College%20%28Australia%29 |
A Bible college, sometimes referred to as a Bible institute or theological institute or theological seminary, is an evangelical Christian or Restoration Movement Christian institution of higher education which prepares students for Christian ministry with theological education, Biblical studies and practical ministry training.
Bible colleges primarily offer undergraduate degrees, but may also offer graduate degrees, lower-level associate degrees, certificates or diplomas in specialized areas of Christian training where a full degree is not required.
History
Bible colleges differs from other theological institutions in their missionary perspective. In Europe, the first schools that could be classified in this category are St. Chrischona Theological Seminary (affiliated with Chrischona International) founded in 1840 by Christian Friedrich Spittler in Bettingen, Switzerland, and the Pastors' College (affiliated with the Baptist Union of Great Britain) established in 1856 by Baptist Pastor Charles Spurgeon at London in the United Kingdom.
In the United States and Canada, the origins of the Bible college movement are in the late 19th-century Bible institute movement. The first Bible schools in North America were founded by Canadian Pastor A. B. Simpson (Nyack College in 1882) of the Christian and Missionary Alliance, and D. L. Moody (Moody Bible Institute in 1887). Many were established as a reaction against established theological colleges and seminaries, which conservatives believed were becoming increasingly liberal and undermining traditional Christian teachings, such as Biblical inerrancy.
The American Bible college movement developed in reaction to the secularization of U.S. higher education. The "Bible institute/college movement" has been described as "a protest to the inroads of secularization in higher education and as a base for the education of lay workers and full-time Bible teachers, evangelists, and pastors". As one historian put it, "It is not a coincidence that the Bible institute movement grew up during the very period when the philosophy of naturalism became prevalent in American education". Between 1882 and 1920, 39 Bible schools were founded in the United States.
In 1995, a campus of the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary in the United States was established at the Louisiana State Penitentiary following an invitation from the prison warden, Burl Cain. The school has contributed to a significant reduction in the rate of violence in the prison. In 2016, Cain founded the Prison Seminaries Foundation, an organization that has various member seminaries in American prisons.
Programs
Bible colleges generally confer bachelor's degrees, most often in biblical studies and various divisions of Christian ministry, pastoral ministry and worship ministry or church music. Some Bible colleges offer degree programs in ministry-related areas that also have secular application, such as Christian education.
Beyond the undergraduate level, some others have established seminaries and graduate divisions.
At some Bible colleges, associate's degrees, diplomas, or certificates are available. These programs are generally designed for laypersons (such as Sunday school teachers) who neither want nor need a bachelor's degree to perform their Christian service, but who desire additional training in such areas as Bible studies or the teachings and practices of their denomination.
Many Bible colleges offer correspondence or online training.
Many Bible colleges in the United States and Canada that offer intercollegiate athletic programs are members of the National Christian College Athletic Association or the Association of Christian College Athletics.
Accreditation
The International Council for Evangelical Theological Education was founded in 1980 by the Theological Commission of the World Evangelical Alliance. In 2015, it would have 1,000 member schools in 113 countries.
Affiliations
Bible colleges are usually associated with evangelical, conservative, Christian fundamentalist denominations. Their primary purpose is to prepare people for roles in Christian ministry. The Bible-centered curriculum is typically supplemented by structured programs of Christian service.
Professor salary and teacher-student ratio
In the United States the average salary for a full professor at a Bible institute was around $49,000 in 2012. The student-to-faculty ratio is around 13 students to one instructor.
See also
List of evangelical seminaries and theological colleges (such as Boyce College, Covenant College, Clear Creek Baptist Bible College, etc.)
Association for Biblical Higher Education, formerly the Accrediting Association of Bible Colleges, an accreditation agency that accredits numerous bible colleges
Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools, another accrediting association that accredits numerous bible colleges
Notes
References
See also
Christian school
Yeshiva
Evangelical ecclesiology
Types of university or college
Restoration Movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible%20college |
Pavlo Polubotok (, , ; born around 1660, died on 29 December 1724), was a Ukrainian Cossack political and military leader and Acting Hetman of Left-bank Ukraine between 1722 and 1724.
Biography
Pavlo Polubotok was born around 1660 in Borzna (according to another version, at his family's khutor-farm Polubotivka, today part of Shramkivka) into a rich Cossack family and as a young man served under his relative Hetman Ivan Samoylovych.
In 1706 he became polkovnyk (colonel) of Chernigov Regiment and during the Great Northern War remained loyal to the Imperial Russians and fought against Ivan Mazepa. Pavel Polubotok was seen by many as a possible replacement for the disgraced Hetman, but the Russian Tsar Peter the Great distrusted Polubotok and supported Ivan Skoropadsky, who became the next Hetman. Nonetheless, Polubotok's loyalty was rewarded when wealthy estates throughout Ukraine were given to him.
In 1722, after the death of Skoropadsky, Pavlo Polubotok was named as his temporary replacement. As Hetman, Polubotok supported greater autonomy for Cossack Hetmante within the Russian Empire and defended the old privileges of the Cossack nobility. He wrote numerous petitions to Peter the Great asking him to re-instate the former way of electing the Hetman by the starshyna. In 1723 Alexander Rumyantsev was sent to Ukraine to investigate Polubotok. Within several months Polubotok was arrested, implicated in secret dealing with Pylyp Orlyk and accused of "treason." The Hetman was incarcerated in the Petropavlovsk fortress and died there less than a year later on 29 December 1724.
Legacy
Historians are divided on Polubotok's legacy. Soviet historians saw him as a "greedy man who concentrated on overt class interests." Most modern Ukrainians consider him a martyr and a hero of the Ukrainian struggle for independence.
Polubotok was written about in the poem "Son" ("A Dream", 1844) by Taras Shevchenko.
The Gold of Polubotok
The Gold of Polubotok is the legend of a large amount of gold which Hetman Polubotok supposedly deposited into an English bank in 1723, and which would have been returned upon the independence of Ukraine with an astronomical amount of interest. According to the story, being the head of state, Pavlo Polubotok had access to the state treasury. However, when he lost control and was forced to leave the country, he had put money from the treasury into the bank. In his will, Polubotok allegedly bequeathed eighty percent of the gold to a future independent Ukraine, and the rest to his successors. Even for today, a lot of Ukrainians know this story as an intriguing moment in Ukraine–United Kingdom relations.
The story first became widely known in 1907, when it was published in the Russian journal New Time by Professor Alexander Rubets.
See also
Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks
Collegium of Little Russia (1722-27)
History of Ukraine
Gold of Polubotok
References
External links
Pavlo Polubotok - Kyiv-Mohyla Academy alumnus
1660 births
1724 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Acting Hetmans (Ukrainian Cossacks)
People from Cherkasy Oblast
People from the Cossack Hetmanate
Zaporozhian Cossack nobility
Colonels of the Cossack Hetmanate
Prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlo%20Polubotok |
Boomsday was an annual fireworks celebration that took place on Labor Day weekend in Knoxville, Tennessee. It was the largest Labor Day firework show in the United States, and was considered a top attraction in the region. The event was held on Volunteer Landing and accompanied by live music and festivities.
Boomsday's firework display attracted over 325,000 spectators every year. Fireworks were set off from the Henley Street Bridge (to a lesser extent Baptist Hospital and the Gay Street Bridge) and spectators could view the show from the riverfront, hillsides, or on boats from the Tennessee River. In 2006, Boomsday was expanded to a three-day event lasting through Labor Day weekend, causing Knoxville to lose money, and the city reverted to the one-day event in 2007. The fireworks display was choreographed to music with one such selection being Madonna's Lucky Star in which all the bursts were star shaped. The Tennessee Volunteer's fight song with the bursts being the team's colors bursting in front of Neyland Stadium was always a perennial crowd pleaser. Other musical selections included Smoke on the Water from Deep Purple, the theme from Jaws, and Born to Be Wild from Steppenwolf, just to name a few. The "waterfall" on the Henley Street Bridge marked the second half of the show.
In July 2015, organizers announced that 2015 would be the final Boomsday, stating that the city loses approximately $100,000 per year hosting the event.
Gallery
References
External links
Official site
Boomsday Knoxville
Festivals in Tennessee
Culture of Knoxville, Tennessee
Tourist attractions in Knoxville, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomsday |
Cenk Ünnü (born 1967 in Istanbul) is the drummer of the heavy metal band Mezarkabul (also known as Pentagram). He and Hakan Utangaç formed Pentagram together in 1986. He graduated from Istanbul University’s Faculty of Literature, Anthropology. He lives in Istanbul and runs an underground music store called Pena. He is married and has a son, Arda, and a daughter, Öykü.
Discography
with Pentagram
Pentagram 1990
Trail Blazer 1992
Anatolia 1997
Popçular Dışarı 1998
Unspoken 2001
Bir 2002
External links
Official Mezarkabul website
1967 births
Living people
Turkish drummers
Heavy metal drummers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenk%20%C3%9Cnn%C3%BC |
Ralung Monastery (), located in the Tsang region of western Tibet south of Karo Pass, is the traditional seat of the Drukpa Lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. It was founded in 1180 by Tsangpa Gyare, 1st Gyalwang Drukpa, a disciple of Lingje Répa () who founded the Drukpa Lineage.
Location
The monastery is located in present-day Gyantse County several kilometers south of the road connecting Nakartse and Lungmar, immediately north of the Gasa district of Bhutan. In previous times, trade could be conducted across the Yak La pass across the high Himalayas, extending the influence of Ralung to the south.
The monastery is surrounded by the towering peaks and glacier fields of Gyetong Soksum (6,244m), Jangzang Lhamo (6,324m) and Nojin Gangzang (7,191m). From the beginning the location was recognized as especially auspicious:
History
The founder of Bhutan, the first Zhabdrung Rinpoche, Ngawang Namgyal, was the 18th abbot of Ralung Monastery. In 1616, he fled Tibet when his recognition as the reincarnation of renowned scholar Kunkhyen Pema Karpo was challenged by the governor of Tsang province. Ngawang Namgyal unified the warring valleys of Bhutan, fending off attacks from Tibet, forming a national identity and establishing a dual system of government that continues to this day in modified form as the Royal Government of Bhutan.
Palden Drukpa lineage
Chart of the hereditary Palden Drukpa lineage () of Ralung from the founder, Tsangpa Gyare, to the last hereditary throne holder, Ngawang Namgyal. Successive throne holders are numbered with their names in bold text.
Footnotes
References
Dorje, Gyurme; (1999). Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan (2nd Ed.) Footprint Handbooks. . p. 253.
External links
Ralung Monastery
rwa lung TBRC G44
Ralung
Buddhist monasteries in Tibet
Buddhist temples in Tibet
Drukpa Kagyu monasteries and temples
1180 establishments in Asia
Religious organizations established in the 1180s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralung%20Monastery |
St. Paul High School may refer to:
Canada
St. Paul High School (Ottawa), Nepean, Ontario
Saint Paul Catholic High School, Niagara Falls, Ontario
United States
St. Paul High School (Arkansas), St. Paul, Arkansas
St. Paul High School (Santa Fe Springs, California)
St. Paul Catholic High School, Bristol, Connecticut
St. Paul High School, St. Paul, Kansas
St. Paul High School (Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan)
St. Paul High School (Nebraska), a high school in St. Paul, Nebraska
St. Paul High School (Ohio), Norwalk, Ohio
St. Paul High School (Oregon), St. Paul, Oregon
St. Paul High School (Shiner, Texas)
St. Paul High School (Virginia), St. Paul, Virginia
See also
St. Paul's High School (disambiguation)
St. Paul's School (disambiguation)
Saint Paul (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Paul%20High%20School |
Francisco Benjamín López Toledo (17 July 1940 – 5 September 2019) was a Mexican Zapotec painter, sculptor, and graphic artist. In a career that spanned seven decades, Toledo produced thousands of works of art and became widely regarded as one of Mexico's most important contemporary artists. An activist as well as an artist, he promoted the artistic culture and heritage of Oaxaca state. Toledo was considered part of the Breakaway Generation of Mexican art.
Early life and education
Toledo was born in Mexico city in 1940, the child of Francisco López Orozco and Florencia Toledo Nolasco. He studied at the Escuela de Bellas Artes de Oaxaca and the Centro Superior de Artes Applicadas del Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, Mexico, where he studied graphic arts with Guillermo Silva Santamaria. As a young man, Toledo studied art in Paris where he met Rufino Tamayo and Octavio Paz.
Career
Toledo worked in various media, including pottery, sculpture, weaving, graphic arts, and painting. There have been exhibitions of his work in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Spain, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Japan, Sweden, the United States, as well as other countries. His work is known for its portrayal of flora and fauna, mythical imagery, and erotic content. Art critic Dore Ashton characterized Toledo as "a modern artist who, like others such as Paul Klee, Marc Chagall and Miró, has learned the value of the sweeping glance into the minutest corners of nature."
At the age of 19, a solo exhibition of his work in Fort Worth, Texas, received international attention. Toledo lived and worked in Paris starting in 1960 and returned to Mexico in 1965. He lived briefly in New York in the late 1970s, holding an exhibition at the Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse, New York. In 1980, Mexico City's Museo de Arte Moderno hosted a retrospective of his art. His work was shown at both the Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City and the Mexican Fine Arts Center Museum of Chicago in 1984. Toledo settled in Oaxaca in the 1980s.
Toledo was featured at the Venice Biennale in 1997. An exhibition of over 90 of his works was shown at the Whitechapel Gallery in London and the Reina Sofia Museum in Madrid in 2000. In 2017, the Fondo Cultural Banamex published a four-volume catalogue of Toledo's work, the result of a five-year investigation to track pieces held in museums, galleries, and private collections around the world.
Art activism
Toledo's social and cultural concerns about his home state led to his participation in the establishment of an art library at the Instituto de Artes Gráficas de Oaxaca (IAGO), as well as his involvement in the founding of the :es:Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Oaxaca (MACO), the Patronato Pro-Defensa y Conservación del Patrimonio Cultural de Oaxaca, a library for the blind, a photographic center, and the Eduardo Mata Music Library. A cultural conservationist, Toledo fought against the building of a McDonald's in Oaxaca City and led protests to stop the construction of a convention center on a local mountain.
Following the 2014 disappearance of 43 students in Iguala, Guerrero, Toledo made an exhibition of kites to remember the students, honoring a tradition from Oaxaca. The exhibition was titled Duelo (Mourning), at the Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City, and Fire and Earth at Latin American Masters, Los Angeles.
Awards
Mexican National Prize for Arts and Sciences (Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes) (1998)
Prince Claus Award, Prince Claus Fund (2000)
Federico Sescosse Prize, ICOMOS Mexico (2003)
Right Livelihood Award (2005)
Personal life
Toledo's parents were Zapotec. He married three times, secondly to poet and translator Elisa Ramirez Castañeda and thirdly to Danish weaver Trine Ellitsgaard. He was father of poet Natalia Toledo and artists Laureana Toledo and Dr Lakra.
Francisco Toledo died on 5 September 2019 at the age of 79.
Tribute
On 17 July 2021, Google celebrated his 81st birthday with a Google Doodle.
References
External links
Biography on Estate of Francisco Toledo
Biography on Aquí Oaxaca
Biography on Widewalls
Essay by Dore Ashton
Feature on Smithsonian Magazine by Paul Theroux
1940 births
2019 deaths
Mexican artists
Mexican graphic designers
Latin American artists of indigenous descent
Indigenous Mexican artists
Zapotec people
People from Juchitán de Zaragoza
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Toledo |
The Doodletown Pipers (also known as The New Doodletown Pipers) were a 1960s and 1970s easy listening musical vocal group founded by Ward Ellis, George Wilkins, Bernie Brillstein and Jerry Weintraub.
The Doodletown Pipers made numerous appearances on network television (including The Ed Sullivan Show), and worked with such names as Count Basie, The Carpenters, Perry Como, Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, Frank Gorshin, Alan King, Mike Post, Sarah Vaughan, John Wayne, and Rowan & Martin. Members of the group included Mic Bell, Mike Campbell, Jim Gilstrap, Teresa Graves, Augie Johnson, Rod Anderson, Tom McKenzie, Samantha Lessard, and Oren Waters.
The Doodletown Pipers are considered by some to be the epitome of bland, squeaky-clean popular music. One critic describes their music paradoxically as "dull-as-lint" yet at the same time "weirdly but undeniably charming." On his television program, Roger Miller referred to them as the "Poodletown Diapers".
History
The Doodletown Pipers' first appearance was on The Red Skelton Show with 30 members in the group. The group was then cut down to 20 members when they opened for George Burns and Lainie Kazan at The Nugget in Sparks, Nevada in June, 1966. The original members were Holly Mershon, Teresa Graves, Helen (Aiken) Maxwell, Joy Jolley, Helen Sexton, Natalie Cirello, Jill McDonald, Kathy Cahill, Lynn Dolin, Pat Henderson, Karen Warren, and Linda A., Mike Campbell, "Little Ricky" Richard Doran, "Big Bob" Anderson, Gene Meyer, Tommy Webb, Russell Carson, Bill Lively, Marshall Ramirez, Emmitt Cash, and Bob Kenny. Some of the first replacements were Rod Anderson, Steve Sweetland, Jim Gilstrap, Augie Johnson, Ellie Mandel, Elaine Blakely, Lorna Wright, Pam Feener, Sharry Dore, Larry Puma, Kathy Wright, Jan Bunch, Patty "Chocolate" Banks, Samantha "Sammie" Williams, and Taffy Jones.
The group worked non-stop from 1966 through the late 1970s. They toured with Nancy Wilson, who was an early supporter of the group. They also opened for, among others, Perry Como, Jane Morgan (whose husband, Jerry Weintraub, was one of the group's managers), Eddie Fisher, Shelley Berman, Phil Harris, and Henry Mancini. The Pipers also worked such venues as The Greek Theater, Madison Square Garden, Avery Fisher Hall, The Sands, Sahara, Flamingo and Frontier Hotels in Las Vegas, Lake Tahoe and Reno, Nevada.
The Doodletown Pipers had two television shows. The Smothers Brothers' 1967 summer replacement show called Our Place co-starring Jack Burns, Avery Schreiber and Rowlf the Dog (puppeteered by Jim Henson). It was produced by Ed Sullivan. The second show was six one-hour specials starring The Doodletown Pipers with guest-stars such as Norm Crosby. They were semi-regulars on The Roger Miller Show (1966) and were regulars on The Carpenters summer 1971 TV show Make Your Own Kind of Music, both on NBC. Other television appearances included The Jerry Lewis Show, The Beautiful Phyllis Diller Show, and The Ed Sullivan Show (six times, once following a promotional video for The Beatles' "Hello, Goodbye"). They appeared on specials including "Rodgers & Hart Today," the Emmy Award-winning Sing Out Sweet Land with John Wayne, and numerous shows with Bing Crosby and Perry Como.
While the group's records had reasonable success, after they were signed by Bell Records as "The New Doodletown Pipers" by TV composer and record producer Mike Post in 1971, their new records met with little success.
The Doodletown Pipers' last appearance may have been in 1987, when they appeared on Dave Letterman's Old Fashioned Christmas, a special episode of Late Night with David Letterman.
Members
Ward Ellis
George Wilkins
Bernie Brillstein
Jerry Weintraub
Teresa Graves
Helen (Aiken) Maxwell
Taffy Jones
Steve Sweetland
Tommy Webb
Lynn Dolin
Jim Gilstrap
"Little Ricky" Richard Doran
Patty "Chocolate" Banks
Holly Mershon
Mike Campbell
Mic Bell
Joy Jolley
Helen Sexton
Natalie Cirello
Jill McDonald
Kathy Cahill
Pat Henderson
Karen Warren
Linda A.
"Big Bob" Anderson
Gene Meyer
Russell Carson
Bill Lively
Marshall Ramirez
Emmitt Cash
Bob Kenny
Ellie Mandel
Elaine Blakely
Lorna Wright
Pam Feener
Sharry Dore
Larry Puma
Kathy Wright
Jan Bunch
Samantha "Sammie" Williams
Tom McKenzie
Oren Waters
Augie Johnson
Samantha Lessard
Rod Anderson
Ed Lojeski
Popular culture
The group received a publicity boost when they were mentioned in a 1997 episode of The Simpsons titled "El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer (The Mysterious Voyage of Homer)":
Homer: "We don't have anything in common. Look at these records: Jim Nabors, Glen Campbell, the Doodletown Pipers. Now look at her records! They stink!"
The group was also mentioned in season six of the movie-lampooning TV show Mystery Science Theater 3000, the episode (episode #620) in which Mike and the bots watch the 1967 Italian spy film Danger!! Death Ray. Shortly after the opening credits end, the wordless-vocal theme song (that plays periodically throughout the film) continues over the action. As the song ends, robot Crow affects the voice of a radio DJ, saying: "That was Bop-ba-dop-a-da-da by the Doodletown Pipers!"
Discography
Singalong '67 (released and recorded in 1967)
Here Come the Doodletown Pipers (released and recorded in 1966)
Love Themes: Hit Songs for Those in Love (released and recorded in 1968)
References
American vocal groups
Musical groups established in 1965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Doodletown%20Pipers |
Robert M. Hopkins (November 3, 1934 – May 15, 2015) was an American basketball player and coach.
Biography
A native of Jonesboro, La., Hopkins participated in football, basketball, baseball, and track (He was invited to participate in the 1956 Olympic Games as a broad jumper but declined in order to sign with the Syracuse Nationals.) Over the course of his career he achieved all-state honors in football (twice). basketball (twice) and baseball (four times). He's most noted for playing college basketball at Grambling State University, where he scored 3,759 points (averaging 29.8 points per game for his career). He was the first Grambling player to make an all-American basketball team and the school's first professional player. Hopkins was an all-conference selection at Grambling all four years and made all-American three times. Over the course of his career he held the NAIA records for most career points (3,759), field goals made (1,403), free throws made (953), and rebounds (12,191). Hopkins was college basketball's all-time leading scorer until 1972 when Travis Grant of Kentucky State University set the new record of 4,045 points. Hopkins then played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for four seasons (1956–1960) with the Syracuse Nationals and then the Philadelphia Tapers (1960–1962), but his career was eventually cut short due to a leg injury.
In his first venture as head coach (1965–66) at Prairie View College, Hopkins' squad posted a 16–10 record and a second-place finish in the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SAC). Moving next to Alcorn A&M (State) in Mississippi in 1966, Hopkins coached the Braves to three straight SAC championships, obtaining Coach of the Year honors following each season. His first two Alcorn teams participated in the national tournament at Kansas City, Mo. advancing to the second and third rounds respectively. In his third year, his team sported a 27–0 record before they were defeated in the finals of the NCAA College Division by Kentucky Wesleyan. He was voted regional "Coach of the Year" during his last two years at Alcorn by the NAIA.
Hopkins next served as the head coach for Xavier University of Louisiana Gold Rush from 1969 to 1974, coaching future ABA and NBA stars Bruce Seals and "Slick" Watts. During his tenure, coach Hopkins led the team to 89 wins and 47 losses, four winning seasons, and two NAIA District 30 Championships, leading Xavier to the national NAIA Tournament in Kansas City for two consecutive years (1972 and 1973). He would next serve on Bill Russell's coaching staff with the Seattle SuperSonics and replaced Russell, his cousin, after the 1976–77 season. Hopkins posted a 5–17 record during the 1977–78 season before being fired; he was replaced by Lenny Wilkens, who led the Sonics to the NBA Finals that season and the following, winning the NBA championship in 1979.
Hopkins was inducted into the NAlA Hall of Fame in 1963, and elected into the College Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013.
He died of heart and kidney failure on May 15, 2015, and was his funeral was held at St Monica Catholic Church on Mercer Island.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Bob Hopkins (as coach)
BasketballReference.com: Bob Hopkins (as player)
1934 births
2015 deaths
African-American basketball players
Alcorn State Braves basketball coaches
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Louisiana
Basketball players from Louisiana
Centers (basketball)
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Grambling State Tigers men's basketball coaches
Grambling State Tigers men's basketball players
Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks men's basketball coaches
National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
People from Jonesboro, Louisiana
Power forwards (basketball)
Prairie View A&M Panthers basketball coaches
Seattle SuperSonics head coaches
Southern Jaguars basketball coaches
Syracuse Nationals draft picks
Syracuse Nationals players
Xavier Gold Rush basketball coaches
African-American Catholics
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Hopkins |
Alejandro Jesús Obregón Rosės (4 June 1920 – 11 April 1992) was a Colombian painter, muralist, sculptor and engraver.
Biography
Obregón was born in Barcelona, Spain. He was the son of a Colombian father and a Catalan mother. The Obregón family owned a textile factory in Barranquilla, Colombia. Most of his childhood was spent in Barranquilla and Liverpool, England. After returning to Barranquilla, he decided to become an artist. He studied fine arts in Boston for a year in 1939, then returned to Barcelona to serve as Vice-consul of Colombia for four years. He married Ilva Rasch-Isla, the daughter of poet Miguel Rasch-Isla, during his time in Spain. In 1948, he became Director of the School of Fine Arts in Santafé de Bogotá, where he was influenced by the fresco style of artists Pedro Nel Gómez and Santiago Martinez Delgado. He left the School of Fine Arts and moved to France with his second wife, Sonia Osorio; he later married his third wife, English painter Freda Sargent. After traveling around Europe, he returned to Barranquilla in 1955. Obregón died on April 11, 1992, succumbing to a brain tumor. He lived and worked in Cartagena for the last 22 years of his life, from 1970 until his death in 1992.
Career
Obregón presented his first solo exhibition in Colombia in 1945. He participated in the fifth and sixth Salón de Artistas Colombianos in 1944 and 1945, which attracted attention from press and critics. In 1945, Obregón settled in Barranquilla where he won the first prize for Dorso de mujer at the first and showed his second solo exhibition in February 1946. During the same year, he moved to Paris and exhibited work throughout France, Germany and Switzerland. Then he moved to Alba, near Avignon, where he remained until 1955. A painting from that year, Still Life in Yellow, shows that his personal style was fully developed, with the formal elements that came to characterize his work. In 1955, Souvenir of Venice (1954) was acquired for the Museum of Modern Art New York, making Obregón one of the few Colombians in the museum's collection. He won the Salón de Artistas Colombianos Prize in 1962.
Style and elements
Obregón is primarily a painter. His compositions are usually divided horizontally into two areas of different pictorial value or size, but of equal visual intensity. Other elements are placed against them. His style is characterized by use of color, exploration of traits and strokes through brush handling, and employment of transparency and impastoes. Landscapes were translated into geometric symbols of Colombia. Obregón is a good example of the abstract Surrealist trend in Latin America.
Color plays a fundamental role in integrating the structures of his design, using geometric forms and expressionism. Both on an affective level and as a unifying element of the composition, color is an essential part of Obregon's style. The elegiac and dramatic tone of El Velorio, for example, is heightened by the dominance of the red color in the geometrically articulated composition.
Critic Marta Traba identified a series of characteristic elements in Obregon's work: personal poetic values; self-sufficiency in regard to reality, indeed starting from it; expressive intention; freedom of form; search for identity based on the landscape, zoology, and flora; elliptic space people by magic elements; and contempt for urban culture. Also unique to Obregon is that instead of faithfully painting what he sees, he made extensive use of his personal imagination and vitality. From his still lifes of the 1950s to his landscapes of the sky, the sea and the buildings of Cartagena de Indias, where he worked until his death, Obregón's work is multifaceted. He conveys his feeling for the geography and wildlife of Colombia, his love of family and his passion for women. His subjects remind the viewer of loyalty, friendship, memory and ultimately of the wonder of life, however insignificant it may seem in terms of the cosmos.
Often all of them are accompanied by lush samples of fauna and flora, where, in some cases, the protagonist is the flower, and Flor de mangle (1965), or chameleons, as in Dos camaleones (1962), Jardínes tropicales (1962) and its sister piece Homenaje a Zurbarán (1962), and Jardín barroco (1965). As a significant event in the El último cóndor (1965), the artist has the animal recumbent, purple latter, denouncing the real danger of extinction which is his kind, next to a colorful mangrove, paradoxically also affected by human intervention.
Periods
Between 1942 and 1946, Obregón assimilated different influences. His painting shows the influence of Picasso and Graham Sutherland, although these are only points of departure. Between 1947 and 1957, influenced by Goya and Picasso, he painted themes such as lunatic asylums, madmen in cafes, and dogs. He was witness to the popular revolt of April 9, 1948, and became especially interested in interpreting that event, which would reach its maximum expression in his oil Violencia. In his third period, from 1958 to 1965, Obregón made another trip to Europe and the United States. During the 1960s, Obregón used a pictographic system of his own invention, with formal and chromatic symbols. This system was recognized at the Ninth São Paulo Biennial, where he represented Colombia in his own pavilion and was awarded the Francisco Matarazzo Sobrinho Grand Prize for Latin America. After 1966, once he earned wide recognition at home and abroad, he switched from oils to acrylic.
Influences
Over a period of four decades, Obregón incorporated a repertory of themes into his painting that are unmistakably Colombian in character.
Obregón took influence from European culture, while retaining an Andean imagery and stylistic creation, using guitars, bulls, and the Andean condor in his pieces. In 1959, Obregón painted his first condor, which has since appeared in almost fifty canvases during his career. While alluding to the nation, as the condor figures in Colombia's coat of arms, in Obregón's work, the condor also refers to the exaltation of the might of American nature, the ideal of liberty, and the power of vitality. The use of guitar iconography may have come from the influence of Picasso, whose Cubist influence was the starting point for Obregón's artwork.
At different times throughout his career, Obregón produced works related to political violence in Colombia, such as La Violencia, since 1948. Estudiante Muerto, awarded the national prize for Colombia at the 1956 Guggenheim International Exhibition, belonged to a group of paintings commemorating students and popular leaders who lost their lives during this period of social unrest.
The "Big Five"
Obregón is the artist perhaps most closely identified with the spirit of artistic renewal manifested in the 1950s in Colombia. It was during this period that Obregón, Enrique Grau, Fernando Botero, Eduardo Ramírez Villamizar and Édgar Negret, came to be known as the "Big Five" of Colombian art. Also in 1956, Obregón's Cattle Drowning in the Magdalena River was awarded first prize at the Gulf Caribbean Competition in Houston, Texas, an exhibition that also included works by others from the "Big Five".
La Violencia works
Velorio (Wake), also known as Estudiante fusilado (Executed Student) and other similar names, was one of Obregón's most prominent commentaries on La Violencia. In this piece, Obregón displays his early cubist influence, evident in the reduction of details and objects into elemental shapes. While the simple image appears to display a body, with bandages covering the man's body and a partially severed leg, the context of the piece provides more information. Obregón painted this piece during La Violencia in Colombia. Obregón was one of the first Colombian artists to comment on La Violencia. Velorio refers to a specific event that happened on June 8 and 9 of 1954; a student uprising at the National University against the dictatorship of President Gustavo Rojas Pinilla resulted in the massacre of thirteen students by army forces. Contemporaries Ignacio Gómez Jaramillo and Enrique Grau also witnessed this event, but Obregón's painting is more abstract and more expressive than their interpretations of the same event. The departure from anecdotal issues and the use of non-naturalistic lines and colors and fragmentation of the figure with expressive purposes in El Velorio is believed to have influenced other artists interested in addressing the socio-political issues during the sixties.
In Violencia (1962), Obregón conveyed the ominous atmosphere and perversion evident in the violence that occurred in rural areas. This painting suggests the figure of a pregnant woman on her back, a figure which blends with the landscape. She has been attacked and killed; the skin of her face seems to have been torn up. The gray body with scratches and subtle touches of red creates an impression of desolation. While the presentation date of Violencia cannot tie the painting to any specific instance, it can be inferred that he was aware of the atrocities of the time.
Murals
Tierra, mar y aire (Earth, Sea, and Wind) is a mural currently on the façade of the Mezrahi building, located at 53 Carrera and 76th Street in Barranquilla, Colombia. Obregón was commissioned to create the mural by Samuel Mezrahi, father of the current owner and resident of the building, Mair Mezrahi-Tourgemen, when the artist was at the midpoint of his artistic career. Obregón was paid 15,000.00 pesos to complete the project. It took Obregón around a year to finish the mural, as he chose an extremely delicate and time-consuming approach, requiring a complex process called mosaic. To construct the mural, he glued individual pieces of ceramic tiles (Cristanac) on the wall of the Mezrahi building. Tierra, mar y aire covers the entire height of the three-story building wall. The surface of the work measures . Obregón utilized intense colors and symbols that pay tribute to the tropical nature of the area. Although the mural is in need of repair, no effort has been made as the materials are no longer being manufactured.
Cosas de aire (Air Things), created in 1970, was donated by The BBVA Bank of Colombia to the Museo de Arte Moderno de Barranquilla in 2008. It is an acrylic mural on mortar cement, measuring 16.5x9 meters, featuring bright and sweeping geometric patterns devoid of the brushstrokes that are typical of his work. It is the last of a series of five murals painted by Obregón in Barranquilla.
Exhibitions and awards
1956 Cattle Drowning in the Magdelena River, Gulf Caribbean Competition, Houston, Texas. First prize
1956 Estudiante muerto, Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation International Exhibition. National prize
1962 Salón de Artistas Colombianos
1999 Arte y violencia en Colombia desde 1948, Museo de Arte Moderno, Bogotá, Colombia
2009 50 Years, 50 Works: Art of Latin America, Caribbean of the 20th Century, Museo de Antioquia in Medellin, Colombia
Selected artworks
Tierra, Mar, y Aire, 1957
Estudiante Muerto, 1956
Tropical Jardines, 1962
Last Condor, 1965
Torocondor
Approaching Cyclone, 1960
Carnivorous Flowers
Huesos de mis bestias: el alcatraz, 1966
Cosas de Aire, 1970
References
External links
Alejandro Obregon Official website
National Museum of Colombia – Obregon
Book on Alejandro Obregon (I) by Camilo Chico
Book on Alejandro Obregon (II)
ArtNexus – "Obregon Mural in Urgent Need of Restoration"
Modern painters
Colombian painters
Colombian male painters
1920 births
1992 deaths
Naturalized citizens of Colombia
Artists from Barcelona
Spanish emigrants to Colombia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro%20Obreg%C3%B3n |
The Indian Nation Turnpike, also designated State Highway 375 (SH-375), is a toll road in southeastern Oklahoma, United States, running between Hugo and Henryetta, a distance of . It is the longest tollway in the state.
Route description
The Indian Nation Turnpike is built to parkway-like design standards, omitting a center barrier and left-hand shoulders for a slightly mounded grassy median that is flush with the edge of the left lane in each direction. However, the median is slowly being upgraded to a cable barrier with left shoulders bordering it. The turnpike's speed limit is from I-40 south to north of US-270/OK-1, and from there to the southern terminus it is 75 mph (120 km/h).
Law enforcement along the Indian Nation Turnpike is provided by Oklahoma Highway Patrol Troop XC, a special troop assigned to the turnpike.
The only service plaza along the entire turnpike is located just north of the US-69 exit near McAlester. Service plazas formerly existed near the Antlers and OK-9 exits before the one near McAlester opened.
History
The route is one continuous four-lane limited access highway, but consists of two separately constructed sections. The northern section, which opened in 1966, is the portion between I-40/US 62/US 75 near Henryetta and US 69 south of McAlester. The southern extension opened in 1970, and is the segment from the US 69 junction to US 70/271 in Hugo.
On December 2, 2014, the Oklahoma Turnpike Authority approved funds to reconstruct the Eufaula interchange, demolishing the Eufaula service plaza and relocating the toll plaza to where the service plaza once stood. The interchange previously had the highest accident rate of all Oklahoma's turnpikes. The funds also went towards demolishing the Antlers service plaza. A new service plaza opened north of the McAlester interchange on December 19, 2014, containing a McDonald's.
The Indian Nation Turnpike originally bore no numbered designation. On August 2, 2021, the Oklahoma Transportation Commission unanimously approved a motion to apply the SH-375 designation to the turnpike. ODOT Director Tim Gatz stated in the Transportation Commission meeting that the numbering addition was primarily to aid in navigation using digital mapping and routing applications.
Tolls
There are three mainline toll plazas, one just north of the OK-9/Eufaula exit, one just south of the US-69 exit near McAlester, and one within the Antlers exit. The toll plaza at the Eufaula exit has two high-speed Pikepass lanes, with one in each direction. These lanes do not have access to OK-9. To access the OK-9 exit from the southbound lanes, motorists must exit into the cash lanes and then exit the cash lanes before the mainline tollbooths.
A two-axle vehicle pays $7.75 ($6.20 with Pikepass and other compatible systems) to drive the full length of the turnpike.
Exit list
See also
Oklahoma Turnpike Authority
Pikepass
References
Toll roads in Oklahoma
Transport infrastructure completed in 1966
Transportation in Choctaw County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Pushmataha County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Atoka County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Pittsburg County, Oklahoma
Transportation in McIntosh County, Oklahoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Nation%20Turnpike |
In evolutionary developmental biology, Paired box (Pax) genes are a family of genes coding for tissue specific transcription factors containing an N-terminal paired domain and usually a partial, or in the case of four family members (PAX3, PAX4, PAX6 and PAX7), a complete homeodomain to the C-terminus. An octapeptide as well as a Pro-Ser-Thr-rich C terminus may also be present. Pax proteins are important in early animal development for the specification of specific tissues, as well as during epimorphic limb regeneration in animals capable of such.
The paired domain was initially described in 1987 as the "paired box" in the Drosophila protein paired (prd; ).
Groups
Within the mammalian family, there are four well defined groups of Pax genes.
Pax group 1 (Pax 1 and 9),
Pax group 2 (Pax 2, 5 and 8),
Pax group 3 (Pax 3 and 7) and
Pax group 4 (Pax 4 and 6).
Two more families, Pox-neuro and Pax-α/β, exist in basal bilaterian species. Orthologous genes exist throughout the Metazoa, including extensive study of the ectopic expression in Drosophila using murine Pax6. The two rounds of whole-genome duplications in vertebrate evolution is responsible for the creation of as many as 4 paralogs for each Pax protein.
Members
PAX1 has been identified in mice with the development of vertebrate and embryo segmentation, and some evidence this is also true in humans. It transcribes a 440 amino acid protein from 4 exons and 1,323 in humans. In the mouse Pax1 mutation has been linked to undulated mutant suffering from skeletal malformations .
PAX2 has been identified with kidney and optic nerve development. It transcribes a 417 amino acid protein from 11 exons and 4,261 in humans. Mutation of PAX2 in humans has been associated with renal-coloboma syndrome as well as oligomeganephronia.
PAX3 has been identified with ear, eye and facial development. It transcribes a 479 amino acid protein in humans. Mutations in it can cause Waardenburg syndrome. PAX3 is frequently expressed in melanomas and contributes to tumor cell survival.
PAX4 has been identified with pancreatic islet beta cells. It transcribes a 350 amino acid protein from 9 exons and 2,010 in humans. Knockout mice lacking Pax4 expression fail to develop insulin-producing cells . Pax4 undergoes mutual reciprocal interaction with the transcription factor Arx to endow pancreatic endocrine cells with insulin and glucagon cells respectively
PAX5 has been identified with neural and spermatogenesis development and b-cell differentiation. It transcribes a 391 amino acid protein from 10 exons and 3,644 in humans.
PAX6 (eyeless) is the most researched and appears throughout the literature as a "master control" gene for the development of eyes and sensory organs, certain neural and epidermal tissues as well as other homologous structures, usually derived from ectodermal tissues .
PAX7 has been possibly associated with myogenesis. It transcribes a protein of 520 amino acids from 8 exons and 2,260 in humans. PAX7 directs postnatal renewal and propagation of myogenic satellite cells but not for the specification.
PAX8 has been associated with thyroid specific expression. It transcribes a protein of 451 amino acids from 11 exons and 2,526 in humans. Pax8 loss-of-function mutant mice lack follicular cells of the thyroid gland .
PAX9 has found to be associated with a number of organ and other skeletal developments, particularly teeth. It transcribes a protein of 341 amino acids from 4 exons and 1,644 in humans.
See also
Homeobox
Evolutionary developmental biology
Body plan
SOX genes
References
==Further reading==
External links
A Review of the Highly Conserved PAX6 Gene in Eye Development Regulation
Paired domain in PROSITE
Developmental genes and proteins
Transcription factors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax%20genes |
Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs is a position of the United States government within the Department of State that heads the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, which is responsible for development of policies and programs to combat international narcotics and crime. The current acting Assistant Secretary is Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary James A. Walsh.
On October 1, 1978, Congress, in the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for fiscal Year 1979, authorized the position of Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics Matters, to be responsible for the overall coordination of the role of the Department of State in the international aspects of narcotics problems. This title had been given in full in each appointee's commission. The new Assistant Secretary, who headed the Bureau for International Narcotics Matters, replaced a Senior Adviser to the Secretary of State on Narcotics, who had served with a rank equivalent to an Assistant Secretary of State since 1971. The Department of State first supported the Department of the Treasury's Bureau of Narcotics in 1909. The title of this position was changed from International Narcotics Matters to International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs on February 10, 1995.
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for International Narcotics Matters, 1979–1995
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, 1995–present
The title "Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics Matters" was renamed "Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs" on February 10, 1995.
References
External links
Official website
www.state.gov Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
The Office of the Historian's list of former Assistant Secretaries
Drug policy of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant%20Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20International%20Narcotics%20and%20Law%20Enforcement%20Affairs |
ConnNet was a packet switched data network operated by the Southern New England Telephone Company serving the U.S. state of Connecticut.
ConnNet was the nation's first local public packet switching network when it was launched on March 11, 1985. Users could access services such as Dow Jones News Retrieval, CompuServe, Dialcom, GEnie, Delphi, Eaasy Sabre, NewsNet, PeopleLink, the National Library of Medicine, and BIX. ConnNet could also be used to access other national and international packet networks, such as Tymnet and ACCUNET. Large companies also connected their mainframe computers to ConnNet allowing employees access to the mainframes from home. The network is no longer in operation.
Hardware
The X.25 network was based on hardware from Databit, Inc. consisting of three EDX-P Network Nodes that performed switching and were located in Hartford, New Haven and Stamford. Databit also supplied 23 ANP 2520 Advanced Network Processors each of which provided the system with a point of presence, a network control center and modems. Customers would order leased line connections into the network for host computers running at 4,800 to 56,000 bits per second (bit/s). Terminals would connect over a leased line from 1,200 to 9,600 bit/s synchronous, 300 to 2,400 bit/s asynchronous or using dial-up connections from 300 to 1,200 bit/s. The connection to Tymnet was established over an X.75 based 9,600 bit/s analog link from the ConnNet Hartford node to Tymnet's Bloomfield node.
See also
Southern New England Telephone (SNET)
References
Southern New England Telephone (Mar 13, 1985). SNET; Offers its Connecticut customers the first local packet switched data network in the nation. Press Release
ConnNet Online Help. Accessed Jan 07, 1991
AT&T (Jan 29, 1986). Untitled. Press Release
SNET / Packet/PC (Nov 12, 1987). PC users can link to IBM mainframes with Packet/ PC software and SNET's Connect. Press Release
Scully, Sharon (June 2, 1986). "Protocol Conversion; SNET heralds services". Network World, p 4.
Databit (May 27, 1986). DATABIT; Announces point-of-sale terminal application with Southern New England Telephone. Press Release
Strauss, Paul R. (Jan 1 1987). "Feature 1986: Information networking's quiet watershed year in review". Data Communications, p 169.
1985 establishments in Connecticut
Communications in Connecticut
History of the Internet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConnNet |
Paul Henderson (born 1943) is a Canadian former ice hockey player and member of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Paul Henderson may also refer to:
Paul Henderson (sprinter) (born 1971), Australian sprinter
Paul Henderson (cricketer) (born 1974), English cricketer
Paul Henderson (soccer) (born 1976), Australian football goalkeeper
Paul Henderson (journalist) (1939–2018), winner of the 1982 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting
Paul Henderson (photojournalist) (1899–1988), African-American photojournalist for the Baltimore Afro-American newspaper
Paul Henderson (politician) (born 1962), former Chief Minister of the Australian Northern Territory
Paul Henderson (rugby union) (born 1964), New Zealand rugby union player
Paul Henderson (sailor) (born 1934), Canadian sailor and member of the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame
Paul Henderson (basketball) (born 1956), American-French professional basketball player
Paul Henderson, lead vocalist for the 1980s Canadian band The Front | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Henderson%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Little Bear, also known as Maurice Sendak's Little Bear, is a Canadian children's animated television series produced by Nelvana Limited in association with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It is based on the Little Bear series of books, which were written by Else Holmelund Minarik and illustrated by Maurice Sendak. In the United States, the show premiered on Nickelodeon as part of the Nick Jr. block on November 6, 1995, until the final episode aired on June 1, 2001. The show also aired on CBS on Saturday mornings from September 16, 2000, until September 15, 2001.
Every half-hour episode of Little Bear is divided into three seven-minute segments. Most segments are new stories, but some are retellings of Else Holmelund Minarik's books (both she and Sendak were "closely involved in the creative process" when developing the new stories).
A direct-to-video feature film titled The Little Bear Movie was released in 2001.
Plot
Set in the North American wilderness around the end of the 19th century, the series follows the titular character as he goes on exciting adventures and learns new things with his friends Emily, Duck, Hen, Cat, and Owl. Mother Bear is a homemaker who looks after Little Bear, while Father Bear, a fisherman, is typically away on his ship, fishing.
Episodes
Characters
Main
Little Bear (voiced by Kristin Fairlie) is a six-year-old small, curious, and imaginative grizzly bear cub who lives in the forest with his family and friends. Throughout the series, he has grown somewhat, as his voice is slightly deeper, and he rarely takes naps. He is the only character whose parents are shown other than Duck's mother in one episode, who is a chicken, as well as Emily's parents briefly in the episode where they met. Little Bear lives in a stucco, wood, cabined, plaster and brick house. He is always kind and loves to play and explore with his friends. His catchphrase is "Hmmmm... Interesting!"
Emily (voiced by Jennifer Martini) is a seven-year-old human girl who is Little Bear's best friend. She carries around a doll named Lucy everywhere she goes and is very attached to her. In the summer, Emily vacations with her parents by the river near Little Bear's home. Emily eventually moves to the forest permanently and lives there with her grandmother.
Owl (voiced by Amos Crawley) is a male owl who is sometimes pompous, yet very sensible. He lives in a treehouse, and can be quite serious at times. Although Owl enjoys fun games, he will only participate if the gameplay is logical and rational; reading is his main hobby.
Duck (voiced by Tracy Ryan) is a female duck with yellow feathers, an orange beak, and a long neck. Slow and smart at the same time, Duck is one who gets herself into comical situations. She lives in a nest, although in one episode, she expressed longing for a house and tried to live in a houseboat. It floated downriver filled with frogs and Duck lived happily in her nest. She loves playing "princess" and pretend. She was hatched in a nest of chicks, because "some eggs got mixed up", and Little Bear taught her to fly when she was a duckling. Although Duck never has any ducklings of her own, she is sometimes seen babysitting a group of them.
