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WaT (pronounced "Watto" ワット, for Wentz and Teppei) was a Japanese duo composed of singers/songwriters Eiji Wentz and Teppei Koike. They met each other in 2002 and formed WaT, playing live street performances with their guitars. Their debut single, "Boku no Kimochi", was released in 2005. Wentz, who is half German-American and half Japanese, is also a TV personality. Koike is also known as an actor and can play the harmonica. "Boku no Kimochi" reached the second place on the Oricon chart.
Members
Eiji Wentz (from Tokyo)
Teppei Koike (from Osaka)
Both of them play vocals and guitar. Wentz also plays the bass guitar and piano. Teppei also plays the harmonica and ukulele.
Discography
Singles
Their first independent single, "Sotsugyō Time", was released on February 18, 2004, under independent label and was later included on their first album.
Albums
DVDs
External links
WAT Fansite
Wentz Fansite
Teppei Fansite
Japanese pop music groups
Japanese musical duos
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups disestablished in 2016
Universal Music Japan artists
Musical groups from Tokyo
Japanese boy bands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaT |
Viscount Boyle of Kinalmeaky, in the County of Cork, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1628 for the eight-year-old the Hon. Lewis Boyle, second son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, with remainder, in default of male issue of his own, to the heirs male of his father. He was killed at the Battle of Liscarrol in 1642, aged twenty-three, and was succeeded according to the special remainder by his elder brother Richard, who the following year also succeeded his father as second Earl of Cork.
Viscounts Boyle of Kinalmeaky (1628)
Lewis Boyle, 1st Viscount Boyle of Kinalmeaky (1619–1642)
Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington, 2nd Earl of Cork, 2nd Viscount Boyle of Kinalmeaky (1612–1698)
For further succession see the Earl of Cork
References
Boyle of Kinalmeaky
Viscountcies in the Peerage of Ireland
Peerages created with special remainders
Noble titles created in 1628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount%20Boyle%20of%20Kinalmeaky |
The Buckingham Arm is an English canal that once ran from Cosgrove, Northamptonshire to Buckingham. It was built as an arm of the Grand Junction Canal in two separate phases, a broad canal to Old Stratford, which opened in 1800 and a narrow canal onwards to Buckingham, which opened in 1801. It was disused from 1932, and was dammed at the first bridge in 1944 to reduce leakage from the Grand Union Canal, as the Grand Junction had then become known, but was not finally abandoned until 1964. The remains were severed by the construction of new roads in the 1970s and again in the late 1980s. The section through Old Stratford and Deanshanger was sold off in the 1990s, and the route there has been lost to housing development. The Buckingham Canal Society was formed in 1992, and is actively pursuing a restoration programme. Some of the canal near Buckingham are now holding water, but the main focus in 2020 was at the Cosgrove end, where a restored channel would be accessible by boat from the Grand Union. Progress was made in September 2023, when of canal were reopened to navigation.
History
On 30 April 1793, the Grand Junction Canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament, and the act made provision for an arm from the main line to Old Stratford, ending at the former Roman road of Watling Street, which was a major communications route. The continuation to Buckingham was surveyed in 1793, and included in another Act of Parliament, passed in September 1794, which authorised the construction of the Aylesbury, Buckingham and Wendover arms.
The initial section to Old Stratford was to be constructed as a broad canal, capable of use by boats which were wide. The Grand Junction Canal had to cross the River Great Ouse at Wolverton, and the original plan was to construct a crossing on the level, with a flight of locks down one side of the valley and another up the other side. The Old Stratford branch would have had a junction with the main line at the lowest level, and followed the course of the Great Ouse valley. From Old Stratford, the canal was to continue as a narrow canal, which would have joined the river at Passenham, effectively becoming a navigation, as a number of locks would have been needed along the course of the river. The plans were changed when it was decided to construct a high level crossing of the Great Ouse, ruling out the possibility of a junction, and so the arm left the main line just above Cosgrove lock, following the north side of the Great Ouse valley, and resulted in a canal which was on one level for most of its length, with just two locks as it approached Buckingham.
The Grand Junction Canal, which included the two flights of locks to cross the River Great Ouse, opened in August 1800, and the Old Stratford arm followed six weeks later, in September. The Buckingham branch progressed quickly and was built in 8 months. A formal opening occurred on 1 May 1801, with celebrations as Buckingham. The canal was supplied with water by a feeder from the Great Ouse in Buckingham. The lock flights on the main line were replaced by two embankments and an aqueduct in 1805, but there were problems with the aqueduct, and it was replaced with an iron trough in 1811. The Grand Junction public house was built in the High Street in the early 1800s near to Buckingham Wharf, which was the terminus of the Buckingham Arm. For a while in the 21st century, the pub was known as 'Number Thirteen', as the building is located at No.12 and 13 High Street, but in 2019 it was bought by Oakman Inns, who intended to return its name to The Grand Junction as part of a major refurbishment scheme for the historic building.
By the 1850s, the canal was suffering from competition from the railways, and the water supply from the river contained much silt, which was deposited in the canal, making navigation difficult. Buckingham Corporation also used the canal as a disposal point for sewage, which added to the problems. Trade continued to reduce, with the Grand Junction company resorting to legal action to prevent the dumping of sewage into the canal in 1890, but Bradshaw's Guide of 1904 lists the upper section as "barely navigable".
Decline
In 1919, a section of the canal near Mount Mill Farm was replaced by a concrete trough, in an attempt to reduce leakage. The last recorded commercial traffic was a delivery of chemicals to Leckhampstead in 1932. The arm was blocked at the first bridge in 1944, as a precaution against further leakage, and the temporary dam was never removed. Following a protest cruise on the nearby Aylesbury Arm, the Inland Waterways Association (IWA) tried to promote the idea of restoring the Buckingham Arm in 1961, but there were few local members, and closure of the canal was supported by the local authorities through which the arm ran. The Northampton Chronicle and Echo ran an article on 24 March 1961, suggesting the section from the Grand Union junction to Old Stratford should be re-opened for its amenity value, following which a local IWA member called R Faulkner tried to form an action committee, but again, there was little interest locally. W L Ives, a senior official of British Waterways, presented a paper which outlined the problems of the waterways on 3 November 1961, calling for changes to the way closures and abandonment of canals were handled. Later that month, the Minister of Transport, in dealing with the British Transport Commission bill, stated that no changes which would adversely affect navigation of the first section of the canal would be made immediately. The Buckingham branch was formally abandoned in 1964, but the Old Stratford branch was not. Despite this, the Old Stratford branch was severed by the new route of the A5 road, constructed in 1975/6, and Old Stratford basin was sold in 1991. Most of the route through Old Stratford and the nearby village of Deanshanger was sold, and buildings now prevent reinstatement of that section. The route of the Buckingham branch was severed by the construction of the A422 Old Stratford Bypass in 1989/90.
Restoration
The overall arm is closed, with the exception of a short stretch of about 200 metres running westwards from the junction with the Grand Union Canal at Cosgrove towards the A5 dual carriageway and a 400-metre section at Buckingham which was restored in 2013. (The Grand Junction Canal became part of the Grand Union Canal in 1929.) Beyond the A5, the canal can still be followed as a trench running through open fields as far as Old Stratford, where a housing estate has been built over the route of the canal. Other remnants of the route are decipherable in the landscape as far as Buckingham.
Buckingham Canal Society was formed in 1992, initially with the aim of clearance and photography of the remains. With encouragement from British Waterways, who still owned part of the route, cutting down of the vegetation began on the section from Cosgrove to the A5 road. As the society grew, the restoration of the remains and reinstatement of navigation along the arm became the new aim. Other sections of the route have been tackled as negotiations with landowners have resulted in permissive access. In 2008, the structure of Hyde Lane lock was refurbished, following a grant of £38,000 from Waste Recycling Environmental Limited (WREN) towards the £44,000 cost of the project. This enabled the lock to be restored professionally.
In 2010, Halcrow Engineering produced a report, which assessed whether the aim of restoration was realistic. While it identified a number of significant issues, including the crossings of the A5 road at Old Stratford and the A413 ringroad at Buckingham, it concluded that reinstatement was feasible, and would bring economic, environmental and social benefits to the area. One possible solution to the A413 crossing would be to terminate the canal outside the ringroad, where there would be room for a new terminal basin which could form the centrepiece of other development. The estimated cost for the restoration was put at £64 million. One interesting aspect of the project is that the original Act of Parliament, granted in 1794, was not repealed when the canal was abandoned, and therefore its powers still apply. This should make it somewhat easier to achieve the aims of the society than might otherwise be the case.
Plans for restoration include the construction of a bypass around Old Stratford and Deanshanger, starting with a short, steep section from near the A5 bridge to the River Great Ouse some lower. The canal would run close to the river, to pass under the A5 and the grade II listed bridge that carries Watling Street over the river. It would then divert from the river and ascend back to its original level, passing through the site of Passenham Quarry, to rejoin the former course at Mount Hill, close to where the A422 road severed the Buckingham Arm. A further detour will be required at Leckhampstead Wharf, where buildings occupy the line of the canal, and at Bourton Lock, which lies beneath the foundations of a modern house.
Following a grant of £7,000 from the Aylesbury Vale Community Chest, which unlocked a further £70,000 from the Landfill tax administered by Waste Recycling Environmental (WREN), work began in January 2013 on the relining, restoration and rewatering of a section of the canal at Bourton Meadow, close to Buckingham. The canal was largely intact at that location, and although in private ownership, the restoration was fully supported by the landowners. A ceremonial first sod was cut on 25 January by Lord Boswell of Aynho and John Bercow, the local MP and Speaker of the House of Commons. The bed was lined with a Bentoline liner, and the towpath was reconstructed. Bentoline is a product which consists of a thick, reinforced fibre layer, into which a layer of bentonite clay is embedded. The clay is retained by an upper layer of synthetic geotextile material. In order to maintain water levels on this section, a solar powered pump was installed during the winter of 2016/2017, which pumps water from the River Great Ouse.
The first section of canal that the group intends to reopen for boats is the stretch from Cosgrove to the A5 road near Old Stratford. Bridge 1, where the canal was dammed in 1944, was bulldozed into the canal in the late 1960s, to create a crossing for farm vehicles. In 2017 the Society received a grant of £70,000 from the rural development LEADER fund, which enabled them to find that much of the structure was still intact. The replacement bridge consists of wide brick piers, with a modern steel and concrete structure on top, but retaining the remains of the original bridge beneath. This approach means that combine harvesters up to wide and weighing 40 tons can still use it to access nearby farmland. In mid-2021, the canal between bridge 1 and bridge 2 was divided into three sections, which were being gradually rewatered to allow the clay to rehydrate, and an agreement had been reached with the Canal and River Trust to allow investigative work to be carried out on bridge 2.
On 2 September 2023, a length of the canal beyond bridge 1 was formally opened by the actor David Suchet. The stop planks beneath the bridge were removed by a recently-acquired dredger named Diana, the purchase of which was funded by Tim Coghlan, the owner of Braunston Marina. The boat is named after Coghlan's wife Diana, who died in 2014.
Buckinghamshire County Council have produced a leaflet entitled The Ouse Valley Walk, which describes a walk from Buckingham to Milton Keynes, and covers most of the canal's route.
Points of interest
See also
Canals of the United Kingdom
History of the British canal system
Bibliography
References
External links
Buckingham Canal Society
Canals in England
Canals opened in 1801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham%20Arm |
The Behnhaus is an art museum in the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, Germany, and part of its World Heritage Site.
The Behnhaus as a structure is a neoclassical building with interior design by the Danish architect Joseph Christian Lillie. The museum exhibits furniture from this period, and paintings and sculptures from this period onwards. It specializes in Nazarene art, since Friedrich Overbeck was born in Lübeck.
The museum is also known for its collection of works by Edvard Munch.
External links
Behnhaus Homepage
Lübeck City Website: Behnhaus
Culture in Lübeck
Art museums and galleries in Germany
Buildings and structures in Lübeck
Museums in Schleswig-Holstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behnhaus |
Constance Zimmer (born October 11, 1970) is an American actress. She rose to prominence playing Dana Gordon on the HBO series Entourage (2005–11) and Claire Simms on the ABC series Boston Legal (2006–07). She went on to appear on the Netflix series House of Cards (2013–18) and voiced Strongarm on Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2014–17). She gained wider recognition for her role as Quinn King on Unreal (2015–18), for which she received a Critics' Choice Television Award and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination both in 2016.
Early life and education
Zimmer was born in Seattle, Washington, to German migrant parents from the former East Prussia. She speaks fluent German, saying in a 2015 interview that although her parents spoke English with her as a child, she spent six weeks of every summer in Germany, with her grandmother who only spoke German. Zimmer decided to pursue a career in acting after she fell in love with the craft as a high school student. Following high school, she was accepted to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Pasadena.
Career
Zimmer's stage career was highlighted with her award-winning portrayal in a Los Angeles production of Catholic School Girls, where she won a Dramalogue for Best Actress. After starring in several national commercials, most notably for Duracell, she started making guest appearances in such shows as Ellen, Seinfeld, The X-Files, Gideon's Crossing, and The King of Queens, as well as having recurring roles in The Wayans Bros., Hyperion Bay, and The Trouble With Normal. During that same period, she was cast in a few independent films such as Spin Cycle, Home Room, and Warm Blooded Killers.
Zimmer eventually booked her first TV series regular role on the NBC comedy Good Morning, Miami as the lazy and burned-out office assistant, Penny Barrington. After the series was canceled, she spent the second season recurring as Sister Lilly Waters in the CBS drama, Joan of Arcadia, as well as guest-starring in episodes of NYPD Blue and Jake in Progress. Also in 2005, she acted in the short film Just Pray, directed by Tiffani Thiessen. It was accepted into the Tribeca Film Festival.
In early 2006, Zimmer was cast as Brianna, the competitive law undergrad, in the ABC crime/drama series In Justice. She joined the cast of Boston Legal, where she played associate attorney Claire Simms on the show's third season. Along with regulars Rene Auberjonois, Julie Bowen, and Mark Valley, Zimmer was dropped by David E. Kelley at the end of season three. Zimmer also portrayed industry powerhouse and studio executive Dana Gordon in the HBO original series Entourage from 2005 to 2011, arguably her most known role to date.
Zimmer performed in the world-premiere play, Girls Talk, alongside Brooke Shields, Andrea Bendewald, and Nicole Paggi. The play was written and directed by Roger Kumble. She also starred in the NBC summer series Love Bites as Colleen Rouscher and had a guest appearance on USA's Royal Pains, playing psychiatrist Dr. Abby Burton.
In 2014, she was cast in the series regular role of Quinn King on the Lifetime dramedy series UnREAL. The show has received critical acclaim and Zimmer's performance has garnered high praise. The series ended in July 2018 after four seasons. For her performance in the series, she won a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series and received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.
In 2015, she had a recurring role on season three of the ABC superhero series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as Rosalind Price. She has been a semi-regular panelist on ABC's Match Game since 2017.
Personal life
Zimmer has been married twice. First, to special effects artist Steve Johnson, whom she met when working on Duracell commercials featuring The Puttermans in the late 1990s.
On January 5, 2008, Zimmer gave birth to a daughter, Colette Zoe, whose father is director Russ Lamoureux. On June 20, 2010, it was announced that Zimmer and Lamoureux were engaged. They married in October of that year.
Zimmer attends many celebrity benefits for charity. Among those she supports are the Make-A-Wish Foundation, Natural Resources Defense Council, and Heifer International.
Filmography
Film
Television
Podcasts
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Seattle
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
American film actresses
American people of German descent
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Newport Harbor High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance%20Zimmer |
Baron Dawson may be:
Baron Dawson (Peerage of Ireland), the third title of the Earl of Portarlington
Baron Dawson of Penn, the former title of the Viscount Dawson of Penn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Dawson |
Jacques-Philippe Lallemant (c. 1660, Saint-Valery-sur-Somme – 1748) was a French Jesuit, of whom little is known beyond his writings. He took part in the discussion on the Chinese rites, and wrote the “Journal historique des assemblées tenues en Sorbonne pour condamner les Mémoires de la Chine” (Paris, 1700), a defense of his confrère Lecomte against the Sorbonnist, Jacques Lefèvre.
In his “Histoire des Contestations sur la Diplomatique” (Paris, 1708) he sided with the Jesuits Jean Hardouin and Papebroch against the Benedictine Mabillon.
Works
His principal works are against the Jansenists. In close succession he published: “Le Père Quesnel séditieux dans ses Réflexions sur le Nouveau Testament” (Brussels, 1704); “Jansénius condamné par l'Eglise par lui-même, par ses défenseurs et par St-Augustin” (Brussels, 1705); “Le véritable esprit des nouveaux disciples de St-Augustin” (Brussels, 1706-7); “Les Hexaples ou les six colonnes sur la Constitution Unigenitus” (Amsterdam, 1714), with a number of pamphlets in defense of the same; “Entretiens au sujet des affaires présentes par rapport à la religion” (Paris, 1734–1743). The better to counteract Quesnel's “Réflexions morales”, Lallemant composed, in collaboration with other Jesuits (e.g. Bouhours and Michel), “Réflexions morales sur le Nouveau Testament traduit en français” (Paris, 1713–25), which Fénelon styled very pious and capable of guiding the reader through any part of the sacred text. This work, translated into many languages, enjoyed a well-deserved popularity, and the latest edition (Lille, 1836) was warmly praised by the “Revue Catholique”.
Lallemant is also the author of “Le Sens propre et littéral des Psaumes de David” (Paris. 1709) and of “L’Imitation de Jésus-Christ, traduction nouvelle” (Paris, 1740), of which there have been countless editions and translations. The Mémoires de Trévoux (August, 1713, and May, 1714) contain several dissertations with Lallemant's initials, and the Jansenists attributed to him several writings like the “Mandement of M. de Vintimille contre les Nouvelles Ecclésiastiques” (1732) and the supplement to the “Nouvelles Ecclésiastiques”(1734-8).
Original Sources
Augustin de Backer and Carlos Sommervogel, Bibliothèque des Ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus, s. v.
Joseph Marie Quérard, Auteurs pseudonymes et anonymes, s. v.
Barbier, Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes.
1660s births
1748 deaths
People from Saint-Valery-sur-Somme
18th-century French Jesuits
18th-century French Catholic theologians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Philippe%20Lallemant |
Thomas Watts may refer to:
Thomas H. Watts (1819–1892), Democratic Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from 1863 to 1865, during the Civil War
Thomas Watts (1868–1951) (1868–1951), British Conservative Party Member of Parliament
Thomas Watts (1689–1742) (died 1742), English Member of Parliament, academy master and leading figure at the Sun Fire Office
Thomas Watts (cricketer) (1899–1976), English first-class cricketer for Surrey
See also
Thomas Watt (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Watts |
A phone theme or phone skin refers to the general look and feel of a mobile phone’s user interface (UI). It includes color schemes for menus and highlights, background images and, for Series 60 (S60) themes, user and folder icons. A theme package contains graphics for one or many changeable components of a mobile phone's UI. Changing a theme only affects the look and feel of the UI and not the entire phone's functions or features.
There are many mobile operating systems which support themes as standard, such as Nokia phones powered by Symbian, Sony Ericsson and Blackberry. Although Google's Android operating system doesn't support themes as standard, there are applications that provide it; aftermarket Android distributions such as CyanogenMod (and its successor LineageOS) along with vendor-specific implementations do offer their own theme engines.
There are sites that offer customization services for phone themes.
Android has different skins.
References
Mobile phones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone%20theme |
Georgia Olive Cozzini (February 14, 1915 – October 10, 1983) was an American socialist politician. She is best remembered as the first woman to run for Governor of Wisconsin and for two consecutive runs as the vice presidential candidate of the Socialist Labor Party of America, appearing on the ballot in 1956 and 1960.
Biography
Early years
Georgia Cozzini was born Georgia Olive Purvis on February 14, 1915, in Springfield, Missouri.
She married Artemio Cozzini, also a party member, who invented the hollow-cup knife grinding machine, in 1936. The pair then settled in Artemio's hometown of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The couple had two children, Bruce (1936-2022) and Gina (born 1945).
Political career
Cozzini was an active member of the Socialist Labor Party (SLP). She was the first woman to run for Governor of Wisconsin, heading the state SLP ticket in 1942. She ran for this office again in 1970 and 1974.
Cozzini ran twice for the United States Senate in Wisconsin, appearing as part of the SLP slate in 1946 and again in 1958.
Cozzini was twice the nominee of the SLP for Vice President of the United States, running in 1956 and 1960 on the ticket with Eric Hass, editor of the SLP's national newspaper, The Weekly People.
Death and legacy
Georgia Cozzini died on October 10, 1983. As requested, members of her family spread her ashes on the Northern Wisconsin Lake, where the family had spent many summers vacationing.
References
External links
Georgia Cozzini, . Video. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
Georgia Cozzini: A Socialist Heart
1915 births
1983 deaths
1956 United States vice-presidential candidates
1960 United States vice-presidential candidates
Women in Wisconsin politics
Female candidates for Vice President of the United States
Politicians from Springfield, Missouri
Politicians from Milwaukee
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians
Socialist Labor Party of America politicians from Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Cozzini |
Steve Holt may refer to:
Steve Holt (American musician), guitarist for the band 36 Crazyfists
Steve Holt (Canadian musician) (born 1954), Canadian jazz pianist
Steve Holt (Arrested Development), fictional character on the TV series Arrested Development | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Holt |
Cesar P. Garcia, Jr. is the former Director-General of the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency of the Republic of the Philippines. He is a graduate of the Philippine Military Academy class of 1970.
On 20 August 2008, Garcia resigned due to arthritis, and was succeeded by Major General Pedro Cabuay.
However, on 9 July 2010, President Benigno Aquino III appointed him as National Security Adviser.
References
Living people
Directors of intelligence agencies
Filipino generals
Filipino military personnel
Filipino Roman Catholics
National Security Advisers of the Philippines
Philippine Military Academy alumni
Benigno Aquino III administration cabinet members
Heads of government agencies of the Philippines
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar%20Garcia |
The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) also known as California Personality Inventory is a self-report inventory created by Harrison G. Gough and currently published by Consulting Psychologists Press. The text containing the test was first published in 1956, and the most recent revision was published in 1996. It was created in a similar manner to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)—with which it shares 194 items. But unlike the MMPI, which focuses on maladjustment or clinical diagnosis, the CPI was created to assess the everyday "folk-concepts" that ordinary people use to describe the behavior of the people around them.
Test design
The CPI is made up of 434 true-false questions, of which 171 were taken from the original version of the MMPI. The test is scored on 18 scales, three of which are validity scales. Eleven of the non-validity scales were selected by comparing responses from various groups of people. The other four were content validated. However, factor analysis was not used in the development of the test, and many of the scales are highly inter-correlated and conceptually similar.
The test is typically used with people aged 13 years and older. It takes about 45–60 minutes to complete.
The revised third edition of the CPI contains 434 items. This latest version requires that the patient's false and true answers be transformed at an additional cost into raw scale and Standard scores by the publisher, who will also provide interpretative report writing. The older CPI with the 462 items is still available for sale by the publisher, Consulting Psychologists Press, and comes with plastic scoring keys and profile sheets, thus allowing each research or clinical psychologist to score the test by hand, a less expensive alternative, perhaps for use in training psychology students.
Subtests
As stated in the ETS Test Collection Catalog, The CPI contains the following 20 scales:
Dominance
Capacity for Status
Sociability
Social Presence
Self-Acceptance
Independence
Empathy
Responsibility
Socialization
Self-Control
Good Impression
Communality
Sense of Well-Being
Tolerance
Achievement via Conformance
Achievement via Independence
Intellectual Efficiency
Psychological-Mindedness
Flexibility
Femininity-Masculinity
Scoring
The inventory contains 434 items which can be scored to yield 18 scales. The 18 scales are further grouped into four classes: (1) measures of poise, ascendancy, self-assurance, and interpersonal adequacy; (2) measures of socialization, responsibility, intrapersonal values, and character; (3) measures of achievement potential and intellectual efficiency; (4) measures of intellectual modes and interest modes.
This paragraph will discuss what are referred to as the Structural Scales of the CPI-462 version, using information being provided by the manual for that version, the CPI Administrator's Guide from 1987. Alpha, Beta, Delta and Gamma personality types are conveniently illustrated by a score's placement on a grid defined by the two dimensions – the degree to which the person is norm-favoring or norm-questioning on one dimension (called the v.2 scale), and the degree to which he or she is more externally or internally focused (the v.1 scale). Alpha personality types are more enterprising, dependable and outgoing. Betas are reserved, responsible and moderate. Gammas are adventurous, restless, and pleasure-seeking. Finally, Deltas are withdrawn, private, and to some extent disaffected. In a separate measure known as Realization, also referred to as the v.3 scale, a tester's score may reflect the degree to which he or she is reflective, capable, and optimistic about the present and future, when the score is high, or possesses the opposite characteristics when low. Thus, research scientists or medical or psychology graduate students tend to score high on this scale, while psychiatric patients, juvenile delinquents, prison inmates and even high school students in general (who lack life experience and are still forging a solid sense of identity) tend to score low.
Another component of this test are the 20 Folk Concept Scales (18 in the CPI-434 version) – measuring Dominance, Capacity for Status, Sociability, Social Presence, Self-acceptance, Independence, Empathy, Responsibility, Socialization, Self-control, Good Impression, Communality, Well-being, Tolerance, Achievement via Conformance, Achievement via Independence, Intellectual Efficiency, Psychological-mindedness, Flexibility, and Femininity/Masculinity. These scales are called "folk" as they attempt to capture personality themes that should be broadly cross-cultural and easily understood around the world. This test is thus an attempt to tap into personality factors that arise without exception to some, varying, degree, in all humans regardless of cultural context, and which provide a picture of people's relatively stable tendencies and characteristics, which is as good as any definition for what is loosely termed their unique "personality".
Validity
Correlations between CPI scales and related external criteria tend to fall in the .2 to .5 ranges. This degree of correlation is typical for much of personality research . Extremely high correlations are not likely to be found for personality measures because the scales typically try to assess rather broad behavioral tendencies.
Norms are available for males only, females only, and male/female data combined. The CPI has been very popular in research and in individual assessments of adolescents and adults. The fact that it was developed and normed on non-psychiatric or non-clinical populations is regarded almost universally as part of its positive reputation and usefulness among psychologists.
Reliability
Despite the CPI's dichotomous response format, the reliabilities were uniformly high and held up well in both validation samples, averaging .85 in the scale development sample, .84 in the student validation sample, and even .83 in the much older community validation sample.
The scale development sample consisted of, 433 undergraduate students enrolled in psychology courses at a public university in California. Most participants were in their early 20s. The participants were diverse in terms of ethnicity: 31% were White/Caucasian, 50% were Asian/Asian-American, 8% were Hispanic/Latino, 2% were Black/African-American, and 9% were of another ethnicity. All participants completed the 462-item version of the CPI.
The student validation sample consisted of 396 undergraduate psychology students attending the same university as members of the scale development sample. All members of this sample This sample was similar to the scale development sample in terms of age and ethnicity, 30% White/Caucasian, 46% Asian/Asian-American, 8% Hispanic/Latino, 2% Black/African-American, 14% of another ethnicity. They completed the same version of the CPI within the same time constraints.
The community validation sample consisted of 520 adult residents of the Eugene-Springfield, Oregon area. The members of this sample were more heterogeneous from the other samples, in terms of gender, education, ethnicity, and age. They too completed CPI under the same circumstances as the other two sample groups.
Critique of the test
Strengths
CPI focuses on measuring and understanding common interpersonal behaviors (e.g., self-control, dominance etc.) in the general population. Extreme scores on some of the scales provide important information on specific maladjustments an individual may be experiencing. Thus, it provides good coverage of information for the general population as compared to tests that are more pathologically oriented. CPI has generally straightforward and easily understood scale names, which makes it more user friendly for untrained professionals and test takers, for example. Besides that, the interpretation of the results may have more immediacy and relevancy to the test takers because the results relate to ongoing aspects of behaviors. In addition, CPI has been shown to be a useful tool in predicting long- and short-term behaviors (e.g., college attendance). The "folk concepts" used in CPI are found in many cultures and societies which makes CPI more adaptable to various cultures.
Weaknesses
CPI was not designed to predict unidimensional traits. Instead, the focus was on predicting interpersonal behaviors. Some Folk Concepts scales are substantially correlated with one another as they may be associated to the same underlying traits. Gough argued that if the Folk Concepts are correlated in the minds of the general population, the CPI scales should be similarly correlated. As a result, CPI fails to provide a parsimonious and theory-oriented description of the normal personality, which is one of its major criticisms. There is also a lack of theoretical justification of the criteria used in developing the Folk Concepts and Special Purpose scales. It is unclear as to why some scales (e.g., dominance) are more basic and receive the status as "folk concepts" whereas others are labeled as "special purpose" (e.g., anxiety). In addition, CPI was designed to be an open system, which means that new scales can be added into the existing set of scales if a new criterion is to be predicted. With the lack of theoretical basis, there could be an infinite number of criteria to be predicted and these scales may be empirically redundant and lack clear psychological meanings.
Another criticism of the CPI is that its norm samples are not representative of the general population, particularly because adults working in professional occupations are underrepresented in the norm samples. Approximately 50% of the sample is composed of high school students and 16.7% of the sample are undergraduate students. Thus, the profiles forms used are more suited for evaluations of younger respondents. As a rule, clinicians also need to consider various factors such as life situation, reason for assessment, and overall pattern of scale elevation during result interpretation. This is because biased response from an individual may cause a single scale elevation which may not be meaningful if interpreted in isolation.
See also
F-scale (personality test)
References
Personality tests
Personality tests measuring masculinity-femininity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Psychological%20Inventory |
The Kukryniksy () were three caricaturists/cartoonists in the USSR with a recognizable style.
"Kukryniksy" is a collective name, which is derived from the names of three caricaturists Mikhail Kupriyanov (Михаил Васильевич Куприянов, 1903–1991), Porfiri Krylov (Порфирий Никитич Крылов, 1902–1990), and Nikolai Sokolov (Николай Александрович Соколов, 1903–2000) who had met at VKhUTEMAS, a Moscow art school, in the early 1920s. The three began drawing caricatures under the joint signature in 1924.
They became nationally famous in the 1930s after they began drawing for Krokodil, the Moscow satirical paper, during the rise of fascism. They received international recognition for their attacks on Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Heinrich Himmler, Joseph Goebbels, and Francisco Franco. During the Second World War, they established the TASS Windows for political cartoons and posters. After the end of the Second World War, they continued to depict politics in their series Cold War (1945—1980s).
They illustrated a number of books, including Ilf and Petrov's, Nikolay Gogol, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, Nikolai Leskov, Miguel de Cervantes.
The Kukryniksy are also authors of Socialist Realism-style paintings concerned with historical, political and propaganda topics.
As individuals, they are also known as landscape and portrait artists.
All three were awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the USSR (1958). They were also recipients of other awards.
There are more than a thousand works of the Kukryniksy in the collection of Alexandre Garese, which have been restored.
References
Books
External links
Lambiek Comiclopedia article.
VADS: the online resource for visual arts - Imperial War Museum Posters of Conflict
Biography of Krylov Porfiry, member of Kukryniksy
Kukryniksy Caricature Poster Collection
Kukryniksy, The End
Trios
People's Artists of the USSR (visual arts)
Russian caricaturists
Russian editorial cartoonists
Soviet artists
Russian cartoonists
Russian painters
Russian poster artists
Vkhutemas alumni
Collective pseudonyms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukryniksy |
Khewra is the second most populated city of Jhelum District and the neighbor city of Pind Dadan Khan in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan. The city is administratively subdivided into two union councils and is the location of the Khewra Salt Mine. The population of Khewra city is about 35,000 (or 80,000).
Khewra City is also known as "The Kingdom of Salt" because of its rock salt which is 98% pure and natural source of salt in Pakistan. Khewra Salt Mine is the second largest salt mine in the world.
Tourism
Khewra City was established in 1876 with the support of the British Army who occupied on the Land of Khewra before 1947. Janjua Rajputs tribe was the founder of Khewra.
Khewra Salt Mine was discovered in 1872 by the local family of Janjua Rajputs. Since 2002, the main tunnel of the mine has been converted into a tourist attraction. Some websites claim 35000-40000 visitors come here every year. In 2003 a major restoration work was carried out at the mines to make it a tourist destination. Decorative light-work was done and some of the salt crystal found here is translucent, meaning it absorbs some light and reflects some. Depending upon the thickness (among other properties), the salt rock glows when lit in many different shades. The tourist attractions inside the mine include Assembly Hall, Pul-saraat, indoor brine ponds, Badshahi Mosque, Sheesh Mahal, Crystal Valley, Minar-E-Pakistan, Narrow Gauge Electric Railway, Pakistan Post Office, salt crystal formations and old mining machinery.
Wadi-E-Tober is a "Mini Switzerland of Saltians" located on the way of Choa Saidanshah City. The valley is almost entirely populated by the Khewra's community in between high mountains.
Metha Patan Valley is a destination for trekking and hill walking. Metha Patan has a natural waterfall which provides sufficient water to Khewra City. It attracts tourists because of its natural environment. Metha Patan Valley has a potential for mountaineering and rock climbing.
References
External links
Official website of Khewra
Populated places in Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan
Union councils of Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil
Villages in Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil
Villages in Jhelum District
Villages in Union Council Khewra
Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khewra%2C%20Jhelum |
John R Pinniger is a former Conservative councillor for the London Borough of Lambeth and an unsuccessful Conservative candidate for the European Parliament. He was a leading activist and political adviser in the right-wing Conservative Monday Club during the early 1980s but found himself at centre of a schism in the club in 1984.
Monday Club split
Pinniger worked closely with the Conservative Member of Parliament Harvey Proctor, who was then Chairman of the Monday Club's Immigration and Repatriation Committee. In 1981 he co-authored a pamphlet with Proctor which called for the repatriation of 50,000 immigrants per year, the abolition of the Commission for Racial Equality and the repeal of all race relations legislation. His proposals were defended on the grounds that they would reduce racial tension.
In March 1984, Pinniger announced that he would be resigning, in protest, from the Monday Club. He told the media that there were members who were "simply anti-immigrant and anti-black – that is, racist" who wanted to expel immigrants from the UK. He also described the club as "fizzling out" and being out of touch with the Conservative mainstream.
The club fought back strongly, circulating copies of speeches and pamphlets by Pinniger about immigration and claiming that he had been a prominent advocate of policies which he now labelled extremist. It accused him of trying to "cover up the fact that the club had suspended him and certain associates, with a view to possible expulsion." The club also said that Pinniger had been responsible for a "clandestine and unethical plot" to mount a take-over and that "his outrage at the club's policies is fake, and that his current manoeuvres are an attempt to destroy that which he cannot control."
The club subsequently produced a document that it claimed to be the minutes of a body called the Camberley Group, said to have been formed by Pinniger and others as the vehicle for a take-over bid. It was dismissed by Pinniger as a forgery and passed on to the police for examination. Members of the Camberley Group were reported to have said that the group was "formed to moderate the [Monday] club and steer it back into the mainstream of Conservative policy because it had failed to purge itself of extremists."
Political career
Pinniger later successfully contested a seat on Lambeth Council as well as working as the head of communications for the Financial Intermediaries, Managers and Brokers Regulatory Association.
In the 1994 European elections he unsuccessfully stood for the European Parliament as a Conservative candidate in the constituency of Greater Manchester East (now part of the North West England constituency), a safe Labour seat. He came second to the Labour candidate, winning 19.32% of the vote as against the winning candidate's 60.44%.
References
Publications
Immigration, Repatriation, & the Commission for Racial Equality, by Harvey Proctor, MP, John R. Pinniger, MA, with a foreword by Sir Ronald Bell, QC, MP, published by the Monday Club, 1981, (P/B)
Immigration - An Untenable Situation by K.Harvey Proctor, MP, and John R. Pinniger, MA, Policy Paper from the Monday Club's Immigration and Repatriation Policy Committee, October 1981
Race Relations & Immigration by K.Harvey Proctor, MP, and John R. Pinniger, MA, Policy Paper from the Monday Club's Immigration & Race Relations Committee, October 1982
1955 births
Living people
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Councillors in the London Borough of Lambeth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Pinniger |
Copnor is an area of Portsmouth, England, located on the eastern side of Portsea Island. The population of Copnor Ward at the 2011 Census was 13,608. As Copenore, it was one of the three villages listed as being on Portsea Island in the Domesday book.
In the late 19th, early 20th century the rapid expansion of Portsmouth saw the original village engulfed. The west of the district is now a predominantly residential area of 1930s housing. The east of the district is an industrial and commercial area.
It was originally intended to have a railway station; an intermediate station between and Portsmouth Town stations when the railway line opened. However, this never materialised, in spite of the large gap between stations, and the existence of a signalled level crossing for many years, replaced by a bridge in 1908. A road, "Station Road" was laid out, and still exists, however construction on the station never began.
Copnor's unbuilt railway station was also to have been the interchange station for the short-lived Southsea Railway (1885-1914), but the station was ultimately opened in 1885 at Fratton instead.
Portsmouth Airport was located in the north east of the district. After a number of accidents, the airport was closed in 1972. The land has subsequently been used for further commercial development and a housing development called Anchorage Park.
The area has been home to Admiral Lord Nelson School since the mid 1990s.
Not to be mistaken as a part of Hilsea, another Portsmouth district, Copnor Road passes through Hilsea as well as through Copnor itself. Copnor is one of the smaller districts of Portsmouth.
