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The Renaissance in Poland (; literally: the Rebirth) lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and is widely considered to have been the Golden Age of Polish culture. Ruled by the Jagiellonian dynasty, the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (from 1569 part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) actively participated in the broad European Renaissance. The multinational Polish state experienced a period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars, aside from conflicts in the sparsely-populated eastern and southern borderlands. The Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country (giving rise to the Polish Brethren), and living conditions improved, cities grew, and exports of agricultural products enriched the population, especially the nobility (szlachta), who gained dominance in the new political system of Golden Liberty.
Overview
The Renaissance movement, whose influence originated in Italy, spread throughout Poland roughly in the 15th and 16th century. Many Italian artists arrived in the country welcomed by Polish royalty, including Francesco Fiorentino, Bartolomeo Berecci, Santi Gucci, Mateo Gucci, Bernardo Morando, Giovanni Battista di Quadro and others, including thinkers and educators such as Filip Callimachus, merchants such as the Boner family and the Montelupi family, and other prominent personalities who immigrated to Poland since the late 15th century in search of new opportunities. Most of them settled in Kraków, the Polish capital until 1611.
The Renaissance values of the dignity of man and power of his reason were applauded in Poland. Many works were translated into Polish and Latin from classical Latin, Greek and Hebrew, as well as contemporary languages like Italian. The Cracow Academy, one of the world's oldest universities, enjoyed its Golden Era between 1500 and 1535, with 3,215 students graduating in the first decade of the 16th century – a record not surpassed until the late 18th century. The period of Polish Renaissance, supportive of intellectual pursuits, produced many outstanding artists and scientists. Among them were Nicolaus Copernicus who in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium presented the heliocentric theory of the universe, Maciej of Miechów, author of Tractatus de duabus Sarmatis... – the most accurate up to date geographical and ethnographical account of Eastern Europe; Bernard Wapowski, a cartographer whose maps of that region appeared in Ptolemy's Geography; Marcin Kromer who in his De origine et rebus gestis Polonorum libri... described both the history and geography of Poland; Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, a philosopher concerned with governance; Mikołaj Rej who has popularized the use of Polish in poetry; and Jan Kochanowski, whose poems in Polish elevated him to the ranks of the most prominent Polish poets.
Young Poles, especially sons of nobility (szlachta), who graduated from any one of over 2,500 parish schools, gymnasiums and several academies (Cracow Academy, Wilno Academy, Zamość Academy), often traveled abroad to complete their education. Polish thinkers, like Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Johannes Dantiscus or Jan Łaski maintained contacts with leading European philosophers of the Renaissance, such as Thomas More, Erasmus and Philip Melanchthon. Poland not only partook in the exchange of major cultural and scientific ideas and developments of Western Europe, but also spread Western heritage eastwards among East Slavic nations. For example, printing process, Latin and art with the syllabic versification in poetry, especially in Belarus and Ukraine (through Kyiv-Mohyla Academy), from where it was transmitted to Russia (Duchy of Moscow), which began to increase its ties with western Europe in the aftermath of the Mongol invasion of Rus. The first four printed Cyrillic books in the world were published in Kraków, in 1491, by printer Szwajpolt Fiol.
Art
Incentives for development of art and architecture were many. King Sigismund I the Old, who ascended to the throne in 1507, was a sponsor of many artists, and began a major project – under Florence architect Bartolommeo Berrecci – of remaking the ancient residence of the Polish kings, the Wawel Castle, into a modern Renaissance residence. Sigismund's zeal for Renaissance was matched not only by his son, Sigismund II Augustus, but by many wealthy nobles and burghers who also desired to display their wealth, influence and cultural savvy. In 1578, chancellor Jan Zamoyski begun construction of the ideal Renaissance city, sponsoring the creation of Zamość (a city named after him), which soon became an important administrative, commercial and educational town of Renaissance Poland. The two largest contemporary Polish cities – Kraków (which attracted many Italian architects) and Danzig (which attracted mostly architects from Germany and the Netherlands) – likely gained the most in the era, but many other cities also spotted new Renaissance constructions.