Cat (voiced by Andrew Sabiston) is a laidback, slothful Tuxedo cat who enjoys prowling at night, playing tricks on passersby, and eating. When he and his friends must get to a certain place in the woods, Cat often leads them through one of his shortcuts. His catchphrase is "Boo!"
Hen (voiced by Elizabeth Hanna) is a fussy, feisty hen who lives in a large chicken coop. She is classy and sophisticated, and enjoys cleanliness, though her several nieces and nephews often mess up her spotless house. However, she never turns down the opportunity for fun. Hen has also been shown to be fond of opera, but she seems to be not good at singing it.
Mother Bear (voiced by Janet-Laine Green) is Little Bear's mother. She enjoys cooking and is always there to help Little Bear if he needs it. She also seems to be very tidy and does not like it when the house becomes messy. She normally wears a pink shirt and a blue skirt with a white apron.
Father Bear (voiced by Dan Hennessey) is Little Bear's father and Mother Bear's husband. His occupation is a fisherman and sometimes takes Little Bear out fishing. He has been to many places and likes to keep things that are old, even if they have to be thrown away. He usually wears a blue suit with a purple tie and brown shoes. Throughout the run of the show, he is sporadically absent, as he is away, fishing.
Recurring
No Feet (voiced by Rick Jones) is a friendly green garter snake that lives in Mother Bear's garden. Little Bear gets along with him very well.
Grandmother Bear (voiced by Diane D'Aquila) is Little Bear's maternal grandmother and Mother Bear's mother. She likes to cook and tell stories.
Grandfather Bear (voiced by Sean McCann) is Little Bear's maternal grandfather and Mother Bear's father. He once worked at a circus with his wife and sister. He wears a green suit coat, but with khaki slacks and a dark red tie with brown shoes.
Rusty Bear (voiced by Dan Lett) is Father Bear's younger brother and Little Bear's uncle. He mentions that he lives in the woods and that he would prefer to live there because it is quiet and peaceful. He is a very large bear, slightly taller and huskier than Father Bear. He has a deep voice, wears overalls, and has a red handkerchief around his neck. He is only seen in a few of the Little Bear episodes. Little Bear is fascinated with Rusty's outdoor ethic, and whenever he shows up, Little Bear is tempted to emulate his rustic character.
Granny (voiced by Kay Hawtrey) is Emily's grandmother, with whom she and her parents live with in the summer and then permanently, has traveled the world, and has many odd pieces of furniture. She is the owner of Tutu.
Tutu (voiced by Tara Strong) is Emily and Granny's Chihuahua. She acts very hyper and she can understand humans. According to Granny, she only speaks French, yet she understands English.
Mitzi (voiced by Ashley Taylor) is a mischievous, sometimes rather unthoughtful, tomboyish monkey, who lives in a treehouse in the forest around Little Bear's home. She feels bad after slighting somebody's feelings or misleading them. She sometimes has green or white eyes. Mitzi is the last to join the supporting cast, not appearing until the end of season two.
Moose (voiced by Ray Landry) is a moose who sometimes helps Little Bear and his friends when they are in need.
Mermaid is a mermaid whom Little Bear occasionally meets when he goes to the lake. She is friendly and takes Little Bear to see places underwater. Owl and Emily have also met Mermaid.
Others
Four otter siblings sporadically appear; they reside in the local river and are balloon heads. They are frequent in episodes focusing on water activities.
A frog that dispenses wisdom between his meditations resides at Little Bear's favorite swimming spot, Hop Frog Pond. He is very wise, and a good friend to Little Bear.
Little Ick is a baby raccoon who only appears in an episode where his mother went to visit his grandmother and dropped him off with Mother Bear. Little Bear and Little Ick form a bit of a sibling relationship together, such as Little Bear feeling left out because Mother Bear seems to be paying more attention to Little Ick. Little Ick is the baby raccoon's nickname from Little Bear because "Ick" is the only thing the baby can say.
Marshmallow is a baby skunk who is found by Owl and Little Bear in an episode, and she plays with Duck, Little Bear, Owl, and Cat in the episode "Little Footprints". In the episode "The Wedding", she is the flower girl in Mr. and Mrs. Skunk's wedding.
Mighty is a humpback whale who is an old friend of Father Bear. He appears in the episode "A Whale of a Tale" where Father Bear takes Little Bear fishing. He tells Little Bear the story of how he met Mighty when he accidentally caught him in his fishing net. A storm appears and Mighty and his son, Little Whale, help pull Father Bear and Little Bear back to shore. Mighty also appears in Little Bear's dream in the episode "Fisherman Bear's Big Catch". Although he only appears in a few episodes, Mighty is in the opening credits of the show.
Mr. Wind (voiced by Chris Wiggins) is a cloud. He is the cold, angry wind that blows down from the north.
Telecast and home media
In Canada, Little Bear premiered on CBC Television on October 7, 1995, at 8 in the morning. Episodes continued to air on Sundays at 8 a.m. as well as on weekday mornings during the preschool programming block CBC Playground until 2007. Corus-owned Treehouse TV aired the show from 1998 to 2010.
In the United States, the show premiered on Nickelodeon as part of the Nick Jr. block in 1995. The last new episode premiered on Nickelodeon on June 1, 2001, and the last rerun aired on December 25, 2002. The show was also aired on CBS on Saturday mornings from September 16, 2000, until September 15, 2001. Noggin aired repeats (as part of the "Nick Jr. on Noggin" block) from 2001 to 2009. Its replacement, the Nick Jr. Channel, aired repeats from 2009 until 2018.
The series has been re-aired on various foreign channels, including ABC and ABC2 (Australia), RTÉ (Ireland), TV2 (New Zealand), and Children's BBC (United Kingdom).
Streaming
On December 15, 2014, Treehouse TV released all seasons of the show, as well as the movie, free to watch on the Official Little Bear YouTube channel.
In 2015, Little Bear was added to the Noggin app, which streams shows from the classic Noggin channel.
The show was added to Paramount+ (which was called CBS All Access at the time) in January 2021.
VHS
United States
Paramount Home Video / Paramount Home Entertainment:
Meet Little Bear (1997)
Family Tales (1997)
Winter Tales (1997)
Parties & Picnics (1998)
Goodnight Little Bear (1998)
Friends (1999)
Summertime Tales (1999)
Little Goblin Bear (1999)
A Kiss for Little Bear (2000)
Little Bear's Band (2000)
Rainy Day Tales (2000)
Little Sherlock Bear (2001)
The Little Bear Movie (2001)
Let's Play a Game (2001)
Little Artist Bear (2002)
Campfire Tales (2002)
Snacktime Tales (2002)
Feel Better, Little Bear (2003)
Blockbuster:
Favorite Tales (1998)
More Favorite Tales (1999)
Favorite Tales, Volume 3 (2000)
Favorite Tales, Volume 4 (2002)
Reader's Digest Young Families:
Fishing Adventures (2002)
Friendship Tales (2002)
Pretend Time (2002)
Imagination Time (2002)
Sleepy Time Tales (2003)
Birthday Celebrations (2003)
Stories to Grow On (2004)
Lost and Found (2004)
Camping Adventures (2004)
All in the Family (2004)
Special Days (2004)
Outdoor Discoveries (2004)
Game Time (2004)
Not-So-Scary Stories (2004)
Let's Celebrate (2004)
Show Time (2004)
Just Me Stories (2004)
Make-Believe Adventures (2005)
Weather Tales (2005)
Seasonal Tales (2005)
Indoor Time (2005)
Canada
Alliance Atlantis:
The World of Little Bear (1997)
Grandmother's House (1997)
Seasons (1998)
New Friends (1998)
Meet Mitzi (1999)
Parties and Picnics (1999)
Tales for Rainy Days (2000)
Exploring and Other Adventures (2000)
Mother and Father Bear (2001)
Mysterious Moments (2001)
Dreams and Make Believe (2001)
Hooray for Little Bear (2002)
Outdoor Fun (2002)
At Home (2003)
DVD
United States
Paramount Home Entertainment:
The Little Bear Movie (June 17, 2003)
Feel Better, Little Bear (October 7, 2003)
Rainy Day Tales (June 7, 2005)
Little Bear's Band (June 7, 2005)
Halloween Stories (August 22, 2006)
Canada
Alliance Atlantis:
Outdoor Fun (2002)
Mysterious Moments (2002)
Hooray for Little Bear (2002)
At Home (2003)
Dreams and Make Believe (2006)
Mother and Father Bear (2006)
Exploring and Other Adventures (2006)
Seasons (2005)
New Friends (2005)
Parties and Picnics (2005)
Grandmother's House (2005)
Tales for Rainy Days (2009)
Meet Mitzi (2009)
Treehouse TV:
Seaside Adventures (2012)
Summer Sandcastles (2012)
Search for Spring (2012)
Dress Up Time (2012)
Mother Bear's Special Day (2012)
Follow the Leader (2012)
Winter Games (2012)
Father's Day (2012)
Film
In 2001, the show was adapted into a direct-to-video film, again produced by Nelvana, called The Little Bear Movie. It was distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment in the U.S. The film's featured song, "Great Big World", was nominated for Best Original Song at the 2001 Video Premiere Awards.
Music
Austrian composer Franz Schubert's Allegro vivace from his Violin Sonata No. 1 in D Major is used as the theme tune to Little Bear (used in the Canadian broadcast of the series). A separate opening theme consisting of a woodwind ensemble, by composer Arnold Black, was used in the American broadcast of the series. The music score in the series is composed by Lesley Barber. There are also excerpts of works by composers Chopin, Haydn, Bach, and Mozart.
Other media
Live show
In Canada, Little Bear was adapted into a live theatrical show, Little Bear: Winter Tales. It originally toured across Canada in 2007 and returned in late 2009. Both tours were presented by Paquin Entertainment, and were produced by Koba Entertainment.
Video games
In 1999, The Learning Company developed two "edutainment" games based on the Little Bear franchise, "Rainy Day Activities" and "Preschool Thinking Adventures". In 2000, the company developed another game, this time for a younger audience, titled "Toddler Discovery Adventures".
References
External links
1990s Canadian animated television series
1990s Canadian children's television series
1995 Canadian television series debuts
2000s Canadian animated television series
2000s Canadian children's television series
2001 Canadian television series endings
Canadian children's animated adventure television series
Canadian children's animated supernatural television series
Canadian television shows based on children's books
Television series by Nelvana
Animated television series about bears
Animated television series about children
Animated television series about families
CBC Kids original programming
Nick Jr. original programming
Treehouse TV original programming
Nickelodeon original programming
Canadian preschool education television series
Animated preschool education television series
1990s preschool education television series
2000s preschool education television series
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Bear%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Cooper Spur ski area is a ski area located on northeast Mount Hood, Oregon, United States. The resort has one double chair ski lift serving ten runs, and a vertical drop of 110 meters (350 ft). There are of cross-country skiing trails. The uphill capacity of the lift is 1,200 skiers per hour, and the summit rises to . The resort encompasses of terrain, and receives an average of of snow per year.
Cooper Spur Mountain Resort has of forest on which condos, log cabins, a restaurant, and a hotel are located.
Expansion
In the summer of 2001, Cooper Spur was purchased by an affiliate of Mount Hood Meadows named Meadows North LLC, and announced its intention to develop the Cooper Spur area as a year round destination resort with additional lifts, runs, and accommodation. A July 18, 2001 proposal included developing a golf course, 450 housing units, a conference center, ice rink, swimming pool, amphitheater, shopping mall, and other developments. The development was opposed by groups which favor preserving and expanding wilderness areas of northern Mount Hood. Other concerns include potentially disrupting a key elk migration route, watershed disruption for two thousand nearby residents, and deforestation.
A controversial land swap was concluded with Hood River County by Meadows North LLC which increased the acreage adjacent to Cooper Spur owned by Meadows North LLC.
In the summer of 2002, the decades-old T-bar lift was replaced with a double chair, and excavation work created a tubing area.
After Meadows North LLC abandoned its initiative to develop Cooper Spur, a proposal was made to trade Cooper Spur's facilities, existing , and its special-use permit which authorizes of development in exchange for of Forest Service land near Government Camp. The proposal became a provision of House Bill 5025 [109th] (Mount Hood Stewardship Legacy Act) and passed the House, but expired without senate approval. According to a GAO assessment, the value of lands were not appraised equivalently and probably not fairly.
See also
List of ski areas and resorts in the United States#Oregon
References
External links
Cooper Spur Resort - Official Website
Buildings and structures in Hood River County, Oregon
Ski areas and resorts in Oregon
Mount Hood
Mount Hood National Forest
Tourist attractions in Hood River County, Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper%20Spur%20ski%20area |
The Motorola StarMax was a line of licensed Macintosh clones produced by Motorola Information Systems Group in 1996 and 1997. They used versions of Apple's Tanzania motherboard, which was designed to use standard IBM PC compatible components in addition to Apple-proprietary components then in common use in the Power Macintosh family. StarMax computers featured SVGA video ports rather than the proprietary port Apple used at the time, and PS/2 mouse and keyboard ports in addition to ADB. The motherboard was also capable of using manual-eject floppy drives, though Motorola disabled this functionality and shipped the computers with software-eject drives.
The StarMax line was discontinued on 11 September 1997 after Apple terminated the Macintosh clone license program that year. The StarMax's termination resulted in strained relations between Motorola and Apple and later Motorola's expulsion from the AIM alliance.
Licensing
Shortly after Gil Amelio was appointed CEO of Apple in February 1996, Motorola Computer Group acquired a license for Mac OS 7.5 to ship with its own computer systems that it plan to release in China later that year. The license also allowed Motorola to sub-license Mac OS to its customers along with motherboards it would sell as OEM. Ultimately Apple terminated the license in 1997.
Reportedly, a heated telephone conversation between Jobs and Motorola CEO Christopher Galvin resulted in the contentious termination of Motorola's clone contract, and the long-favored Apple being demoted to "just another customer" mainly for PowerPC CPUs. Apple later expelled Motorola from the AIM alliance as retaliation, leaving IBM to make all future PowerPC CPUs.
Product line
The StarMax was sold in four different product lines. In addition, the StarMax 6000 was based on the PowerPC 750 processor, but was never shipped due to the termination of the Macintosh clone program. The StarMax 6000 would have been the first CHRP machine and the first machine with the PowerPC G3 months before Apple released the Power Macintosh G3.
StarMax models numbers were derived using a standard system: (product line)/(CPU speed)(case type)
product line was 3000, 4000, 5000, or 5500 and designated the CPU used in the machine
3000 and 5000 used PowerPC 603e processors.
4000 and 5500 used PowerPC 604e processors.
cpu speed was the processor's clock speed, in megahertz
case type was either DT or MT and designated the type of case used
DT was a desktop case suitable for placing under a monitor
MT was a minitower case
5000 and 5500 models used an upgraded "Tanzania II" logic board featuring faster system bus speeds and improved integrated graphics based on the ATI 3D RAGE II+ chip.
References
External links
Motorola StarMax page Low End Mac
All Motorola StarMax Mac Clones (at EveryMac.com)
StarMax-talk YahooGroup
Macintosh clones
Starmax
Products introduced in 1996
PowerPC computers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola%20StarMax |
The Sydney College of Divinity (SCD) is a consortium of Christian theological educational institutions and Bible colleges based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The college is structured as a federation of member institutions, each of which retains its autonomy and respective theological traditions. Member institutions represent a range of Christian churches.
SCD is a registered Higher Education Provider, with degrees and awards accredited by the Australian Government Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency, a regulatory and quality agency for higher education. The consortium offers undergraduate awards that meet Australian and Korean education standards, postgraduate qualifications by coursework and research that meet Australian standards, and postgraduate qualifications by coursework that meet Korean standards. Awards range from Diploma in Theology to Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.).
In Australia, seminaries which deliver instruction and prepare people for religious ordination are sometimes separate from theological educational institutions.
Member institutions
Australian College of Ministries (ACOM)Churches of Christ
NAIITS An Indigenous Learning CommunityNAIITS An Indigenous Learning Community
Nazarene Theological College (NTC)Church of the Nazarene
Nisibis Assyrian Theological CollegeAssyrian Church
College of Clinical Pastoral EducationInterdenominational
Planetshakers CollegePlanetshakers Church
St Andrew's Greek Orthodox Theological CollegeEastern Orthodox Church
St Cyril's Coptic Orthodox Theological CollegeCoptic Orthodox Church
Affiliated institutions
In Australia
Australian Catholic University
Edith Cowan University
The University of Sydney
University of Western Sydney
In Korea
Chongshin University and Theological Seminary
Soongsil University
Sungkyul University
Notable alumni
Peter Nguyen Van Hung, anti-human trafficking activist in Taiwan
Graham Joseph Hill, former principal of Stirling Theological College
References
External links
Sydney College of Divinity website
Seminaries and theological colleges in New South Wales
1983 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20College%20of%20Divinity |
Marcus DeLando Nash (born February 1, 1976) is a former American football wide receiver, formerly of the Dallas Desperados of the Arena Football League (AFL). He was drafted by the Denver Broncos 30th overall in the 1998 NFL Draft. He played college football at Tennessee.
Nash has also been a member of the Miami Dolphins, Baltimore Ravens, Detroit Fury and Las Vegas Gladiators.
Professional career
Denver Broncos
Nash was drafted by the Broncos in the first round (30th overall) of the 1998 NFL Draft. During his rookie season, he appeared in eight games and caught four passes for 76 yards.
In 1999, Nash appeared in two games for the Broncos including one start, but recorded no statistics.
Miami Dolphins
On September 21, 1999, Nash was traded to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for running back John Avery - another 1998 first-rounder. However, he was waived by the team just one week later.
Baltimore Ravens
Just over a month after his release from the Dolphins, Nash was signed by the Baltimore Ravens on October 25. He appeared in one game but did not catch any passes.
Detroit Fury
In 2003, Nash made the transition to the Arena Football League with the Detroit Fury. During his rookie season, he led the team in all receiving categories with 69 receptions for 866 yards and 24 touchdowns. On defense, he recorded 11 tackles, a fumble recovery, an interception and five pass breakups. He also returned two kickoffs for 19 yards. On February 14 against the Carolina Cobras, Nash earned team MVP honors with eight receptions for 86 yards and three touchdowns.
Las Vegas Gladiators
Nash signed with the Las Vegas Gladiators in 2004 and subsequently experienced his most productive season as a professional. He set an AFL record with 154 receptions and racked up 1,771 yards and 46 touchdowns. He also rushed 12 times for 21 yards and three touchdowns. For his performance, Nash was named the AFL's Offensive Player of the Year. On defense he recorded five tackles.
Nash continued to produce for the Gladiators in 2005 as he caught 129 passes for a career-high 1,787 yards and 41 touchdowns. He was named AFL Offensive Player of the Month in May after catching 36 passes for 415 yards and 13 touchdowns. Nash also carried the ball four times for four yards and scored two touchdowns on the ground. He recorded one tackle and returned three kickoffs for 10 yards.
In his final season with the Gladiators in 2006, Nash caught 122 passes for 1,281 yards and 28 touchdowns. He also rushed four times for five yards, recorded two tackles and returned two kickoffs for five yards.
Dallas Desperados
After three seasons with the Gladiators, Nash joined the Dallas Desperados in 2007. He caught 78 passes for 1,090 yards and 20 touchdowns. In a game against the Kansas City Brigade, he surpassed career milestones of 500 receptions and 6,000 receiving yards. Additionally in 2007, Nash rushed four times for five yards and three touchdowns.
In 2008, he caught over 100 passes for the fourth time in his career as he made 109 receptions for 1,318 yards and 33 touchdowns. He also rushed six times for seven yards on the season. In the team's playoff loss to the New York Dragons on June 28, Nash suffered a career-ending neck injury.
Notes
External links
Dallas Desperados biography
1976 births
Living people
Players of American football from Tulsa, Oklahoma
American football wide receivers
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Denver Broncos players
Miami Dolphins players
Baltimore Ravens players
Detroit Fury players
Las Vegas Gladiators players
Dallas Desperados players
Edmond Memorial High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Nash |
Brian Anthony David-Marshall, often credited as Brian Marshall, (b. 1967 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American comic book and collectible card game industry figure. He has worked in all facets of both industries, from publishing to retail, from writing to editorial. He was a founding partner of Eternity Comics, a comic book publisher active in the late 1980s and early 1990s; and is currently president and publisher of the Web3-based digital entertainment company InterPop.
Marshall got his start in comics publishing in 1985–1986 as an editor with the short-lived company Deluxe Comics/Lodestone Publishing, where he did some writing for the series Codename: Danger and Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents.
In 1986, he and writer-editor David Campiti co-founded the comics packager TriCorp Entertainment. With private financing from comics distributor Scott Mitchell Rosenberg, Marshall and Tony Eng formed Eternity Comics (at that point based in Brooklyn, New York). Campiti packaged material for Eternity Comics to publish. Later in the year, after Marshall and Campiti dissolved their association, Rosenberg created Imperial Comics, installing Marshall as head of the company, while remaining head of Eternity. John Arcudi served as an editor for Imperial Comics.
In the spring of 1987, Rosenberg revealed his involvement with Eternity, Imperial, and three other small comics publishers: Malibu Comics, Amazing, and Wonder Color. The resulting fallout led to the consolidation of the various Rosenberg properties: Imperial was shut down, but Marshall moved to Eternity Comics (at that point a division of Malibu Comics) as Vice President and Publisher. With the move, the Imperial titles Battle to the Death, Nazrat, and Probe all moved over to Eternity Comics.
Marshall's stint at Eternity didn't last long, and by the mid-1990s, he was working as an editor at Billy Tucci's Crusade Comics. It was at this point that he started going by the name "Brian David-Marshall."
Soon after, he became involved in the collectible card game industry. David-Marshall was one of the founders of Gray Matter Conventions, one of the first Magic: The Gathering tournament organizers; and Neutral Ground, formerly the largest gaming location in New York City.
Starting around 2003, David-Marshall became a featured writer for magicthegathering.com, with a weekly column, The Week That Was. He was a commentator on the Pro Tour circuit, and was the historian for Magic: The Gathering. He previously played on the Pro Tour as a member of Team Monkey Dog. In addition, David-Marshall was a tournament organizer for the Upper Deck Entertainment collectible card games Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game and VS System.
In 2020, David-Marshall and his partners formed InterPop, launching an NFT line of comics where readers could choose the ultimate direction of the stories.
Bibliography
As writer, unless otherwise noted.
(plot only; with Mike Harris and Robert Loren Fleming) "From the Halls of Montezuma...", Codename: Danger #2 (Lodestone Comics, Oct. 1985)
(plot only; with Robert Loren Fleming) "I.O.U.", Codename: Danger #3 (Lodestone, Jan. 1986)
(with David Singer) "Well, I Guess I Am That Kind of Boy!", T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #4 (Deluxe Comics, Feb. 1986)
Shuriken Team-Up #1 (Eternity Comics, 1988)
"Heard It Through the Grapevine," Special: The World of Doom #1 (Marvel Comics, May 1995)
"How to Make Toys the Marvel Way," Fantastic Four: Atlantis Rising Collectors Preview #1 (Marvel, May 1995)
(story contributions only; with William Tucci [story, script]; Gary Cohn [script]; Jeff Smith [story contributions]) ["Wha--what happened to me...?"], Cyblade: The Battle for Independents #1 (Crusade Comics, Sept. 1995)
["You've been staring at me all night."] Manga Shi: Shiseiji #1 (Crusade Comics, Aug. 1996)
["We been out here three freakin' hours, man!"], Who Is the Crooked Man #1 (Crusade Comics, Sept. 1996)
(with Evan Dorkin) "Silence of the Fishes," Bizarro Comics (DC Comics, Aug. 2001)
(with Igor Kordej) "Relics", Captain America vol. 3, #50: (Marvel, Feb. 2002)
(with ChrisCross and Brett Weldele) The Craptacular B-Sides #1 (Marvel, Nov. 2002)
References
External links
MTGTop8, David-Marshall's website, Magic podcasts and books
1967 births
American Magic: The Gathering players
Comic book company founders
Living people
People from Brooklyn
Publishers (people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20David-Marshall |
Verdonk and Verdonck are Dutch toponymic surnames. They are a contraction of van der Donk ("from the donk"), where "donk" was a name for sandy raised terrain in a swamp. The spelling Verdonk is more common in the Netherlands (2126 vs. 261 people in 2007), while Verdonck is more common in Belgium (4341 vs 118 people in 2008). Notable people with the surname include:
Verdonk
Calvin Verdonk (born 1997), Dutch footballer
Eric Verdonk (1959–2020), New Zealand rower
Lambert Verdonk (born 1944), Dutch footballer
Rita Verdonk (born 1955), Dutch politician
Verdonck
Cornelis Verdonck (1563–1625), Flemish composer
(1546–1624), Flemish composer
Maurice Verdonck (1873–?), Belgian rower
Nico Verdonck (born 1985), Belgian racing driver
Rudy Verdonck (born 1965), Belgian cyclist
Sven Verdonck (born 1988), Belgian footballer
See also
Adriaen van der Donck (c.1618–1656), Dutch lawyer in New Netherland
Sabrina van der Donk (born 1988), Dutch model
References
Toponymic surnames
Dutch-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdonk |
Nicholson Road is a major north-south road in the southeastern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, connecting Albany Highway in Cannington with the large residential areas of Thornlie and Canning Vale, before leaving the Perth urban area and terminating in Oakford.
Nicholson Road is allocated State Route 31.
History
Until the construction of Kwinana Freeway to Thomas Road in 1993, Nicholson Road was one of southern Perth's most important routes.
Nicholson Road formerly crossed the Kwinana freight railway at a level crossing. Construction of a six-lane road bridge over the rail line to replace the crossing began in May 2017 and was completed in March 2018.
Major intersections
All intersections below are at-grade except for the intersections with Roe Highway and Armadale Road, which are grade-separated interchanges in favour of those two roads over Nicholson Road.
See also
References
External links
Roads in Perth, Western Australia
Cannington, Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholson%20Road |
Bells Are Ringing is a musical with a book and lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green and music by Jule Styne. The story revolves around Ella, who works at an answering service, and the characters that she meets there. The main character was based on Mary Printz, who worked for Green's answering service. Three of the show's tunes, "Long Before I Knew You", "Just in Time", and "The Party's Over", became standards.
Judy Holliday reprised her Broadway starring role in the 1960 film of the same name, also starring Dean Martin.
Productions
The original Broadway production, directed by Jerome Robbins and choreographed by Robbins and Bob Fosse, opened on November 29, 1956 at the Shubert Theatre, where it ran for slightly more than two years before transferring to the Alvin Theatre, for a total run of 924 performances. It starred Judy Holliday as Ella and Sydney Chaplin as Jeff Moss. It also featured Jean Stapleton as Sue Summers, Eddie Lawrence as Sandor, George S. Irving, Jack Weston, Peter Gennaro, and Donna Sanders. Scenic and Costume design was by Raoul Pène Du Bois and the lighting design was by Peggy Clark. During her vacation, Holliday was replaced briefly by Betty Garrett. The original cast album was released by Columbia Records. In the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adaptation of the same name, Holliday reprised her role as Ella with Dean Martin as Jeff.
The West End production opened on November 14, 1957 at the Coliseum, where it ran for 292 performances. The cast included Janet Blair as Ella Peterson, George Gaynes as Jeff Moss, Jean St. Clair as Sue Summers, Eddie Molloy as Sandor, and Allyn McLerie as Gwynne Smith.
The Australian production opened April 5, 1958 at the Princess Theatre, Melbourne. Produced by Garnet H. Carroll and starring Shani Wallis as Ella Peterson, Bruce Trent, Gábor Baraker and Kay Eklund. The production was not a financial success as did not tour.
A Mexican production opened in 1958 at the Teatro del Bosque in Mexico City. The cast included Silvia Pinal as Ella Peterson. It was the first musical comedy opened in Latin America.
The show was revised for a production at the Menzies Hotel in Sydney, Australia, opening March 19, 1968 and closing May 4, 1968. In order to cut the show down to 90 minutes, director Jon Ewing removed the song-writing dentist character, Dr Kitchell, and his song "The Midas Touch". Ewing wrote updated lyrics for "Drop That Name" and added "Better Than a Dream". The cast included Nancye Hayes as Ella Peterson, Doug Kingsman as Jeff Moss, Judith Roberts as Sue, Reg Gorman as Sandor, Rex McClenaghan as Francis, and Phil Jay as Inspector Barnes, with Peter Noble, Julie Haslehurst and Brian Tucker.
A Broadway revival, directed by Tina Landau and choreographed by Jeff Calhoun, opened on April 12, 2001 at the Plymouth Theatre where, struggling to overcome mediocre reviews and ongoing hostility between the show's producers and its cast and crew, it finally closed after 68 performances and 36 previews. The cast included Faith Prince as Ella, Marc Kudisch as Jeff, David Garrison, and Beth Fowler.
The Union Theatre in London staged a revival of Bells Are Ringing in late 2010, with leading lady Anna-Jane Casey in the role of Ella Peterson. The production was well-reviewed and sold out its brief run.
In November 2010, New York City Center's Encores! series produced a semi-staged concert of the show starring Kelli O'Hara, Will Chase, and Judy Kaye. Reviews for O'Hara were excellent, but critics felt the show itself was too dated for modern audiences. Ben Brantley in his New York Times review wrote: "Ms. O’Hara is the possessor of a liquid soprano that was made for the shimmering romantic confessions so essential to classic American musicals. Offering sincerity without saccharine, her voice seems to emerge almost involuntarily, as if she just couldn’t help acting on an irresistible urge. Though obviously highly trained, that voice brims with a conversational ease that makes you forget that singing is not usually the form we choose for confiding in others, even in this age of 'Glee'...This 1956 musical ... was revived on Broadway only nine years ago (with Faith Prince), and it seemed irretrievably dated then."
Porchlight Music Theatre presented Bells Are Ringing as a part of "Porchlight Revisits" in which they stage three forgotten musicals per year. It was in Chicago, Illinois in October 2014. It was directed by Michael Weber and Dina DiCostanzo and music directed by Linda Madonia.
Plot
Setting: New York City, late 1950s
ACT ONE
Ella Peterson works for "Susanswerphone", a telephone answering service owned by a woman named Sue. She listens in on others' lives and adds some interest to her own humdrum existence by adopting different identities – and voices – for her clients. They include Blake Barton, an out-of-work Method actor, Dr. Kitchell, a dentist with musical yearnings but lacking talent, and playwright Jeff Moss, who is suffering from writer's block and with whom Ella has fallen in love, although she has never met him. Ella considers the relationships with these clients "perfect" because she can't see them and they can't see her ("It's a Perfect Relationship").
Jeff is writing a play called "The Midas Touch," the first play he's written since his writing partner left him ("Independent (On My Own)"). One day the producer of the play insists that he finish the play by the next morning and meet him at 9:00 am. While asking her to wake him up on time, he turns to Ella (who he only knows as the Susanswerphone lady) for help in writing the play. Meanwhile, Sandor, Sue's rich boyfriend, reveals plans to a group of gangsters to use Susanswerphone as a front for a gambling operation, by pretending to be a record seller and taking orders for "symphonies" as code. ("It's a Simple Little System").
Ella wants to visit Jeff's apartment to help him write the play, but she is intercepted by a policeman who is convinced that Susanswerphone is a front for an "escort service". Ella asks him "Is it a Crime?" to help someone in need? He agrees that it isn't, and lets her go. She arrives at Jeff's apartment and offers him help with his play, and a romance ensues ("I Met a Girl," "Long Before I Knew You").
ACT TWO
Ella is preparing to go to a party at Jeff's apartment, feeling nervous about meeting his friends. Carl, a friend of hers, helps her regain her confidence with a cha-cha dance ("Mu-Cha-Cha"). The guests at the party are all very pretentious and rich and snobby ("Drop That Name") and they make Ella feel very out of place. She leaves Jeff ("The Party's Over").
Carl, a music nerd, thwarts Sandor's operation when he receives an order for "Beethoven's 10th symphony," because he knows that Beethoven only wrote 9 symphonies. The policeman arrests Sandor. Meanwhile, Jeff comes to Susanswerphone to confess his love for Ella. She quits Susanswerphone in order to make a life with herself and Jeff ("I'm Going Back").
Song list
Act I
"Bells Are Ringing" – Telephone Girls
"It's a Perfect Relationship" – Ella Peterson
"Independent" (original title: "On My Own") – Jeff Moss and Ensembles
"You've Got to Do It" – Jeff Moss
"It's a Simple Little System" – Sandor and Ensemble
"Is It a Crime?" – Ella Peterson
"Better Than a Dream" – Ella Peterson and Jeff Moss (later addition to original production)
"Hello, Hello There" – Ella Peterson, Jeff Moss and Ensemble
"I Met a Girl" – Jeff Moss and Ensemble
"Long Before I Knew You" – Jeff Moss and Ella Peterson
Act II
"Mu-Cha-Cha" – Carl and Ella Peterson
"Just in Time" – Jeff Moss, Ella Peterson and Ensemble
"Drop That Name" – Ella Peterson and Ensemble
"The Party's Over" – Ella Peterson
"Salzburg" – Sue and Sandor
"The Midas Touch" – Nightclub Singer and Ensemble
"Long Before I Knew You" (Reprise) – Ella Peterson
"I'm Going Back" – Ella
Note: "Better Than a Dream" was actually written during the Broadway run and later incorporated into the 1960 film.
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
2001 Broadway revival
References
External links
Plot summary and character descriptions from StageAgent.com
Show Page at Tams-Witmark Music Library, Inc.
Detailed plot at Guide to Musical Theatre
1956 musicals
Broadway musicals
Original musicals
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Musicals by Betty Comden and Adolph Green
Musicals by Jule Styne
Musicals choreographed by Jerome Robbins
Musicals choreographed by Bob Fosse
Musicals set in New York City
Telephony in popular culture
Tony Award-winning musicals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bells%20Are%20Ringing%20%28musical%29 |
The River Valley Local School district (abbreviated RVLSD) is a public school district serving students in and around the village of Caledonia in Marion County, Ohio, United States. As of June 2020, the superintendent of the schools is Mr. Adam Wickham. As of October 2017, the school district enrolls 1,934 students. In addition to Caledonia, the school district includes the communities of Claridon, Martel, Waldo, and eastern Marion. The school district gained some controversy in the late 90s and early 2000s when there was a possibility of cancer-causing chemicals contaminating the grounds of the old high school and middle school campuses.
Schools
Elementary schools
Heritage Elementary School (Grades K through 5th)
Liberty Elementary School (Grades K through 5th)
Middle schools
River Valley Middle School (Grades 6th through 8th)
High schools
River Valley High School (Grades 9th through 12th)
History
The River Valley Local School District was founded in 1964 when the River Valley High School and Junior High School were created, along with adding Caledonia Elementary School, Claridon Elementary School, Martel Elementary School, and Waldo Elementary School to the district. Martel Elementary School was closed in the 1980s and remaining students from that community began attending Caledonia Elementary. In 2003 the new high school, middle school, and 2 elementary campuses were completed in new locations. Currently there are only two elementary schools - Heritage Elementary and Liberty Elementary. The Waldo, Claridon, and Caledonia elementary buildings have since been demolished for community safety purposes.
References
External links
River Valley Local School District website
School districts in Ohio
Education in Marion County, Ohio
School districts established in 1964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Valley%20Local%20School%20District |
Robert B. "Bob" Lewis (May 12, 1924 – February 17, 2006) was an American businessman who owned a number of champion Thoroughbred racehorses during the 1990s and 2000s.
Life and career
Bob Lewis was born in Minneapolis and grew up in Glendale, California. He served in the United States Army during World War II before studying at the University of Oregon. At Oregon, Lewis was a member of Delta Tau Delta fraternity. After graduating, he worked in Los Angeles as a beer salesman. In 1956, he started his own company, the Foothill Beverage Company, which became one of the biggest Anheuser-Busch distributors in the country.
Active philanthropists, the Lewises have a number of charitable works including a $5 million donation to the Pomona Valley Hospital to help establish the Robert and Beverly Lewis Family Cancer Care Center.
Thoroughbred horse racing
In 1990, Lewis and his wife, Beverly J. Lewis, bought their first Thoroughbreds. They became dedicated owners, spending millions at yearling sales and hiring first class trainers such as Bob Baffert and D. Wayne Lukas. The couple's first major success came when Timber Country won 1994 Breeders' Cup Juvenile then in 1995, the Preakness Stakes. At the same time, their filly, Serena's Song, was voted the U.S. Champion 3-Year-Old Filly for 1995. After retiring, in 2002 Serena's Song was inducted in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. That year they were voted the Big Sport of Turfdom Award.
Other well known horses owned by the Lewises include Silver Charm, winner of the 1997 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, and the 1998 Dubai World Cup, the richest horse race in the world. In 1999, their colt Charismatic also won the Derby and Preakness and was voted United States Horse of the Year.
The Lewises had six Eclipse Award winning horses. After Silver Charm won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes in 1997, the couple were voted the Eclipse Award of Merit, the American Thoroughbred horse racing industry's highest honor. Charismatic repeated his stablemate's success in 1999 but broke a leg in the Belmont Stakes. Commendable won the Belmont Stakes in 2000 wearing Lewis' colors. Orientate won the Breeders' Cup Sprint in 2002 while Folklore won the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies championship.
Bob Lewis died on February 17, 2006. In 2007, Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California, renamed the Santa Catalina Stakes in his honor. On October 20, 2017, his wife Beverly died at the age of 90 after a lengthy illness.
References
"Bob Lewis, owner of two Kentucky Derbies, dies at 81", San Diego Union-Tribune, 17 February 2006, retrieved 18 February 2006
"Bob Lewis, owner of two Derby winners, dies", Louisville Courier Journal 17 February 2006, retrieved 18 February 2006
"Hall of Famer Lewis, owned Silver Charm, dies", Washington Post, February 18, 2006
Robert and Beverly Lewis Trust at the NTRA
1924 births
2006 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
University of Oregon alumni
American racehorse owners and breeders
Eclipse Award winners
Owners of Kentucky Derby winners
Owners of Preakness Stakes winners
Businesspeople from Minneapolis
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20B.%20Lewis |
Ernest Truex (September 19, 1889 – June 26, 1973) was an American actor of stage, film, and television.
Career
Truex was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He learned acting at an early age after his father, a doctor, treated actor Edwin Melvin, who paid his bill by giving the son elocution lessons. He started acting at age five and toured through Missouri at age nine as "The Child Wonder in Scenes from Shakespeare".
As a young man, he lived in Denver and was among the supporting actors at the Elitch Theatre, appearing during the 1903,1904,1905,1906 and 1907 seasons. Truex began his career of "walk-ons" at Elitch while he was still a student at East High School (where his classmates included Douglas Fairbanks and Harold Lloyd.) Among his performances at the theatre were the play of When Knighthood Was in Flower with Maude Fealy. and Tess of the d'Urbervilles, which featured Tyrone Power Sr. and a young Cecil B. DeMille in the supporting cast. In 1906, he appeared in several shows with young Colorado natives, Douglas Fairbanks and Spring Byington.
His Broadway debut came in Wildfire (1908), and he performed in several David Belasco plays and portrayed the title role in the 1915 musical Very Good Eddie. Truex played the lead role in the disastrous 1923 premiere of F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Vegetable. In 1927, he created the role of Bill Paradene in Good Morning, Bill, which was based on an original play by Ladislas Fodor and adapted by P.G. Wodehouse.
In 1926, he performed for the first time in London's West End. He played a leading role in The Fall Guy at the Apollo Theatre. He continued to perform in plays in London for the next three years while his two sons attended Leighton Park School in Reading. In 1927, he acted in Good Morning, Bill at the Duke of York's Theatre and in 1928 he performed in Sexes and Sevens at the Globe Theatre. In 1930, he appeared on Broadway in Ritzy.
He made his film debut in 1913, but did not work in film full-time for another 20 years. He tended to play "milquetoast" characters and in The Warrior's Husband he played a "nance". In the 1938 The Adventures of Marco Polo, he played Marco Polo's comical assistant, opposite Gary Cooper.
Early in television, Truex guest starred on Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town. In 1949, he starred in The Truex Family on WPIX in New York City. Also in that year, he played Caspar Milquetoast on the DuMont Television Network's Program Playhouse Series. From 1953 to 1954, he co-starred with Brandon deWilde in Jamie. He played aging Grandpa McHummer striking a bond with young Jamie, his recently orphaned grandson. In the early 1960s, he played Gladys' father on Pete and Gladys.
In later life, he became known for playing elderly men on television in works such as Justice, Mister Peepers, Hazel, and Father Knows Best. He had the main role in the "Kick the Can" episode of Rod Serling's original The Twilight Zone (with his son Barry). In another Twilight Zone episode, "What You Need" (airing on December 25, 1959), he played a traveling peddler who just happened to have exactly what people needed just before they knew they needed it.
He starred in the first season (1958-1959) of The Ann Sothern Show as Jason Macauley, the manager of the swank Bartley House hotel in New York City. Reta Shaw played his domineering wife Flora. In 1960, Truex appeared with Harpo Marx in the episode "Silent Panic" of the anthology series The DuPont Show with June Allyson. He guest starred on the sitcom Dennis the Menace, with Jay North as the series lead.
Personal life
Truex’s first wife was Julia Mills, with whom he had two sons, Philip in 1911 and James in 1912. Philip had an acting career until the early 1950s. Philip Truex's greatest success in the theatre was when he landed the starring role of Og in the Broadway musical Finian's Rainbow in 1947. His most famous film performance is the title role in Alfred Hitchcock's The Trouble with Harry (1955) as Harry, the corpse dragged all over the countryside by several other characters in this film. Philip had expected to have substantial lines to speak in the role but Hitchcock decided to kill off the character of Harry before he could utter one word. After this disappointment Philip decided to give up acting completely and turned his hand to landscape gardening.
A widower, Ernest Truex married stage actress Mary Jane Barrett, appearing with her in New York in such plays as The Third Little Show, (1931), The Hook-Up (1935), and Fredericka (1937). They had one child, Barry Truex, who had an acting career of his own from 1949 to the early 1960s. His career began in 1949 when he played the role of Ernest's youngest son in the TV situation comedy The Truex Family, broadcast on WPIX New York. All of Ernest Truex's immediate family had acting parts in this show, which was co-written by his second son James Truex. In 1962, Barry again played opposite his father in the episode "Kick the Can" of the TV series The Twilight Zone. Barry's more memorable film roles were in The Benny Goodman Story playing the young Benny Goodman (1956), Rockabilly Baby (1957), and Dragstrip Riot (1958). He also acted in numerous TV productions.
In 1934, Ernest Truex directed, co-produced, and starred in the play Sing and Whistle, which co-starred actress Sylvia Field. She later became his third wife, upon his divorce from Barrett.
Death
On June 26, 1973, Truex died of a heart attack at the age of 83.
Partial filmography
Caprice (1913) - Wally Henderson
An American Citizen (1914) - Mercury
A Good Little Devil (1914) - Charles MacLance - a Good Little Devil
Dope (1914) - Jimmy Binkley
Artie, the Millionaire Kid (1916) - Artie Hamilton
Come on In (1918) - Ernest Short
Good-Bye, Bill (1918) - Teddy Swift
Oh, You Women! (1919) - Abraham Lincoln Jones
The Night of the Dub (1919, Short)
Six Cylinder Love (1923) - Gilbert Sterling
Whistling in the Dark (1933) - Wallace Porter
The Warrior's Husband (1933) - Sapiens
Get That Venus (1933) - Tom Wilson
Everybody Dance (1936) - Wilbur Spurgeon
Mama Runs Wild (1937) - Ernest Summers
Start Cheering (1938) - Blodgett
The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) - Binguccio
Freshman Year (1938) - Professor Lucius Peabody
Swing That Cheer (1938) - Professor Peabody
Swing, Sister, Swing (1938) - Prof. L. Orlando Beebee
Ambush (1939) - Mr. Gibbs
It's a Wonderful World (1939) - Willie Heyward
Bachelor Mother (1939) - Orphanage Investigator
Island of Lost Men (1939) - Frobenius
These Glamour Girls (1939) - Alumnus
The Under-Pup (1939) - Mr. Binns
Little Accident (1939) - Tabby Morgan
Slightly Honorable (1939) - P. Hemingway Collins
His Girl Friday (1940) - Bensinger
Adventure in Diamonds (1940) - Toutasche
Little Orvie (1940) - Frank Stone
Lillian Russell (1940) - Charles K. Leonard
Dance, Girl, Dance (1940) - Bailey #1
Calling All Husbands (1940) - Homer Trippe
Christmas in July (1940) - Mr. Baxter
The Gay Vagabond (1941) - A.J. Wilber
Tillie the Toiler (1941) - George Winkler
We Go Fast (1941) - Harold Bruggins
Unexpected Uncle (1941) - Wilkins
Don't Get Personal (1942) - Jules Kinsey
Twin Beds (1942) - Larky
You're Telling Me (1942) - Charles Handley
Private Buckaroo (1942) - Col. Elias Weatherford
The Affairs of Martha (1942) - Llewellyn Castle
Star Spangled Rhythm (1942) - Murgatroyd in Priorities Skit
The Crystal Ball (1943) - Mr. Martin (uncredited)
Rhythm of the Islands (1943) - Mr. Holton
This Is the Army (1943) - Soldier's Father (uncredited)
Fired Wife (1943) - Willie Wilson
Sleepy Lagoon (1943) - Dudley Joyner
True to Life (1943) - Oscar Elkins
Chip Off the Old Block (1944) - Henry McHugh
Her Primitive Man (1944) - Uncle Hubert
Pan-Americana (1945) - Uncle Rudy
Men in Her Diary (1945) - Vernon Williams
Club Havana (1945) - Willy Kingston
Life with Blondie (1945) - Theodore Glassby, Apex Advertising
Night in Paradise (1946) - Scribe
Always Together (1947) - Mr. Timothy J. Bull, Attorney
On an Island with You (1948) - Nightclub Waiter (uncredited)
The Girl from Manhattan (1948) - Homer Purdy
The Leather Saint (1956) - Father Ritchie
All Mine to Give (1957) - Dr. Delbert
Twilight for the Gods (1958) - Rev. Butterfield
The Tom Ewell Show (TV series, 1960) Episode: "The Friendly Man" - Mr. Steckel
Fluffy (1965) - Claridge
References
External links
1889 births
1973 deaths
American male television actors
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
American male stage actors
Male actors from Kansas City, Missouri
Male actors from Greater Los Angeles
People from Fallbrook, California
20th-century American male actors
American male child actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Truex |
"Pilot" (alternatively titled "The Office: An American Workplace") is the first episode of the first season of the American comedy television series The Office. The episode premiered in the United States on NBC on March 24, 2005. The episode's teleplay was adapted by Greg Daniels from the original script of the first episode of the British version written by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant. "Pilot" was directed by Ken Kwapis.