Churches
St Alban's Church was built in the area from 1913 to 1914. It was damaged by bombs in 1940 and was repaired in the 1950s. It is home to a 15th century font originally from St Mary's Church, Portsea. St Cuthberts was built a year later. It was bomb damaged in 1941 and again repaired in the 1950s. A stained glass window to a design by Osmund Caine was added in 1953 with a further two, also by Caine, added in 1959.
The Roman Catholic church of St Joseph was built in the area between 1913 and 1914.
Notable people
James Callaghan, who served as prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 until 1979 and was in parliament from 1945 until 1987, was born at 38 Funtington Road in Copnor on 27 March 1912. He lived there until around 1930, and at the time of his death in March 2005 was living in Ringmer, East Sussex.
References
Areas of Portsmouth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copnor |
Lehideux and Isorni v. France (case no. 55/1997/839/1045, application no. 24662/94, Publication 1998-VII, no. 92), was a case heard by the European Court of Human Rights on punishing statements praising collaborators. In a judgement handed down 23 September 1998, the court has held by fifteen votes against six that the conviction of applicants for their article in favour of Philippe Pétain was prescribed by law and pursued a legitimate aim, but wasn't necessary in a democratic society and therefore violated Article 10 (freedom of expression).
Besides, the court has ruled that the case "does not belong to the category of clearly established historical facts – such as the Holocaust – whose negation or revision would be removed from the protection of Article 10 by Article 17" (Para. 47). In doing so the court has ruled that the protections in Article 17, the prohibition of abuse of rights, could restrict the right of free speech granted under Article 10.
This ruling has had a direct influence on International treaty law. The "Additional Protocol to the Convention on cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems" requires participating States to criminalize the dissemination of racist and xenophobic material through computer systems, as well as of racist and xenophobic-motivated threats and insults. Article 8, Section 1 of the protocol specifically covers the denial of the Holocaust and other genocides recognised as such by other international courts set up since 1945 by relevant international legal instruments. The Council of Europe Explanatory Report of the protocol states "European Court of Human Rights has made it clear that the denial or revision of "clearly established historical facts – such as the Holocaust – [...] would be removed from the protection of Article 10 by Article 17" of the ECHR (see in this context the Lehideux and Isorni judgment of 23 September 1998)".
See also
Jacques Isorni
François Lehideux
Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain
Notes
References
Judgment
ECHR : Lehideux and Isorni v. France Publication : 1998-VII, no. 92 on the website of Netherlands Institute of Human Rights faculty of Law
Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights cases involving France
European Court of Human Rights cases decided by the Grand Chamber
Historical negationism
1998 in case law
Philippe Pétain
fr:Lehideux et Isorni c. France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehideux%20and%20Isorni%20v%20France |
Cape Alexander (, also Uvdlerssuak and Sarfalik; ) is a headland in the Baffin Bay, northwest Greenland, Avannaata municipality. It is one of the important landmarks of Greenland.
Geography
Cape Alexander is located in Prudhoe Land, at the western end of Hartstene Bay with the Dodge Glacier to the east and the Storm Glacier to the southeast. This headland is the westernmost point of the island of Greenland.
Sutherland Island (Tigssarfik) lies off the shore to the southeast. The small Carey Islands are located further to the west; among them Nordvestø (73°10'W), the westernmost point of Greenland as a territory.
See also
List of countries by westernmost point
References
Alexander | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Alexander%2C%20Greenland |
Quirinópolis is a municipality in south Goiás state, Brazil. It is a large producer of cattle and agricultural products.
Location
Quirinópolis is the seat of the Quirinópolis Microregion. It forms boundaries with Gouvelândia (west), Cachoeira Alta (east) and Paranaiguara (south). It is connected to the main regions of the country by GO-164, which connects to BR-452 and GO-206, which in turn connects to BR-384. It is 290 kilometers from the state capital, Goiânia and is connected by BR-060 / Abadia de Goiás / Guapó / Indiara / Acreúna / GO-164 / Santa Helena de Goiás. See Sepin
The Rio Preto, a tributary of the Paranaíba, flows through the city. The important reservoir of São Simão is located a short distance to the south. The reservoir forms the boundary of the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais.
Demographics
Population density in 2007: 10.07 inhabitants/km2
Population growth rate 1996–2007: 0.65.%
Total population in 2007: 38,064
Total population in 1980: 36,236
Urban population in 2007: 33,746
Rural population in 2007: 4,318
Population change: the population has increased by about 1,800 inhabitants since 1980.
The economy
The economy is based on agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries. Natural and artificial pastures make up most of the land, on which there is large-scale cattle raising for beef and milk. Quirinópolis is the third largest producer of beef in the state. There are also small industries in metallurgy, coffee processing, milk products, and soft drinks. There were 356,000 head of cattle in 2006, one of the largest in the state. Milk production is 130,000 liters a day, one of the largest in the state. See Prefeitura de Quirinópolis
Industrial establishments: 75
Retail commercial establishments: 413
Bank agencies: Banco do Brasil S.A. - BRADESCO S.A. - Banco Itaú S.A. - CEF - HSBC Bank Brasil S.A.-Banco Multiplo (August 2007)
Dairies: - - Coop. Mista de Produtos Rurais do Vale do Paranaíba Ltda. - Coop. dos Prod. Rurais de Quirinópolis e Região (22/05/2006)
Meat packing plant: Frigosuper Comércio de Carnes Ltda (22/05/2006)
Alcohol distillery: Usina São João
Main agricultural products in ha.(2006)
rice: 200
sugarcane: 9,000
manioc: 60
corn: 6,000
soybeans: 10,000
sorghum: 3,000
Farm Data (2006)in ha.
Number of farms: 1,274
Total area: 302,917
Area of permanent crops: n/a
Area of perennial crops: 31,052
Area of natural pasture: 205,075
Persons dependent on farming: 5,100
Farms with tractors: 397
Number of tractors: 620 IBGE
Education and Health
There were 29 schools including a campus of the State University of Goiás (1,369 students in 2003). The adult literacy rate was 87.1% (2000) (national average was 86.4%). There were 04 hospitals with 126 beds (2007). The infant mortality rate was 16.8 (2000) (national average was 33.0).
Municipal Human Development Index: 0.780 See Frigoletto
Tourism
The streets are lined with trees and there are many squares with flowers, lawns, and ornamental plants. The town has a small airfield, which is being expanded to make a regional airport. The historical space has been well preserved and there is a cultural center, the second largest in the state. In tourism Lago do Sol Poente is a lake that attracts many visitors who can practice jet ski and motocross. Cachoeira Sete Ilhas, in the Rio São Francisco, is a waterfall with seven islands that has exuberant tropical vegetation. There are many other small waterfalls, lakes, small beaches and natural swimming pools that make the region a sought-after tourist destination in the state.
History
The written European history of Quirinópolis begins in 1832 with the arrival of João Cristóstomo de Oliveira, who was from Minas Gerais. He took over a vast area of land and tried to keep anyone else from settling down. Nevertheless, some years later in 1860 a village was established with the name Abadia do Parnaíba. In 1879 the name was changed to Nossa Senhora da Abadia, later Rio Verde, and finally Quirinópolis honoring the builder of the first chapel, José Quirino Cardoso. In 1943 it became a municipality.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Sepin
External links
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirin%C3%B3polis |
Caledonian Railway Single No. 123 is a preserved Scottish steam locomotive. The unique 4-2-2 was built by Neilson and Company in 1886, works No. 3553, as an exhibition locomotive. In 1914 it was placed on the Caledonian Railway duplicate list, and renumbered 1123. It entered London, Midland and Scottish Railway service in 1923 and the LMS renumbered it 14010 and gave it the power classification 1P. During the 1920s it was allocated to working the directors' saloon, but it was returned to ordinary service in 1930. The locomotive was withdrawn in 1935, by which time it was the last single-wheeled express engine running in Britain, and set aside for preservation.
This engine could reach speeds of up to .
Restored to steam by British Railways in 1958, it ran railtours and enthusiast specials until the end of steam in Scotland.
History
No. 123 was designed by the Caledonian Railway's chief locomotive engineer Dugald Drummond in partnership with Neilson and Company which built the locomotive. The engine was a one-off design intended to represent both the railway and the builder at the International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art held in Edinburgh rather than to fulfill any specific need for such a locomotive by the Caledonian. At the time single-driver locomotives were out of favour with railway companies due to their limited grip, poor acceleration, limited hill-climbing ability and low tractive effort with increasingly-heavy trains. The few that remained in service were restricted to long runs on flat terrain with lightweight carriages. Drummond adapted No. 123's design from his recently introduced 66 Class 4-4-0 design (new examples of which were still being introduced to service when No. 123 was constructed). As locomotive superintendent of the Caledonian and designer of the 66 Class, protocol of the time dictated that Drummond was credited with the design of No. 123. However it is believed that William Weir (Drummond's chief draughtsman at the St. Rollox railway works) and Edward Snowball (Weir's counterpart at Neilson's) carried out the actual adaptation and design of the new Single. Drummond and the Caledonian also co-operated with another major Scottish locomotive builder, Dübs and Company, to produce a second engine for the same Exhibition. This resulted in Caledonian No. 124, a 4-4-0 which was, in essence, a more powerful 66 Class. Both engines were awarded gold medals for the Caledonian and their respective builders.
The 'Exhibition Engine' used the same boiler, cylinders and front bogie as the 66 Class but an enlarged single driving wheel of diameter and a single trailing axle. Drummond had already designed a sanding system for the 66 Class. Sand was stored in sandboxes incorporated into the splasher for each front driving wheel and sprayed onto the track ahead of the driving wheels by compressed air supplied from the main air reservoir for the locomotive's Westinghouse air brake system. This was more efficient and reliable than the previous sanding systems which relied purely on gravity; it allowed the driver to apply sand to the rails to greatly improve adhesion in difficult conditions. Such a system would overcome the primary drawback of the traditional 'single' locomotive - its poor adhesion, especially when starting away from rest with heavier trains - while retaining its ability to cover long distances at high speeds. The same system was therefore incorporated into No. 123. The year of the Caledonian Single's construction saw the invention of the steam sander by Francis Holt of the Midland Railway which in turn led to the introduction of the Midland's own 'Spinner' singles. The effectiveness of the sanding gear fitted to No. 123 and the Caledonian engine's strong performance coupled to the invention of Holt's steam sanding gear (which was more useful to the majority of British railway companies that used vacuum brakes rather than the Westinghouse system) led to a revival in the use of the 'single' for express passenger work in the late 19th century.
No. 123 became nationally famous during the Race to the North of August 1888 when the companies on the east- and west-coast main lines between London and Edinburgh competed to have the fastest times. During the month of the 'races', No. 123 was employed to work West Coast expresses on the Caledonian's section of the route between Carlisle and Edinburgh - a distance of including the climbs to Beattock Summit and Shotts Summit. With special trains consisting of only two or three carriages and with signalling paths cleared in advance No. 123 frequently averaged more than over the route and on one occasion completed the journey non-stop in 101 minutes - an average speed of which confirmed the locomotive's performance abilities. As the only Caledonian engine capable of maintaining such speeds and the only one of her type, No. 123 was also used consistently throughout the month of the Races, being used on the fast northbound express every day for four weeks, which also proved the locomotive's reliability.
Following its appearance at the 1886 exhibition the locomotive was retained for special duties by the Caledonian, being used for double heading express trains over Beattock Summit and working inspectors' and directors' trains with only one or two saloon carriages. She was also the Caledonian's favoured engine to act as pilot to the Royal Train which frequently used the Caledonian Main Line when transporting the royal family to and from Balmoral Castle. The Royal Train pilot ran light-engine 15 minutes ahead of the Royal Train itself, to warn of the train's approach and as a safety measure to ensure the line was clear and safe. Requiring high speeds and with no load, the Single was ideal for these duties.
In 1914, it was placed on the Caledonian Railway duplicate list and renumbered 1123. It entered London, Midland and Scottish Railway service in 1923 and the LMS renumbered it 14010 and gave it the power classification 1P. During the 1920s it was painted in LMS Maroon, and allocated to working the directors' saloon, but was returned to regular service on the Dundee to Perth mainline in 1930, painted LMS black. The locomotive was withdrawn in 1935, by which time it was the last single-wheeled express engine running in Britain, and set aside for preservation.
Restored to steam by British Railways in 1958, it ran railtours and enthusiast specials until the end of steam in Scotland. The engine is currently a static exhibit in the Riverside Museum in Pointhouse Place, Kelvinhaugh, Glasgow, to which it was moved when the former transport museum at Kelvinhall was closed.
Modelling
Tri-ang released a model of No.123 in the 1960s, in Caledonian livery and labelling. This model shared its chassis with the model of the Dean Single released at the same time, and was powered by its single driving wheel. Following the other styles of modelling at the time, the model was produced up until the 1970s. Later it was revived in the 1980s in LMS Crimson livery, and was subsequently released in a limited-edition pack in its Caledonian colors. In 2007, the locomotive was released in LMS Black livery, with DCC capability being added to allow the locomotive to fit the then current range. A train pack entitled 'The Last Single Wheeler' was introduced in 2010 featuring the locomotive in LMS Crimson livery again, with three LMS carriages of the time. London Road Models supply an etched kit for a 4mm model, which creates a model of 123 in its pre 1924 condition, when it was re-boilered by the LMS.
Preserved service log
15 September 1963 - The 'Scottish Belle' Railtour to Horsted Keynes and Brighton, 123 double-headed with preserved Drummond LSWR T9 class No. 30120
The Solway Ranger Railtour - 13 June 1964
See also
Locomotives of the Caledonian Railway
References
External links
Hornby's model of No.123, circa 1963
Hornby's model of No.14040, circa 1983
Hornby's 'The Last Single Wheeler' train pack, circa 2010
123
4-2-2 locomotives
Neilson locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1886
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Unique locomotives
Passenger locomotives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian%20Railway%20Single |
Ching Cheung Road (), part of the Route 7, is a dual carriageway in New Kowloon, Hong Kong linking Lung Cheung Road and Tai Po Road near Tai Wo Ping and Kwai Chung Road of Route 5 near Lai Chi Kok, varying between 2+2 lanes and 3+4 lanes for its length. This road was named in honour of Sir David Trench, the Governor of Hong Kong when it was finished, and the road's name was derived from the connection of his Chinese name () and the proverb “” (Jyutping: lun4 zi2 cing4 coeng4).
Kwun Tong (connected by Lung Cheung Road and Kwun Tong Road) in eastern New Kowloon was the main manufacturing centre of Hong Kong during the 1960s. To provide a more efficient link to the container terminals near Kwai Chung and other industrial areas in western New Kowloon, two roads were built along the hillside in the north of developed New Kowloon. Ching Cheung Road is the western section of the route.
In 1997 it was closed for three weeks because of a major landslip during the passage of Severe Tropical Storm Victor across the territory.
There are three major junctions on this road, namely Kwai Chung Road, Butterfly Valley and Tai Po Road. The stretch of the road between St Raphael's Catholic Cemetery and Lai Wan Road forms the boundary between Sham Shui Po and Kwai Chung districts.
See also
References
External links
Roads in New Kowloon
Route 7 (Hong Kong)
Viaducts in Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ching%20Cheung%20Road |
Buzy was a Japanese female pop music group, made up of members Nao Tōyama, Mayumi Niwa, Mao Miyazato, Yurisa Asama, Sachiko Iwanaga and Yumi Takeda. The group originally formed in 1998 as COLOR and consisted of Tōyama, Miyazato, Niwa, and Komugi Kadota, and released five singles and two albums between 1999 and 2001. As Buzy, they released their first single "Kujira" in 2004. They are well known for the song "Be Somewhere", used as the opening theme of the anime series Rockman EXE Stream, back in 2005. They also performed the opening theme song for Twin Spica, "Venus Say", a version of "Kujira" with different lyrics. The group's name stands for "Blend, Unique, Zipping, and You just wait." Many of their songs were written and composed by Porno Graffitti guitarist and lyricist Haruichi Shindō. Buzy disbanded in June 2006. Members Nao, Mayumi and Mao went on to form MANSAKU with former Boystyle members Kayoko and Yukina.
Members
(left in 2002)
Discography
Singles
2004.03.03 - ""
2004.07.07 - ""
2005.01.26 - "Be Somewhere"
2005.11.09 - ""
Albums
Buzy (January 25, 2006)
Kujira (鯨)
Hitori Ichizu (一人一途)
Your Love is My Love (あなたを愛す私を愛す)
Cosmos no Saku Koro ni (コスモスの咲く頃に)
Passion (パシオン)
Remake (リメイク)
Shiroi Jitensha (白い自転車)
Keep Silence
Be Somewhere
Rav & Business
Buzy
Ashita Hare Retara (アシタ晴レタラ)
[HIDDEN TRACK] >> [Annani Anoko no Koto wo Omotteru Yatsu wa Inakatta] ([あんなにあのコの事を想ってる奴はいなかった]) by NAO
External links
Official Web Site by Amuse
Japanese idol groups
Japanese girl groups
Japanese pop music groups
Musical groups established in 2004
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
2004 establishments in Japan
2006 disestablishments in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzy%20%28band%29 |
William Covell (died 1613) was an English clergyman and writer.
Life
He was born in Chadderton, Lancashire, England, and proceeded MA at Queens' College, Cambridge in 1588.
In the 1590s Covell took part in the controversy about how far the newly reformed Church of England should abandon the liturgy and hierarchy of the past, to which debate he contributed several broadly anti-puritan works. In his later career he allied himself with Archbishop John Whitgift and afterwards with his successor, Richard Bancroft, who, like Covell, was Lancashire-born.
William Covell died in 1613 at Mersham, Kent, where he was rector.
Works
Covell's interest to modern scholars now largely depends on one polemical work published in 1595, Polimanteia. In the course of this work, dedicated to the 2nd Earl of Essex, Covell briefly mentioned contemporary authors such as Thomas Nashe, Samuel Daniel and William Shakespeare.
Covell published in 1603 a religious volume which weighed in on the then-contemporary tension in the Church of England between tradition and puritanism.
References
Stephen Wright, ‘Covell, William (d. 1613)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
Notes
People from Chadderton
English Calvinist and Reformed ministers
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Year of birth unknown
16th-century births
1613 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
16th-century Anglican theologians
17th-century Anglican theologians
Clergy from Lancashire
17th-century English male writers
17th-century English writers
People from Mersham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Covell |
Kirillov () is a town and the administrative center of Kirillovsky District in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the shores of Lakes Siverskoye and Dolgoye, northwest of Vologda, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:
History
In the 13th century, the territory on which Kirillov now stands was a part of the Principality of Beloozero, which was taken over by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 14th century. In 1397, St. Cyril of White Lake, a monk and a disciple of St. Sergius of Radonezh, founded the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery on the shore of Lake Siverskoye. A monastic sloboda, from which the town later grew, developed around the monastery. The monastery was subordinate to Archbishops of Rostov. In the 15th–17th centuries, the monastery developed into one of the most influential monasteries in Russia. It also helped that the Sheksna River was one of the most heavily used waterways connecting central and northern Russia. At some point, the monastery was the second biggest landowner after the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius. Vasili III of Russia, the Grand Prince of Moscow, and Ivan the Terrible, the Tsar, visited the monastery on several occasions.
In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the territory was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate). In 1727, separate Novgorod Governorate was split off. The territory became a part of Charondsky Uyezd of Belozersk Province of Novgorod Governorate. In 1776, the territory was transferred to Novgorod Viceroyalty. At the same time, Kirillov was chartered and became the seat of Kirillovsky Uyezd. In 1796, the viceroyalty was abolished and the territory was transferred to Novgorod Governorate. Kirillovsky Uyezd was abolished as well; however, it was reestablished in 1802.
In June 1918, five uyezds of Novgorod Governorate, including Kirillovsky Uyezd, were split off to form Cherepovets Governorate, with the administrative center in Cherepovets. On August 1, 1927 Cherepovets Governorate was abolished and its territory became Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. At the same time, uyezds were abolished and Kirillovsky District was established. On September 23, 1937, Kirillovsky District was transferred to newly established Vologda Oblast.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kirillov serves as the administrative center of Kirillovsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Kirillovsky District as the town of district significance of Kirillov.
As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Kirillov, together with two rural localities in Sukhoverkhovsky Selsoviet of Kirillovsky District, is incorporated within Kirillovsky Municipal District as Kirillov Urban Settlement.
Economy
Industry
There are enterprises of timber industry and food industry.
Transportation
Kirillov is connected by all-seasonal roads with Vologda, Cherepovets, Belozersk, and Vytegra. There are also local roads.
The Volga–Baltic Waterway (formerly known as the Mariinsk Canal System), connecting the Rybinsk Reservoir in the basin of the Volga with Lake Onega in the basin of the Neva, runs several kilometers from Kirillov, following the course of the Sheksna River.
In the southern part of the town, one of the locks of the Northern Dvina Canal is located. The canal connects Lake Kubenskoye in the basin of the Northern Dvina with the Sheksna River, thus connecting the basins of the White Sea and the Volga. In the 19th century, the canal was the main waterway connecting the Volga with the White Sea. However, in the 1930s the White Sea – Baltic Canal was built and the Northern Dvina Canal lost its significance. The canal is still in operation, serving cargo traffic and occasional cruise ships moving from the Sheksna to Lake Kubenskoye.
Tourism
The economy of Kirillov is mainly tourist-oriented. Kirillov has been a tourist attraction since the Soviet times.
Culture and recreation
The Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, located in the town, is a fortified ensemble built in the 15th and the 16th centuries. It also hosts the Kirillo-Belozersky Museum of History, Art, and Architecture—an umbrella institution governing all museums in Kirillovsky District. The monastery has been designated as a cultural heritage monument of federal significance. Kirillov also preserved the historical center and the town hosts seventy-seven cultural heritage monuments, including buildings both in and outside of the monastery.
Notable people
Russian mathematician Dmitry Grave was born in Kirillov in 1863, although he spent his career elsewhere.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
History of the town's coats of arms
Travel guide to Kirillov
Cities and towns in Vologda Oblast
Populated places established in the 1390s
Kirillovsky Uyezd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirillov%20%28town%29 |
The Ames trapezoid or Ames window is an image on, for example, a flat piece of cardboard that seems to be a rectangular window but is, in fact, a trapezoid. Both sides of the piece of cardboard have the same image. The cardboard is hung vertically from a wire so it can rotate around continuously, or is attached to a vertical mechanically rotating axis for continuous rotation. When the rotation of the window is observed, the window appears to rotate through less than 180 degrees, though the exact amount of travel that is perceived varies with the dimensions of the trapezoid. It seems that the rotation stops momentarily and reverses its direction. It is therefore not perceived to be rotating continuously in one direction but instead is misperceived to be oscillating. This phenomenon was discovered by Adelbert Ames, Jr. in 1947.
Legacy
During the 1960s, the concept of "transactional ambiguity" was studied and promulgated by some psychologists based on the use of the Ames Window. This hypothesis held that a viewer's mental expectation or "set" could affect the actual perception of ambiguous stimuli, extending the long-held belief that mental set could affect one's feelings and conclusions about stimuli to the actual visual perception of the stimuli itself.
The Ames Window was used in experiments to test this hypothesis by having subjects look through a pinhole to view the rotating window with a grey wooden rod placed through one pane at an oblique angle. Subjects were divided into two experimental groups; one told that the rod was rubber and the other that it was steel. The hypothesis held that there should be a statistically significant difference between these two groups; the steel group more often seeing the rod cutting through the pane while the rubber group more often saw it as wrapping around it. These experiments were popular in university experimental psychology courses, with results sometimes supporting the hypothesis while other times not.
Although literature describing "transactional ambiguity" and the hypothesis of the perceptual effect of mental set has largely disappeared from the scene, it remains an interesting and provocative use of the visually ambiguous demonstrations for which Ames was well known, and if true provides additional scientific foundation for the "eye witness" phenomenon well known in law enforcement and research circles.
See also
Ames room
Anamorphosis
References
Sources
Behrens, R.R. (2009a). "Adelbert Ames II" entry in Camoupedia: A Compendium of Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage. Dysart IA: Bobolink Books, pp. 25–26. .
Behrens, R.R. (2009b). "Ames Demonstrations in Perception" in E. Bruce Goldstein, ed., Encyclopedia of Perception. Sage Publications, pp. 41–44. .
External links
Adelbert Ames, Fritz Heider and the Ames Chair Demonstration
Demonstration on The Curiosity Show
Explanation by YouTube Producer Derek Muller
Optical illusions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames%20window |
The Bristol Scout was a single-seat rotary-engined biplane originally designed as a racing aircraft. Like similar fast, light aircraft of the period it was used by the RNAS and the RFC as a "scout", or fast reconnaissance type. It was one of the first single-seaters to be used as a fighter aircraft, although it was not possible to fit it with an effective forward-firing armament until the first British-designed gun synchronizers became available later in 1916, by which time the Scout was obsolescent. Single-seat fighters continued to be called "scouts" in British usage into the early 1920s.
Design and development
The Bristol Scout was designed in the second half of 1913 by Frank Barnwell and Harry Busteed, Bristol's chief test pilot, who thought of building a small high-performance biplane while testing the Bristol X.3 seaplane, a project which had been designed by a separate secret design department headed by Barnwell. The design was initially given the works number SN.183, inherited from a cancelled design for the Italian government undertaken by Henri Coanda, the half-finished fuselage of which remained in the workshops and the drawings for the aircraft bore this number.
The design was an equal-span single-bay biplane with staggered parallel-chord wings with raked wingtips and ailerons fitted to the upper and lower wings, which were rigged with about half a degree of dihedral, making them look almost straight when viewed from the front. The wing section was one designed by Coanda which had been used for the wings of the Bristol Coanda Biplanes. The rectangular-section fuselage was an orthodox wire-braced wooden structure constructed from ash and spruce, with the forward section covered with aluminium sheeting and the rear section fabric covered. It was powered by an 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome Lambda rotary engine enclosed in a cowling that had no open frontal area, although the bottom was cut away to allow cooling air to get to the engine. It had a rectangular balanced rudder with no fixed fin and split elevators attached to a non-lifting horizontal stabiliser. The fixed horizontal tail surfaces were outlined in steel tube with wooden ribs and the elevators constructed entirely of steel tube.
The first flight was made at Larkhill on 23 February 1914 by Busteed and it was then exhibited at the March 1914 Aero Show at Olympia in London. After more flying at Larkhill the prototype, later referred to as the Scout A, was returned to the factory at Filton and fitted with larger wings, increasing the chord by six inches (15 cm) and the span from 22 ft (6.71 m) to 24 ft 7 in (7.49 m). These were rigged with an increased dihedral of °. Other changes included a larger rudder, a new open-fronted cowling with six external stiffening ribs distributed in symmetrically uneven angles around the cowl's sides (especially when seen from "nose-on") and fabric panel-covered wheels. It was evaluated by the British military on 14 May 1914 at Farnborough, when, flown by Busteed, the aircraft achieved an airspeed of 97.5 mph (157 km/h), with a stalling speed of 40 mph (64 km/h) The aircraft was then entered for the 1914 Aerial Derby but did not take part because the weather on the day of the race was so poor that Bristol did not wish to risk the aircraft. By this time two more examples (works nos. 229 and 230) were under construction and the prototype was sold to Lord Carbery for £400 without its engine. Carbery fitted it with an 80 hp Le Rhône 9C nine-cylinder rotary and entered it in the London–Manchester race held on 20 June but damaged the aircraft when landing at Castle Bromwich and had to withdraw. After repairs, including a modification of the undercarriage to widen the track, Carbury entered it in the London–Paris–London race held on 11 July but had to ditch the aircraft in the English Channel on the return leg; while in France, only one of the two fuel tanks had been filled by mistake. Carbury managed to land alongside a ship and escaped but the aircraft was lost.
Numbers 229 and 230, later designated the Scout B when Frank Barnwell retrospectively gave type numbers to early Bristol aircraft, were identical to the modified Scout A, except for having half-hoop-style underwing skids, what appear to be six stiffening ribs positioned around the engine cowl's exterior circumferential surface (also made with a larger circular front opening for engine cooling when compared to the Scout A) and an enlarged rudder. Completed shortly after the outbreak of war in August 1914, they were requisitioned by the War Office. Given Royal Flying Corps serial numbers 644 and 648, one was allocated to No. 3 Squadron and the other to No. 5 Squadron for evaluation. Number 644 was damaged beyond repair on 12 November 1914 in a crash landing.
Impressed by the performance of the aircraft, the War Office ordered twelve examples on 5 November and the Admiralty ordered a further 24 on 7 November. The production aircraft, later called the Scout C, differed from their predecessors mainly in constructional detail, although the cowling was replaced by one with a small frontal opening and no stiffening ribs, the top decking in front of the cockpit had a deeper curve and the aluminium covering of the fuselage sides extended only as far as the forward centre-section struts, aft of which the decking was plywood.
Operational history
The period of service of the Bristol Scout (1914–1916) marked the genesis of the fighter aircraft as a distinct type and many of the earliest attempts to arm British tractor configuration aircraft with forward-firing guns were tested in action using Bristol Scouts. These began with the arming of the second Scout B, RFC number 648, with two rifles, one each side, aimed outwards and forwards to clear the propeller arc.
Two of the Royal Flying Corps' early Bristol Scout C aircraft, numbers 1609 and 1611, flown by Captain Lanoe Hawker with No. 6 Squadron RFC, were each, in their turn – as 1609 was written off from combat damage, 1611 received its gun mount hardware as its replacement—armed with a Lewis machine gun on the left side of the fuselage, almost identical to the manner of the rifles tried on the second Scout B, using a mount that Hawker had designed. When Hawker downed two German aircraft and forced off a third on 25 July 1915 over Passchendaele and Zillebeke he was awarded the first-ever Victoria Cross for the actions of a British single-seat military scout/fighter pilot in aerial combat against an enemy's heavier-than-air aircraft, following the earlier VC awards to William Rhodes-Moorhouse (flying a B.E.2 two-seat observation biplane) and Reginald Warneford (flying against an enemy Zeppelin) in April and June 1915 respectively.
Some of the 24 initial production Scout Cs for the RNAS, were armed with one (or occasionally two) Lewis machine guns, sometimes with the Lewis gun mounted on top of the upper wing centre section in the manner of the Nieuport 11; more common was a very dubious choice of placement by some RNAS pilots, in mounting the Lewis gun on the forward fuselage of their Scout Cs, just as if it were a synchronized weapon, firing directly forward and through the propeller arc, an action likely to result in serious damage to the propeller. The type of bullet-deflecting wedges that Roland Garros had tried on his Morane-Saulnier Type N monoplane were also tried on one of the RFC's last Scout Cs, No. 5303 but since this seemed to have also required the use of the Morane Type N's immense "casserole" spinner, which almost totally blocked cooling air from reaching the engine, the deflecting-wedge method was not pursued further with Bristol Scouts.
An RNAS Scout was the first landplane to be flown from a ship, when Flt. Lt. H. F. Towler flew No. 1255 from the flying deck of the seaplane carrier HMS Vindex on 3 November 1915. As an attempted defence against German airships, some RNAS Scout Ds were equipped with Ranken Darts, a flechette with 1 lb (0.45 kg) of explosive per projectile, released from a pair of vertical cylindrical containers under the pilot's seat, each containing 24 darts. On 2 August 1916, Flt. Lt. C. T. Freeman flew a Scout from the deck of Vindex and attacked Zeppelin L 17 with Ranken Darts. None of the darts did any damage to the Zeppelin, and since Freeman's aircraft could not land on the Vindex and was too far from land for a safe return, he had to ditch his Scout C after the attack.
In March 1916, RFC Scout C No.5313 was fitted with a Vickers machine gun, synchronised to fire through the propeller by the awkward Vickers-Challenger synchronising gear, the only gear available to the RFC at that time. Six other Scouts, late Scout Cs and early Scout Ds, were also fitted with the same combination. Types using this gear (including the B.E.12, the R.E.8 and the Vickers F.B.19) all had the gun mounted on the port side of the fuselage. The attempt to use the gear for synchronising a centrally mounted gun on the Bristol Scout failed and tests, which continued at least until May 1916, resulted in the abandonment of the idea and no Vickers-armed Bristol Scouts were used in operations.
None of the RFC or RNAS squadrons operating the Bristol Scout were exclusively equipped with this aircraft and by the end of the summer of 1916, no new Bristol Scout aircraft were being supplied to the British squadrons of either service, the early fighter squadrons in RFC service being equipped instead with the Airco DH.2 single-seat Pusher configuration fighter. A small number of Bristol Scouts were sent to the Middle East (in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Palestine) in 1916. Others served in Macedonia and with the RNAS in the Eastern Mediterranean. The last known Bristol Scout in military service was the former RNAS Scout D No. 8978 in Australia, which was based at Point Cook, near Melbourne, as late as October 1926.
Once the Bristol Scouts were no longer required for frontline service they were reallocated to training units, although many were retained by senior officers as personal "runabouts".
No. 5570 survived the war and went into private ownership, eventually being scrapped in 1933.
Variants
Scout A
The single prototype aircraft.
Scout B
Two manufactured, identical to the modified Scout A except for having half-hoop-style underwing skids and an enlarged rudder.
Type 1 Scout C
Similar to the previous Scout B. These early Scout Cs, in a total run of 36 aircraft — twelve for the Royal Flying Corps, and 24 for the RNAS — also had their main oil tank moved to a position directly behind the pilot's shoulders, requiring a raised rear dorsal fairing immediately behind the pilot's seat to accommodate it. These aircraft used a small-central opening, "dome-fronted" cowl that were only intended for use with the 80 hp Gnome Lambda seven cylinder rotary engine, curiously the rotary engine choice the Royal Naval Air Service favored.
Following the initial run of 36 Scout C airframes, later Scout C production batches, consisting of 50 aircraft built for the RNAS and 75 for the RFC, changed the cowl to a flat-fronted shorter-depth version able to house either the Gnome Lambda rotary, or the alternate choice of a nine-cylinder 80 hp Le Rhône 9C rotary engine when the Gnome Lambda was not used, and moved the oil tank forward to a position in front of the pilot for better weight distribution and more reliable engine operation. The later, relatively "flat"-fronted cowl for the remaining Scout C aircraft still had the small opening of the domed unit, with both cowl designs having a circumferential slot-style cutaway made at mid-cowl depth of about one-sixth the circumference, to the lowest perimeter of the cowl to increase the cooling effect, and to allow any unburned fuel/oil mix to drain away. A total of some 161 Scout C airframes were produced for the British military as a whole, with the transition to the Scout D standard taking place in a gradual progression of feature changes.
Types 2, 3, 4 and 5 Scout D
The last, and most numerous production version, the Scout D, gradually came about as the result of a series of further improvements to the Scout C design. One of the earliest changes appeared on seventeen of the 75 naval Scout Cs with an increase in the wing dihedral angle from ° to 3° and other aircraft in the 75 aircraft naval production run introduced a larger-span set of horizontal tail surfaces and a broadened-chord rudder, shorter-span ailerons and a large front opening for the cowl, much like that of Scout B but made without the external stiffening ribs instead.
The newer cowl was sometimes modified with a blister on the starboard lower side for more efficient exhaust-gas scavenging, as it was meant to house the eventual choice of the more powerful, nine-cylinder 100 hp Gnôme Monosoupape B2 rotary engine in later production batches, to improve the Scout D's performance. Some 210 examples of the Scout D version were produced, with 80 of these being ordered by the RNAS and the other 130 being ordered by the Royal Flying Corps.
Other variants
S.2A : Two-seat fighter version of the Scout D. Two were built as advanced training aircraft.
Operators
Royal Flying Corps
No. 1 Squadron RFC
No. 2 Squadron RFC
No. 3 Squadron RFC
No. 4 Squadron RFC
No. 5 Squadron RFC
No. 6 Squadron RFC
No. 7 Squadron RFC
No. 8 Squadron RFC
No. 9 Squadron RFC
No. 10 Squadron RFC
No. 11 Squadron RFC
No. 12 Squadron RFC
No. 13 Squadron RFC
No. 14 Squadron RFC
No. 15 Squadron RFC
No. 16 Squadron RFC
No. 17 Squadron RFC
No. 18 Squadron RFC
No. 21 Squadron RFC
No. 24 Squadron RFC
No. 25 Squadron RFC
No. 30 Squadron RFC
No. 36 Squadron RFC
No. 47 Squadron RFC
No. 63 Squadron RFC
No. 65 Squadron RAF
No. 111 Squadron RFC
Royal Naval Air Service
Australian Flying Corps
No. 1 Squadron AFC in Egypt and Palestine.
No. 6 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom.
Central Flying School AFC at Point Cook, Victoria.
Hellenic Navy
Ottoman air force operated a number of captured Bristol scouts.
Surviving aircraft and reproductions
Two notable reproductions of the Bristol Scout have been built for flight – Leo Opdycke, the founder of the World War I AERO quarterly publication, started building a reproduction Scout D in 1962 in New York State, meant to be powered with a Le Rhône 9C 80 hp rotary engine. The aircraft slowly took form at his home, then in Poughkeepsie, New York, through the early 1980s, when it was completed, then brought to the nearby Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome and flown once there successfully, ending in a slight mishap without injury. The uncovered complete airframe, with engine, is today on display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovilton, UK.