Renaissance painting was introduced in Poland by many immigrant artists, such as Lucas Cranach, Hans Dürer and Hans von Kulmbach, and practiced by such Polish painters as Marcin Kober (a court painter of king Stefan Batory). The works of the portraitists created an impressive gallery, particularly representative of those who could afford to be immortalized in them.
The centre of musical culture was the royal residence at Kraków, where the royal court welcomed many foreign and local performers. The most significant works of the Renaissance in Poland include compositions, usually for lute and organs, both vocal and instrumental, from dances, through polyphonic music, to religious oratorios and masses. In 1540 by Jan of Lublin released the Tablature, in which he collected most known European organ pieces. Nicolaus Cracoviensis (Mikołaj of Kraków) composed many masses, motets, songs, dances and preludes. Mikołaj Gomółka was the author of musical rendition of Kochanowski's poems (Melodies for the Polish Psalter). The most famous Polish composer was Wacław z Szamotuł, recognized as one of the outstanding Renaissance composers.
Notable Polish Renaissance artists
Among the most prominent Polish Renaissance writers and artists, whose accomplishments have become a salient part of Polish curriculum are poets Mikołaj Rej, Jan Kochanowski, Szymon Szymonowic, Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński, Andrzej Krzycki and Johannes Dantiscus, writer Łukasz Górnicki, composer Wacław z Szamotuł, composer and singer Mikołaj Gomółka, sculptor and painters Stanisław Samostrzelnik and Marcin Kober. The artists and architects who settled into Poland and had achieved considerable recognition for their work in the country are: Hans Dürer, Hans (Süss) von Kulmbach, Mateo Gucci, Santi Gucci, Bartolomeo Berecci, Bernardo Morando, Giovanni Battista di Quadro and others.
Literature
The first printing press was set up in Kraków in 1473 by the German printer Kasper Straube of Bavaria. Between 1561 and 1600, seventeen printing houses in Poland published over 120 titles a year, with an average edition of 500 copies. The first complete translation of the Bible into Polish was made in 1561 by (Leopolita's Bible). About that time, the first Polish orthographic dictionary was published (by Stanisław Murzynowski, 1551); grammars and dictionaries also proliferated. The Polish Renaissance was bilingual, the szlachta'''s speech being a mixture of Polish and Latin, and various authors oscillating among Polish, Latin, and a mixture of the two (macaronic language).
Literature progressed beyond being dominated by religious themes. They were still present, as seen in numerous bible translations, the most famous being the Wujek's Bible by Jakub Wujek, published in 1599. The nobility, however, cared about more than just religious themes, and the works of Polish renaissance reflected their material and spiritual values (see sarmatism). Contemporary poetry extolled the virtue of manorial life. For example, Rej celebrated life and the position of country's noble, while Kochanowski wrote about the pleasures and beauty of life in the countryside, surrounded by nature. Literary forms varied, from ode, pastorals and sonnets to elegy, satire and romance.
Science and technology
Scientific scholars of the period include Jan Łaski (John Lasco), evangelical reformer, Maciej of Miechów (Maciej Miechowita), writer and university teacher, Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer known in Polish as Mikołaj Kopernik, Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki (Laurentius Grimaldius Gosliscius''), political thinker and philosopher; Marcin Kromer, writer and geographer; Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, writer and philosopher; Piotr Skarga, Jesuit political reformer; Józef Struś, doctor, scientist, mayor of Poznań; and many others.
Architectural trends and periods
Polish Renaissance architecture is divided into three main periods. The first period (1500–1550) is often called "Italian", because most of the Renaissance buildings in this time were built by Italian architects invited by Polish nobility mainly from Florence. During the second period (1550–1600), Renaissance style became common, and included influences from Dutch version of the Renaissance as well as beginnings of the Mannerist style. In the third period (1600–1650), Mannerism became popular, with first notable examples of Baroque (see also, Baroque in Poland).
First period
In 1499 Wawel Castle was partially consumed by fire. King Alexander Jagiellon in 1504 appointed Eberhard Rosemberger as the main architect for the renovation. Later, he was replaced by Italian-born Francesco Florentino and, after his death, by Bartolomeo Berrecci and by Benedykt of Sandomierz. As a result of their work the Royal Castle was transformed into a Renaissance residence in Florentine style. In the same period other castles and residences were built or rebuilt in the new style, including Drzewica (built in 1527–1535), Szydłowiec (rebuilt 1509–1532), Ogrodzieniec (rebuilt 1532–1547) and most notably, Pieskowa Skała, rebuilt 1542–1580.