In this episode, a documentary crew arrives at the Scranton, Pennsylvania offices of Dunder Mifflin to observe the employees and learn about modern management. Manager Michael Scott (Steve Carell) tries to paint a happy picture in the face of potential downsizing from corporate. The office also gets new employee Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) as a temporary worker, while Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) pranks antagonist Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson).
"Pilot" debuted The Office as a mid-season replacement for the 2004–05 season. The episode was primarily adapted from the first episode of the British series, although it was partially re-scripted in an attempt to "Americanize" the new show. Although the episode was a ratings success, receiving a 5.0/13 in the Nielsen ratings among people aged 18–49, and garnering 11.2 million viewers overall, the episode received mixed reviews, with many critics criticizing it as a complete copy of the original.
Plot
The episode introduces Michael Scott (Steve Carell), the regional manager at the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin, a distribution company dealing in paper products that is currently under threat of facing downsizing. The news is delivered to him by the Vice President of Northeast Sales, Jan Levinson-Gould (Melora Hardin), who, along with the other employees, can barely tolerate Michael's foolish antics.
Also introduced are a few of the other workers in the office, including Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson), a socially awkward salesman and part-time, volunteer sheriff's deputy; Jim Halpert (John Krasinski), another salesman who enjoys playing pranks on Dwight; Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer), the receptionist on whom Jim harbors an obvious crush; and Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), a temporary worker.
Production
The episode debuted the series as a mid-season replacement for the 2004–05 season. The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the British version. Daniels had decided to go through this route because "completely starting from scratch would be a very risky thing to do" due to the show being an adaptation. Although the episode was primarily adapted from the first episode of the British series, it was partially re-scripted in an attempt to "Americanize" it. Jokes such as Dwight's stapler being put in Jell-O by Jim were transferred verbatim from the original series, while others were only slightly changed. Although later reshot, a scene in which Jim tapes pencils to his desk was originally filmed as a parallel to a scene in the British version, in which Tim Canterbury stacks up cardboard boxes in front of Gareth Keenan to restrict Keenan's view of Canterbury. "Pilot" was filmed almost six months prior to beginning of filming on the second episode of the season, "Diversity Day". The Office used no laugh tracks in the "Pilot", wanting its "deadpan" and "absurd" humor to fully come across. Production for this episode took place on February 18, 2004.
Casting
NBC programmer Kevin Reilly originally suggested Paul Giamatti to producer Ben Silverman for the role of Michael Scott, but the actor declined. Martin Short, Hank Azaria and Bob Odenkirk were also reported to be interested. In January 2004, Variety reported Steve Carell, of the popular Comedy Central program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, was in talks to play the role. At the time, he was already committed to another NBC mid-season replacement comedy, Come to Papa, but the series was quickly canceled, leaving him fully committed to The Office. Carell later stated he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned. He did not continue watching for fear that he would start copying Gervais' characterizations. Rainn Wilson, who was cast as the power-hungry sycophant Dwight Schrute, watched every episode of the series before he auditioned. Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael, a performance he described as a "terrible Ricky Gervais impersonation"; however, the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much more and hired him for the role.
John Krasinski and Jenna Fischer were virtual unknowns before being cast in their respective roles as Jim and Pam, the central love interests. Krasinski had attended school with, and was a friend of B. J. Novak. Krasinski recalled accidentally insulting Greg Daniels while waiting to audition for the series, telling him, "I hope [the show's developers] don't screw this up." Daniels then introduced himself and told Krasinski who he was. Fischer prepared for her audition by looking as boring as possible, creating the original Pam hairstyle. In an interview on NPR's Fresh Air, Fischer recalled the last stages of the audition process for Pam and Jim, with the producers partnering the different potential Pams and Jims (four of each) together to gauge their chemistry. When Fischer finished her scene with Krasinski, he told her that she was his favorite Pam, to which she reciprocated that he was her favorite Jim. Many actors originally filmed as extras in this episode would go on to become supporting cast members in later episodes, and the two women wearing blue sweaters towards the back of the room at the staff meeting scene were actual accountants that worked on the production staff.
Reception
Ratings
"Pilot" premiered on NBC on March 24, 2005. The episode received a 5.0/13 in the Nielsen ratings among people aged 18–49, meaning that 5.0 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds viewed the episode. The episode garnered 11.2 million viewers overall. "Pilot" ranked as the number one show in the key 18–49 demographic, outperforming all five of its network competitors. In addition, the episode ranked as the third most-watched show for that evening. With over 11 million views, it is the second most watched episode of the series, after the fifth season episode "Stress Relief," which attracted 22.9 million viewers.
Reviews
"Pilot" received mixed reviews after its premiere. Many sources deemed it another failed American reincarnation of a British show. A reviewer from the Deseret Morning News said, "Maybe, after The Office dies a quick death on NBC, the network will decide that trying to Americanize British TV comedies isn't such a great idea." The New York Daily News said the show was "neither daring nor funny", adding that "NBC's version is so diluted there's little left but muddy water".
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club gave the episode a C+ and felt that it was a lackluster copy of the original. He noted that "the fatal flaw of this episode—though it could've been a proviso in the licensing agreement signed by Gervais and Merchant—involves dropping reminders of the U.K. Offices pilot left and right", and that "this episode pales in comparison" to the original British version. However, Adams complimented the character of Pam, noting that "she's also the embodiment of a certain grounded, de-glamorized look and tone these early episodes sold well—before subsequent seasons dropped them along with the most obvious concessions to the 'workplace documentary' conceit."
Although many perceived the first episode to have been a failure, some outlets praised the new show. While berating the show for coming across "slowly and painfully", the Boston Globe said that "it is funny". In relation to past failed shows adapted from British shows, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette stated "Despite botching the American remake of the Britcom Coupling, NBC makes a pretty good effort in its version of The Office in duplicating the original's ethos while injecting it with an American sensibility."
References
External links
"Pilot" at NBC.com
Office
The Office (American season 1) episodes
Television episodes written by Greg Daniels
Ricky Gervais
fr:La Rumeur (The Office) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot%20%28The%20Office%29 |
Thomas Edward Nissalke (July 7, 1932 – August 22, 2019) was an American professional basketball coach in the National Basketball Association and American Basketball Association. He coached several teams in both leagues, and had an overall coaching record of 371–508.
Coaching career
After a season with the Dallas Chaparrals (where he won ABA coach of the Year), Nissalke moved to the NBA with the Sonics for one season. He returned to the team, now in San Antonio, in 1973, bringing with him "a patterned, deliberate offense to San Antonio". During his tenure, the "Iceman" George Gervin had arrived from the Virginia Squires and was the center of the team. Though Nissalke's club was successful, he was fired in the beginning of the 1974–75 ABA season. Nissalke, who is a graduate of Florida State University, first got his start in coaching on the high school-prep level at the Wayland Academy in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. He later worked his way onto the college ranks at the University of Wisconsin and Tulane.
High school coaching career
Nissalke started his coaching career at Wayland Academy as the varsity boys basketball coach when he was hired by Ray Patterson (basketball), his former coach. Nissalke coached there from 1957 until 1962 when he went on to the college ranks, thus advancing his career. He finished with an overall record of 49–41 at Wayland.
1957–58 Overall record 6–12 Conference record 5–9
1958–59 Overall record 13–5
1959–60 Overall record 9–9
1960–61 Overall record 12–5 Conference record 12–2 (conference champions)
1961–62 Overall record 9–10
Early pro coaching career
Nissalke then went to Utah with the ABA's Stars, but the club folded, surprisingly, at mid-season in the ABA's last hurrah in 1975–76. According to Remember the ABA, he has the final game ball in his closet.
Later pro coaching career
Nissalke succeeded Johnny Egan as Houston Rockets head coach on April 20, 1976. He received another Coach of the Year in the NBA in 76–77). He later served in a similar capacity with the Utah Jazz and Cleveland Cavaliers before retiring in 1985.
Nissalke holds the rare distinction of being named "Coach of the Year" in both the NBA and the ABA. He was also the commissioner of the short-lived National Basketball League in Canada in 1993–94. He had a combined coaching record of 371–508 (248–391 in NBA and 123–117 in ABA), with an 11–20 playoff record. He went 105–91 with the Chaparrals/Spurs, 13–32 with the Sonics, 18–26 with the Utah Stars, 124–122 with the Rockets, 60–124 with the Jazz, and 51–113 with the Cavaliers. He made it out of the first round of the playoffs just once, in 1977.
Other Professional
Nissalke's entrepreneurial activities included developing and owning several health clubs throughout Texas in addition to co-owning a successful bar and restaurant, Green Street in Salt Lake City, Utah for over twenty years.
After his coaching career, Nissalke took on revamping the YMCA of Utah and served as Chairman of the Board and later interim CEO. The YMCA had its most successful fundraising campaigns during his tenure.
Olympic Coaching
Nissalke was the coach of Puerto Rico at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, finishing in 9th place with a 2–5 record. Nissalke's squad came close to upsetting the United States, losing by a 94–93 score.
Head coaching record
|-
|align="left"|Dallas*
|align="left"|1971–72
| 84 || 42 || 42 || ||align="center"|3rd in Western || 4 || 0 || 4 ||
|align="center"|Lost in Div. Semifinals
|-
|align="left"|Seattle
|align="left"|
| 45 || 13 || 32 || ||align="center"|(fired)|| – || – || – ||
|align="center"|–
|-
|align="left"|San Antonio*
|align="left"|1973–74
| 84 || 45 || 39 || ||align="center"|3rd in Western || 7 || 3 || 4 ||
|align="center"|Lost in Div. Semifinals
|-
|align="left"|San Antonio*
|align="left"|1974–75
| 28 || 18 || 10 || ||align="center"|(resigned)|| – || – || – ||
|align="center"|–
|-
|align="left"|Utah*
|align="left"|1974–75
| 28 || 14 || 14 || ||align="center"|4th in Western|| 6 || 2 || 4 ||
|align="center"|Lost in Div. Semifinals
|-
|align="left"|Utah*
|align="left"|1975–76
| 16 || 4 || 12 || ||align="center"|(folded)|| – || – || – ||
|align="center"|–
|-
|align="left"|Houston
|align="left"|
| 82 || 49 || 33 || ||align="center"|1st in Central|| 12 || 6 || 6 ||
|align="center"|Lost in Conf. Finals
|-
|align="left"|Houston
|align="left"|
| 82 || 28 || 54 || ||align="center"|6th in Central|| – || – || – ||
|align="center"|Missed Playoffs
|-
|align="left"|Houston
|align="left"|
| 82 || 47 || 35 || ||align="center"|2nd in Central || 2 || 0 || 2 ||
|align="center"|Lost in First Round
|-
|align="left"|Utah
|align="left"|
| 82 || 24 || 58 || ||align="center"|5th in Midwest || – || – || – ||
|align="center"|Missed Playoffs
|-
|align="left"|Utah
|align="left"|
| 82 || 28 || 54 || ||align="center"|5th in Midwest || – || – || – ||
|align="center"|Missed Playoffs
|-
|align="left"|Utah
|align="left"|
| 20 || 8 || 12 || ||align="center"|(fired)|| – || – || – ||
|align="center"|–
|-
|align="left"|Cleveland
|align="left"|
| 82 || 23 || 59 || ||align="center"|5th in Central|| – || – || – ||
|align="center"|Missed Playoffs
|-
|align="left"|Cleveland
|align="left"|
| 82 || 28 || 54 || ||align="center"|4th in Central|| – || – || – ||
|align="center"|Missed Playoffs
|- class="sortbottom"
|align="left"|Career
| || 879 || 371 || 508 || || || 31 || 11 || 20 || ||
Family life and personal
In January 2006, his wife of 46 years, Nancy, who also was a native of Madison, Wisconsin, died, succumbing to cancer. Together they had two children and two granddaughters.
On August 22, 2019, Nissalke died at his home in Salt Lake City, Utah.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Tom Nissalke
1932 births
2019 deaths
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Wisconsin
Basketball players from Wisconsin
BSN coaches
Charlotte Hornets assistant coaches
Cleveland Cavaliers head coaches
Continental Basketball Association coaches
Dallas Chaparrals head coaches
Denver Nuggets assistant coaches
Florida State Seminoles men's basketball players
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Houston Rockets head coaches
National Basketball Association broadcasters
San Antonio Spurs head coaches
Seattle SuperSonics head coaches
Sportspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
Tulane Green Wave men's basketball coaches
Utah Jazz head coaches
Utah Stars coaches
Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Nissalke |
Manfred Nowak (born 26 June 1950 in Bad Aussee) is an Austrian human rights lawyer, who served as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture from 2004 to 2010. He is Secretary General of the European Inter-University Center for Human Rights and Democratisation (EIUC) in Venice, Italy; Professor of International Human Rights and Scientific Director of the Vienna Master of Arts in Human Rights and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights and a former judge at the Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2016, he was appointed Independent Expert leading the United Nations Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty.
Career
Nowak was a student of Felix Ermacora, and cooperated with him until Ermacora's death in 1995. They co-founded the Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Menschenrechte (with Hannes Tretter) in 1992.
In addition to his function as Professor of Constitutional and International Law and Human Rights at Vienna University, Nowak was:
Director of the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM) at Utrecht University, Netherlands (1987–89)
Head of the Law Department of the Austrian Federal Academy of Public Administration in Vienna, Austria (1989–2001)
Olof Palme Professor of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at Lund University, Sweden (2002–2003)
Visiting Professor at EIUC in Venice, Italy (2004)
Swiss Chair of Human Rights at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland (2008–2009)
Austrian Visiting Chair at Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA (2014).
Since 2016, he is the Secretary General of EIUC in Venice, Italy, which is responsible for the Global Campus of Human Rights with seven Master programmes in all world regions and many other activities in the field of human rights and democracy education. He regularly teaches at various other universities, including the American University in Washington, DC.
As United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture, Nowak was one of the five authors of a United Nations report on the detention of captives at the United States naval base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba(2006) and one of four authors of a UN report on secret detention in the fight against terrorism (2010).
In 2005, Nowak visited China, claiming that torture remained "widespread" there. He also complained of Chinese officials interfering with his work.
In September 2006, he alleged that torture may be more of a problem in Iraq since the Iraq War than under Saddam Hussein's regime. Much of the torture, he argued, is carried out by security forces, militias and insurgents.
From 6 to 9 November 2006, he presented at the international panel at Gadjah Mada University for adoption of Yogyakarta Principles and has become one of the 29 signatories.
In February 2008, Nowak was a founding member of the 'Research Platform Human Rights in the European Context' at the University of Vienna.
Nowak is a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.
As internationally renowned expert in the field of human rights, he carried out various independent expert functions for the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the European Union, the OSCE as well as for NGOs and in the corporate sector. The most important expert functions are the following:
1986–1993: Member of the Austrian Delegation to the UN Commission on Human Rights
1993: Coordinator of NGO-Input into the Second World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna
1993–2001: Expert Member of the UN Working Group on Involuntary or Enforced Disappearances
1994–1997: UN Expert in charge of the Special Process on Missing Persons or Enforced Disappearances
since 1995: Member and Honorary Member of the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), Geneva
1996–2003: Judge at the Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia-Herzegovina in Sarajevo
2000–2015: Head of an Independent Human Rights Commission at the Austrian Ministry of Interior and the Austrian Ombudsman Board (National Preventive Mechanism)
2001–2006: UN Expert on Disappearances
2002–2006: Member of the EU Network of Independent Experts on Fundamental Rights
2004–2010: United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
2008–2010: Member and Rappeorteur of a Panel of Eminent Persons
since 2010: Vice-President of the Austrian UNESCO-Commission
since 2011: Member of the Advisory Board of ECCHR, Berlin
2012–2017: Vice-Chair of the Management Board of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, Vienna
since 2012: Chair of an International Review Committee on assessing compliance by the Government of Taiwan with the two UN Human Rights Covenants
since 2012: Member of the OMV Advisory Board for Resourcefulness
since 2016: Independent Expert leading the UN Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty
Nowak is author of more than 600 publication in the field of constitutional, administrative and international law, human rights as well as development studies.
Key publications:
2003: Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime, Leiden (Spanish translation 2009, Chinese translation 2010), 365 pages
2005: UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – CCPR Commentary, 2nd edition, Kehl am Rhein/Strassbourg/Arlington 1989, 946 pages
2008: The United Nations Convention against Torture – A Commentary (together with Elizabeth McArthur), Oxford, 1649 pages
2012: All Human Rights for All – Vienna Manual on Human Rights (edited together with Karolina Januszewski, Tina Hofstaetter), Vienna/Graz, 672 pages
2015: Menschenrechte – Eine Antwort auf die wachsende oekonomische Ungleichheit, Vienna/Hamburg, 176 pages
2017: Human Rights or Global Capitalism, The Limits of Privatisation, Pennsylvania, 256 pages
2017: Torture – An Expert's Confrontation with an Everyday Evil, Pennsylvania, 191 pages (forthcoming)
Honours
In 1994, Nowak was awarded the UNESCO Prize for the Teaching of Human Rights (honorable mention), in recognition of the outstanding contribution to the development of the teaching of human rights.
In 2007, he received the Bruno Kreisky Prize for Human Rights for outstanding achievements for services to international human rights and the University of Oslo’s Human Rights Award for his "defense of fundamental human rights" in 2013.
In 2014, Manfred Nowak was honored with the Otto Hahn Peace Medal.
See also
Enhanced interrogation techniques
Extraordinary rendition
War on Terror
References
External links
United Nations Special Rapporteurs on torture
Living people
1950 births
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Academic staff of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
20th-century Austrian lawyers
Austrian human rights activists
People from Bad Aussee
University of Vienna alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
21st-century Austrian lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred%20Nowak |
Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare () was a manual written by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for the Nicaraguan Contras, who were involved in a civil war with the Nicaraguan government. It was revealed by the Associated Press on October 15, 1984. The ninety-page book of instructions focused mainly on how "Armed Propaganda Teams" could build political support in Nicaragua for the Contra cause through deceit, intimidation, and violence. The manual also discussed assassinations.
The International Court of Justice case Nicaragua v. United States found that the publication of this manual had "encouraged acts ... contrary to general principles of humanitarian law."
However, the CIA claimed that the purpose of the manual was to "moderate" the extreme violence already being used by the Contras.
Authorship
The manual was written in October 1983 by a CIA contract employee who used the alias John Kirkpatrick, who "was a U.S. Army counterinsurgency specialist, with experience in the Vietnam War-era Phoenix Program, working under contract to the CIA's International Activities Division." Duane Clarridge, who oversaw the writing of the manual, claimed in his 2009 book that John Kirkpatrick was brought in to prepare a course for the Contras on how to interact with the civilian population and outline the rule of engagement, and that he also produced a manual consisting of this curriculum material. Kirkpatrick based his work off of existing US Army manuals, particularly 1968 Green Beret lesson plans used at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, the Green Berets' Lesson Plan 643, Armed Psyop: Implicit and Explicit Terror (April 1968), and Field Manual 30–104, Collaborators on developing the manual included CIA Contra coordinator Ray Doty, Nicaraguan Democratic Force director of communications Edgar Chamorro, Noel Ortiz, and Laura Ortiz.
Publication history
The manual was written in English, and then translated into Spanish by Edgar Chamorro. It was printed in ninety pages under the pseudonym Tayacán in late 1983. Chamorro objected to two portions in the document, namely the sections on hiring professional criminals for special jobs and killing colleagues to create martyrs for the cause. He arranged for these two pages to be physically torn out from 2000 copies. However, 5000 copies were printed, so some commentators have reasoned that some copies were distributed with these sections intact.
Political reaction
A Reagan administration official stated privately that the manual had been written by an "overzealous" independent low-level employee under contract to the CIA. Further, the manual had not been cleared for publication, was "clearly against the law", and that it violated Reagan's 1981 Executive Order banning political assassinations. On October 18, 1984, President Ronald Reagan ordered CIA Director William Casey to initiate an investigation by the agency's Inspector General. Reagan stated that "whoever is guilty [of preparing the manual], we will deal with that situation and they will be removed."
In a news conference on November 7, the day after his reelection victory, Reagan dismissed the entire controversy as "much ado about nothing". Shortly thereafter, a White House spokesman said Reagan had approved the Inspector General's report recommending discipline of several mid-level officials. Five mid-level CIA employees received punishments ranging from written reprimands to suspension without pay for "poor judgment and lapses in oversight" because of the manual. In 1987, it was found that Casey blocked any punishment of the two senior CIA officials involved with producing and distributing the manual, including one, Duane Clarridge, who after initially denying that he had anything to do with the manual, admitted he was "fully responsible" for the document. In closed testimony to a congressional committee, Casey reportedly declared, "There's no reason to discipline them for one little slip-up." Under political pressure to remove Clarridge from his role, he was promoted to chief of the CIA's European operations.
Contents
The manual recommended "selective use of violence for propagandistic effects" and to "neutralize" (i.e., kill) government officials. Nicaraguan Contras were taught to:
[lead] demonstrators into clashes with the authorities, to provoke riots or shootings, which lead to the killing of one or more persons, who will be seen as the martyrs; this situation should be taken advantage of immediately against the Government to create even bigger conflicts.
The manual also recommended:
selective use of armed force for PSYOP [psychological operations] effect. ... Carefully selected, planned targets — judges, police officials, tax collectors, etc. — may be removed for PSYOP effect in a UWOA [unconventional warfare operations area], but extensive precautions must ensure that the people "concur" in such an act by thorough explanatory canvassing among the affected populace before and after conduct of the mission.
Nicaragua v. United States
The manual was one of the issues the International Court of Justice (IJC) analyzed in the Nicaragua v. United States 1986 ICJ 1 case. The court's jurisdiction for this case was disputed by the United States, an issue that has never been resolved.
The ICJ statements included: "Finds that the United States of America, by producing in 1983 a manual entitled Operaciones sicológicas en guerra de guerrillas, and disseminating it to contra forces, has encouraged the commission by them of acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law; but does not find a basis for concluding that any such acts which may have been committed are imputable to the United States of America as acts of the United States of America."
"The Court has to determine whether the relationship of the contras to the United States Government was such that it would be right to equate the contras, for legal purposes, with an organ of the United States Government, or as acting on behalf of that Government. The Court considers that the evidence available to it is insufficient to demonstrate the total dependence of the contras on United States aid. A partial dependency, the exact extent of which the Court cannot establish, may be inferred from the fact that the leaders were selected by the United States, and from other factors such as the organisation, training and equipping of the force, planning of operations, the choosing of targets and the operational support provided. There is no clear evidence that the United States actually exercised such a degree of control as to justify treating the contras as acting on its behalf."
"Having reached the above conclusion, the Court takes the view that the contras remain responsible for their acts, in particular the alleged violations by them of humanitarian law. For the United States to be legally responsible, it would have to be proved that that State had effective control of the operations in the course of which the alleged violations were committed."
See also
The Freedom Fighter's Manual
U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals
U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
United States involvement in regime change
References
Further reading
(HTML transcription)
External links
Central Intelligence Agency operations
Contras
Psychological warfare handbooks and manuals
Guerrilla warfare handbooks and manuals
Publications of the United States government
Dirty wars
Nicaragua–United States relations
Nicaraguan Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological%20Operations%20in%20Guerrilla%20Warfare |
Adam Kasper is an American, Seattle area record producer and engineer, with platinum and gold awards, working with such bands as Aerosmith, Mudhoney, Nirvana, Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age, The Tragically Hip, R.E.M., Soundgarden and Pearl Jam. He went to Capital High School in Olympia, Washington.
He won a Grammy Award in 2001 for his work on the Foo Fighters' There Is Nothing Left to Lose (see Grammy Awards of 2001), and again in 2004 for his work on the Foo Fighters' One by One.
Albums produced
Truly - Fast Stories... from Kid Coma (1995)
Seaweed - Spanaway (1995)
Soundgarden - Down on the Upside (1996)
Pond - Rock Collection (1997)
The Watchmen - Silent Radar (1998)
Wellwater Conspiracy - Brotherhood of Electric: Operational Directives (1999)
Foo Fighters - There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1999)
Cold - 13 Ways to Bleed on Stage (2000)
Foo Fighters - One by One (2002)
Queens of the Stone Age - Songs for the Deaf (2002)
Pearl Jam - Riot Act (2002)
Aya - "Senjou no Hana" (2002)
The Tragically Hip - In Between Evolution (2004)
Pearl Jam - Pearl Jam (2006)
Eddie Vedder - Into the Wild (2007)
Soundgarden - Live on I-5 (2011)
Eddie Vedder - Ukulele Songs (2011)
Spoonshine - Song of the Sockeye (2012)
Soundgarden - King Animal (2012)
Ume - Monuments (2014)
Pop Evil - Up (2015)
Albums mixed
Truly - Fast Stories... from Kid Coma (1995)
Soundgarden - Down on the Upside (1996)
Sunny Day Real Estate - How It Feels To Be Something On (1998)
Foo Fighters - There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1999) (except 3, 6, 7)
Spys4Darwin - microfish (2001)
Wellwater Conspiracy - The Scroll and Its Combinations (2001)
Queens of the Stone Age - Songs for the Deaf (2002)
Cat Power - You Are Free (2003)
Queensrÿche - Tribe (2003)
Wellwater Conspiracy - Wellwater Conspiracy (2003)
Jack Irons - Attention Dimension (2004)
Queensrÿche - The Art of Live (2004)
Visqueen - Sunset on Dateland (2004)
Pearl Jam - Pearl Jam (2006)
Eddie Vedder - Into the Wild (2007)
The Elms - The Great American Midrange (2009)
Soundgarden - Live on I-5 (2011)
Mark Blacknell - Mystery City Pretenders (2017) (3, 5, 10)
The Jins - It's a Life (2023)
Songs produced
Nirvana - "You Know You're Right" (2002)
Pearl Jam - "Man of the Hour" (2003)
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Record producers from Washington (state)
Grammy Award winners
American audio engineers
People from Olympia, Washington | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Kasper |
In law enforcement parlance, the term murder book refers to the case file of a murder investigation. Typically, murder books include crime scene photographs and sketches, autopsy and forensic reports, transcripts of investigators' notes, and witness interviews. The murder book encapsulates the complete paper trail of a murder investigation, from the time the murder is first reported through the arrest of a suspect.
Law enforcement agencies typically guard murder books carefully, and it is unusual for civilians to be given unfettered access to these kinds of records, especially for unsolved cases.
In modern culture
In films and television
In the thriller novel The Murder Book (2002) by Jonathan Kellerman, a murder book is sent to psychologist Alex Delaware, renewing the hunt for a murderer in a 20-year-old case.
A murder book featured heavily in the plot of the 2006/2008 ABC miniseries Day Break.
Episode 387–1716 of the TV series Law & Order is titled "Murder Book" (2007).
Murder Book (2014–) is an American television series on the Investigation Discovery channel.
In the film of the Michael Connelly novel Blood Work, the murder book is a key investigative tool to find a suspect in several killings.
In literature and publications
American crime novelist Michael Connelly makes regular references to the meticulous murder books kept by LAPD detective Harry Bosch, particularly in The Black Echo, The Concrete Blonde, The Last Coyote, Trunk Music, The Closers, and The Drop. In 2020, Connelly created a true crime podcast titled Murder Book.
Novelist Lisa Gray makes regular references to murder books in her Jessica Shaw novels.
References
External links
The Gangs of Los Angeles – The Homicide Library FBI
Law enforcement terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20book |
Leandro Despouy (April 4, 1947 – December 18, 2019), who was born in San Luis, Argentina, was an Argentine human rights lawyer. He was the United Nations Commission on Human Rights Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers from August 2003 until end of July 2009
.. He was also Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
Despouy was one of the five authors of a report on human rights abuses committed against the extrajudicial captives the United States detainees at its naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
He played a significant role for the recognition of extreme poverty as a human rights issue within the United Nations system.
In 2016 he was awarded the Premio Konex
From 2002 to 2016, Despouy was the president of the Auditoría General de la Nación of the Argentine Republic.
References
UN Cites Torture Reports At Gitmo, CBS News, June 23, 2005
1947 births
2019 deaths
People from San Luis, Argentina
20th-century Argentine lawyers
United Nations special rapporteurs
Members of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
Argentine officials of the United Nations
21st-century Argentine lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro%20Despouy |
X.75 is an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (formerly CCITT) standard specifying the interface for interconnecting two X.25 networks. X.75 is almost identical to X.25. The significant difference is that while X.25 specifies the interface between a subscriber (Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)) and the network (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE)), X.75 specifies the interface between two networks (Signalling Terminal Equipment (STE)), and refers to these two STE as STE-X and STE-Y. This gives rise to some subtle differences in the protocol compared with X.25. For example, X.25 only allows network-generated reset and clearing causes to be passed from the network (DCE) to the subscriber (DTE), and not the other way around, since the subscriber is not a network. However, at the interconnection of two X.25 networks, either network might reset or clear an X.25 call, so X.75 allows network-generated reset and clearing causes to be passed in either direction.
Although outside the scope of both X.25 and X.75, which define external interfaces to an X.25 network, X.75 can also be found as the protocol operating between switching nodes inside some X.25 networks.
Further reading
External links
ITU-T Recommendation X.75
Network layer protocols
Wide area networks
ITU-T recommendations
ITU-T X Series Recommendations
X.25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.75 |
Ad Lib is a decorative typeface that was designed in 1961 by Freeman Craw for American Type Founders. It was extremely popular from the early- to mid-1960s, and is often used today to evoke that era.
The typeface is known for its square counters a-la the 60's. A SoftMaker version of this font has straighter edges for glyphs.
Notable examples of Ad Lib usage
Ad Lib was used for Felix the Cat episode titles.
Ad Lib was used for episode titles and "Same Bat Time, Same Bat Channel" text overlays on the 1960s Batman television series.
Ad Lib was used in the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory on the Augustus Gloop number.
Ad Lib was used in the 1976 film The Bad News Bears.
Ad Lib was used in the Pink Panther titles, as well as in the credits of the Looney Tunes shorts that DePatie-Freleng Enterprises produced from 1964 to 1967.
Ad Lib was used in the 1982-1983 TV series Meatballs & Spaghetti.
Ad Lib was used in the 1982 animated film The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat.
Ad Lib was used in film credits, such as The Outrage, A Guide for the Married Man, Clueless, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back and A Man Called Dagger.
Ad Lib was used as the font to display scores on the television screen and for the logo on the first season of the 1996-99 version of The Dating Game.
Ad Lib was used for the titles of the television series Night Gallery which ran from 1970 to 1973.
Ad Lib was used for in the 1967 film In The Heat of the Night and the 1988 TV series based in the film.
Ad Lib was used in the closing credits for Masha and the Bear.
Ad Lib was used in the episode title cards for A Pup Named Scooby-Doo and Yo Yogi!
Ad Lib and Banco are used in the logo for the Disney animated series Darkwing Duck.
Ad Lib was used once in the Courage the Cowardly Dog episode "Journey to the Center of Nowhere" for the episode's title card.
Ad Lib is used on the cover of the Nirvana live album From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah.
Ad Lib was used on most Animaniacs tie-in merchandise.
Ad Lib is also used in the opening and closing credits of the animated series American Dad!.
Ad Lib is used for the title of Tyler Perry's Assisted Living
Ad Lib was used in the logo of the website Rotten Tomatoes prior to 2018.
Ad Lib was used throughout the Worms video game franchise, up until Worms Ultimate Mayhem.
Ad Lib was used in signage around Nickelodeon Studios alternately with the network's "Balloon" font.
Ad Lib was featured on the boxes of the 1996 MGM/UA reissue of Pee-wee's Playhouse.
Ad Lib was the dialogue font used in Luigi's Mansion 3.
Ad Lib was used on the title cards for children's show Maggie and the Ferocious Beast.
Ad Lib was used in the closing credits of some 90's Sesame Street home videos during the Around the Corner Era.
Ad Lib was used in The Wiggles TV series and home videos from 1997 to 2001.
Ad Lib was used as the logo of the English TV series That'll Teach 'Em.
Ad Lib was used for part of the title of the Soft Serve Cyclone menu item from the American restaurant chain Friendly's.
Ad Lib was used in the closing credits of Sabrina: The Animated Series.
Ad Lib was used in the logo for The Mighty Mighty Bosstones (and often on their album covers).
Ad Lib was used in print ads for Chuck E. Cheese in 1999.
Ad Lib was used in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends in the episode "Frankie My Dear" for a fictional restaurant dubbed "Futurpoup", which translates to "Poop of the future".
Ad Lib was used in A-Z Animal Dictionaries.
References
External links
American Type Founders typefaces
Display typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1961
Digital typefaces
Letterpress typefaces
Photocomposition typefaces | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%20Lib%20%28typeface%29 |
Halocarpus bidwillii, commonly known as the mountain pine or bog pine, is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is endemic to New Zealand.
It is an evergreen shrub favouring both bogs and dry stony ground, seldom growing to more than high. The leaves are scale-like on adult plants, long, arranged spirally on the shoots; young seedlings and occasional shoots on older plants have soft strap-like leaves and broad. The seed cones are highly modified, berry-like, with a white aril surrounding the single long seed.
Description
H. bidiwillii grows as a shrub. It grows up to tall and has a short trunk that Kirk noted "rarely exceeds" 1 foot in diameter, and more commonly has a thickness between at breast height. Its bark is red to brown and trunks have multiple branches, though will occasionally have just one. In some rare cases, as the horizontal branches grow, their roots will form a "bush" around the parent shrub. This creates a vast mini-forest that looks like a huge low tree or shrub. The parent tree may die, leaving its outliers intact which are thin and red.
Depending on the maturity of a mountain pine, the shrubs take on rather drastic differences in leaf appearance. In the juvenile state, leaves are linear, flat, and spreading, much like a pine tree, while in the mature state, its leathery leaves, 1–2 mm long, take on an overlapping scaled appearance, much like the scales of a fish. The leaves are green when fresh, but can become brown to red when they are dried out. During the flowering months of October to December, small male cones, 3–5 mm in length, are brown to red at the end of the pine's scale-like leaves. Stomata can be seen by the naked eye and seen as white spots. Pollen particles are solitary, terminal, ca. 3–5 mm long. Appendage is adnate to base of carpel, cortex, inverted, with a drooping ovule. The fruit of mountain pine consists of a dark brown, black-brown to purple-brown seed in a fleshy, waxy white cup. Seeds are 2–3 mm long, subglobose, compressed, with a white to yellow aril. The aril is V-shaped under the seed. Seeds are hairless, smooth, 3–4.5 mm long (including arils), and take on a dark brown or dark brown to dark purple brown appearance; seeds are also typically shiny, oval oblong, and compressed.
Bog pines are easily recognized when fruiting by the waxy white (very slightly yellowish) arils subtending the seed. Vegetatively compared with other species of Halocarpus, mountain pines have growth habits of smaller multibranched shrubs to small trees, weak keel-shaped leaves, and more slender, initially quadrangular branchlets. The seeds of the mountain pine are distinguished from H. biformis (with which it often confused with) by the ventral and dorsal surfaces which are usually significant longitudinally grooved (sometimes only on the ventral surface).
Taxonomy
Halocarpus bidwillii was first described by the British botanist Thomas Kirk in 1887, in an article in the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, as Dacrydium bidwillii. He identified two variants that he differentiated mostly on the basis of branch and inflorescence (flower spike) shape. The alpha (α) or erecta variety had flat and ribbed leaves with slender branches, while the beta (β) or reclinata variety had distinct mid-rib leaves and stout branches. Harry Allan disputed the status of these varieties in his 1961 Flora of New Zealand (Vol 1), suggesting instead they were the result of hybridisation. It wasn't until 1982 when C.J. Quinn proposed an alternative taxonomy for the species based on ovule morphology and orientation, that the species obtained the current scientific name of Halocarpus bidwillii.
Etymology
The specific epithet bidwillii is in honor of John Carne Bidwill (1815-1853) who was an Australian botanist born in England and became the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
Phylogeny
Three separate studies using DNA sequencing, one in the year 2000, and two in 2002, have confirmed that the genus Halocarpus is monophyletic, as they all descend from a common ancestor, though the wider clade it is part of was found to be unresolved. A study in 2002 from the journal of Plant Systematics and Evolution found a relationship in which H. kirkii and H. biformis form a clade, to which H. bidwillii is sister. This was replicated in a previous study from 2000 in the Australian Journal of Botany.
Subsequent studies from 2011 and 2012 however, have found that H. bidwillii instead forms a clade with H. biformis, to which H. kirkii is sister. These studies, in the Journal of Botany and Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, used data from the GenBank as well as their own de novo sequencing. One study analysed MatK, trnL–trnF and ITS2 DNA, while the other used plastid and mitochondrial loci, 18S rDNA, 26S rDNA, and ITS2 DNA as well.
Cladogram from studies in early 2000s.
Cladogram from studies in 2010s.
Distribution and habitat
Halocarpus bidwillii is endemic to New Zealand and grow from Coromandel to the extreme south; as the latitude increases, they are found at lower altitudes. In the North Island, it can be found in Taupo county near Rotoaira and in the central volcanic plateau and Kaingaroa plains. In the South Island, as the name implies, mountain pine are common in mountainous regions in Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago, with some plants found as high as above sea level in the Canterbury alps. Mountain pine can also be found on Stewart Island directly at sea level.
The mountain pine has a wide range of habitats, but mostly prefers montane to subalpine habitats from 39º latitude southward. Within its range, the annual average temperature is 8.5°C, the coldest month average minimum temperature is −0.8°C, and the annual average precipitation is . In the North Island, mountain pine are found exclusively in montane to alpine habitats and usually between 600 and 1500 m elevation. However, mountain pine can also thrive in lowland conditions, and its presence on Stewart Island at sea level is an example of this. Mountain pine are also hardy plants growing in a wide range of ground conditions. Mountain pine can grow in both bog environments and in dry stony ground, with mountain pine growing extremely well in the Te Anau stony ground environment and just as effectively in wetland margins, frost flats, and riverbeds.
Mountain pine are one of the three most frost-resistant types of New Zealand conifers, and can typically resist frosts beyond −7 °C. Similarly resilient, mountain pine are often found in poor soils. True of many conifers, mountain pine actually prefer leached, low nutrient, and poorly drained soils, with many pollen diagrams showing that mountain pines thrive in infertile bogs. Although tolerant of frosts past −7 °C, mountain pines are typically found in environments with a mean annual temperature of 8.5 °C and an average minimum temperature of −0.8 °C. Mountain pine also live in environments that average of precipitation a year.
Ecology
Thriving without true fruits, the mountain pine has few predators which are mostly herbivorous insects. Briefly, the 4 main categories of insects that prey on mountain pine are: beetles, sucking bugs, caterpillars, and mites. Weevils, a specific type of beetle, feed on all Podocarpaceae (mountain pine's taxonomic family), and larvae thrive in any kind of decaying wood, including mountain pine. More specific, scale insects, Eriococcus dacrydii, live on the stems and leaf scales of the Halocarpus species, and even more specific, (Dugdale, 1996) found a species of conifer associated moth that uses the mountain pine as its host plant, appropriately named Chrysorthenches halocarpi. The caterpillars of Chrysorthenches halocarpi feed on the mountain pine shoots and when too many are present, the mountain pine appears bronze and growth can be stunted. Finally, Tuckerella flabellifera, red mites with white scales from Tasmania, live on young mountain pine plants and presumably feed on the young leaves and wood.
In addition to insect predators, mountain pine also suffers from a nematode disease which is caused by the pine wood nematode. Infected trees are characterized by having yellow to brown or red to brown needles, wilting, and stopped resin secretion. In extreme cases, this disease can lead to death in which the wood takes on a blue appearance. Treatments for the disease are mostly done after tree death and consist of cleaning and cutting dead wood.
Phenology
Like all conifers, the mountain pine life cycle is dependent on cones. Male and female flowers are found on separate trees – male cones 3-5mm long are at the tips of branches and female flowers grow solo or in pairs and form just below the tips of the branches. From the time of seeding, male conifers will take about 2–3 years to reach maturity. When they have matured, male cones appear during the flowering season which runs from October to December, but most often occurs during October and November. Depending on the exact location, cone development can vary with North Island mountain pine producing cones more toward the October end of the range. By the end of November, the once juvenile reddish cones take on more brown character and begin to shed pollen. Around this same time, ovules grow at the tips of the branches and once fertilized by the pollen they develop a white aril at the base. Seeds begin to develop in the following months up until the fruiting season, which occurs from February to June. By February, green fruits mature, but do not ripen until mid to early March. Once they begin to ripen, fruits ripen quickly and take on a purple to black colour similar to the shade of an eggplant.
The seeds themselves are only 3-4mm long and have regular grooves stretching the length of the seed. Mountain pine can often be confused with closely related H. biformis, but a key difference between these 2 species' seeds is that mountain pine seeds are typically smaller and squatter than those of H. biformis.
Uses
When Kirk first described the mountain pine, he declared it to be of "little economic value" except perhaps for firewood. Perhaps he was unaware at the time, but Kirk should’ve specified that mountain pine could only be used for firewood without its bark. Mountain pine is one of the few New Zealand conifers that is able to resist fire, mostly because of its thick bark, but also because of its ability to recover through basal resprouting after a fire event. Other uses of the raw wood include timber production for use in buildings and railway sleepers.
Another potential use for mountain pine could be for decoration. Kirk commented on the "attractive character" of mountain pine, citing its symmetrical growth, and suggested that it could become an ornamental plant. Aside from decoration and perhaps firewood, no other uses of mountain pine or its products have been described to date.
Insecticidal activity
One trait of the mountain pine that is recently receiving academic attention, but has not yet been realized by the commercial sector is the use of mountain pine plant extract as an insecticide. Extracts of mountain pine foliage have shown the presence of organic compounds like diterpenes, phyllocladane and isophyllocladene and extracts of mountain pine leaves were shown to have been toxic to the codling moth, and partially toxic to the housefly. In these experiments milled leaf powders of several conifers (including the mountain pine) were incorporated into the diet of several insects and the mountain pine powder had over 75% mortality rate on the codling moths tested, and 55–75% mortality on the houseflies tested. Potentially toxic effects of mountain pine extract have also been studied in the germination of lettuce seeds. Foliage extracts from mountain pine significantly (p < 0.01) reduced germination when the extract came from both juvenile and adult pines, which did not differ from each other. Aside from germination, both juvenile and adult pines inhibited root hair growth. (Perry, 1995) hypothesized that these inhibitory effects of mountain pine might be due to allelopathic potential, since mountain pine often grow without any other vegetation below their shrubs. Further research is needed before mountain pine extract becomes of any commercial value.
References
Notes
Citations
External links
Gymnosperm Database: Halocarpus bidwillii
Trees of New Zealand
Least concern plants
Podocarpaceae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocarpus%20bidwillii |
, is a Confucian temple () in Yushima, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. It was established in end of the 17th century during the Genroku era of the Edo period. Towards the late Edo period, one of the most important educational institutions of the shogunate, the ), or , was founded on its grounds.
Background
In 1632, Tokugawa Yoshinao, the 9th son of Tokugawa Ieyasu and daimyō of Owari Domain was granted permission to build an academy in Edo for the study and propagation of Confucianism. The first structure, the Sensei-den (先聖殿), constructed by the neo-Confucian scholar Hayashi Razan (1583–1657) in his grounds at Shinobu-ga-oka (now in Ueno Park). Under succeeding generations of Tokugawa shoguns and under the leadership of the Hayashi clan, Japanese Neo-Confucianism, particularly as developed in the teachings of Zhu Xi became the official orthodoxy and basis of the political philosophy of the Tokugawa shogunate.
The fifth shogun, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, moved the building to its present site in 1691, where it became the Taiseiden (大成殿) of Yushima Seidō. The Hayashi school of Confucianism moved at the same time, and after the Kansei Edict solidified the position of neo-Confucianism the official philosophy of Japan, the school became a state-sponsored academy in 1797, the most important school of this kind in the country for the sons of hatamoto and many of the sons of various daimyo. The school was known as the Shōhei-zaka Gakumonjo (昌平坂学問所) or Shōheikō (昌平黌), after the supposed birthplace area of Confucius (昌平, Shōhei in Japanese). The rector of Shoheikō was for all intents and purposes at the head of the educational system in Edo. The academy covered a much larger area than the current grounds of the temple, including where the modern Tokyo Medical and Dental University stands. In addition to lectures at the academy, ceremonies were held in spring and autumn at the adjacent Confucian temple.
In 1871, after the Meiji Restoration, Neo-Confucianism fell from official favor and the academy was closed, although it is considered the direct predecessor of the Tokyo Imperial University. The Tokyo Medical and Dental University still occupies part of the grounds. In 1872, Japan's first teachers college was built on the site of the academy. Part of the grounds became the site of Japan's first museum, which was later relocated to Ueno to become the Tokyo National Museum. The country's first library, the predecessor of the National Diet Library was also constructed on the grounds. The grounds became a National Historic Site in 1922. The surviving Edo period structures were all destroyed in the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. The current Yushima Seidō building was designed by Itō Chūta and was completed in 1935. The opening ceremony for the new building was attended by representatives of both the Republic of China and Manchukuo.
Shōheikō
Education at Shōheikō
The school had three kinds of students: , and attending only open lessons. The Keikonin were from the hatamoto and gokenin families in Edo, direct vassals of the Shogunate. A small dormitory for them was available, but its capacity was limited, and most Keikonin students would commute daily from their Edo estates. A larger dormitory was available for the Shosei resident trainees, who were coming as scholarship students from all Han fiefs of the country. Besides lessons, the Shosei students lived on campus and spent a lot of time scholarly debating among themselves, naturally creating a strong alumni network spanning all over the country, which was key during the Meiji restoration.
An introduction by a Keikonin following by an interview by the teaching staff was needed to enroll the school. Courses were focusing on confucian teachings with in-depth studies from start to end of Chinese texts. Unsurprisingly, the Four books and Five classics were studied extensively. On top of lessons for the resident students and the Keikonin, there were open courses available to the common people every day.
Several kinds of examinations were performed, from the , held yearly to evaluate younger trainees and whether they could continue or not their studies, to the prestigious , held only 19 times in the whole history of the school.
Shōheikō alumni and scholars
Saitō Chikudō
Takasugi Shinsaku
Akizuki Teijirō
Kume Kunitake
Kurimoto Jōun
Kiyokawa Hachiro
Matsumoto Keido
Edayoshi Shinyo
Mishima Choshu
Institutional history after 1871 and legacy
The colour scheme of the original Taiseiden is believed to have been one of vermilion paint with verdigris. After being burnt down on a number of occasions, the Taiseiden was rebuilt in 1799 in the style of the Confucian temple in Mito, which used black paint. This building survived through the Meiji period, was used to host the Yushima Seidō Exposition in 1872, and was designated a national historical site in 1922, but was burnt down in the Great Kantō earthquake of the following year. The current Taiseiden is in reinforced concrete and was designed by Itō Chūta.
Since the Meiji restoration, Yushima Seidō has temporarily shared its premises with a number of different institutions, including the Ministry of Education, the Tokyo National Museum, and the forerunners of today’s Tsukuba University and Ochanomizu University (which is now in a different location but retains "Ochanomizu" in its name).