The other is a reproduction Bristol Scout C, a reproduction of No. 1264, one of the first 24 Scout Cs built for the RNAS, but using the preserved joystick, rudder bar and still-functional Bosch starting magneto from the original No. 1264 aircraft. David and Richard Bremner of the UK, grandchildren of the original pilot of No. 1264, wanted to create an airworthy tribute to their grandfather, RNAS pilot Francis Donald Holden Bremner, in 2002 using the artifacts of their grandfather's original. Research started in 2002, with construction of the airframe starting in 2008. The first flight of the reproduction, powered likewise to Opdycke's earlier reproduction project with a Le Rhône 9C rotary, occurred on 9 July 2015, with a visit to the area around Gallipoli where their grandfather's aircraft was based from December 1915 to August 1916 to fly the reproduction where their grandfather's original Scout C flew against the Central Powers.
A third full size replica aircraft is a reproduction of Scout D No. A1742 at the Aerospace Bristol museum at the former Filton Aerodrome.
Specifications (Bristol Scout D)
See also
References
Bibliography
Barnes, C. H. Bristol Aircraft since 1910. London: Putnam, 1964.
Barnes, C. H. Bristol Aircraft since 1910. (second ed.) London: Putnam, 1970.
Bruce, J. M. The Bristol Scouts (Windsock Datafile No.44). Berkhamsted, Herts, UK: Albatros, 1994. .
Shores, Christopher and Rolfe, Mark. British and Empire Aces of World War 1. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2001. .
Thomas, Andrew. "In the Footsteps of Daedulus: Early Greek Naval Aviation". Air Enthusiast, No. 94, July–August 2001, pp. 8–9.
External links
The Bristol Scout By Chris Banyai-Riepl
Bristol Scout: Rebuilding Granddad's Aircraft (No. 1264 of the RNAS)
Interview with David Bremner, and the airworthy No. 1264 Scout C
1910s British fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Rotary-engined aircraft
Scout
Aircraft first flown in 1914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol%20Scout |
The 1904–05 season was the tenth competitive season in Belgian football.
Overview
Only one official division existed at the time. It was called Division I. The season was not completed.
Athletic and Running Club de Bruxelles withdrew at the end of the season.
National team
Belgium won its first official game against France on 7 May 1905.
* Belgium score given first
Key
H = Home match
A = Away match
F = Friendly
o.g. = own goal
Honour
League standings
External links
RSSSF archive - Final tables 1895-2002
Belgian clubs history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904%E2%80%9305%20in%20Belgian%20football |
Labib Habachi (لبيب حبشي; April 18, 1906 – February 18, 1984) was a Coptic Egyptian egyptologist.
Dr Habachi spent 30 years in the Antiquities Department of the Egyptian Government, ending his career as Chief inspector. During this period he spent an enormous amount of time in numerous dig sites in Egypt and the Sudan. He left government work to accept a position at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago as an Archaeological Consultant to its Nubian Expedition.
Tell el-Dab'a
Between 1929 and 1939, Pierre Montet excavated at Tanis, finding the royal necropolis of the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Dynasties — the finds there almost equalled that of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings. He believed that he found the location of Avaris, and this opinion was widely accepted at the time.
Yet Habachi was not convinced. In 1941-42 he worked at Tell el-Dab'a for the Egyptian Antiquities Service and came to the conclusion that this was in fact Avaris.
Works (selection)
"Khata'na-Qantir: importance". Annales du Service des antiquités de l'Egypte, Vol. LII,1 (1952), p. 443-562
Tell Basta. SASAE, cahier 22. Cairo, 1957
with Henry Riad: Aswan: the town with a glorious past and a promising future. Cairo, 1959
Features of the deification of Ramesses II. ADAIK, Vol. 5. Glückstadt, 1969
The second Stela of Kamose and his struggle against the Hyksos ruler and his capital. ADAIK, Vol. 8. Glückstadt, 1972
The Obelisks of Egypt: Skyscrapers of the Past. Scribner's Sons, 1977
with Pierre Anus: Le tombeau de Naÿ à Gournet Marʻeï (no. 271). Cairo, 1977
Sixteen studies on lower Nubia. SASAE, cahier 23. Cairo, 1981
Elephantine IV. The sanctuary of Heqaib (2 vols.). ADAIK, Vol. 33. Mainz, 1985
Studies on the Middle Kingdom. Studia Aegyptiaca, Vol. 10. Budapest, 1987
with Zakī Tāwaḍrūs: في صحراء العرب والأديرة الشرقية. الحلقة الأولى. في الآثار الشرقية / تأليف لبيب حبشي، زكي تاوضروس (Fī ṣaḥrāʼ al-ʻArab wa-al-adyirah al-sharqīyah: al-ḥalqah al-úlá fī al-āthār al-Qibṭīyah). Maktabat Madbūlī (Cairo), 1993
Full bibliography in J. Kamil, Labib Habachi.
Decorations and awards
1953 Member of the German Archaeological Institute
1964 Member of the Institut d'Égypte
1965 the Egyptology Institute of Charles University in Prague
1983 Honorary Member of the Société Française d'Egypte.
Egyptian state award and a medal for the first class in the humanities and natural sciences,
1959 Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
1973 Order of Merit of the Legion of Honour (France)
1980 Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
1966 Honorary doctorate from New York University
1978 Honorary President of the International Association of Coptic Studies
1981 recipient of Festschrift (MDAIK 37), presented at the German Archaeological Institute
Notes
References
Jill Kamil, Labib Habachi: The Life and legacy of an Egyptologist. American University in Cairo Press, 2007.
1906 births
1984 deaths
People from Mansoura, Egypt
Egyptian Egyptologists
Egyptian Copts
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labib%20Habachi |
, better known by his stage name Tama or is a Japanese musician, lyricist and composer from Innoshima and a bass guitarist of Porno Graffitti in September 1999. After leaving the band in June 2004, he released the album Great Pleasure in December 2005.
Profile
Main use bass guitars:
Fender Customshop Custom Jazz Bass built by Mark Kendrick
Fender Jazz Bass ’63
Fender Jazz Bass ’74
Fender Jazz Bass Tama ver.
Discography
Singles
Metal Cool (November 1, 2006)
Honnou (June 23, 2007)
LOUD (January 23, 2008)
Albums
Great Pleasure (December 21, 2005)
Break it now feat. E.P.E
Drift
(Everywhere) ウィーゴー!!! ((Everywhere) We Go!!!)
Fuzz Butterfly feat. azumi
our Sin
Macaroni (wes)
Smoky
Cannonball train
Desert Moon
3rd クライシス (3rd Crisis)
Break it now (Melody Track)
Fuzz Butterfly (Melody Track)
See also
An Music School
External links
Official Website by SME Records
1974 births
Japanese rock bass guitarists
Japanese composers
Japanese male composers
Japanese multi-instrumentalists
Living people
Musicians from Hiroshima Prefecture
Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists
Male bass guitarists
21st-century bass guitarists
21st-century Japanese male musicians
People from Onomichi, Hiroshima | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masami%20Shiratama |
Toby Dawson (; Kim Soo-cheol; born Kim Bong-seok; ; May 4, 1979) is an American retired mogul skier. He won a bronze medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Dawson is a featured athlete on the sports medicine show Athlete 360. He is currently a coach for the Korean national freestyle skiing team.
Early life
Dawson was born in Busan, South Korea as Kim Bong-seok. When he was three, then-Kim Bong-seok was at a crowded Jungang market in Beomil-dong, Dong-gu, Busan with his mother and went missing. His father went through many orphanages in the area for days, and his son was nowhere to be found. A couple from Vail, Colorado, who were ski instructors, adopted Kim Bong-seok and he was renamed Toby Dawson.
Reunion with biological parents
A man from Busan, Kim Jae-su (Korean: 김재수), saw Dawson's image in the media; Kim had a missing son of Dawson's age, a DNA test has proven that Jae-su is indeed Dawson's biological father. Dawson and Kim met in Seoul for the first time on Wednesday, February 28, 2007, along with Kim's younger son. Dawson has stated his intent to start a foundation, named after his birth name, to prevent such cases in the future.
After the reunion, Kim, Dawson, and his biological younger brother had lunch.
Dawson met his biological mother on Friday, November 2, 2012 in Busan, South Korea, according to his Twitter, with his biological father and brother.
He is a PR ambassador for Korea National Tourism Organization and the 2014, 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Winter Games Bid Committee.
Personal life
Dawson married Leah Halmi on March 14, 2007 in Palm Springs, California. They held a second wedding ceremony on May 24, 2007, in Busan, South Korea. Dawson and his wife were featured on the WE TV show "Platinum Weddings" which premiered on June 24, 2007. The couple wrote a book together, called Twenty-Two Years for Twenty-Two Seconds. They divorced in 2009. On September 14, 2013, Dawson married Kim Yeon-ji, a former member of the South Korean national taekwondo team in Seoul. Kim won the World Taekwondo Championships twice in 2001 and 2003.
References
External links
Toby Dawson's U.S. Olympic Team bio (with two photo galleries)
Korean Claims to Be Biological Father of US Olympic Medalist
1978 births
Living people
American adoptees
South Korean adoptees
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in freestyle skiing
American male freestyle skiers
Olympic freestyle skiers for the United States
People from Vail, Colorado
South Korean emigrants to the United States
American sportspeople of Korean descent
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby%20Dawson |
Wolstenholme Fjord () is a fjord in Avannaata municipality, Northwest Greenland. It is located to the north of the Thule Air Base and adjacent to the abandoned Inuit settlement of Narsaarsuk.
The area was contaminated in 1968 with plutonium and other radioactive elements following a B-52 bomber crash.
Geography
Wolstenholme Fjord is located in the stretch of coast between Cape York and Cape Alexander. Together with the Inglefield Gulf it is one of the two main indentations in the area.
Saunders Island, Wolstenholme Island and the Bylot Sound lie at the mouth of the Fjord in North Star Bay. Further to the west on the northern shore lies the Granville Fjord.
The fjord's waters are fed by four large glaciers: the Salisbury Glacier, the Chamberlin Glacier, the Knud Rasmussen Glacier, and the Harald Moltke Glacier.
See also
List of fjords of Greenland
Saunders Island, Greenland
Further reading
Svend Funder, Late Quaternary Stratigraphy and Glaciology in the Thule Area, Northwest Greenland
United States. Defense Mapping Agency, United States. Naval Oceanographic Office, Sailing Directions for West Coast of Greenland, Volumes 16-968, PP 338 - 339
Steven J. Mock, Fluctuations of the terminus of the Moltke Glacier, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.), P 2
References
Fjords of Greenland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolstenholme%20Fjord |
York Street, also known as The Jakemans Stadium for sponsorship purposes, is a football stadium in Boston, England, and was the former home of Boston United. Originally called Shodfriars Lane, football was first played on the site since the late 19th century by a variety of Boston teams, but it was only used by Boston United since 1933. In the late 1970s the ground was rebuilt. Although the ground currently had a maximum capacity of 6,643, the record crowd was 11,000 against Derby County. 10 further attendances of more than 8,000 are on record. Boston United left the York Street ground at the end of the 2019/20 season. In August 2021 Railway Athletic FC moved into the stadium.
History
The ground has stood in the centre of the town of Boston since the 19th century, and has been given a variety of names since its construction. For 40 years before York Street's current tenants, Boston United were founded it was known as 'Main Ridge'.
In the mid-1950s the York Street Stand was built, and the ground's first floodlights were installed. These were first played under in 1955, when over 9,000 fans watched Boston's first floodlit game against Corby Town. The new floodlights, erected in each of the four corners of the ground, allowed the Pilgrims to play in various floodlit competitions.
In 1977 York Street failed an inspection for league grading, leading to local fundraising in 1978 which resulted in new terracing, stands, floodlights, toilets, turnstiles and snack bars.
In March 2009 Boston United F.C. announced that the ground had been renamed to 'The Jakemans Stadium', following a sponsorship deal with Sutterton-based Jakemans Confectioners
In August 2021, it was announced that Railway Athletic FC of the Boston & District League would begin playing matches at York Street.
Stands
Fantasy Island Stand
The Fantasy Island Stand is situated to the north of the pitch. It was entered through turnstiles 1 and 2 and has an all seated capacity of 1,323. It also held the Directors' seating and dugouts.
Benton Brothers York Street Stand
The Benton Brothers York Street Stand is situated to the east of the pitch. The right-hand side of this stand was reserved for away supporters, who were accommodated by flat terracing as well as the benches above. Entry for this section was through turnstiles 3 and 4. Home supporters accessed the stand through turnstiles 5 and 6. It is an unusual stand with both terracing near the pitch and seating above and behind. Its capacity is 1,435 with 503 seated. The players' changing rooms, tunnel, boardroom, medical centre and pressbox were housed here.
Spayne Road Terrace
The Spayne Road Terrace is situated to the south of the pitch. Turnstiles 5 and 6 were used for entry. It is a low terrace running the full length of the pitch with a capacity of 2,064.
The Jakemans Stand
The Town End Terrace is situated to the west of the pitch. Formerly reserved for away fans, it was allocated as a home stand. Supporters entered through turnstiles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. It has a maximum capacity of 1,821.
Ground grading
The ground has a Grade A certificate, meaning that it fulfils the Football League ground requirements. For this, the club had to install temporary seats in the centre of the Benton Brothers York Street End during their spell in the Football League, according to former Chairman Jon Sotnick. The ground's Grade A status meant that all matches held there had to be segregated.
Lease
The ground was rented from the Malkinson family. The land could not developed before the lease ends, unless Boston United no longer existed or had found an alternative home. The land is owned by the Malkinson family, however the stands are owned by Boston United.
Other uses
The ground has been used for a variety of other purposes besides football matches. It is also currently used as the club's offices, and the Supporters' Trust hold meetings in its Boardroom. Public meetings have been held inside the ground, as have Community Days and fireworks displays.
'The Boston United Sports Bar' is located in the ground's car park. In March 2009 the club took over the running of the bar, which has provision for drinks, pool, and television.
York Street held its most recent international match on 5 March 2009. England Under-18 Schoolboys beat Wales Under-18 Schoolboys 3–0, with a pre-match Japanese drum display and half-time cheer-leading routine taking place on the pitch.
Greyhound racing
Independent (unaffiliated to a governing body) greyhound racing took place around the pitch at Shodfriars Lane from 1932 until 1939. The company responsible for bringing greyhounds to the stadium were called the Boston Greyhound Racing Club. The first meeting was held on Wednesday 25 May 1932 and was attended by over 1,000.
Due to the outbreak of war the track was forced to close and never re-opened.
Transport
Boston is the nearest railway station to the ground; it is less than away and sign posted throughout the town.
Road travel to the ground from outside the area is by the A1 and the A17 Sleaford to Boston road. From the town access to York Street is along John Adams Way and Main Ridge. The ground's car park is for permit holders only. Public parking is on the surrounding roads or at an NCP car park off John Adams Way.
References
Boston United F.C.
Football venues in England
Sports venues in Lincolnshire
Sports venues completed in 1933
English Football League venues
Defunct greyhound racing venues in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Boston, Lincolnshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York%20Street |
Bindoon is a town from Perth city on the Great Northern Highway within the Shire of Chittering. The name Bindoon is thought to be Aboriginal in origin and to mean "place where the yams grow". The name has been in use in the area since 1843 when an early settler, William Brockman, named the property he had surveyed as Bindoon. The townsite was gazetted in 1953.
Christian Brothers' school
The locality is most notable for the extensive campus of the Christian Brothers boarding school, known as Bindoon. The school is now called Edmund Rice College. It was previously Catholic Agricultural College at Bindoon. Before that it was called Keaney College, named in honour of its former principal Br. Paul Francis Keaney, who used young child migrants as forced labour to construct the college's huge stone building. Historically, the school was called Bindoon Boys Town, which started in 1938. The name was changed after revelations of institutionalised cruelty to Australian and migrant children. A series of inquiries, as well as the research of Margaret Humphreys, found that systemic sexual, physical and emotional abuse was perpetrated at the school. In one instance, a priest used a bullet attached to a stick to penetrate students as a form of punishment.
In 1989, Senator Jean Jenkins, the Australian Democrats senator for Western Australia, raised the issue in the nation's Senate on behalf of the Child Migrant Friendship Society of Western Australia and a number of individual former child migrants who had asked for her support.
In 1994, the Parliament of Western Australia was presented a petition with 30,000 signatures which demanded an inquiry into the sexual and physical assaults that took place in Bindoon. Other institutions run by the Christian Brothers in Castledare, Clontarf and Tardun were also named in the petition. The child abuse that took place at Bindoon is alluded to in the 2011 film Oranges and Sunshine, which portrays the dedication of British social worker Margaret Humphreys in seeking justice for child migrants.
In December 2014, a royal commission found that "Christian Brothers leaders knew of allegations of sexual abuse of children at four WA orphanages, including Bindoon, and failed to manage the homes to prevent the systemic ill-treatment for decades." It also found that the institution was concerned by the cost of legal proceedings, and "there was no sentiment of recognising the suffering of the survivors."
SAS facility
The majority of training and selection for the Australian Special Air Service Regiment takes place at Bindoon. Some of the facilities include live-firing ranges and the Brigade Special Training Facilities (military operations in urban terrain).
Annual events
Bindoon annually hosts the Bindoon and Districts Agricultural Show. The districts covered are Bindoon, Chittering, Gingin, Bullsbrook among others. The show features cattle, poultry, fruit and vegetable exhibition and competition, horses in action, floriculture, cookery, art, general crafts, needlecrafts, photography, amateur wine making and home brewing, home produce, children's exhibition and pet parades.
An annual Bindoon Rock Festival was held in the 1980s and 1990s.
2013 fire
A bushfire was started by lightning near the town in 2013 and burnt over of farmland and bushland. The fire threatened homes, and over 100 residents were evacuated to a centre in Muchea.
References
Towns in Western Australia
Darling Range
Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindoon%2C%20Western%20Australia |
The Salisbury Glacier () is a glacier in Greenland.
Geography
This glacier is located in the far northwest of Greenland, to the north of the Thule Air Base. It is one of four large glaciers which feeds the Wolstenholme Fjord (sometimes referred to as "the world's largest ice machine"). The other glaciers are the Chamberlin Glacier, the Knud Rasmussen Glacier, and the Harald Moltke Glacier. The Salisbury Glacier is over in length and is approximately in width.
See also
List of glaciers in Greenland
References
Glaciers of Greenland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury%20Glacier |
The Chamberlin Glacier is located in the far northwest of Greenland, to the north of the Thule Air Base. It is one of four large glaciers which feeds the Wolstenholme Fjord. The other glaciers are the Salisbury Glacier, the Knud Rasmussen Glacier, and the Harald Moltke Glacier. The Chamberlin Glacier is the longest of the four glaciers (over in length) and is approximately in width.
See also
List of glaciers in Greenland
Further reading
Steven J. Mock, Fluctuations of the terminus of the Moltke Glacier, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.), P 2
Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring, ANNUAL REPORT CARDS 2018
References
Glaciers of Greenland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlin%20Glacier%20%28Greenland%29 |
The Knud Rasmussen Glacier is located in the far northwest of Greenland, to the north of the Thule Air Base. It is one of four large glaciers which feeds the Wolstenholme Fjord (sometimes referred to as "the world's largest ice machine"). The other glaciers are the Salisbury Glacier, the Chamberlin Glacier, and the Harald Moltke Glacier. The Knud Rasmussen Glacier is over in length and is approximately in width.
See also
List of glaciers in Greenland
References
Glaciers of Greenland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud%20Rasmussen%20Glacier |
The Harald Moltke Glacier () is a glacier in Greenland.
Geography
The Harald Moltke Glacier is located in the far northwest of Greenland, to the north of the Thule Air Base. It is one of four large glaciers which feeds the Wolstenholme Fjord (sometimes referred to as "the world's largest ice machine"). The other glaciers are the Salisbury Glacier, the Chamberlin Glacier, and the Knud Rasmussen Glacier. The Harald Moltke Glacier is over in length and is approximately in width.
See also
List of glaciers in Greenland
References
Glaciers of Greenland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald%20Moltke%20Glacier |
Edwin Durwood Merrill (March 12, 1938 – January 11, 2003) was an American umpire in Major League Baseball (MLB) who worked in the American League for 23 seasons (1977–1999).
Merrill was born in Cloud Chief, Oklahoma. In 1998 he wrote a collection of his experiences called You're Out and You're Ugly, Too!.
Career
Merrill served as football coach and athletic director at Hooks High School in Hooks, Texas in the 1960s. In 1970, he coached the minor-league Texarkana Titans of the Texas Football League, leading them to a 7-3 record and a playoff appearance. The following year, the Titans played in the re-branded Trans-America Football League, but he coached only one game before quitting. In 1972, Merrill decided to try a new sport: baseball. He attended the Bill Kinnamon umpiring school; among his classmates that year were future MLB umpires Ed Montague, Dallas Parks and Steve Palermo. He graduated third in his class and was immediately assigned to the Class-A California League for the 1972 season. He quickly worked his way through the minors, officiating in the Double-A Texas League in 1973 and the Triple-A American Association in 1974, 1975 and 1976, when he also was a fill-in in the American League.
Merrill umpired in the 1988 World Series, as well as American League Championship Series in 1981, 1983, 1987, 1992 and 1997. Merrill was behind the plate in Game 2 of the 1983 ALCS when Mike Boddicker tied an LCS record with 14 strikeouts, and Game 2 of the 1988 World Series, when Orel Hershiser of the Los Angeles Dodgers fired a three-hit, 6–0 shutout vs. the Oakland Athletics, led by "Bash Brothers" Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire.
He also officiated in the 1984 and 1995 All-Star Games, calling balls and strikes in the latter, and in the Division Series in 1996, 1998 and 1999. Merrill also called balls and strikes for Jack Morris' no-hitter on April 7, 1984, and was the first base umpire for Nolan Ryan's sixth no-hitter on June 11, 1990.
In Game 4 of the 1997 American League Championship Series, on a wild pitch with runners dashing around the bases, when Merrill gestured to where the ball was, Fox color commentator Tim McCarver sarcastically commented that "maybe he was trying to tell himself where the ball is!" Merrill heard about that, took offense to it, and fired back in his autobiography that he was letting the other umpires know that the situation was under control.
Merrill wore number 33 starting in 1980 when the AL adopted uniform numbers. He came into the AL in 1977, the year that the league made all new umpires on staff wear the inside chest protector, which had been standard in the NL for over 60 years. Merrill had one of the largest strike zones in baseball, and was easily recognizable when calling balls and strikes, as he crouched directly behind the catcher and often extended his arms far in front of him. Most home plate umpires work in the "slot", which is to the inside shoulder of the catcher (the left shoulder for a right-handed batter and the right shoulder for a left-handed batter).
Memorabilia collection
Merrill amassed a large memorabilia collection consisting of signed baseballs, game used jerseys and bats from MLB players. He displayed his collection over the years for the benefit of his charitable efforts of various causes. The collection not only consisted of items he obtained, but he was also entrusted with many items from former umpire Shag Crawford.
Death
Merrill suffered a heart attack in early January 2003, and died a few days later in Texarkana, Texas, at age 64. His family sued several doctors, nurses and Christus St. Michael Health Care Center after his death, alleging medical malpractice.
See also
List of Major League Baseball umpires
References
Further reading
Texas Baseball Hall of Fame induction via Wayback Machine
World Umpires Association report on Durwood Merrill's death via Wayback Machine
External links
Retrosheet
1938 births
2003 deaths
American League umpires
Continental Football League coaches
Major League Baseball umpires
High school football coaches in Texas
People from Hooks, Texas
People from Texarkana, Texas
People from Washita County, Oklahoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durwood%20Merrill |
The Emigrants () is a 1992 collection of narratives by the German writer W. G. Sebald. It won the Berlin Literature Prize, the Literatur Nord Prize, and the Johannes Bobrowski Medal. The English translation by Michael Hulse was first published in 1996.
Summary
In The Emigrants, Sebald's narrator recounts his involvement with and the life stories of four different characters, all of whom are emigrants (to England and the United States). As with most of Sebald's work, the text includes many black and white, unlabeled photographs and strays sharply from general formats of plot and narrative.
Dr. Henry Selwyn is the estranged husband of Sebald's landlady. Selwyn fought in the First World War and has an interest in gardening and tending to animals. He confides in Sebald about his Lithuanian Jewish family's immigration to England from Lithuania, and suspects that it is this secretive, alien past that contributed to the dissolution of his relationship with his wife. He commits suicide by inserting a gun in his mouth. Selwyn, and the other members of his household, were loosely based upon the family and staff who resided in the house in Wymondham (Norfolk, UK) in which Sebald rented a room when he first took up his post as a lecturer in European literature at the University of East Anglia, in 1970.
Paul Bereyter was the narrator's childhood teacher in a town referenced in the text only as "S". A quarter Jewish, he found employment difficult in the period leading up to the Second World War, although he eventually served in the Wehrmacht. Teaching in the small school after the war, Bereyter found a passion for his students while living a lonely, quiet life. In later years, his eyesight began to fail and he moved to France, where he met and spent much time with Mme Landau, from whom the narrator obtains most of his information about Bereyter. Like Selwyn, Bereyter commits suicide, by lying down on railway tracks.
The narrator's great uncle, Ambros Adelwarth, was the travelling companion of Cosmo Solomon, an affluent American aviator, gifted with much luck at gambling and a wayward attitude towards life. In his youth, he accompanied this man across Europe, and into Turkey and Asia Minor, before Cosmo fell ill and was sent to a mental institution. It is implied that there may have been some homosexual feelings between the two men. After Cosmo's death, Adelwarth was the butler of the young man's family, living on Long Island until first Cosmo's father, then second wife, died. In his later years, Ambros falls victim to an extreme depression which causes him to commit himself to the same institution that once held Cosmo. He allows and, in his own way, even encourages increasingly frequent and brutal electro-convulsive therapy to be performed on him by the institution's fanatical director.
As a young man in Manchester the narrator befriends an expatriate German-Jewish painter, Max Ferber. Years later the artist gives the narrator his mother's history of her idyllic life as a girl in a Bavarian village. It was written as she and her husband awaited deportation to the East and death. This section is written as a gradual discovery on the narrator's part of the effects of the Holocaust on Ferber and his family.
Themes
The Emigrants is largely concerned with memory, trauma, and feelings of foreignness. For example, Dr. Selwyn dwells on the story of a man he met in Switzerland in the time immediately prior to World War I, and explains how he felt a deeper companionship with this man than he felt for his wife. He also divulges how his family emigrated from Lithuania as a young boy, and tries to get the narrator to reveal how he feels being an emigrant from Germany living in England. In acknowledgement of this motif, Lisa Cohen of the Boston Review points out that The Emigrants''' section-title characters "suffer[ ] from memory and from the compulsion to obliterate it; from a mourning and melancholia so deep that it is almost unnamable; from the knowledge that he has survived while those he loved have not; from problems distinguishing dream and reality; from a profound sense of displacement."
A concomitant theme is the impact of World War II and the Holocaust on German nationals, particularly on those of Jewish heritage. All the characters in the work are emigrants who have left Germany or a Germanised community, each specific case has its nuances. For example, Paul Bereyter remains in his homeland but becomes an outsider because of the persecution he experiences as a Jew; Ambros Adelwarth is a non-Jewish character, but has close affiliations with a family of German-Jewish emigrants as the family's major-domo, and the affiliation makes him feel the angst of the war more sharply from abroad. Generally speaking, the narratives explore the different senses in which the characters' homeland can remain with them—in the form of both memories and memorabilia—as they approach the end of their lives.
Publication history
The English translation by Michael Hulse was first published clothbound by the Harvill Press in 1996, then issued as New Directions Paperbook 853 in 1997, in a cover designed by Semadar Megged. It was reissued as NDP 1358 in 2016, with a cover designed by Peter Mendelsund.
The character Max Aurach's last name, which is close to the name of his real-world inspiration, Frank Auerbach, was changed to Ferber in English translations.
Reception
Upon publication, the English version of The Emigrants was well received by critics, and has since gained increasing recognition. Cynthia Ozick strongly praised both Sebald and Hulse, speculating that "we are indebted...to Sebald's translator (himself a poet), for allowing us to see, through the strained glass of his consummate Englishing, what must surely be the most delicately powerful German prose since Thomas Mann." Lisa Cohen offered similarly strong praise, hailing The Emigrants' “uncanny vividness and specificity,” concluding that “the brilliance of this book lies in the fact that Sebald never loses sight of either the power of metaphor or the viciousness of history.” Daniel Medin noted in 2003 that "Hulse's 1996 translation of Die Ausgewanderten introduced Sebald to audiences beyond...German [readership], and [Sebald] was hailed immediately as a new and compelling voice in contemporary European fiction." Kirkus Reviews'' wrote: "The pervasive melancholy in these lives that are locked in tragedy is formidable, but at the same time the lyricism and immediacy of the narratives are marvelous to behold: a profound and moving work that should leave no reader unaffected."
References
Further reading
Horskotte, Silke. "Pictorial and Verbal Discourse in W. G. Sebald's The Emigrants".
Curtin, Adrian and Maxim D. Shrayer. "Netting the Butterfly Man: The Significance of Vladimir Nabokov in W. G. Sebald's The Emigrants."
1992 German novels
German-language novels
Novels by W. G. Sebald
Immigration to the United States
Immigration to England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Emigrants%20%28Sebald%20novel%29 |
The Idle Toad was a registered English political party which fought elections in the South Ribble district of Lancashire, England.
History
The party originated in 1997, when Labour Party councillor Tom Sharratt was deselected. He started printing a local newsletter, named the Idle Toad, and stood thereafter under this party description, holding both his South Ribble Rural East on Lancashire County Council and Coupe Green and Gregson Lane seat on South Ribble District Council.
Sharratt formed the Idle Toad party with fellow councillor Barrie Yates in 2002. It was registered with the Electoral Commission on 30 January 2003. The party was community based and not linked to any specific political ideology.
The party had three councillors on South Ribble District Council by 2007. Yates and Jim Marsh, another party councillor, resigned from the party that year, joining the Conservative Party soon after. Sharratt was brought before the standards committee of South Ribble council, due to a comment in the Idle Toad newsletter describing Marsh as a "defacator". Sharratt countered that this was a misprint, and should have described him as a "defector". He was censured and ordered to apologise to Marsh. He later won an appeal to this order.
Decline and dissolution
Following the 2013 county council elections for Lancashire, the Idle Toad Party was left with no remaining councillors. It was statutorily deregistered by the UK electoral commission in November 2014.
See also
List of political parties in the United Kingdom
References
External links
Official website
Political parties established in 2003
Defunct political parties in England
Politics of South Ribble
2003 establishments in England
Locally based political parties in England
Political parties disestablished in 2014
2014 disestablishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idle%20Toad |
David Alden Lambert (June 19, 1917 – October 3, 1966) was an American jazz lyricist, singer, and an originator of vocalese. He was best known as a member of the trio Lambert, Hendricks & Ross. Lambert spent a lifetime experimenting with the human voice, and expanding the possibilities of its use within jazz.
Career
Lambert's band debut was with Johnny Long's Orchestra in the early 1940s. Along with early partner Buddy Stewart, Lambert successfully brought singing into modern jazz (concurrently with Ella Fitzgerald). In the late 1950s he teamed with wordsmith and vocalese pioneer Jon Hendricks. The two were later joined by Annie Ross, and the lineup was a hit.
After Ross left the group in 1962, Lambert and Hendricks went on without her by using various replacements, but the partnership ended in 1964. He then formed a quintet called "Lambert & Co." which included the multiple voices of Mary Vonnie, Leslie Dorsey, David Lucas, and Sarah Boatner. The group auditioned for RCA in 1964, and the process was documented by filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker in a 15-minute documentary entitled Audition at RCA,. It was one of the last images recorded of Lambert, as two years later he was killed in a highway incident.
Death
Accounts of Lambert's death vary slightly in details. It is established that he was on the Connecticut Turnpike and that a flat tire was involved and that he was struck by a tractor-trailer truck driven by Floyd H. Demby in the early hours of October 3, 1966. The disabled vehicle was not fully off the roadway and its lights were turned off. In addition, an account on D. A. Pennebaker's website states that the accident was on the Merritt Parkway, although that highway prohibits trucks.
Some accounts mention that Richard Hillman was killed in the same incident. Newspaper stories differ about whose vehicle was disabled. Jet magazine's account says it was a panel truck owned by Lambert. Jon Hendricks' telling of the story says that Lambert was a compulsive do-gooder and that he had stopped to assist another motorist. The newspaper follow-up stories say that Demby was not at fault and that Lambert and Hillman were in the roadway when they were struck.
References
Further reading
External links
1917 births
1966 deaths
20th-century American singers
American jazz singers
Road incident deaths in Connecticut
Vocalese singers
Singers from Boston
Jazz musicians from Massachusetts
20th-century American male singers
American male jazz musicians
Lambert, Hendricks & Ross members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Lambert%20%28American%20jazz%20vocalist%29 |
A lending library is a library from which books and other media are lent out. The major classifications are endowed libraries, institutional libraries (the most diverse), public libraries, and subscription libraries. It may also refer to a library or other institution that sends materials on request to another library, usually via interlibrary loan.
History
The earliest reference to or use of the term "lending library" yet located in English correspondence dates from ca. 1586; C'Tess Pembroke Ps. CXII. v, "He is ... Most liberall and lending," referring to the books of an unknown type of library, and later in a context familiar to users of contemporary English, in 1708, by J. Chamberlayne; St. Gt. Brit.; III. xii. 475 "[The Libraries] of Cambridge are Lending-libraries; that is, he that is qualified may borrow out of it any book he wants". This definition is closely associated with libraries in England before the Public Libraries Act 1850 was passed which allowed cities to use taxes to create and maintain libraries but did not require cities build them. This definition is also applicable in the United States before 1850 and widespread School District Library Acts which were passed in many states at the same time.
Types of lending libraries
Professor Thomas Gram Bell Kelly was the first library historian to address the problem of classification and nomenclature of libraries in his book Early public libraries: a history of public libraries in Great Britain before 1850. Leeds Library (founded 1768) a private subscription or proprietary library, is also referred to as a public library and a circulating library, illustrating the need for a taxonomy that is not confusing. The major classifications, based on ownership are endowed libraries, institutional libraries (the most diverse), public libraries, and subscription libraries.
Without tax from the community a library may be created with a gift or endowment, by subscription, or by adding it on to an existing structure or institution which also serves other purposes. Cost is assumed by the donor or donors in an endowed library; it is assumed by the users in a subscription library, and could or could not be assumed by the users depending on the function of the institution, these variations could be combined in some cases. Private libraries are not covered by Kelly due to individual or small group ownership and his focus on the 'public' aspect of these institutions. The University of Zambia Library is an academic Library, which was founded in 1966 and officially opened in August 1969 by the first Republican President, Dr Kenneth D. Kaunda.
Endowment libraries
Between the Reformation and the end of the eighteenth century, over two hundred endowed libraries are known to have been established in England alone, and existed due to the private library collections of individual benefactors or occasionally to multiple benefactors. Controlled by the local clergy, almost all endowed libraries were attached to parish churches in towns and cities, and were kept in the vestry, in the parvis over the south porch, in the parsonage, or in some nearby adjoining building. Frequently the books were chained, similar to those in the Francis Trigge Chained Library and at Christ Church Library. The two dozen or so libraries that did not match this template in England include a small but important group which were controlled from early on or the start by municipal corporations, founded in market towns before 1680.
Parish church libraries
Early parish church libraries were stated to be for the use of local layman and clergy, but the books were not in English, were largely in Latin, and exclusively theological in character. Thomas Bray an Anglican cleric who originally had the idea of the parish library, who wrote in 1697, "An Essay Towards Promoting all Necessary and Useful Knowledge, Both Divine and human, In all the Parts of His Majesty's Dominions, Both at Home and Abroad", wanted the church to acquire books and lend them to the general public as well as the parishioners and clergy. Though the collections were mainly religious, the collection extended to literature and the classics, due to an underlying desire of Bray to guide education in a proper fashion. He also lobbied for public financing, and promoted the circulation of books so that the inhabitants of the parish could take them home.
Some contemporary churches such as St James' Church, Sydney maintain lending libraries on theological and religious subjects for the use of their parishioners.
Parochial libraries
Parochial libraries were defined by Kelly to distinguish them from parish church libraries, whose books could be used by the locals and were often chained to desks. Parochial libraries instead were restricted to the use of parochial authorities, and often meant only for reference. The Church of England after the Restoration wished to reform the ministry of the church by investing in the learning and development of their pastoral care and teaching. Building libraries in poor benefices and isolated ones was part of that initiative, and an extension of a major philanthropic movement during that time. The movement included charity schools which would teach the children of the poor the Catechism and to read, establishing trust funds for the poor, and develop programs to repair existing parish churches and build new churches.
Municipal corporation libraries
Municipal corporation libraries were to be for the use of shopkeepers and aldermen, and to disseminate knowledge, but the one in Bristol, according to its catalog, revealed that all the early books were not in English but were in Greek or Latin, limiting their usefulness. Other libraries that were bequeathed or endowed by individual citizens to towns and cities, were managed by a non-religious group of trustees, such as in Manchester, where the library was managed by a self elected body of up to twenty-four members, who also had the duty to purchase new books, even though they employed a full-time librarian. In Leicester, the library was looked upon by townsfolk with civic pride, proclaiming that the library would bring fame, honor, and renown to the Corporation and place it was located. Bristol, Leicester and Manchester libraries all chained their books to the book press or desk for security purposes, at Leicester this was done right to the 1820s.
Institutional libraries
Institutional libraries in England were originally almost non-existent in 1750; however, by 1850 there was an established network of these specialized libraries, which had been developed mostly through private enterprise, though some government involvement had started. The specialized libraries were mainly medical libraries which early on included chemistry and botany, and later developed to serve medical professionals. Since there were few professional scientists before 1850, people interested in science relied mainly on general circulating libraries, rather than institutional libraries to meet their needs.