In the first period of the Polish Renaissance, churches were still build mostly in the Gothic style. In this time, only new chapels surrounding the old churches were sometimes built in the new style. The most prominent of them, the Sigismund's Chapel at the Wawel Cathedral, was built in 1519–33 by Bartolomeo Berecci.
Second period
The Renaissance style became most common throughout Poland in its second period. In the northern part of the country, especially in Pomerania and in Danzig (Gdańsk), there worked a large group of Dutch-born artists. Renaissance style in other parts of Poland varied under local conditions, producing different substyles in each region. Also, some elements of the new Mannerist style were present. Architecture of this period is divided into three regional substyles: "Italian" – mostly in the southern part of Poland, with the most famous artist there being Santi Gucci, the "Dutch" – mostly in Pomerania, and the "Kalisz–Lublin style" () (or the "Lublin Renaissance") in central Poland – with most notable examples built in Kalisz, Lublin, and Kazimierz Dolny.
All over Poland, new castles were constructed, bearing the new quadrilateral shape enclosing a courtyard, with four towers at the corners. Prominent examples include: the castle at Płakowice (16th century), the castle at Brzeg, (rebuilt from a Gothic stronghold in 1544–60), the castle at Niepołomice (rebuilt after a fire in 1550–71), the castle at Baranów Sandomierski (built in 1591–1606 by Santi Gucci), and the castle at Krasiczyn.
Many cities erected new buildings in the Renaissance style. New Cloth Hall (Sukiennice) in Kraków was built. City halls were built or rebuilt in: Tarnów, Sandomierz, Chełm (demolished) and in Poznań. Also, entire towns were often redesigned. Examples of Renaissance urban planning survived into modern times in Szydłowiec and Zamość.
Examples of Pomeranian Renaissance which developed under the influence of Northern Europe rather than Italy were: Green Gate in Gdańsk (built in 1564–1568 by Hans Kramer), Upland Gate in Gdańsk (finished by Willem van den Blocke in 1588), Great Arsenal in Gdańsk (built in 1602–1606 by Anthonis van Obbergen), and the Old City Hall in Gdańsk (built in 1587–1595, probably by Anthonis van Obbergen).
Characteristic laicization of life during Renaissance and Reformation resulted in only minor development in sacral architecture. Mainly chapels were being built in the Renaissance style, but some churches were also rebuilt including: Cathedral in Płock (rebuilt after fire by architects Bernardino de Gianotis, Cini, Filippo di Fiesole and later again by Giovanni Battista di Quadro); and, the Collegiate in Pułtusk (rebuilt by John Batista of Venice). Only a few new churches were founded, such as the collegiate church of St. Thomas in Zamość.
Third period
A fire at Wawel and the moving of the capital to Warsaw in 1596 halted the development of Renaissance in Kraków, as well as in Danzig. Also, the rising power of the Jesuits and the Counterreformation gave impetus to the development of Mannerist architecture and a new style – the Baroque (see also, Baroque in Poland). The most important example of the ascending Mannerist architecture in Poland is a complex of houses in Kazimierz Dolny and in Zamość.
See also
Polish Golden Age
Lublin Renaissance
Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland
History of Poland (1385–1569)
Ducal Castle, Szczecin
Duchy of Pomerania
Notes
External links
Polish Renaissance Warfare
Poland
Poland
History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty
Cultural history of Poland
15th century in Poland
16th century in Poland
Italy–Poland relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20in%20Poland |
Agnes of Bavaria (1335 – 11 November 1352) was a Bavarian nun from Munich and a member of the House of Wittelsbach.
The daughter of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, was brought up in a monastery of Clarissan nuns. She rejected a marriage with a nobleman chosen by her relatives and instead entered a cloister. Always sickly, Agnes died in 1352. The cause for her beatification was opened on 21 February 1705.