Inside the compound is the world's largest statue of Confucius, donated in 1975 by the Lions Club of Taipei, Taiwan. There are also statues of the Four Sages, Yan Hui, Zengzi, Kong Ji, and Mencius.
In the 1970s, the Taiseiden was used as the location for scenes in NTV's Monkey television series.
Along with the nearby Yushima Tenman-gū, the Yushima Seidō attracts students praying for success in their examinations.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Tōkyō)
Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) – neo-Confucianist teacher
Fujiwara Seika – Japanese disciple of Zhu Xi
Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars)
Wagakukodansho, a shogunate-sanctioned education institute focused on Japanese classics and Japanese history
Igakukan, a shogunate-sanctioned education institute focusing on traditional Chinese medicine
Bansho Shirabesho, a late Edo period institute on the translation/study of foreign works
References
Bibliography
Brownlee, John S. (1997) Japanese historians and the national myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jimmu. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Brownlee, John S. (1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (cloth) (paper)
De Bary, William Theodore, Carol Gluck, Arthur E. Tiedemann. (2005). Sources of Japanese Tradition, Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press.
Kelly, Boyd. (1999). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, Vol. 1. London: Taylor & Francis.
Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.
Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. .
Yamashita, Samuel Hideo. "Yamasaki Ansai and Confucian School Relations, 1650–1675" in Early Modern Japan, (Fall 2001). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
External links
Tokyo's Shōhei-kō (Yushima Sedō) today
Confucian temples in Japan
Religious buildings and structures in Tokyo
Education in Japan
Buildings and structures in Bunkyō
Edo
Historic Sites of Japan
1632 establishments in Japan
17th-century Confucian temples
World's fair sites in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushima%20Seid%C5%8D |
Sialkot International Airport is situated 14 km (8.7 mi) west of Sialkot in the Sialkot District of Pakistan. It has the distinction of being the first privately owned airport in Pakistan. It was built by the business community of Sialkot. Before the completion of the new green field Islamabad International Airport, it also had the longest runway in Pakistan.
Approximately 1,000,000 travellers from Sialkot and adjacent areas are expected to benefit from this international airport each year.
Structure
Sialkot is a major export hub of Pakistan. The airport is being upgraded to make it capable of accommodating the load of ten Boeing 747s or A340s. The airport authority is currently collaborating with a private company to develop the airport to meet international standards and already has developed a new runway so heavier aircraft can land. Additionally, a new terminal is currently under construction to deal with an increase in passengers as well as cargo imports and exports.
The airport provides services of fuel farms, aircraft ground maintenance , catering and related services through concessions to private parties.
The runway is 3,600-metres long, and 45-metres wide with 7.5-metre wide shoulders on either side corresponding to International Civil Aviation Organisation Category 4E.
The link taxiway is 263-metres long, and 23-metres wide with 10.5-metre shoulders.
It has aprons for passenger and cargo, 95,000-sq metre area. It is a combination of flexible and rigid pavements and also for nose-in parking for 7 wide bodied aircraft plus 4 ATR-42 aircraft at a time.
Two passenger boarding bridges have also become operational.
Airlines and destinations
Cargo
See also
List of airports in Pakistan
Sialkot Cantonment Airport
Sialkot International Airport Limited
References
External links
Official Website of Sialkot International Airport Limited
Airports in Punjab, Pakistan
International airports in Pakistan
Buildings and structures in Sialkot
Transport in Sialkot
Tourist attractions in Sialkot
Privately owned airports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialkot%20International%20Airport |
"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" is a recurring opinion survey and music ranking of the finest albums in history, compiled by the American magazine Rolling Stone. It is based on weighted votes from selected musicians, critics, and industry figures. The first list was published in a special issue of the magazine in 2003 and a related book in 2005.
Critics have accused the lists of lending disproportionate weight to artists of particular races and genders. In the original list, most of the selections were albums by white male rock musicians, with the top position held by the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). In 2012, Rolling Stone published a revised edition, drawing on the original and a later survey of albums released up until the early 2000s.
Another updated edition of the list was published in 2020, with 269 entries not in either of the two previous editions. It was based on a new survey and did not consider the surveys conducted for the 2003 and 2012 lists. The 2020 list featured more artists of color and female artists, topped by Marvin Gaye's What's Going On (1971). It received similar criticisms as the previous lists.
Background
The first version of the list, published as a magazine in November 2003, was based on the votes of 273 rock musicians, critics, and industry figures, each of whom submitted a ranked list of 50 albums. The accounting firm Ernst & Young devised a point system to weigh votes for 1,600 submitted titles. The Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band topped the list, with Rolling Stones editors describing it as "the most important rock 'n' roll album ever made". The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds (1966) was ranked second in recognition of its influence on Sgt. Pepper. The list also included compilations and "greatest hits" collections.
An amended list was released as a book in 2005, with an introduction by guitarist Steven Van Zandt. Some compilation albums were removed, and Robert Johnson's The Complete Recordings was substituted for both of his King of the Delta Blues Singers volumes, making room for a total of eight new entries on the list.
On May 31, 2012, Rolling Stone published a revised list, drawing on the original and a later survey of albums up until the early 2000s. It was made available in "bookazine" format on newsstands in the US from April 27 to July 25. The new list contained 38 albums not present in the previous one, 16 of them released after 2003. The top listings remained unchanged.
Most of the albums on the initial lists were by white male rock musicians. Among the top 50 rankings, only 12 entries were by artists of color, none of whom were female, and only three albums by white women figured in the top 50.
On September 22, 2020, another revision of the list was published. It drew upon a new survey conducted with "more than 300 artists, producers, critics, and music-industry figures", including:
Craig Kallman
Daft Punk
Beyoncé
Taylor Swift
Billie Eilish
H.E.R.
Tierra Whack
Lindsey Jordan
Adam Clayton
The Edge
Raekwon
Gene Simmons
Stevie Nicks
Radiohead
Each voter was asked to submit a ranked list of 50 favorite albums. This time, the list included more musicians who were female and people of color, with many such artists represented at higher rankings than on the previous lists. 86 of the entries were 21st-century releases. One hundred fifty-four new entries were not on either of the two previous editions, and rap albums figured three times as much. Marvin Gaye's What's Going On (1971) was featured at the number one spot.
Reception
The original Rolling Stone 500 was criticized for being male-dominated, outmoded and almost entirely Anglo-American in focus. Writing in USA Today, Edna Gundersen described the list as predictable and "weighted toward testosterone-fueled vintage rock". Following the publicity surrounding the list, rock critic Jim DeRogatis, a former Rolling Stone editor, published Kill Your Idols: A New Generation of Rock Writers Reconsiders the Classics in 2004. The book featured a number of critics arguing against the high evaluation of various "great" albums, many of which had been included in the list.
Jonny Sharp, a contributor to NMEs own 500 greatest albums list, described the 2012 Rolling Stone list as a "soulless, canon-centric [list] of the same tired old titles", adding: "looking at their 500, when the only album in their top 10 less than 40 years old is London Calling, I think I prefer the NME'''s less critically-correct approach."
Responding to the 2020 revision, Consequence of Sounds Alex Young wrote that the lesser representation of white male rock musicians was "the biggest takeaway". According to CNN's Leah Asmelash, "The change represents a massive shift for the magazine, moving to recognize more contemporary albums and a wider range of tastes." Conversely, Jonathan McNamara of The Japan Times criticized the list for underrepresenting Asian and non-Anglophone artists, stating that "It seems a shame then that Rolling Stone's musical brain trust of writers and industry contributors [...] didn't take the opportunity to hold up albums from the world's non-English-speaking artists and bands."
Statistics
Number of albums from each decade
Artists with the most albums
The following table lists the artists who had at least three albums included on at least one edition of the list (68 artists in total).
See also
Album era
All Time Top 1000 Albums Critic's Choice: Top 200 Albums NME'''s The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time]]
1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]]
[[Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time|Rolling Stone'''s 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time]]
[[Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time|Rolling Stones 100 Greatest Artists of All Time
Notes
References
Further reading
Paul Donoughue, "Rolling Stone's 500 'greatest albums of all time' list makes us question the meaning of classic", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, September 26, 2020.
"Internet reacts to Rolling Stone's more inclusive 500 Greatest Albums list", Radio X, September 24, 2020.
"'Rolling Stone' Updates Its List of the Greatest Albums of All Time", National Public Radio, September 25, 2020.
Sheldon Pearce, "The Futility of Rolling Stone's Best-Albums List", The New Yorker, October 2, 2020.
External links
500 Greatest Albums of All Time (2020 edition) by Rolling Stone''
Lists of albums
Rolling Stone articles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling%20Stone%27s%20500%20Greatest%20Albums%20of%20All%20Time |
Mark Wilkerson is an American musician, who was the lead singer and guitarist for rock band Course of Nature, previously known as COG.
Wilkerson co-wrote the song "It's Not Over" which was released as a single and as the opening track on the eponymous album by Daughtry. On December 6, 2007, the song earned him and the other co-writers a nomination for Best Rock Song for the 50th Annual Grammy Awards.
On May 3, 2007, Wilkerson gave a concert to help the relief efforts of Enterprise High School in Alabama, two months after a violent storm destroyed the school and killed eight students.
Personal life
On July 19, 2003, Wilkerson married actress Melissa Joan Hart, having met at the Kentucky Derby in May 2002. They have three sons: Mason (born January 2006), Braydon (b. March 2008), and Tucker (b. September 2012).
Discography
Albums with COG
No Time at All (2001)
Albums with Course of Nature
Superkala (2002)
Damaged (2008)
Filmography
Tying the Knot: The Wedding of Melissa Joan Hart [2003] [TV] ... Himself
Sabrina, the Teenage Witch ... Himself
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alternative rock guitarists
Alternative rock singers
American alternative rock musicians
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock singers
Living people
Singers from Alabama
People from Enterprise, Alabama
Rhythm guitarists
Guitarists from Alabama
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Wilkerson |
Roger Johnson may refer to:
Roger Johnson (by 1530–64 or later) (died ?), member of Parliament
Roger Johnson (California official) (1934–2005), American businessman
Roger Johnson (politician), American politician
Roger Johnson (hurdler) (born 1943), New Zealand hurdler
Roger Johnson (footballer) (born 1983), English football player
Roger Johnson (TV presenter), English journalist and presenter
Roger Johnson, President of the British Computer Society
Roger Kirk Johnson (1922–1991), architect, artist and educator
See also
Roger Johnston (born 1930), Australian politician | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Johnson |
Xi'an Xianyang International Airport is the main airport serving Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, as well as the whole Guanzhong area. Covering an area of , it is the largest airport in Northwest China, and the second largest airport in Northern China. The airport was the hub for China Northwest Airlines until the company was merged into China Eastern Airlines in 2002. Xi'an Airport is also the hub for Joy Air and Hainan Airlines. Xi'an Xianyang International Airport is a Skytrax 4-star airport.
In 2018, the airport handled 44,650,000 passengers, making it the busiest airport in northwest China. It is the ninth busiest airport nationwide. Xi'an Xianyang International Airport was also the nation's 9th busiest airport in terms of cargo traffic and the 7th busiest airport by traffic movements.
Location
The airport is located within the administrative area of Xianyang city, which gives the airport its name. It is northwest of Xi'an city centre, and northeast of the centre of Xianyang.
History
Before Xianyang Airport was built, Xi'an was served by Xi'an Xiguan Airport. In 1984, the State Council of China and the Central Military Commission proposed to build a large civil airport on the site of Xianyang's airfield. Phase 1 of the airport commenced construction in August 1987, and was finished and opened on 1 September 1991. Xi'an Xiguan Airport was closed at the same time. Phase 2 started in August 2000, and was finished on 16 September 2003. Another 7.592-billion-yuan project is scheduled to be completed by 2020.
Finnair's service to Helsinki was the first intercontinental route out of Xi'an, launching on 14 June 2013. It is now a seasonal route.
Terminal 3 and second runway
Terminal 3 and the second runway were opened on 3 May 2012, increasing the airport's capacity to more than 33 million passengers a year. The new terminal alone can handle 22 million passengers a year, twice as many as the other two terminals combined. Airlines that moved into the new terminal are China Eastern Airlines, China Southern Airlines, and Shanghai Airlines. The second runway is 3,800 meters long and is large enough to handle the Airbus A380.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Statistics
Ground transportation
Eight airport bus routes connect the airport well with the Xi'an and Xianyang city.
There are also long-distance buses which connect the airport with Baoji, Yangling, Lintong, Hancheng, Hanzhong, Weinan, Tongchuan, Yan'an, Qingyang, and Pingliang.
Xi'an Metro Line 14 between Beikezhan (Beiguangchang) station and the airport was opened on September 29, 2019. The line extended to Heshao on June 29, 2021.
Accidents and incidents
On 6 June 1994, China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 broke up in mid-air and crashed near Xi'an, en route to Guangzhou from Xi'an. A maintenance error was responsible. All 160 people on board died.
See also
Xi'an Xiguan Airport
List of airports in China
List of the busiest airports in China
References
External links
Official website
Airports in Shaanxi
Buildings and structures in Xi'an
Transport in Xi'an
Airports established in 1991
1991 establishments in China
Xianyang | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an%20Xianyang%20International%20Airport |
Bradford Alexander Mehldau (; born August 23, 1970) is an American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger.
Mehldau studied music at The New School, touring and recording while still a student. He was a member of saxophonist Joshua Redman's quartet in the mid-1990s, and has led his own trio since the early 1990s. His first long-term trio featured bassist Larry Grenadier and drummer Jorge Rossy; in 2005 Jeff Ballard replaced Rossy. These bands have released more than a dozen albums under the pianist's name.
Since the early 2000s, Mehldau has experimented with other musical formats in addition to trio and solo piano. Largo, released in 2002, contains electronics and input from rock and classical musicians. Later examples include: touring and recording with guitarist Pat Metheny; writing and playing song cycles for classical singers Renée Fleming, Anne Sofie von Otter, and Ian Bostridge; composing orchestral pieces for 2009's Highway Rider; and playing electronic keyboard instruments in a duo with drummer Mark Guiliana.
Aspects of pop, rock, and classical music, including German Romanticism, have been absorbed into Mehldau's writing and playing. Through his use of some traditional elements of jazz without being restricted by them, simultaneous playing of different melodies in separate hands, and incorporation of pop and rock pieces, Mehldau has influenced musicians in and beyond jazz in their approaches to writing, playing, and choice of repertoire.
Early life
Mehldau was born on August 23, 1970, in Jacksonville, Florida. His adoptive family was father Craig Mehldau, an ophthalmologist, mother Annette, a homemaker, and sister Leigh Anne, who became a social worker. The family moved from Roswell, Georgia to Bedford, New Hampshire in 1975. There was always a piano in the house during Mehldau's childhood, and he initially listened to pop and rock music on the radio. His family moved to West Hartford, Connecticut, when Mehldau was 10. Up to this point he had played mostly simple pop tunes and exercises from books, but the move brought him a new piano teacher, who introduced him to classical music. This new interest lasted for a few years, but by the age of 14 he was listening more to jazz, including recordings by saxophonist John Coltrane and pianist Oscar Peterson. Keith Jarrett's Bremen/Lausanne helped Mehldau realize the potential of the piano as an instrument.
Mehldau attended William H. Hall High School and played in its concert jazz band. While at high school, he began transcribing jazz solos from recordings, to improve his listening skills and gain insights into improvisation. From the age of 15 until he graduated from high school he had a weekly gig at a local club, and performed for weddings and other parties, often with fellow Hall student Joel Frahm. In his junior year at the school Mehldau won Berklee College's Best All Round Musician Award for school students. Mehldau described himself as being, up to this point, "a white, upper-middle-class kid who lived in a pretty homogenized environment".
After graduating, Mehldau moved to New York City in 1988 to study jazz and contemporary music at The New School, on a partial scholarship. He studied under pianists Fred Hersch, Junior Mance and Kenny Werner, and drummer Jimmy Cobb. In 1989, Mehldau was a member of saxophonist Christopher Hollyday's band that toured for several months; as a result of playing so often with one group, Mehldau was able to assimilate the music of Wynton Kelly and McCoy Tyner, his two principal influences on piano up to that point, and began to develop his own sound. Before the age of 20, Mehldau also had gigs in Cobb's band, along with fellow student Peter Bernstein on guitar.
Later life and career
1991–1998
Mehldau's first recording was for Hollyday's The Natural Moment in 1991; his first tour of Europe was also with the saxophonist during the same year. Mehldau's interest in classical music returned when he was in his early twenties, and spurred him into developing his left-hand playing technique. He led his own trio from at least 1992, when he played at New York's Village Gate. Mehldau also played as sideman with other musicians around this time. His performances with saxophonist Perico Sambeat included a tour of Europe early in 1993, and Mehldau's first released recordings as co-leader, from a May concert in Barcelona. Mehldau toured for 18 months with saxophonist Joshua Redman. The association with Redman began in 1993, but they had played together for a short period the previous year. Redman and his band attracted attention, with their 1994 album Moodswing also aiding Mehldau's profile. They also played together for the soundtrack to the film Vanya on 42nd Street (1994), for which Redman wrote the music.
Mehldau graduated from The New School in 1993. He formed his first long-term trio in 1994, with bassist Larry Grenadier and drummer Jorge Rossy. In the following year, Mehldau recorded Introducing Brad Mehldau for Warner Bros., his first album as sole leader. It was well received, with The Penguin Guide to Jazz commenting that "it's as if he were aware of jazz tradition but entirely unencumbered by it." His second album for Warner Bros., The Art of the Trio Volume One, was recorded in 1996 and was widely praised by critics. The title was selected by producer Matt Pierson as one that would attract attention and help to build a brand.
By the mid- to late 1990s, Mehldau was regarded by some as one of the leading jazz musicians of the day: Guardian critic John Fordham described him as "the next great keyboard star of jazz". The appreciation was not universal: some of the pianist's self-penned liner notes and interview comments, which included philosophical musings and complaints about comparisons with pianist Bill Evans, engendered dislike in some, thereby, in critic Nate Chinen's words, "leaving Mehldau with a lingering reputation for pretentiousness and self-indulgence." Many critics did, though, reassess their judgment of his main influences, which previously had often been given as Evans, an assessment that was perhaps attributable more to race than to music. Another, non-musical, similarity with Evans that was commented on was Mehldau's struggle with an addiction to heroin during the 1990s, up to 1998. Around 1996 he moved to Los Angeles, to try to overcome his problem with drugs. Mehldau later stated: "Once I stopped using heroin, it was like a rush of creativity that had been held in check came out".
In 1996, Mehldau made the first of several recordings with saxophonist Lee Konitz and bassist Charlie Haden. Mehldau's contributions to film music continued in 1997, with an accompanist role for some of the tracks recorded for Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. His series of trio albums also continued, employing some of the traditional elements of jazz while not conforming to or being restricted by its norms. Live at the Village Vanguard: The Art of the Trio Volume Two consisted entirely of standards, and was recorded at a series of 1997 concerts at the Village Vanguard, and released the following year. The title again attracted attention, as concert recordings from the same club had been issued by some of the biggest names in jazz, including Evans, and saxophonists Coltrane and Sonny Rollins. The studio album Songs: The Art of the Trio Volume Three followed later in 1998, and contained Mehldau originals, standards, plus Nick Drake's "River Man", and Radiohead's "Exit Music (For a Film)". This album was chosen by Fordham as his jazz CD of the year. "[Although it] might seem to some a little introverted, and certainly distinctly classical in flavor", he wrote, "the intricacy and counter-melodic richness of a great pianist is astonishingly balanced against the more direct and open eloquence a great vocalist might bring."
Mehldau became established on the international jazz festival scene in the mid- to late 1990s, having played at events such as the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1997, and the North Sea Jazz Festival in 1998. Also in 1998, the pianist reunited with Redman for the saxophonist's Timeless Tales (For Changing Times), and played on country artist Willie Nelson's Teatro. That summer, Mehldau spent a few months in Germany, developing his interest in its language, literature, and music.
1999–2004
Mehldau's interest in figures of 19th century German Romanticism, including Brahms, Schubert, and Schumann, influenced his first solo piano release, Elegiac Cycle, which was recorded in 1999 and broke the sequence of trio recordings under his name. Art of the Trio 4: Back at the Vanguard was recorded and released in the same year, presenting more performances from the Village Vanguard. The recording features standards, Mehldau originals, Miles Davis' "Solar", and another version of "Exit Music (For a Film)". Also in 1999, Mehldau was pianist for two albums by saxophonist Charles Lloyd. In the following year, Places, an album containing both Mehldau solo piano pieces and trio performances, was released. All of the tracks were Mehldau originals, and were based on his experiences of visiting and revisiting various locations worldwide. Progression: The Art of the Trio, Vol. 5, the final album in that series, was another concert recording from the Village Vanguard, and was recorded in 2000 and released in 2001. Looking back on his earlier career, Mehldau commented in 2005 that "The trio created my identity". In the three or four years up to the end of 2001, his trio had toured for the majority of each year.
In 2001 Mehldau expanded from playing on film soundtracks, which had included The Million Dollar Hotel and Space Cowboys, to scoring, with the French film Ma femme est une actrice. In the same year, he left Los Angeles. He first played with saxophonist Wayne Shorter that year, and recorded the Grammy Award-winning Alegría with him a couple of years later.
While trio performances and recordings continued, Mehldau began in the early to mid-2000s to broaden the musical settings in which he appeared as leader. An early instance was his 2002 album Largo, which was Mehldau's first departure from piano solo or trio albums. It was produced by Jon Brion, whom Mehldau had met at a California club that hosted weekly happenings. On the album, in addition to Mehldau's usual trio, rock musicians and instruments associated more with classical music were employed, as were experiments with prepared piano and "multiple layers of electronically enhanced sound". As of 2010, this was reported to be Mehldau's best-selling album.
The results of two further days of recording in 2002 were split over two trio albums: Anything Goes, released in 2004, contained performances of compositions by others; the Mehldau originals were released two years later on House on Hill. A solo piano recording from a 2003 concert, Live in Tokyo, showed greater lyricism appearing in Mehldau's playing, and was released in 2004 as his first album for Nonesuch Records, an imprint of Warner Bros. In the summer of 2004 he toured Europe for three weeks with a band that included guitarist Kurt Rosenwinkel and Redman. That autumn, Mehldau formed a quartet, with Mark Turner on saxophones, Grenadier on bass, and Jeff Ballard on drums.
2005–2019
In 2005 Ballard replaced Rossy as the drummer in Mehldau's trio. This, in the view of critic Ray Comiskey, did not radically change the trio's sound, but it did give them "a harder edge and pushed Mehldau more, with bassist Larry Grenadier left more in a fulcrum role, the centre around which piano and drums cavort." Another critic, Ben Ratliff, suggested that the new trio's sound was "denser and more tumultuous", with rhythms more overt than with the previous trio. In February 2005 Mehldau performed in Hong Kong for the first time, with his new trio. Their first album, Day Is Done, was recorded the following month.
Mehldau continued to expand beyond trio and solo playing. In the spring of 2005 he premiered a song cycle that he had written for classical music singer Renée Fleming. This association was based on a commission from Carnegie Hall; their 2006 recording contained music set to poems by Rainer Maria Rilke and Louise Bogan. Mehldau also collaborated with guitarist Pat Metheny from 2005 – they recorded two albums together that year, along with Grenadier and Ballard, and in 2007 went on a worldwide tour.
Another Village Vanguard recording, Brad Mehldau Trio Live, was recorded in 2006 and released two years later. This also contained a variety of sources of material, including "Wonderwall" by rock band Oasis, "Black Hole Sun" by grunge band Soundgarden, and Chico Buarque's samba "O Que Será"; "it's business as usual – state-of-the-art contemporary jazz piano", commented Fordham. A further recording from 2006 was released as Live in Marciac in 2011; this contained two CDs and one DVD of a solo concert by the pianist. Mehldau asserted that his third solo recording "is the beginning of a freer approach, [...] and maybe [contains] more ease and fluidity in a musical texture with several simultaneous voices". In 2006 Mehldau also played on saxophonist Michael Brecker's final album, Pilgrimage.
In March 2007 Mehldau first performed his piano concerto "The Brady Bunch Variations for Piano and Orchestra", with the Orchestre national d'Île-de-France at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris. Later that decade, Carnegie Hall awarded Mehldau another commission – to write the song cycle Love Songs for singer Anne Sofie von Otter; they premiered it together in 2009 and recorded the songs the following year. In 2009 Mehldau began a two-year period as curator of London's Wigmore Hall jazz series, which included a performance with von Otter in the second year.
In 2009 Mehldau also recorded Highway Rider, an album that combined his usual trio with guest musicians and a 28-piece orchestra. Again based compositionally on the theme of travel or a journey, the album was produced by Brion, and, in critic Mike Hobart's description, "probes the confluence of the arbitrary and non-arbitrary in music, of balancing what is committed to the page with improvisation." This was pursued further in the winter of 2010–11, in public performances of pieces from the album in the US and Europe. Mehldau's trio returned to the studio for the first time in several years in 2008 and again in 2011, resulting in Ode, an album of the pianist's originals, and Where Do You Start, an album of covers. DownBeat reviewer Jim Macnie commented that, on the former album, "More than ever, Mehldau uses his instrument as a drum, popping staccato notes into the maw of the rhythm section's formidable bustle."
During 2010–11 Mehldau held Carnegie Hall's Richard and Barbara Debs Composer's Chair, the first jazz musician to do so. He also played and recorded piano duets with Kevin Hays. This collaboration was on arrangements by Patrick Zimmerli, with whom Mehldau had attended high school. One piece from their album, Modern Music, featured the pianists playing a composed left-hand part while improvising with the other hand; "to do both at once is a real test. The brain feels like it's split in half", commented Mehldau. Also in 2011 Mehldau toured with von Otter again, had piano–mandolin duets with Chris Thile, and played a series of duet concerts with Redman in Europe, six pieces from which were released five years later on the album Nearness. In 2012 Mehldau and the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra performed his "Variations for Piano and Orchestra on a Melancholy Theme" in Europe. The piece was originally for solo piano, but was converted by Mehldau for a commission by the Orchestra; it was performed in the US the following year.
In 2013 Mehldau began touring with drummer Mark Guiliana as a synthesizer-oriented duo that was given the portmanteau name "Mehliana". Their playing was largely improvised, and distantly influenced by dub, drum 'n' bass, electro, and funk. They released an album, Mehliana: Taming the Dragon, in February 2014. Late in 2015, a collection of solo piano recordings from Mehldau's concerts in Europe in the 2004–14 period was released, entitled 10 Years Solo Live. Another trio recording with Grenadier and Ballard, Blues and Ballads, was recorded in 2012 and 2014 and was released in 2016. Also in 2016, Mehldau and Guiliana formed a trio with guitarist John Scofield; they played in the United States before touring Europe.
Mehldau's interest in classical music continued with commissions by several concert halls to write pieces that were inspired by Johann Sebastian Bach compositions; he played these and the Bach originals in solo performances during 2015. They were the origins of his solo piano album After Bach, which was recorded in 2017 and released the following year. This release was followed by Seymour Reads the Constitution!, another trio album with Grenadier and Ballard, later that year. His next album, released in 2019, was Finding Gabriel. In the same year, Mehldau performed another of his commissioned song cycles at Wigmore Hall, this time with Ian Bostridge.
2020–present
Jacob's Ladder, an album that explored the progressive rock musical influences of Mehldau's youth, was recorded in 2020 and 2021 and released in 2022. He later commented that the album was made when he was going through "a breakdown. It's all there – the descent, the way through and the way out." A memoir covering his early life, Formation: Building a Personal Canon, Part 1, was published by Equinox Press in 2023.
Influences and artistry
Mehldau cites pianists Larry Goldings (for "his full approach to the instrument") and Hays (for adding alternative harmonies to the set one), as well as guitarist Bernstein (for showing the value of playing melodic phrases instead of just rehearsed patterns) as direct influences on his own playing, in addition to David Sánchez (for rhythmic feel), Jesse Davis, Kurt Rosenwinkel, Mark Turner, and the other members of his own trio. He has stated that Hersch was his biggest influence as a player of solo piano.
Mehldau has expressed an interest in, and knowledge of, philosophy and literature. In a 2003 interview he commented on romanticism and nostalgia, linking pleasure and pain to musical expression:I love the part of the Orpheus myth where he is allowed to take his wife out of Hades on the condition that he doesn't look back at her for the trip on the river Styx. When he can't help himself, he looks back, and she is pulled back downstream away from him, taken away forever. Music is that moment right when he looks at her: seeing something that you love for an instant being taken away forever. There's an element of folly to the whole thing – you look even though you know you shouldn't. Music kind of yokes together the feeling of attainment and the feeling of loss at the same time.
In Stuart Nicholson's words, "Mehldau's art is not based on negotiating his way through a harmonic sequence with a string of bravura licks [...] Instead he patiently weaves melodic developments from motifs, fragments and inversions of the [...] songs he plays into the fabric of his extemporizations, making the tunes gradually assume the proportions of an alternative composition." Fordham stated that "Mehldau demonstrates immense attention to detail, control of dynamics, and patience in developing an improvisation's shape over a longer span than the chorus-structure of a popular song."
Mehldau often plays a separate melody with each hand, and one of the central features of his music is the playing of improvised counterpoint. He stated in 2002 that some of the content of his playing is affected by the music that he has recently been listening to: "If I'm digging a Brahms intermezzo that'll find its way in. If it's McCoy Tyner, there'll be more of that." Mehldau's performances often employ unusual rhythmic meters; for example, he plays his arrangement of "All the Things You Are" on Art of the Trio 4 in 7/4 time, and "I Didn't Know What Time It Was" on Art of the Trio 1 in 5/4. He developed this ability over a period of around a year, with the help of Rossy. Mehldau is able to reach tenth and eleventh intervals on the piano.
Compositions
Fordham described Mehldau's compositions as "miniature tapestries of taut lyricism and surprising turns". Mehldau himself indicated that some of his compositions address a specific need, such as integrating a particular rhythm into his trio, while others emerge from something he has played while improvising. In the latter case, Mehldau likened the difficulty of the composition process to that of a game of chess: "The opening is always easy for me, the middle gets more difficult, more of an intellectual process, more trial and error at work, and the end is always difficult for me." These struggles to find satisfactory endings stem from the tension between needing to close a piece and his desire to leave a sense of open-endedness – "an escape duct of possibility".
Personal life
Mehldau is married to Dutch jazz vocalist Fleurine, with whom he has recorded and toured. They met in 1997, and have three children. The eldest is a daughter who was born in 2001. Mehldau stated early in 2006 that family responsibilities meant that he was making shorter tours. As of 2010, he divided his non-touring time between living in Amsterdam and New York City; this remained the case until he let the lease on the Upper West Side property lapse during the COVID-19 lockdowns.
Influence
Mehldau's trio was, in Hobart's words, "the first successfully to add post-Beatles pop into the jazz repertoire without trivialising either", and shifted the "traditional emphasis on bravura technique and group dynamics [...] to a focus on subtleties of touch and where-my-fancy-takes-me musings." Such differences in repertoire and approach became common in small-group jazz. His combining of right- and left-hand playing, moving away from the more typical right-hand dominated playing, also influenced pianists. Further influences on pianists are his "bittersweet left-hand melodies, clusters of dense mid-range chords and ability to conjoin the angularity of [Thelonious] Monk with classical romance".
In 2013 Chinen stated that "Mehldau is the most influential jazz pianist of the last 20 years". Pianist Ethan Iverson, a contemporary of Mehldau's, stated that Mehldau was the principal influence on his peers, beginning in the late 1990s. Pianist Gerald Clayton (born 1984) summarized Mehldau's importance in a 2013 interview: "He brought in a new feel and sound in jazz. I don't know a single modern pianist who hasn't taken something from Brad. I told him that I should be arrested for all the stuff I've stolen from him." Redman said in 2010 that Largo had been particularly important to musicians: "Brad has had a lot of influential records, [...but] if you talk to musicians, especially younger musicians, so many of them will name that as a defining record." Marco Benevento and Aaron Parks are among the improvisers who have been affected by the 2002 album.
Awards and nominations
Mehldau won DownBeats Readers Poll piano award in 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007, 2011, and 2012. He was the 2006 winner of the Miles Davis Prize, awarded by the Montreal International Jazz Festival for "jazz artists who have made significant artistic and innovative contributions to the genre".
In 2015 Mehldau received the Wigmore Medal, which "recognises significant figures in the international music world who have a strong association with the Wigmore Hall."
Mehldau has been nominated for several Grammy Awards. He was nominated for Best Jazz Instrumental Solo on "Blame It on My Youth" from The Art of the Trio Volume One in 1998, Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group for Art of the Trio 4: Back at the Vanguard in 2000, Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group for Brad Mehldau Trio Live in 2009, Best Improvised Jazz Solo for the title track of Ode in 2013, and Best Improvised Jazz Solo for "Sleeping Giant" from Mehliana: Taming the Dragon in 2015. He received two further nominations at the end of 2016: for Best Improvised Jazz Solo on "I Concentrate on You" from Blues and Ballads; and for Best Jazz Instrumental Album for the duo album Nearness, with Redman. At the end of 2018, Seymour Reads The Constitution! was nominated for Best Jazz Instrumental album, and "De-Dah" from that album was nominated for Best Improvised Jazz Solo. Finding Gabriel won Best Jazz Instrumental Album in 2020.
Discography
References
Bibliography
External links
Official Brad Mehldau website
High School Picture of Brad Mehldau
1970 births
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
Grammy Award winners
Jazz musicians from Connecticut
Living people
American male jazz musicians
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
People from West Hartford, Connecticut
Post-bop pianists
The New School alumni
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American male musicians
Hall High School (Connecticut) alumni
Jazz musicians from New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad%20Mehldau |
C road may refer to:
In Malaysia, Malaysian State Roads system, in Pahang
In Namibia, C roads in Namibia
In Great Britain, Great Britain road numbering scheme#Other classifications
In the Isle of Man, List of roads on the Isle of Man#"C" roads
In the United States:
C-Road, California, a census-designated place in Plumas County
Colorado State Highway 470, the only Colorado route to use the label
County-designated highways in zone C in Michigan
Corridor C, part of the Appalachian Development Highway System | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20road |
Silver cyanide is the chemical compound with the formula AgCN. It is a white salt that is precipitated upon treatment of solutions containing Ag+ with cyanide, which is used in some schemes to recover silver from solution. Silver cyanide is used in silver-plating.
Structure
The structure of silver cyanide consists of -[Ag-CN]- chains in which the linear two-coordinate Ag+ ions are bridged by the cyanide ions, typical of silver(I) and other d10 ions. This is the same binding mode as seen in the more famous case of Prussian blue. These chains then pack hexagonally with adjacent chains offset by +/- 1/3 of the c lattice parameter. This is the same as the structure adopted by the high temperature polymorph of copper(I) cyanide. The silver to carbon and silver to nitrogen bond lengths in AgCN are both ~2.06 Å and the cyanide groups show head-to-tail disorder.
Reactions
AgCN precipitates upon the addition of sodium cyanide to a solution containing Ag+. On the addition of further cyanide, the precipitate dissolves to form linear [Ag(CN)2]−(aq) and [Ag(CN)3]2−(aq). Silver cyanide is also soluble in solutions containing other ligands such as ammonia or tertiary phosphines.
Silver cyanides form structurally complex materials upon reaction with other anions. Some silver cyanides are luminescent.
Uses
"Cyanidation" is widely used in the isolation of silver from its ores. Partial purification of silver compounds is usually effected by froth flotation. The silver ion is then separated from the skimmed froth with cyanide, yielding a solution of [Ag(CN)2]−. The silver metal can then be plated out by electrolysis of such solutions.
Both AgCN and KAg(CN)2 have been used in silver-plating solutions since at least 1840 when the Elkington brothers patented their recipe for a silver-plating solution. A typical, traditional silver-plating solution would contain 15-40 g·L−1 KAg(CN)2 , 12-120 g·L−1 KCN and 15 g·L−1 K2CO3.
See also
List of compounds with carbon number 1
References
Cyanides
Silver compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20cyanide |
Multan International Airport is an international airport located 4 km west of Multan, Pakistan. The airport is South Punjab's largest and busiest airport. Multan International Airport offers flights throughout Pakistan, as well as direct flights to Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
In March 2015, a new terminal building was formally inaugurated by the Prime Minister Emeritus of Pakistan Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif. Following the opening of the new terminal, passenger traffic soared from 384,571 in 2014–2015, to 904,865 in 2015–2016.
History
Early beginning
Multan International Airport traces its origins to the British Empire, when the Royal Air Force used the open space to fly in and out of the region during 1919. The area was used for aircraft that were able to land on gravel and grass surfaces. In 1934, Imperial Airways started to use the airfield for civil aircraft flights since Multan was considered a strategic position in the Punjab province of India. It was not until 1938 that Imperial Airways started to operate regular flights out of Multan. The flight would originate in Lahore, then fly into Multan, where it would continue its journey to Jacobabad and then Karachi.
Following the independence of Pakistan from the British, Pak Air, a new airline to the dominion, started operations from Multan Airport. Multan Flying Club was also set up at the airport within the same year. It was not until the birth of the national flag carrier, Pakistan International Airlines, in 1957, that PIA started operations from Multan Airport using Douglas DC-3 aircraft. In 1963, due to growth of the number of flights and larger aircraft requirements, the runway, taxiways and aprons where carpeted using bitumen. A new control tower was constructed to meet the technological changes at that time. In 1971, as PIA had acquired Boeing aircraft, the runway was extended to to handle heavier aircraft and more passengers. The terminal building was extended in 1977, which also allowed the airport to handle Boeing 720 aircraft. In 1980–1988, the airport runway was strengthened and re-carpeted for the arrival of the Airbus A300. It was not until 1999 that Pakistan International Airlines and the private airline Aero Asia operated international flights from the airport. Flights began to destinations in the Middle East such as Dubai and Kuwait.
Recent development
As the demand for air travel began to surge, the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority decided to upgrade the facilities for the airport in 2005. Initially the runway was upgraded to handle Boeing 747-400 operations at a cost of Rs 720m. On 15 December 2006, Shaheen Air started four weekly flights from Karachi to Multan. The airport also reported an operating profit of Rs 1bn within that year.
In December 2007, Director General CAA, Farooq Rehmatullah held a press conference that the terminal building would be expanded as well as airside facilities at a cost of Rs4.5bn. In April 2009, the runway, taxiways and apron were upgraded so the airport could handle large aircraft. The groundbreaking ceremony was held by the then PM Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani. Pakistan-based Engineering Consultants International Limited (ECIL) was awarded the contract to extend the runway and expand the terminal building.
In January 2010, the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority decided that a brand new terminal with four jet bridges would be constructed instead of expanding the current terminal. In June 2010, PM Yousaf Raza Gillani carried out the ground breaking ceremony for the terminal building and inaugurated the first Pakistan International Airlines Boeing 747 Hajj flight on 28 October 2010.
During 2011, PIA introduced weekly flights for Jeddah and Medina. Flydubai announced thrice weekly flights between Multan and Dubai with Boeing 737-800 aircraft from 14 March 2013 and became the first foreign airline to operate from the airport after independence. Shaheen Air International restarted its daily operation from Karachi with Boeing 737 in February 2012, and Bhoja Air launched two weekly flights from Karachi with Boeing 737-200 in March 2012. Air Indus announced daily service for Multan – Karachi from 20 August 2013. Shaheen Air International started twice-a-week flight service for Multan – Dubai sector from 31 March 2013. Shaheen Air International announced two weekly flights between Multan and Medina from 1 June 2013. Pakistan International Airlines started two weekly direct flights for Jeddah and Medina from January 2014. Pakistan International Airlines announced weekly service for Multan – Sharjah from 30 March 2014. Shaheen Air International announced twice a week service for Jeddah - Multan from December 2014.
In March 2015, the new terminal of Multan International Airport was formally inaugurated by PM Nawaz Sharif with former PM Yousaf Raza Gillani as well as several high-ranking officials. All operations have now shifted from the old terminal to the new one, with flights increasing with more destinations and routes being opened up for the city of Multan. Keeping the international standards in view, a new air traffic control tower was constructed as well which is equipped with modern equipment and navigation systems. A cargo complex of international standard has also been established with a capacity of 10,000 metric tonnes per year to host international cargo flights from Multan which will boost exports of fruits particularly mangos and vegetables. There are plans that this would further increase to 30,000 metric tonnes every year.
After the transfer of all operations to new terminal, Airblue announced it would start a twice a week flight service for Islamabad from 3 April 2015. Airblue also announced it would start twice a week service for Jeddah from 4 April 2015 and twice weekly service for Sharjah from 10 April 2015. Qatar Airways announced it would start 3 times a week service by A320 with 2 class seating for Doha - Multan sector from 1 August 2015 to get the facility for connections to USA and Europe. Air Arabia announced 4 weekly flights for Sharjah - Multan sector from 1 May 2015. Flydubai announced it would increase its 3 times weekly service to daily flights for Multan from 26 May 2015 as they got a good load for the sector. Air Arabia also got a successful response so they announced they would increase its service to daily flights for Multan from 31 May 2015. Emirates announced they were going to start 4 times a week flight operation by Boeing 777-300 with two-class seating to provide service for Dubai - Multan sector from 1 August 2015 which will facilitate the travelers to get connections for MENA Region, Far East, USA and Europe, this service will also provide the international cargo facility as every flight can carry up to 23 tonnes of cargo. Flydubai announced they would increase its frequency to 9 flights a week from 10 July 2015, two additional flights will provide the service on Wednesdays and Fridays to facilitate the travelers to/from Multan. After getting a successful business on Jeddah and Sharjah routes Airblue announced it would start twice a week flight service for Medina as well from 18 August 2015. Pakistan International Airlines opened more new routes from Multan, announcing the introduction of one weekly flight to Abu Dhabi by A320 from 26 October 2015 and one weekly flight for Muscat from 14 November 2015, also using the A320. Gulf Air expanded their operation in Pakistan, opening more routes so they announced four weekly flights by A320 for Bahrain - Multan sector from 14 December 2015 which will also provide connections to the USA. Shaheen Air International added Riyadh in its schedule as a new destination from Multan with twice a week service by using A320 from 6 April 2016. Airblue is increasing its operation for Multan and they announced it would start 4 weekly flights in between Karachi and Multan from 19 April 2016 by using A320. Pakistan International Airlines also started a new route in between Multan and Riyadh by providing 1 weekly flight from 21 April 2016. Taban Air of Iran started their seasonal service in between Mashhad and Multan from 17 May 2016. Air Indus operations have ceased and no longer services from Multan to Karachi anymore as of June 2016. Airblue started flying from Dubai to Multan sector with 2 weekly flights on 23 November 2016. Pakistan International Airlines also resumed their 2 weekly flights in between Multan and Quetta from 1 December 2016. Saudia started its operation for Multan from 1 April 2017 by adding 4 weekly flights in between Jeddah and Multan to get his share from the market. Shaheen Air International added one more destination to Multan by starting 1 weekly flight in between Multan and Muscat from 24 April 2017. Oman's Salam Air is adding Pakistan in their network and they announced it would start 3 weekly flights in between Muscat and Multan from 23 May 2017. Emirates Airline has ended operations to Multan on 26 October 2018 but it will carry on codeshare connections with Flydubai to the rest of the world.
Structure
Multan International Airport is fitted with all the essentials for domestic and international flights with the inauguration of the new terminal. The information below is correct as of April 2016.
Apron
Four boarding jet bridges (Bay-1, 2, 3 and 4).
Two wide-body and four narrow-body aircraft nose in parking available.
Equipped with complete airfield lighting system (dimensions: with shoulders)
Runway
ILS/DME VOR/NDB equipped 18/36 runway (dimensions: with shoulders on each side).
Capable of handling up to Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777-300ER, and Airbus A340-600 aircraft.
Instrument Landing System and Cat-I AFL System.
High Intensity Lighting System.
Parallel taxi-way running alongside Runway 18/36 for speedy exit and departure.
Emergency alternative for Islamabad and Lahore.
Airport Services
Pakistan State Oil provide fuel services to all airlines flying out of the airport. (Jet A-100)
Fire fighting and Rescue Services. ICAO Category-9.
FIDS systems located in the lounges and briefing concourses showing television programs and flight information.
Airport Masjid located outside the terminal on the right hand side.
Airport Medical Center located adjacent to CAA Masjid.
Rent A Car facility and Metro Radio Cab Services.
Custom and Immigration for international flights
Airline Ticketing offices (Pakistan International Airlines, airblue, flydubai, Air Arabia, Emirates, Qatar Airways and Gulf Air).
Ground Handling Agents
Pakistan International Airlines.
airblue Ltd.
Royal Airport Services (RAS).
Gerry's DNATA
Cargo Complex
Cargo/Freight Services provided by Pakistan International Airlines, booking can be made at PIA Booking Office located at Abdali Road or Airport Cargo Office.
International Cargo/Freight Service provided by Emirates as their flights are capable of carrying up to 23 tonnes of cargo which helps local exporters to send their cargo to any of 78 countries in the world where Emirates operates.
Flying Schools/ Institutions
Multan Flying Club
Additional
Pakistan Meteorological Department
Ramada Hotels counter
Foreign Currency Exchange Counter
Airlines and destinations
Access
Car
Multan International Airport is situated in the well populated area of cantonment and it is easily accessible through Airport Road by using Jamil Abad Road from any part of the city. There is a drop off lane at the front of the terminal as well as a wide car parking area which can accommodate more than 400 vehicles.
Taxi
Metro Radio Cab Services provides service directly from the airport and their counter is situated at the landside of the terminal to book the cab.
Private Rent A Car facilities are also available at the airport.
Rickshaw
There are also a number of traditional auto-rickshaws available at the airport parking area and entrance which are quite popular to travel short distances within the city.
Train
Multan Cantonment railway station is the nearest railway station, less than 3 km away from the airport to get the railway connections to other parts of the country.
Statistics
The following table provides details of the major traffic flows out of Multan in terms of passenger numbers, aircraft movements, cargo, and mail. The results were collected by the Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan:
Incidents and accidents
2000s
On 10 July 2006, a Fokker F-27 Friendship - 200 took off from Multan International Airport. Flight PK688 suffered engine problems soon after take-off, causing the pilot to lose control. The aircraft crashed in a nearby grassy field, causing it to catch fire on impact leaving all 45 passengers and crew dead.
See also
List of airports in Pakistan
Airlines of Pakistan
Transport in Pakistan
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority
References
External links
Airport
Airports in Punjab, Pakistan
International airports in Pakistan
Airports established in 1934
Airport
1934 establishments in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan%20International%20Airport |
Fuchsia excorticata, commonly known as tree fuchsia, New Zealand fuchsia and by its Māori name , is a New Zealand native tree belonging to the family Onagraceae. It is commonly found throughout New Zealand and as far south as the Auckland Islands. It grows from sea level up to about , particularly alongside creeks and rivers. It is easily recognised in its native environment by the characteristic appearance of its bark, which peels spontaneously, hanging in red papery strips to show a pale bark underneath. Its scientific name, excorticata, reflects this distinctive property.