Social libraries
Social libraries peaked in significance by the mid-nineteenth century, and all their many forms have been the object of intense research in North America and Europe. Davis and Tucker explain that:
"The term social library has come to signify the kind of library that generally provided a circulating collection of materials and frequently a reading room for the use of any persons meeting the established criteria, which usually involved a fee or subscription, or a payment to become a joint owner or stockholder, of the library".
These libraries were often referred to as "public libraries" during the nineteenth century. This appellation over time came to describe tax-supported, publicly administered libraries open to all regardless of class, race or age for free on an equal basis, at least in theory. It is understandable that the nomenclature of libraries is varied among patrons, employees and historians, who have had the difficult task of defining and separating the various types of libraries into manageable classifications.
Hidden libraries
It is impossible to cover all types of libraries throughout all stages of history and classify or define them to the satisfaction of all, but the variety and evolution of libraries needs to be explored further. Hidden libraries is a widespread description of libraries in any place from prisoner-of-war camps, military installations, motels, hotels, inns, the home, alternative communities, pubs, restaurants, laundrettes, holiday camps, coffee houses, community centres, in accommodations and facilities for workers and servants, lighthouse and seamen's establishments, prisons and asylums and is not complete. Libraries connected to transportation also abound from airliners, railways, tramcars, buses, various ships, and way stations.
See also
Library science
Librarian
List of libraries
Mechanics' Institutes
Public library
Subscription library
Browne Issue System
References
Further reading
Perkin, Michael. (1998) ‘Parochial Libraries: Founders and Readers’ in Peter Isaac and Barry McKay (eds) The Reach of Print: Making, Selling and Using Books (Winchester, 1998).
External links
Aristotle's Library
Birmingham History & origins of the University
Cambridge libraries & galleries
Description of a chained library at Christ Church Library, Oxford, UK
Leeds About the University
Lutterworth, UK
Manchester History and origins
Picture of a chained book
Types of library | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lending%20library |
Alan Lakein was an American author on personal time management, including How to Get Control of Your Time and Your Life which has sold over 3 million copies.
Lakein graduated from Johns Hopkins University and Harvard Business School and resided in Santa Cruz, California.
Lakein is credited for several quotes, including "Time = Life, Therefore, waste your time and waste your life, or master your time and master your life." He is credited as the creator of Lakein's question: "What is the best use of my time right now?". He has also made management films and training films.
Former U.S. President Bill Clinton started his autobiography, "My Life", with a reference to the book:
Books
Alan Lakein, How to Get Control of Your Time and Your Life (1973, New American Library, New York City; )
Alan Lakein, Give Me a Moment and I'll Change Your Life: Tools for Moment Management (1997 Andrews & McMeel, Kansas City, MO; )
It's About Time & It's About Time (1975)
References
American self-help writers
Living people
Harvard Business School alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Lakein |
Lindsey Jacobellis (born August 19, 1985) is an American snowboarder from Roxbury, Connecticut. The most decorated female snowboard cross athlete of all time, she dominated the sport for almost two decades as a five-time World Champion and ten-time X Games champion. In her Olympic debut at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Jacobellis won the silver medal in snowboard cross but was unable to medal at the next three Olympics until winning gold at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. Jacobellis also won gold (with teammate Nick Baumgartner) in mixed team snowboard cross at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
Early life
Jacobellis was born in Danbury, Connecticut and grew up in Danbury and southern Vermont, where her family had a weekend home. Her parents, Ben and Anita Jacobellis encouraged her and her older brother Ben to participate in many sports. She was competitive from a young age, constantly trying to keep up with Ben or her father on the slopes. As a young child, she was primarily a skier, but she switched to snowboarding after the family's home burned when she was 8, destroying all her gear. She explains the switch by saying, "We couldn't afford to buy all new ski equipment; we could only afford to buy snowboards." She attended Vermont's Stratton Mountain School, a college preparatory high school with a sports focus on training winter athletes, graduating in 2003. She was the only girl racing in snowboard cross and says that competing against boys influenced how she approached the sport.
Sports career
Jacobellis has snowboarded competitively in snowboard cross, snowboard slopestyle, and snowboard halfpipe competitions.
Early career
At the 2003 Winter X Games, Jacobellis won bronze in slopestyle.
She made her Olympic debut at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, making her first Olympic final in the process. During the snowboard cross final, Jacobellis was approaching the end of the course with a 43-meter (140 ft), three-second lead over Tanja Frieden of Switzerland. On the second-to-last jump, Jacobellis attempted a celebratory method grab, landed on the edge of her snowboard, and fell. Frieden passed her to win the gold; Jacobellis recovered and settled for silver. In televised interviews, Jacobellis initially said the grab was meant to maintain stability, but later said that "I was having fun. Snowboarding is fun, and I wanted to share my enthusiasm with the crowd".
At the 2007 Winter X Games, Jacobellis lost the lead in a fall near the finish line in snowboard cross.
She dropped halfpipe from her competition schedule in 2008 due to increasing injuries. Jacobellis regained the gold medal in snowboard cross at Winter X Games XII in 2008.
2010–2013
Jacobellis failed to progress to the medal round of snowboard cross at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, as early in her semifinal race, she landed badly during a jump, and to avoid a collision with another rider, went through a gate, resulting in automatic disqualification; she then slid off the course. She ended up 5th in the standings.
In 2011, Jacobellis won her fourth straight gold in snowboard cross at the Winter X Games, adding to her gold medals in 2008, 2009, and 2010.
2014–2017
Jacobellis failed to progress to the medal round of snowboard cross at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. She was leading the semifinal race when she crashed. She finished in 7th place in the overall standings.
At the 2015 World Championship, Jacobellis won gold in snowboard cross. She also won the 2017 World Championship and finished with a silver and two golds in the first World Cup races of the 2017–2018 season.
The New York Times reported that in the period between the 2014 and 2018 Olympics, in addition to her training, surfing, and other competition strategies, Jacobellis also began working with the mental skills coach Denise Shull.
2018–present
At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, Jacobellis made her second Olympic snowboard cross final. After leading most of the way, she missed the podium by .003 seconds, finishing in 4th place.
In her fifth Olympics, Jacobellis finally became the Olympic champion in snowboard cross at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. This was the first gold medal for the US in Beijing, ending a five-day gold medal drought. Various media outlets lauded her perseverance in winning after a sixteen-year chase for Olympic gold. Jacobellis followed up her individual gold by winning the debut of the mixed team snowboard cross with partner Nick Baumgartner.
Television
Jacobellis appeared on a charity edition of MTVs The Challenge, titled The Challenge: Champs vs. Pros. She competed to raise money for the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. She finished as the runner-up with her teammate in the final challenge, Kamerion Wimbley.
In addition to her athletic skill, she is known for her naturally curly hair and is sponsored by hair care brand Paul Mitchell.
References
External links
Lindsey Jacobellis at NBC Olympics
1985 births
Living people
American female snowboarders
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2022 Winter Olympics
X Games athletes
People from Windham County, Vermont
People from Danbury, Connecticut
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in snowboarding
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in snowboarding
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Vermont
Sportspeople from Connecticut
The Challenge (TV series) contestants
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey%20Jacobellis |
Elektrėnai () is a city of about 11,000 inhabitants in Vilnius County, Lithuania; since 2000 it has been the capital of the Elektrėnai Municipality. It is situated between the two largest cities in Lithuania – Vilnius and Kaunas.
History
Historically, two villages were located in the area; one of those was Perkūnkiemis (Lithuanian: Thunder's yard). Elektrėnai is one of the newest towns of Lithuania, having been established during the Soviet occupation in the early 1960s as the living space for workers of the nearby power plant. It was expanded in the 1980s and early 1990s as a residence for builders and workers at the nearby Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant. The name of the new town was derived from word elektra (English: electricity) – a borrowing to Lithuanian language from Greek. Gintarėnai (gintaras – Lithuanian word for amber) was another name considered, but was rejected before the start of the construction. Most of the buildings in Elektrėnai are large block housing projects built during the Soviet period, with no historical buildings. The town, however, is close to Elektrėnai Reservoir, an artificial lake that was created in order to cool the Elektrėnai Power Plant. The water is several degrees warmer than water at the other nearby lakes.
Retail
There are several supermarkets (Norfa XXL, Maxima XX, Iki, Lidl, as well as a discounter (IKI Cento) in Elektrėnai.
Ice hockey
Elektrėnai is well known for its ice hockey tradition. For a rather long period of time Elektrėnai was the only city in Lithuania with a well-equipped skating rink. Two National Hockey League players: Darius Kasparaitis and Dainius Zubrus were born in Elektrėnai. Its local ice hockey team is Energija. Inhabitants of Elektrėnai make up a considerable part of the national ice hockey team.
Gallery
References
External links
City of Elektrėnai - History
Virtual Tour of Elektrėnai
Cities in Lithuania
Cities in Vilnius County
Cities and towns built in the Soviet Union
Municipalities administrative centres of Lithuania
Elektrėnai Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C4%97nai |
William Le Lacheur or Guillaume Le Lacheur (15 October 1802 – 27 June 1863), was a Guernsey sea captain who played an important role in the economic and spiritual development of Costa Rica.
Le Lacheur is widely credited in Costa Rica with having transformed the economy of the country by establishing a direct regular trade route for Costa Rican coffee growers to the European market, thereby helping to establish the Costa Rican coffee trade.
Biography
Early life
William Le Lacheur was born on 15 October 1802 and was baptised Guillaume Le Lacheur (using the French version of the forename) in the parish church of the Forest, Guernsey, on 31 October by his parents Jean Le Lacheur and Marie Suzanne (née Allez). He was named after his grandfather, Guillaume Allez, who was also one of his godparents.
Little is known of his education and upbringing. At a young age, he went to sea, working his way up to become the captain of his first ship, St George, in 1827.
Le Lacheur married Rachel de Jersey (1798–1882) in the parish church of Forest on 19 May 1828. They had five children:-
Rachel de Jersey Le Lacheur (1832–1867)
Emma Le Lacheur (1842–?)
Amelia Le Lacheur (1834–1891) married Thomas Bull Allen
John Allez Le Lacheur (1838–?) married Lydia Judith Domaille
Louisa Maria Le Lacheur (1840–?) married Benjamin Abbot Lyon (1837, Poplar, Middlesex, England - 1904, Hampstead, London, England) founder of Casa Lyon, Costa Rica (known as Banco Lyon from 1947 to 1993)
Costa Rica coffee trade
In 1830, he entered the Azores fruit trade with the ship Minerva. By 1836, he had formed a company Le Lacheur & Co, which owned two ships: Minerva and Dart. Over the following years, he continued to add to his fleet, and to seek out new markets. In 1841, Le Lacheur took delivery of the barque Monarch. The Monarch was a much larger vessel and capable of journeys further afield. During a stop at the port of Mazatlán, on the Pacific coast of Mexico, he learnt from the British Consul of the difficulty that the Costa Rican coffee growers were having in finding a market for their produce.
Since its independence in 1821, Costa Rica had found no regular trade routes for its coffee in European markets. This was compounded by transportation problems. The coffee-growing areas were located in the central part of the country and it was impossible, because of the mountains and the rainy forest, to send the coffee to the Caribbean Sea and therefore to the Atlantic. It was much easier to ship the coffee to a Pacific port, Puntarenas, and to sail around Cape Horn to the Atlantic. The Caribbean railway from San José to the Caribbean port called Puerto Limón were not built until 1888.
William saw a business opportunity, and agreed with Costa Rican coffee growers to establish a regular service to carry their coffee to London. In 1843, the Monarch arrived in Puntarenas and loaded the first cargo of nearly 5,000 bags of coffee.
The venture was a success, and he began increasing the size of his fleet to accommodate the increasing demand for coffee in London. During the rest of the 1840s, he diverted his other ships from the fruit trade to the coffee trade. Then, starting in 1850, he commissioned the construction of five ships designed especially for the coffee trade. During the 1860s, a further seven ships were added to the fleet.
Contribution to Costa Rica
In addition to his contribution to the Costa Rican economy through establishing trade routes, Le Lacheur made a significant impact on the development of a number of other aspects of Costa Rica.
Religious life
Le Lacheur, a devout Christian, was appalled by what he described "the lowest form of the Roman faith" being practised, where superstition took precedence over true religion. Through the British and Foreign Bible Society, he obtained and distributed Spanish language Bibles, thereby introducing the Protestant faith into Costa Rica. He distributed 3,500 bibles in Costa Rica, and was presented with an inscribed Imperial Quarto Bible by the Bible Society in recognition of his achievements.
In 1864, the year after Le Lacheur's death, it was resolved to build the first Protestant church in Costa Rica. It was made of pre-fabricated iron, was carried to Costa Rica by Le Lacheur's son John and was assembled in San José as the Church of the Good Shepherd, see of the Episcopal Church of Costa Rica (Anglican faith). It became unofficially known as the 'Iron Church'. When it was rebuilt in 1937 with more traditional materials, a memorial plaque was erected to Le Lacheur with an inscription which includes the phrase "by whose exertions public Protestant worship was established in this Republic".
Education
Once Le Lacheur had established a fleet of ships that were regularly making journeys between Costa Rica and London, he arranged with several Costa Rican families to take their sons to England for their education. This has been cited as a contributing factor to Costa Rica's economic success.
In 1822, James Gerard (a Scottish mining prospector) and Richard Trevithick took two Costa Rican schoolboys José María Montealegre (a future president of Costa Rica 1859–1863) and his younger brother Mariano to a boarding school the UK; the elder studied medicine and became a surgeon at Aberdeen University.
Le Lacheur "took young Costa Ricans to England and installed them in professional schools, fretting over them like a parent and taking them back to Costa Rica, prepared to fill important roles as professionals" (Wilton Nelson, 1985; cited by Julio Murray and John L. Kater Jr.
This arrangement was also responsible for the introduction of the game of football to Costa Rica.
Defence
When William Walker, an American filibuster, attempted to invade Costa Rica in 1856, the Costa Rican government declared war. However, the march from the Costa Rican military base in San José to the northern border was an arduous one. Le Lacheur put his ships at the disposal of the Costa Rican military commanders to transport the army up the coast to the border so that they would arrive fit and ready to fight. As a result, they successfully repelled the filibusters.
Memorials
He is buried in a family grave on the western side of Highgate Cemetery in London.
There is a memorial to Captain William Le Lacheur of Guernsey in the Church of the Good Shepherd in San José, Costa Rica.
Postage stamps have been issued commemorating his achievements by both his native Guernsey (1997) and Costa Rica (1963).
On 6 September 2022, a Blue Plaque was unveiled to William Le Lacheur at L'Epinel Farm, Rue de L'Epinel, Forest in Guernsey by the Bailiff of Guernsey, Sir Richard McMahon and the Costa Rican Ambassador to the United Kingdom, His Excellency Mr Rafael Ortiz Fábrega.
See also
History of Guernsey
History of Costa Rica
References
Sources
Sharp, EW, A Very Distinguished Guernseyman – Captain William Le Lacheur, Transactions of La Société Guernesiaise , 1976
Marr, LJ, More Guernsey People, Guernsey Society , 1981
External links
William Le Lacheur – Guernsey Museums website
Captain Became Coffee Growers’ Good Shepherd - Tico Times, 10 Oct 2008
History of Coffee in Costa Rica and Captain Le Lacheur - Video (in Spanish)
Overview of the Worldwide Reformed Church – Costa Rica
Historia de la banca comercial en Costa Rica
The Episcopal Church in Costa Rica: Its First Century. Author(s): Julio E. Murray and John L. Kater Jr. Source: Anglican and Episcopal History, Vol. 60, No. 3 (September 1991), pp. 335–359
Guernsey people
1802 births
1863 deaths
British sailors
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Guernsey Protestants
Guernsey Anglicans
British businesspeople in shipping
19th-century British businesspeople
19th century in Costa Rica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Le%20Lacheur |
Butter lamps or butterlamps (; ) are a common feature of Tibetan Buddhist temples and monasteries throughout the Himalayas. The lamps traditionally burn clarified yak butter, but now often use vegetable oil or vanaspati ghee.
The butter lamps help to focus the mind and aid meditation. According to the Root tantra of Cakrasaṃvara Tantra, "If you wish for sublime realization, offer hundreds of lights".
Pilgrims also supply lamp oil to gain merit. The monks in the monastery manage the actual lamps, taking extreme care to avoid starting one of the devastating fires which have damaged many monasteries over the years. For safety, butter lamps are sometimes restricted to a separate courtyard enclosure with a stone floor.
Externally, the lights are seen to banish darkness. Conceptually, they convert prosaic substance into illumination, a transformation akin to the search for enlightenment. Esoterically, they recall the heat of the tummo yoga energy of the Six Yogas of Naropa, an important text for Kagyu, Gelug, and Sakya schools of tantric Buddhism.
See also
List of light sources
Chotrul Duchen (Butter Lamp Festival)
Nachiarkoil lamp
Sky lantern
References
Types of lamp
Tibetan Buddhist practices
Butter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter%20lamp |
In general, the academic dress of the University of Nottingham dates from the award of its Royal Charter in 1948. Prior to this date, (the then) University College, Nottingham taught students for University of London examinations and "Nottingham graduates" were actually London graduates and wore the appropriate dress. There was, however, a unique Nottingham undergraduate gown. This still exists but, like equivalent gowns at most other universities, is now very rarely seen.
In addition to the dress listed below, the senior university officers (the chancellor, the pro-chancellors, the treasurer and the vice-chancellor) wear black robes and caps trimmed with gold. Certain other officers (such as the registrar, the chief financial officer and the chief information officer) wear black gowns trimmed with green.
Most gowns and hoods are based on the Cambridge scheme. The main exceptions are that the hood of diplomates is in the Edinburgh shape [f4] and that of certificate-holders in the Belfast shape [f3].
University Blue
The University of Nottingham includes light blue in many items of its academic dress. All degree hoods are lined with light blue, for instance, and the dress robes of all doctors are faced with light blue. Among British universities, light blue is most commonly associated with the University of Cambridge (just as dark blue is with Oxford). The origin of this association of light blue with Nottingham derives from the support the University of Cambridge gave to the newly founded University College Nottingham before the college formally associated itself with London University, resulting in Nottingham adopting many Cambridge academic practices and including 'Cambridge blue' in the design of its academic dress. The first vice-chancellor, Bertrand Hallward was not only a Cambridge graduate, but also a Fellow of Peterhouse and the Senior Proctor for 1934–1935.
Undergraduate gown
The University of Nottingham calendar stated "The gown shall be of black stuff and the pattern shall be full length with open sleeves". Pictures of this gown show that – unusually – the gown was indeed of full length: most undergraduate gowns are of jacket length only.
Gowns
All gowns, other than the dress gowns of doctors, are made from black material. The dress gowns of Doctors of Philosophy and other doctors of this level (such as DBA, DArch and EdD) are made in claret, while those of higher doctors are made from scarlet cloth. For this purpose, the degree of Doctor of Medicine was originally classed as a higher doctorate. In recent years, however, Nottingham Doctors of Medicine have been observed in the claret-coloured gown instead.
The gowns for those holding non-degree awards are either the bachelor's for undergraduate diplomates and undergraduate certificate-holders or master's gown for postgraduate diplomates and postgraduate certificate-holders.
The shape of the gowns follows the Cambridge scheme.
Hoods
Undergraduate diplomates wear a hood lined with the university blue silk and postgraduate diplomates wear a hood lined with Sherwood green silk. For information regarding hood classifications, see the Groves scheme.
All graduates wear a hood in the full shape. These are either partially or fully lined with light blue silk which is the university colour and trimmed with a ribbon the colour of which indicates the graduate's faculty.
Headdress
All members of the university (from undergraduate to Doctor to Divinity) wear a black square cap except for doctors in full dress for whom the regulations now specify a round black velvet bonnet. Lately, such persons have been observed wearing a cord around the brim of the bonnet though these are not stipulated in the regulations. These cords are claret or scarlet for those with substantive doctorates (depending on the colour of the dress gown) or gold for honorary doctorates.
References
Nottingham
University of Nottingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic%20dress%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Nottingham |
Henry Rayner (19 September 1902 25 April 1957) was an Australian artist known for his drypoint etchings.
Biography
Hewitt Henry Rayner was born in Melbourne, Australia and trained as an artist in Britain.
He worked with Walter Sickert and was a friend of Augustus John. He was injured during the London blitz and thereafter became something of a recluse.
He died on 25 April 1957 and is buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery.
External links
http://www.hewitthenryrayner.co.uk
https://twitter.com/etchingrevival/media
Australian artists
1902 births
1957 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Rayner |
Mrs. Santa Claus is a 1996 American made-for-television musical fantasy comedy film directed by Terry Hughes, with a score by Jerry Herman, starring Angela Lansbury in the title role.
First broadcast as a Hallmark Entertainment presentation on CBS on December 8, 1996, the film was billed as the first original musical written for television since Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella in 1957.
Plot
Anna Claus has Santa's workshop running so efficiently in December 1910, the team has completed all the toys and presents a week ahead of schedule ("Seven Days 'Til Christmas"). Mrs. Claus attempts to offer her husband Nicholas a new, more efficient, route around the world, but he is preoccupied by the deluge of mail as Christmas approaches. Feeling ready for a change in her life, Anna decides to assert her independence by testing the route herself, flying the reindeer sleigh for an impromptu journey ("Mrs. Santa Claus").
A sudden storm forces her to make an emergency landing near the Statue of Liberty. She befriends the stable lad Marcello, who determines Cupid's injury will require a week of rest and recovery. Marcello offers to take "Mrs. North" to the best boarding house in the city; along the way he indicates the marvelous melting pot nature of his neighborhood, and Mrs. North enjoys the sights and sounds of a burgeoning and bustling New York City ("Avenue A").
At the boarding house, host Mrs. Lowenstein worries that her daughter Sadie is attracting police attention for her outspoken opinions regarding women's suffrage. After Mrs. North earns the trust of young boarder Nora Kilkenny, the child helps her get a job with a toy manufacturer. Alas, the proprietor is motivated by greed and reminds his child laborers that their work need only last until Christmas ("A Tavish Toy"). As the new Tavish Toy Company supervisor, Mrs. North dispels any worries that she is too old to be working with the children ("Almost Young"). After her concerns about toy quality are ignored, Mrs. North vows to reform conditions at Tavish.
Santa begins to worry about his wife after Arvo reveals that she's been gone for two days. Meanwhile in New York, Mrs. North helps Sadie gather a crowd to demand votes for women ("Suffragette March"). Marcello and Sadie share a mutual attraction despite their incompatibility ("We Don't Go Together at All"). Outside a Vaudeville show, Mrs. North and Nora cement their friendship and vow to help one another ("Whistle"). Back at the North Pole, devoid of his usual cheer, Santa expresses how deeply he misses his lifelong missus ("Dear Mrs. Santa Claus").
At the Tavish factory, Mrs. North has organized a work slowdown, and she is promptly fired. Nora leaves in solidarity ("Whistle" reprise). Clandestinely entering the Tavish factory via the chimney, Mrs. North rallies the children to organize a citywide strike and crusade for labor reforms. At the Christmas ball the next evening, Sadie raises a toast to Mrs. North and all the lives she's touched since her arrival.
After learning the reindeer have recovered, Mrs. Claus realizes she's ready to return to her husband's side ("He Needs Me"). While searching out the stables, Mrs. Claus is ambushed by Mr. Tavish; he had deduced her real identity, and hid the reindeer to prevent Santa from delivering Christmas presents. Mrs. Claus swiftly resolves the situation with the perfect gift for Tavish.
On Christmas Eve, Santa invites Anna to ride beside him for the first time, using the new route she devised. Aboard the flying reindeer sleigh, Anna and Santa are thrilled to be reunited, and express their shared devotion ("The Best Christmas of All").
Cast
Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Anna Claus
Charles Durning as Santa Claus
Terrence Mann as Augie Tavish, owner of Tavish Toys
Michael Jeter as Arvo, Santa's Head Elf
Debra Wiseman as Sadie Lowenstein, a Jewish immigrant girl who fights for women's rights
Lynsey Bartilson as Nora Kilkenny, an Irish immigrant in New York
Rosalind Harris as Mrs. Lowenstein, Sadie's mother, a Jewish immigrant
Sabrina Bryan as Fritzie
David Norona as Marcello Damoroco, an Italian immigrant in New York, who is in love with Sadie
Bryan Murray as Police Officer Doyle, an Irish immigrant in New York
Production
Mrs. Santa Claus was filmed from August 12 to September 19, 1996, at the following studios:
Universal Studios, Universal City, California – exterior scenes of New York City at New York Street backlot set (Stage 22);
Stewart Stages, Valencia, California – interior scenes of Santa Claus' workshop and Santa's office sets;
Havenhurst Studios, Van Nuys, California – blue screen filming of Mrs. Claus in the red sleigh pulled by a herd of reindeer.
The film's musical score was written by Jerry Herman, the composer of such hit Broadway musicals as Hello, Dolly! and La Cage aux Folles. Directed by Terry Hughes, the costume designer was Bob Mackie with choreography by Rob Marshall. The executive producer, David Shaw, is the stepson of Angela Lansbury. Screenwriter Mark Saltzman based some of the script on family stories of the Lower East Side of Manhattan.
Soundtrack
The original television cast recording of Mrs. Santa Claus was recorded from August 8 to 22, 1996 at O'Henry Sound Studios in Burbank, California. It was released on CD and cassette tape by RCA Victor on November 26, 1996.
Track listing
Reception
Nielsen ratings
The film's original broadcast brought in a 14.7/22 rating/share and 22.52 million viewers, easily winning its timeslot, and tying with a special Thursday repeat of Men Behaving Badly on NBC, for #3 out of 110 programs airing that week.
Awards and nominations
Home media
Mrs. Santa Claus was released on VHS and Laserdisc on October 21, 1997, and again on VHS September 18, 2001. It was first released on DVD on September 23, 2003, and was out of print until a 2018 reissue by Sonar Entertainment.
See also
List of Christmas films
Santa Claus in film
References
External links
New York Times review, December 6, 1996
1996 television films
1996 films
1990s musical comedy films
1990s fantasy comedy films
Christmas television films
American Christmas films
American musical fantasy films
American musical comedy films
American fantasy comedy films
CBS network films
Emmy Award-winning programs
Santa Claus in film
Santa Claus in television
Sonar Entertainment films
Films directed by Terry Hughes (director)
Films set in New York City
Films set in the 1910s
Films set in 1910
Films shot in Los Angeles
1990s Christmas films
American Christmas comedy films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs.%20Santa%20Claus |
Wallan railway station is located on the North East line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Wallan, and opened on 18 April 1872.
History
The station opened as Wallan Wallan on 18 April 1872, the North East line to Wodonga having opened a few months earlier. The main town on the Hume Highway has since become known as Wallan, while the township beside the railway has become known as Wallan East.
The first goods shed was provided in 1873, with a loading platform for timber erected the following year. In 1876, the goods shed was replaced, and the current wooden building on the down platform (Platform 2) provided. The first lever frame was provided in 1895, with a separate signal box on the up platform (Platform 1) provided in 1916.
Wallan was provided with a number of sidings to marshal trains for the Heathcote line, which branched off the North East line at Heathcote Junction. A small locomotive depot was also provided, along with a long turntable in 1892. Due to increasing timber traffic on the Heathcote line, the yard was substantially expanded in 1913, including sidings worked by gravity. In 1933, an additional turntable was provided.
In 1962, the Melbourne–Albury standard gauge line was opened, running behind Platform 1, with a passing loop provided to the east of Wallan station. The loop was extended by 650 metres, from 900m to 1500m, in 2000. Also in 1962, boom barriers were provided at the Wallan Road level crossing, located nearby in the up direction of the station.
Between 1961 and 1965, the locomotive servicing facilities were removed, while the late 1980s and early 1990s saw the removal of the remaining sidings. Further removal of a number of points and signals was undertaken in April 1991. It was also around this time that a crossover was provided at the down end of the station. The signal box was removed in 1995, and replaced by a new lever frame in the station building. The frame was built from parts of the Craigieburn frame, and was the last new frame to be installed on a mainline railway in Victoria.
In August 2018, plans for a station upgrade were announced, as part of the Regional Rail Revival project. Works included the provision of more car parking spaces, an upgraded bus interchange, extra platform shelters, and a lengthening of the Melbourne-bound platform at the up end, to accommodate six-carriage trains. The upgrades to the bus interchange and the car park had been completed by November 2019, with the remaining works completed by early 2020.
Beveridge station, now demolished, was located between Wallan and Donnybrook stations.
Platforms and services
Wallan has two side platforms. It is served by V/Line Seymour and Shepparton line trains.
Platform 1:
services to Southern Cross
services to Southern Cross
Platform 2:
services to Seymour
services to Shepparton
Transport links
Mitchell Transit operates five routes to and from Wallan station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
: to Wallan Central
: to Springridge
: to Wallara Waters
: to Springridge
: to Wallara Waters
See also
2020 Wallan derailment
References
External links
Victorian Railway Stations gallery
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1872
Regional railway stations in Victoria (state)
Shire of Mitchell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallan%20railway%20station |
Heraea or Heraia can refer to:
Heraea, an obsolete name of the genus Saturnia
Heraea (Arcadia), an ancient Greek city in the Peloponnese
Heraean Games, an ancient Greek athletic festival
Hybla Heraea, an ancient city in Sicily | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraea |
Williamsdale is a town in the district of Tuggeranong, in the Australian Capital Territory in Australia. Is situated on the northwest side of the Australian Capital Territory border abutting the town of Williamsdale in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. The Monaro Highway and the former Bombala railway pass through the area. A railway station saw service until 1975. The postcode is 2620.
Structure
The Australian Bureau of Statistics included the ACT part of Williamsdale in an area called "Tuggeranong (SA2)". This statistical area also includes the ACT part of Royalla and all the rural territory between the Murrumbidgee River and the NSW border. It had a population of 43 at the . The part in NSW had a population of 65 at that census.
The part of Williamsdale in NSW is itself split up by two Local Government Areas, in the north to Queanbeyan–Palerang and in the south to Snowy Monaro.
Geology
To the east of Williamsdale is the Williamsdale Volcanics. These are made up from blue-green crystal tuff. The crystals are sized from 0.3 mm to 1 mm and are embedded in a fine matrix. Quartz crystals make up 25%, plagioclase 5%, alkali feldspar 10%, biotite 5–10% which is altered to chlorite, epidote and leucoxene.
Middle Silurian Colinton Volcanics foliated dacite and tuff is under Williamsdale. A roughly north south band of these acid volcanics extends to the north along the Monaro Highway and then follows the Cooma road to Cottondale. South the volcanics also follow the Monaro Highway in a more complex band through Colinton past Michelago and at least as far south as Bredbo.
To the west of Williamsdale is an outcrop of Upper Silurian Laidlaw Volcanics dark grey rhyodacitic and dacitic crystal tuff. This extends to the west as far as Angle Crossing. This band extends to the north north west as far as Mount Stromlo. The outcrop finishes a couple of kilometres south, but it is also found to the east, with outcrop from Fernleigh in the north, via Burra, and south to Michelago.
On the west side of the Murrumbidgee River around Angle Crossing can be found the Bransby Beds or Goosoon Beds. These beds contain tuff and dacite with some sediments. They form a narrow band extending to the south as far as Cooma following on the east side of the Murrumbidgee River.
Airport proposal
In response to increasing operating costs for general aviation users of Canberra Airport, a proposal was made by the ACT Government in 2005 to develop a dedicated secondary airfield for the Territory. The site recommended was to the west of the Monaro Highway at Williamsdale, and would include aircraft hangars, maintenance and fuel facilities, and a 1000m grass runway. A feasibility study was undertaken by Deloitte Access Economics in 2010. Based on the results of this study, the project anticipated marginal returns on the capital investment required, despite significant demand for such a facility. As of 2012, the ACT government has declined to develop the facility, but has made the cost benefit analysis and feasibility study reports available should private enterprise wish to consider the project.
Solar farm
In September 2012, utilities provider ActewAGL was granted an exemption by the ACT Government from having to conduct a further Environmental impact assessment on a plan to construct a 45ha electricity generation facility consisting of 15 photovoltaic solar arrays with a total generating capacity of 20 megawatts and associated infrastructure adjacent to the Monaro Highway at Williamsdale. The land to be occupied by the proposed solar farm was acquired by ActewAGL in 2009, and was considered preferable to an alternative site in the West Belconnen district.
The project was later reduced in scope to 11.8 megawatts. It was approved in January 2016 by the ACT Planning Minister, Mick Gentleman. Subsequently, Elementus Energy which had owned the project sold it to a subsidiary of Melbourne-based Impact Investment Group, and the German company ib vogt GmbH was contracted for the construction. The first solar panel was installed in October 2016. Construction was completed in October 2017. It uses a single axis sun-tracking system.
References
External links
Williamsdale Railway Siding
Towns in the Australian Capital Territory
Bombala railway line | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsdale%2C%20Australian%20Capital%20Territory |
The Source was originally an alias for the songwriting team of Anthony B. Stephens, Arnecia Michelle Harris and John Bellamy.
Biography
The Source wrote the 1986 single release "You Got the Love", which featured Candi Staton on vocals. This was released on Source Records.
In 1989, DJ Eren, a club DJ in London, put Candi Staton's vocals (from the "House Apella" version) over an early house track by Frankie Knuckles and Jamie Principle called "Your Love", which became a club hit. This version was also released in 1989 by British producer/DJ John Truelove as The Source, on a vinyl bootleg EP known as "Love/Rock".
Truelove then adopted the name The Source for himself, and continued releasing records using the name. The mash-up of "You Got the Love", credited to The Source featuring Candi Staton, charted in 1991 in an official release, reaching number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. In 1997, it was remixed and released again by Truelove, this time under the alias Now Voyager, reaching one spot higher at number 3.
Truelove signed with XL Recordings in 1997 and released a 12-inch EP called Clouds, featuring four different mixes of the Chaka Khan song "Clouds" sung by Khan's sister, Yvonne Stevens, a.k.a. Taka Boom.
In 2006, "You Got the Love" was remixed and re-released yet again, reaching number 7.
In 2009, Florence + the Machine released a version titled "You've Got the Love" from the album Lungs.
Now Voyager began as a band started by Truelove in 1996. He recruited Louise De Fraine (vocals), Chris Harvey (guitar) and Larry Lush (programming, keyboards). Despite writing and showcasing an album of material, the band failed to secure a significant record deal.
Context
Candi Staton was unaware of the record's existence until she was told that she had a number 1 single: "They were calling my house saying I had a number one record in England, and I said, 'What song? I haven't released any song.' When they told me it was "You Got the Love", I said I'd never made a record called that. Then I got off the phone and realised - it was the one from the diet video! Which was never supposed to be put on a record at all".
Critical acclaim
"You Got the Love" was chosen by the BBC as one of the top fifty singles of the 1990s as part of its Pop on Trial series.
Discography
Others
2009: "You've Got the Love" by Florence and the Machine (for chart positions, see song page)
References
External links
"The Source interview", Music Towers
English record producers
English dance musicians
English house musicians
English house music groups
English male songwriters
British musical trios
Positiva Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Source%20%28musician%29 |
The Source established in 1993 in Trondheim, Norway, is a Norwegian jazz band known for its many recordings and collaborations in musical fusion concepts. Their Christmas concerts are considered a tradition in Norway.
The band, a quartet was made up of Trygve Seim (saxophone), Øyvind Brække (trombone), Ingebrigt Håker Flaten (bass) and Per Oddvar Johansen (drums). In 1995, Finn Guttormsen replaced Flaten on bass. He was replaced by Mats Eilertsen in 2005. The band was nominated to Spellemannprisen in 2007 for its album The Source of Christmas Live.
Recordings
References
External links
The Source: of Christmas Official website
Norwegian jazz ensembles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Source%20%28band%29 |
Abraham Rapoport (Schrenzel) was a Polish Talmudist; born at Lemberg (currently Lviv, Ukraine) in 1584; died in 1651 (June 7); son of Rabbi Israel Jehiel Rapoport of Cracow and son-in-law of R. Mordecai Schrenzel of Lemberg. Rapoport was a pupil of R. Joshua Falk ha-Kohen.
For forty-five years he was at the head of a large yeshiva at Lemberg. Being very wealthy, he had no need of seeking a rabbinical position; and he was able, therefore, to expend large sums on behalf of the pupils of his academy. He was president of the Council of Four Lands, and was administrator of the money collected for the poor in the Holy Land.
Rapoport's Etan ha-Ezrachi (printed at Ostrau, 1796) is divided into two parts. Part 1 contains responsa and decisions; part 2, called Qontres Aharon contains sermons on the weekly sections of the Pentateuch.
He is said to have written a number of works which have been lost.
Bibliography
Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, i, No. 17;
Solomon Buber, Anshe Shem, pp. 7–13, Cracow, 1895.
External links
Jewish Encyclopedia: “Rapoport: Abraham Rapoport (Schrenzel)” by Isidore Singer, Jacob Lauterbach, et al. (1906). Now in public domain.
1584 births
1651 deaths
17th-century Polish rabbis
Rabbis from Lviv
Rosh yeshivas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Rapoport |
Thailand competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.