See also
References
1335 births
1352 deaths
House of Wittelsbach
Nobility from Munich
14th-century German nuns
Children of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Daughters of kings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes%20of%20Bavaria%20%28nun%29 |
Muhammet Kızılarslan (born July 23, 1986) is an Olympic skier competing in the cross-country discipline.
Born 1986 in Sungurlu, a town in the province of Çorum Province, Turkey, Kızılarslan started skiing in Ankara, where he lives now. He entered the Turkish national ski team in 2003. Thanks to the 108.18 FIS points he received at the Race of Alps Nations held 2005 in Schilpario, he qualified for direct participation at 2006 Winter Olympics in Italy.
He represented Turkey at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Turin, Italy along with his teammate Sebahattin Oglago.
Achievements
2005
World Ski Championships, Oberstdorf, Germany
Sprint: (73rd)
15 km: (90th)
Organisation of Alps Nations, Schilpario, Italy
Sprint: (92nd)
10 km: (74th)
World Junior Championships, Rovaniemi, Finland
Sprint: (70th)
10 km: (64th)
Organisation of Alps Nations, Campra, Switzerland
10 km Juniors: (3rd)
10 km: (54th)
15 km: (72nd)
World Junior Championships, Kranj, Slovenia
Sprint: (31st)
10 km: (66th)
2006
Winter Olympics, Torino, Italy
15 km Classical: 45:06.8 (75th)
Team sprint (Semifinal 1): 19:46.5 (12th)
References
Turkey National Olympic Committee official website
1986 births
Turkish male cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers for Turkey
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
21st-century Turkish people
People from Çorum Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammet%20K%C4%B1z%C4%B1larslan |
Terry Woods is a fictional character from the British television soap opera Emmerdale, played by Billy Hartman. He was one of the longest-serving characters in the show up until he was killed off alongside Viv Hope (Deena Payne) in early 2011, after 16 years.
Development
Hartman said he found his audition for the role daunting. Terry was meant to be a former rugby player and there were five "really huge blokes" also waiting to audition, which made Hartman think he had come for the wrong job. He got the role and was paired with Michelle Holmes who was cast as Terry's wife, Britt Woods. It was known that Holmes was only staying for six months and Hartman assumed that he would be leaving too, which is why he accepted the part. He admitted that he never wanted to appear in a soap opera, but came to realise that it often led to major roles in other shows. Hartman made his first appearance as Terry on 2 February 1995.
Terry and Britt's relationship soon ran into problems, which were exacerbated when they were offered the chance to run a pub in York. Britt decided to take the job as she hoped that it would actually improve their marriage, but Terry was not so sure. Hartman told Victoria Ross of Inside Soap: "He is truly in love with Britt but their marriage just isn't working out. Britt thought that by moving on they could make a fresh start, but Terry stood up to her for once. He realised that their problems wouldn't just vanish because of a change of location." Terry decided to make a final plea to Britt and visited her in York in an attempt to bring her home with him, but she refused to return to Emmerdale. Back in the village, Terry began drinking heavily and Alan Turner (Richard Thorp) tried to help him out. Hartman reckoned the development would lead to the pair forming a good friendship. He told Ross that his character was starting to feel at home in the village, and the trouble with Britt meant that he and Alan had started getting along better.
Storylines
When Terry and his wife, Britt arrive in Emmerdale, no one is impressed by their brash attitude. As managers of the Woolpack, the couple have a pivotal position in the community but are unable to stay out of trouble with landlord Alan Turner, who disapproves of their lifestyle. Although Terry dotes on Britt, it is clear their marriage is in trouble and things become further strained when Britt reveals to Terry that her father, Ronnie Slater (Ian Thompson) sexually abused her as a child. When they are offered their own bar in York, Britt goes alone. The marriage limps on but Terry discovers that Britt is having an affair with brewery boss Gerald Taylor (Blair Plant), who Terry punches on Boxing Day after he winds him up. The couple later divorce.