Fuchsia excorticata is the largest member of the genus Fuchsia, growing to a height of . It is unusual among New Zealand trees in being deciduous in the southern parts of its range. The introduction of the common brushtail possum to New Zealand precipitated a serious decline in this species, particularly where large concentrations of the possum are present. F. excorticata appears to be one of the possum's preferred food sources, and they will browse individual trees to the point of defoliation after which the trees will die. The small dark purple berry is sweet and juicy. It was favoured by Māori who, unusually, gave the fruit its own name of or ; it was also eaten by European settlers in jams and puddings.
Etymology
The Māori name is derived from meaning "to let go" referring to its flaky bark.
The fruit name comes from an Eastern Polynesian term for Caulerpa racemosa which the developing fruit looks similar to. Māti comes from Proto-Polynesian * originally referring to Ficus tinctoria (compare , ).
Description
Fuchsia excorticata is the largest species of Fuchsia in the world. This species differs in appearances from others in New Zealand. This species is deciduous, found most commonly in tree or shrub form. It typically grows to an average height of 12 meters high. It is distinguishable by a noticeably light brown/orange bark, which is extremely thin and paper like, peeling in strips. Overall trunk diameter tends to be 60 cm with stout outreaching branches.
Leaves
Main description of the leaves of this species include slim petioles, the join being approximately 1–4 cm long. The leaves tend to be up to 10 cm and ranging from 1.5–3 cm wide. Leaves tend to form an oblong shape with a rounded base. Leaves of Fuchsia excorticata have a smooth epidermis with the exception of the margin and veins. The leaf margin is serrated with small teeth. Leaf colour can vary the upper side generally being dark green and the underside being paler and more silver in colour. Leaves can sometimes be suffused with red or purple colouring. Fuchsia excorticata is uncommon for its characteristic of being deciduous in southern areas of New Zealand, where the majority of its competing species are large evergreen species. Therefore, in the winter months Fuchsia excorticata is conspicuous by being found with few to no leaves.
Flowers
Flowers are usually bright red to pink to purple in colour and often emerge from the main stem. Flowers are solitary and pendulous. The four showy sepals tend to be 5–16 mm long. Filaments tending to range from 7–12 mm in length and purplish in colour. The flowers of Fuchsia excorticata are gynodioecious.
Berries
Berries range to approximately 10 mm long, ellipsoid-oblong shaped, dark purple to almost black in colour.
Distribution
Natural global range
Fuchsia excorticata is endemic to New Zealand.
New Zealand range
Fuchsia excorticata has a range throughout the North and South Islands, as well as Stewart Island and the Auckland Islands.
Habitat preferences
Fuchsia excorticata is common in lowland and lower mountainous forest areas, especially on the forest margins, in clearings, and by streams. Even if a forest is close to being destroyed, or is destroyed, tree fuchsias are more than often not still standing because they are close to indestructible. This species is also abundant in cold mountain areas in the South Island.
Life cycle/phenology
The seeds of Fuchsia excorticata are fairly small, though are known to have persistence in the soil. It is unknown how long they are viable for, but can germinate in just two weeks if the conditions are suitable. In dark conditions, germination could take up to eight weeks. Because the seeds are so small, seedlings are fragile and may have a hard time establishing themselves. F. excorticata is a gynodioecious species, meaning it has separate hermaphrodite (male and female) and female parts. The female plants have a much harder time becoming pollinated, due to the limited number of birds (especially tūī and bellbirds), which are the main pollinators of F. excorticata. This species flowers from August to December and produces berries from December to March.
Soil preference
Tree fuchsia can grow in riparian soil and can be utilised as a predecessor species for areas where conditions and soils are not the best. It likes moist soil with a canopy overhead for shade.
Predators, parasites, and diseases
Local birds such as tūī, bellbirds, kererū, and silvereyes feed on tree fuchsia. Tūī and kererū eat the flowers and fruit; other birds consume the nectar. Tree fuchsia can, and has in some locations, been pushed out of its habitat by plant competitors such as banana passionfruit and Buddleia. Mammalian threats, such as goats, have been known to forage on tree fuchsia, but they do not have as large an effect as possums. Possums put the tree at risk because they eat the fruit and seeds, and do this without stopping when seed production is low.
Cultural uses
Known as kōtukutuku in Māori, Fuchsia excorticata had many uses for the Māori people and early settlers of New Zealand. These uses included as a basic foodstuff, in jams, and use by Māori women in vapor baths after childbirth. Tannins in the bark were used as a natural agent in leather tanning. Fuchsia excorticata was also used to produce brightly coloured dyes.
References
External links
Fuchsia excorticata, New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
Bushmansfriend article and more photos
Landcare Research - flora database
excorticata
Trees of New Zealand
Flora of the Auckland Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuchsia%20excorticata |
Roger Johnson is past president of the National Farmers Union, and the immediate past North Dakota Agriculture Commissioner. He is a member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party. As of 2021, he is the most recent statewide elected Democrat to serve in the North Dakota state government.
Early life, education, and early career
Johnson grew up on a farm in Turtle Lake, North Dakota. He earned a BA from North Dakota State University in 1975 and did graduate work for two years. He then started farming, while working as a farm credit counselor. In 1988 he was asked by Sarah Vogel, the Agriculture Commissioner at the time, to work for her and run the state's Agricultural Mediation Program, which helped farmers resolve financial problems with creditors. He resigned in 1996, when he ran for North Dakota Agriculture Commissioner.
Political career
Johnson was first elected Agriculture Commissioner in 1996 and re-elected in 2000, 2004, and 2006. The election in 1996 was one of the closest in North Dakota history. Johnson earned 129,423 votes, while GOP candidate Dina Butcher earned 129,140 votes. He ran against Clare Carlson in 2000. He ran against GOP candidate Doug Goehring in 2004, winning by a little over 1,800 votes. Goehring did not demand a recount. Johnson faced a rematch against Republican Goehring in the 2006 election, winning by a wider margin than in 2004. He resigned as Agriculture Commissioner in 2009 to become president of the National Farmers Union.
He served as the president of the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA) from 2007 to 2008. While president, Johnson helped craft the 2008 Farm Bill.
References
Living people
North Dakota Commissioners of Agriculture
North Dakota Democrats
People from McLean County, North Dakota
North Dakota State University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Johnson%20%28politician%29 |
Leila Zerrougui (born 1956) is an Algerian legal expert on human rights and administration of justice. She has served as the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) since January 2018.
Early life and education
Zerrougui was born in Souk Ahras. She graduated from L'Ecole Nationale d'Administration (Algiers) in 1980. Since 1993, she has held various academic positions at law schools in Algeria, and was associate professor of L'Ecole Supérieure de la Magistrature (Algiers). She has published extensively on the administration of justice and human rights.
Career
She was Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict from September 2012 to May 2017. In this capacity, she served as an independent advocate to build awareness and give prominence to the rights and protection of boys and girls affected by armed conflict.
She was a member of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention under the United Nations Human Rights Council from 2001, and served as the Working Group's Chairperson-Rapporteur from 2003 until May 2008. Prior to this, she had a long career in the Algerian judiciary and, in 2000, was appointed to the Algerian Supreme Court.
She served as a juvenile judge and judge of first instance from 1980 to 1986, and as an appeals court judge from 1986 to 1997. From 1998 to 2000, she served as legal adviser to the Cabinet of the Ministry of Justice and, from 2000 to 2008, as legal adviser to the cabinet of the President of Algeria. She also worked in various positions within the Algerian government and was a member of the Algerian National Commission on the Reform of the Judiciary.
Prior to her appointment as Special Representative in 2012, she was Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Deputy Head of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) where, since 2008, she spearheaded the mission's efforts in strengthening the rule of law and protection of civilians. In 2013 she was succeeded by Abdallah Wafy.
References
External links
childrenandarmedconflict.un.org Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict for
1956 births
Living people
People from Souk Ahras
Algerian women lawyers
Algerian academics
Algerian diplomats
Algerian judges
Algerian women diplomats
21st-century Algerian people
Special Representatives of the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Legal scholars
20th-century women judges
20th-century judges
21st-century women judges
21st-century judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila%20Zerrougui |
Bronx Community Board 7 the governing body of Bronx Community District 7, a local government unit of the city of New York. The Community District encompasses the neighborhoods of Bedford Park, Fordham, Jerome Park, Kingsbridge Heights, Norwood, and University Heights. It is delimited by the New York-New Haven Railroad, Webster Avenue, East Fordham Road, Jerome Avenue, and West 183rd Street to the east, Jerome Avenue, West Gun Hill Road, Goulden Avenue, Kingsbridge Road, West 225th Street, and the Harlem River to the west, West Gun Hill Road, Jerome Avenue, Bainbridge Avenue, and East 211th Street to the north and Hall of Fame Terrace to the south.
Board responsibilities
The Chairperson of each Community Board is a member of a board known as the Borough Board. Each New York City Borough has its own Board, composed of the Board's Borough President, all of the New York City Council members from that Borough, and all of the Community Board Chairpersons. These Borough Boards are responsible for:
Community Board and city agency matters relating to the welfare of the borough and its residents; holding or conducting public hearings at its discretion;
Assisting agencies that deliver services within the borough to prepare and review service statements; preparing and planning for the physical growth, improvement and development of the borough;
Reviewing and making recommendations with respect to applications and proposals of public agencies and private entities for the use, development or improvement of land located in more than one district; mediating disputes and conflicts arising among two or more Community Boards in the borough;
Submitting a comprehensive statement of the expense and capital budget priorities and needs of the borough; keeping a public record of its activities and transactions, including minutes of the meetings, and to make these records available to elected officials upon request and for reasonable public inspection.
Demographics
As of the United States 2000 Census, the Community District has a population of 141,411, up from 128,588 in 1990 and 116,825 in 1980.
Of them, 83,750 (59.2%) are of Hispanic origin, 28,277 (20%) are Black, non-Hispanic, 15,164 (10.7%) are White, non-Hispanic, 9,114 (6.4%) are Asian or Pacific Islander, 383 (0.3%) American Indian or Alaska Native, 1,080 (0.8%) are some other race (non-Hispanic), and 3,643 (2.6%) of two or more races (non-Hispanic).
References
External links
Official site of the Community Board
web page at NYC.gov
Community boards of the Bronx
Norwood, Bronx
Bedford Park, Bronx
Fordham, Bronx
University Heights, Bronx | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx%20Community%20Board%207 |
Josef Fiala (Joseph Fiala) (3 February 1748 – 31 July 1816), was a Czech composer, oboist, viola da gamba virtuoso, cellist, and pedagogue of the Classical period.
Life
He was born in Lochovice in Bohemia and began his musical career there as an oboist in the service of Countess Valpruga Netolická. The countess supported his studies of oboe with Jan Šťastný in Prague. He also studied violoncello and viola da gamba with František Josef Werner. In 1774 he left to Bavaria to play the oboe in the orchestra of Count Ernst Kraft von Oettingen-Wallerstein. In 1777 he moved to Munich to serve in the court orchestra of Elector Maximilian Joseph. Here he married Josefina Procházková, a daughter of his colleague from the orchestra, horn player Matyáš Procházka. That year in Munich, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart befriended Fiala and was greatly impressed by his compositions. After the death of the Elector in 1778 Mozart helped him secure a position in Salzburg.
From 1778 to 1785 Fiala lived in Mozart's birth house at Getreidegasse no.9 in Salzburg. He was an oboist for archbishop Hieronymus von Colloredo's orchestra and played violin and violoncello in Salzburg State Theatre. In 1785 Fiala moved to Vienna, where he served as a horn player for Nikolaus II, Prince Esterházy, and in 1786 to Saint Petersburg where he worked in the court of Catherine the Great. After his return from Russia, he toured over Europe playing his own compositions. In 1790 he played viola da gamba for King Friedrich Wilhelm II. Finally in 1792 he became Kapellmeister, cellist and composer for Joseph Maria, Prince of Fürstenberg in Donaueschingen, where he spent the rest of his life.
Works
Concertos
Concerto for Violin, Oboe, Viola and Violoncello
Concerto for 2 Oboes
Concerto for English Horn and Clarinet in B flat Major
Concerto for 2 French Horns in E-flat major
Concerto for Violoncello in G major
Concerto for Flute in D major
Concerto for Oboe in B-flat major
Concerto for English Horn E-flat major
Concerto for English Horn and Orchestra in C major
Concerto for Bassoon in C major
Concerto for Trumpet in G minor
Chamber music
30 works pro 5–10 wind instruments
24 quartets
10 trios
7 pieces for violin and violoncello
3 pieces for violoncello and contrabass
1 piece for 2 flutes
2 pieces for flute or oboe and bassoon
2 pieces for oboe and violin
2 pieces for oboe and viola
Other
10 symphonies
Rondo for harpsichord and violin
2 sonatas for harpsichord
12 German Dances for Harpsichord
Masses
Ave Maria
Legacy
During Fiala's tenure in the court of Friedrich Wilhelm II, the king honored Josef by giving him his own family crest.
References
Further reading
J.F. Reichardt: Forsetzung der Berichtigungen und Zusätze zum Gerberschen Lexikon der Tonkünstler u.s.w., in Musikalische Monathsschrift (1792) (Berlin, 1973)
L. Schiedermair: Die Blütezeit der Öttingen-Wallerstein'schen Hofkapelle (1966)
E. Hintermaier: Die Salzburger Hofkapelle von 1700 bis 1806, p. 112-16 (Salzburg University, 1972)
J.R. Piersol: The Oettingen-Wallerstein Hofkapelle and its Wind Music, p. 374-403 (University of Iowa, 1972)
François-Joseph Fétis: Biographie universelle des musiciens, t. 3-4, Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1861, p. 243-4.
External links
1748 births
1816 deaths
Czech classical composers
Czech male classical composers
Czech classical oboists
Male oboists
People from Beroun District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Fiala |
Otakar Jeremiáš (17 October 1892 – 5 March 1962) was a Czech composer, conductor and teacher. He was the son of composer Bohuslav Jeremiáš and the brother of composer Jaroslav Jeremiáš.
Life
Jeremiáš was born in Písek. An accomplished cellist and pianist, he studied at the Prague Conservatory of Music. He lived in České Budějovice, where he directed a local music school until February 1929, when he was appointed head conductor of the Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra.
When he succeeded Charvat as conductor of the Radiojournal Orchestra in 1929, there were only 27 players, but he managed to increase its size to 45 by 1931 and by 1936 there were 70, achieved by much negotiation, good salaries for the players, as well as his own charisma.
In 1945 Jeremiáš left the Radio Symphony Orchestra to become president of the Prague National Theatre Opera. From 1949 he was chairman of the Federation of Czechoslovak Composers (Svaz československých skadatelů). He died in Prague.
Jeremiáš's view of conducting was set out in an article in 1943 where he wrote "My ideal is a creative orchestra, whose members, in accord with the efforts of the conductor, creatively collaborate during their performance".
His wife was the soprano Marie Budíková who sang Mařenka in an abridged recording of Smetana's The Bartered Bride conducted by her husband on the Esta label.
Composer
He was influenced by the works of Bedřich Smetana, Zdeněk Fibich and Leoš Janáček.
Selected works:
Love (1921)
Zborov (1927)
The Brothers Karamazov (1927)
Enšpígl - opera (finished 1949)
The Spring Overture
Discography
Among the works recorded by Jeremiáš are a medley from The Bartered Bride (Odeon, 1929), Suk's Towards a New Life (Ultraphon, 1932), Dvořák's 16 Slavonic Dances (Ultraphon, 1940), all with the Radio Orchestra, and the New World Symphony during the war (Esta). Excerpts from Libuše with Marie Podvalová in the title role were recorded for Ultraphon in the early 1940s with forces of the Prague National Theatre.
References
Jiří Vysloužil: Hudební slovník pro každého II. Vizovice: Lípa, 2001.
1892 births
1962 deaths
20th-century composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Czech male musicians
Czech composers
Czech male composers
Czech conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Prague Conservatory alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otakar%20Jeremi%C3%A1%C5%A1 |
Francis Layden (born January 5, 1932) is an American former basketball coach and executive of the National Basketball Association's Utah Jazz as well as former head coach of the Women's National Basketball Association's Utah Starzz.
Coaching career
In addition to his coaching at the professional level, Layden coached at Adelphi Suffolk College and is also a former head coach and player of his alma mater Niagara University's basketball team. Layden coached Niagara to its first NCAA tournament appearance in 1970, with the help of Calvin Murphy. In 1976 he was hired to be an assistant coach with the NBA's Atlanta Hawks joining former Niagara teammate Hubie Brown. In 1979 he was hired to be the general manager of the then New Orleans Jazz, and became the head coach of the Jazz (now in Salt Lake City) in 1981, replacing Tom Nissalke. He coached the Jazz for the next seven and a half years. He was instrumental in drafting and signing franchise mainstays John Stockton and Karl Malone to the club. He retired from coaching during the 1988–1989 NBA season, with the team at an 11–6 record and leading the Midwest Division, citing "pressure" and a general burnout from coaching. moving into the team's front office and was replaced as coach by his assistant, Jerry Sloan. "I had a guy come up to me and say 'hit me, hit me', I'm a lawyer'. I think America takes all sports too seriously" Layden said after resigning. "Sometimes in the NBA, you feel like a dog. You age seven years in one. The pressure in the NBA is intense. It's time to have my time." In his final game, Layden was ejected by referee Earl Strom after getting into a shouting match with Washington Bullets guard Darrell Walker.
In 1984, Layden was awarded the NBA's Coach of the Year. That same season, he also won the NBA's Executive of the Year and the NBA's J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Awards. (He and Joe O'Toole are the only non-players in NBA history to win the award.)
Layden joined the Utah Eagles of the Continental Basketball Association in October 2006 as an honorary assistant coach.
Layden was the head coach of the Utah Starzz Women's National Basketball Association team from 1998 through 1999 before quitting so he could "enjoy life." Layden would a few months later quit as team president of the Jazz for the very same reasons.
Layden was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Basketball and Professional Sports Categories with the Class of 1990.
Retirement
Layden retired from coaching the Jazz in 1989 to serve full-time as the franchise team president and general manager, hiring former NBA player and then Jazz assistant Jerry Sloan as the new head coach. During this time, Layden participated with Marv Albert in a video published by Sports Illustrated called Dazzling Dunks and Basketball Bloopers, as well as a sequel to that a year later. Layden once served briefly as a consultant for the New York Knicks, where his son Scott Layden served as general manager for a time. He continues to live with his wife, Barbara, in Salt Lake City.
Coaching philosophy
Layden during his coaching days was known for his lighthearted approach to the game as well as to himself. Often he mocked his own weight and looks and was known for giving one-liners to the media before and after games such as "I don't jog because I want to be sick when I die" and "I once got on a scale to have my fortune read and it said 'come back again alone.'" Layden was once over 300 pounds but slimmed down in the summer of 1986, losing over 85 pounds for health reasons. Even after he lost weight he still made himself the butt of jokes, especially about weight and food. He was once fined $1,000 during a game in 1986 for making a satirical wave goodbye and exit after getting ejected. Once in a road game against the Denver Nuggets, there was a halftime contest where a young fan won a halftime shooting contest. Layden pulled the kid aside and jokingly asked him if he was interested in helping out the Jazz, who were down by 25 points at the time. Layden then tried sneaking him onto the court with four other Jazz players and got the fan on the court before the referees realized what was going on and stopped play. In a 1985 game against the Los Angeles Lakers, with the Jazz down by a sizable deficit, Layden left the game while it was still ongoing and returned to the team's hotel across from The Forum, visiting the sandwich shop to order a sandwich and chili. During the 1987 playoff series against the Golden State Warriors, Layden arrived to the arena in full Groucho Marx nose, glasses, and mustache getup and did a comedy bit with Warriors coach George Karl to try to make things more lighthearted after the previous game featured tension-filled moments and fighting among players. It was because of his personality that he was often used as a presenter for displaying the lighthearted moments in the NBA as well as in sports, hosting specials for video and on television, including two NBA blooper tapes that he co-hosted along with Marv Albert.
Head coaching record
NBA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 62 || 17 || 45 || || style="text-align:center;"|6th in Midwest || – || – || – || –
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82 || 30 || 52 || || style="text-align:center;"|5th in Midwest || – || – || – || –
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82 || 45 || 37 || || style="text-align:center;"|1st in Midwest || 11 || 5 || 6 ||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82 || 41 || 41 || || style="text-align:center;"|4th in Midwest || 10 || 4 || 6 ||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82 || 42 || 40 || || style="text-align:center;"|4th in Midwest || 4 || 1 || 3 ||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in First round
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82 || 44 || 38 || || style="text-align:center;"|2nd in Midwest || 5 || 2 || 3 ||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in First round
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82 || 47 || 35 || || style="text-align:center;"|3rd in Midwest || 11 || 6 || 5 ||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 17 || 11 || 6 || || style="text-align:center;"|(resigned) || – || – || – || –
| style="text-align:center;"|–
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|Career
| || 571 || 277 || 294 || || || 41 || 18 || 23 ||
WNBA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 11 || 2 || 9 || || style="text-align:center;"|5th in West || – || – || – || –
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 4 || 2 || 2 || || style="text-align:center;"|(resigned) || – || – || – || –
| style="text-align:center;"|–
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|Career
| || 15 || 4 || 11 || || || || || ||
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Frank Layden (as NBA coach)
BasketballReference.com: Frank Layden (as WNBA coach)
1932 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
American women's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from New York (state)
Basketball players from New York City
Fort Hamilton High School alumni
National Basketball Association broadcasters
New Orleans Jazz executives
Niagara Purple Eagles athletic directors
Niagara Purple Eagles men's basketball coaches
Niagara Purple Eagles men's basketball players
San Antonio Stars coaches
Sportspeople from Brooklyn
Utah Jazz executives
Utah Jazz head coaches
Utah Starzz coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Layden |
Caetité is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Bahia. It is located in the semi-arid sertão region in the interior of the state. It had an estimated 51,081 inhabitants as of 2020. It covers and is from the state capital, Salvador. Caetité borders on ten other municipalities, all within Bahia: Igaporã, Guanambi, Pindaí, Licínio de Almeida, Caculé, Ibiassucê, Lagoa Real, Livramento do Brumado, Paramirim, and Tanque Novo.
Its economy is primarily based on mining, notably of amethyst, uranium, iron and manganese. Caetité is the only producer of uranium in Latin America. It is an important cultural center of the state of Bahia, and has a historic center with numerous protected buildings. Caetité is the birthplace of educational and political figures such as Anísio Teixeira, Paulo Souto, Waldick Soriano, known as the "Brazilian Frank Sinatra". It is also home to the first normal school in the Bahian sertão. The school was founded by Anísio Teixeira during his tenure as General Director of Public Instruction of Bahia, and opened in 1926.
Etymology
Caetité derives its name from the Tupi language, and means "big stone forest". It combines the words "ka'a", meaning forest, "itá", meaning stone, and "eté", meaning true. The name is a reference to the rock formation east of the city now known as Pedra Redonda.
History
Early history
Archaeological sites in Caetité show continuous settlement in the area for more than 6,000 years. The earliest known inhabitant are the Jê people, who are closely related to the Tupinaé and Pataxós peoples. Some sources say that the Maracá (or Paiaiá) people occupied the region between the Serra do Sincorá and the Serra de Caetité at the end of the 16th century, and that Aracapá occupied the region between Minas do Rio de Contas and Caetité in the 17th century.
Caetité was a nucleus of Catholic proselytism of indigenous people in the 17th century. Cattle ranchers settled in the region at the same time due to the mild climate and water sources. After the establishment of permanent farms, the town served as one of the few resting stops for tropeiros, or cattle drovers, and miners travelling between Minas Gerais and the Chapada Diamantina.
18th century
Several families settled in the region at the beginning of the 18th century. Minas do Rio de Contas was separated from Jacobina in 1724; it included lands that would belong to Caetité. The Carvalho family erected a church dedicated to Saint Anne in 1740, which soon generated a small settlement. It was elevated to the category of parish in 1754, under the name Santana do Caetité, and was a district of Minas do Rio de Contas. The population of Caetité petitioned the Portuguese Crown raise the parish to the category of village at the end of the 18th century. This was successful when Vila Nova do Príncipe and Santana were created on April 5, 1810.
19th century
Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, a German biologists, visited Caetité in 1817 as part of an expedition of the interior of Brazil commissioned by Maximilian I Joseph, king of Bavaria. They wrote favorably about Caetité, noting that it was the most prosperous in the region, due to the cultivation of cotton. They also recorded the presence of a Latin royal school.
Major Silva Castro, a hero of the Independence of Bahia, was a resident of Caetité. His daughter, Pórcia, was kidnapped by Leolino Pinheiro de Azevedo. The episode inspired the novel Sinhazinha by the Afrânio Peixoto. Silva Castro was the grandfather of the poet Castro Alves.
The village participated indirectly in the struggles for the Independence of Bahia, which occurred as part of the larger independence movement of Brazil. The residents of Caetité supporting the Provisional Government installed in Cachoeira, a village in the Bahian Recôncavo outside the city of Salvador. Struggles against the Portuguese ended in the Bahian Recôncavo in 1823, and some fighting between Brazilians and Portuguese occurred in Caetité.
Economy
Caetité, like much of the Brazilian semi-arid sertão, is noted for its livestock production. It additionally has low-level manufacturing of textiles and ceramics. Caetité also became a noted mining area beginning in the early 20th century, producing of amethyst, manganese, iron, and later uranium.
Uranium mining
Caetité is the only producer of uranium in Latin America. The Concentrate Unit Nuclear Company of Brazil (, of (URA)) Fazenda Cachoeira mine is located from the city center of Caetite. It operated from 2000 to 2014, and supplied fuel to Brazilian nuclear power plants, Angra 1, Angra 2 and, soon, Angra 3. There were five recorded accidents that contaminated the soil and water table of Caetite between 2000 and 2009. The municipalities also accused the company of high rates of cancer among the local population due to contact with radioactive material.
Historic structures
Caetité is home to numerous colonial-period historic structures, many designated as Bahian state monuments. The Historic Center of Caetité was designated a state historic site by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 2008.
Residences
Birthplace of Cesar Zama
House of Anísio Teixeira
House at Praça Rodrigues Lima, no. 105
House at Praça Rodrigues Lima, no. 178
House at Praça Rodrigues Lima, no. 76
Notable people
Tânia Martins (born 1957), poet
References
Municipalities in Bahia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetit%C3%A9 |
Alabama's 4th congressional district is a U.S. congressional district in Alabama, which elects a representative to the United States House of Representatives. It encompasses the counties of Franklin, Colbert, Marion, Lamar, Fayette, Walker, Winston, Cullman, Lawrence, Marshall, Etowah, and DeKalb. It also includes parts of Jackson and Tuscaloosa counties, as well as parts of the Decatur Metropolitan Area and the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area.
It is currently represented by Republican Robert Aderholt. In the 2016 presidential election, the district was the only one in the country to give Republican nominee Donald Trump more than 80% of the vote, making it his strongest district in the country. Trump went on to improve on this performance in 2020, winning 81% of the vote. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+33, it is the most Republican district in both Alabama and the United States.
Recent election results from statewide races
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
These are the results from the previous ten election cycles in Alabama's 4th district.
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
See also
Alabama's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Specific
General
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
External links
CNN coverage of the 2006 election
CNN coverage of the 2004 election
CNN coverage of the 2002 election
CNN coverage of the 2000 election
04
Colbert County, Alabama
Blount County, Alabama
Cullman County, Alabama
DeKalb County, Alabama
Etowah County, Alabama
Fayette County, Alabama
Franklin County, Alabama
Lamar County, Alabama
Marion County, Alabama
Marshall County, Alabama
Morgan County, Alabama
Pickens County, Alabama
Walker County, Alabama
Winston County, Alabama
Decatur metropolitan area, Alabama
Huntsville-Decatur, AL Combined Statistical Area
Constituencies established in 1833
1833 establishments in Alabama
Constituencies disestablished in 1841
1841 disestablishments in Alabama
Constituencies established in 1843
1843 establishments in Alabama
Constituencies disestablished in 1861
1861 disestablishments in Alabama
Constituencies established in 1868
1868 establishments in Alabama
Constituencies disestablished in 1963
1963 disestablishments in Alabama
Constituencies established in 1965
1965 establishments in Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s%204th%20congressional%20district |
KSHU and KSHU-TV are student-run non-commercial college radio and student television station operations located at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. Broadcast and transmitter facilities are located within the Dan Rather Communication Building. Neither entity is affiliated with any network, and both KSHU-FM (90.5 MHz, 3000 watts) and KSHU-TV (cable channel 7) are managed and operated by the students enrolled in the School of Mass Communication.
KSHU-FM
KSHU-FM first signed on the air on August 1, 1974 at 89.3 FM, operating with 10 watts. Broadcast studio space was originally located in the basement of the university’s Peabody Memorial Library.
In 1988, the radio station boosted its power, moved to the current operating frequency, and relocated to the recently built Communication Building.
Featuring an eclectic selection of music - including jazz, classical, college rock, classic rock, and hip-hop formats - KSHU-FM also broadcasts various Sam Houston State athletic events, including all home football, basketball, and baseball games (and select away games). Campus and community-based news and public affairs programs have also been featured in previous semesters. Since 2005, KSHU has held a twelve-hour live broadcast in support of the Walker County Relay for Life. For years, all music DJ shifts, news and sports broadcasts, and all local public affairs programs were written and produced by students in the Mass Communication department; in recent years computer automation has enabled the station to operate 24-hours a day, between semesters, and other times when students are not available.
KSHU-FM’s coverage area includes most of Walker County and several of the surrounding counties.
KSHU-FM currently identifies itself as “90.5, the Kat," named in honor of the university mascot, the Bearkat. Former indents include “91 Rock,” “U-90.5,” and “90.5 KSHU.” KSHU-FM is simulcast overnight on cable channel 7 (KSHU-TV).
KSHU-TV
KSHU-TV is a cable-only channel viewable on SuddenLink Cable channel 7.
Daytime programming currently consists of Annenberg/CPB Educational television, while evening programming is entirely student produced. KSHU-TV has long broadcast a live, thirty-minute evening newscast weekday evenings at six o’clock; students write and host news, sports, and weather segments. KSHU-TV during the weekends air re-runs of popular shows among students like Seinfeld, Family Guy, and Gossip Girl, with a syndication license. KSHU News 7 is also the only university in Texas to broadcast a Spanish-only edition of their newscast. A community bulletin board (CBB) updates news of campus and community non-profit events during overnight hours and weekends.
External links
KSHU-FM
KSHU-TV
SHSU Department of Mass Communication
KSHU-TV on YouTube
SHU
SHU
Radio stations established in 1973
1973 establishments in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSHU |
The Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs is the head of the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs within the United States Department of State. The Assistant Secretary guides the operation of the U.S. diplomatic establishment in various countries of North Africa and the Middle East and advises the Secretary of State and the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
The Department of State established the position of Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs on October 3, 1949. The Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of Government, popularly known as the Hoover Commission, had recommended that certain offices be upgraded to bureau level and after Congress increased the number of Assistant Secretaries of State from six to ten. The Department of State established a Division of Near Eastern Affairs in 1909, which dealt with Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe as well as with the Middle East. The final remnant of this practice ended on April 18, 1974, when the department transferred responsibility for Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus to the Bureau of European Affairs.
The Division of Near Eastern Affairs included Egypt and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) from its inception. It acquired responsibility for the rest of Africa (except Algeria and the Union of South Africa) in 1937. Relations with African nations became the responsibility of a new Bureau of African Affairs on August 20, 1958. Still, relations with North African nations reverted to the Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs on April 22, 1974. The Foreign Relations Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 authorized the appointment of an Assistant Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs on October 28, 1991. The Bureau of South Asian Affairs was established August 24, 1992, with the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs arriving at its present title.
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs, 1949–1958
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, 1958–1992
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Near Eastern Affairs, 1992–present
On August 24, 1992, the Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs divided into a separate Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs and a Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs. At that time, Edward Djerejian became Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs; he was also concurrently Acting Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs until May 30, 1993.
References
United States–Middle Eastern relations
Arab–American relations
1949 establishments in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant%20Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20Near%20Eastern%20Affairs |
Šimon Brixi (28 October 1693 in Vlkava – 2 November 1735 in Prague) was a Czech composer. He was the father of František Brixi.
Life
He was born in Vlkava. In 1720 he began to study law in Prague. He did not complete his studies, devoting himself rather to music. His artistic activity was linked with the musical life in Prague. In 1727 Brixi accepted the position of teacher and choirmaster at the St. Martin Church in the Old Town of Prague. The precise date of his death is unknown, but the registration of his funeral bears the date 2 November 1735.
Style
His compositions were intended almost exclusively for a church choir. Only about 21 of his compositions have been preserved. He wrote offertoria, gradualia, Regina Coeli, Salve Reginas, requiems, litanies, Te Deums, and church cantatas. In some of his works Brixi also thematically elaborated folk spiritual music. He was also interested in Italian baroque music; some of his copies of Neapolitan church compositions are preserved in the church archive at Mělník. Brixi was also influenced by the church compositions of Jan Dismas Zelenka. He composed his works both on Czech and Latin texts.
References
1693 births
1735 deaths
People from Mladá Boleslav District
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
18th-century musicians
18th-century Bohemian musicians
Czech Baroque composers
Czech male classical composers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0imon%20Brixi |
Guitar Town is the debut studio album from American singer-songwriter Steve Earle, released on March 5, 1986. It topped the Billboard country album charts, and the title song reached #7 on the country singles charts. Earle was also nominated for two 1987 Grammy Awards, Best Male Country Vocalist and Best Country Song, for the title track.
Production
The album was recorded in late 1985 and early 1986 in Nashville, Tennessee, at Sound Stage Studio. Overdubs were later recorded at Nashville's Emerald Studios. It was one of the first country music albums to be recorded digitally, utilizing the Mitsubishi X-800. Each of the album's ten tracks was either written or co-written by Earle.
Reception and legacy
In 2003, the album was ranked number 489 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. In 2012, the magazine ranked it at #482 on a revised list, calling it "the rocker's version of country, packed with songs about hard living in the Reagan Eighties."
In 2006, it ranked 27th on CMT's "40 Greatest Albums in Country Music". In 2016, the album was re-released as a 30th Anniversary Edition with a corresponding tour.
The title track was later covered by Emmylou Harris. "Someday" was later covered by Shawn Colvin on her cover album, Cover Girl.
My Old Friend The Blues was covered by The Proclaimers.
Track listing
All songs written by Steve Earle unless otherwise noted
Personnel
Steve Earle – guitar, vocals
The Dukes
Bucky Baxter – pedal steel guitar, guitar on "State Trooper"
Richard Bennett – guitar, 6-string bass, slap bass, associate producer
Ken Moore – organ, synthesizer, keyboards on "State Trooper"
Emory Gordy, Jr. – bass, mandolin, producer
Harry Stinson – drums, vocals
Reno Kling - bass on "State Trooper"
Michael McAdam - guitar on "State Trooper"
Additional musicians
Paul Franklin – pedal steel guitar on "Fearless Heart" and "Someday"
John Barlow Jarvis – synthesizer, piano
Steve Nathan – synthesizer
Technical
Chuck Ainlay - recording, mixing
Alan Messer - photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
Certifications
References
External links
Guitar Town (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)
1986 debut albums
Steve Earle albums
Albums produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
Albums produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
Albums produced by Richard Bennett (guitarist)
MCA Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar%20Town |
Aquila is a former municipality in the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 25 January 2005, the cantonal authorities announced that Aquila would merge with Campo Blenio, Ghirone, Olivone and Torre to form a new municipality to be called Blenio. This union was carried through on 22 October 2006.
Historic population
The historical population is given in the following table:
References
External links
Former municipalities of Ticino | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila%2C%20Switzerland |
Melody Ishikawa (born February 24, 1982), known mononymously as Melody, stylized as melody., is a Japanese American J-pop singer. She debuted in February 2003 with the song "Dreamin' Away", under Toy's Factory. In October 2008, Melody announced on her blog ending her career as a music artist to focus on pursuing a career as a fashion designer.
Biography
Melody was born to Japanese parents in Honolulu, Hawaii. When she was young, she would occasionally watch shows that involved J-pop, and she has also listed Celine Dion, TLC, and Destiny's Child as inspirations. She took ballet and piano, as well as vocal training. When she was 16, she worked as a Hawaiian model for Japanese commercials. While she was a high school student at Punahou, she had a secret audition with record producer Tetsuya Komuro, who was forming an international unit, but when they wanted her to join the next day, she negotiated to wait until she graduated. At the age of 19, she moved to Japan to pursue a singing career. After some time with Komuro's company, where she was allocated to various groups in development, she eventually left and signed with Toy's Factory.
Her debut song, "Dreamin' Away", was released in February 2003 where it peaked at number 33 on the Oricon weekly charts and stayed charted for eight weeks. In June, she released the single "Simple as That" along with a cover of "Over The Rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz; the latter was used in a commercial for Mitsubishi Motors. The single reached number 19 on Oricon. In October, she was a featured artist along with Ryohei in m-flo's song "Miss You", which reached number eight on Oricon.
She is also known for singing the single "Realize" which was the theme song for a TV drama series called Dragon Zakura, which debuted sixth on the Oricon charts. Her single "Lovin' U" was used in a Raycious commercial in 2006. The single included "Our Journey", which was the theme song for the 2006 movie Gen Yu Den starring Rena Tanaka, who also co-wrote the lyrics to the song. Melody made an appearance in a Japanese Subaru Forester commercial in 2007, in which her single "Finding My Road", was used as promotion. In April 2007, she started hosting the English-language Japanese music show J-Melo on NHK World TV. Her single, "Love Story", written by her sister Christine (KURIS), was used in the drama series Kodoku no Kake – Itoshikihito Yo in the summer of 2007.
She was cast as Yumi in the Electronic Arts video game Need for Speed Carbon. The song "Feel the Rush", which was remixed by Junkie XL, was also used in the game.
Her fourth album Lei Aloha was released on April 9, 2008 and had one preceding single, "Haruka: Haruka". In September 2008 was announced that Melody would no longer be the host of J-Melo. Japanese singers May J. and Shanti would take her place. On October 8, 2008, Melody released her first compilation album The Best of melody. ~Timeline~. On October 22, she announced on her blog that she would be retiring as a J-pop singer in January 2009 and would be pursuing a career in fashion design.
In 2012, she announced a children's music project Gold Belle, with sister Christine Saimo. She found it difficult to teach her kids English while living in Japan so they put together the project to give children a fun way to learn. Saimo produced the music and they released the album Kid's Melodies in December 19, under their own record label, EverDream.
Personal life
Melody has three sisters: Christine Saimo, who goes by KURIS in the Japanese music industry and who also resides in Tokyo; and Harmony and Rhythmy, who live in the United States. On March 14, 2009, Melody married Japanese musician and actor Miyavi (Takamasa Ishihara). The couple has three children, Lovelie "Aily/Aspen" (born July 29, 2009, in Japan), Jewelie Aoi (born October 21, 2010, in Japan), and Skyler Kakeru (born February 24, 2021, in the United States). From 2014 to 2021, Melody and her family were living in Los Angeles, California, having moved to the area during the release of Miyavi's film Unbroken. After the birth of their son Skyler, the family returned to Japan and currently live in Tokyo.
Discography
Studio albums
2004: Sincerely
2006: Be as One
2007: Ready to Go!
2008: Lei Aloha
Compilation albums
2008: The Best of melody.: Timeline
References
External links
1982 births
American musicians of Japanese descent
American emigrants to Japan
Japanese-language singers
Japanese women pop singers
Living people
Musicians from Honolulu
Toy's Factory artists
Punahou School alumni
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
English-language singers from Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody%20%28Japanese%20singer%29 |
Vikram Gokhale (14 November 1945 – 26 November 2022) was an Indian film, television and stage actor, noted for his roles in Marathi theatre, Hindi films and television. He was the son of the Veteran Marathi theater and film actor, Chandrakant Gokhale.
Gokhale made his directorial debut in 2010, with the Marathi film Aaghaat. Produced by Sprint Arts Creation in 2013, he won the National Film Award for Best Actor category for his Marathi film Anumati.
Early and personal life
Gokhale was born in Pune, Bombay Presidency on 14 November 1945. His great grandmother, Durgabai Kamat, was the first female actor of the Indian screen, while his grandmother Kamlabai Gokhale (Kamlabai Kamat at that time) was the first female child actor of Indian cinema. His father Chandrakant Gokhale was a veteran Marathi film and stage artist and has acted in over 70 Marathi and Hindi films.
Gokhale married Vrushali in 1975 and they have two daughters. Vrushali is also an actress seen in few films and TV shows like Aaj Jhale Mukt Mi (1986, film), Aaghaat (2010, film) and Shwetambara (1983, TV show). Gokhale ran a real estate firm called Sujata Farms in Pune. He was also a social activist. His family's charitable foundation provides financial support for disabled soldiers, Children of lepers, and education of orphan children.
In February 2016, due to a throat ailment, Gokhale retired from stage activities, though he continued film work. He was admitted to Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital on 5 November 2022 in Pune, where he died due to multiple organ failure on 26 November 2022, at the age of 77.
Filmography
Films
Plays
Khara Sangaycha Tar as Criminal Lawyer (based on The Witness for the Prosecution by Agatha Christie)
Katha as Shyamrao Lele
Ke Dil Abhi Bhara Nahi
Television
Awards
2011: Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for acting in theatre.
2012: National Film Awards in Best Actor category at the 60th National Film Awards for the film Anumati (shared with Irrfan Khan; for film Paan Singh Tomar).
2015-17: Chitrabhushan Award by Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Chitrapat Mahamandal
2017: V Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award by Government of Maharashtra.
2017: Filmfare Marathi Awards in Best Supporting Actor category for Natsamrat.
References
External links
1946 births
2022 deaths
Male actors from Maharashtra
Indian male television actors
Indian male stage actors
Male actors in Marathi cinema
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Male actors in Marathi theatre
Marathi actors
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Best Actor National Film Award winners
Male actors in Marathi television
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram%20Gokhale |
The Battle of Coral–Balmoral (12 May – 6 June 1968) was a series of actions fought during the Vietnam War between the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) and the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 7th Division and Viet Cong (VC) Main Force units, north-east of Saigon. Following the defeat of the PAVN/VC Tet offensive in January and February, in late April two Australian infantry battalions—the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment (RAR)—with supporting arms, were again deployed from their base at Nui Dat in Phước Tuy Province to positions astride infiltration routes leading to Saigon to interdict renewed movement against the capital. Part of the wider allied Operation Toan Thang I, it was launched in response to intelligence reports of another impending PAVN/VC offensive, yet the Australians experienced little fighting during this period. Meanwhile, the PAVN/VC successfully penetrated the capital on 5 May, plunging Saigon into chaos during the May Offensive in an attempt to influence the upcoming Paris peace talks scheduled to begin on the 13th. During three days of intense fighting the attacks were repelled by US and South Vietnamese forces, and although another attack was launched by the PAVN/VC several days later, the offensive was again defeated with significant losses on both sides, causing extensive damage to Saigon and many civilian casualties. By 12 May the fighting was over, and the PAVN/VC were forced to withdraw having suffered heavy casualties. US casualties were also heavy and it proved to be their most costly week of the war.
1 ATF was redeployed on 12 May to obstruct the withdrawal of forces from the capital, with two battalions establishing a fire support base named FSB Coral, just east of Lai Khê in Bình Dương Province, in an area of operations known as AO Surfers. However, poor reconnaissance and inadequate operational planning led to delays and confusion during the fly-in, and the Australians had only partially completed FSB Coral by the evening. The PAVN mounted a number of battalion-sized assaults on the night of 12/13 May, with a heavy bombardment from 03:30 signalling the start. Exploiting the disorganised defence to penetrate the Australian perimeter, the PAVN 141st Regiment temporarily captured a forward gun position during close-quarters fighting, before being repulsed by superior firepower that morning. Casualties were heavy on both sides, but the Australians had won a convincing victory. The following day 1 RAR was deployed to defend FSB Coral, while 3 RAR established FSB Coogee to the west to ambush staging areas and infiltration routes. Coral was again assaulted in the early hours of 16 May, coming under a heavy barrage followed by another regimental-sized attack. Again the base was penetrated, but after a six-hour battle the PAVN were forced to withdraw after suffering heavy losses. Expecting further fighting, the Australians were subsequently reinforced with Centurion tanks and additional artillery. On 22 May, FSB Coral was again attacked overnight, coming under a short but accurate mortar bombardment which was broken up by Australian artillery and mortars.
The Australians then moved against the PAVN/VC base areas east of Route 16, with 3 RAR redeploying to establish FSB Balmoral on 24 May, to the north. Now supported by tanks which had arrived from Coral just hours before, the infantry at Balmoral were subjected to a two-battalion attack by the PAVN 165th Regiment. Following a rocket and mortar barrage at 03:45 on 26 May, the attack fell primarily on D Company before being repelled with heavy casualties by the combined firepower of the tanks and infantry. The next day the Australians at Coral assaulted a number of bunkers that had been located just outside the base, with a troop of Centurions supported by infantry destroying the bunkers and their occupants without loss to themselves. A second major PAVN attack, again of regimental strength, was made against Balmoral at 02:30 on 28 May but was called off after 30 minutes after being soundly defeated by the supporting fire of the tanks, artillery and mortars. Regardless, the battle continued into June as the Australians patrolled their area of operations. However, with contacts decreasing, 1 ATF returned to Nui Dat on 6 June, being relieved by US and South Vietnamese forces. The battle was the first time the Australians had clashed with regular PAVN units operating in regimental strength in conventional warfare. During 26 days of fighting the PAVN/VC sustained heavy losses and were forced to postpone a further attack on Saigon, while 1 ATF also suffered significant casualties. The largest unit-level action of the war for the Australians, today the battle is considered one of the most famous actions fought by the Australian Army during the Vietnam War.
Background
Military situation
Based in Nui Dat in Phước Tuy Province, the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) was part of US II Field Force, Vietnam (IIFFV), under the overall command of Lieutenant General Frederick Weyand. By early 1968, 1 ATF had been reinforced and was at full strength with three infantry battalions supported by armour, artillery, aviation and engineers, while logistic arrangements were provided by the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group (1 ALSG) based at the port of Vũng Tàu. Commanded by Brigadier Ron Hughes, 1 ATF had continued to operate independently within Phước Tuy, and while the war had become a series of large-scale search-and-destroy operations in a war of attrition for the Americans, the Australians had largely pursued their own counter-insurgency campaign despite the differences between Australian and American methods at times producing friction between the allies. Regardless, 1 ATF was also available for deployment elsewhere in the III Corps Tactical Zone and with the province coming progressively under control throughout 1967, the Australians would increasingly spend a significant period of time conducting operations further afield.