Medalists
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Results by event
Athletics
Men's 100m metres
Visut Watanasin
Heat — 10.72 (→ did not advance)
Men's 200 metres
Seaksarn Boonrat
Men's 400 metres
Aktawat Sakoolchan
Men's 4 × 100 m Relay
Kriengkrai Narom, Seaksarn Boonrat, Niti Piyapan, and Visut Watanasin
Men's 4 × 400 m Relay
Athiaporn Koonjartong, Yuthana Thonglek, Sarapong Kumsup, and Aktawat Sakoolchan
Heat — 3:08.00 (→ did not advance)
Men's 400m Hurdles
Chanond Kenchan
Heat — 50.60 (→ did not advance)
Women's 100 metres
Ratjai Sripet
Women's 200 metres
Nednapa Chommuak
Women's 400 metres
Noodang Phimphoo
Women's 4 × 100 m Relay
Nednapa Chommuak, Reawadee Srithoa, Ratjai Sripet, and Pornpim Srisurat
Women's 4 × 400 m Relay
Saleerat Srimek, Sukanya Sang-Nguen, Srirat Chimrak, and Noodang Phimphoo
Women's 800 metres
Sukanya Sang-Ngeun
Heat — 2:09.94 (→ did not advance)
Women's 400m Hurdles
Reawadee Srithoa
Heat — 58.80 (→ did not advance)
Women's High Jump
Jaruwan Jenjudkarn
Qualification — 1.75 m (→ did not advance)
Badminton
Men
Women
Boxing
Judo
Women's Lightweight
Prateep Pinitwong
Women's Heavyweight
Supatra Yompakdee
Sailing
Men's Sailboard (Lechner A-390)
Saard Panyawan
Final ranking — 241.0 points (→ 26th place)
Women's Sailboard (Lechner A-390)
Amara Wichithong
Final ranking — 215.0 points (→ 20th place)
Shooting
Men's Air Rifle (10 metres)
Samarn Jongsuk
Women's Sporting Pistol (25 metres)
Rampai Yamfang-Sriyai
Swimming
Men's 400m Freestyle
Ratapong Sirisanont
Heat — 4:07.95 (→ did not advance, 39th place)
Men's 1500m Freestyle
Ratapong Sirisanont
Heat — 16:08.02 (→ did not advance, 27th place)
Men's 200m Individual Medley
Ratapong Sirisanont
Heat — 2:11.02 (→ did not advance, 39th place)
Men's 400m Individual Medley
Ratapong Sirisanont
Heat — 4:37.95 (→ did not advance, 39th place)
Women's 50m Freestyle
Ratiporn Wong
Heat — 28.42 (→ did not advance, 44th place)
Women's 100m Freestyle
Ratiporn Wong
Heat — 1:00.85 (→ did not advance, 43rd place)
Women's 400m Freestyle
Thanya Sridama
Heat — 4:29.64 (→ did not advance, 27th place)
Women's 800m Freestyle
Thanya Sridama
Heat — 9:10.58 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)
Women's 200m Backstroke
Praphalsai Minpraphal
Heat — 2:26.32 (→ did not advance, 42nd place)
Women's 100m Breaststroke
Sornsawan Phuvichit
Heat — 1:14.69 (→ did not advance, 31st place)
Women's 200m Breaststroke
Sornsawan Phuvichit
Heat — 2:41.20 (→ did not advance, 30th place)
Women's 100m Butterfly
Praphalsai Minpraphal
Heat — 1:04.28 (→ did not advance, 37th place)
Women's 200m Butterfly
Praphalsai Minpraphal
Heat — 2:20.48 (→ did not advance, 25th place)
Women's 200m Individual Medley
Praphalsai Minpraphal
Heat — 2:23.24 (→ did not advance, 30th place)
Women's 400m Individual Medley
Praphalsai Minpraphal
Heat — 5:04.95 (→ did not advance, 28th place)
Tennis
Women's doubles
Suvimol Duangchan and Benjamas Sangaram
Weightlifting
Men's Light-Heavyweight
Prasert Sumpradit
References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
sports-reference
Nations at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1992
Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%20at%20the%201992%20Summer%20Olympics |
Mobile marketing is a multi-channel online marketing technique focused at reaching a specific audience on their smartphones, feature phones, tablets, or any other related devices through websites, e-mail, SMS and MMS, social media, or mobile applications. Mobile marketing can provide customers with time and location sensitive, personalized information that promotes goods, services, appointment reminders and ideas. In a more theoretical manner, academic Andreas Kaplan defines mobile marketing as "any marketing activity conducted through a ubiquitous network to which consumers are constantly connected using a personal mobile device".
SMS marketing
Marketing through cellphones' SMS (Short Message Service) became increasingly popular in the early 2000s in Europe and some parts of Asia when businesses started to collect mobile phone numbers and send off wanted (or unwanted) content. On average, SMS messages have a 98% open rate and are read within 3 minutes, making them highly effective at reaching recipients quickly.
Over the past few years, SMS marketing has become a legitimate advertising channel in some parts of the world. This is because unlike email over the public internet, the carriers who police their own networks have set guidelines and best practices for the mobile media industry (including mobile advertising). The IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau) and the Mobile Marketing Association (MMA), as well, have established guidelines and are evangelizing the use of the mobile channel for marketers. While this has been fruitful in developed regions such as North America, Western Europe and some other countries, mobile SPAM messages (SMS sent to mobile subscribers without a legitimate and explicit opt-in by the subscriber) remain an issue in many other parts of the world, partly due to the carriers selling their member databases to third parties. In India, however, the government's efforts to create the National Do Not Call Registry have helped cellphone users to stop SMS advertisements by sending a simple SMS or calling 1909.
Mobile marketing approaches through SMS have expanded rapidly in Europe and Asia as a new channel to reach the consumer. SMS initially received negative media coverage in many parts of Europe for being a new form of spam as some advertisers purchased lists and sent unsolicited content to consumer's phones; however, as guidelines are put in place by the mobile operators, SMS has become the most popular branch of the Mobile Marketing industry with several 100 million advertising SMS sent out every month in Europe alone. This is thanks in part to SMS messages being hardware agnostic—they can be delivered to practically any mobile phone, smartphone or feature phone and accessed without a Wi-Fi or mobile data connection. This is important to note since there were over 5 billion unique mobile phone subscribers worldwide in 2017, which is about 66% of the world population.
However, nowadays, the mobile phone has become a focal device in people’s lives, and manly people cannot live without it. These advanced mobile technologies bring people more business opportunities that connect business people and consumers at any time and place. Because of this, digital marketing has become more essential, and mobile marketing is one of the newest digital marketing channels that people are considering; it can get information about the features of goods that people like without the need for buyers to go to the actual store.
SMS marketing has both inbound and outbound marketing strategies. Inbound marketing focuses on lead generation, and outbound marketing focuses on sending messages for sales, promotions, contests, donations, television program voting, appointment and event reminders.
There are 5 key components to SMS marketing: sender ID, message size, content structure, spam compliance, and message delivery.
Sender ID
A sender ID is a name or number that identifies who the sender is. For commercial purposes, virtual numbers, short codes, SIM hosting, and custom names are most commonly used and can be leased through bulk SMS providers.
Shared Virtual Numbers
As the name implies, shared virtual numbers are shared by many different senders. They're usually free, but they can't receive SMS replies, and the number changes from time to time without notice or consent. Senders may have different shared virtual numbers on different days, which may make it confusing or untrustworthy for recipients depending on the context. For example, shared virtual numbers may be suitable for 2-factor authentication text messages, as recipients are often expecting these text messages, which are often triggered by actions that the recipients make. But for text messages that the recipient isn't expecting, like a sales promotion, a dedicated virtual number may be preferred.
Dedicated Virtual Numbers
To avoid sharing numbers with other senders, and for brand recognition and number consistency, leasing a dedicated virtual number, which are also known as a long code or long number (international number format, e.g. +44 7624 805000 or US number format, e.g. 757 772 8555), is a viable option. Unlike a shared number, it can receive SMS replies. Senders can choose from a list of available dedicated virtual numbers from a bulk SMS provider. Prices for dedicated virtual numbers can vary. Some numbers, often called Gold numbers, are easier to recognize, and therefore more expensive to lease. Senders may also get creative and choose a vanity number. These numbers spell out a word or phrase using the keypad, like +1-(123)-ANUMBER.
Short codes
Shortcodes offer very similar features to a dedicated virtual number but are short mobile numbers that are usually 5-6 digits. Their length and availability are different in each and every country. These are usually more expensive and are commonly used by enterprises and governmental organizations. For mass messaging, shortcodes are preferred over a dedicated virtual number because of their higher throughput and are great for time-sensitive campaigns and emergencies.
In Europe the first cross-carrier SMS shortcode campaign was run by Txtbomb in 2001 for an Island Records release, In North America, it was the Labatt Brewing Company in 2002. Over the past few years, mobile short codes have been increasingly popular as a new channel to communicate to the mobile consumer. Brands have begun to treat the mobile shortcode as a mobile domain name, allowing the consumer to text message the brand at an event, in-store and off any traditional media.
Short codes provide a direct line between a brand and their customer base. Once a company has a dedicated short code, they are able to directly message their audience without worrying if the messages are being delivered, unlike long code D.I.D.s (Direct Inward Dial, another term for phone number). Whereas long code texts face a higher level of scrutiny, short codes give you unrivalled throughput without triggering red flags from the carriers.
SIM hosting
Physical and virtual SIM hosting allows a mobile number sourced from a carrier to be used for receiving SMS as part of a marketing campaign. The SIM associated with the number is hosted by a bulk SMS provider. With physical SIM hosting, a SIM is physically hosted in a GSM modem and SMS received by the SIM are relayed to the customer. With virtual SIM hosting, the SIM is roamed onto the Bulk SMS provider's partner mobile network and SMS sent to the mobile number are routed from the mobile network's SS7 network to an SMSC or virtual mobile gateway, and then onto the customer.
Custom Sender ID
A custom sender ID, also known as an alphanumeric sender ID, enables users to set a business name as the sender ID for one-way organization-to-consumer messages. Custom sender IDs are only supported in certain countries and are up to 11 characters long, and support uppercase and lowercase ASCII letters and digits 0-9. Senders are not allowed to use digits only as this would mimic a shortcode or virtual number that they do not have access to. Reputable bulk SMS providers will check customer sender IDs beforehand to make sure senders are not misusing or abusing them.
Message Size
The message size will then determine the number of SMS messages that are sent, which then determines the amount of money spent on marketing a product or service. Not all characters in a message are the same size.
A single SMS message has a maximum size of 1120 bits. This is important because there are two types of character encodings, GSM and Unicode. Latin-based languages like English are GSM based encoding, which are 7 bits per character. This is where text messages typically get their 160 characters per SMS limit. Long messages that exceed this limit are concatenated. They are split into smaller messages, which are recombined by the receiving phone.
Concatenated messages can only fit 153 characters instead of 160. For example, a 177 character message is sent as 2 messages. The first is sent with 153 characters and the second with 24 characters. The process of SMS concatenation can happen up to 4 times for most bulk SMS providers, which allows senders a maximum of 612 character messages per campaign.
Non-Latin based languages, like Chinese, and also emojis use a different encoding process called Unicode or Unicode Transformation Format (UTF-8). It is meant to encompass all characters for efficiency but has a caveat. Each Unicode character is 16 bits in size, which takes more information to send, therefore limiting SMS messages to 70 characters. Messages that are larger than 70 characters are also concatenated. These messages can fit 67 characters and can be concatenated up to 4 times for a maximum of 268 characters.
Content Structure
Special elements that can be placed inside a text message include:
UTF-8 Characters: Send SMS in different languages, special characters, or emojis
Keywords: Use keywords to trigger an automated response
Links: Track campaigns easily by using shortened URLs to custom landing pages
Interactive Elements: Pictures, animations, audio, or video
Texting is simple, however, when it comes to SMS marketing - there are many different content structures that can be implemented. Popular message types include sale alerts, reminders, keywords, and multimedia messaging services (MMS).
SMS Sales Alerts
Sale alerts are the most basic form of SMS marketing. They are generally used for clearance, flash sales, and special promotions. Typical messages include coupon codes, and information like expiration dates, products, and website links for additional information.
SMS Transaction Alerts
Transaction Alerts are used by financial institutions to notify their customer about a financial transaction done from their account. Some SMS only highlights the amount transacted while some also include the balance amount left in the account.
SMS Reminders
Reminders are commonly used in appointment-based industries or for recurring events. Some senders choose to ask their recipients to respond to the reminder text with an SMS keyword to confirm their appointment. This can really help improve the sender's workflow and reduce missed appointments, leading to improved productivity and revenue.
SMS Keywords
This allows people to text a custom keyword to a dedicated virtual number or short code. Through custom keywords, users can opt-in to service with minimal effort. Once a keyword is triggered, an autoresponder can be set to guide the user to the next step. They can also activate different functions, which include entering a contest, forwarding to an email or mobile number, group chat, and sending an auto-response.
Keywords also allow users to opt-in to receive further marketing correspondence. When using a long code number you face higher levels of scrutiny from Telecom Companies. When sending SMS messages through long code you are unable to send messages with a link in the first message. This is done at the carrier level to help cut down on spam. Using keyword responses, a company can create a bridge between themselves and the user. Carriers will recognize users responding to an SMS with a keyword as a conversation and will allow links to be delivered.
Spam Compliance
Similar to email, SMS has anti-spam laws which differ from country to country. As a general rule, it's important to obtain the recipient's permission before sending any text message, especially an SMS marketing type of message. Permission can be obtained in a myriad of ways, including allowing prospects or customers to tick a permission checkbox on a website, filling in a form, or getting a verbal agreement.
In most countries, SMS senders need to identify themselves as their business name inside their initial text message. Identification can be placed in either the sender ID or within the message body copy. Spam prevention laws may also apply to SMS marketing messages, which must include a method to opt out of messages.
One key criterion for provisioning is that the consumer opts in to the service. The mobile operators demand a double opt-in from the consumer and the ability for the consumer to opt-out of the service at any time by sending the word STOP via SMS. These guidelines are established in the CTIA Playbook and the MMA Consumer Best Practices Guidelines which are followed by all mobile marketers in the United States. In Canada, opt-in became mandatory once the Fighting Internet and Wireless Spam Act came into force in 2014.
Message Delivery
Simply put, SMS infrastructure is made up of special servers that talk to each other, using software called Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) that use a special protocol called Short Message Peer to Peer (SMPP).
Through the SMPP connections, bulk SMS providers (also known as SMS Gateways) like the ones mentioned above can send text messages and process SMS replies and delivery receipts.
When a user sends messages through a bulk SMS provider, it gets delivered to the recipient's carrier via an ON-NET connection or the International SS7 Network.
SS7 Network
Operators around the world are connected by a network known as Signaling System #7. It's used to exchange information related to phone calls, number translations, prepaid billing systems, and is the backbone of SMS. SS7 is what carriers around the world use to talk to each other.
ON-NET Routing
ON-NET routing is the most popular form of messaging globally. It's the most reliable and preferable way for telecommunications/carriers to receive messages, as the messages from the bulk SMS provider is sent to them directly. For senders that need consistency and reliability, seeking a provider that uses ON-NET routing should be the preferred option.
Grey Routing
Grey Routing is a term given to messages that are sent to carriers (often offshore) that have low cost interconnect agreements with other carriers. Instead of sending the messages directly to the intended carrier, some bulk SMS providers send it to an offshore carrier, which will relay the message to the intended carrier. At the cost of consistency and reliability, this roundabout way is cheaper, and these routes can disappear without notice and are slower. Many carriers don't like this type of routing, and will often block them with filters set up in their SMSCs.
Hybrid Routing
Some bulk SMS providers have the option to combine more reliable grey routing on lower value carriers with their ON-NET offerings. If the routes are managed well, then messages can be delivered reliably. Hybrid routing is more common for SMS marketing messages, where timeliness and reliable delivery is less of an issue.
SMS Service Providers
The easiest and most efficient way of sending an SMS marketing campaign is through a bulk SMS service provider. Enterprise-grade SMS providers will usually allow new customers the option to sign-up for a free trial account before committing to their platform. Reputable companies also offer free spam compliance, real-time reporting, link tracking, SMS API, multiple integration options, and a 100% delivery guarantee. Most providers can provide link shorteners and built-in analytics to help track the return on investment of each campaign.
Depending on the service provider and country, each text message can cost up to a few cents each. Senders intending to send a lot of text messages per month or per year may get discounts from service providers.
Since spam laws differ from country to country, SMS service providers are usually location-specific. This is a list of the most popular and reputable SMS companies in each continent, with some information about the number of phones in use. It is important to note that message pricing, message delivery, and service offerings will also differ substantially from country to country.
Africa
Asia
Australia/Oceania
North America
Europe
South America
MMS
MMS mobile marketing can contain a timed slideshow of images, text, audio and video. This mobile content is delivered via MMS (Multimedia Message Service). Nearly all new phones produced with a color screen are capable of sending and receiving standard MMS message. Brands are able to both send (mobile terminated) and receive (mobile originated) rich content through MMS A2P (application-to-person) mobile networks to mobile subscribers. In some networks, brands are also able to sponsor messages that are sent P2P (person-to-person).
A typical MMS message based on the GSM encoding can have up to 1500 characters, whereas one based on Unicode can have up to 500 characters. Messages that are longer than the limit are truncated and not concatenated like an SMS.
Good examples of mobile-originated MMS marketing campaigns are Motorola's ongoing campaigns at House of Blues venues, where the brand allows the consumer to send their mobile photos to the LED board in real-time as well as blog their images online.
Push notifications
Push notifications were first introduced to smartphones by Apple with the Push Notification Service in 2009. For Android devices, Google developed Android Cloud to Messaging or C2DM in 2010. Google replaced this service with Google Cloud Messaging in 2013. Commonly referred to as GCM, Google Cloud Messaging served as C2DM's successor, making improvements to authentication and delivery, new API endpoints and messaging parameters, and the removal of limitations on API send-rates and message sizes. It is a message that pops up on a mobile device. It is the delivery of information from a software application to a computing device without any request from the client or the user. They look like SMS notifications but they are reached only the users who installed the app. The specifications vary for iOS and android users. SMS and push notifications can be part of a well-developed inbound mobile marketing strategy.
According to mobile marketing company Leanplum, Android sees open rates nearly twice as high as those on iOS. Android sees open rates of 3.48 percent for push notification, versus iOS which has open rates of 1.77 percent.
App-based marketing
With the strong growth in the use of smartphones, app usage has also greatly increased. The annual number of mobile app downloads over the last few years has exponentially grown, with hundreds of billions of downloads in 2018, and the number of downloads expecting to climb by 2022. Therefore, mobile marketers have increasingly taken advantage of smartphone apps as a marketing resource. Marketers aim to optimize the visibility of an app in a store, which will maximize the number of downloads. This practice is called App Store Optimization (ASO).
There is a lot of competition in this field as well. However, just like other services, it is not easy anymore to rule the mobile application market.
Most companies have acknowledged the potential of Mobile Apps to increase the interaction between a company and its target customers. With the fast progress and growth of the smartphone market, high-quality Mobile app development is essential to obtain a strong position in a mobile app store.
The term app marketing has not yet been defined in a unified scientific definition and is also used in various ways in practice. The term refers on the one hand to those activities that serve to generate app downloads and thus attract new users for a mobile app. In some cases, the term is also used to describe the promotional sending of push notifications and in-app messages.
Here are several models for App marketing.
1. Content embedded mode For the most part at present, the downloading APP from APP store is free, for APP development enterprise, need a way to flow to liquidate, implantable advertising and APP combines content marketing and game characters to seamlessly integrating user experience, so as to improve advertising hits.
With these free downloading apps, developers use in-app purchases or subscription to profit.
2. Advertising model advertisement implantation mode is a common marketing mode in most APP applications. Through Banner ads, consumer announcements, or in-screen advertising, users will jump to the specified page and display the advertising content when users click. This model is more intuitive, and can attract users' attention quickly.
3. User participation mode is mainly applied to website transplantation and brand APP. The company publishes its own brand APP to the APP store for users to download, so that users can intuitively understand the enterprise or product information better. As a practical tool, this APP brings great convenience to users' life. User reference mode enables users to have a more intimate experience, so that users can understand the product, enhance the brand image of the enterprise, and seize the user's heart.
4. The shopping website embedded mode is the traditional Internet electric business offering platforms in the mobile APP, which is convenient for users to browse commodity information anytime and anywhere, order to purchase and order tracking. This model has promoted the transformation of traditional e-commerce enterprises from shopping to mobile Internet channels, which is a necessary way to use mobile APP for online and offline interactive development, such as Amazon, eBay and so on. The above several patterns for the more popular marketing methods, as for the details while are not mentioned too much, but the hope can help you to APP marketing have a preliminary understanding, and on the road more walk more far in the marketing.
In-game mobile marketing
There are essentially three major trends in mobile gaming right now: interactive real-time 3D games, massive multi-player games and social networking games. This means a trend towards more complex and more sophisticated, richer game play. On the other side, there are the so-called casual games, i.e. games that are very simple and very easy to play. Most mobile games today are such casual games and this will probably stay so for quite a while to come.
Brands are now delivering promotional messages within mobile games or sponsoring entire games to drive consumer engagement. This is known as mobile advergaming or ad-funded mobile game.
In in-game mobile marketing, advertisers pay to have their name or products featured in the mobile games. For instance, racing games can feature real cars made by Ford or Chevy. Advertisers have been both creative and aggressive in their attempts to integrate ads organically in the mobile games.
Although investment in mobile marketing strategies like advergaming is slightly more expensive than what is intended for a mobile app, a good strategy can make the brand derive a substantial revenue. Games that use advergaming make the users remember better the brand involved. This memorization increases virality of the content so that the users tend to recommend them to their friends and acquaintances, and share them via social networks.
One form of in-game mobile advertising is what allows players to actually play. As a new and effective form of advertising, it allows consumers to try out the content before they actually install it. This type of marketing can also really attract the attention of users like casual players. These advertising blur the lines between game and advertising, and provide players with a richer experience that allows them to spend their precious time interacting with advertising.
This kind of advertisement is not only interesting, but also brings some benefits to marketers. As this kind of in-gaming mobile marketing can create more effective conversion rates because they are interactive and have faster conversion speeds than general advertising. Moreover, games can also offer a stronger lifetime value. They measure the quality of the consumer in advance to provide some more in-depth experience. So this type of advertising can be more effective in improving user stickiness than advertising channels such as stories and video.
QR codes
Two-dimensional barcodes that are scanned with a mobile phone camera. They can take a user to the particular advertising webpage a QR code is attached to. QR codes are often used in mobile gamification when they appear as surprises during a mobile app game and directs users to the specific landing page. Such codes are also a bridge between physical medium and online via mobile: businesses print QR codes on promotional posters, brochures, postcards, and other physical advertising materials.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth technology is a wireless short range digital communication that allows devices to communicate without the now superseded RS-232 cables.
Proximity systems
Mobile marketing via proximity systems, or proximity marketing, relies on GSM 03.41 which defines the Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast. SMS-CB allows messages (such as advertising or public information) to be broadcast to all mobile users in a specified geographical area. In the Philippines, GSM-based proximity broadcast systems are used by select Government Agencies for information dissemination on Government-run community-based programs to take advantage of its reach and popularity (Philippines has the world's highest traffic of SMS). It is also used for commercial service known as Proxima SMS. Bluewater, a super-regional shopping center in the UK, has a GSM based system supplied by NTL to help its GSM coverage for calls, it also allows each customer with a mobile phone to be tracked though the center which shops they go into and for how long. The system enables special offer texts to be sent to the phone. For example, a retailer could send a mobile text message to those customers in their database who have opted-in, who happen to be walking in a mall. That message could say "Save 50% in the next 5 minutes only when you purchase from our store." Snacks company, Mondelez International, makers of Cadbury and Oreo products has committed to exploring proximity-based messaging citing significant gains in point-of-purchase influence.
Location-based services
Location-based services (LBS) are offered by some cell phone networks as a way to send custom advertising and other information to cell-phone subscribers based on their current location. The cell-phone service provider gets the location from a GPS chip built into the phone, or using radiolocation and trilateration based on the signal-strength of the closest cell-phone towers (for phones without GPS features). In the United Kingdom, which launched location-based services in 2003, networks do not use trilateration; LBS uses a single base station, with a "radius" of inaccuracy, to determine a phone's location.
Some location-based services work without GPS tracking technique, instead transmitting content between devices peer-to-peer.
There are various methods for companies to utilize a device's location.
1.Store locators.
Utilizing the location-based feedback, the nearest store location can be found rapidly by retail clients.
2.Proximity-based marketing.
Companies can deliver advertisements merely to individuals in the same geographical location.
Location-based services send advertisements prospective customers of the area who may truly take action on the information.
3.Travel information.
Location-based services can provide actual time information for the smartphones, such as traffic condition and weather forecast, then the customers can make the plan.
4.Roadside assistance.
In the event of sudden traffic accidents, the roadside assistance company can develop an app to track the customer's real-time location without navigation.
Ringless voicemail
The advancement of mobile technologies has allowed the ability to leave a voice mail message on a mobile phone without ringing the line. The technology was pioneered by VoAPP, which used the technology in conjunction with live operators as a debt collection service. The FCC has ruled that the technology is compliant with all regulations. CPL expanded on the existing technology to allow for a completely automated process including the replacement of live operators with pre recorded messages.
User-controlled media
Mobile marketing differs from most other forms of marketing communication in that it is often user (consumer) initiated (mobile originated, or MO) message, and requires the express consent of the consumer to receive future communications. A call delivered from a server (business) to a user (consumer) is called a mobile terminated (MT) message. This infrastructure points to a trend set by mobile marketing of consumer controlled marketing communications.
Due to the demands for more user controlled media, mobile messaging infrastructure providers have responded by developing architectures that offer applications to operators with more freedom for the users, as opposed to the network-controlled media. Along with these advances to user-controlled Mobile Messaging 2.0, blog events throughout the world have been implemented in order to launch popularity in the latest advances in mobile technology. In June 2007, Airwide Solutions became the official sponsor for the Mobile Messaging 2.0 blog that provides the opinions of many through the discussion of mobility with freedom.
GPS plays an important role in location-based marketing.
Privacy concerns
Mobile advertising has become more and more popular. However, some mobile advertising is sent without a required permission from the consumer causing privacy violations. It should be understood that irrespective of how well advertising messages are designed and how many additional possibilities they provide, if consumers do not have confidence that their privacy will be protected, this will hinder their widespread deployment. But if the messages originate from a source where the user is enrolled in a relationship/loyalty program, privacy is not considered violated and even interruptions can generate goodwill.
The privacy issue became even more salient as it was before with the arrival of mobile data networks. A number of important new concerns emerged mainly stemming from the fact that mobile devices are intimately personal and are always with the user, and four major concerns can be identified: mobile spam, personal identification, location information and wireless security. Aggregate presence of mobile phone users could be tracked in a privacy-preserving fashion.
Classification
Kaplan categorizes mobile marketing along the degree of consumer knowledge and the trigger of communication into four groups: strangers, groupies, victims, and patrons. Consumer knowledge can be high or low and according to its degree organizations can customize their messages to each individual user, similar to the idea of one-to-one marketing. Regarding the trigger of communication, Kaplan differentiates between push communication, initiated by the organization, and pull communication, initiated by the consumer. Within the first group (low knowledge/push), organizations broadcast a general message to a large number of mobile users. Given that the organization cannot know which customers have ultimately been reached by the message, this group is referred to as "strangers". Within the second group (low knowledge/pull), customers opt to receive information but do not identify themselves when doing so. The organizations therefore does not know which specific clients it is dealing with exactly, which is why this cohort is called "groupies". In the third group (high knowledge/push) referred to as "victims", organizations know their customers and can send them messages and information without first asking permission. The last group (high knowledge/pull), the "patrons" covers situations where customers actively give permission to be contacted and provide personal information about themselves, which allows for one-to-one communication without running the risk of annoying them.
References
Mobile content | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20marketing |
Thailand competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. For the first time, a beauty queen accompanied the Thai athletes to march the Olympic Stadium in the person of Pornthip Nakhirunkanok, Miss Universe 1988, during the opening ceremonies.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Medalists
Results by event
Athletics
Men
Boxing
Sailing
Men
Shooting
Men
Women
References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
Nations at the 1988 Summer Olympics
1988
1988 in Thai sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%20at%20the%201988%20Summer%20Olympics |
The Kawasaki C-1 (川崎 C-1) is a twin-engined short-range military transport aircraft developed and manufactured by the Japanese conglomerate Kawasaki Heavy Industries. It is solely used by the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).
Development of the C-1 commenced in 1966 in response to a requirement from the JASDF, which sought an indigenous jet-powered replacement for its aging Second World War–era Curtiss C-46 Commando transport fleet. First flown on 12 November 1970, quantity production of the type commenced during the following year. The C-1 has formed the backbone of the JASDF's transport capability throughout the latter half of the twentieth century, as well as the initial years of the twenty-first century as well. During the 2010s, Kawasaki developed a newer, larger, and longer range airlifter, the Kawasaki C-2, which will eventually replace the JASDF's C-1 fleet entirely.
Design and development
By 1966, the transport fleet of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) was primarily composed of Curtiss C-46 Commandos, an American transport aircraft that had been manufactured primarily during the Second World War, and was considered to be quite capable aircraft for the era. By the mid-1960s, the capabilities of the decades-old C-46 had paled in comparison to numerous newer aircraft such as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, motivating some officials within the JASDF to lobby for a domestically designed and -manufactured transport aircraft with which to replace it. Such ambitions were successfully incorporated into the Third Defense Buildup Plan.
With this purpose in mind, the JASDF approached the Nihon Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (NAMC), a consortium of several major Japanese corporations, which was by this time engaged in the production of the YS-11, an indigenously developed airliner of the postwar era. During 1966, NAMC commenced design work on what would subsequently be designated as the C-1. Following a design review of the programme, NAMC decided that the Japanese conglomerate Kawasaki Heavy Industries would serve as the airlifter's prime contractor; it is for this reason that aircraft bears the Kawasaki name.
In addition to Kawasaki's heavy contribution to the programme, significant portions of the airlifter were manufactured by other members of NAMC. Specifically, the tail section, as well as the middle and rear portions of the fuselage, were constructed by rival Japanese conglomerate Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the majority of the wings were produced by Fuji Heavy Industries, the rudder was built by seaplane specialist Shin Meiwa, while the flaps were manufactured by NIPPI Corporation. At the time of its development, the C-1 was only the third indigenous aircraft programme to be undertaken in postwar Japan, coming after only the Fuji T-1 intermediate trainer aircraft and the YS-11 itself.
In terms of its basic configuration, the C-1 is a twin-engine medium-range airlifter, somewhat resembling the larger Lockheed C-141 Starlifter. It is powered by a pair of Pratt & Whitney JT8D-M-9 low-bypass turbofan engines, which were locally manufactured under license by Mitsubishi, each capable of generating up to of thrust. In terms of payload capacity, a single C-1 could carry up to 80 fully-equipped troops, 45 paratroopers, or 36 stretcher-bound personnel, in addition to bulky cargo, including a whole truck or a pair of jeeps, which would be loaded via a ramp deployed at the airlifter's rear. It was designed to be typically operated by a crew of five, comprising two pilots, a flight engineer, a navigator and a load master. The C-1 incorporates a high-lift system, which includes aerodynamic features such as a leading edge slat and a four-stage Fowler flap, facilitates a high level of short takeoff and landing (STOL) performance, while day-and-night all-weather operations is achieved via the application of numerous electronic navigation systems.
The maximum range of C-1 caused a problem after the island of Okinawa was returned to Japan from the United States; the airlifter was unable to fly directly to Okinawa from most parts of the Japanese home islands. This may have been a factor in the decision to reduce the planned procurement of the C-1 in favour of the American-built C-130H Hercules utility transport aircraft instead, which entered service with the JASDF's 401st Tactical Airlift Squadron in 1989. Another reason for the curtailment was the enactment of general cutbacks upon various military programmes and procurement initiatives during the 1970s.
The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) had a considerable interest in the C-1 programme. Beyond its primary purpose as a military-orientated airlifter, at one stage, MITI had decided to adopt the C-1's design as the basis for a next-generation commercial transport project. While some work was undertaken on this initiative, it was subsequently decided to discard such efforts in order to concentrate upon international collaboration efforts, such as on the American aerospace company Boeing's new 767 airliner. Efforts were made to incorporate the technologies and knowledge learnt from the C-1 programme into other sectors of Japanese commercial undertakings; according to author Richard J. Samuels, substantial benefits, such as a greater understanding of structural design and fatigue-prevention techniques, were transferred into the manufacture of automotive and rolling stock, along with smaller-scale items such as control panels and display systems. However, Samuels also notes that a high priority political goal of the programme, the transformation of Japan's aerospace companies to become global leaders in the field, was largely unfulfilled.
Operational history
The prototype, designated XC-1, performed its maiden flight on 12 November 1970. Following the successful completion of roughly one year of flight testing, the pair of prototypes were turned over to the JASDF for evaluation purposes. Since 1974, the Kawasaki C-1 has been in regular use as a military transport with the JASDF. Its introduction noticeably improved the tactical transport capabilities of the service.
In addition to its military application, there was also a civil user of the C-1. At the urging of MITI, the National Aerospace Laboratory procured a single C-1, which was extensively modified into an experimental testbed. Commonly referred to as either Asuka or QSTOL (Quiet STOL), it flew for a number of years as a 150-seat short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft for one of the agency's research programmes.
By 2010, a programme to develop a replacement for the C-1, known as the Kawasaki C-2, had reached the advanced stages of development. In comparison with the older C-1, the C-2 is a considerably larger airlifter, being able to lift three times more payload in terms of weight, as well as possessing greater endurance. On 30 June 2016, the production-standard C-2, "68-1203", was delivered to the Air Development and Test Wing at Gifu Air Field.
Variants
XC-1: Prototypes.
C-1/C-1A: Medium-range military transport version.
The last five C-1s ordered were fitted with an additional 4,730 litre fuel tank.
EC-1: electronic warfare training aircraft.
C-1FTB: Flight test bed used for testing various equipment.
Asuka/QSTOL: Quiet STOL research aircraft, developed by the National Aerospace Laboratory.
Powered by four FRJ710 turbofan engines and making use of the Coandă effect. It was built to research STOL using upper surface blowing, aircraft noise reduction, fly-by-wire systems and composite materials construction. The only example built is currently on display in Gifu-Kakamigahara Air and Space Museum in Kakamigahara, Gifu pref., Japan.
Note: Three C-1s were allocated to the MSDF as airborne minelayers under the Fourth Defense Buildup Plan (1972–76). It is unknown what designation was given to them, or indeed whether they were ever actually delivered.
Operators
As of March 2022, the JASDF operated 7 C-1s.
Japan Air Self-Defense Force
402nd Tactical Airlift Squadron (1973–present)
Former
401st Tactical Airlift Squadron (1973–1989)
403rd Tactical Airlift Squadron (1979–2018)
Accidents
19 April 1983 Two C-1s of the 401st Tactical Airlift Squadron crashed near Toba, Mie when the lead two airplanes of a formation of 5 en route from Komaki Air Base to Iruma Air Base flew into a hill while flying in low visibility at low altitude. A third airplane narrowly avoided also crashing and struck trees, but was able to return to Komaki Air Base. Fourteen personnel were killed in these two aircraft, six personnel in airplane 68-1015 and eight in aircraft 58–1009.
18 February 1986 C-1 58-1010 suffered extensive damage on takeoff from Iruma Air Base and was declared a write-off, with no injuries to crew.
28 June 2000 A C-1 crashed into the sea of Japan's west coast during a test flight with five personnel on board.
Specifications (Kawasaki C-1)
Notable appearances in media
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
Samuels, Richard J. "Rich Nation, Strong Army: National Security and the Technological Transformation of Japan." Cornell University Press, 2018. .
External links
Description of NAL Asuka Quiet STOL research aircraft
Brief description of NAL Asuka Quiet STOL research aircraft
Photos of NAL Asuka Quiet STOL research aircraft
1970s Japanese military transport aircraft
Kawasaki aircraft
High-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Twinjets
Aircraft first flown in 1970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki%20C-1 |
Miss United Kingdom is a title held by the highest-ranked contestant from the UK in the Miss World pageant. The winner sometimes competes at Miss International the following year under the Britain or United Kingdom banner. From 1958 to 1999, Miss United Kingdom was a national beauty pageant held to choose a representative for the Miss World Pageant. In 1999, Scotland and Wales had their own contestants at Miss World, and in 2000, England and Northern Ireland sent their own representatives. The existing organization now runs the Miss England competition.
History
The pageant was created in 1958 by Eric Morley, the man behind the Miss World pageant. Before 1958, the winner of the Miss Great Britain contest would go on to represent the UK at the Miss World pageant, but from 1952 to 1957, none of the Miss GB title holders made the final seven at Miss World, so Morley decided to create the Miss United Kingdom contest in the hope of achieving better results at Miss World. From 1958 to 1999, the winner of Miss United Kingdom title would represent the UK at Miss World.
At Miss United Kingdom, traditionally there would be regional heats from the four constituent Countries of the United Kingdom, these would take place early in the year. The winners of the respective Miss England, Miss Scotland and Miss Wales titles would compete in the summer at Miss Universe. The Miss UK contest would then take place featuring these titleholders plus a certain number of other top contestants from the regions, the winner would then go on to compete at the Miss World Contest in October/November. This meant that during the 60s, 70s and 80s, many British beauty queens competed at both the Miss Universe and Miss World contests.
Although England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have had separate representatives in other international pageants, Miss World did not allow this until the creation of separate Parliaments in the United Kingdom.