Now single, Terry takes up ballroom dancing with Viv Windsor (Deena Payne) wife of his best friend, Vic (Alun Lewis). After a while, they begin an affair and when Vic finds out, Viv and their daughter, Donna (Sophie Jeffrey), move into the Woolpack with Terry. Terry and Viv's relationship does not last and she and Donna go back to live with Vic and his daughter Kelly. Terry's job at the Woolpack comes to a violent end in 1998 when he sleeps with his boss, Alan's, granddaughter, Tricia Stokes, only to discover she is also sleeping with Scott Windsor (Ben Freeman). When he exposes Tricia's lack of morals in front of the entire village at Kelly Windsor's (Adele Silva) 18th birthday party in the village hall, Alan punches Terry and fires him.
On Christmas Day 1998, Terry goes to visit Vic at the post office and discovers his body after he has been killed by Billy Hopwood (David Crellin) during a robbery. In 1999, Terry starts working for Chris Tate (Peter Amory). Terry is there for Chris when he needs someone to talk to and Chris knows he can trust Terry with anything, leading to a strong friendship between the two men. Terry is saddened when Chris commits suicide in September 2003.
Terry later develops feelings for Woolpack barmaid Louise Appleton (Emily Symons) but she is dating businessman Ray Mullan (Seamus Gubbins). When Louise realises she is being stalked, she thinks Terry is responsible but eventually learns that Ray is her stalker. When the truth comes out on Christmas Day 2002, Louise and Ray fight and she accidentally kills him. She calls Terry for help and they cover up Ray's death. Thinking their relationship had developed, Terry tries to kiss Louise but she rejects him. Needing a break, he goes on holiday to Spain and whilst there, falls in love with a young woman called Dawn (Julia Mallam), and she comes back to Emmerdale with him. Only then does Terry discover that she is his friend Bob Hope's (Tony Audenshaw) daughter. They are soon engaged, horrifying Dawn's parents. Despite their objections, Terry and Dawn marry and in 2003, Dawn discovers that she is pregnant.
Shortly after Terry and Dawn's son, Terry "TJ" Woods (Connor Lee) is born, Terry has a serious stroke and nearly dies. He clings to life and Dawn helps nurse him back to health. However, Dawn struggles with caring for Terry and T.J, putting their marriage under strain and Terry was heartbroken when Dawn left him for Scott, now her stepbrother. After a brief custody battle, Terry and Dawn's relationship improves and their lives become more stable.
In the meantime, Louise discovers that she has feelings for Terry after all and they get together and decide to buy the B&B from Alan. However, Louise is attracted to Matthew King (Matt Healy) and is unable to resist when he starts flirting with her. Soon they begin an affair behind Terry's back. It goes on for weeks and Terry finds out when Louise ends their relationship just as they are about to complete the sale of the B&B. After Louise is moves in with Matthew, he loses interest in her and realising her mistake, Louise begs Terry for a second chance but he is not interested.
He throws himself into work and takes a job as Tom King's (Kenneth Farrington) chauffeur. When Bob marries Viv again, Terry spends the night with Jean Hope (Susan Penhaligon), Bob's ex-wife and Dawn's mother, and they agree it was a one-off but eventually start seeing each other again. When Dawn is imprisoned for benefit fraud, Jean is devastated and Terry struggles to look after TJ and the trauma brings them back together. They begin a relationship but determined to keep it a secret, Jean flirts with Tom King, but the relationship is exposed when Terry and Jean are caught having sex in public and are arrested. Tom, feeling foolish, sacks them both so they decide to buy the B&B from Alan. Terry could not afford to buy it when he and Louise split up so Jean agrees to go into business with him, deciding to sell her hotel in Spain. Unfortunately it emerges that she could not afford to go into business with Terry but Louise jumps at the chance, selling her share of The Woolpack to Val Lambert (Charlie Hardwick). Jean is unhappy about this but she and Louise eventually come to an agreement.