The Tet Offensive began on 31 January 1968, with 85,000 to 100,000 PAVN/VC troops simultaneously assaulting population centres and allied installations across South Vietnam in an attempt to incite a general uprising against the South Vietnamese government and its American supporters. In response, 1 ATF was deployed along likely infiltration routes in order to defend the vital Biên Hòa–Long Binh complex near Saigon between January and March, as part of Operation Coburg. Heavy fighting resulted in 17 Australians killed and 61 wounded, while PAVN/VC casualties included at least 145 killed, 110 wounded and five captured, with many more removed from the battlefield. Meanwhile, the remaining Australian forces in Phước Tuy were stretched thin, with elements of 3 RAR successfully repelling an assault on Bà Rịa and later spoiling a harassing attack on Long Điền and conducting a sweep of Hỏa Lòng, killing 50 VC and wounding 25 for the loss of five killed and 24 wounded.
At the strategic level the general uprising never eventuated, and in late-February the PAVN/VC offensive collapsed after suffering more than 45,000 killed, against South Vietnamese and allied losses of 6,000 men. Regardless, it proved to be a turning point in the war and although it had been a tactical disaster for the PAVN/VC, Hanoi emerged with a significant political victory as confidence in the American military and political leadership collapsed, as did public support for the war in the United States. Prior to Tet, American commanders and politicians had talked confidently about winning the war, arguing that General William Westmoreland's strategy of attrition had reached the point where the PAVN/VC were losing soldiers and equipment faster than they could be replaced. Yet the scale of the offensive, and the surprise and violence with which it had been launched, had shocked the American public and contradicted such predictions of imminent victory; in its wake President Lyndon Johnson announced that he would no longer seek a second term in office. Tet had a similar effect on Australian public opinion, and caused growing uncertainty in the government about the determination of the United States to remain militarily involved in Southeast Asia. Amid the initial shock, Prime Minister John Gorton unexpectedly declared that Australia would not increase its military commitment in South Vietnam beyond the current level of 8,000 personnel.
On the ground, the war continued without respite and Hughes—the 1 ATF commander—turned his attention to the VC D445 Provincial Mobile Battalion, deciding to strike at its base areas in the Minh Dam Secret Zone located in the Long Hải Hills south of Long Điền and Đất Đỏ, from Nui Dat. The 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (5 RAR) had suffered heavy casualties in February 1967 while operating in the Long Hảis, which were heavily defended by mines and booby traps; despite previous operations by the US 173rd Airborne Brigade in June 1966 and two smaller South Vietnamese operations, the area had remained a VC safe haven. However, this time the Australians would use two battalions supported by tanks and air strikes in an attempt to reduce the base area. Operation Pinnaroo began on 27 February, with 2 RAR and 3 RAR cordoning off the complex with the rifle companies patrolling and ambushing at night in order to prevent the VC from escaping. On 8 March the Australians conducted a wide encircling movement to tighten the cordon, while a sustained bombardment by US B-52 heavy bombers and artillery targeted the hill the next day. A combined force of infantry from 3 RAR supported by armour then advanced on the foothills, before clearing the minefields and destroying an extensive base area which included a deep cave system that had first been used by the Việt Minh against the French in the 1950s. Each Australian rifle company then methodically searched its area of operations, while engineers destroyed the underground facilities; a task which required the use of tonnes of explosives.
The operation lasted until 15 April, with mines—including many M16s that had been lifted by the VC from the controversial barrier minefield laid by the Australians at Đất Đỏ—once again claiming a significant toll. Ten Australians were killed and another 36 were wounded, while known VC casualties included 21 killed, 14 wounded and 40 captured. Fifty-seven camps and bunker systems were also destroyed, as were large quantities of weapons, munitions and supplies. Judged a success by the Australians despite their heavy losses, the operation had resulted in significant disruption to the VC and hindered their operations for some time. Regardless, with 1 ATF lacking the manpower to hold the area, the failure of South Vietnamese forces to permanently occupy the Long Hais meant that any gains were only fleeting, and the D445 Battalion headquarters soon returned to the area after ejecting a South Vietnamese regional force company a few months later. Meanwhile, 7 RAR had finished its last operation in March and was relieved by 1 RAR on 9 April, returning to Australia having completed its twelve-month tour.
Prelude
Planning and preliminary operations
Despite their losses during the previous fighting, the PAVN/VC appeared to have gained the initiative. Indeed, although the Tet offensive had devastated the VC, costing them about half their strength in the south, the Defense Minister of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam—General Võ Nguyên Giáp—had moved quickly to replace these losses with reinforcements, and by early May 15,000 PAVN soldiers were serving in VC units in South Vietnam. On 8 April, Westmoreland launched a series of large-scale sweeps involving over 70,000 South Vietnamese, American, Australian, New Zealand and Thai troops, code-named Operation Toan Thang I. Meanwhile, on 5 May the PAVN/VC launched attacks against 119 provincial and district capitals, military installations and major cities during the May Offensive in an attempt to gain an advantage at the first session of peace negotiations scheduled to begin in Paris on the 13th. Saigon was successfully infiltrated in an event that received widespread international media coverage and resulted in considerable embarrassment for the Americans and their allies, with as many as five of the 13 attacking VC battalions penetrating the city's outer defences, plunging the capital into chaos and resulting in heavy civilian casualties. After three days of intense fighting American and South Vietnamese forces successfully repelled the assault while, as the peace talks neared, a fresh wave of attacks was launched on Saigon several days later. However, by 12 May the fighting was over, and the VC were forced to withdraw having suffered more than 5,500 dead in just over one week of fighting. US casualties were also heavy, amounting to 652 killed and 2,225 wounded, which made it the most costly week of the war for the Americans.
The Australians were initially employed on operations inside Phước Tuy Province during Operation Toan Thang I. VC activity in their traditional base areas in the Hat Dich north of Nui Thi Vai hills, had been increasing in February and March and 3 RAR subsequently commenced operations along the north-western border of Phước Tuy Province on 21 April. These operations resulted in little contact. In light of this, the Commander Australian Forces Vietnam—Major General Arthur MacDonald—believed that the task force would be better employed against PAVN forces, rather than in local pacification operations; later, following a request from Weyand, 1 ATF would again redeploy outside the province. As such, in an operation similar to those three months earlier at Biên Hòa, it was planned that 1 ATF would be used to help block infiltration towards Saigon. Overall responsibility for the defence of the capital was assigned to US IIFFV, and included the US 1st, 9th, and 25th Division, as well as the US 199th Light Infantry Brigade, 1 ATF, and a number of South Vietnamese units. The main deployment began on 25 April in response to intelligence reports of another impending offensive, with 1 ATF headquarters established at the US Bearcat Base, while 2 RAR and 3 RAR deployed to the Biên Hòa–Long Khánh border to block likely infiltration routes east of the large American base complex at Long Binh, which included Biên Hòa Air Base and the large Long Binh Logistics Depot. Meanwhile, the task force base at Nui Dat was defended by one infantry battalion, a squadron of tanks and the remainder of the cavalry. The SAS squadron also remained in Phước Tuy during this period, continuing reconnaissance and surveillance operations in the province.
2 RAR was tasked with patrolling and ambushing tracks and likely rocket-launching sites to disrupt the expected attack against Saigon. The battalion established FSB Hunt, and conducted a number of small but successful ambushes. Meanwhile, 3 RAR established FSB Evans and conducted search-and-ambush operations before returning to Nui Dat on 3 May after being replaced by 1 RAR, which then joined 2 RAR for a sweep. In response to the attacks on Saigon, elements of 1 ATF redeployed on 5 May, relieving the US 199th Light Infantry Brigade in an area of operations (AO) known as AO Columbus so that it could be released for operations elsewhere, with companies from both battalions deploying to ambush suspected infiltration routes in the expectation of an attack by the 274th Regiment from the VC 5th Division. Five days later 2 RAR was relieved by 3 RAR, having completed its last major operation before returning to Australia. The Australians waited for the VC to make their move, but they again proved elusive and contact was only light, and by 10 May just six had been killed and one wounded after 21 days of operations. Having missed the PAVN/VC units as they infiltrated the capital, it was planned that the Australians would be again redeployed on 12 May in order to obstruct the withdrawal of these forces following their defeat in Saigon. The task force would subsequently concentrate astride Route 16 on one of the major north–south supply routes north-east of Saigon, just east of Lai Khe in Bình Dương Province, in a new area of operations known as AO Surfers. Meanwhile, US forces would operate in support on the flanks.
Opposing forces
1 ATF would move with its headquarters and two infantry battalions—1 RAR and 3 RAR—as well as cavalry, artillery, engineer, and aviation elements operating in support, including M113 armoured personnel carriers from A Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment, 105 mm M2A2 howitzers from 12th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, Bell H-13 Sioux light observation helicopters from 161st Reconnaissance Flight and mortar locating radars from 131st Divisional Locating Battery. The concept of operations called for the establishment battalion AOs, named Bondi, Manly and Newport. 1 RAR was allocated to AO Bondi with artillery support from the 102nd Field Battery established at a fire support base, named FSB Coral. 3 RAR was initially allocated to AO Manly, west of Bondi, and would also be supported from FSB Coral by its own supporting battery, 161st Battery, Royal New Zealand Artillery. The operation would be conducted in three phases. 3 RAR—under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Jim Shelton—would conduct an air assault into Coral early on 12 May, with the lead elements securing the landing zone for the fly-in of the remainder of the battalion, and 1 RAR under Lieutenant Colonel Phillip Bennett. Leaving its supporting artillery and one infantry company for protection, 3 RAR would then move west to establish blocking positions and patrol AO Manly in order to intercept PAVN/VC forces attempting to withdraw from the south and south-west. Meanwhile, 1 RAR would establish its supporting artillery and mortars at FSB Coral, and then with one company, clear Route 16 to the village of Tan Uyen, to the south. The battalion would then occupy blocking positions and patrol AO Bondi. 1 ATF headquarters would then move from Bearcat to FSB Coral on 13 May, while the forward task force maintenance area would move from Bearcat by road convoy and be operational by 14 May.
A number of PAVN units had been identified in AO Surfers, including the regular PAVN 7th Division—consisting of the PAVN 141st and 165th Regiments under the command of Nguyen the Bon, the VC 5th Division—consisting of VC 274th and 275th Regiments, and the Đồng Nai Regiment. These divisions were believed to have participated in the assault on Saigon and allied intelligence considered it likely they would attempt to withdraw through the Australian area of operations in order to regroup. Other forces included the PAVN 85th Regiment as well as the 165th, 233rd, 269th, 275th, D280 and 745th VC Infiltration Groups and various units used for reconnaissance, guiding, logistics, liaison and other tasks. In total, an estimated strength of 3,000 to 4,000 men. Regardless, despite earlier warnings that they may concentrate up to regimental-strength, a breakdown in the passage of intelligence led the Australians to believe that the PAVN/VC would remain dispersed in small groups in an attempt to avoid detection. As such the Australians assumed that the PAVN/VC forces would pose little threat and envisioned patrolling from company harbours to find and ambush them as they withdrew. Meanwhile, due to the risk of heavy ground fire, only a very limited aerial reconnaissance of the new area of operations was undertaken and this later had significant implications.
Battle
Occupation of FSB Coral, 12 May 1968
On the night of 11/12 May, only a few hours before the Australian redeployment was scheduled to commence, forces from US 1st Division operating in AO Surfers were attacked just west of the proposed landing zone (LZ). Continuing through the night and into the following morning, the fighting prevented the Americans from leaving the area and led to initial delays in occupying FSB Coral. Further delays arose after the terrain around the proposed LZ was found to be unsuitable for helicopters, and Shelton was forced to designate a new location to the south-west for his battalion. Meanwhile, the American company providing security for the lead Australian elements had to redeploy to secure the new LZ. Communications were problematic throughout the operation and this further compounded the delays. The first infantry company to fly in—B Company, 3 RAR under the command of Major Bert Irwin—was already airborne and Shelton directed them to the new LZ. On landing, Irwin moved quickly to the original position, and despite rapidly clearing it, the insertion was further delayed.
1 ATF was not well practised in flying in and setting up a large fire support base, and a poorly co-ordinated, prolonged and dislocated operation caused considerable delay in getting on the ground, and the scattering of a number of units. Confusion continued to affect the operation, with 161st Battery, RNZA arriving by CH-47 Chinook before FSB Coral was ready, and being forced to land in an improvised LZ in a clearing to the south-west. Meanwhile, the continued presence of American forces in AO Manly also prevented 3 RAR from deploying as planned, and as the battalion began landing it was forced to remain on the western side of the FSB. 102nd Field Battery, the direct support battery for 1 RAR, was subsequently landed at FSB Coral and Major Brian Murtagh, second-in-command of 12th Field Regiment and the artillery tactical headquarters, was subsequently designated as the FSB commander, even though his guns were now physically dislocated from each other.
These delays in turn affected the fly-in of 1 RAR, with the companies forced to wait at the departure point in AO Columbus before they commenced the air move to FSB Coral. Hughes visited Bennett at FSB Coral at 15:30 to discuss aspects of the defence, as well as events planned for the following day. The deployment of the second battalion was not complete until 16:10, with the 1 RAR Mortar Platoon arriving on the last flight, more than four hours late. It became clear to Bennett that 1 RAR would need to deploy to the east of the FSB, and with just two hours before last light the companies were moved into hasty defensive positions, the last of which were not established until 17:00. Due to the hurried deployment, by dusk the two battalions of 1 ATF and their supporting elements were scattered around FSB Coral in four roughly connected groups, rather than in a co-ordinated defensive position. The task force headquarters advance party and part of its Defence Platoon were located centrally, yet the task force tactical headquarters and the artillery tactical headquarters under Lieutenant Colonel Jack Kelly—Commanding Officer of 12th Field Regiment—both remained in Bearcat. Hughes was not present either, having left Bearcat to attend to matters at the task force rear headquarters at Nui Dat, and was due to move forward with the tactical headquarters to FSB Coral the following day.
There had been little opportunity for co-ordination, with the Australian infantry strung out along the routes away from FSB Coral in preparation for their move the next day. 3 RAR was responsible for the security of FSB Coral, with D Company defending the north-west approaches, while the remaining three companies were dispersed over to the west, spread between the FSB and the 161st Battery, RNZA gun positions to the south-west. 1 RAR occupied the eastern approaches, with its rifle companies dispersed over harbouring in night ambush positions, while C Company was isolated to the south-east picketing the road to Tan Uyen in order to provide security for the convoy due to arrive from Bearcat the following day. Bennett kept his anti-tank and assault pioneer platoons inside the FSB to protect the battalion command post, while the mortar platoon would be particularly exposed, being located adjacent to the 102nd Field Battery gun position in an open area on the outer edge of the base facing to the north and east. The rifle companies to the north-east provided the only protection, yet there were large gaps between these positions and they could be easily bypassed. Although the Australians made further efforts to co-ordinate their defences prior to last light, attempting to tie in their positions to achieve mutual support between the sub-units, these arrangements remained incomplete as night fell.
Command posts were dug in and weapons pits and shell scrapes were commenced, yet many were not completed to any depth due to a lack of time, while a heavy rainfall started at 18:00 and soon filled the pits with water anyway. No claymore mines or barbed wire were laid out either, as the wire had not yet arrived, while lack of materials also prevented the construction of overhead protection. M60 machine-guns were placed out around the perimeter, but there was no time to test fire them or to properly tie in their arcs of fire. Meanwhile, 90 mm M67 recoilless rifles (RCLs) from the 1 RAR Anti-Tank Platoon armed with high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) and anti-personnel flechette ammunition were sited to support the forward machine-guns. Due to their prior experiences fighting the VC in Phước Tuy Province, the Australians were not overly alarmed despite the defences at FSB Coral suffering due to the hasty deployment and, although the recent fighting involving the US 1st Division only to the west may have been added cause for concern, its extent was unknown to the Australians at the time. Expecting the PAVN/VC to be operating in small groups while trying to avoid battle as they had done during the last three weeks, there was little thought of a major threat to the FSB. Commencing night routine, sentries were posted while the rest of the Australians stood down to get some sleep.
First attack on FSB Coral, 12/13 May 1968
Unknown to 1 ATF, the headquarters of the PAVN 7th Division was located approximately to the east of FSB Coral and several units of the division were also based in the vicinity. The PAVN 165th Regiment was operating to the north and the 141st Regiment to the east, while the battalion-strength 275th Infiltration Group had only recently arrived, having left the Ho Chi Minh Trail on the Cambodian border just 48 hours earlier. The PAVN divisional commander had quickly dispatched reconnaissance elements to observe the fly-in of the Australians and their defensive preparations during the afternoon, and they soon reported the opportunity to attack the exposed gun positions of the 102nd Field Battery. One battalion of 141st Regiment, augmented by the 275th and 269th Infiltration Groups, was subsequently tasked to attack FSB Coral that night. This reconnaissance had not gone unnoticed by the Australian infantry, however, and companies from both 1 RAR and 3 RAR had fleeting contacts with small groups of PAVN at last light and into the evening. D Company, 1 RAR—under Major Tony Hammett—contacted a ten-man PAVN group while moving into ambush positions north of FSB Coral late in the afternoon. In a brief exchange the PAVN broke contact after losing one killed, firing Rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) into the trees above the Australians and wounding one of them.
During the evening B Company, 1 RAR—under the command of Major Bob Hennessy—had a further contact to the east with another ten-man group. Later, Major Colin Adamson's A Company detected 20 PAVN moving on the perimeter utilising newly issued Starlight scopes and subsequently killed and wounded some of them. However, such events appeared to be chance encounters and caused the Australians no particular concern. By midnight the rain had stopped, and five minutes later the 1 RAR mortar position was probed and a fire-fight ensued, resulting in possibly three PAVN killed. Later it became apparent that they had been marking assault lanes, while at 02:25 three PAVN from a forward reconnaissance party walked into a D Company, 1 RAR ambush and in the ensuing contact one was killed before they again broke contact, firing RPGs that killed one Australian and wounded 11 from a single platoon. Yet despite a number of minor clashes the PAVN successfully bypassed the Australian rifle companies, conducting a forced march under cover of darkness and rain to dig in within of FSB Coral undetected.
Finally at 03:30, rocket and mortar fire began falling on FSB Coral, concentrating on the 102nd Field Battery and the 1 RAR Mortar Platoon positions in an intense bombardment lasting five minutes. Following a ten-minute pause a number of flares signalled the start of the assault. Intending to capture the field guns, two PAVN companies rushed the Australians from the north-east firing their AK-47 assault rifles, with the 1 RAR Mortar Platoon taking the brunt of the initial attack, while the 1 ATF Defence Platoon was also pinned down by heavy machine-gun fire. The New Zealand howitzers and 3 RAR mortars began firing in support, however they failed to halt the PAVN and the initial assault succeeded in over-running the 1 RAR mortars, killing five and wounding eight. The flank of the main assault force then ran through the position at speed before moving on towards the gun position. During their earlier reconnaissance, the PAVN had likely observed the guns to be laid facing east and had probably planned to assault from the north as a result, yet shortly before the main attack the battery had fired a mission to the north and the guns were now directly facing their axis of assault. Moving in long straight lines across a frontage of 150 to 200 men, the main PAVN assault moved against the gun position as the Australian gunners opened fire over open sights with flechette rounds at point blank range, with thousands of darts ripping through their ranks and breaking up successive waves into small groups. Amid the confusion, follow-up sections hesitated upon reaching the mortar position, while other groups skirmished around the flanks and between the artillery and mortars.
Meanwhile, the 1 RAR Anti-Tank Platoon—commanded by Lieutenant Les Tranter—also engaged with flechettes from their 90 mm RCLs, firing across the front of the mortars and relieving the immediate pressure on them. However, with the PAVN having successfully achieved a break-in, and faced with the possibility of imminent annihilation, the 1 RAR Mortar Platoon second-in-command—Lieutenant Tony Jensen—was forced to direct the RCLs onto his own position, to which Bennett agreed. As the PAVN attempted to turn the captured mortars against the Australians, the flechette darts swept the area, clearing everything above ground, causing heavy casualties among the assaulting force and damaging a number of mortar tubes. Elsewhere, the PAVN assault had reached the Australian gun position, over-running two guns as desperate close quarters fighting broke out between the emplacements. The attackers subsequently succeeded in capturing No. 6 gun on the extreme edge of the gun-line and then attempted to destroy it with satchel charges. In both the mortar and artillery positions the PAVN and Australians occupied adjacent pits, fighting each other at close range for their possession. The gun position officer—Captain Ian Ahearn—co-ordinated the defence, and the Australians finally drove off the assault with grenades and small arms, as well as flechette rounds fired from the Anti-Tank Platoon. Meanwhile, with the assault falling mainly on 1 RAR and 102nd Field Battery, to the west 3 RAR had largely remained out of contact.
Although the PAVN troops were well trained and equipped, they were ultimately unable to prevail against the superior firepower of the Australian infantry and gunners, which had turned the battle in their favour. Throughout the night, fire support was co-ordinated by the 1 RAR command post and the fire support co-ordinating centre, which controlled integral fires from 102nd Field Battery, its direct support battery, as well as from 161st Battery RNZA and the 81 mm mortars from 3 RAR. Yet the Australian gunners soon ran out of flechette rounds, and they were forced to use standard high-explosive with their direct-action fuses set to 'delay'. The guns were then depressed to fire the shell at the ground approximately in front of the emplacement, which caused the round to ricochet and explode in the air above the heads of the assaulting force, an expedient which proved very effective. The Australians were also supported by artillery from a number of neighbouring American batteries that were in range, as well as by aerial strafing from helicopter gunships and continuous illumination by flares. Forward observers adjusted the artillery to within of the Australian position, while AC-47 Spooky gunships fired thousands of rounds into the assaulting forces.
After an hour of intense fighting, by 04:30 the main attack began to falter and the PAVN subsequently withdrew into a rubber plantation to the north-east, carrying many of their dead and wounded. However, in an attempt prevent the Australians from following them a company-sized force remained, and the Australian gunners attempted to engage them with their remaining flechette rounds and high explosive. Taking advantage of the extinguishing of a fire that the Australians had been using to direct the helicopter gunships, the PAVN again attacked at 05:00 in an effort to further cover their withdrawal. Greatly reduced in strength, the attack was quickly broken up in a crossfire of high explosive and flechettes. A series of sporadic contacts then took place between the Australians and withdrawing PAVN, while at 05:30 a helicopter light-fire team became effective and forced the PAVN rearguard to abandon its positions. Also during this time, rockets and mortars had landed on B Company, 1 RAR to the south-east, killing one Australian and wounding another. At 05:45, 161st Battery RNZA began firing on likely withdrawal routes as the pre-dawn light began to appear. The Australians then began a sweep of their position, with the 102nd Field Battery clearing the gun position while Bennett accompanied the 1 RAR Anti-Tank Platoon and a regimental medical officer's party to clear the rest of the perimeter. A number of PAVN soldiers were subsequently located, with the last killed in the gun position at 06:10. The two patrols then met in the mortar position while a patrol from 3 RAR carried out a similar sweep from north to south, and FSB Coral was finally cleared by 06:25. By 06:30 the evacuation of the Australian dead and wounded began by helicopter. The PAVN finally completed their withdrawal by 08:00.
The fighting had been costly for both sides. Australian casualties included nine killed and 28 wounded, while one howitzer and two mortars had been damaged. PAVN casualties included 52 dead, who lay strewn around the perimeter, while 23 small arms and seven crew-served weapons had also been captured by the Australians. While Radio Hanoi quickly announced a major PAVN victory there was little doubt that the Australians had convincingly repulsed the attack, even if they had come close to suffering a military catastrophe, with the task force headquarters itself nearly being destroyed. The initial delays during the fly-in had left the defenders spread haphazardly and, had the PAVN assaulted without the preparatory fire that ultimately alerted the Australians, the result may have been different. Equally, the fortunes of war had resulted in the Australian guns being laid in the direction of the main PAVN assault, and the firepower they afforded had probably been decisive. The occupation of FSB Coral was one of the first such operations conducted by 1 ATF and many of the deficiencies evident had been due to this inexperience. Command and control had been insufficient and in hindsight the lack of co-ordination in setting up the defence could have been avoided with the appointment of a local defence commander. The absence of proper aerial reconnaissance prior to insertion had also resulted in units and their supporting elements landing on unsuitable ground in full view of the PAVN, while the delay in the insertion of the second battalion denied them enough time to establish their positions before night fell. Failures in the assessment and timely distribution of intelligence were also identified.
1 ATF consolidates in AO Surfers, 13–15 May 1968
The 1 ATF forward tactical headquarters arrived from Bearcat by CH-47 on 13 May, while additional personnel and stocks were brought in by road convoy to establish the forward task force maintenance area. Hughes arrived at 08:00 and directed Bennett to redeploy his companies in all-round defence of FSB Coral, with 1 RAR consolidating their defensive arrangements with wire, sandbags, overhead protection and claymore mines, while tripod-mounted machine-guns were also emplaced to fire on fixed lines. Meanwhile, 3 RAR established FSB Coogee in AO Manly west, with C Company securing the fire support base while the other three rifle companies conducted search operations which resulted in one being Australian killed. 161st Battery RNZA was then redeployed by air to Coogee. M113 armoured personnel carriers (APCs) from A Squadron, 3 CAV (less one troop)—under the command of Major John Keldie—arrived at Coral the same day, after escorting the rear echelons and 155 mm M109 self-propelled artillery from A Battery, US 2/35th Artillery Regiment. The M113s were then split between the fire support bases, with 1 Troop assigned to 1 RAR and 2 Troop to 3 RAR, with Keldie appointed as local defence commander at FSB Coral in order to co-ordinate the actions of units on the perimeter. 1st Field Squadron also provided engineer teams to each combat arm, while other elements prepared command post bunkers and fortifications within the fire support bases.
The unsuccessful assault against FSB Coral on the night of 12/13 May had demonstrated that the PAVN would react violently to Australian attempts to control AO Surfers, and with 1 ATF deployed astride a key route to Saigon and threatening a number of PAVN/VC bases and staging areas located nearby, further heavy fighting was expected over the following days. In response, the Australians were forced to refine their tactics and Hughes decided to establish strong defensive positions in order to destroy the PAVN by fire, rather than by the painstaking patrolling more familiar to the Australians. The FSBs would be heavily defended by night, while the battalions would conduct defensive patrols by day. Later, fighting patrols up to company-size with armoured support would then be used to locate and destroy the VC main force bases. As such the Australian concept of operations subsequently evolved from one of searching and clearing in order to locate and cut infiltration and withdrawal routes, into a series of reconnaissance-in-force operations from heavily defended bases. Meanwhile, in AO Manly, 3 RAR continued patrolling for the next seven days, successfully ambushing staging areas and infiltration routes between 13 and 19 May for the loss of one soldier killed.
On 14 May there were a number of patrol clashes in AO Bondi, as both sides tried to determine the intentions of the other. The Australians sent out platoon-sized defensive patrols between from Coral and in nine contacts they suffered three killed and five wounded, while PAVN casualties included 12 killed and two wounded. Later, two more Australians were wounded by an RPG fired into FSB Coral. During the afternoon, the patrol activity resulted in heavy fighting, and two separate actions fought within half an hour of each other by different platoons from 1 RAR led to two Australians being awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM)—Lance Corporal David Griffiths and Private Richard Norden. The PAVN/VC appeared to be probing the Australians to gain information on their dispositions and these efforts continued the following day with the defenders observing two PAVN near the perimeter of FSB Coral, while patrols from 1 RAR later contacted a number of small groups and uncovered a recently used company-sized camp just from the base. By 15 May, the Australians considered their defences to be properly co-ordinated, while nearby the PAVN 141st Regiment was again preparing to attack Coral after evading the intensive patrolling. Yet that night a large number of lights and flares were observed by the defenders, effectively warning them of the impending assault.
Second attack on FSB Coral, 16 May 1968
At 02:30 on 16 May the PAVN began a heavy barrage of RPGs and mortar fire, concentrating on A Company 1 RAR, 1 ATF headquarters, and the forward task force maintenance area. Now heavily reinforced, the Australian and American artillery and mortars quickly responded with heavy counter-battery fire, with a total of 60 guns from three batteries of 105 mm field guns, one battery of 155 mm howitzers, one battery and nine 81 mm mortars firing in support, augmented by air support from three heavy fire teams (each of three UH-1 helicopter gunships) and three fighter-bombers with bombs and napalm. Regardless, at 02:40 the PAVN launched a battalion-sized attack, which initially fell on A and B Companies. Even with the artillery and mortars concentrating on close defensive fire tasks, the assault was largely held at the perimeter, although they did succeed in over-running part of 3 Platoon, A Company. Commanded by Lieutenant Neil Weekes, the platoon had been hit heavily by indirect fire during the initial bombardment and had suffered several casualties. Concentrating on the gap created in the Australian perimeter, the PAVN then assaulted with the support of 12.7 mm DShK heavy machine-guns. Ordering his men to fix bayonets, Weekes successfully reorganised the defences however, and called in close mortar fire to stabilise the position, resulting in heavy casualties among the assaulting force. He was later awarded the Military Cross for his leadership. Unable to achieve a break-in, the PAVN then broadened their attack to include C Company, engaging three of the four Australian companies on the perimeter. Yet after successfully opening a number of gaps in the wire, they failed to press home their attack.
By 04:00 A Company was still heavily engaged and the Australians called in helicopter light-fire teams and AC-47 gunships, which dropped flares continuously from 04:30 to illuminate the battlefield. By 05:00 the main attack was halted and the PAVN began withdrawing, just as the Australians were beginning to run low on ammunition. During the lull A Company was resupplied by APC, while the Australians pushed an RCL team forward to provide additional support. At 05:15 the PAVN attacked again, targeting the boundary between A and C Companies on the northern edge of the perimeter, only to be repulsed by mortar fire. Later a two-battalion attack on A, B and C Companies was also turned back. The Australians then counter-attacked with elements of A Company supported by APCs, regaining the lost 3 Platoon section post. Finally, after a six-hour battle the PAVN broke contact at 06:30 and withdrew with their dead and wounded, fighting a series of rearguard actions to prevent follow-up. The Australians also began collecting their casualties for evacuation, while another resupply was completed with APCs. 1 RAR subsequently commenced a clearance of the area, with the four Australian rifle companies patrolling to a depth of , killing one PAVN soldier and capturing another. Five Australians had been killed and 19 wounded, while two US artillerymen were also wounded during the fighting. Only 34 PAVN bodies were counted on the perimeter at dawn, however intelligence later indicated that fewer than 100 of the 790 attacking troops had survived unwounded. Meanwhile, in an attempt to disrupt the PAVN withdrawal, Keldie led a troop of cavalry from Coral, engaging a PAVN battalion during a pursuit that lasted until 15:00.
On 17 May, Westmoreland visited FSB Coral and congratulated the task force on its defence. Both Australian battalions continued to patrol with minor contacts, and during one such incident at least six PAVN were killed when a group of approximately 35 was engaged by artillery and armed helicopters after being observed by scouts from B Company, 3 RAR. During the week that followed Australian patrols clashed with groups of PAVN moving through AO Surfers, many of them from the PAVN 165th Regiment, which was believed to be withdrawing into War Zone D. A Company, 3 RAR subsequently occupied a blocking position on the Suoi Ba Pho creek, ambushing PAVN moving northwards and directing mortar firing onto evasion routes, killing eight and capturing two. Elsewhere, C Company, 3 RAR located and destroyed a number of base camps in the vicinity of FSB Coogee. Meanwhile, with the approval of MacDonald, Hughes departed on a long-planned leave to Singapore on 18 May, and Colonel Donald Dunstan, the task force second-in-command, took over as Commander 1 ATF on 20 May. A respected and experienced leader, he quickly took control amidst growing tension.
At 01:00 on 22 May FSB Coral was again attacked, though not on the same scale as before, coming under a short but accurate mortar bombardment that was subsequently broken up artillery and mortar fire. In order to bolster his defences and provide an increased offensive capability, on 21 May Dunstan ordered the Centurion tanks from C Squadron, 1st Armoured Regiment to redeploy the from Nui Dat. Under the command of Major Peter Badman, the slow-moving armoured column departed on 22 May, traversing the difficult terrain that included a number of old, rusting Bailey bridges, which threatened to collapse under the 50-tonne weight of the Centurions. Moving via the inland route under cover provided by an observation aircraft from 161st Reconnaissance Flight, they drove north on Route 2, then west on Highway 1 to Long Binh where they staged overnight. Just north of Blackhorse Base Camp the lead vehicle of the convoy hit a road mine, damaging a dozer tank but resulting in no casualties. They finally arrived at FSB Coral at 02:30 on 23 May. Four tanks from 1 Troop were subsequently allocated to 1 RAR, while 2 Troop was allocated to 3 RAR. Two American M42 40 mm Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Guns had also accompanied the tanks and further strengthened the Australian FSBs in a ground support role.
First attack on FSB Balmoral, 26 May 1968
With 3 RAR achieving limited results in AO Manly, MacDonald suggested that Dunstan establish the battalion in a new location east of Route 16 in order to locate and destroy the PAVN/VC bases suspected to be in the area. 3 RAR subsequently occupied FSB Balmoral in AO Newport, north of Coral, on 24 May in the hope of provoking another battle. Shelton was keen to avoid the mistakes that had been made during the earlier occupation of FSB Coral however, and he sent two companies forward on foot to occupy the new fire support base while the battalion tactical headquarters accompanied them in APCs. During the insertion there were a number of contacts between the Australians and PAVN, with at least one PAVN soldier being killed. Yet with B and D Companies securing the landing zone, the remainder of 3 RAR was inserted by helicopter from FSB Coogee in the late afternoon. FSB Balmoral would be developed as a battalion defensive position only, and 161st Battery RNZA was subsequently flown to FSB Coral, in order to concentrate all of the artillery in that location from where they would be able to cover the whole of the new AO. Meanwhile, the PAVN had been caught by surprise and, with no time prepare an attack, they were unable to respond on the first evening. Regardless, 3 RAR worked quickly to establish their defensive position, digging in and laying wire and claymore mines.
On 25 May, 3 RAR began local defensive and familiarisation patrols. Four Centurion tanks from 2 Troop, C Squadron were ordered to redeploy to FSB Balmoral to bolster the defences, escorted by two infantry platoons from B Company, 1 RAR under Captain Bob Hennessy. En route, the PAVN engaged the Australian infantry from a series of bunkers, pinning them down with machine-gun fire at close range. In response the Australian tanks moved forward, suppressing the bunkers with canister rounds while the infantry was extracted. The Australians had struck the edge of a large, defended base camp estimated at company-size, however under orders to continue to Balmoral before nightfall, they broke contact. The column subsequently arrived at FSB Balmoral without further incident at 15:30 and B Company, 1 RAR then returned to FSB Coral by helicopter. At least two PAVN were killed in the encounter, while one Australian was wounded. Although a relatively minor action, the tanks had been decisive and the engagement was early proof of their effectiveness in co-operation with the infantry. Meanwhile, the PAVN commander was no longer able to tolerate the Australian encroachment into his base areas, and with FSB Balmoral located just away, he subsequently tasked the 165th Regiment, commanded by Phan Viet Dong, to attack Balmoral. That evening tracer rounds, shots and lights again alerted the defenders of an impending attack.
At 03:45 on 26 May the PAVN began a heavy bombardment with mortar and rockets, accompanied by machine-gun and small-arms fire. Immediately following the barrage, Balmoral was subjected to a ground assault across the open ground from the north-east by a force of up to battalion strength, falling primarily on D Company, commanded by Major Peter Phillips. At the same time the PAVN conducted a feint on the southern perimeter opposite A Company—under Major Horrie Howard—using Bangalore torpedoes to break through the wire, although the gap was not exploited. Two Centurions that had been sited directly on the main axis of assault but concealed during the day, rolled forward under the cover of darkness. Their machine-guns and canister rounds proved telling during the fighting; the main attack stalled as it reached the wire before being repelled with heavy casualties by the combined firepower of the Australian infantry and tanks. Meanwhile, as sporadic mortar, RPG and small-arms fire continued, to the south FSB Coral was also hit with suppressing fire from mortars, recoilless rifles and RPGs between 04:15 and 04:30, killing one Australian and wounding another. The defenders at Balmoral then directed fire from helicopter and AC-47 gunships onto likely assembly areas and mortar base plate locations. Around 05:00 the PAVN finally broke contact and withdrew, removing the majority of their casualties under covering fire as the Australian artillery fired on their escape routes. Clearing patrols from 3 RAR then swept the area at first light but found only six PAVN dead and a large quantity of weapons, ammunition and equipment. The Australians subsequently began the evacuation of their casualties, having lost a further three dead and 14 wounded.
Bunker clash and patrolling in AO Surfers, 26–27 May 1968
Dunstan subsequently directed the clearance of the bunker system that had been located the previous day, and a combined force of D Company, 1 RAR and 1 Troop C Squadron under the command of Major Tony Hammett was tasked with carrying out a reconnaissance-in-force. Departing at 06:00 on the morning of 26 May, at 12:27 the lead Australian infantry platoon was hit by small arms fire and RPGs from Coral, after having paused to direct an air strike by Canberra bombers from No. 2 Squadron RAAF onto a nearby bunker system. In what would become the first Australian combined infantry and tank assault since the Bougainville campaign against the Japanese in the Second World War, the tanks were called forward and attacked the bunkers with anti-tank solid shot and machine-guns, while the infantry indicated targets with their M79 grenade launchers. Moving forward two or three abreast, the Centurions crushed many of the bunkers with their tracks and engaged others at point-blank range with their main armament. Further bunkers were exposed when the foliage was cut away by canister rounds and the infantry followed the tanks using rifles and grenades, while assault pioneers provided support with a flame-thrower as artillery and mortar fire engaged targets further away.
The bunkers were well constructed and camouflaged, while visibility was limited to just among the dense vegetation and consequently many were not located by the Australians until they were upon them. The bunkers were sited to be mutually supporting, and the PAVN defending them responded with a crossfire of RPG-2s, although the heavy armour of the Centurions proved impervious and they remained undamaged. During a three-hour battle the Australians and PAVN fought each other from bunker to bunker. However, with aerial reconnaissance revealing that the bunker system was part of a much larger base area, and with the Australian force judged too small to deal with it, Bennett directed Hammett to retire by late afternoon. Amidst a heavy rain the Australians broke contact at 16:00 under the cover of artillery and mortar fire, and they moved quickly back to FSB Coral. Fourteen bunkers had been destroyed, while seven PAVN bodies were counted and quantities of weapons, ammunition and documents were also captured. Yet many more men were undoubtedly entombed in the bunkers after being crushed by the tanks, making a comprehensive body count impossible. Although it had been a fierce engagement the Australians suffered no casualties, a fact which was attributed to the effectiveness of the tanks, and further validated Dunstan's decision to call them forward from Nui Dat. Second Lieutenant John Salter was later awarded the Military Cross for his leadership during this and other actions.
Over the following days 1 ATF continued patrolling, although these operations resulted in only small-scale contact with the PAVN. On 27 May an Australian OH-13 helicopter was damaged by ground fire during a reconnaissance flight outside AO Newport, and air strikes on the area exposed several bunkers which were likely to have been used by the PAVN as a headquarters; they were subsequently destroyed by artillery fire.
Second attack on FSB Balmoral, 28 May 1968
A second regimental-sized attack against 3 RAR at Balmoral was launched by the PAVN at 02:30 on 28 May, with a two-battalion assault preceded by 60 mm and 80 mm mortar fire from the south. Meanwhile, FSB Coral was also attacked by indirect fire from 02:45. Similar to the attack two nights before, it began with another feint from the south as PAVN sappers blew up the wire in front of A Company, but was successfully broken up before it reached the wire by the Australian defenders with claymore mines and small-arms fire from their M60 machine-guns, L1A1 Self Loading Rifles and M16 assault rifles. The main assault began at 03:10 from the north-east, with the brunt again being borne by Phillips' D Company. The Australian infantrymen were once again supported by tanks firing canister shot and machine-guns, while artillery and mortars provided continuous close indirect fires, with the combined effect of this firepower stopping the PAVN on the wire before they could penetrate the position. Although the assault was well co-ordinated, the PAVN had lost the element of surprise, with the preparatory fire once more alerting the defenders. The assault was subsequently called off after 30 minutes, while at 03:40 a small probe developed from the east but quickly dissipated. Sporadic mortar and rocket fire continued to fall as helicopter light-fire teams and AC-47 gunships engaged the PAVN, directed by forward air control aircraft. From 05:00 until first light artillery from FSB Coral provided continuous battlefield illumination to stymie PAVN attempts to clear their dead and wounded, and they finally withdrew by 05:30.
At first light a clearing patrol from D Company, 3 RAR swept the area with tanks and APCs in support, killing and capturing a number of attackers that had been pinned down in old B-52 bomb craters to the north of Balmoral. The daylight revealed that the PAVN had once again been soundly defeated leaving 42 dead and seven prisoners, while Australian losses were one killed and eight wounded. Quantities of weapons, clothing, ammunition and equipment were also recovered by the Australians. Phillips was subsequently awarded the Military Cross for his leadership during the battle. Many of the PAVN dead were teenagers of 16 or 17 years, evidence that the North Vietnamese had begun drafting 15-year-old boys into its combat units; as had happened after the earlier fighting, their bodies were collected by a bulldozer and buried in a mass grave. Later, a large number of shell scrapes were discovered to the north-east of Balmoral during an aerial reconnaissance by an OH-13 helicopter, and they were thought likely to have been used by the PAVN as an assembly area before being engaged by artillery firing defensive fire tasks early in the battle. The successful defence of Balmoral and the high ratio of PAVN killed had confirmed the judgement of MacDonald and Dunstan and validated the decision to adopt an aggressive defence with strong static positions and forceful patrolling. The failed assault proved to be the final attempt to remove 1 ATF from AO Surfers, and there were no further attacks by the PAVN against either Coral or Balmoral.
Operation Toan Thang I concludes, 28 May − 6 June 1968
The Australians continued to patrol aggressively, with further clashes occurring between companies from 1 RAR and 3 RAR, and the PAVN. On the morning of 30 May, C Company, 1 RAR under Major Ian Campbell had patrolled into a bunker system east of FSB Coral and was contacted by a large dug-in PAVN force. At 08:30 the lead platoon, 9 Platoon, came under fire and was pinned down by RPGs and 7.62 mm RPD light machine-guns. Meanwhile, 7 Platoon moved to assist but was also pinned down, with one section suffering heavy casualties and losing an M60 machine-gun. Campbell struggled to establish a company defensive position, pushing 8 Platoon forward covered by armed helicopters and indirect fire. Yet with the two forces facing each other at only , the Australian artillery and mortars were rendered ineffective and Dunstan subsequently dispatched two tanks from Coral to reinforce them as heavy fighting developed. Supported by APCs, the Australian infantry and tanks then assaulted and cleared several bunkers, allowing the lead platoon to withdraw after three hours of fighting. Suffering one killed and seven wounded, C Company broke contact by 11:55, withdrawing as artillery, mortars and air strikes engaged the bunker system. Three days later C Company returned to the area to recover the lost machine-gun only to find the position as they had left it; strewn with dead bodies and caved-in bunkers with the battlefield having been abandoned by the PAVN, who had also withdrawn following the Australian assault. The tanks had destroyed at least eight bunkers, while PAVN casualties included 24 dead and a further eight believed killed. Another group of 13 had also been engaged in the open by artillery, and were also possibly killed.
The PAVN then appeared to abandon AO Surfers to the Australians, and increasingly diverted their movement around Coral and Balmoral. Operation Toan Thang I continued for another six days regardless, and 1 ATF patrolled extensively into June. However, with contacts decreasing, on 1 June Weyand judged the Australian blocking operation to have been successful in limiting the offensive against Saigon, and directed US and ARVN units to relieve them. Meanwhile, Hughes returned from leave and visited Dunstan at FSB Coral to discuss the situation and the task force's redeployment to Phước Tuy. FSB Balmoral was subsequently declared closed on 5 June, with 3 RAR and its direct support battery returning to Nui Dat by air, while FSB Coral was also closed the following day. The operation finally concluded on 6 June, with 1 RAR returning to Nui Dat by CH-47 after handing over the area of operations to the US 1st Infantry Division, while the logistic, artillery and armoured elements returned by road convoy. Yet the approach of the wet season concerned Hughes, who believed it could hinder the movement of the Centurions and leave them stranded from base until the dry season. Nonetheless, the tanks departed FSB Coral on 5 June; travelling via Bearcat and Route 15, the road move went without incident and they returned to Nui Dat by 17:00 on 6 June.
Aftermath
Casualties
Although Operation Toan Thang I had begun relatively quietly for the Australians it had ended far more spectacularly. During 26 days of fighting they had inflicted punishing losses on the PAVN/VC and forced the PAVN 7th Division to postpone a further attack on Saigon. PAVN/VC casualties in AO Surfers included 267 killed confirmed by body count, 60 possibly killed, 7 wounded and 11 captured, while Australian losses were 25 killed and 99 wounded. Five New Zealanders and five American soldiers were also wounded. Westmoreland had been impressed by the results achieved by 1 ATF in May and June, and while US and South Vietnamese forces had undoubtedly borne the brunt of the fighting for the allies during this time, 1 ATF had featured prominently in American reports. The battle was the first occasion that the Australians had met the PAVN in regimental strength, and operating in depth in a series of engagements akin to conventional warfare they had ultimately fought their largest, most hazardous and most sustained battle of the war. For their involvement in the action the Royal Australian Regiment, the 3rd Cavalry Regiment and 1st Armoured Regiment were all subsequently awarded the battle honour "Coral-Balmoral", one of only five presented to Australian units during the war. On 14 May 2008 the 102nd Field Battery, RAA was awarded the honour title "Coral" in recognition of their involvement in the battle, the first such award to an Australian sub-unit.
Assessment
The fighting represented a watershed in the campaign for the Australians, and while they had deployed outside Phước Tuy Province previously, they now faced regular PAVN formations and VC Main Force units operating in battalion and regimental strength, rather than VC guerrillas. With 1 ATF deploying astride their lines of communication the PAVN/VC had been forced to respond, resulting in a set-piece battle far removed from the counter-insurgency doctrine the Australians normally espoused. Yet while the battle ended in victory for 1 ATF, they had come close to suffering defeat at the hands of the PAVN. Inexperienced at large air-mobile operations, poor reconnaissance and inadequate operational planning had caused delays and confusion during the fly-in to FSB Coral, leaving the Australian force exposed to attack on the first night. The PAVN had fought in greater numbers, with heavier firepower and greater intensity than previously experienced by the Australians in South Vietnam, forcing them to refine their tactics. Later, the Australian use of platoon patrols to search an area and conduct ambushes was challenged by the constant movement of PAVN forces operating in superior strength, which threatened to quickly overwhelm an isolated patrol.