1999 was the year of the last Miss United Kingdom pageant, won by Nicola Willoughby, who competed as Miss UK at Miss World (the final woman to do so). The 1999 Miss World contest also saw the debuts of Scotland (represented by Stephanie Norrie) and Wales (represented by Clare Marie Daniels), so there was the unusual situation of having a Miss UK compete alongside Miss Scotland and Miss Wales. The following year, Julie Lee-Ann Martin became the first representative of Northern Ireland in the pageant while Michelle Walker was the first to compete as Miss England.
Since 2000, the Miss World Organization has announced the highest-ranking delegate of the four home nations at Miss World, as the winner of the Miss United Kingdom title. The winner receives a cash prize and has often represented the United Kingdom at the Miss International contest the following year. Since 2000, Scotland has the most Miss United Kingdom winners with (9), followed by England (4), Wales (3) and Northern Ireland (3).
Winners
From 2000 to present
From 1958 to 1999
Real name Diane Hickingbotham
Also known as Carolyn Grant
United Kingdom in international pageants
Miss World
From 1952 to 1957 the UK were represented by the winner of the Miss Great Britain pageant. At the first Miss World in 1951, 21 of the 26 contestants were from the UK, including those that placed as first runner-up and second runner-up. From 1958 to 1999 the winner of the Miss United Kingdom pageant competed. There have been five UK winners of the Miss World title; all won the title competing as Miss United Kingdom.
Miss Universe
The first UK contestant was Aileen Chase, who competed at the first Miss Universe in 1952 as Miss Great Britain. From 1955 to 1990 Miss England would compete, joined (from 1961 to 1990) By Miss Scotland and Miss Wales; many of these contestants would go on to compete at (and win) the Miss United Kingdom contest later in the year. The Miss World organisation held the franchise. The 1990s and 21st century have returned to one contestant competing as Miss United Kingdom or Miss Great Britain. Since 2005 the UK has been represented by the winner of the Miss Universe Great Britain pageant. No woman from the United Kingdom has ever won Miss Universe.
Miss International
Miss Europe
The UK started sending representatives to the Miss Europe contest in 1929. From 1929-1936, the winner of Miss England competed at Miss Europe. The UK did not send any representatives in 1937 but returned in 1938, it is unknown how the representative was determined in 1938. In 1933, a representative from Scotland was also sent. The Miss Europe contest stopped after 1938 due to World War II but returned after the war in 1948. In 1948 & 1949, the winner of Miss Great Britain competed at Miss Europe. The UK did not compete in 1950 and there was no contest in 1951. In 1952, both the contest and the UK returned. It is unknown how that year's representative was chosen. From 1953 to 1969, Miss England sent delegates to compete at Miss Europe and that was the only UK representative at the pageant. Starting in 1970, the UK's representation was from Miss England, Miss Scotland & Miss Wales, this lasted until 1997. Starting in 1999, there was only one UK representative and they competed as Great Britain (with the exception of 2003 & 2005, 2003 competed as United Kingdom and 2005 competed as England).
Hosts
See also
Miss England
Miss Northern Ireland
Miss Scotland
Miss Wales
Miss Great Britain
Miss Universe Great Britain
References
Miss World by country
Lists of British women
United Kingdom
1958 establishments in the United Kingdom
Annual events in the United Kingdom
British awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20United%20Kingdom |
Viscount Lorton, of Boyle in the County of Roscommon, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 28 May 1806 for General Robert King, 1st Baron Erris. He had already been made Baron Erris, of Boyle in the County of Roscommon, on 29 December 1800, also in the Peerage of Ireland. King was the second son of Robert King, 2nd Earl of Kingston (see Earl of Kingston for earlier history of the family). In 1823 he was elected an Irish Representative peer. His son, the second Viscount, succeeded to the earldom of Kingston on the death of his cousin in 1869. The titles remain united.
The Honourable Laurence King-Harman, younger son of the first Viscount, was the father of Edward King-Harman, a politician, and Sir Charles King-Harman, High Commissioner to Cyprus.
Viscounts Lorton (1806)
Robert Edward King, 1st Viscount Lorton (1773–1854)
Robert King, 2nd Viscount Lorton (1804–1869) (succeeded as 6th Earl of Kingston in 1869)
For further succession, see Earl of Kingston.
See also
Baron Kingston
Stafford-King-Harman baronets
References
Viscountcies in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1806
King family (Anglo-Irish aristocracy) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount%20Lorton |
George Baker Selection was a pop-rock band from Assendelft, the Netherlands. The band is best-known for the 1969 song "Little Green Bag" and the 1975 world-wide hit "Paloma Blanca".
History
In 1968, Hans Bouwens from Wormerveer joined the band "Soul Invention", a soul band that had been founded the previous year by Henk Kramer in Assendelft and played covers of songs by Otis Redding and Sam and Dave. The band consisted of Job Netten (guitar), Henk Kramer and Eric Bardoen (saxophone), Jacques Greuter (keyboard and flute), Theo Vermast and later Jan Visser (bass), and Ton Vredenburg (drums). Visser and Bouwens wrote the song "Little Greenback" (sic) in the summer of 1969. The band recorded their first album in September 1969, after which, considering this was not soul music, they changed their name to "The George Baker Selection", Bouwens naming himself for a character from a detective novel. This first album, Little Green Bag (1970), produced an immediate worldwide hit: their debut single, "Little Green Bag," reached No. 16 on the Cash Box magazine chart and No. 21 on the Billboard Top 100 in the United States. The success came as a surprise for Baker, who remembers hearing it on the radio while he was working in a lemonade factory. The single sold over one million copies globally and received a gold disc. A string of singles and albums followed; the second single, "Dear Ann," was such a success that Baker resigned from his job in the lemonade factory and became a full-time musician. Not all band members followed suit and, besides Bouwens, the "Selection" from mid 1970 was formed by Jan Visser, Jan Hop (drums), Jacques Greuter and George Thé (voice, guitar, bass). In March 1971 Jan Visser left the band to be replaced by Cor Veerman. Besides scoring hits with his own Selection, Baker also wrote songs for others, including BZN, The Shoes, Andy Star, and Next One. In 1974, singer Lida Bond joined the Selection, and combining her voice with Baker's proved highly successful.
Their fifth album, Paloma Blanca, was released in 1975, and the single "Paloma Blanca" reached No. 1 on charts in several countries. It sold more than seven million copies worldwide, making it one of the most successful Dutch singles ever.
In 1978, the George Baker Selection split up because "the pressure had become too much." The band has sold over 20 million records worldwide. George Baker formed a new George Baker Selection in 1982, which stayed together until 1989. The band has released twelve albums and several compilation albums.
The band experienced a brief return to the international charts in 1992 when the song "Little Green Bag" was used in the title sequence of the film Reservoir Dogs and in Machos, a Chilean soap opera in 2003. The song is also featured in a Moto X smartphone commercial circa 2013.
Members
Hans Bouwens (as George Baker) (composer, vocals, guitar, mandolin, flute, piano and organ) 1968–1977, 1982–1989.
Elly Bloothoofd (vocals, guitar) 1982–1989.
Lida Jonkman-Bond (vocals) 1974–1977.
Nelleke Brzoskowsky (vocals) 1982–1989.
Willy Delano (vocals) 1977, 1982–1989.
Pieter Goeman (organ and piano) 1982–1989.
Jacques Greuter (vocals, organ, flute and piano) 1967–1982.
Jan Hop (drums) 1969–77, 1983–1989.
Henk Kramer (saxophone) 1967–1970.
Nathalie Más (vocals) between 1977 and 1982.
Job Netten (guitar) 1967–1970.
Martin Schoen (bass) between 1974 and 1982.
George Thé (vocals, guitar and bass) 1970–77, 1983–1989.
Cor Veerman (as Alan Decker) (bass) 1971–1974.
Theo Vermast (bass) 1967–1968.
Jan Visser (bass) 1968–1971.
Ton Vredenburg (drums) 1967–1970.
Discography
Studio albums
Compilations
5 Jaar Hits (1974) NL No. 3
The Best Of Baker (1977) NL No. 8
Het komplete hitoverzicht (1986) NL No. 12
Dreamboat (1988) NL No. 21
The Very Best Of (1999) NL No. 24
George Baker Selection 100 NL No. 67
The Golden Years Of Dutch Pop Music NL No. 68
Singles
References
Dutch musical groups
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups disestablished in 1989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Baker%20Selection |
Thailand competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. Thirty-three competitors, all men, took part in 21 events in seven sports.
Athletics
Men's 100 metres
Anat Ratanapol
First Heat — DNS (→ did not advance)
Men's 4 × 100 m Relay
Boontud Jeanl, Surapong Ariyamongkol, Panus Ariyamongkol, and Anat Ratanapol
Heat — 41.04s (→ did not advance)
Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
Sripirom Surapong
First Round — Lost to György Gedo (HUN), TKO-3
Cycling
Seven cyclists represented Thailand in 1972.
Individual road race
Sataporn Kantasa-Ard — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Sivaporn Ratanapool — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Pramote Sangskulrote — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Panya Singprayool-Dinmuong — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Team time trial
Sataporn Kantasa-Ard
Pinit Koeykorpkeo
Sivaporn Ratanapool
Panya Singprayool-Dinmuong
Sprint
Taworn Tarwan
Suriya Chiarasapawong
1000m time trial
Suriya Chiarasapawong
Final — 1:12.53 (→ 25th place)
Judo
Sailing
Shooting
Ten male shooters represented Thailand in 1972.
25 m pistol
Solos Nalampoon
Rangsit Yanothai
50 m pistol
Sutham Aswanit
Somsak Chaiyarate
50 m rifle, three positions
Chawalit Kamutchati
Preeda Phengdisth
50 m rifle, prone
Udomsak Theinthong
Chira Prabandhayodhin
Trap
Damrong Pachonyut
Boonkua Lourvanij
Weightlifting
References
External links
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1972 Summer Olympics
1972 Summer Olympics
1972 in Thai sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%20at%20the%201972%20Summer%20Olympics |
Thailand competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. 41 competitors, all men, took part in 18 events in 6 sports.
Boxing
Men's Flyweight
Prapan Duangchaoom
Men's Bantamweight
Cherdchai Udompaichitkul
Men's Light Welterweight
Niyom Prasertsom
Cycling
Seven cyclists represented Thailand in 1968.
Individual road race
Somchai Chantarasamrit
Suriyong Hemint
Somkuan Seehapant
Chainarong Sophonpong
Sprint
Pakanit Boriharnvanakhet
Kriengsak Varavudhi
1000m time trial
Pakanit Boriharnvanakhet
Individual pursuit
Pakanit Boriharnvanakhet
Team pursuit
Pakanit Boriharnvanakhet
Somchai Chantarasamrit
Boontom Prasongquamdee
Chainarong Sophonpong
Football
Sailing
Shooting
Eleven shooters, all men, represented Thailand in 1968.
25 m pistol
Rangsit Yanothai
Taweesak Kasiwat
50 m pistol
Sutham Aswanit
Amorn Yuktanandana
50 m rifle, three positions
Charumai Mahawat
Vinich Chareonsiri
50 m rifle, prone
Udomsak Theinthong
Choomphol Chaiyanitr
Trap
Pavitr Kachasanee
Dipya Mongkollugsana
Skeet
Boonkua Lourvanij
Weightlifting
References
External links
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics
1968 Summer Olympics
1968 in Thai sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%20at%20the%201968%20Summer%20Olympics |
Thailand competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. 54 competitors, 47 men and 7 women, took part in 41 events in 8 sports.
Athletics
Boxing
Five boxers represented Thailand in 1964.
Flyweight
Veerapan Komolsen
Bantamweight
Cherdchai Udompaichitkul
Light welterweight
Niyom Prasertsom
Welterweight
Sukda Songsang
Light middleweight
Yot Thiancharoen
Cycling
Eight cyclists represented Thailand in 1964.
Individual road race
Tarwon Jirapan
Pakdi Chillananda
Chainarong Sophonpong
Vitool Charernratana
Team time trial
Suwan Ornkerd
Vitool Charernratana
Tarwon Jirapan
Chainarong Sophonpong
1000m time trial
Preeda Chullamondhol
Individual pursuit
Smaisuk Krisansuwan
Team pursuit
Preeda Chullamondhol
Somchai Chantarasamrit
Smaisuk Krisansuwan
Judo
Three judoka represented Thailand in 1964.
Lightweight
Eiam Harssarungsri
Udom Rasmelungom
Middleweight
Pipat Sinhasema
Sailing
Shooting
Ten shooters represented Thailand in 1964.
25 m pistol
Sumol Sumontame
Taweesak Kasiwat
50 m pistol
Paitoon Smuthranond
Amorn Yuktanandana
300 m rifle, three positions
Turong Tousvasu
Chan Pancharut
50 m rifle, three positions
Krisada Arunwong
Salai Srisathorn
50 m rifle, prone
Choomphol Chaiyanitr
Hongsa Purnaveja
Swimming
Weightlifting
References
External links
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1964 Summer Olympics
1964 Summer Olympics
1964 in Thai sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%20at%20the%201964%20Summer%20Olympics |
Greenwich and Lewisham is a constituency represented in the London Assembly.
It consists of the combined area of the Royal Borough of Greenwich and the London Borough of Lewisham.
Overlapping constituencies
In elections to Westminster it is traditionally a strong Labour-voting area, with all constituencies returning Labour MPs. Greenwich and Lewisham contains all of the following UK Parliament constituencies:
Eltham (Labour)
Greenwich and Woolwich (Labour)
Lewisham Deptford (Labour)
Lewisham East (Labour)
Additionally, it contains part of the following two constituencies:
Erith and Thamesmead (Labour)
Lewisham West and Penge (Labour)
Assembly Members
Mayoral election results
Below are the results for the candidate which received the highest share of the popular vote in the constituency at each mayoral election.
Assembly election results
References
London Assembly constituencies
Politics of the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Politics of the London Borough of Lewisham
2000 establishments in England
Constituencies established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich%20and%20Lewisham%20%28London%20Assembly%20constituency%29 |
Thailand competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Twenty competitors, all men, took part in sixteen events in four sports.
Athletics
Boxing
Sailing
Shooting
Six shooters represented Thailand in 1960.
25 m pistol
Prateep Polphantin
Sumol Sumontame
50 m pistol
Chalermsakdi Inswang
Amorn Yuktanandana
50 m rifle, three positions
Krisada Arunwong
Saroj Silpikul
50 m rifle, prone
Saroj Silpikul
Krisada Arunwong
References
External links
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1960 Summer Olympics
1960 Summer Olympics
1960 in Thai sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%20at%20the%201960%20Summer%20Olympics |
Thailand competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia.
It was the first time that Thailand national football team and Thailand national basketball team joined the Olympics.
Results by event
Sailing
Star
and Luang Pradiyat Navayudh 12th place.
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1956 Summer Olympics
1956 Summer Olympics
1956 in Thai sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%20at%20the%201956%20Summer%20Olympics |
Thailand competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. It sent a delegation of eleven athletes, who competed only in the men's track-and-field event.
The eight competitors (with three substitutes in addition) were: Adul Wanasatith, Boonterm Pakpuang, Arun Sankosik, Pongummart Ummarttayakul, Sompop Svadanandana, Boonpak Kwancharoen, Satid Leangtanom, and Kamtorn Sanidwong.
References
Nations at the 1952 Summer Olympics
1952 Summer Olympics
1952 in Thai sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%20at%20the%201952%20Summer%20Olympics |
Cresta is a suburb of Randburg, South Africa, situated near the border of Johannesburg.
Although it is mostly a residential area, in the middle is Cresta Shopping Centre, for which the suburb of Cresta is most well-known.
Cresta is close to the N1 highway, which passes nearby, as well as Beyers Naude Drive, both main roads to and from the CBD and the Greater Johannesburg area.
References
Johannesburg Region B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresta%2C%20Gauteng |
Baffins is an administrative district of Portsmouth, England, located on the eastern side of Portsea Island. The district is mainly composed of 1930s housing. The population of the Baffins ward at the 2011 Census was 15,121.
Before the area became developed for housing, it had been occupied by a farm of the same name. This farm (known as Bavins Farm) had a history stretching back to the 12th century. The only surviving remnant of the rural past is Baffins Pond and the adjoining Tangier Field - a large open space between Baffins Pond and Portsmouth College at the eastern end of the field.
Local attractions: Baffins Pond and Tangier Field
Baffins Pond and Tangier Field is 182,000 square metres (18.2 hectares). The large natural pond is a habitat for ducks, geese, swans and other wild fowl. It is managed as a wildlife refuge and is popular with people of all ages. In 2014 Baffins Pond again received a Green Flag award.
There is also a play area at Baffins Pond with equipment for children of all ages as well as a ball-court with basketball and 5-a-side goals.
To the east of the pond area is Tangier Field, a large grassed open space that also serves as a valuable habitat for the brent goose or brant goose, an internationally important protected species, which visits the Solent area in the winter months. There is no public access to the fenced enclosure between 1 October to 31 March for the time the birds are resident, although most of the area is open to the public at all times.
Local amenities
The local shopping area for Baffins is in Tangier Road. The many shops and businesses include a post office within the Co-op store, newsagents, butchers, a greengrocer, a pharmacist, numerous take-aways, and 'The Baffins' pub. The Alderman Lacey Library is at the edge of Baffins Pond.
There are two churches in Tangier Road: St Joseph's Catholic Church and a City Life Church. St Cuthbert's Church is located in Hayling Avenue which borders Baffins Pond on its southern side. There is also a GP (the Baffins Surgery) next to this church.
Baffins is also within short walking distance of St. Mary's Hospital which includes a minor injuries/illness walk-in centre St. Marys Treatment Centre
Education
The Baffins area is served by Langstone Infant and Junior School, Westover Primary School, Admiral Lord Nelson School and Milton Cross Academy as well as Portsmouth College (formerly the Great Salterns Comprehensive School; prior to co-education and secondary school amalgamations in the 1970s it was Southern Grammar School for boys).
References
Areas of Portsmouth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffins |
Hugo Victor Flinn (8 September 1879 – 28 January 1943) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and businessman.
He was born in Peel, Isle of Man in 1879, one of four children of Hugo Flinn, wholesale fish merchant with wide interests in Ireland and Liverpool, and his wife (Mary) Kate (née Condren or Condran). The family's residence alternated on a six-month basis between Arklow, County Wicklow, and Kinsale, County Cork, according to the seasonal nature of the fish trade. He was educated at Dungarvan, Kinsale, Mungret College, and Clongowes Wood College (1892–1897). He graduated from the Royal University of Ireland in 1899.
His family moved to England where he qualified as an electrical engineer and worked with the Liverpool Electricity Supply Board. He assumed the management of his father's business before joining the British Army on the outbreak of World War I. Attached to the Ordnance Corps, he was demobilised as a captain in 1918. On the death of his father in 1919, he disposed of the family business and established himself in Cork as an electrical engineer.
In 1925 he came to public attention when he started a campaign to abolish Income tax.
Flinn was courted by the Fianna Fáil party and was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork Borough constituency at the September 1927 general election. He retained his seat at each subsequent election until his death in 1943. No by-election was held for his seat.
After Fianna Fáil's election victory in 1932 Flinn was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Finance. In 1939, he was also appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Local Government and Public Health, serving in both positions until his death.
As Minister of State, he devoted much of his time to the relief of unemployment. On the outbreak of World War II he was appointed turf controller and charged with the task of producing enough fuel to replace the two million tons of coal hitherto imported.
References
1879 births
1943 deaths
Alumni of the Royal University of Ireland
British Army personnel of World War I
Fianna Fáil TDs
Manx people
Members of the 10th Dáil
Members of the 6th Dáil
Members of the 7th Dáil
Members of the 8th Dáil
Members of the 9th Dáil
Parliamentary Secretaries of the 10th Dáil
Parliamentary Secretaries of the 7th Dáil
Parliamentary Secretaries of the 8th Dáil
Parliamentary Secretaries of the 9th Dáil
People educated at Clongowes Wood College
Politicians from County Cork
Royal Logistic Corps officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20Flinn |
Solomon (or Salomon) Buber (2 February 1827 – 28 December 1906) was a Jewish Galician scholar and editor of Hebrew works. He is especially remembered for his editions of Midrash and other medieval Jewish manuscripts, and for the pioneering research surrounding those texts.
Biographical data
Solomon Buber was born at Lemberg (then part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria, now Lviv, Ukraine) on February 2, 1827. His father, Isaiah Abraham Buber, was versed in Talmudic literature and Jewish philosophy, and was Solomon's teacher in the latter subject; but for his son's Biblical and Talmudic studies he carefully selected competent professional teachers. Buber soon desired to conduct independent research and put the results in literary form—a disposition that proved valuable to Jewish literature.
At twenty years of age, Buber married and entered commercial pursuits. He rose rapidly to become Handelskammerrath, and auditor of the Austro-Hungarian Bank and of the Galician savings-bank. Buber was also president of the Geschäftshalle, vice-president of the free kitchen, and honorary member of a working men's union. For more than a quarter of a century he was one of the directors of the Lemberg congregation; he was on the committee of the Bernstein foundation, and took a leading part in various philanthropic associations. He died in 1906.
Midrash editions
While active in public life, Buber also devoted himself to learned research. The midrash literature had special attractions for him; and his activity in this field has been remarkable in extent. Its first result was an edition of the so-called Pesikta de-Rav Kahana, with an elaborate commentary and introduction that exhaustively discuss all questions pertaining to the history of this old Aggadah collection. The book appeared as a publication of the society known under the name of Mekitze Nirdamim (Lyck, 1868). Buber's method of dealing with the difficult undertaking was new to scientific literature; and both introduction and commentary received the unstinted praise of the scholarly world. The introduction was translated into German by August Wünsche, and published by him with his translation of the Midrash, Leipzig, 1884.
Other midrashic works edited on a similar method and scale by Buber are: collectanea from Midrash Abkir, Vienna, 1883; Tobiah ben Eliezer's Midrash Lekhach Tob, Wilna, 1880; the original Midrash Tanchuma, Wilna, 1885; collectanea from Midrash Eleh ha-Debarim Zutta, Vienna, 1885; Sifre d'Agadta, short midrashim on the Book of Esther, Wilna, 1886; Midrash Tehillim, Wilna, 1891; Midrash Mishle, Wilna, 1893; Midrash Shmuel, Cracow, 1893; Midrash Agada, an anonymous haggadic commentary on the Pentateuch, Vienna, 1894; Midrash Zuṭṭa, on the Song of Solomon, the Book of Ruth, Lamentations, and Ecclesiastes, Berlin, 1894; Aggadat Esther, haggadic treatises on the Book of Esther, anonymous, Cracow, 1897; Midrash Ekah Rabbati, Wilna, 1899; Yalkut Makiri, on the Psalms, Berdychev, 1899; Menahem ben Solomon's Midrash Sekel Tob, on the books of Genesis and Exodus, ii. vol. 2, Berlin, 1900-02.
Method as editor
As this array of publications shows, Buber was a prolific writer; yet the scientific quality of his work does not suffer on this account, at least in the opinion of his contemporaries. (See below for current assessments.) At the outset he adopted a certain system to which he consistently adhered. For a determination of the reading of the text he availed himself of all accessible manuscripts and printed works—and everything was accessible to him, as he spared no expense in obtaining copies of manuscripts and the rarest printed editions; he conscientiously recorded the various readings in footnotes, and he bestowed special care, chiefly in the older midrashim, on the correction and explanation of words in the text borrowed from the Greek and the Latin. In the introductions, which almost assume the proportions of independent works (the introduction to the Tanchuma embraces 212 pages octavo), everything that bears upon the history of the work under consideration is discussed, and a compilation is given of the authors or works cited by the Midrash or serving as sources for it, and those that in turn have drawn upon the Midrash. His work is distinguished by thoroughness, and reveals his synthetic ability as well as the vast extent of his reading. The only serious opposition to the views encountered by Buber has been in regard to his theory concerning the Tanchuma.
Buber distinguished himself in other departments of literature. His first work was a biography of the grammarian Elias Levita, published at Leipzig in 1856. After this he edited the following: De Lates' Gelehrtengeschichte Sha'are Zion, Jarosław, 1885; Zedekiah ben Abraham's liturgic work, Shibbole ha-Leket, Wilna, 1886; Pesher Dabar, Saadia Gaon's treatise on the Hapax Legomena of the Bible, Przemyśl, 1888; Samuel ben Jacob Jam'a's Agur, introduction and additions to the Arukh, Breslau, 1888 (in Grätz Jubelschrift); Samuel ben Nissim's commentary on the Book of Job, Ma'yan Gannim, Berlin, 1889; Biurim: Jedaiah Penini's explanations of Midrash Tehillim, Cracow, 1891, and a commentary on Lamentations by Joseph Caro, Breslau, 1901 (in the Kaufmann Gedenkbuch); Anshe Shem, biographies and epitaphs of the rabbis and heads of academies who lived and worked at Lemberg, covering a period of nearly four hundred years (1500-1890), Cracow, 1895. In these works Buber appears as a philologist and as a careful writer of biographies of scholars, especially of the Jewish scholars of Poland.
Buber's extensive knowledge of Jewish history and literature is also displayed in additions to the works of others and in numerous contributions to Hebrew magazines, such as: Meged Yerachin, Kobak's Jeschurun, Ha-Lebanon, Ha-Maggid, Maggid Mishneh, Ha-'Ibri, Ha-Melitz, Ha Chabatzelet, Ha-Karmel, Joseph Kohn's Otzar Chokmah, Bet Talmud, Ha-Shachar, Ha-Asif, Keneset Yisrael, Zion, Oẓar ha-Sifrut, Ha-Eshkol.
Among the works of his later years the following may be mentioned: Yeri'ot Shelomoh, a supplement to Abraham ben Elijah of Wilna's Rab Po'alim, Warsaw, 1894; a criticism of Yalḳuṭ Makhiri, on Isaiah, ed. Schapira, Cracow, 1895; a criticism of the Pesiḳta, with an introduction by David Luria (ed. Warsaw, 1893), Cracow, 1895; Ḳiryah Nisgabah, on the rabbis in Zółkiew up to the letter ך, published in Ha-Eshkol, i-iii, 1898–1900; and his contribution to the Steinschneider Festschrift, wherein he propounds a new theory concerning the Petichtot (Introductions) in Midrash Ekah Rabbati.
Buber corresponded on learned subjects with many well-known Jewish scholars. He proved himself a veritable Maecenas of learning. The cost involved in the publication of his works was usually borne by him, and he presented free copies to libraries and indigent scholars.
Current assessment of Buber's scholarship
While there is no denying the positive and profound impact of Solomon Buber on the publication and study of the midrashic literature, there has been some reassessment of the quality of his work in light of more modern methodologies. states that Buber's texts "are now largely considered defective on two counts." The first count is that Buber's methods are not consistent and rigorous by modern standards of scholarship, and the second count is that Buber's hired copyists often introduced their own copying errors into the works, thus partly negating Buber's efforts to establish a correct text. Many of the midrashic works that Buber first published now exist in (relatively) newer critical editions, which will generally be listed in modern reviews such as .
Family
Solomon Buber was the grandfather and teacher of Martin Buber.
References
M. Reines, Dor wa-Chakamaw, i. 28-40; Sefer Zikkaron, p. 7, Warsaw, 1889.
.
.
External links
Literature by and about Salomon Buber in University Library JCS Frankfurt am Main: Digital Collections Judaica
Buber, Solomon
Buber, Solomon
Buber, Solomon
Buber, Solomon
Buber, Solomom
Jewish Ukrainian social scientists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon%20Buber |
Branko Horvat (24 July 1928 – 18 December 2003) was a Croatian economist and politician.
Horvat was born in Petrinja on 24 July 1928. In 1944 during World War II, Horvat and his father Artur Horvat joined the Partisan movement in Croatia. He worked a long time at the Institute of Economic Sciences, the former Planning Institute of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He was the editor of the journal Economic Analysis and Worker’s Self-Management, and collaborator of the journal Praxis (of the Praxis School), to which he contributed much from an economic viewpoint, though he was never a member of the group. He was also a member of the Economic Institute of Zagreb.
Horvat tried to unite democratic forces on a common platform, but without much success. He was highly critical of the economic policy of the Franjo Tuđman government (as he was before of the communist). A democratic socialist, he advocated a model of market socialism, dubbed the Illyrian model, where firms were owned and self-managed by their workers and competed with each other in open and free markets. In 1992 he founded and became president of the Social Democratic Union. Horvat organized a Balkan Conference with the primary aim of restoring cooperation between Yugoslav forces.
His most widely known study is The Political Economy of Socialism (published in 1982 in English, in 1984 in Croatian, and in 2001 in Chinese). He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1983.
Branko Horvat's wife, Ranka Peašinović, was a professor at the University of Zagreb.
A street in Pristina, Kosovo was named in Horvat's honour.
References
Sources
External links
Branko Horvat (1971). “Business Cycles in Yugoslavia”.
Branko Horvat. "An Integrated System of Social Accounts for an Economy of the Yugoslav Type"
Umro profesor Branko Horvat
In memoriam
1993 interview with Horvat
1928 births
2003 deaths
People from Petrinja
Croatian Jews
Croatian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
20th-century Croatian economists
Left of Croatia politicians
Yugoslav Partisans members
Jews in the Yugoslav Partisans
Croatian people of World War II
Socialist economists
Child soldiers in World War II
Yugoslav economists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko%20Horvat |
This is a list of extinct languages of Africa, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers and no spoken descendant.
There are 49 languages listed; 11 from Eastern Africa, 8 from Middle Africa, 17 from Northern Africa, 3 from Southern Africa, 10 from Western Africa.
Eastern Africa
Eritrea
Geez
Italian Eritrean
Ethiopia
Gafat
Mesmes
Weyto
Kenya
Kore
Madagascar
Vazimba (with Glottolog code, unclassifiable)
Tanzania
Kw'adza
Ngasa
Uganda
Nyang'i
Singa
Middle Africa
Angola
Kwadi
Cameroon
Duli
Gey (possibly a dialect of Duli)
Nagumi
Yeni
Chad
Horo
Muskum
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ngbee
Northern Africa
Ancient Nubian
Algeria
Numidian
Egypt
Ancient Egyptian
Coptic
Sudan
Baygo
Berti
Birked
Gule
Homa
Meroitic
Mittu
Togoyo
Torona
Tunisia
African Romance
Mediterranean Lingua Franca
Punic
Sened
Vandalic
Southern Africa
South Africa
ǁXegwi
ǀXam
Seroa
Western Africa
Ivory Coast
Esuma
Gbin
Nigeria
Ajawa
Auyokawa
Basa-Gumna
Gamo-Ningi
Kpati
Kubi
Mawa
Teshenawa
See also
Languages of Africa
List of endangered languages in Africa
References
Africa
Extinct languages of Africa
Extinct languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20extinct%20languages%20of%20Africa |
Sang Linggo nAPO Sila (They Are Now On All Week) is a Philippine daily noon-time variety show of ABS-CBN that aired from January 30, 1995, to November 28, 1998, replacement of Eat Bulaga! and followed by Magandang Tanghali Bayan or MTB. It was hosted by the APO Hiking Society (Danny Javier, Jim Paredes and Boboy Garrovillo). Some of the original co-hosts included Kris Aquino, Bing Loyzaga, Michelle van Eimeren, Agot Isidro, Lara Melissa de Leon, Amy Perez, John Estrada, Rannie Raymundo and Roderick Paulate.
The show was a spin-off of ABS-CBN's popular Sunday noon-time show Sa Linggo nAPO Sila. It was one of the new shows launched by the network in 1995 as part of their "Primetime on Daytime" block after Eat Bulaga! moved from ABS-CBN to GMA Network. It aired live daily from ABS-CBN's studio at the Delta Theater until it moved to Studio 3 at the ABS-CBN Broadcast Center in 1997.
First Year: The New Era of Noontime
Sang Linggo nAPO Sila started its first live broadcast from the ABS-CBN Delta Theater on January 28, 1995. The core hosts from the previous show Sa Linggo nAPO Sila (led by the APO Hiking Society) were initially joined by various ABS-CBN contract artists on a twice-weekly basis, until the show established its own core of regular hosts committed to appear on a daily basis.
It garnered high ratings most especially in provinces and cities where ABS-CBN had superior signal. But the real challenge for Sang Linggo was the show's content itself as it tried to veer away from the usual noontime format of slapstick humor and various talent portions that its predecessor (and now competitor on GMA Network) Eat Bulaga!" (which added Allan K., Francis Magalona, Jose Manalo, Donna Cruz, and others to its roster of hosts as well) had presented to its viewers. Eventually, the show decided to compete for viewership by coming up with various game and talent portions as their answer to their rival show's own tried and tested segments. Among the portions that were a hit to its viewers on its initial year were "Conan the Beautician", "Hibangers", "Pop-Pinoyan", and "Princess Asia".
Soon after, Sang Linggo nAPO Sila became the avenue to showcase talent and introduce new stars. The likes of Rico Yan, Bojo Molina and Matthew Mendoza were introduced to the public as regular co-hosts. The show's rotating comedy sketch segments won loyal following out of new star combinations like the comic duos of John Estrada and Manilyn Reynes, Roderick Paulate and Jun Encarnacion, and Redford White and Norman Mitchell.
Second Year: Top-rating status and downfall
In the show's second year, it launched "Calendar Girl", a pageant segment for girls aged 15–21 years old. The segment injected a "sexy" element to the show but won over a new fanbase. The noontime show also introduced "Barangay APO", a segment where host Eagle Riggs goes on live remote telecast on a selected barangay and gives out many prizes in cash and kind. The said segment catapulted Sang Linggo nAPO Sila to the number 1 spot in the noontime slot in Mega Manila. But the show's popularity declined when Eat Bulaga! introduced "Super SiReyna", a transgender pageant. Due to "Super SiReyna"'s phenomenal success in 1996, it catapulted Eat Bulaga! back to the top spot as well as other new segments that capture the attention of its viewers.
Third and Final Year
Sang Linggo nAPO Sila barely celebrated its third year on Philippine TV when the show suddenly suffered in the ratings game. The show was moved to Studio 3 of ABS-CBN Broadcast Center at that time in 1997. With Eat Bulaga! continuing to thrill the noontime viewing public with "Super SiReyna", "Kaserola ng Kabayanan", and "Philippine Bulaga Association", the staff decided to give its still-popular segment "Calendar Girl" a more bolder, naughtier approach. The question-and-answer portion was now handled by the newly established trio of John Estrada, Randy Santiago and Willie Revillame. Their delivery of naughty jokes on national TV was met with mixed reactions. At the same time, the show unveiled its own game portion "APO Cash ng Bayan" which gave out many cash prizes. The ratings improved a bit with the changes but it reportedly did not sit well with some of the original hosts of the show. The show was in danger of cancellation and went its final airing on November 28, 1998, when co-hosts Randy Santiago, John Estrada and Willie Revillame went on to become the main hosts of the network's new noontime show Magandang Tanghali Bayan that aired Mondays to Fridays. The APO Hiking Society, on the other hand, kept the Saturday noontime slot via the musical variety show "Sabado Live". However with "MTB" posting higher ratings after adding the phenomenal segment "Pera o Bayong" later before the year ended, ABS-CBN management decided to cancel "Sabado Live" and extend "MTB"'s run to Saturday. Sabado Live's final show aired on February 27, 1999.
Legacy
Sang Linggo nAPO Sila garnered high ratings from the start of its airing but it was not able to overtake Eat Bulaga! permanently, but it did gain popularity in regions where GMA's signals were weak and ABS-CBN's signals were stronger. The show also introduced many new talents to television. Some of the show's new talents would eventually make their mark in show business as box-office stars and acclaimed artists (recording, film and TV) despite Eat Bulaga’s reported clout and power in the showbiz industry.
However, despite the show's initial advocacy to "clean up" the noontime slot and become the viewer's alternative choice, the management eventually decided that the show must go head-on with Eat Bulaga!. The all-out "noontime network war" escalated as the staff and fans of both warring noontime shows accused each other of copying segments.
The downfall of the show was blamed on the humor being "too intelligent for the average Filipino" as the management tried to request the show's hosts to tone down on jokes (mostly political) that only a few would understand. Apparently, ABS-CBN was looking for a bigger version of its competitor in the noontime slot. After the axing of "APO", succeeding Kapamilya noontime shows would feature younger set of hosts with the same "street humor" inspired by their competitors.
Hosts
Main hosts
Danny Javier
Jim Paredes
Boboy Garovillo
Co-hosts
Manilyn Reynes (1995–1998)
Kris Aquino (1995–1996)
Agot Isidro (1995–1998)
Amy Perez (1995–1998)
Pops Fernandez (1995–1996)
Michelle van Eimeren (1995–1998)
Lara Melissa de Leon (1995–1998)
Bing Loyzaga (1995–1998)
Gelli de Belen (1996–1998)
Aiko Melendez (1996–1998)
Extended hosts
John Estrada (1995–1998)
Roderick Paulate
CJ Ramos
Randy Santiago (1998)
Willie Revillame (1998)
Judy Ann Santos
Claudine Barretto
Rico Yan† (1996–1998)
Kristine Hermosa
Jolina Magdangal (1997–1998)
Rica Peralejo
Giselle Toengi (1998)
Ruffa Gutierrez
Carmina Villaroel
Mark Vernal
Bojo Molina (1996–1998)
Ara Mina
Matthew Mendoza (1996–1997)
Anjo Yllana
Jun Encarnacion†
Eagle Riggs
Rannie Raymundo
Giselle Sanchez
Jon Santos
Bayani Agbayani (1996–1998)
Redford White† (1995–1998)
Norman Mitchell
Solidgold Dancers
Winnie Cordero
Joy Viado†
Joji Isla
Dinky Doo, Jr.