Dawn finds out about Terry and Jean's relationship when she is released from prison and furiously insists that they end it but Jean refuses. Dawn goes to Newquay to think things over and clear her head and when she returns, Dawn tells them that she and T.J are moving to Cornwall. Hurt at the prospect of losing contact with his son, Terry threatens to sue for custody but backs down when he realizes that he is tearing the family apart. On the day Dawn and T.J are due to leave, TJ is with Terry for the day so Dawn could pack but Terry returns T.J later than planned, so he and Dawn miss their flight. While waiting for Terry, Donna (now Verity Rushworth) persuades Dawn to go and see her and her husband Marlon's (Mark Charnock) new home at the Kings River development, along with the rest of the village. During the opening there is a huge gas explosion, making the show home collapse, and Dawn dies after suffering internal injuries. Although Terry is sad Dawn has died, he is relieved not to lose his son and gains custody of T.J. Dawn's family, however, are devastated and Dawn's father, Bob, and brother, Jamie (Alex Carter), begin a campaign for justice for her. Jean grows tired of Bob's obsession and asks Terry to talk sense into him. When Tom offers compensation, Jean accepts as she sees it as the Kings admitting liability and plans to leave the country with T.J for a fresh start. When Terry finds out, he races to the airport to stop her but she and T.J leave for Morocco. Terry is devastated. Terry holds a grudge against Tom for losing him contact with his son and when Tom is murdered on Christmas Day 2006, Terry is a prime suspect. Shortly after Tom's death, Terry disappears and returns with T.J a few weeks later after going to Morocco and persuading Jean to give him back. He is questioned by the police as a suspect in the murder investigation but is released without charge.
Terry's father, Duke (Dicken Ashworth), arrives in the village in June 2007. Louise had seen Duke Wood appearing as a guest on The Jeremy Kyle Show, speaking out against anti-social young men. Duke's friend, Andrea Hayworth (Cathy Tyson), persuades Terry to ask Duke to visit for a while in the hope they would reconcile. They do not reconcile completely but learn to respect each other a little more. Duke hopes that Terry and Andrea will get together, as they are both single parents. Andrea is keen to embark on a relationship but Terry is not.
Terry is scared when T.J is admitted to hospital in 2008 after food poisoning strikes the village and the surrounding area. T.J contracts E coli and a possible cause is Jo Sugden's (Roxanne Pallett) organic goat cheese. Jo is cleared and Environmental Health tells Jo and Terry that a local supermarket is responsible. Since then, Terry concentrates on looking after his son and his business. After his former girlfriend Viv is imprisoned for fraud, Terry and Jamie, now living with him, ask Bob and their twins to move in with them arguing that Bob needs help with childcare and the twins are company for T.J. Terry later embarks on a relationship with Brenda Walker (Lesley Dunlop). T.J does not like her at first but comes round eventually. Brenda moves in with Terry and T.J and eventually convinces Terry to sell the B&B to Eric (Chris Chittell) and Val Pollard. Brenda is later angry with Terry when she discovers that her adopted daughter Gennie (Sian Reese-Williams) had slept with Bob whilst Viv was in prison. Bob had told Terry but Terry lets Bob stay with him and T.J briefly after Viv throws him out. Terry begins work as a limousine driver with Rodney Blackstock (Patrick Mower).
In December 2010, Terry becomes close to Viv again after she is robbed numerous times. He helps Viv install a new lock on the flat door, and after injuring his hand, he looks for a first aid kit and discovers items lost in the burglaries and an alleged mugging Viv claimed had occurred when she had been taking the money from the till to the bank. Terry confronts Viv, and she tells him that she faked some of the burglaries and the mugging to get Bob's attention as she had been feeling lonely after their split. Terry reassures Viv, and she promises never to do anything like that again. Terry later invites Viv over for drinks with him and Brenda, and they get on well, much to Brenda's discomfort. After Christmas, Terry encourages Viv to move on from Bob, find a new boyfriend, and take salsa dancing classes again. Viv agrees and asks Terry to come with her as she felt he had been a good dance partner before. Terry agrees and decides not to tell Brenda for fear of her getting the wrong idea. Viv mistakes Terry's friendliness as a sign that he wanted to restart their relationship and on 11 January 2011, when he drops her off at the café, she kisses him. Terry hesitates at first then goes home. He later confides in Bob what happened with Viv and he tells Bob that he intends to set her straight and goes to visit her. Unbeknownst to Terry, Brenda sees him as he enters the café. Viv is waiting in the flat with a bottle of wine and Terry explains to her that they cannot be together as he is with Brenda. He also explains that she is a special friend to him and that he was trying to cheer her up. Viv accepts his explanation and Terry leaves and goes home. Brenda confronts him about his meetings and dance classes with Viv and accuses him of having an affair with her. Terry denies it but before he can tell her the truth, they hear shouts outside and are told the houses are on fire and that they should leave their home in case it spreads. Terry packs a bag and gets T.J ready but Brenda continues to pester him about Viv. Terry takes Brenda and T.J to Carl King's (Tom Lister) house and goes back to help with the rescue effort. Terry finds out that Viv is trapped in the shop with the twins and he and Bob go into the building to rescue them, despite Brenda begging Terry not to go. Bob gets out safely after rescuing the twins but Terry is not with him. The post office and shop explodes and Terry and Viv are killed. Brenda is devastated when the chief firefighter tells them that the ferocity of the blaze means that he had to remove his men from the building. Brenda breaks down as she comes to terms with the fact that Terry is dead and regrets arguing with him and Bob remarks that both his wife and his best friend have gone.