Meanwhile, prolonged operations outside of Phước Tuy during the first half of 1968 had placed considerable strain on the Australian logistic system. Australian logistic resupply arrangements for Operation Toan Thang I had been modelled on the experience of Operation Coburg, and again required the Vũng Tàu-based 1 ALSG to be split in order to provide a forward logistic element at the US base at Long Binh. A forward task force maintenance area had also been established, first at Bearcat and then later at FSB Coral. Re-supply by road had continued daily from Long Binh to Bearcat, while following the move to Coral re-supply was primarily by air due to the threat of possible interdiction. Movement from unit echelons in the forward maintenance area was also undertaken by helicopter. Units in the field received one fresh meal each day, with the other two meals based half on the American C ration and half on the Australian combat ration. Although the supply of fuel and ammunition was generally satisfactory, stocks had run dangerously low on one occasion during heavy fighting at FSB Coral due to the calculation of usage rates based on previous operations, requiring an emergency night-time resupply by CH-47 while the base was under attack. Re-supply of water had also been particularly difficult due to unavailability of a permanent water point. Ultimately water had to be delivered by air from Long Binh at a rate of per day using rubber fuel bladders.
While many of the failings in Australian command arrangements evident from the initial stages of the battle were rapidly rectified as 1 ATF developed more exact standard operating procedures, future operational planning would need to pay greater heed to intelligence when determining the strength of patrols, as well as providing for quick reaction forces and rapidly responsive indirect fires to support sub-units operating independently. Ultimately though the firepower of the Australian combined arms teams proved decisive. Indeed, while the value of using armour in South Vietnam was originally questioned by the Australian Army, the performance of the tanks during the fighting at Coral and Balmoral demonstrated their advantages once and for all. Indeed, whereas before the battle some infantry had doubted the usefulness or necessity of the Centurions, afterwards they did not like working without them. Over the next four years the tanks would provide invaluable close support, particularly during the clearance of bunker systems, proving to be powerful weapons in both offence and defence and were later credited with limiting casualties among the Australian infantry.
In contrast, for the PAVN the battle was just one part of the May Offensive, although they later claimed to have killed 800 Australians during a single attack—a fact which may have indicated the importance they placed on it at the time. They had reacted quickly and proficiently to mount a battalion attack on the first night in an attempt to push the Australians off their line of communications; however, while the attacks on Coral and Balmoral had been well co-ordinated, the PAVN/VC had repeatedly surrendered the element of surprise with preparatory fire and poor light discipline alerting the defenders on each occasion. Meanwhile, rigid command-and-control arrangements and a lack of radio communications had forced the PAVN to operate on fixed schedules, preventing them from taking the initiative or responding rapidly to changing situations. Such inflexibility had resulted in predictability, with the PAVN commanders ultimately committing their forces to a frontal assault on Coral on the first night, and mounting very similar attacks against Balmoral on the nights of 26 and 28 May, both of which ended in costly failures.
Subsequent operations
Meanwhile, 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (4 RAR) had arrived to replace 2 RAR. Joined by two New Zealand infantry companies—W and V Companies—it was designated 4 RAR/NZ (ANZAC) and under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Lee Greville they commenced operations in June. Later, on 13 June, 1 RAR was again deployed to protect the bases at Long Binh and Biên Hòa from rocket attacks, operating to the north and east of Biên Hòa as part of a wider allied operation, known as Operation Toan Thang II. On 23 June the battalion was joined by 4 RAR/NZ (ANZAC) and 1 ATF headquarters was deployed under Dunstan's command as the operation expanded. On 3 July, 1RAR was relieved by 3RAR and returned to Nui Dat. Largely uneventful, the operation resulted in minimal contact and lasted until 18 July. Three VC were killed and 13 captured, while Australian casualties included one killed and one wounded. The Australians then attempted to interdict VC supplies, with a small force of tanks and APCs supported B Company 3 RAR occupying the area along Route 15 to the west and north-west of Bà Rịa, the provincial capital, between 25 and 30 June during Operation Ulladulla. As part of the operation the tanks ambushed a river and sank seven loaded sampans with their 20-pounder main armament.
Operations outside the province over the previous eighteen months had been costly, and of the 228 Australians killed and 1,200 wounded during the war to that point, almost two-thirds had been killed since January 1967. From July, 1 ATF completed a number of search-and-clear operations along the northern border areas and west of their Tactical Area of Responsibility in Phouc Tuy Province.
Meanwhile, the VC began their Phase III Offensive on 17 August 1968, attacking dozens of towns and military installations throughout South Vietnam with rockets and mortars, including Saigon. As part of the allied response the Australians were deployed to defend Bà Rịa while during 20–23 August, B and C Company, 1 RAR with a troop of Centurion tanks were involved in intense urban fighting while supporting South Vietnamese forces to clear a company-sized force from the VC D445 Battalion occupying Long Dien. At least 17 VC were killed during the fighting, while Australian casualties included six wounded. During the next three weeks, all three Australian battalions were deployed on search-and-destroy operations, yet the VC successfully eluded them. Continuing until 30 September, the renewed offensive lacked the scale of the previous attacks and again resulted in heavy communist casualties, failing to produce lasting military gains and contributing to an overall decline in PAVN/VC combat power in the south. Yet such failures were neither final nor decisive and Hanoi seemed to increasingly hold the upper hand. The war continued regardless, while allied military strategic objectives were increasingly coming into question. In late-1968 1 ATF was again deployed outside its base in Phước Tuy, operating against suspected PAVN/VC bases in the May Tao and Hat Dich areas as part of Operation Goodwood. The operation led to sustained fighting during a 78-day sweep between December 1968 and February 1969 and later became known as the Battle of Hat Dich.
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
Further reading
External links
Battle of Coral/Balmoral – Australia and the Vietnam War
Conflicts in 1968
1968 in Vietnam
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War
Battles involving Vietnam
Battles of the Vietnam War involving New Zealand
Battles of the Vietnam War involving the United States
Battles of the Vietnam War involving Australia
Fire support bases
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1968
May 1968 events in Asia
June 1968 events in Asia
History of Bình Dương province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Coral%E2%80%93Balmoral |
The WWF International Heavyweight Championship is a former championship recognized by the Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the World Wrestling Federation, New Japan Pro-Wrestling, and the Universal Wrestling Federation.
History
The title existed from 1959 through 1963 and again from 1982 through 1985.
Reigns
See also
WCW International World Heavyweight Championship
References
External links
WWF International Heavyweight Title History
WWE championships
New Japan Pro-Wrestling championships
International professional wrestling championships
International | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF%20International%20Heavyweight%20Championship |
A player-coach (also playing coach, captain-coach, or player-manager) is a member of a sports team who simultaneously holds both playing and coaching duties. Player-coaches may be head coaches or assistant coaches, and they may make changes to the squad and also play on the team.
Very few current major professional sports teams have head coaches who are also players, though it is common for senior players to take a role in managing more junior athletes. Historically, when professional sports had less money to pay players and coaches or managers, player-coaches were more common. Likewise, where player-coaches exist today, they are more common at, but not exclusive to, the lower levels where money is less available.
Player-coaches in basketball
The player-coach was, for many decades, a long-time fixture in professional basketball. Many notable coaches in the NBA served as player-coaches, including Bill Russell and Lenny Wilkens. This was especially true up through the 1970s, when the league was not as financially successful as it is today, and player-coaches were often used to save money. The practice fell out of favor in the 1980s (though Mike Dunleavy Sr., while an assistant coach with the Milwaukee Bucks, once came out of retirement and played several games when a rash of injuries decimated the team). Today, the collective bargaining agreement between the NBA and the players' union prohibits the use of player-coaches, in order to avoid circumventing the league's salary cap, as coaches' salaries are not counted under the cap. Therefore, if a player is to serve as a coach, he would have to receive commission from his contract as a player. The player, then, is not technically an official coach of his team but instead simply a coach in name. One example of a player in recent years who was groomed for eventual official coaching duties using this practice was Avery Johnson. The last player to serve as an official assistant coach was Tree Rollins for the Orlando Magic during the 1994-1995 season, and the last player to serve as head coach was Dave Cowens for the Boston Celtics during the 1978-1979 season.
Player-coaches in American football
In the early days of professional American football, player-coaches were a necessity, as most leagues' rules prohibited coaching from the sidelines. The National Football League eventually allowed sideline coaches in the late 1920s, and they quickly became the norm. During the 1920s, legendary player-coaches in the NFL include Curly Lambeau, who played for the Green Bay Packers from 1919 to 1929 and served as their head coach from 1919 to 1949, and George Halas, who held similar roles for the Chicago Bears, a team for which he was also part-owner and business manager. Ernie Nevers held the positions of both fullback and head coach for the Duluth Eskimos in 1927 and the Chicago Cardinals from 1929 to 1931. Jimmy Conzelman was player-coach for four teams during the 1920s. In the mid-1950s, Tom Landry played defensive back while serving as defensive coordinator for the New York Giants. In the early 1970s, when Landry was coach of the Dallas Cowboys, he made running back Dan Reeves a player-coach.
In the television era, pro football evolved into a higher-impact two-platoon game, so players serving as head coaches became impractical.
More modern players have acted as player-assistant coaches in an unofficial capacity, such as journeyman quarterback Steve DeBerg, who served as an unofficial mentor for younger, more skilled arms while also serving as their backup.
In an official capacity, much like the NBA, the current CBA between the NFL and the NFL Players Association prohibits official player-coaches due to teams using it to circumvent the salary cap. This was evident in 2020 when the Denver Broncos were forced to start practice squad wide receiver Kendall Hinton at quarterback due to all of the Broncos regular quarterbacks being placed into COVID-19 protocols as a result of backup quarterback Jeff Driskel testing positive for COVID-19 and being around the remaining quarterbacks on the team without wearing face masks. Originally, the Broncos wanted to use offensive quality control coach Rob Calabrese to play quarterback, but the NFL turned them down out of hand. The Saints defeated the Broncos 31–3, with Hinton going 1 for 9 and two interceptions.
By the 21st century, on-field playcalling duties would ofen be split between the head coach or offensive coordinator and the Quarterback. Peyton Manning, Brett Favre, Tom Brady, Ben Roethlisberger and Drew Brees pioneered what would essentially become roles as on-field offensive coordinators by taking vocal leadership in playcalling and game management.
Player-coaches in cricket
Player-coaches in cricket are almost unheard of, although professional coaches are a relatively recent innovation and a similar role was generally filled by the team captain; this may still be the case in amateur competition. Internationally, Shane Deitz was appointed non-playing coach of Vanuatu in 2014 and, after meeting the necessary residency qualifications, made his international playing debut in 2018, at the age of 42. Similarly, former Australian international Ryan Campbell was appointed as a non-playing batting coach of Hong Kong in 2013, and after meeting the residency qualifications made his playing debut for Hong Kong in 2016, at the age of 44.
More recently the ICC full-member team of India had a spell in following the resignation of head coach Anil Kumble where the team played without a coach. In this instance, team captain Virat Kohli was given the nickname 'Koach' (Kohli + Coach) as he served as player coach for the tour of the West Indies in 2017.
Player-managers in association football
In association football, this situation usually arises when a manager leaves a team suddenly, and the chairman has to make a quick decision to appoint someone new as a caretaker manager. The chairman will usually either ask a coach to take temporary charge or turn to one of the club's most senior players. If this particular player gains good results for the team during his time in charge, he may be appointed full-time manager, which leaves him a player–manager. However, there are instances when a free agent is appointed by a new team as a manager and offers his playing abilities.
In English men's football
Notable football player-managers include Kenny Dalglish (Liverpool), Graeme Souness (Rangers), Glenn Hoddle (Swindon Town and Chelsea), Bryan Robson (Middlesbrough), Peter Reid (Manchester City), Ruud Gullit, Gianluca Vialli (both Chelsea). Dalglish won a double of the league title and FA Cup in his first season as player-manager and continued to win two more league titles and an FA Cup before retiring from playing completely five years after becoming manager. Souness won three Scottish league titles and several cup competitions when he was player-manager of Rangers. He then succeeded Dalglish as Liverpool manager just before Rangers won another Scottish league title, but at the age of 38 he did not register himself as a player for Liverpool. In 1997, Ruud Gullit won the FA Cup with Chelsea in his first season as player-manager, also making history by being the first foreign and non-white manager to win a major trophy in English football. He was sacked nine months later, and Chelsea appointed another player-manager (Gianluca Vialli) in his place. Within weeks of taking over, Vialli guided Chelsea to victory in the League Cup, and two months after that, they won the European Cup Winners' Cup.
A number of bigger clubs have appointed player-managers on a temporary basis but not given them permanent contracts. Notable cases include Ossie Ardiles (Tottenham Hotspur) in 1987 and Dave Watson (Everton) a decade later, although Ardiles later returned to Tottenham as manager in 1993 after managing three other clubs. During the first decade of the 21st century, however, the concept gradually fell into almost total disuse and was normally only practiced by smaller clubs. In March 2013, a BBC Sport article suggested that the concept of having a player-manager had gone out of fashion, with only two clubs in the English professional leagues using player-managers at that time.
There have been five player-managers in the Premier League since 2000:
Stuart McCall, who managed two Bradford City games on an interim basis in late 2000
Garry Monk, who was appointed interim player-manager of Swansea City in February 2014, after their manager, Michael Laudrup, was sacked
Leon Britton, who also became player-manager of Swansea City after the sacking of Paul Clement
Ryan Giggs was appointed player-coach at Manchester United by David Moyes on 4 July 2013 and Giggs served as interim player-manager until the appointment of Louis van Gaal on 9 May 2014 as manager following Moyes' dismissal
Wayne Rooney served as caretaker player-manager of Derby County in 2020, before retiring in 2021 to become the permanent full-time manager.
In English women's football
Chelsea L.F.C. defender Casey Stoney served a six-month spell as player-manager from January to June 2009 after the mid-season resignation of manager Steve Jones, and guided the club to a third-place finish in the 2008–09 FA Women's Premier League National Division.
In Slovak men's football
In Slovakia, comparably to surrounding countries, player-coaches and player-managers are most common in semi-professional or amateur clubs with sides being led by formerly professional players on the brink of retirement or in early stages of their managerial careers. Frequently, such player-managers are linked with clubs from their native areas. Examples include Milan Jambor playing and managing FK Svit, Stanislav Šesták playing for and managing a club from his native village of Demjata or Peter Petráš's tenure in Tatran Prešov during their years in crisis in 3. Liga. In professional football (top two leagues) such cases are rarer but have occurred in the past, especially in smaller and financially struggling clubs, such as Senica, which has cooperated with Juraj Piroska simultaneously in a role of a players and assistant manager.
In other European football
In 2019, Vincent Kompany served as player-manager for RSC Anderlecht before retiring.
In September 2021, Ferencvárosi TC appointed forward Fanny Vágó as player-manager, who then led the team to two Női NB I championships in 2021–22 and 2022–23 while also continuing as the league's leading goalscorer in both seasons. When prompted to choose between managing her club and continuing to play for the Hungary women's national football team by its manager Margret Kratz, Fanny chose club management and ended her international career.
In Brazilian men's football
Brazilian world-cup winner Romário was also a player-coach for Vasco da Gama in 2007. He was appointed in November 2006 when Celso Roth was sacked after a loss and debuted in a 1–0 win against Club América in the quarterfinals of the Copa Sudamericana. Despite the victory, Vasco was eliminated because of a 2–0 loss in the first leg. He continued as a coach until early February when he decided to go against Vasco's president Eurico Miranda forced him to use the then youth player Alan Kardec in a match for Campeonato Carioca. Romário left Vasco both as a coach and player.
In American women's football
In 2009, Sky Blue FC defender Christie Rampone took on her team's player-manager role after the resignation of Kelly Lindsey, herself the caretaker manager after the earlier resignation of Ian Sawyers. She led Sky Blue from the lowest seed in the 2009 Women's Professional Soccer Playoffs to the league's inaugural championship match, which Sky Blue won. Rampone later revealed that she was also more than two months' pregnant during her championship run as player-manager.
Challenges
The chief executive of the League Managers Association stated his belief that the increased workload for managers made combining the two roles difficult. The last permanent player-manager in the top flight of English football was Gianluca Vialli, who retired from playing in 1999 when he was the manager of Chelsea. The governing bodies have also imposed requirements for managers to hold professional coaching qualifications, which few players obtain before retiring.
Player-managers in baseball
In baseball, the manager selects the lineup and starting pitcher before each game, and makes substitutions throughout the game. In early baseball history, it was not uncommon for players to serve as player-managers; that is, they managed the team while still being signed to play for the club. One reason for this is that by hiring a player as a manager, the team could save money by paying only one salary. Also, popular players were named player-managers in an effort to boost game attendance.
While no Major League Baseball (MLB) team has been led by a player-manager since 1986, they were once common. In 1934, five of the eight National League managers were also players. Notable players who spent time as player-managers include Cap Anson, Lou Boudreau, Fred Clarke, Ty Cobb, Mickey Cochrane, Joe Cronin, Connie Mack, John McGraw, Frank Robinson, Tris Speaker, and Joe Torre, each of whom is an inductee of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Clarke spent the longest time as a major league player-manager, serving as such for the Louisville Colonels from 1897 to 1899 and the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1900 to 1915. Robinson became the first African-American manager in MLB history, breaking another baseball color line, when he was named the Cleveland Indians' player-manager in 1975.
The most recent player-manager in MLB was Pete Rose, who, upon being traded from the Montreal Expos to the Cincinnati Reds in August 1984, was immediately named the Reds' manager. Rose managed and served as a backup infielder until the end of the 1986 season, when he retired as a player. Rose continued to manage the Reds until 1989, when he was given a lifetime ban by MLB for gambling on baseball.
In their final game of the 2016 season, the Miami Marlins allowed Martin Prado to serve as player-manager. Prado started the game at third base and played for three innings before taking himself out of the game.
Australian rules football
Captain-coaches used to be a relatively common occurrence in Australian rules football, even at the highest level of play; in fact, for the first nine years of the VFL (1897–1905), the premiership-winning team was coached by a player in every instance. However, the increasing professionalism and complications of the game late into the 20th century meant that the efficacy of captain-coaching was becoming increasingly unviable. The last captain-coach to win the premiership at the top level was Carlton's Alex Jesaulenko, who managed to secure a 5-point victory in the 1979 VFL Grand Final against Collingwood. Jesaulenko was also the final captain-coach in the VFL/AFL, serving as captain-coach until Round 8 on 16 May 1981. However, Malcolm Blight was a non-captaining player-coach at North Melbourne until Round 16 of the same season but was not captain during this time.
See also
Ryder Cup#Captains
References
External links
Wulf, Steve. "The evolution of player-coaches" ESPN.com, 21 June 2013
Sports coaches
Basketball personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-coach |
Prayers for the Assassin is a political thriller, and a work of speculative fiction, written by American crime writer Robert Ferrigno. The story is set in 2040, after economic strife and a pair of nuclear attacks have led to civil war, causing the United States to split into two hostile and competing nations: one a moderate Islamic republic with its capital in Seattle, the other a breakaway Christian Bible Belt built on the ashes of the former Confederacy and with its capital in Atlanta.
The hardcover edition of Prayers for the Assassin was published in the United States in February 2006 by Charles Scribner's Sons.
Plot summary
The book starts off during the second American Civil War with a Muslim soldier dying in 2017, at the battle of Newark. Flash forward to the Super Bowl in 2042 in Seattle, the capital of the new Islamic Republic, the majority of whose inhabitants have converted to Islam. The nation's culture is a fusion of traditional American and Islamic: the Super Bowl is still played, but the cheerleaders are sword-wielding men and the participants break at half-time for afternoon prayers.
As the story opens, the country is facing a crisis, with competing political and religious factions threatening to destroy the fragile peace that exists within the Islamic States of America. At the same time, behind the scenes, a messianic figure known as the Wise Old One contrives to seize power for himself, and fulfill the ancient prophecy of the restoration of the Caliphate.
The story's protagonist is Rakkim Epps, a Muslim and ex-Fedayeen shadow warrior. Epps must risk everything to save the life of Sarah Dougan, the young historian he loves.
It becomes known that it was in fact Muslim extremists who launched the attacks, including the dirty bomb in Mecca. A fourth, more powerful bomb (later found in China) was scheduled for detonation but the small group of Muslim extremists assigned the task succumbed to radiation poisoning before it could be put into play.
Once the truth was exposed, the parties stepped back from the brink and sought to find a common ground from which to start a more trusting, more open-minded dialog. Thomas "Redbeard" Dougan, Sarah's uncle, dies in the aftermath.
At the epilogue, Rakkim is in a mosque, performing his salat, or ritual prayer. There is a final showdown between Darwin, the "evil" assassin and Rakkim, with both of them almost dying. Rakkim finishes the showdown by killing Darwin with a knife throw to the face, but the rest of the ending sets up the conditions for the sequel.
The New America
After nuclear suitcase bombs completely destroy New York City and Washington D.C. and a dirty bomb irradiates Mecca the United States is split into four pieces.
The Islamic Republic comprises the west coast, southwest, and most of the Midwest. After the bomb attacks were revealed to have been done by Israeli agents and many celebrity conversions (including country star "Shania X") a large proportion of the country converted to Islam. The new country was founded as a beacon of light, but has failed to live up. Civil liberties are severely curtailed with the first and second amendments removed and a Wahabi/Talibanesque religious police called the Black Robes gaining more and more power.
Jews (blamed for the destruction of Washington and New York) are ostracized and Catholics have taken the role of second class citizens. The roads are falling apart, satellite communications are often down, and the I.R. lacks scientific growth, living off excess technology stored by the former United States. The U.S. military has advanced little, with modern technology the best it can produce, the main reason that the two main power countries Russia and China avoid an attack is the elite training of the Fedayeen corps. The Fedayeen are essentially the guards of the republic, mostly made up of converts and veterans of the civil war. They are loyal to the democratic Islamic government though they are constantly courted by the extremist Black Robes whose police force are bitter rivals of the Fedeyeen. Many landmarks and warships were renamed after Islamic figures, the best example being the renamed the USS Osama bin Laden or Seattle's football facility is called Khomeini Stadium. It is mentioned that the new government attempted to destroy Mount Rushmore, but gave up due to the sheer size of the monument.
The Bible Belt, a partially recognised separatist republic that comprises the old south plus Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, Virginia and most of Missouri disputed between itself and the Islamic State. After the transition millions of evangelical Christians immigrated here. Its government is thought to be much looser and decentralized, resembling the old Confederacy. The technology they possess is not made clear, although it is mentioned they have the only recipe for Coca-Cola.
Nevada is its own free state with a large and growing population, it serves exactly the same capacity as it does now.
The Mormon territories comprise Utah, plus parts of Colorado and Idaho. Little is mentioned about it. They may however not be a separate state, the map in the book (the UK version of the book does not contain a map) suggests they may just be an autonomous region within the Islamic Republic.
Parts of New Mexico, Arizona and Southern California have been claimed by the Aztlan Empire (formerly Mexico) and tension between the I.R. and A.E. have risen due to land claims.
Hawaii is described in the same context as Canada so could be independent. Alaska and the most Northerly New England States are not described.
Canada has snatched some of Minnesota and Wisconsin as "ancestral lands" for its native population.
Additionally, Southern Florida has become its own state, using a flag similar to Puerto Rico or Cuba.
The Islamic Republic has long been suffering an internal war between its moderate/modern wanting to preserve its democratic traditional government and fundamentalist factions wishing to create a fundamentalist Islamic State under the strict form Sharia law.
Characters
Rakkim Epps: The story's protagonist, a Muslim ex-Fedayeen shadow warrior, who is currently running a night club in Seattle's Christian Zone, where Muslims and Christians alike can commit illegal acts and businesses. He is hired to track down Sarah (his longtime love interest) by her uncle, when it is discovered that she has disappeared.
Sarah Dougan: Rakkim's lover, a young college professor who attracts a great deal of controversy in her short career, having recently authored a book on the American's conversion to Islam which angered the country's fundamentalist population. While working on her latest book, one of her sources informs her to go into hiding because her work has attracted the attention of a mysterious figure who was behind her father's assassination.
Thomas "Redbeard" Dougan: Sarah's uncle and head of the Department of State Security. He is seen as the constant target of the country's fundamentalist leaders, a true patriot of his country. He took in Rakkin while he was a young orphan; he also raised Sarah after his brother's assassination and her mother's mysterious disappearance. They had a falling out when Rakkim joined the Fedeyeen and were not on speaking terms after he refused to grant Rakkim's request to marry Sarah. With the disappearance of his niece and knowing that his rivals were closing in on him, he overcomes his estrangement with Rakkim and asks him to find Sarah.
The Old One aka Hassan Muhammad: a terrorist mastermind responsible for the shaping of much of the current world. Although his actual age is unknown due to scientific procedures that help him live longer, he is estimated to be around 70–90 years old. Possibly a Yemeni who speaks his English with a British accent, presumably indicating where he received his education. He is the one who ordered the assassination of Sarah's father and discovers that her latest work could threaten to expose his life's work.
Darwin Conklin: A psychopathic ex-Fedayeen assassin hired by the Old One to track down Sarah (despite being described by the Old One's son as a demon), he leaves a bloody trail of murders throughout his journey.
Mullah Ibn Azziz: The new leader of the Blackrobes order, a young extremist who seeks to create a fundamentalist society cleansed of Catholics, Jews, and non-fundamentalist Muslims. He knows nothing of the Old One though his swift rise through the Blackrobes ranks was mostly due to him; when he discovers Sarah's disappearance he believes she is seeing a lover; he proposes to find her and use her to destabilize Redbeard's leadership.
Angelina: Redbeard's loyal, kind-hearted house maid.
Anthony Colarusso Sr.: A Catholic Seattle detective who is a good friend of Rakkim; also a former Catholic priest who now has a family of his own. His son Anthony Jr. is local hoodlum but hopes to join the Fedeyeen which his father encourages to help improve their social standing. Initially Rakkim refuses to give his recommendation, until he recognizes that he will better off in the Fedyeen than the streets, and agrees.
Mardi: Rakkim's business partner at the night club, she's also the widow of Rakkim's Fedeyeen friend Tariq. She largely blames herself for his death, believing her refusal to convert cost him a promotion. Occasionally they sleep together though he stopped after he started seeing Sarah, which makes her a bit jealous.
Marketing
Publisher Charles Scribner's Sons hired interactive design firm LevelTen Design to promote the book online through three websites, including one, "Republic World News", which was a fake news site for the "Islamic States of America". The Denver Post wrote, "With Prayers campaign of so-called "viral marketing" to generate buzz, instead of traditional advertising venues, could this be a new world order in the way books are sold?"
External links
Robert Ferrigno's Official Web Site
"Republic World News" - Fake news site for the "Islamic States of America," created to market the book
Robert Ferrigno's Frightening Prophecy - Can it Really Come True?
2006 American novels
Dystopian novels
2006 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
American speculative fiction novels
Political thriller novels
Fiction set in 2040
American political novels
American thriller novels
Novels set in fictional countries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayers%20for%20the%20Assassin |
Perfect Creature is a 2007 New Zealand horror/thriller film, written and directed by Glenn Standring and starring Saffron Burrows and Dougray Scott, set in an alternate universe New Zealand; it premiered in New Zealand on 18th of October 2007.
Plot
In a world where males born as vampires join the Brotherhood and drink donated blood from human churchgoers, rather than being killed at birth as in the past, a pregnant woman (Danielle Cormack) gives birth to a vampire. A teenaged Brother, Silus, is told that he and this child, Edgar, are from the same mother. The mother, who is in visible distress, reaches for Silus across the room.
A hundred years later, the Jamestown slum sees a series of attacks on women, all found with their throats bitten. Lilly Squires (Saffron Burrows) leads the human police in investigations. She comes from a workhouse in Jamestown and is one of the few cops who care about the slum residents. A boy who witnessed an attack tells her a Brother was responsible. To avoid public panic, the police claims the deaths result from an outbreak of influenza, which is seen as one of the evils that came from genetic research.
Church cardinals ask Silus (Dougray Scott) to work with the human police. The Brothers know the attacks were carried out by a Brother: Silus's brother, Edgar (Leo Gregory). Edgar sends Silus a recording of his last murder, challenging Silus to stop him before he kills again. Edgar includes the location of his next planned murder. With Silus's help, Lilly puts together a task force to stake out the area. Edgar attacks Lilly and bites her before fleeing. To save Lilly, Silus tells her to drink his blood. When he visits her in hospital, it is revealed that she lost her family to influenza. Lilly has visions from drinking Silus's blood. The newspapers publish a false story of the death of the killer.
Edgar is restrained in a spiked brace in the church basement. Silus, who is soon to join the "inner circle", is told what happened to Edgar. The cardinals, worried that no Brothers have been born in 70 years and no female vampire has been born ever, conducts genetic research, which they publicly ban. Edgar has been developing a virus to make pregnant women give birth to vampires. The virus mutated and turned the women into violent psychopaths. Ten of his research subjects are dead, and the last one is dying. Edgar is also infected and insane, although the virus is taking effect more slowly due to his immune system. He vows to kill Lilly and accuses Silus of being in love with her, although Brothers are forbidden to love.
While Silus is at the church for his investiture as a cardinal, Edgar escapes to Jamestown. He installs a tap and tube system into his forearm to control the flow of his blood. At Lilly's apartment, Silus and her colleague Jones guard her. Silus imagines kissing her as she sleeps. Edgar bursts through a window and knocks out Silus long enough to take Lilly. Meanwhile, the government institutes a quarantine after the virus spreads throughout Jamestown, and humans riot outside the churches.
Silus finds Edgar tainting Jamestown's water source with his blood. However, each suburb has its own water supply. Another cardinal tells Silus that Jamestown will be burned to the ground to destroy the virus and Edgar. He warns Silus his career will be doomed if he ignores the "greater good" and breaches quarantine to save Lilly. Silus breaks into Jamestown anyway. Lilly, handcuffed in the basement of the aquifer, tries to persuade Edgar to stop. He challenges her about her dead child and says her race is good at abandoning children. He finds Silus, and they fight. After injuring Silus, Edgar threatens to disfigure him. Lilly sneaks up behind Edgar and kills him.
Silus kisses Lilly and tells her to look after what she finds in a building and to keep it away from the Brotherhood. Inside the building, Lilly finds another Brother, a dead woman, and a baby. The Brother says that the infant is the first female vampire ever born, created by the virus: the first Perfect Creature. Although Silus is branded a heretic and remains in hiding, he watches over Lilly as she takes care of the baby.
Cast
Dougray Scott as Brother Silus
Saffron Burrows as Capt. Lilly Squires
Leo Gregory as Senior Brother Edgar
Stuart Wilson as Senior Brother Augustus
Scott Wills as Det. Jones
Lauren A. Jackson as Det. Stephanie Kelly
Craig Hall as Det. Dominic
Robbie Magasiva as Det. Frank
Stephen Ure as Fredrick "Freddy" Sykes
Peter McCauley as Prof. Liepsky
Owen Black as Brother
Production notes
Jonathan Rhys-Meyers was originally cast as the villain Edgar, but was forced to leave the production due to other film commitments.
At Cannes in 2005 it was announced that 20th Century Fox had purchased the North American theatrical rights, plus other key territories in what was the largest deal between a major American studio and a New Zealand film.
The Steampunk film was shot primarily around Dunedin and Oamaru in New Zealand's South Island.
See also
Vampire film
External links
Perfect Creature at comingsoon.net
DVD Review at Monsters and Critics
Official Site
2007 films
2000s English-language films
2007 horror films
Vampires in film
New Zealand horror films
Films scored by Anne Dudley
Films produced by Tim Sanders (filmmaker) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20Creature |
Netfrastructure is both a web application development and database tool for Java and the name of the company which produces it. It was founded by Jim Starkey, a database architect. In 2006, MySQL AB acquired Netfrastructure.
Netfrastructure database was the basis for the Falcon storage engine of the MySQL database.
References
External links
Netfrastructure web site [dead]
Netfrastructure web site [archive]
Programming tools
Information technology companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfrastructure |
SBX may refer to:
Sea-based X-band Radar, a type of a floating, self-propelled, mobile radar station
Snowboard cross, a snowboard competition
sbX, a bus rapid transit service in San Bernardino County, California, U.S.
South Bay Expressway, a toll road in San Diego County, California, U.S.
SBX, the airport code for Shelby Airport near Shelby, Montana, U.S.
.sbx, a file format that stores an optional spatial index of the features of a shapefile
Student book exchange, a book swapping or textbook exchange service provided by various colleges and universities for their students | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBX |
Liothyronine is a manufactured form of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3). It is most commonly used to treat hypothyroidism and myxedema coma. It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.
Side effects may occur from excessive doses. This may include weight loss, fever, headache, anxiety, trouble sleeping, arrythmias, and heart failure. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is generally safe. Regular blood tests are recommended to verify the appropriateness of the dose being taken.
Liothyronine was approved for medical use in 1956. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 218th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions.
Medical uses
Liothyronine may be used when there is an impaired conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues. The dose of liothyronine for hypothyroidism is a lower amount than levothyroxine due it being a higher concentrated synthetic medication. About 25 μg of liothyronine is equivalent to 100 μg of levothyroxine.
In thyroid cancer or Graves' disease, ablation therapy with radioactive iodine (131I) can be used to remove trace thyroid tissue that may remain after thyroidectomy (surgical excision of the gland). For 131I therapy to be effective, the trace thyroid tissue must be avid to iodine, which is achieved by elevating the person's TSH levels. For patients taking levothyroxine, TSH may be boosted by discontinuing levothyroxine for 3–6 weeks. This long period of hormone withdrawal is required because of levothyroxine's relatively long biological half-life, and may result in symptoms of hypothyroidism in the patient. The shorter half-life of liothyronine permits a withdrawal period of two weeks, which may minimize hypothyroidism symptoms. One protocol is to discontinue levothyroxine, then prescribe liothyronine while the T4 levels are falling, and finally stop the liothyronine two weeks before the radioactive iodine treatment.
Liothyronine may also be used for myxedema coma because of its quicker onset of action when compared to levothyroxine. Use for the treatment of obesity is not recommended.
Depression
Adding liothyronine to tricyclic antidepressants appears useful, especially in women. An algorithm developed from the STAR*D trial recommends liothyronine as an option when people have failed two antidepressant medications.
Pregnancy
Per the U.S. FDA, liothyronine is categorized as Pregnancy Category A. Thyroid hormone is minimally transferred to the fetus or placenta, however as of October 2014, studies have not shown any adverse effects to the fetus. Hypothyroid mothers should continue to take thyroid hormone replacement therapy throughout pregnancy to avoid adverse events.
Nursing
Breastmilk contains a low amount of thyroid hormone, so it is important to exercise caution when breastfeeding while taking liothyronine.
Elderly
Older people should be started on lower doses of liothyronine. Plasma T3 concentrations in this population are decreased by 25% to 40%. TSH must be routinely monitored since there is a risk of coronary artery disease, hyperthyroidism and excessive bone loss from inadequate or abnormal thyroid replacement.
Contraindications
Any person with a hypersensitivity to liothyronine sodium or any active ingredient of the formulation should not be on this medication. If there is uncorrected adrenal insufficiency or thyrotoxicosis, a different approach to therapy must be considered.
Side effects
Liothyronine may cause a number of side effects, mostly similar to symptoms of hyperthyroidism, which include:
weight loss
tremor
headache
upset stomach
vomiting
diarrhea
stomach cramps
nervousness
irritability
insomnia
excessive sweating
increased appetite
fever
changes in menstrual cycle
sensitivity to heat
Boxed warning
The package insert contains the following boxed warning, as do all thyroid hormones:
Drugs with thyroid hormone activity, alone or together with other therapeutic agents, have been used for the treatment of obesity. In euthyroid patients, doses within the range of daily hormonal requirements are ineffective for weight reduction. Larger doses may produce serious or even life-threatening manifestations of toxicity, particularly when given in association with sympathomimetic amines such as those used for their anorectic effects.
Pharmacology
Liothyronine is the most potent form of thyroid hormone. As a salt of triiodothyronine (T3), it is chemically similar and pharmacologically equivalent to T3. As such, it acts on the body to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. As monotherapy or in combination therapy with SSRIs, liothyronine may also enhance generation of new neurons in the central nervous system. The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. These hormones also regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, affecting how human cells use energetic compounds.
In comparison to levothyroxine (T4), liothyronine has a faster onset of action as well as a shorter biological half-life, which may be due to less plasma protein binding to thyroxine-binding globulin and transthyretin.
Pricing
The British Competition and Markets Authority launched an investigation into the alleged "excessive and unfair pricing" of liothyronine tablets in 2017. It alleged that Advanz Pharma overcharged the NHS from before 2007 to July 2017. The price of a pack increased by almost 1,600% from £4.46 before it was debranded in 2007 to £258.19 by July 2017.
References
External links
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Hormones of the thyroid gland
Iodinated tyrosine derivatives
Thyroid
Pfizer brands
Thyroid hormone receptor agonists
Halogen-containing natural products
Diphenyl ethers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liothyronine |
Frank Alan Hamblen II (April 16, 1947 – September 30, 2017) was an American basketball coach and scout. He played college basketball at Syracuse. He died in San Diego on September 30, 2017.
Early life
Born in Terre Haute, Indiana in 1947, Hamblen graduated from Garfield High School in Terre Haute in 1965. As a Sophomore, he was a reserve guard on the 1963 IHSAA State Finals team that was defeated by South Bend Central, 72–45 in the first game of the semi-final round. He finished as the Purple Eagles' #3 scorer behind 3-time All-American Terry Dischinger and Hall of Famer Clyde Lovellette. Hamblen was recognized among the top 12 high school basketball players in Indiana and 25 years later was named to the Silver Anniversary Team in 1990 by the Indiana Sports Hall of Fame.
College career
Hamblen graduated from Syracuse University in 1969. On the Syracuse Orange men's basketball team, Hamblen earned three letters and was team captain as a senior. Hamblen averaged 4.6 points per game as a senior.
Coaching career
Hamblen served as an interim head coach for two different teams – the Milwaukee Bucks in 1991–1992 and the Los Angeles Lakers in 2005. He also has served as an assistant coach on six NBA teams (Kansas City/Sacramento Kings, Milwaukee Bucks, Chicago Bulls, Los Angeles Lakers), often alongside Phil Jackson. Hamblen has been an assistant coach on seven championship teams, two with Jackson's Bulls and five with Jackson's Lakers. Jackson retired after the 2010–11 season, and Hamblen's contract with the Lakers expired as well.
Head coaching record
|-
| align="left" |Milwaukee
| align="left" |
| 65 || 23 || 42 || || align="center"|6th in Central ||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed playoffs
|-
| align="left" |L.A. Lakers
| align="left" |
| 39 || 10 || 29 || || align="center"|4th in Pacific ||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed playoffs
|-class="sortbottom"
! colspan="2"| Career
! 104 || 33 || 71 || || || — || — || — || — ||
References
External links
NBA.com coach profile
BasketballReference: Frank Hamblen
OrangeHoops: Frank Hamblen
1947 births
2017 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Indiana
Basketball players from Indiana
Chicago Bulls assistant coaches
Los Angeles Lakers assistant coaches
Los Angeles Lakers head coaches
Milwaukee Bucks head coaches
Sportspeople from Terre Haute, Indiana
Syracuse Orange men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Hamblen |
Demon in My View is a vampire novel written by Amelia Atwater-Rhodes, and published on May 9, 2000. Originally entitled Bitter Life, it was published when the author was 16. It is the follow-up to In the Forests of the Night, which she wrote at the age of 13. The title refers Edgar Allan Poe’s poem "Alone", which appears in the beginning of the book.
The novel was an ALA Quick Pick. The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books remarked that it is “A fast-paced vampire novel”, while Publishers Weekly has said that “readers will drain… in one big gulp". The Bulletin calls it "a fast-paced vampire novel with an anti-Buffy heroine and a studly vampire who aren't going to let a little thing like death stand between them."
Plot summary
The book is set in the fictional town of Ramsa, New York, and centers around teenager Jessica Ashley Allodola. Jessica is gorgeous and has a perfect body, but the people in her town avoid her. At Ramsa High, many students are afraid of her and some think she's a witch. Instead of trying to bond to people, Jessica writes books about vampires and witches. She has just published her first book, "Tiger, Tiger", under the pen name Ash Night.
As her senior year starts, there are two new students, Caryn Rashida and Alex Remington. Jessica is instantly stunned by the fact that Alex looks exactly like Aubrey, a character in "Tiger, Tiger." However, since Jessica believes vampires aren't real, she convinces herself that he's not Aubrey. Both Caryn and Alex show an interest in Jessica. Jessica finds Alex fascinating but considers Caryn a nuisance.
After a few clues, Jessica finds out that the books she has been writing are completely true. That Alex is actually the vampire Aubrey and Caryn is a Smoke witch. Many of the vampires wish to kill her for exposing their secrets. Aubrey had initially planned to kill her, but after meeting her, he's uncertain of what to do. After Jessica is attacked by Fala, another vampire, Aubrey changes Jessica into a vampire.
Throughout the story, Jessica pieces together clues regarding her birth. Her mother was Jazlyn and had been offered immortality numerous times by Siete, the creator of the vampires. After her husband's death, the pregnant Jazlyn accepted the offer in a moment of desperation and Siete changed her. However, after years of life as a vampire, her regret became too strong. A Smoke witch, Monica, offered to give her back her humanity. Monica died in the process, but she succeeded. A few months later, Jazlyn's child was born. However, the child, Jessica, held no resemblance to either of her biological parents. Instead, after almost two decades in an undead womb, she resembled Siete. Her green eyes, black hair, pale skin, and vampiric traces in her aura were all from him and Jazlyn could not look at her. So Jazlyn gave Jessica up for adoption.
Reception
The second novel of the series received a generally positive review, especially from critics that review primarily young adult novels. Teen People said the book was "a good Gothic chiller," while Boston Magazine said it was "elaborately imagined," whilst the New Yorker said, "Amelia has an uncanny understanding of the kind of narrative that makes for a successful potboiler: she's skilled at creating characters the reader easily and instantly bonds with, and she's resourceful when it comes to putting them in jeopardy."
Kirkus Reviews found Demon In My View "Full of atmospherics, but weak on style" and "Not bad for a 15-year-old, but not a well-written, fully realized novel either. " while Publishers Weekly wrote "Atwater-Rhodes exercises impressive control over the complex lineages she has imagined, and she comes up with creative solutions to advance her story. Readers will drain this book in one big gulp."
References
2000 American novels
American vampire novels
Novels by Amelia Atwater-Rhodes
Novels set in New York (state)
Vampire novels
Nyeusigrube
Den of Shadows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon%20in%20My%20View |
Shattered Mirror is a vampire novel written by Amelia Atwater-Rhodes, published in 2001 when the author was 17. W. B. Yeats’ poem "The Two Trees", which references broken glass, appears in the beginning of the book, and is the inspiration for the title. The main theme of the book is that the perceived heroes can sometimes be evil in their actions and the villains can sometime have good sides. It is a comment that things are not just one thing or the other, but mixed with qualities of all aspects of life.
The novel was an ALA Quick Pick and called “an action-packed thriller” by Booklist, who also wrote that Atwater-Rhodes "owns a readable prose style and a vivid imagination." School Library Journal said that “readers will be swept away by the seductive world of good and evil and find themselves lusting for a few more chapters.”
Synopsis
The book is set in Acton, Massachusetts, the neighboring town to the author’s hometown of Concord, and follows the story of Sarah Tigress Vida, youngest daughter in a long line of vampire-hunting witches who see the world in a good-evil paradigm in which if you are not with them then you are against them. Her line of witches are the most powerful of the mortal vampire-hunting witches and are very attack oriented. In the hunt for Nikolas, a vampire that killed a Vida a century ago, Sarah finds Christopher and Nissa, sibling vampires who don’t kill when they need to feed. Instead, they feed on animals and willing humans. As Sarah’s friendship with Christopher begins to turn into something more, she is forbidden to see him by her domineering mother, Dominique. Ultimately, when Sarah discovers Christopher’s true identity and his tie to Nikolas, Sarah finds that she may have to re-think her attitude and her whole world view. After intense internal debate Sarah decides to reveal her identity to Christopher and a wall appears between them. This whole event finally garners her mother's attention and Sarah's mother binds her powers and calls a trial for Sarah's violations( which include associating with vampires and revealing her identity). She manages to escape with the help of her sister Adianna. Christopher's attitude towards her pushes her further into the Vida mind-set and she decides to hunt down Nikolas through Christopher. She gains an opportunity to kill Nikolas but hesitates when she thinks it is Christopher (as Nikolas and Christopher are twin brothers). Nikolas then over-powers Sarah and marks her. Sarah's pride is seriously injured and after an encounter with Christopher and a very traumatized victim of another vampire, Sarah receives an invitation from Nikolas to a party. Sarah decides to go against the warnings of Nissa and attends the party. There she attempts to fight Nikolas but without the full use of her bound powers she stands little chance. Adianna shows up and attempts to rescue Sarah but finds her-self unable to defeat Nikolas. Nikolas uses Adianna as a hostage for Sarah to surrender all her weapons (which are the only way for her to use her magic to kill vampires). Christopher shows up and attempts to talk them down but he eventually loses control due to Sarah's attempts to fight back and he begins fighting Sarah as well. Christopher and his brother overpower Sarah and attempt to blood-bond her to them. However, Sarah's witch blood rejects the vampires' blood and Adianna, her older sister, tells them it will kill her. Christopher is in love with Sarah and can't bear what he's done. In the end, he turns her into a vampire and asks her to live with them, because he loves her. Sarah accepts to stay a vampire, but says that she isn't ready to be with them yet. She refuses to stay with them because she can't follow their trail of killing people every time she feeds. Sarah resolves to find a way for herself to live her life.
Characters
: The book is mainly written from Sarah's point of view. Sarah is the second daughter of Dominique Vida and is a Macht witch. The Vida line specializes in offensive magic skills and physical combat for the purpose of hunting vampires. Her father, a human vampire hunter, was killed when Sarah was six years old. She was the one who discovered his body on the porch. Her mother is currently the best vampire hunter in the world and is extremely strict. Sarah was raised from a very young age to kill vampires, however she has problems staying unemotional. At the start of the book, she was just forced to transfer to a new school by her mother.
: Christopher was actually born around 1830 but was turned into a vampire by his twin brother, Nicolas. After that, they changed their names to 'Kristopher' and 'Nikolas'. They terrorized the world with their killings and became notorious by killing Elisabeth Vida, a Vida witch. He and Kristopher are also known for carving their names into the skin of their victims and bloodbonds (humans bounded to a vampire). After about a hundred years, he stopped his violent life-style when Nissa begged him for help. Since then, he's lived with peaceful lifestyle with Nissa but still keeps in contact with Nikolas. He also changed the spelling of his name back to 'Christopher'. Because of his long absence from killing, most vampire hunters have forgotten about Kristopher and only blame Nikolas for the various killings, including Elisabeth Vida. At the start of the book, Christopher is attending the same school as Sarah. At first she attempts to ignore Christopher but he is very charming and he wins her over. Christopher has blue cone monochromacy.