Whitney Tyson
Sammy Lagmay†
Cynthia Patag
Beverly Salviejo
Bentong†
Voice Unlimited
Personnel
Segments
Calendar Girl
Hibangers
Princess Asia
Barangay APO
Sarimanok Sweepstakes
Ricollection
Little Dreamboy
Made na Made Na!
Doon Po sa Jammin'
Hataw ng Tanghalan
Fantasya Festival
Ngiting Unique, Ngiting Panalo (1996–1997)
APO Cash ng Bayan
Dahil Tanging Ikaw Sing-a-like Contest (1996)
Star Kid
Mader Dear
Directors
Danni Caparas
Victor de Guzman
See also
Eat Bulaga!
Magandang Tanghali Bayan
Wowowee
It's Showtime
List of programs broadcast by ABS-CBN
References
External links
'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila at Telebisyon.net
1990s Philippine television series
1995 Philippine television series debuts
1998 Philippine television series endings
ABS-CBN original programming
Philippine variety television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Sang%20Linggo%20nAPO%20Sila |
Baron Kingston is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Ireland and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation came in 1660 when the military commander Sir John King was made Baron Kingston, of Kingston in the County of Dublin. He was the elder brother of Sir Robert King, 1st Baronet, of Boyle Abbey (from whom the Earls of Kingston descend). Two of his sons, the second and third Barons, both succeeded in the title. The title became extinct in 1761 on the death of the latter's son, the fourth Baron, who had no surviving male issue. However, the title was revived three years later when his kinsman Sir Edward King, 5th Baronet, of Boyle Abbey, was made Baron Kingston, of Rockingham in the County of Roscommon. He was also created Viscount Kingston in 1766 and Earl of Kingston in 1768.
In 1821, George King, 3rd Earl of Kingston, was made Baron Kingston, of Mitchelstown, in the county of Cork, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, enabling him to sit in the House of Lords. See the earldom title for more information on this creation.
Barons Kingston; First creation (1660)
John King, 1st Baron Kingston (died 1676)
Robert King, 2nd Baron Kingston (died 1693)
John King, 3rd Baron Kingston (–1728)
James King, 4th Baron Kingston (1693–1761)
Hon. William King (died 1755)
Barons Kingston; Second creation (1764)
see Earl of Kingston
Barons Kingston; Third creation (1821)
see Earl of Kingston
See also
Viscount Lorton
References
Baronies in the Peerage of Ireland
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of Ireland
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1660
Noble titles created in 1764
Noble titles created in 1821
1660 establishments in Ireland
King family (Anglo-Irish aristocracy) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Kingston |
Block Truncation Coding (BTC) is a type of lossy image compression technique for greyscale images. It divides the original images into blocks and then uses a quantizer to reduce the number of grey levels in each block whilst maintaining the same mean and standard deviation. It is an early predecessor of the popular hardware DXTC technique, although BTC compression method was first adapted to color long before DXTC using a very similar approach called Color Cell Compression. BTC has also been adapted to video compression.
BTC was first proposed by Professors Mitchell and Delp at Purdue University. Another variation of BTC is Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding or AMBTC, in which instead of using the standard deviation the first absolute moment is preserved along with the mean. AMBTC is computationally simpler than BTC and also typically results in a lower Mean Squared Error (MSE). AMBTC was proposed by Maximo Lema and Robert Mitchell.
Using sub-blocks of 4×4 pixels gives a compression ratio of 4:1 assuming 8-bit integer values are used during transmission or storage. Larger blocks allow greater compression ("a" and "b" values spread over more pixels) however quality also reduces with the increase in block size due to the nature of the algorithm.
The BTC algorithm was used for compressing Mars Pathfinder's rover images.
Compression procedure
A pixel image is divided into blocks of typically 4×4 pixels. For each block the Mean and Standard Deviation of the pixel values are calculated; these statistics generally change from block to block. The pixel values selected for each reconstructed, or new, block are chosen so that each block of the BTC compressed image will have (approximately) the same mean and standard deviation as the corresponding block of the original image. A two level quantization on the block is where we gain the compression and is performed as follows:
Here are pixel elements of the original block and are elements of the compressed block. In words this can be explained as: If a pixel value is greater than the mean it is assigned the value "1", otherwise "0". Values equal to the mean can have either a "1" or a "0" depending on the preference of the person or organisation implementing the algorithm.
This 16-bit block is stored or transmitted along with the values of Mean and Standard Deviation. Reconstruction is made with two values "a" and "b" which preserve the mean and the standard deviation. The values of "a" and "b" can be computed as follows:
Where is the standard deviation, m is the total number of pixels in the block and q is the number of pixels greater than the mean ()
To reconstruct the image, or create its approximation, elements assigned a 0 are replaced with the "a" value and elements assigned a 1 are replaced with the "b" value.
This demonstrates that the algorithm is asymmetric in that the encoder has much more work to do than the decoder. This is because the decoder is simply replacing 1's and 0's with the estimated value whereas the encoder is also required to calculate the mean, standard deviation and the two values to use.
Example
Encoder
Take a 4×4 block from an image, in this case the mountain test image:
Like any small block from an image this appears rather boring to work with as the numbers are all quite similar, this is the nature of lossy compression and how it can work so well for images. Now we need to calculate two values from this data, that is the mean and standard deviation. The mean can be computed to 241.875, this is a simple calculation which should require no further explanation. The standard deviation is easily calculated at 4.36. From this the values of "a" and "b" can be calculated using the previous equations. They come out to be 236.935 and 245.718 respectively. The last calculation that needs to be done on the encoding side is to set the matrix to transmit to 1's and 0's so that each pixel can be transmitted as a single bit.
Decoder
Now at the decoder side all we need to do is reassign the "a" and "b" values to the 1 and 0 pixels. This will give us the following block:
As can be seen, the block has been reconstructed with the two values of "a" and "b" as integers (because images aren't defined to store floating point numbers). When working through the theory, this is a good point to calculate the mean and standard deviation of the reconstructed block. They should equal the original mean and standard deviation. Remember to use integers, otherwise much quantization error will become involved, as we previously quantized everything to integers in the encoder.
See also
Color Cell Compression ( a newer derivative of Block Truncation Coding )
References
External links
Image compression
Lossy compression algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20Truncation%20Coding |
Exploration Place is a science museum located on the west side of the Arkansas River in the Delano neighborhood of Wichita, Kansas, United States. It is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit institution.
History
During the 1980s, a plan to consolidate the city-owned Wichita Omnisphere and Science Center and the Children's Museum of Wichita was proposed. In 1992, a capital funds campaign was launched, and with an endowment from Velma Lunt Wallace, funds from the City of Wichita and Sedgwick County, and other donations, the museum opened in the spring of 2000.
The museum is supported by admissions, membership dues, Sedgwick County government, and other public support and voluntary contributions from individuals, corporations and foundations. In 2019 Exploration Place had attendance of 345,838, made up of 279,640 people visiting the facility and 66,198 people engaged through outreach programs.
Building
Construction began May 1997 and took 2 ½ years. Internationally acclaimed architect Moshe Safdie of Boston designed the building. There are and on the property. The tallest point of the building is the peak of the roof of the traveling exhibits space and is above the floor (nearly 7 stories high). The combined distance around the interior perimeter of both buildings is approximately one mile.
The "Island Building" is named because it is surrounded by water, with the Arkansas River on one side and the reflecting pond on the other. The reflecting pond is between the buildings to create the illusion that looks like the river runs between the buildings. The reflecting pond is one to three feet deep. Even though the building is so close to the river it is not prone to flooding because it is above the 100-year flood level. During the flood in October 1998, the worst in recent history, the water level was still more than below the finished floor level.
Digital Dome Theater and Planetarium
This venue is the largest dome theater in Kansas with a 60-foot high, 360-degree screen. It shows digital films. General museum admission is not required to see a show at the dome.
Kemper Creative Learning Studio
This venue is a 140-seat theater equipped with audio/visual equipment, sound system, podium and stage lighting. It is the home of live science shows.
Exhibits
Health Inside Out - a hub of discovery, fascination and respect for the human body
Bridging Art and Science - featuring artists whose work illustrates the important ties between art and science
Design, Build, Fly - includes flight simulators and a giant "wind wall" made of thousands of tiny reflective discs that show air currents generated by a real airplane propeller and two wind generators mounted on a tower.
Explore Kansas - features facts about the state's land, water, weather and inhabitants.
Kansas in Miniature - a small-scale recreation of early-1950s Kansas buildings, landmarks and more.
KEVA: Build Your Mind - features 4 1/2-inch long KEVA Planks and focuses on design aesthetics and engineering.
Kansas Kids Connect - an immersive area where young children will discover the world around them and find out how country and city living are more alike than we may think.
Traveling exhibits - an area which has hosted more than 30 different temporary exhibits including Astronaut, A T. rex Named Sue, Titanic: The Artifact Exhibition, CSI: The Experience, and Star Wars:® Where Science Meets Imagination.
Where Kids Rule - includes a three-story medieval castle where children can experience more than 60 hands-on, STEM-based exhibits.
Explore Store
This 1,900 square-foot shopping extravaganza connects you to science, educational toys and even funky fun! The store is now one of the few places in the area to feature fair trade items. All purchases help support Exploration Place. General museum admission is not required to shop the store.
Outdoors
Exploration Park - free venue that includes wetlands habitat, adventure play yard, picnic groves and Festival Plaza
Hours and admission
Hours
Daily 10:00 a.m. to 5 p.m., late opening Thursday until 8 p.m.
Closed on Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.
Museum admission
Senior (65+) = $10.00
Adult (12-64) = $12.00
Youth (3-11) = $10.00
Children (2 and under) = Free
Dome admission
Senior (65+) = $7.00
Adults (12-64) = $8.00
Youth (3-11) = $6.00
Children (2 and under) = Free
See also
Wichita Public Library, main library, is located across the street from Exploration Place
References
External links
Exploration Place
360 Tour
Trip Advisor Reviews
Museums established in 2000
Museums in Wichita, Kansas
Science museums in Kansas
Moshe Safdie buildings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration%20Place |
Real World or The Real World may also refer to:
Real life, a phrase to distinguish between the real world and fictional, virtual or idealized worlds
Television
The Real World (TV series), 1992–2017
"The Real World" (Stargate Atlantis), a 2006 episode
Music
Real World (album), by Kokia, 2010
Da Real World, an album by Missy Elliott, 1999
"Real World" (Matchbox Twenty song), 1998
"Real World" (Queensrÿche song), 1993
"Real World", a song by The All-American Rejects from the 2008 album When the World Comes Down
"Real World", a song by Anaïs Mitchell from the 2022 album Anaïs Mitchell
"Real World", a song by Bruce Springsteen from the 1992 album Human Touch
"Real World", a 2004 song by D-Side
"Real World", a song by Pere Ubu from the 1978 album The Modern Dance
"The Real World", a song by the Mighty Lemon Drops from the 1989 album Laughter
"The Real World", a song by Owl City from the 2011 album All Things Bright and Beautiful
Real World Records, a record label
Real World Studios, the label's recording studio
Other uses
The Real World?, a 1987 play by Michel Tremblay
Real World (novel), a 2003 novel by Natsuo Kirino
See also
Real Life (disambiguation)
In Real Life (disambiguation)
The Challenge (TV series), later Real World/Road Rules Challenge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20World |
Remexido, the nickname of José Joaquim de Sousa Reis (Estômbar, 19 October 1796 – Faro, 2 August 1838), was a civil servant and wealthy heir and land tenant who became a notorious guerrilla leader of the Algarve in Portugal, defending the rights of king Miguel to the Portuguese throne and the antiliberal absolute monarchy in the Kingdom of Portugal. He was accused of several crimes, which made him famous and feared by then, although some studies suggest Remechido did not commit them at all or in part. He was the son of Joaquim José dos Reis and wife Clara Maria do Carmo da Rocha, both born in Estômbar, in the municipality of Lagoa, and died before a firing squad at the Campo da Trindade (site of the present school hall of the Tomás Cabreira Secondary School) in Faro on 2 August 1838.
He served as a supporter of the absolutist status quo personified by Miguel of Portugal under General Tomás Cabreira at the Battle of Sant’Ana, during the Liberal Wars (1828–1834). After the defeat of absolutist forces and the victory of liberalism in Portugal in 1834, Remechido didn't surrender and found himself savagely persecuted. He took refuge in the mountains of the Algarve supported by some mountain people in and around São Marcos da Serra, in Silves Municipality. Resorting to guerrilla tactics, he systematically thrashed the government forces. In order to discover his whereabouts, the government forces publicly interrogated his wife with physical punishments, and when she would not betray him, killed his 14-year-old son, two actions which made him resolve never to surrender and to punish those who had wronged him. He was, however, captured and brought for judgement before the Council of War. Even in his last days he was the victim of injustice: although Queen Maria II of Portugal granted him a pardon, for political and personal reasons the Council of War nevertheless sent him to his death before a firing squad.
Life
José Joaquim de Sousa Reis was born in Estômbar, in 1796 to Joaquim José dos Reis and Clara Maria do Carmo. He was given the surname "de Sousa" from his godfather Reverend José Joaquim de Sousa, a priest. but it was São Bartolomeu de Messines the place where he settled, married and traced his destiny. As a boy, he went to study for the Catholic seminary in Faro. There he took the minor orders but, given his talent for oratory, he soon aroused the admiration of the bishop who authorized him to go up to the pulpit and speak to the people. However, he would end up abandoning the promising ecclesiastical career to marry Maria Clara Machado de Bastos, daughter of a distinguished wealthy family. Still, it took a lot of persistence and use of all the rhetoric he learned to overcome the reluctance of the girl's uncle, a wealthy man and landowner in the vicinity of São Bartolomeu de Messines and São Marcos da Serra. From this insistence he would receive from Maria Clara the nickname of Remexido, which was forever stuck to his name. A literate young man, very talkative and in line with the absolutist regime of the time, he quickly gained a prominent social position and public recognition. He got improvements for the village of São Bartolomeu de Messines, like a public elementary school, a community oven and a free fair in honor of Nossa Senhora da Saúde (Our Lady of Health), which still takes place today. After the first liberal revolution of 1820 he was appointed juiz de vintena, an official magistrate position which would be abolished on January 1, 1831, due to the liberal revolution's ideals, simultaneously managing the assets of his wife's wealthy uncle. As juiz de vintena, he would personally collect the tithes of the lands of São Bartolomeu de Messines and São Marcos da Serra.
Some years later, as a guerrilla in the Serra do Caldeirão (Mountain of the Cauldron), a territory he knew very well, he became a headache for the liberal troops loyal to king Pedro V of Portugal in the civil war that opposed him to the absolutists of his brother Miguel (1828–1834). Once peace was signed in the Concession of Evoramonte on 26 May 1834, a return to normality was expected. However, the imprisonment of his wife and son, as well as the reprisals and political persecutions exercised by the liberals, winners of the fratricidal war, led the guerrilla to continue his military campaign with actions of violence all over the Algarve and Baixo Alentejo. The taking of Albufeira on July 26, 1833, at the time a liberal settlement, is an example of the slaughter and looting perpetrated by the antiliberal absolutist faction under the leadership of Remexido, causing about seven dozen victims among its civil population. And if the excesses of war can always be pointed out on either side of the strife, in the narrative built over time, the liberals made Remexido a bloodthirsty and "big-time guerrilla". A man - they said - who developed particular ferocity, "stabbing the prisoners, burning them alive and dragging them all on the tail of his own horse." And to compose the legend, Remexido even had the honor of appearing in a collection of cordel literature, where history and fiction go hand in hand. As in all cases, however, there are those who keep a different image of him as a romantic and idealistic hero, who sacrificed himself for the cause that seemed more just, although against the prevailing winds of liberal republican ideas that came from the French revolution. Of him, Camilo Castelo Branco wrote: “The Remexido appears imbued with strong romantic tones, ending up exchanging a peaceful life as a farmer, for the plight of a struggle that earned him and his family, the harshest persecutions, against which he rebelled.” And the Algarve historian, Alberto Iria, extols Remexido by presenting him as “an intelligent person, endowed with a good and generous soul, with dignity and greatness at the service of his ideals.”
Taken prisoner in 1838, he was tried in a war tribunal in the Misericórdia Hall in Faro and sentenced to death. In the final allegations, in his defense, he said: “the only crime I committed was the crime of disobedience”, in obedience to an ideal and a cause in which I believed. With no possibility of appeal, he was executed by shooting, on August 2 of the same year, at 6 pm, in the Trindade field, where today is the Alameda João de Deus lane, in Faro, and buried in the Misericórdia cemetery.
Marriage and issue
He was married in São Bartolomeu de Messines, in the municipality of Silves, on 26 July 1818 to Maria Clara Machado de Bastos, born in Paderne, in the municipality of Albufeira, daughter of Manuel Baptista Machado and wife Inês Inácia de Bastos, and had issue:
Manuel Joaquim da Graça Remexido (1820 - Faro, 11 December 1839)
José Manuel dos Reis
João Raimundo de Sousa Reis (c. 1820 - Silves), married firstly to ... and had issue, and married secondly to ..., and had issue:
Maria de Sousa Reis Remexido, married to João Vitorino Mealha, and had issue (among others paternal grandparents of the first wife of Manuel Tito de Morais)
Casimira de Sousa Reis Remexido, married to Casimiro dos Santos Velhinho, and had issue
Maria Marciana
Maria do Rosário
Maria da Soledade
Maria Marta
References
Notes
External links
Website on Remexido and the Liberal Wars
Monarchist Biographical Website
Portrait of Remexido
1796 births
1838 deaths
Portuguese guerrillas
Military personnel of the Liberal Wars
People from Lagoa, Algarve
19th-century Portuguese military personnel
Executed Portuguese people
People executed by Portugal by firing squad
Portuguese civil servants
Portuguese criminals
19th-century executions by Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remexido |
Ahmad Shabery bin Cheek (Jawi: ; born 10 December 1958) is a Malaysian politician who has served as Chairman of the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) since July 2023. He served as Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry, Minister of Communications and Multimedia, Minister of Youth and Sports and Parliamentary Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the Barisan Nasional (BN) administration under former Prime Ministers Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and Najib Razak as well as former Minister Rais Yatim from 2006 to the collapse of the BN administration in May 2018. He also served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kemaman from March 2004 to May 2018. He is a member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a component party of the BN coalition and was a member of the Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46), a component party of the Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) and Gagasan Rakyat (GR) coalitions. He was also Member of the Supreme Council of UMNO.
Education and early career
Ahmad Shabery was born in Kijal, Kemaman, Terengganu on 10 December 1958 and received his early education in both Sekolah Sungai Lembing, Kuantan (primary) as well as in Sekolah Datuk Abdul Razak, Seremban (secondary).
In 1983, he pursued a course in economics at Universiti Malaya and graduated with a bachelor's degree. During this period, he was also elected as the president of the university's Muslim Students Association. In 1986, he obtained his master's degree from the University of Leeds and in 1989, he obtained a postgraduate diploma in International Relations from the Uppsala University in Sweden. That same year, he was appointed the Secretary of the Malaysian Social Science Association (PSSM).
In 1990, he became a lecturer in the University Malaya's Faculty of Economics and Administration. He has also served as a Research Fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore.
Political career
Ahmad Shabery left UMNO in 1989 to join other members rebelling against the then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in the newly formed breakaway Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46), until its dissolution in 1996 where he rejoined UMNO again.
In 2004, he was elected as the Member of Parliament for Kemaman, defeating incumbent Abd Rahman Yusof of the People's Justice Party (PKR) by 15,882 votes. In 2008, he retained the seat after beating PKR's Fariz Musa by 12,682 votes, and won again in 2013, defeating Kamaruddin Chik (PKR) by 12,306 votes. But in the 2018 general election, he lost the parliamentary seat.
After the 12th general elections in 2008, which saw the incumbent Information Minister Zainuddin Maidin lose his parliamentary seat, the then-Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi appointed Ahmad as Zainuddin's replacement.
In April 2008, he was appointed as Minister of Youth and Sports in a minor cabinet reshuffle.
On 15 July 2008, Ahmad Shabery Cheek participated in a historic debate on the national fuel price with then-opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim, which was televised live.
After the 13th general elections in 2013, he was appointed as Minister of Communications and Multimedia for a second time round, after holding the same position in 2008 under a differently named portfolio known as the Ministry of Information.
In 2015, he was appointed as the Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry in a cabinet reshuffle. When he and BN lost in the 2018 general election, he was replaced by Salahuddin Ayub from the Pakatan Harapan (PH) new government.
Chairman of the Federal Land Development Authority (since 2023)
On 28 June 2023, Ahmad Shabery was declared the new Chairman of FELDA succeding Idris Jusoh. His appointment took effect on 1 July 2023. His appointment was welcomed positively, in which it marked as an enabler of the progress for the transformation efforts of FELDA to benefit both the existing and new generations of settlers.
Election results
Honours
:
Companion of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (SMT) (2005)
Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (DPMT) – Dato' (2007)
:
Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – Dato' Sri (2010)
See also
Kemaman (federal constituency)
References
1958 births
Living people
People from Terengganu
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Parti Melayu Semangat 46 politicians
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Government ministers of Malaysia
Alumni of the University of Leeds
University of Malaya alumni
Academic staff of the University of Malaya
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Agriculture ministers of Malaysia
Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Shabery%20Cheek |
Calvin Kingsley (8 September 1812 – 6 April 1870) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church elected in 1864.
Birth and family
Kingsley was born in Annsville, Oneida County, New York, US, the first child and eldest son of Oren (Jr.) and Margaret (Buchanan) Kingsley. His family were of early Connecticut history. Calvin's parents were not members of any church. He was converted at the age of 18 in the Methodist Church of Ellington, New York. His parents later were converted because of his witness, ultimately sending two sons into the ministry (including Calvin's brother Alanson Kingsley, who is a great-great-great grandfather of singer-songwriter, Taylor Swift).
In 1841 Calvin married Delia Deborah Scudder, the daughter of Captain Marvin and Deborah (Boughton) Scudder. They had five children: Frank, Eliza, Mary, Ellen and Martha.
Education
Kingsley attended Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania (1836–41), working as a janitor to pay his expenses, calling himself the "Professor of dust and ashes." He was Licensed to Preach in 1838 and admitted on Trial by the Erie Annual Conference of the M.E. Church in 1841.
Ordained and academic ministry
Rev. Kingsley was appointed to Saegertown, Crawford County, Pennsylvania (1841–42), and Meadville, Pennsylvania (1842–43). He was ordained a deacon in the M.E. Church and admitted into Full Connection in 1843.
He was a Professor of Mathematics at Allegheny College (1843–44). He was then appointed pastor at Erie, Pennsylvania (1844–46). In 1844 Rev. Kingsley successfully debated someone of the Universalist faith. He was ordained an elder in the M.E. Church in 1845. He returned to teaching mathematics at Allegheny (1846–55), becoming vice president of the college in 1855.
Rev. Kingsley's final assignment before election to the episcopacy was as editor of the Western Christian Advocate (1856–64), an important periodical of his denomination. During this time he resided at Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio.
Episcopal ministry
Rev. Kingsley was elected a bishop at the 1864 General Conference of the M.E. Church. He was elected the same year as Bishops Clark and Thomson, all three of whom died in their first quadrennium of episcopal leadership.
Between 1869 and 1870, Kingsley embarked on a trip around the world in the cause of missionary work. While abroad, Bishop Kingsley wrote home, describing Japan, Shaghi, Pekin, Foo Chow, Calcutta, Singapore, Madras, Benares, Lucknow, and Bareilly. After a detour to the Holy Land, he planned to visit Methodist missions in Bulgaria, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, and to attend conferences in Switzerland, Ireland and England. The group with whom he visited the Holy Land included Frances Willard.
Death and burial
Bishop Kingsley's trip, and his life, were cut short, however. He was stricken by a heart attack while visiting the Holy Land, and died on 6 April 1870 in Beirut, Syria (now Lebanon), at the age of fifty-seven. He was buried in Beirut in the Prussian Protestant Cemetery, where the Methodist Church erected a monument in his memory.
Selected writings
The Resurrection of the Dead, a vindication of the literal resurrection of the human body; in opposition to the work of Professor Bush, 1847.
Sermon in Original Sermons of Pittsburgh, Erie and W. Va. Conferences, William Hunter, Editor, 1850.
Round the World, Letters and Observations on Europe and the East, published posthumously, 1870.
Biography
Hunter, William, a sketch in Lives of Methodist Bishops, Flood and Hamilton, 1882.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
"Calvin Kingsley" in The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, Volume VI.
Biographical and Genealogical information on Bishop Calvin Kingsley, ConoverGenealogy.com
External links
Photo of Bishop Kingsley
Additional Genealogical Information
Bishop Kingsley's Family
1812 births
1870 deaths
People from Oneida County, New York
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
American theologians
Converts to Methodism
19th-century American mathematicians
American Methodist Episcopal bishops
Editors of Christian publications
American sermon writers
Mathematicians from New York (state)
19th-century American clergy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin%20Kingsley |
The culture of Kolkata concerns the music, art, museums, festivals, and lifestyle within Kolkata. It is the former capital of India and, , the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Geir Heierstad writes that Bengalis tend to have a special appreciation for art and literature.
Arts
The city has a long tradition of commercial theatres and group theatres. As opposed to commercial theatres, group theatres usually do not have any profit making agenda. Group theatre activists use the proscenium stage to portray some social message. The commercial theatres of the city, however, has been declining in popularity since the 1980s, and only a handful of commercial theatre productions are made, as of 2009.
Notable group theatres include the Little Theatre Group, Gandharba, Calcutta Theatre, Nandikar, Bahurupee etc. and movements like the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA). Famous drama and theatrics personalities include Ajitesh Bandyopadhyay, Utpal Dutta, Rudraprasad Sengupta and Shambhu Mitra.
Architecture
Kolkata has many buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic and Indo-Saracenic architectural motifs. Several well-maintained major buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures"; however, others are in various stages of decay.
Established in 1814 as the nation's oldest museum, the Indian Museum houses large collections that showcase Indian natural history and Indian art. Marble Palace is a classic example of a European mansion that was built in the city. The Victoria Memorial, a place of interest in Kolkata, has a museum documenting the city's history.
Kalighat painting originated in the 19th century Kolkata, in the vicinity of Kalighat Kali Temple of Kalighat. Initially sold as items of souvenir taken by the visitors to the Kali temple, the paintings over a period of time developed as a distinct school of Indian painting. From the depiction of Hindu gods, goddesses, and other mythological characters, the Kalighat paintings developed to reflect a variety of themes including quotidian life. The Academy of Fine Arts and other art galleries hold regular art exhibitions. The Government College of Art and Craft, founded in 1864, has been the cradle as well as workplace of eminent artists including Abanindranath Tagore, Jamini Roy, and Nandalal Bose. The art college was the birthplace of Bengal school of art that arose as an avant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the prevalent academic art styles.
Sports
The people of Kolkata are famous for being sports lovers. Cricket and football can easily be called the life blood of the city. The home town of Eden Gardens (headquarters of CAB), the city can boast of an impartial crowd of cricket lovers who cheer for good cricket even when their side is losing. Eden Gardens is one of the biggest stadiums in the country in terms of capacity and witnessed its first test match from 5 to 8 January 1934.
Exhibitions
Kolkata is a city of exhibitions and fairs. The International History & Heritage Exhibition organised by Sabarna Sangrahashala annually in February is an important event where the rich cultural heritage of the land is reflected. Apart from the history and heritage of India, the exhibition through displays of rarest artifacts and documents portrays the history, traditions and culture of other nations too. The exhibition attracts visitors from all over the world.
See also
Cinema of West Bengal
Music of Bengal
Kalighat painting
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Kolkata |
Surajpur is a Nagar Palika Parishad situated in the bank of Rihand River in Surajpur district of Chhattisgarh state in Central India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Surajpur district, located 334 km away from the state's capital city, Raipur. The National Highway 43 has its route through Surajpur.
Geography
Surajpur is located at . It has an average elevation of .
Demography
Surajpur town has population of 20,189, of which males are 10,430 and females are 9759 as per the census of India 2011 data. Population of Children under the age of 0-6 is 2649, with 1419 males and 1230 females. Total literacy rate of Surajpur city is 79.89%, male literacy rate is 86.74% and female literacy rate is 72.66%. Sex Ratio is 936 females per 1000 males. Child sex ratio is 867 per 1000 male child under the age of six. Total number of households in Surajpur is 4397.
Education
Surajpur has a large scope for education and sports.The city is considered to be a base for higher education.
Schools and colleges
The only college for graduation and post-graduation is situated on the east part of Surajpur known as Surajpur Degree College with courses mainly Arts and recently Commerce has come into main frame for the student in Surajpur district.
The Government of Chhattisgarh is Planning to Open a school to Provide English Medium Education for the Regional students. Apart from this the Surajpur has a very good education background. Numbers of Hindi and English Medium Schools have come into existence after the formation of Chhattisgarh State:
Navodaya Vidyalaya (Central Government School)
Municipal School (Government)
Boys Higher Secondary School (Government)
Girls Higher Secondary School (Government)
Saraswati Shishu Mandir Hr. Secondary School (Private)
Global Public School (Private)
Aadarsh High School (Private)
Sadhu Ram Vidya Mandir (Private)
Pt.Viswanath Memorial School (Private)
Govind Saraswati Shishu Mandir Hr. Secondary School (Private)
Surya Kant Tripathi Nirala School (Private)
Holy Temple Hr. Sec School (Private)
East & West Mission High School (Private)
D.A.V Public School (Private)
Transport
Road
Surajpur is linked with both Road and Railways. National Highway 43 Cross to link Katni towards North and Gumla & Ranchi towards east. Surajpur is directly linked to Varanasi Via Bhaiyathan → Pratappur → Renukoot → Robertsganj and is also well connected to Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh → Raipur → Bhilai → Nagpur.
Air
Raipur airport is the nearest airport from Surajpur. Surajpur is well connected with Raipur airport. Daily train / Bus are available from/ To Surajpur. The Nearest airport near Surajpur is Raipur (Capital of Chhattisgarh). One can take flights from Delhi for Raipur and use the connecting bus or train service directly from Raipur (Durg - Ambikapur Express is the best train to reach Surajpur). Almost all major cities of the country are connected through Raipur Airport. Indian Airlines, jet airways and Air India are Providing their Daily Service to all the Major airports of the Country.
Rail
Surajpur Railway station is from the City Center. The station provides connection with Bhopal, the state capital of Madhya Pradesh, Raipur, the state capital of Chhattisgarh, New Delhi, the national capital. Bilaspur is the headquarters of Southeast Central Railways and is well connected with mail and super-fast trains from Bhopal, Indore, Mumbai, New Delhi, Gwalior, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Patna, Lucknow, Chennai, Bangalore, Nagpur, Katni, Kota, Jaipur, Jammu & Hyderabad. Some of the important train connecting Surajpur Road are :
04043/04044 Hazrat Nizamuddin - Ambikapur AC Express
11265/11266 Jabalpur - Ambikapur Express
18241/18242 Durg - Ambikapur Express
18755/18756 Ambikapur - Shahdol Express
18233/18234 Narmada Express between Indore Junction BG (Indore) to Bilaspur at Anuppur Railway station away from Surajpur station
12853/12854 Amarkantak Express between Bhopal and Durg at Anuppur Railway station away from Surajpur station
Besides this it halts for a few seconds at Anuppur station for trains like Garib rath, Utkal Express, Hirakud Express, New Delhi Sampark Kranti, Bilaspur - Rewa Etc.
Places of interest
Durga Mandir
Durga Mandir is situated at Tilsiva 1 km from Center of Surajpur.
This temple is also known as the Mahamaya Temple.
Gaytri Mandir
Gaytri Mandir is one of the famous and oldest temples, situated on the bank of river Rihand at Gayatri Nagar west in Surajpur. It is a temple of Goddess Sarda. Surajpur wakes up with the prayer "Gayatri Mantra", which can be heard at 5:00AM throughout Surajpur. The temple is surrounded by a nursery and parks.
Shiv Park
Shiv Park is developed by the local authority after the formation of Chhattisgarh. It is a popular place to hangout. Shiv park is situated on Gayatri Mandir Road at Gayatri Nagar (West).
but Nowadays it became a forest. No one take care of this park.
Mahamaya Mandir
Mahamaya Mandir is situated at Devipur 4 km away from Surajpur. Mahamaya Temple is one of the most famous and Oldest temples. People from different Places visit Mahamaya Mandir toworship and now it has become a major Tourist Attraction Place in Chhattisgarh. The people of Surajpur District has a great faith on Mahamaya devi and during Navratri this place becomes a major attraction and navratri mela is being organized by the people. The daily free bus service is being provided by the Bhakt mandaly of Surajpur for the pilgrimage and devotees to reach Devipur from Surajpur. A Huge arrangement is being made by the Local People and public Authorities as well.
Shyam Baba Temple
It is again a famous temple situated at Surajpur. Large Mela and Nagar Bhraman is being organised by the local people. Many people around Surajpur and other surrounding districts gather on the eve to celebrate Lord Shyama's Birthday. F
Kumeli Waterfalls
It is a waterfall situated about 15 km from the district headquarters of Surajpur. This waterfall is created by various water sources from deep green forests of Ketka range.
Rakasganda Waterfalls
It is a waterfall on the Rihand River. it is 104 km from Surajpur city. It is almost at the Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh border. It attracts tourists from all three states.
See also
Surajpur District
References
Cities and towns in Surajpur district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surajpur%2C%20Chhattisgarh |
Stockholms Fria Tidning (SFT) is a weekly newspaper started in May 2001. The founders of the newspaper believe that Sweden suffers from similarity of reporting and concentration of ownership in the mainstream media. SFT is owned by a cooperative of the people working with the paper. All employees have the same salary regardless of their duties.
It is currently only published on Saturdays and is sold in 5,000-10,000 copies. The goal is that during 2006 publish it five days a week.
Those who run the newspaper also started the similar newspapers Göteborgs Fria Tidning and Skånes Fria Tidning, Fria Tidningen and Sesam på lätt svenska. In May 2004 they acquired Östhammars Nyheter.
In April 2018 the operational control of Fria Tidningen was taken over by Mediehuset Grön AB. As of December 2021 the newspaper is published twice a week.
References
External links
Official website
2001 establishments in Sweden
Newspapers established in 2001
Weekly newspapers published in Sweden
Swedish-language newspapers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholms%20Fria%20Tidning |
A.J. Meerwald, later known as Clyde A. Phillips, is a restored dredging oyster schooner, whose home port is in the Bivalve section of Commercial Township in Cumberland County, New Jersey. The schooner was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1995 for her significance in architecture, commerce, and maritime history. She became the state tall ship in 1998. Today, A.J. Meerwald is used by the Bayshore Center at Bivalve for onboard educational programs in the Delaware Bay, and at other ports in the New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware region.
History
On September 7, 1928, A.J. Meerwald was constructed and launched by Charles H. Stowman & Sons at the shipyard in Dorchester. She was one of hundreds of schooners built along South Jersey's Delaware Bay shore before the decline of the shipbuilding industry which coincided with the Great Depression. During World War II, she was commandeered under the War Powers Act and turned over to the U.S. Coast Guard for use as a fireboat. In 1947, she was returned to the Meerwald family, who then sold her to Clyde A. Phillips for use as an oyster dredge. In 1998, Governor Christine Todd Whitman proclaimed the schooner the "official tall ship" of New Jersey.The AJ Meerwald was originally built to be a sturdy and reliable ship that could withstand the rough conditions of the Delaware Bay. For many years, the ship was used for oyster dredging, a dangerous but lucrative activity that was common in the area. However, as the demand for oysters declined, the ship was eventually repurposed for other uses. During the prohibition era, the AJ Meerwald was used to smuggle alcohol, a risky but profitable activity that many ships engaged in.
The ship was eventually retired from service and was in danger of being scrapped. However, a group of concerned citizens came together to save the ship and restore it to its former glory. Today, the AJ Meerwald is a school ship that offers tours and educational programs that teach students about the history and ecology of the Delaware Bay. The ship is an important resource for the state's educational system, and it plays a crucial role in helping students understand the importance of preserving the environment.The AJ Meerwald is a popular tourist attraction, drawing visitors from all over the world who are interested in learning about the ship's rich history. The ship is a living museum, and visitors can explore its decks and cabins to get a sense of what life was like on board a ship in the early 20th century. The ship is also used for special events, such as weddings and corporate events, and it is a unique and memorable venue for any occasion.
The AJ Meerwald is an important part of New Jersey's maritime heritage, and it has played a significant role in shaping the state's history. From its humble beginnings as an oyster dredger to its role as a smuggler during prohibition, the ship has had many different roles over the years. Today, the ship is a living museum that offers visitors a chance to step back in time and learn about the history and ecology of the Delaware Bay.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cumberland County, New Jersey
List of schooners
List of museums in New Jersey
References
External links
Bayshore Center at Bivalve
Commercial Township, New Jersey
Individual sailing vessels
Schooners of the United States
Symbols of New Jersey
Tall ships of the United States
1928 ships
National Register of Historic Places in Cumberland County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Oyster schooners
Ships built in New Jersey
Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20J.%20Meerwald |
St Patrick's College, Bearnageeha was a Roman Catholic secondary school for boys aged between 11 and 19 situated on the Antrim Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
The college's catchment area encompassed the New Lodge, Ardoyne, the Antrim Road and various other areas of North Belfast. In 2006, St Patrick's celebrated its golden jubilee. St Patrick's was the first Catholic secondary school in Belfast to offer A-Levels.
The school was amalgamated in 2017 with Little Flower Catholic School to form Blessed Trinity College after all legal appeals to the amalgamation were exhausted.
History
St Patrick's College opened its doors for the first time on 31 August 1955. The school was constructed at a cost of approximately £250,000 and offered places to 450 young men, the school was built on the Antrim Road and has the address number "619".
The school inherited its subtitle, "Bearnageeha" from Bearnageeha House, the mansion around which the college is built. The name "Bearnageeha" is phonetically derived from the Gaelic phrase "bearna gaoithe", meaning "the windy gap". While little evidence survives as to why Bearnageeha House received its name, it has been suggested that it was related to its isolated location within the original Fortwilliam Estate; surrounded by the Belfast hills.
Headmasters and headmistress
Sports
The school offered sports including football, hurling, soccer, handball, boxing, cross country and golf.
The sports department made use of local leisure centres, Mallusk Playing Fields, Cliftonville Playing Fields, Barnett's Park, Cavehill Country Park and the Antrim Forum Athletics Track, along with the school's own sports fields and synthetic grass sports facility. In 2016 the college opened a new gym facility, it included male and female changing rooms and a fitness suite.
In Gaelic Games, the college joined the ranks of the Ulster Colleges’ in the later part of the 1990s, competing in all age groups in Gaelic football and hurling. St. Patrick's has won a number of Ulster Colleges’ titles in both Gaelic football and hurling. The students that represented the College on the GAA front were drawn mainly from the three local clubs in north Belfast: Pearse's, Ardoyne Kickhams and St Enda's, Glengormley.
In football, all students who represented the school played in two competitions: the Belfast Schools Cup and Northern Ireland Schools Cup. Many past students played football at amateur, semi-pro and Irish League levels, while others played in England, including Tony Kane and Martin Donnelly.
In Cross Country, utilising the nearby Cavehill Country Park for preparation, St Patrick's students competed on an annual basis in the B District Championships; usually held at Ormeau Park or at Queen's University's complex at ‘The Dub’. Students regularly qualified for the Ulster Championships, the most recent achievement being a silver medal, which won by John McKeown in Tullamore, County Offaly.
For many years the College Golf Team participated in the Golfing Union of Ireland's inter-school competitions at Under 14 and Under 18 levels. The competitions are played over 18 holes under both stroke and match play conditions. The college participated in the GUI Winter League Ulster section.
Houses
The college operates a house system, which was inaugurated in 1998 during the Headmastership of PJ O'Grady. It was at this time that the first three houses were created; Trinity (year 8), Saul (year 9) and Slemish (year 10). Each house has a designated colour and students wear their house badge on their school blazers. Each class in the Junior School has a rotating position of Prefect and Captain. Both Prefect and Captain wear a badge to show their position within their group
Former students
Martin Dillon (born 1949) - author, journalist, and broadcaster.
Sam Millar (born 1955) - crime writer and playwright
Ryan Burnett (born 1992) - boxer
Former staff
Tony McAuley (1939-2003) - broadcaster, producer and musician.
Eamonn O'Kane (1945-2004) - trade unionist
Hugh Niblock (1949-2022) - Gaelic footballer
See also
List of secondary schools in Belfast
References
Educational institutions established in 1956
Catholic secondary schools in Northern Ireland
Secondary schools in Belfast
Boys' schools in Northern Ireland
1956 establishments in Northern Ireland
Defunct Catholic schools in Northern Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Patrick%27s%20College%2C%20Belfast |
Brithdir Mawr is an intentional community in Pembrokeshire, South Wales.
Community
The community is based on an farm. It is currently home to 10 adults and 7 children who live in individual family flats around the farmyard. The land is farmed organically (although not certified, partly due to cost, mostly due to the belief that chemical farmers should pay for certification to show their food is safe rather than traditional, organic food growers incurring financial penalties) and the community is off-grid for supplies of water, electricity and wood being used for fuel in heating and cooking.
People work both locally and on-site to manage the farm and earn a living. The aim of the community is to live an environmentally sustainable and ethical lifestyle. Their work is based on three "pillars" of community, sustainability and education. In 2017 they owned four horses, three goats, four geese, four ducks and three beehives. Their website states that they are currently looking for investors, income generating ideas and new members.
History
In 1993, architectural historian Julian Orbach and his wife Emma Orbach set up the community in the foothills of Mynydd Carningli (Angel Mountain), near Newport, Pembrokeshire within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park without planning permission or publicity. The Orbachs initially renovated a rundown farmhouse and moved in with their three children. Other buildings were built, including a roundhouse with a turf roof, later to become known as That Roundhouse, a wooden marquee, a wood store and a workshop. The community in 1998 consisted of 12 adults and 10 children who were mainly vegetarian, grew their own crops and lived off the land.
In 1998 the settlement, which then also included five straw bale buildings and one wooden geodesic dome, was spotted from the air and reported to the authorities. The authorities identified fourteen infringements of planning regulations, including the lake, the cycle shed, the Dome, and the roundhouse. All infringements, except those relating to the Roundhouse, were resolved. In 2019 the cycle shed was still without planning permission.
By 2001 the land was split in three parts, with ownership of the land around the disputed roundhouse being transferred to the Roundhouse Trust. Julian Orbach left the site and moved into the town, but retained ownership of about including the old farmhouse and outbuildings, which was leased to the Brithdir Mawr Housing Co-op. Emma Orbach adopted the rest, which is known as Tir Ysbrydol (spirit land), and became involved in planning negotiations in relation to new and existing straw bale round huts and structures.
In 2015 Emma featured in an episode of Ben Fogle: New Lives in the Wild.
In 2016 the community was notified by Julian Orbach, the current owner, of his intention not to renew the lease from 2020. The community members were offered first refusal to purchase the site at a price of £1 million. However, according to the community's website, the owner then granted them a six year extension of the lease.
See also
Low-impact development (UK)
References
External links
Brithdir Mawr community homepage
That Roundhouse homepage
Villages in Pembrokeshire
Utopian communities
Ecovillages
Populated places established in 1993
Intentional communities in the United Kingdom
1993 establishments in Wales
Newport, Pembrokeshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brithdir%20Mawr |
This is a list of extinct languages of Asia, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers, and no spoken descendant.
There are 114 languages listed. 8 from Central Asia, 21 from East Asia, 9 from North Asia, 14 from South Asia, 26 from Southeast Asia, 36 from West Asia.
Central Asia
Avestan
Bactrian
Chagatai
Fergana Kipchak
Hunnic
Karakhanid
Khazarian
Khorezmian
Khwarezmian
Old Uyghur
Orkhon Turkic
Scythian languages, other than pre-Ossetic
Xiongnu
East Asia
China
Ba-Shu
Di
Jie
Khitan
Old Yue
Saka (Khotanese and Tumshuqese)
Tangut
Tocharian
Xianbei
Zhang-Zhung
Taiwan
Babuza
Basay
Favorlang
Papora-Hoanya
Luilang
Kulun
Pazeh
Siraiya
Taokas
Korea
Gaya
Buyeo
Baekje
North Asia
Siberia
Arin
Assan
Kamassian
Kott
Mator
Pumpokol
Sireniki
Yugh
Yurats
South Asia
India
Ahom
Andamanese languages
Aka-Bea
Aka-Bo
Aka-Cari
Aka-Kede
Aka-Kol
Aka-Kora
Akar-Bale
Oko-Juwoi
Cochin Portuguese creole
Chakma (Old Chakma)/Tsaangma
Moran
Punjabi varieties
Lubanki dialect
Jangil
Sanskrit
Sri Lanka
Ceylon Portuguese
Nepal
Dura language
Southeast Asia
Indonesia
Hukumina
Kamarian
Tambora language
Moksela language
Kayeli language
Hoti language
Nila language
Serua language
Tandia language
Ternateño language
Malaysia
Kenaboi
Wila'
Seru
Lelak
Sabüm
Philippines
Agta Dicamay
Katabaga
Ermitaño creole
Myanmar
Pyu
Chakma / Tsaangma
West Asia
Anatolia
Anatolian languages
Carian
Hittite
Luwian
Lycian
Lydian
Mysian
Palaic
Galatian
Hattian
Phrygian
Samalian
Urartian
Old Anatolian Turkish
Ottoman Turkish
Arabia
Old South Arabian languages
Hadramautic
Minaean
Qatabanian
Sabaean
Nabatean
Himyarite
Caucasus
Ubykh
Iranian Plateau
Azari
Elamite
Parthian
Deilami
Levant
Ammonite
Cypro-Minoan (Alashia and Ugarit)
Eblaite
Edomite
Minoan (Crete and Ugarit)
Moabite
Phoenician
Ugaritic
Mesopotamia
Akkadian
Amorite
Gutian
Hurrian
Kassite
Sumerian
See also
Languages of Asia
List of endangered languages in Asia
Asia
Extinct languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20extinct%20languages%20of%20Asia |
Video logging is a process in which video footage is watched and labeled according to its content.
Logging in post-production
If a video has a high shooting ratio, it can be impractical to remember exactly where each shot is on each source tape or source file. Finding a particular source shot by searching through hours of video during editing can be time consuming, as well as tie up expensive editing equipment and editors' time.
A solution widely employed in the professional industry is to log the content prior to editing. Loggers go through the source video material, labeling it according to its contents within the metadata. This data is then available during editing, making the editing more efficient.
Software based logging systems allow clip lists to be imported directly into computer based editing systems.
Broadcast and compliance logging
Free-to-Air and Subscription broadcasters often have a statutory requirement to keep a record of all programs that are emitted. This may be for legal or other compliance purposes—or simply good commercial sense to 'have proof' of events in event of a contrary claim.
Traditionally, compliance recordings were made to long-play video-cassette decks, using three 8-hour tapes per day per channel. The unreliability of moving tapes and heads, along with the move to central casting and distributed playback requirements, has made this method virtually impossible to maintain in the current operational climate.
Larger multi-channel broadcasters with hundreds of feeds running simultaneously could potentially use several thousand VHS decks in rotation, along with the equipment racking, tape storage space and staff to manipulate those assets—and tens of thousands of tapes required to span the compliance retention period.
Developments since the early 2000s have shifted to multi-channel server-based rich-media logging, with a few brave souls using domestic PVR software to achieve the basic functionality at a reduced cost.
Since 2005, more advanced systems such as the Actus Digital Intelligent Monitoring Platform were introduced and provide data sync to broadcast automation systems, as well as alerts on basic signal status, event logging for review of non program related events which may have been visible on air, and notification of non-compliance with federal regulations such as requirement to broadcast Closed Captions and CALM Act Compliance.
In addition to logging to disk, some packages also provide live streaming for internal use, or to be repurposed to external web or news sites.
A variety of disk-based compliance logging packages suitable for a range of customer applications are available— each employing a number of proprietary methods and technologies.
See also
CatDV
Blackbird
Actus Digital at http://ActusDigital.com
References
Television technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20logging |
Riverton is a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. Riverton is named for the southern Perth suburb of Riverton, which falls within its borders.
History
Riverton was created at the 1988 redistribution, replacing the abolished district of Clontarf, which had been a safe Liberal seat since a redistribution prior to the 1977 election. Riverton was first contested at the 1989 election, at which Liberal Party member Graham Kierath was successful. He served as a minister in the Court government, and held the seat until his unexpected defeat at the 2001 election on a 10.16% swing. The seat was then held by Tony McRae of the Labor Party, until his defeat by the Liberal Party's Mike Nahan at the 2008 election. McRae was the Minister for Environment, Climate Change and Disability Services between 2006 and 2008. Mike Nahan retired at the 2021 election, and the seat was won back by the Labor party with a 13.3% swing towards them.
Geography
Riverton is bounded by the Canning River to the north, Bannister Creek and High Road to the northeast, Nicholson Road to the east, the freight railway and South Street to the south, and Karel Avenue and Fifth Avenue to the west. Its boundaries include the suburbs of Parkwood, Riverton, Shelley, Willetton, Bull Creek and the Canning Vale industrial area and markets.
The 2007 redistribution, which took effect at the 2008 election, resulted in the seat losing Ferndale in the northeast and eastern Leeming in the southwest, while gaining the unpopulated Canning Vale industrial area.
Members for Riverton
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008 2013 2017
Riverton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Riverton |
Basdei is a village in India. It is located in Surajpur District of the state of Chhattisgarh. Surajpur district was declared a district on 15 August 2011 by the State Chief Minister Dr. Raman Singh along with eight other new districts. Basdei village was part of Surguja district earlier. This village is known in the region for Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya school.
References
Villages in Surajpur district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basdei |
A train protection system is a railway technical installation to ensure safe operation in the event of human error.
Development
Train stops
The earliest systems were train stops, as still used by the New York City Subway, the Toronto subway, the London Underground, the Moscow Subway (only on the older lines) and the Berlin S-Bahn. Beside every signal is a moveable arm. If the signal is red, levers connected to valves on any passing train hit the arm, opening the brake line, applying the emergency brake, If the signal shows green, the arm is turned away from the levers and there is no contact.
The Great Western Railway in the UK introduced its 'automatic train control' system in the early years of the 20th century. Each distant signal had before it a ramp between the running rails. If the signal showed green, the ramp was energised with a low voltage current which was passed to the locomotive when a shoe came into contact with the ramp. A bell rang in the locomotive's cab to confirm the clear aspect, and the electric current kept the brakes from being applied. If the signal showed yellow (meaning the next signal would show red) the ramp was dead and a siren sounded in the cab. If the siren was not cancelled, the brakes would automatically be applied. After the nationalisation of the railways in the UK in 1948, this system was later replaced by the magnetic induction "automatic warning system".
Inductive systems
In this system, data is transmitted magnetically between the track and locomotive by magnets mounted beside the rails and on the locomotive.
In the Integra-Signum system the trains are influenced only at given locations, for instance whenever a train ignores a red signal, the emergency brakes are applied and the locomotive's motors are shut down.
Additionally, they often require the driver to confirm distant signals (e.g. CAWS) that show stop or caution – failure to do so results in the train stopping. This gives sufficient braking distance for trains following each other, however, it cannot always prevent accidents in stations where trains cross paths, because the distance from the red signal to the next obstacle may be too short for the train to brake to a halt.
More advanced systems (e.g., PZB, and ZUB) calculate a braking curve that determines if the train can stop before the next red signal, and if not they brake the train. They require that the train driver enter the weight and the type of brakes into the onboard computer. One disadvantage of this kind of system is that the train cannot speed up before the signal if it has switched to green because the onboard computer's information can only be updated at the next magnet. To overcome that problem, some systems allow additional magnets to be placed between distant and home signals or data transfer from the signalling system to the onboard computer is continuous (e.g., LZB).
Radio-based
Prior to the development of a standard train protection system in Europe, there were several incompatible systems in use. Locomotives that crossed national borders had to be equipped with multiple systems. In cases where this wasn't possible or practical, the locomotives themselves had to be changed.
To overcome these problems, the European Train Control System standard was developed. It offers different levels of functionality, ranging from simple to complex. This model allows adopters to meet the cost and performance requirements of disparate solutions, from the smallest to the largest. The European system has been in operation since 2002 and uses GSM digital radio with continuous connectivity.
Cab signaling
The newer systems use cab signalling, where the trains constantly receive information regarding their relative positions to other trains. The computer shows the driver how fast they may drive, instead of them relying on exterior signals. Systems of this kind are in common use in France, Germany and Japan, where the high speeds of the trains made it impossible for the train driver to read exterior signals, and distances between distant and home signals are too short for the train to brake.
These systems are usually far more than automatic train protection systems; not only do they prevent accidents, they also actively support the train driver and detect blind spots around trains. Some systems are able to drive the train nearly automatically.
Variants
International standards
European Train Control System (Heavy rail)
Communications-based train control (Rapid Transit)
Country-specific systems
By country
Australia - Queensland (AWS and EBICAB)
Australia - South Australia (AWS)
Australia - Western Australia (EBICAB)
Austria (Indusi / PZB, ZUB 262, LZB)
Belarus (ALSN)
Belgium (MEMOR, TBL, TVM), ETCS)
Brazil (ATP, ATC)
Bulgaria (EBICAB 700)
Croatia (Indusi)
Czech Republic (LS)
China (LKJ 2000, CTCS)
Denmark (ATC, ATC-t, ATP, HKT, ZUB 123)
Dominican Republic (ATP)
Estonia (ALSN)
Ethiopia (LKJ 2000)
Finland (EBICAB 900)
France (Le Crocodile, KVB, SACEM, TVM)
Germany (Indusi / PZB, ZUB 262, LZB)
Hong Kong (ATP, SACEM, TBL)
Hungary (EVM)
India (Kavach, AWS)
Indonesia (ATP, PZB)
Ireland (CAWS and ATP)
Israel (PZB)
Italy (SCMT, Blocco Automatico a Correnti Codificate)
Japan (ATACS, TASC, ATC, ATS)
Latvia (ALSN)
Lithuania (ALSN)
Luxembourg (ETCS)
Netherlands (ATB)
Norway (EBICAB 700)
Poland (SHP)
Portugal (EBICAB 700, named on the Portuguese Railways as CONVEL)
Romania (Indusi / PZB)
Russian Federation (ALSN)
Slovak Republic (LS)
Spain (ASFA, LZB, EBICAB 900)
Sweden (EBICAB 700, Ansaldo L10000)
Switzerland (ZUB 121, ZUB 262, Integra-Signum)
Turkey (Tren Denetim Sistemi (TDS))
Ukraine (ALSN)
United Kingdom (ATP, TPWS, AWS), High Speed 1 (TVM, KVB)
United States of America (ACSES, ATCS, I-ETMS, ITCS)
See also
Anti Collision Device
Cab signalling
Dead man's switch
Linienzugbeeinflussung
Platform screen doors
Positive Train Control
Train speed optimization
Trap point
Vehicle blind spot
Bibliography
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train%20protection%20system |
Triuridaceae are a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants, including nine genera with a total of approximately 55 known species. All members lack chlorophyll and are mycoheterotrophic (obtain food by digesting intracellular fungi, often erroneously called 'saprophytes'). The heterotrophic lifestyle of these plants has resulted in a loss of xylem vessels and stomata, and a reduction of leaves to scales.
The flowers of Triuridaceae have tepals which are fused at the base and contain 10 to many free carpels.
Systematics
The circumscription of Triuridaceae has been unstable and some taxa may be paraphyletic.
Triuridaceae have been allied with Alismataceae (based on the free carpels) but the APG III system (2009) places them among the non-commelinid monocots, in the Order Pandanales.
The genus Lacandonia is sometimes placed in its own family, Lacandoniaceae.
Triuridaceae are included in the Kew Royal Botanical Garden World Checklist of Selected Plant Families and were reviewed by H. Maas-van de Kamer and P. Maas-van de Kamer in 2005. In this list, the genera Andruris and Hyalisma are subsumed into Sciaphila and Hexuris is subsumed into Peltophyllum, but two new genera Kupea and Kihansia are included. Both genera were described (and placed in Triuridaceae) in 2003. Mabelia and Nuhliantha are fossil genera that were both described in 2002 from the Turonian of New Jersey. The included genera therefore are:
Kihansia Cheek
Kupea Cheek & S.A.Williams
Lacandonia E.Martínez & Ramos
†Mabelia Gandolfo, Nixon et Crepet
†Nuhliantha Gandolfo, Nixon et Crepet
Peltophyllum Gardner (syn. Hexuris Miers)
Sciaphila Blume (syn. Hyalisma Champion)
Seychellaria Hemsl.
Soridium Miers
Triuridopsis H.Maas & Maas
Triuris Miers
References
External links
Triuridaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants : descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com
Monocot families (USDA)
The specialists at work
photograph of Sciaphila
photographs of Sciaphila ramosa
photographs of Sciaphila megastyla
type of Sciaphila tosaensis
NCBI Taxonomy Browser
links at CSDL, Texas
Monocot families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triuridaceae |
Kolkata (or Calcutta) has many festivals throughout the year. Durga Puja is the largest festival of West Bengal, and it features colourful pandals, decorative idols of Hindu goddess Durga and her family, lighting decorations and fireworks. Other major festivals are Diwali, Kali Puja, Holi, Saraswati Puja, Poush Parbon, Poila Boishakh, Christmas, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, etc.
Bengali New Year
The Bengali New Year or "Poila Baisakh" (the first day of the month of Baisakh) is celebrated around 15 April on the basis of the lunar calendar of Bangabda. Visitors to homes are greeted with sweets, and trade establishments are decorated with auspicious garlands of marigold and 'aam' leaves. Shop-owners and businessmen offer puja at Dakshineshwar Kali Temple and Kalighat Kali Temple in the morning with new ledgers(Halkhata). Businessmen also offer free sweets as a goodwill gesture on this day. It is celebrated by cultural programmes throughout Kolkata.
Religious festivals
Durga Puja
Durga Puja, held in September–October, is the biggest and most important festival of West Bengal as well as of Kolkata. It marks the victory of ten-armed goddess Durga over the buffalo demon Mahishasur and signifies the victory of good over evil. The festival commences on Mahalaya, a week before the actual Puja celebrations begin on Sashthi and continue through Saptami, Ashtami, Navami and Vijaya Dashami, when the festival comes to an end. Pandals are set up and idols of goddess Durga and her four children - Lakshmi, Saraswati, Kartik, Ganesh are worshipped and displayed for five days across the state, especially in Kolkata. Some 3000 pandals are erected throughout Kolkata and its suburbs. Pujas are also conducted in sizeable number of family households. Elaborate rituals are performed by priests amid sound of drums (dhaak), conch shell (shaankh) and bells, and many devotees join in the prayers.
Although the root of Durga Puja is essentially religious, the festival has slowly changed into more of a social carnival than a religious festival, where people from other religious or ethnic backgrounds freely participate in the festivity. It has become Kolkata's biggest public spectacle, glamorous art event and consumerist carnival. The city is decked up with lighting decorations. Loudspeakers play popular songs as well as recitation of mantras by priests. Shops, restaurants and eateries stay open all night. Fairs are set up in numerous parks and public spaces. The roads become overcrowded with hundreds of thousands of devotees, revellers and pandal-hoppers visiting the pandals on Puja days. The number of crowd is estimated to be a few million on the festive days and nights, possibly the second largest annual human congregation after the Hajj. It creates a chaotic traffic condition and vehicular movement comes to a standstill in many places. Elaborate security arrangements are made by Kolkata Police and additional personnel are deployed to prevent any untoward incident as well as to maintain crowd movement. Trains, buses, taxis and other modes of transport operate for whole night as crowds pour into the city from nearby districts and towns.
The festival is celebrated with shopping and gift-giving - usually new clothes, family and other social gatherings, communal feasting and different cultural performances. Modern day Puja celebrations also include reading special Pujabarshiki magazines, going out for a tour, watching movies and special programmes on TV, preparing special food items or dining out etc. during the Puja holidays.
On Bijaya Dashami, the day of the festival, people bid adieu to goddess Durga offering her sweets and sindoor. Before bidding adieu to the goddess, the married women assemble near the idol, apply vermilion on her feet or forehead and then smear vermillion on each other. This is a part of the last celebration before the idols are taken out in grand processions of song, dance, music and then immersed in the waters. The idol immersion ceremony continues for the next few days. People distribute sweets and visit their friends, family members and relatives to exchange the Bijoya greetings.
Kali Puja & Diwali
Kali Puja which coincides with the North Indian festival of Diwali is a major festival of West Bengal, and probably the second largest after Durga Puja. Goddess Kali is worshipped at night in thousands of pandals, homes and temples. Kali Puja is light-up night for Bengal as well as for Kolkata. People decorate their homes with diyas, candles and lights and draw colourful rangolis on the floors of their homes. Children and adults burst firecrackers and burn sparklers throughout the night. A large number of devotees visit the temples to offer prayers to the goddess and animals, especially goats are sacrificed in some places. Two days after it is Bhai Phonta or Bhatri Dwitiya which is virtually the brother's day. On Bhai Phonta, the sisters fast in the morning till they put a mark of sandalwood paste on their brothers' foreheads and treat them with gifts and delicacies. While doing so, they pray to God for the sound health, safety and prosperity of their brothers. The brothers in return present gifts to the sisters.
Saraswati Puja
Saraswati Puja, a festival honouring the goddess of learning and arts, is celebrated with domestic pujas, and familial gatherings in Kolkata on a date between the last week of January and the middle of February. The day is sacred to Saraswati, goddess of learning whose worship is celebrated with great splendor mainly by students and artists. Books are often worshipped in lieu of the clay image of the Goddess. Girl worshipers usually wear saffron and yellow-coloured cloths. The puja is especially celebrated in schools and other educational institutes. It gives an chance of free-mixing among school kids. This is the equivalent of Valentine's Day to them. The typical bhog which accompanies the Puja depends dramatically on whether the family is initially from West Bengal (or ghoti) or from East Bengal — now Bangladesh —(or bangal). Ghotis have vegetarian fare, while bangals offer paired Ilish fishes to the goddess and then consume it.
Dol Yatra(Holi)
The North Indian festival of Holi, is celebrated, and is supposedly coincident with the advent of spring. Holi in Bengal is known as Dol Yatra. Holi is locally known as the festival of colors. The celebrations start in the city with the burning of Holika bonfire on the night before Holi which is known as "Nera Pora" in local. In this occasion Lord Krishna and Goddess Radha is worshioped. It is also the auspicious Birth Tithi of 16th Century Vaishnav Saint Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu .The festival of colour involve throwing, sprinkling and smearing powdered colour (aabir), and water colour (jal rang) on others. Unknown passersby often get drenched by coloured water balloons, and celebrations often get rowdy and rambunctious with the men partaking the intoxicating drink of shiddhi (bhang), often laced with the stronger charas. Nowadays, Holi party usually means frolicking dance and various delicacies like sweets, beverages etc.
Cultural festivals
Dover Lane Music Festival
The Dover Lane Music Festival is a Hindustani classical music, with performances from established musicians from several countries as well as new musicians. It has been held for the past years in the January conglomerate holiday (23 – 26 January) period and comprises three all-night recitals. Initially held open air at Dover Lane in Ballygunge area of South Kolkata, due to the large crowds, it is now held at the open-air theatre Nazrul Mancha on the Southern Avenue (Ballygunge area). It is held in conjunction with the Dover Lane Music Conference.
Calcutta Book Fair
The 'Kolkata International Book Fair or Kolkata Boi Mela is the world's largest non-trade annual book fair as well as the largest book fair in Asia. Held on the Milan Mela ground near Science City on E.M.Bypass, this fair has over 600 stalls, selling over Rs.23,000,000 worth of books and attracting more than 2.5 million visitors annually. It was started in 1970 by the Publishers' and Booksellers' Association. It has a Monmarte with new poets and artists, an annual theme country with authors like Günter Grass and Richard Dawkins visiting the fair as chief guests and it offers a typical fairground experience with a literary theme with picknickers, singer-songwriters, artistes and candyfloss vendors. It starts on the last Wednesday of January, and continues for twelve days, including two weekends.
Kolkata International Cinema Festival
The Kolkata International Cinema Festival is screened annually from 10 to 17 November. The largest of its kind in India, it was started in 1995 and is affiliated with the International Federation of Film Producers' Association (FIAPF) in Paris. Kolkata's strong ties to film-making (through such icons as Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen and, more recently, Rituparno Ghosh) has boosted the festival and it screens a number of international, critically acclaimed new films every year.
National Theatre Festival
Nandikar's National Theatre Festival was initiated in 1984 to commemorate Nandikar's silver jubilee, and is now an annual event in Kolkata. The festival is organized by the Nandikar theatre group.
National Children's Theatre Festival
The National Theatre [Festival] is an annual event (first week of June) organised by Kolkata [Eso Natak Shikhi][www.esonatakshikhi.com], a Kolkata-based group theatre working with children since 1990. Teams from India and abroad participate and perform at Rabindra Sadan. The festival is assisted by the Ministry of Culture and Information, Government of West Bengal, and the Ministry of Transport & Sports, Government of West Bengal. Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, Ministry of Tourism & Culture, Govt. of India.
International History & Heritage Exhibition
International History & Heritage Exhibition, also known as Itihaas Utsav (আন্তর্জাতিক ইতিহাস উৎসব) organised by Sabarna Sangrahashala, is an event held every February at Barisha. The four day long event displays rare artifacts, documents and information on the cultural heritage of Bengal, India and the World.
External links
Photos of Kolkata Durga Puja.
Kolkata Durga Puja Pandals and Committees.
Photos od Eid Namaz, Calcutta
Photos of All Souls' Day, Calcutta
Photos of Chinese New Year, Calcutta
References
Culture of Kolkata
Tourist attractions in Kolkata
Festivals in West Bengal
Kolkata
Festivals in Asia by city
Events in Kolkata | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivals%20in%20Kolkata |
A Chief of Staff or Chiefs of Staff is defined as the senior officer of any of several services of the armed forces of several nations and may refer to:
The United States Joint Chiefs of Staff
The British Chiefs of Staff Committee
The Canadian chiefs of staff committee, replaced after Unification in 1968 by the Armed Forces Council
Chief of Staff (TV series), a 2019 South Korean television series
See also
Staff (military)
Joint Chiefs of Staff (disambiguation)
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefs%20of%20Staff |
This article contains information on rugby league played in 2006. The season commenced with the World Club Challenge in England in February and concluded with the Tri-Nations Final in Australia in November.
January
World Club Challenge
Bradford Bulls won the one-off match against Wests Tigers 30–10 at Galpharm Stadium, Huddersfield.
February
National Rugby League trial matches
Week 1
Brisbane def. Nth Qld 36–4. Rockhampton, NSW. 11/2/2006. Report
Canberra def. New Zealand 28–16. Auckland, New Zealand. Report
Melbourne def. Parramatta 38–18. Ballina, NSW. 11/2/2006 report
Week 2
South Sydney Rabbitohs and the St George Illawarra Dragons played their annual Charity Shield match. The Rabbitohs narrowly took the shield with a score of 14–12, while most of the Dragons' top grade players were being rested on the bench in preparation for weeks to come.
Other results from this week of trials included:
Brisbane def. Canberra 28–20. Port Macquarie, NSW.
Cronulla def. Canterbury 34–30. Mollymook, NSW.
Nth Qld def. New Zealand 26–10. Cairns, Qld. Crowd: c. 15,000.
Parramatta def. Melbourne 30–24. Exies Oval, Griffith, NSW. Crowd: 6,831.
Penrith def. Newcastle 38–30. Alice Springs, NT.
Sydney def. Manly 44–14. Central Coast Stadium, Gosford, NSW. Crowd: c. 10,000.
Week 3
Manly def. Wests 42–18. Brookvale Oval, Sydney, NSW.
Melbourne def. Brisbane 58–10. Toowoomba Stadium, Toowoomba, QLD.
New Zealand def. Canterbury 24–20. Carrara Stadium, Gold Coast, Qld.
Newcastle def. Cronulla 22–4
North Queensland def. Souths 42–0
Penrith def. Parramatta 26–14. Regional Stadium, Port Macquarie, NSW.
Sydney def. St George Illawarra 16–12. WIN Stadium, Wollongong, NSW.
May
5 - Brisbane, Australia: The 2006 ANZAC Test is played at Suncorp Stadium between Australia and New Zealand is won by the Kangaroos 50-12.
12 - Dubbo, Australia: In the annual City vs Country Origin match, Country NSW defeated City NSW 12–10 at Apex Oval before a crowd of 11,423.
July
5 July - Telstra Dome, Melbourne, Australia before a crowd of 54,833 the 2006 State of Origin series concludes with Queensland defeating New South Wales
August
3rd – Australia: Rugby league film Footy Legends is released.
September
21st – Sydney, Australia: The 8th annual Tom Brock Lecture, entitled The Stuff of Dreams, or the Dream Stuffed? Rugby League, Media Empires, Sex Scandals, and Global Plays is delivered by Dr. David Rowe.
October
The Brisbane Broncos win the NRL Premiership after defeating first-placed Melbourne in the Grand Final.
November
8: Brisbane, Australia – The Great Britain national rugby league team plays against Australia for the last time, losing 10–33 at Suncorp Stadium before a crowd of 44,358
Regular season matches
Super League XI
The Super League kicked off the weekend after the World Club Challenge with Hull F.C. defeating the newly promoted Castleford Tigers 42–18. This season saw the entry of Catalans Dragons, who are the first French team to compete since the demise of Paris Saint-Germain at the end of Super League II. The regular season would finish with St. Helens taking out the minor premiership and the Castleford Tigers being relegated to division one. The Super League Grand Final saw St. Helens claim a twelve championship with victory over Hull F.C. at Old Trafford in front of 73,000.
National Rugby League – Season 2006
The 99th season of first grade rugby league in Australia was controversial before competition even began. The New Zealand Warriors were fined and penalised four competition points for salary cap breaches in 2004 and 2005. They were fined and started the season on -4 points. The season began on Friday, 10 March, when defending premiers Wests Tigers and early favourites St George Illawarra Dragons played at Telstra Stadium. Melbourne Storm won the Minor Premiership, however, lost to the Brisbane Broncos in the Grand Final in front of over 79,000.
Powergen Challenge Cup 2006
The Powergen Rugby League Challenge Cup is the most prestigious knock-out competition in the world of Rugby League and the 2006 competition saw over a hundred clubs competing from countries including England, France, Russia, Scotland and Wales. The final would see St. Helens take victory 41–12 over the Huddersfield Giants at Twickenham Stadium in front of 65,187.
UK National Leagues
The National Leagues kicked off on 7 April. There are three divisions, and the top team in National One has the opportunity to enter SuperLeague, subject to minimum standards.
AMNRL – Season 2006
The American National Rugby League kicked off on Wednesday 17 June with the Glen Mills Bulls defeating the Philadelphia Fight 48–26. This season saw the entry of three new competition teams the Jacksonville Axemen, New Haven Warriors and the Boston Braves. At the conclusion of the AMNRL regular season, the Glen Mills Bulls won the Minor Premiership, only to lose lost to the Connecticut Wildcats in the Grand Final Championship match in front of over 2,500.
International
Summary
Tests
Internationals
'A'/'B' internationals
Other international teams
Results
Sources
Trial matches
"Noble hails Bradford team effort", BBC website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
"2006 Charity Shield", Rleague.com website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
"2006 NRL Trials", Rleague.com website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
State of Origin
"Ring-in Finch saves the day for Blues", Sydney Morning Herald website. Retrieved 25 May 2006
International
"Lionhearts Jet Off to Serbia", England Lionhearts website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
"Serbia 6 England Lionhearts 46", England Lionhearts website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
"Serbia 4 England Lionhearts 50", England Lionhearts website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
"Aussies crush NZ in Johns finale", BBC website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
"World Cup European Preliminary Qualifying Tournament – Euro B", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
"Pacific Cup 2006 Results", New Zealand Rugby League website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
"Lions to face Kiwis in June Test", BBC website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
"Competitions and Results", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 8 May 2006
"NZ-Great Britain league match 'no Test'", Sydney Morning Herald website. Retrieved 11 May 2006
"Kiwis insist it's a Test", The Adelaide Advertiser website. Retrieved 12 May 2006
"Rugby League World Cup 2008 – European Qualifying Group", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 15 May 2006
"Kiwis Get Caps for XXXX Test", Sporting Life. Retrieved 24 May 2006
"GB Police Set For Serbia", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 24 May 2006
"Belgrade Cup", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 25 May 2006
"Impressive Georgia Outrun Dutch in 2nd Half", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 28 May 2006
"European Preliminary Qualifying Group – Match 4", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 5 June 2006
"BARLA set for Italy", British Amateur Rugby League Association website. Retrieved 6 June 2006
"Upcoming tours", South African Rugby League website. Retrieved 6 June 2006
"2006 Wales A Fixtures and Results", Cymru Rugby League website. Retrieved 7 June 2006
"Scottish Wilt Under Irish Heat", Scotland Rugby League website. Retrieved 7 June 2006
"France Make Historic Trip To Glasgow", Scotland Rugby League website. Retrieved 8 June 2006
"BARLA convincingly wins their double header against Italy and South Africa", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 12 June 2006
"Scotland A v. France Federale", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 20 June 2006
"Euro Development Tri-nations", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 27 June 2006
"Great Britain 46–14 New Zealand", bbc.co.uk website. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
"European Federation Development International", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 11 July 2006
"Wolfhound A v. Lionheart A Match Report", Rugby League Ireland website. Retrieved 19 July 2006.
"Defensive Heroics Not Enough For 'A' Team", Scotland Rugby League website. Retrieved 19 July 2006.
"Estonia 24 Germany 38 – Tallinn", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 26 July 2006
"Rugby League World Cup Pacific Qualifiers Loom", Pacific Magazine Website. Retrieved 13 August 2006.
"Slavic Cup", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 14 August 2006
"Bravehearts well beaten by Lionhearts", Scotland Rugby League website. Retrieved 16 August 2006
"England set for new tournament", bbc.co.uk website. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
"PNG Kumuls to play Australian PM's 13", The National website. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
"Wolfhounds A triumph in Wales", Rugby League Ireland website. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
"Italy overcome a gallant USA team", Italia RL XIII website. Retrieved 23, August 2006.
"New Europe-Pacific tournament for Mate Ma’a Tonga", Matangi Tonga Online, 29 August 2006. Retrieved 29 August 2006.
"RLEF Development Tri-nations", Rugby League European Federation website. Retrieved 4 September 2004.
"England A 30 Wales A 26", Cymru Rugby League website. Retrieved 20 September 2006.
Rugby league by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20in%20rugby%20league |
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