: Nikolas is Christopher's twin brother. He was born around 1830 as Nicolas, but was turned into a vampire by his sister, Nissa, after he murdered a girl named Christine. Afterwards, he turns his twin brother, Christopher, into a vampire and they change their names to 'Nikolas' and 'Kristopher'. They terrorize the world with their killings and became notorious by killing Elisabeth Vida, a witch. He and Kristopher are also known for carving their names into the skin of their victims and bloodbonds (humans bounded to a vampire). After about a hundred years, Kristopher decided to live a more peaceful lifestyle. Nikolas tried to follow, but he was unable keep himself from feeding off and killing humans. Because of Kristopher's long absence from killing, most vampire hunters have forgotten about Kristopher and only blame Nikolas for the various killings, including Elisabeth Vida. However, his power and skill have allowed him to evade the hunters for generations. He is very fond of everything being black and white. All of his houses are decorated completely black and white and he only wears those colors.
: Dominique is Sarah's mother and the head of the Vida clan of Macht witches. She is a renowned vampire hunter feared by vampires and other hunters alike. She is extremely strict and advocates emotionless and battle-ready behaviors. Dominique also appears in the novel Demon in My View.
Adianna Vida: Adianna is Sarah's older sister. She looks out for Sarah and Sarah considers her to be the better Daughter of Vida.
Caryn Smoke: Caryn is a witch from the Smoke Clan of Macht witches. Smoke witches are powerful healers and they do not fight or hunt vampires. Caryn belongs to a group known as Single-Earth which is a peaceful collective of vampires, witches, shape-shifters and humans. Caryn also appears in the novel Demon in My View.
Kaleo: Kaleo is one of the eldest vampire that hunters have been trying to kill and is a direct fledgling of Kendra. He was attracted to Nissa and wanted to turn her into a vampire. After she refused, Kaleo killed Nissa's father in front of Nicholas and threatened to kill Nicholas if Nissa wouldn't allow him to turn her. Over his long lifespan, he's made many fledglings from women he was attracted to. He also has many bloodbonds (humans bounded to a vampire), including his favorite, Heather, who he's had for three hundred years. Kaleo enjoys bright colors, especially bright red.
Nissa Ravena: Nissa is Christopher's and Nicholas's older sister. She was born around 1830 in the southern US. She is a talented artist, which attracted Kaleo to her. She was also attracted Kaleo but refused to be turned into a vampire. After Kaleo killed Nissa's father and threatened to kill Nicholas, Nissa agreed to being turned. Several years later, she turned Nicholas, who turned Christopher a day later. Nissa has always lived a peaceful lifestyle. Though she feeds on humans, she doesn't kill them. At the start of the book, she is attending the same school as Sarah.
Robert Richards: Robert is a human attending the same school as Sarah, Christopher, and Nissa. After his sister, Christine, is injured, physically and mentally, by vampires, Robert attempts to become a vampire hunter. He believes that Nikolas is the one responsible for Christine's injures.
Christine Richards: Christine is a human and the older sister to Robert. She was accidentally brought to a vampire bash by Heather, Kaleo's bloodbond (human bounded to a vampire). Nikolas liked her and drank blood from her. He carved his name into her arm, however, using vampiric powers, Christine felt no pain. When she told Nikolas that her name is Christine, he got upset because it reminded him of the girl with the same name that he had killed as a human. Nikolas wanted to keep Christine as a bloodbond but she said she had to return to her brother. At the point, Nikolas got angry because humans with a family aren't supposed to be invited to a vampire bash, and told Kaleo to get rid of her. Kaleo drank her blood, injured her, bloodbonded her, and left her in a middle of a front yard, all without Nikolas's knowledge. The authorities all assumed that Nikolas was the one who injured her because his name was carved into her arm. Because of this experience and Kaleo continuing to secretly drink blood from her, Christine is mentally scarred. She hates colors, particularly red. She color everything in her room black and white, Nikolas's colors. She refuses to be called Christine, instead going by Kristin. Seeking revenge, her younger brother, Robert, attempts to become a vampire hunter.
Sequel
All Just Glass released on January 11, 2011 is a follow-up to Shattered Mirror. The events in All Just Glass take place twenty-four hours after the events of Shattered Mirror and introduce new characters to the plot.
References
2001 American novels
American vampire novels
American young adult novels
Novels set in Massachusetts
Novels by Amelia Atwater-Rhodes
Den of Shadows
Nyeusigrube | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shattered%20Mirror |
Midnight Predator is a vampire novel written by Amelia Atwater-Rhodes, published in 2002 when the author was 18. The novel was an ALA Quick Pick and “a must-read” according to School Library Journal, who also wrote that “the plot and characters are so skillfully intertwined that each one moves the story to its thoughtful ending.” Fannie Heaslip Lea’s poem "The Dead Faith" appears in the beginning of the book.
Summary
Though she was once a happy teenager with a wonderful family and a full life, Turquoise Draka is now a hunter, committed to no higher purpose than making money and staying alive. In a deadly world of vampires, shape-shifters, and powerful mercenaries, she'll track any prey if the
price is right. Her current assignment: to assassinate Jeshickah, one of the cruelest vampires in history. Her employer: an unknown contact who wants the job done fast. Her major obstacle: she'll have to mask her strength and enter Midnight, a fabled Vampire realm, as a human slave. Vulnerable and defenseless, she faces her greatest challenge ever.
References
2002 American novels
American vampire novels
Novels by Amelia Atwater-Rhodes
Vampire novels
Nyeusigrube
Den of Shadows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight%20Predator |
Ohio Scientific, Inc. (OSI, originally Ohio Scientific Instruments, Inc.), was a privately owned American computer company based in Ohio that built and marketed computer systems, expansions, and software from 1975 to 1986. Their best-known products were the Challenger series of microcomputers and Superboard single-board computers. The company was the first to market microcomputers with hard disk drives in 1977.
The company was incorporated as Ohio Scientific Instruments in Hiram, Ohio, by husband and wife Mike and Charity Cheiky and business associate Dale A. Dreisbach in 1975. Originally a maker of electronic teaching aids, the company leaned quickly into microcomputer production, after their original educational products failed in the marketplace while their computer-oriented products sparked high interest in the hobbyist community. The company moved to Aurora, Ohio, occupying a 72,000-square-foot factory. The company reached the $1 million revenue mark in 1976; by the end of 1980, the company generated $18 million in revenue. Ohio Scientific's manufacturing presence likewise expanded into greater Ohio as well as California and Puerto Rico.
In 1980, the company was acquired by telecommunications conglomerate M/A-COM of Burlington, Massachusetts, for $5 million. M-A/COM soon consolidated the company's product lines, in order to focus their new subsidiary on manufacturing business systems. During their tenure under M-A/COM, Ohio Scientific was renamed M/A-COM Office Systems. M-A/COM struggled financially themselves and sold the division in 1983 to Kendata Inc. of Trumbull, Connecticut, who immediately renamed it back to Ohio Scientific. Kendata, previously only a corporate reseller of computer systems, failed to maintain Ohio Scientific's manufacturing lines and subsequently sold the division to AB Fannyudde of Sweden. The flagship Aurora factory, by then only employing 16 people, was finally shut down in October 1983.
Beginnings (1975–1976)
Ohio Scientific was founded in Hiram, Ohio, in 1975 by Dale A. Dreisbach ( 1909 – June 16, 1987) and husband and wife Michael "Mike" Cheiky (January 1, 1952 – December 7, 2017) and Charity Cheiky (born 1954). Mike Cheiky had worked at the Solon-based Ohio Nuclear Company—makers of medical equipment—as director of engineering, while Charity Cheiky had been employed at Western Reserve Academy as a professor of math and computer science. Dreisbach meanwhile was a chairman and professor emeritus of Hiram College's chemistry department; the Cheikys had met at Hiram College. The three founded Ohio Scientific with between $5,000 and $25,000 of start-up capital.
The company was originally outfitted from the Cheiky's garage and was dedicated to the production of electronic teaching aids. The company's original name—Ohio Scientific Instruments, Inc.—reflected this initial purpose. The first products the company released included a calculator that also taught the basics of statistics and a single-board microcomputer. The latter, called the Microcomputer Trainer Board and incorporating a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor, was designed by Mike, inspired by his experience with microprocessor-based minicomputers at his Ohio Nuclear job.
Most of the educational products sold poorly due to the lack of a strong local market for them, according to Mike. However, the Microcomputer Trainer Board saw high demand. Most fruitful was a quarter-page advertisement in an early issue of Byte—a magazine for microcomputer hobbyists—with orders for the board totaling $100,000 within a few months. The board generated $20,000 in sales for the trio, much more than they had originally anticipated. To keep up with growth, Cheikys moved the company to a 700-square-foot storefront in Hiram, Ohio, last occupied by a barbershop and right next to a pizza parlor.
Growth (1976–1980)
With the release of their microcomputer systems and hardware in the mid-1970s, Charity Cheiky became the first woman at the helm of a personal computer manufacturer. In June 1976, Ohio Scientific had logged their first $1 million in revenue. In late January 1978, the company moved from Hiram to Aurora, Ohio, occupying a 72,000-square-foot factory formerly occupied by Custom Beverage. By that point, the company had employed 35. Within six months, the number of employees had reached 100. Cash flow increased in tandem: between 1977 and 1978, the company grossed $10 million, and between 1978 and 1980, it logged sales of $20 million. In 1980, Ohio Scientific generated $18 million in revenues— $14.8 million between January and October 1980 and $3.2 million to the end of the year.
The Cheikys meanwhile felt that Ohio Scientific was growing too fast for them to adequately manage. Stan Veit, a business partner of Ohio Scientific as well as the founder of the first computer store in New York City, called the company poorly organized and hard to contact. In his words, the company was "undercapitalized and very slow to deliver ordered equipment. This lost them a lot of the business they could have obtained because of their technical ability". In order to appease chagrined dealers who complained of long development times for the company's software, Ohio Scientific initiated a cooperative centralized software dealership program to spur the development of business applications for their computers in late 1978. In 1980, the company opened up two facilities in Cleveland: the first, a manufacturing plant early in the year; and the second, a 15,000-square-foot salesman training center opened in fall 1980. Ohio Scientific additionally opened a printed circuit board manufacturing plant in Puerto Rico around the time of their expansion into Cleveland, incorporating Ohio Scientific of Puerto Rico, Inc., in the processs. In November 1980, the company acquired the hard drive manufacturing division of Okidata in Goleta, California, which manufactured the company's C-D74 drives that were used with their Challenger series of microcomputers. After acquiring the division, Ohio Scientific folded it into their wholly owned Ohio Scientific Memory Products division. By 1980, Ohio Scientific had 300 employees overall.
Despite the software dealership initiative and the growing backbone of their manufacturing prowess, Ohio Scientific was never fully able to shake off their problems with software delivery. Still wanting an out, the Cheikys contacted a business friend, who got them in contact with M/A-COM, a telecommunications conglomerate based in Burlington, Massachusetts.
Sale (1980–1983)
M/A-COM announced their acquisition of Ohio Scientific in November 1980. The former had also recently acquired Linkabit, a technology company of San Diego, California. The terms of Ohio Scientific's sale were initially undisclosed, later revealed to be $5 million in cash. The Cheikys pocketed $3 million, while Dreisbach received the rest. The acquisition was finalized in mid-December, underwritten by McDonald & Co. of Cleveland. M/A-COM's decision to acquire a computer systems company surprised some in the telecommunications industry; Irwin M. Jacobs, president of M/A-COM, stated it was contingent with their push to supply offices with complete and comprehensive communications systems. M/A-COM acquired all of Ohio Scientific's facilities, including those in Ohio, California, and Puerto Rico.
The Cheikys were briefly assigned advisor status in the company, but they were demoted, according to Charity, because M/A-COM disagreed with their guidance. Instead, Harvey P. White replaced them as head of the subsidiary in December 1980. White left Ohio Scientific to helm M/A-COM's Linkabit subsidiary in July 1981. Doug Hajjar was named as interim president before being replaced by William Chalmers later in the month. Chalmers beat out Chuck Kempton, a newly appointed marketing vice-president poached from Wang Laboratories, for the position.
Under ownership of M/A-COM in 1981, Ohio Scientific saw a drastic transformation in culture and corporate operations. While the company still operated as a subsidiary from its original headquarters in Aurora, the employees there soon became relegated to the status of a "support engineering group". The bulk of the subsidiary's research and development meanwhile was relocated to Burlington in early 1982. A second research facility was also opened up in California—with Mike Cheiky named head of this—while Chalmers relocated from Aurora to Burlington. In December 1981, the subsidiary changed its name to M/A-COM Office Systems, Inc., reflecting these changes. Chalmers explained in 1982: "This is not an Ohio or a scientific company any more". Massive consolidation of Ohio Scientific's 110 hardware and software products also occurred in 1982. The division was down to seven unique business systems that year (with optional configurations for each). Further computer systems would be based on the Intel 8088 processor and were slated to be installed with CP/M-86.
Demise (1983)
In August 1982, M/A-COMM announced their intention to divest M/A-COM Office Systems by the end of the year. Spokespersons for the parent company cited M/A-COMM's decision to refocus on high-speed digital communications, as well as higher-than-expect costs of developing hardware and software for general-purpose computer systems. M/A-COMM was additionally suffering from large losses in the year to that point.
In February 1983, Kendata Inc. of Trumbull, Connecticut, was named as M/A-COM Office Systems' buyer. A corporate reseller of Victor computers, Kendata was one of two companies in talks with M/A-COM to acquire the division in 1982. The first order of business for Kendata was restoring the subsidiary's name back to Ohio Scientific, in order to take advantage of its existing brand presence. Kendata soon found themselves struggling to manage Ohio Scientific due a lack of technical and manufacturing prowess, however, as well as dealing with stiff competition from IBM and Tandy Corporation. On October 3, 1983, Ohio Scientific's Aurora's factory was shut down, and the inventory liquidated, after Kendata had foreclosed on the property. The factory's 16 remaining employees were simultaneously let go. Locals lamented the closure of Ohio Scientific as the end of the high-tech industry for Aurora.
Kendata sold the remaining assets of Ohio Scientific to of Sweden in December 1983. The latter absorbed Ohio Scientific under their Isotron, Inc., subsidiary. Ohio Scientific continued as a second-order subsidiary under Isotron until 1986, when Dataindustrier AB (DIAB) acquired Isotron from Fannyudde in 1986.
Products
Model 300 Computer Trainer Board (1976)
Ohio Scientific are best remembered for their Superboard and Challenger lines, single-board and fully encased microcomputer systems respectively. The first Superboards were first announced in the December 1975 issue Byte. Announced later, but probably preceding the first Superboards in production, was the Model 300 Computer Trainer Board, which features an MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor and 128 Bytes of RAM. The board is and requires an external 5 V DC, 500 mA power source. In a design scheme similar to a number of trainer boards of its contemporary, a number of slide switches on the bottom of the board connect directly to the MOS 6502's data, read–write, and address select pins, allowing the microprocessor to be halted and the RAM loaded with machine code instructions. A row of LEDs connected in series with each line of the 6502's bus acts as a visual representation of the state of the processor. Ohio Scientific fully assembled each Computer Trainer Board, which came shipped with a manual; optional was a power supply and hardware and programming monographs.
Model 400 Superboard (1976)
In September 1976, the company announced the Model 400 Superboard, a DIY kit which in fully assembled form runs either the MOS 6502, the MOS 6501, or the Motorola 6800 microprocessors. The Model 400 Superboard has a 48-line-wide bus at its edge, allowing it to be slotted into a backplane and take advantage of a number of expansion and peripheral boards, including the Model 420 memory expansion board, the Model 430 Super I/O board, and the Model 440 Super Video graphics board. The Model 400 can be outfit with up to 1 kB of RAM, 512 Bytes of ROM, an ACIA chip for implementing RS-232 or 4–20 mA loop interfaces for serial communication, and a peripheral device adapter with 16 I/O lines. It was built from G-10 fiberglass laminate and measures . The 430 Super I/O board provides two 8-bit DACs, one 8-bit ADC, an 8-bit parallel port, and a number of serial interfaces for terminal and teletype interaction and data storage, including Baudot, ASCII, FSK, and Kansas City standard. Ohio Scientific offered both units on a rental basis in 1977, as part of their "315 plan", wherein users were given the Model 300 Trainer for two months, then are given the Model 400, 430, 440 boards, a keyboard, a data cassette interface, and documentation, once the Model 300 was returned.
In August 1977, Ohio Scientific released the OSI 460Z. This was a multiprocessor expansion board kit for the Model 400 Superboard that greatly expands its software library by supporting several different kinds of microprocessors, including the Intersil 6100 (a microprocessor-based implementation of DEC's PDP-8 minicomputer) and the Zilog Z80 (which is software-compatible with the Intel 8080 by design). The 460Z supports only Model 400s running the 6502 but allows the latter to fully control the 460Z, including accessing each line of the 6100 and Z80 and setting those processors in either single-stepping mode or full-speed operation. The Model 400 with the Model 460Z can execute code for multiple architectures by interrupts triggered for the 6502 to relinquish control to the secondary processors, and vice versa. The 6502 can execute code for itself while the other processors are busy, allowing for true multiprocessing. With the 460Z installed on bus, the Model 400 can address other cards only by mapping a 4-KB "porthole" through the 460Z's address space.
Challenger I (1976)
Ohio Scientific's first Challenger computer system, retrospectively called the Challenger I, was introduced in around November 1976. Billed as a tabletop computer, the Challenger I borrowed much of its circuitry from the Superboards sold alongside it, but it has a special 48-pin S-100 bus for expansion which makes use of non-standard Molex connectors, ostensibly an attempt at making the contacts more reliable. The Challenger I has four of these special S-100-bus expansion slots. Jeffrey Beamsley of Micro magazine describes the bus as such:
The 48-pin Ohio Scientific bus is really a model of efficiency. It is made up of four 12-pin Molex-type connectors. Of these 48 pins, only 42 are defined, leaving 6 available for future expansion. The defined pins on the bus include 20 address lines, 6 power lines, 8 data lines, and 8 control lines. The bus supports distributed, fully regulated DC power. The placement of the power lines causes dead shorts on the bus for any board improperly inserted. The Ohio Scientific bus was one of the first microprocessor busses to support bi-directional data lines. It is passively terminated and probably has a bandwidth of 5 MHz. It is very inexpensive as far as bus structures are concerned and is classed by Ohio Scientific as proprietary.
As stock, the Challenger came with a 1-MHz MOS 6502A microprocessor; optional were a 4-MHz MOS 6502C and a Motorola 6800. The base configuration of the Challenger I contains 1 KB of RAM and 1 KB of PROM; it can support up to 192 KB and 16 KB of each respectively.
If purchased with 4 KB of PROM, Ohio Scientific included a free roll of Microsoft BASIC on paper tape. The Challenger I comes with a bootstrap loader built in to the machine that reads from paper tape readers such as that built into the Teletype Model 33, which it also supports as a terminal interface due to its inclusion of an ACIA; alternatively a video terminal can be used. By mid-1977 a medley of expansion cards and peripherals were available from Ohio Scientific for the Challenger I, including a single or dual floppy disk drives (manufactured by GSI in California), a cassette drive and interface, a video card, and an external keyboard. In January 1978, Ohio Scientific began the Challenger I as part of an integrated bundle, including a custom video terminal using a Sanyo-manufactured CRT, a rebranded GSI 110 single floppy drive, and one of two Okidata dot-matrix printers. Kilobaud Microcomputing called the Challenger I "the first fully assembled mainframe computer which is priced competitively with hobby kits".
Ohio Scientific Model 500 (1977)
The Ohio Scientific Model 500—available as either a single-board computer, as a small-form-factor desktop computer (as the Model 500-1), or as a keyboard computer (as the Model 500-8)—was announced on July 1977. Running a 1-MHz MOS 6502 microprocessor, the Model 500 supports up to 4 kB of RAM and comes with a 750-byte PROM chip containing one of two machine code monitors and four ROM sockets supporting up to 8 KB worth of chips. The four 2-KB ROM chips included with the stock Model 500 were manufactured by Signetics and contain Microsoft's official BASIC interpreter, occupying all 8 KB of ROM. The Model 500 also has a buffered expansion bus and an Motorola 6850 UART for RS-232 and current-loop serial communications. The Model 500-1's case measured , while the Model 500-8's measured .
The Model 500 came fully assembled and was interoperable with Ohio Scientific's Model 400 system of peripherals using that computer's backplane, including the Model 440 Super Video board. One of two machine code monitors were supplied: one configured for the Model 500 as used with a terminal for video output, and the other for the computer as used with the Model 440 Super Video board. Writing in Kilobaud Microcomputing, F. R. Ruckdeschel called the Model 500 very cost competitive with the "1977 Trinity" of the Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80, given that it included Microsoft BASIC like those systems while costing an order of magnitude less. However, he deemed it "not an 'appliance' computer, but [an] interesting basic microcomputer for the hobbyist", due to the level of involvement needed in setting it up.
Challenger II, 2P (1977)
The Challenger II series, first released in 1977, was offered in a variety of form factors and variants. The first two models, the Challenger II (model number IIV, later C2-S2) and the Challenger IIP, were based on Ohio Scientific's Model 500 single-board computer. The Challenger IIP (also rendered as 2P) has a 2-MHz MOS 6502A, while the Challenger II proper has only a 1-MHz 6502. The Challenger IIP has an integral keyboard and RF video output board but only four of Ohio Scientific's semi-proprietary S-100 expansion bus slots. The II proper meanwhile has eight such S-100 slots but lacks a keyboard or video output—relying on a terminal for interaction—and is built into a desktop form factor. The II proper also lacks a built-in cassette interface, unlike the IIP. Both Challengers came shipped with Microsoft BASIC (the IIP's was included in ROM), had 4 KB of RAM, and were compatible with all Challenger I software. A later variant of the II proper includes the built-in cassette interface and video board of the IIP and came shipped with an external full-sized keyboard.
Video output of the IIP is limited to text, 32 rows of 64 characters, over the RF jack. However, rudimentary graphics can be drawn using 170 special characters in the character generator's code page; characters are also redesignable, for more elaborate custom graphics. Ohio Scientific began selling Challenger 2P's integral video board as a standalone unit for any Challenger system in May 1978, dubbing it the Model 540 video board.
In November 1977, Ohio Scientific unveiled the C-D74. This was an external hard drive unit that used a 14-inch 74-MB hard disk drive sourced from Okidata. A Winchester-style hard disk drive, it was the first such drive with 12 tracks per cylinder, no head reseeking needed. Ohio Scientific quoted a data transfer rate of 7.3 Mbit/s, an access time of 5 , a single-track seek time of 10 ms, and an average random seek time of 35 ms. The drive was meant specifically for the company's Challenger line and came shipped with the company's OS-74 operating system, an interface card fitting the company's semi-proprietary S-100 slot, and a cable to connect the drive to said card. Ohio Scientific later married the drive to their Challenger III computer system, incorporating both the drive and the system into a 42-inch tall rack. Ohio Scientific was the first company to offer a microcomputer with hard drives.
Variants of the II and IIP with external 8-inch floppy disk drive units were introduced in April 1978. These systems were "unbundled"—lacking an external case and shipped without a power supply. Ohio Systems issued a external dual 5.25-inch floppy drive unit for the Challenger II by 1979. Starting in September 1977, Ohio Scientific shipped all Challenger systems ordered with floppy disk drives with OS-65D, the company's own disk operating system which included the filesystem, BASIC, an assembler, a disassembler, a line editor, and an extended debugger. Through the use of overlays, OS-65D never occupies more than 12 kB of RAM. It supports dual drive configurations and sequential and random file access, while its BASIC implementation allows linked code.
Challenger III (1977)
The Challenger III was released alongside the Challenger II in 1977. It was a desktop computer featuring three microprocessors—a MOS 6502A, a Zilog Z80, and a Motorola 6800—on one board. This combination of processors allowed the computer to run virtually all software for microcomputers on the market at the time of its release. Only one processor can be active at a time, preventing it from computing in parallel, but software interrupts allow programs to switch from processor to processor on the fly.
Ohio Scientific oriented the Challenger III as a development kit for students of computer science wanting to learn how to program for all three processor; as a small business or industrial machine, for organizations wanting to consolidate mission-critical applications for multiple platforms onto one unit; and for the extreme hobbyist. An external, single-sided (later double-sided), dual 8-inch floppy drive unit was available for the Challenger III, as was the C-D74 hard drive unit. Ohio Scientific was keen to match the Challenger III with the C-D74, offering both in a 74-inch tall rack-mount case as a complete system christened the C3-B—the first microcomputer system to include a hard drive. A variant of the C3-B with a cheaper, lower-capacity 24 MB drive was released by 1979. The C3-B was particularly useful as a database manager serving multiple client terminals. To this end, Ohio Scientific provided a serial I/O board called the CA-10, allowing up to sixteen terminals to connect to the Challenger III. A version of the Challenger III with integrated CA-10 and dual 8-inch floppy drives (but without the integral keyboard) was introduced as the C3-OEM in late 1978.
Superboard II, Challenger 1P (1978)
Released in fall 1978, the Superboard II featured a MOS 6502, 8 KB BASIC in ROM, a BIOS and machine code monitor in separate ROM, 8 KB of static RAM, a cassette interface, and, most notably, a built-in keyboard soldered to the board. Ohio Scientific billed it as the first microcomputer integrated onto one single circuit board, owing to the soldered-on keyboard. The company introduced it alongside the Challenger 1P, essentially the same as the Superboard II but enclosed in a case and including a power supply. Optional for each were an 24 KB expansion RAM/Floppy Disk Drive Interface board, for supporting an external dual 5.25-inch floppy drive as well as a printer or modem.
The entire Superboard II measures . Ohio Scientific were able to reduce the chip count by using cutting-edge LSI chips, which combined many support chips onto one integrated circuit. All components on the board—57 ICs, several passives, the keyboard components, and a fuse—were soldered by hand; the board is free of solder mask and board legends. A clone of the Superboard II was sold in the United Kingdom as the Compukit UK101.
Bruce S. Chamberlain, writing in Kilobyte Microcomputing, praised the Superboard II's BASIC interpreter for its speed and called the system overall "less expensive than comparable systems" and "the best buy available for both beginner and expert. ... It is also easier and less expensive to expand than other computer systems". Byte Christopher Morgan similarly called it "an excellent choice for the personal computer enthusiast on a budget".
Challenger 4P (1979)
The Challenger 4P (4P MF), released in late 1979, was a keyboard computer like the Challenger IIP. Like all Challengers before it, the 4P ran off a 6502 microprocessor. It was the first in the line to feature native color graphics, displaying 16 color simultaneously in bitmap graphics mode. In text mode, it displays 64 columns by 32 rows. As with the Challenger II, characters in the code page are redesignable, allowing for complex shapes to be drawn even in text mode. The computer came with 24 KB of RAM stock, expandable to 48 KB. A DAC interface allows the generation of sound, voice output, analog joystick interfaces, and, unusually, a home automation interface. The Challenger 4P was very adept at this latter task, implementing the X10 industry standard protocol for home automation. Through special software, the computer can control up to 16 lights and appliances in the house. A "background mode" allows the user to run other applications in the foreground, while a timer resident in memory keeps track of X10 schedule and shuts appliances on and off accordingly.
C1P (MF) Series II (1980)
The C1P Series II was a redesign of Ohio Scientific's Challenger 1P with a vastly different case design made with a plastic shell, over top of the standard metal case. The 1P incorporates the DAC of the Challenger 4P to allow the computer to generate sound and music. The computer came stock with Microsoft 8K BASIC IN ROM, and 8KB of Static RAM, and it could have been expanded to have the home automation features of the 4P with the purchase of 630/10 expansion card. The C1P MF was a variant of the computer that came packaged with a dual 5.25-inch floppy drive unit and OS-MDMS, a small database management system.
See also
List of early microcomputers
References
External links
Mark Spankus's archive of Ohio Scientific and Compukit documentation
osiweb.org – Ohio Scientific repository and forum
Early microcomputers
1975 establishments in Ohio
1980 mergers and acquisitions
1983 disestablishments in Ohio
American companies established in 1975
American companies disestablished in 1983
Aurora, Ohio
Computer companies established in 1975
Computer companies disestablished in 1986
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct software companies of the United States
Hudson, Ohio
Software companies established in 1975
Software companies disestablished in 1986
6502-based home computers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%20Scientific |
The Australian Patrol Boat Group is a Force Element Group (FEG) of the Royal Australian Navy. It manages the Navy's patrol boats.
The Patrol Boat Group operates six s. The Group's headquarters is located at in the city of Darwin, additional support is provided by the class logistics office at .
History
There have been three classes of patrol boat to serve in the Royal Australian Navy; the from 1967 to 1994, the from 1980 to 2007, and the Armidale class, which entered service in 2005.
1900s
During the 1960s to mid-1980s, the local Australia Patrol Boat was divided into three main squadrons which were ported in the regions of Sydney (NSW), Cairns (Qld) and Darwin (NT). In the mid-1980s, the separation of squadrons was discontinued; , Darwin was established as the centralised headquarters.
2000s
In 2002, increased illegal activity in Australia's northern maritime zones instigated the relocation of the patrol headquarters and vessels. This change resulted in the increase of capacity of the primary ports in Coonawarra, Darwin and Cairns, Queensland to incorporate the vessels from the Sydney home port, which was disestablished.
2010s
In July 2010, the Australian Border Force submitted a request for the construction of a new class of patrol vessels to supplement, and eventually replace, the patrol capacities of the Bay Class Patrol Group (which were due to end service in early 2010). From the 2010–2011 budget, Australian government commissioned eight larger, upgraded vessels, named the . The $350m contract, stipulating the vessels' design, construction, and ongoing maintenance, was awarded to Austal on 12 August 2011. The vessels entered service over March 2013 to September 2015.
On 18 December 2014, the RAN was forced to decommission the Patrol Boat group's of the Armidale Fleet. The vessel had sustained irreparable damage during a refit in August 2014 by a fire aboard the ship. To supplement the Armidale class, Austal was commissioned for two additional Cape-class patrol boats for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), which were completed in 2017.
Insignia
Commencing in 1968, the Australian Naval Board changed the visual squadron designation of all RAN vessels to the US classification style. The new patrol squadron classifications included:
· AUSPABRON 1 (First Australian Patrol Boat Squadron)
· AUSPABRON 2 (Second Australian Patrol Boat Squadron)
· AUSPABRON 3 (Third Australian Patrol Boat Squadron)
· PNGPABRON (Papua/New Guinea Patrol Boat Squadron)
Australian Patrol boats also adopted the traditional number system of the British Royal Navy. Single numbers were painted on the funnel of individual vessels as intra squadron identification. Each squadron also developed regional insignia, relating to its operational area.
The Sydney squadron, AUSPABRON 1, displayed the motif of a red kangaroo superimposed upon the harbour bridge.
The Cairns squadron, AUSPABRON 2, displayed the symbol of a blue marlin and the number 2 ringed in gold. The signification of the marlin was adopted from the official badge of .
The Darwin squadron, AUSPABRON 3, displayed the number 3 and an insignia of a water buffalo.
Patrol boats stationed in other Australian areas including Western Australia, Tasmania and South Australia also developed regional inspired insignia. These Included a black swan, Tasmanian devil, and magpie, respectively. The Papua New Guinea region squadron's Attack-class patrol boat insignia was unofficially displayed as a shark circling a palm tree.
Following the mid-1980s dissolution of separate regional squadrons, the squadron numerical identification ceased. Current nomenclature is displayed on the vessel's pennant, as a 2 to 3-digit number. Each patrol vessel is also ascribed a name according to their region of operation.
Relevant legislation evolution
The Maritime Power Bill 2012 was introduced by the Gillard government on 30 May 2012. The 2012 Attorney-General Department stated the purpose for the bill was to "harmonise and simplify" existing legislation by creating a clear framework for the extent and abilities of Australian maritime enforcement powers. This framework outlines the authorisation of capabilities held by current vessels including Australian Patrol Boat Groups.
The Maritime Powers (Consequential Amendments) Bill 2012 was introduced concurrently to the Maritime Power Bill 2012. The most significant action of the bill was repealing all maritime enforcement powers contained within the Migration Act 1958, as these powers were now enshrined within the new Maritime Power Bill. The bill repealed subsection 245F (8), which defined the ability of Australian vessels, including Patrol boat groups, to turn back unauthorised boats in Australian waters. However, this amendment was stated by the Attorney-General Department to not reduce or increase existing maritime powers. These Bills were passed and enforced as of 13 March 2013.
The Patrol Boat Group today
The Australian Defence Force sets the Patrol Boat Group's mandate as to "protect the Australian border and offshore interests" ("Patrol Boat, General", n.d.). In concurrence with this federal policy, Australian patrol boats are tasked with constabulary and environmental protective duties. In peacetime, the group commit to civil surveillance and enforce Australian law on the border, policing illegal activity including unauthorised entry, illegal immigration, breaches of customs and drug smuggling. Patrol vessels also enhance law enforcement aiding preservation efforts to retain the condition of Australian marine life, aquatic environment, and resources.
Active vessels are authorised with multiple law enforcement responsibilities. The Royal Australian Navy authorises the currently active Armidale-class vessels with "tracking, intercepting, stopping and boarding other vessels, and sometimes arresting their crews and seizing cargo." ("Patrol Boat, General", n.d.).
These activities are supported and allied with the operations of Australian Federal Police, Australian Fisheries and Australian Border Force. Patrol vessels have jurisdiction in coastal Australian maritime zones, surrounding Australian island territories and Australia's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The majority of patrol operations occur in northern maritime zones.
The Armidale-class fleet was commissioned into the RAN and became operational on 24 June 2005. and remains in active service as of 2021 and currently consists of 12 active vessels. In addition to the Armidale-class patrol boats, two additional Cape-class vessels (ADV Cape Fourcroy and ADV Cape Inscription) are also in active service. All 14 vessels act as naval support for civilian authorities to enforce Australian regulation of maritime law and environment. The Patrol group provides 21 trained available crews to allow rotation.
Role in Operation Sovereign Borders
In cooperation with Australian Border Force, Australian Patrol boats are the primary contribution to the National policy of “Operation Sovereign Borders” which was implemented by the Abbott government in 2013. Under the Policy, between its enactment and September 2018, Patrol boats intercepted and apprehended 33 vessels in Australian maritime zones. 827 individuals aboard were refouled and returned to their original country.
Ongoing/future vessels and contracts
The federal defence initiative, the National Shipbuilding Plan aims to build 12 offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) to supplement, and eventually succeed the current Armidale-class fleet. In May 2017, Luerssen Australia Pty Ltd was selected as the main contractor and designer of the SEA1180 Offshore Patrol Vessel program. The company's US$3.6B contract stipulated the design and construction of 12 offshore patrol vessels for the Royal Australian Navy. As of October 2018, the projected competition date is 2029–2030. Construction of the first two patrol boat began on 15 November 2018. Construction of the subsequent 10 OPVs bean on 27 March 2020, in the Western Australian Facility, the Henderson Maritime Precinct.
The Department of Defence estimated the building of the 12 OPVs would create over 1,200 Australian construction jobs: 400 direct and 600 indirect supply chain jobs.
s are anticipated to enter service in 2023. The role of these active vessels will be to "undertake patrol and response duties, security operations and border protection activities." The Arafura class was designed to enhance the capabilities of the current Australian patrol boat group to fulfil these constabulary, preventative and protection duties. Minister for Defence Reynolds expressed this mission statement as "The Arafura-class offshore patrol vessels are larger than the Armidale-class patrol boats currently in service with the Royal Australian Navy, and will offer greater endurance and capability for patrolling Australia's maritime borders."
In May 2020, six additional Cape-class vessels were ordered by the RAN to serve, in interim, for the upcoming Arafura class. The ordered vessels are constructed similarly to the current Cape class model, which is a “58 metre aluminium monohull patrol boat design”. Reported design enhancements include increased crew accommodation capacity from 22 people to 32 people and enable Wi-Fi connectivity aboard the vessel. The projected completion of the first Cape-class vessel (Hull 811) is September 2021, and the completion of all vessels is anticipated in 2023.
National Naval Shipbuilding Enterprise
The National naval shipbuilding enterprise is an investment in maritime defence vessels, maintenance, and ship building locations by the Australian government. The current the prospected investment is approximately $168 to $183 billion. The program, including the 2017 Naval Shipbuilding Plan and the 2020 Force Structure Plan outlines a framework to technologically equip, fiscally sustain and develop capabilities for current and future Australian Naval Operations.
Plan Galileo
Plan Galileo was launched in April 2020. The plan aims to sustain and improve upon the available resources of Regional Maintenance Centres (RMCs). The sites of these centres include Perth, Darwin, Cairns and Sydney: centres which provide logistical support and physical harbour space for existing RAN vessels including the currently operating Armidale-class patrol boat groups.
Organisation
On introduction of the Armidale class, the Australian Patrol Boat Group was reorganised into four divisions, named after Attack-class ships:
1st/Attack Division (, Darwin)
Six Armidale-class patrol boat crews (Attack 1–6)
2nd/Assail Division (HMAS Coonawarra)
Six Armidale-class patrol boat crews (Assail 1–6)
3rd/Ardent Division (, Cairns)
Six Armidale-class patrol boat crews (Ardent 1-6)
4th/Aware Division (Dampier, Western Australia)
Three Armidale-class patrol boat crews (Aware 1-3) (based in Darwin)
In 2016 the Patrol Boat force was reorganised to allocate a single crew to each platform
HMAS Coonawarra, Darwin
HMAS Armidale
HMAS Larrakia
HMAS Bathurst
HMAS Albany
HMAS Broome
HMAS Childers
HMAS Launceston
HMAS Maryborough
HMAS Cairns, Cairns
ADV Cape Inscription
ADV Cape Fourcroy
ADV Cape Otway
ADV Cape Peron
Decommissioned
HMAS Bundaberg (2014)
HMAS Pirie (2021)
HMAS Maitland (2022)
HMAS Ararat (2022)
HMAS Glenelg (2022)
HMAS Wollongong (2022)
References
External links
Official Patrol Boat Group Website
Royal Australian Navy
Patrol boats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Patrol%20Boat%20Group |
i is the seventh studio album by American indie pop band The Magnetic Fields. It was released on May 4, 2004, by record label Nonesuch. The songs of the album all start with the letter "i" and are all sung by Stephin Merritt. The songs are also in alphabetical order.
Musical style
The album ditches many of Stephin Merritt's past synthpop and electropop influences, largely being led by guitars and strings. It was followed in 2008, by Distortion, and in 2010, by Realism, which were both also free of synthesizer instrumentation, forming the so-called "no-synth trilogy".
Album cover
The cover art, designed by Evan Gaffney, is based on Gravity in Four Directions by Fred Tomaselli.
Reception
i has been well received by critics. It currently holds a score of 79/100 on review aggregator website Metacritic. A track-by-track tribute to the album, entitled ¡AYE!, was released by Jackson & the Wargonauts in 2014.
Track listing
Personnel
The Magnetic Fields
Stephin Merritt – vocals, instrumentation, production
Claudia Gonson – drums and percussion, piano, harpsichord, background vocals, arrangement on "In an Operetta"
Sam Davol – cello
John Woo – banjo, guitar, electric sitar
Technical
Charles Newman – recording
Ravi Krishnaswami – recording
Charles Newman – additional production, mixing
Jeff Lipton – mastering
Vincent Giangola – additional editing on "I Don't Believe You"
David Merrill – recording on "In an Operetta"
References
External links
2004 albums
The Magnetic Fields albums
Concept albums
Nonesuch Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20%28The%20Magnetic%20Fields%20album%29 |
Quantic may refer to:
Quantic, an older name for a homogeneous polynomial.
Quantic Dream, a video game developer studio
Will Holland, musician and producer with stage name Quantic
Quantic School of Business and Technology, an online graduate school
See also
Quantum (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantic |
Daredevil may refer to:
A stunt performer
Arts and media
Comics
Daredevil (Lev Gleason Publications), a fictional 1940s superhero popularized by writer-artist Charles Biro
Daredevil (Marvel Comics character), a Marvel comic book superhero
Daredevil (Marvel Comics series), the comic series about the Marvel character
Daredevil: The Man Without Fear, a graphic novel by Frank Miller
Daredevil (film), a 2003 film starring Ben Affleck as the Marvel character
Daredevil: The Album, the soundtrack album to the film
Daredevil (video game), based on the film
Daredevil (TV series), a 2015 Netflix series starring Charlie Cox as the Marvel character
Daredevil (Marvel Cinematic Universe), based on the Marvel Comics character, as portrayed by Charlie Cox
The Daredevils, a Marvel UK comic
Film
The Daredevil (1920 film), a lost American comedy western film directed by and starring Tom Mix
The Daredevil, a 1931 German film
Gaming
Daredevils (role-playing game), a 1982 pulp pen-and-paper role-playing game
Daredevil Comet, a type of Prankster Comet from the video game Super Mario Galaxy
Literature
Daredevil (novel), a 1929 novel by Leslie Charteris
Daredevils (The Hardy Boys), a novel in the book series The Hardy Boys
Music
Daredevils (band), a band formed by Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz
Daredevil (Fu Manchu album), 1995
Daredevil (Justin Rutledge album), 2014
"Daredevil", a song from Fiona Apple's album The Idler Wheel...
Sport
Butte Daredevils, an American basketball team, active 2006–08
Delhi Daredevils, an Indian cricket franchise, founded 2008
Denver Daredevils, an American roller hockey team, active 1996
Indianapolis Daredevils, an American soccer club, active 1974–79
Outer Banks Daredevils, an American baseball team, founded 1997
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil |
Husky Rescue is a Finnish electronic music band from Helsinki, formed in 2002. The group consists of Marko Nyberg, Johanna Kalén, and Antony Bentley.
History
2002–2010
Husky Rescue was formed by Marko Nyberg, who began composing under the name in 2002, wanting to create cinematic music influenced by film, photography and painting. He has counted film director David Lynch and French composer Erik Satie among his influences. When recording the band's debut album Country Falls, Nyberg recorded around twenty musicians and singers for use on the album—each of them a good friend of Nyberg's and all Helsinki-based. As Nyberg puts it himself:
"Every track is designed to be a warm breeze to counter the chill of daily life, whether you live in cold climes or not. All moments from life become part of the music. Husky Rescue reflects our background in Helsinki where the winter nights are so cold and long while the summer is hot and short, but oh so sweet. It's melancholic music but there is always hope. Husky Rescue's music is like the first snow on the ground when you can still see the green grass through the snow. It's like spring's sunbeam after the long, dark, sunless winter time."
Husky Rescue's line-up from 2002 to 2010 consisted of Nyberg (bass), Reeta-Leena Vestman (née Korhola, vocals), Ville Riippa (keyboards), Maria Ilmoniemi (keyboards), Anssi Sopanen (drums) and Miika Colliander (guitar). The band's debut album Country Falls was released worldwide in October 2004 on Catskills Records and in the US on 12 April 2005 on Minty Fresh.
The cinematic sceneries found on the debut were further developed on 2007's Ghost Is Not Real which turned up the sonic experimentation and detailed production without sacrificing the catchy, pop aesthetic. Nyberg's sense of dynamics and tendency towards delicacy on the album were described by Pitchfork Media as "an imagined collaboration, perhaps, between Ingmar Bergman and Jean-Pierre Jeunet".
Learning about a reported UFO sighting near his residence just outside central Helsinki further turned Nyberg's interest towards the nature, thus propelling a new wave of inspiration. He saw hope and beauty in the Northern surroundings, and embarked on a solitary songwriting trip to Lapland. Heavily featuring Jari Salo, one half of the duo Pepe Deluxé and a long-time friend of Marko's, Husky Rescue's third album Ship of Light was released in January 2010. The album was met with positive reviews in the media, such as The Guardian giving it four out of five stars and comparing the sound to "the kind of adult pop that Air were promising us with their first album", or The Sunday Times naming the album CD of the week and rating it four stars. Ben Hogwood of Music OMH remarked that the album continued in the tradition of their previous albums with "beautifully icy string colours" and "imaginative touches of orchestration."
Husky Rescue have performed at several music festivals such as Lollapalooza, Glastonbury, South by Southwest, and Austin City Limits. They have toured extensively in the UK and Europe, and played select shows in North America.
2010–present
After touring their 2010 album Ship of Light, culminating in their last performance at Flow Festival in Helsinki in August 2011, the band reorganized and renewed. Prompted in part by long-standing singer Vestman taking the opportunity to study musical theatre at the Royal Academy of Music in London, Nyberg decided to strip everything down and start afresh, to head into a more intimate, bright and natural direction. Deciding on a new singer he met up with a Swedish vocalist Johanna Kalén in Stockholm and drafted in his old English friend, Antony Bentley, they formed the new line-up and started working on new material. Having written several new songs they decamped to Greenpoint, the Brooklyn studio of an enthusiastic vintage keyboard collector, to record them. Now finished they will be released in 2012. The first single of the new material, "Deep Forest Green", was released on 27 January 2012 and made available as a free download on the band's SoundCloud profile.
Style and use in other media
The band's unique sound reconstitutes influences of alternative country, depressive disco, and pop into distinctive, cinematic soundscapes. From the beginning, digital illustrator Kustaa Saksi has crafted the visual side of the project, capturing the mood with his detailed yet minimalist style, reminiscent of the ukiyo-e paintings and masking-based comic style of Japan.
Due to the visual character and ability to convey emotion and mood, Husky Rescue's music has been placed in several advertisements and TV shows. "My World" was used in Hyundai's Think About It advertisements. "New Light of Tomorrow" was used in a P&O TV commercial and on the HBO TV series The Sopranos. "New Light of Tomorrow" and "The Good Man" were both used on the second season of One Tree Hill, while "Rainbow Flows" was featured in Beck's Italian beer commercial.
Nyberg scored two Finnish motion pictures; Sixpack (Pussikaljaelokuva) in 2011 and Twisted Roots (Väärät Juuret) in 2009, of which a soundtrack album was also released.
Discography
Albums
Country Falls (2004)
Ghost Is Not Real (2007)
Other World: Remixes and Rarities (2007)
Ship of Light (2010)
The Long Lost Friend (2013)
Singles
"Summertime Cowboy" (2004)
"New Light of Tomorrow" (2004)
"Sleep Tight Tiger" (2004)
"City Lights" (2004)
"My Home Ghost" (2006)
"Diamonds in the Sky" (2006)
"Nightless Night" (2007)
"Caravan" (2007)
"We Shall Burn Bright" (2009)
"Sound of Love" (2010)
"They Are Coming" (2010)
"Far from the Storm" (2010)
"Fast Lane" (2011)
"Deep Forest Green" (2012)
References
External links
"New Light of Tomorrow" artist commentary
Interview at Webcuts
Ambient music groups
Finnish electronic music groups
Musical groups established in 2002
Finnish musical trios
Trip hop groups
2002 establishments in Finland
Downtempo musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husky%20Rescue |
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