References
External links
Terry Woods at itv.com
Emmerdale characters
Fictional bartenders
Fictional businesspeople
Television characters introduced in 1995
British male characters in television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Woods%20%28Emmerdale%29 |
The Dabie Mountains () are a major mountain range located in central China. Running northwest-to-southeast, they form the main watershed between the Huai and Yangtze rivers. The range also marks the boundary between Hubei Province and its neighbors of Henan (to the north) and Anhui (to the east). During the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Dabie Mountains were a stronghold of the Chinese Communist Party and the location of the Eyuwan Soviet.
The western part of Dabie Mountains has a low elevation of only , though there are a few peaks rising to . The eastern part is higher, averaging more than . The highest peak is Mount Tianzhu at , with several others topping including the high Tiantangzhai.
Landscape
The range is heavily forested (about 85% coverage) and yields valuable bamboo as well as oak, particularly cork oak, making it China's chief cork-producing area. The region is median income in China, and subsistence agriculture is the heart of its economy with rice and tea predominating.
The main transportation route across the higher range is from Macheng in Hubei to Huangchuan in Henan, through the Huai River valley. The main rail and road crossings go north from provincial capital Wuhan, through the lower elevations.
In 2009, the high-speed Hewu Passenger Railway opened, connecting Hefei and Wuhan along a short and direct route. It uses numerous tunnels when crossing the mountain range.
Other notable major railways lines that passes through the Dabie Mountains include the Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway that connects Beijing and Guangzhou via Wuhan. Numerous tunnels are used when crossing the mountain range between Zhumadian and Wuhan
Geology
Geologically, the Dabie Mountains are characterized by the occurrence of eclogite-facies ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks. Geographically, the range is a complex, stressed structure, making it and the surrounding area subject to earthquakes. In late 2005, a 5.7 magnitude earthquake centered in the northwest corner of Jiangxi province, just south of Jiujiang on the Yangtze killed at least 15 people, injured hundreds, and left several thousand people homeless. It caused tremors in Qichun County in Hubei province and beyond, even reaching as far as the provincial capital of Wuhan.
International Forest Park
This scenic park centered on Tiantangzhai is a key tourist attraction in the highest part of the Dabie mountain range. Total area of the park is 300 square kilometers. Located in Hubei province's Luotian County and close to the border with Anhui Province, the park is about 68 kilometers from Luotian town, 140 kilometers from Macheng, 150 kilometers from Huangshi, and 210 kilometers from the Hubei provincial capital, Wuhan.
References
Dabeishan International Forest Park website (with many photographs), in Chinese.
Huanggang Government website page on Dabie Mountains (in Chinese)
Mountain ranges of China
Geography of Central China
Mountain ranges of Hubei
Mountains of Henan
Mountains of Anhui | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabie%20Mountains |
The Bevaix boat is a 1st-century Gallo-Roman wreck from the Bay of Bevaix, Lake Neuchatel, Switzerland. The remains of the ship, and a modern reconstruction, are on display at the Laténium archeology museum.
The boat
The Bevaix boat was built from large oak planks and measured in length and around in beam. It is characterized by a flat bottom and the complete absence of a keel or any central plank. Its four principle bottom planks were arranged one besides the other in a way that the first plank forms the stern and the last one forms the bow. The beam of the boat was determined by the addition of L-shaped bilge strakes. These strakes allowed a direct transition between the flat bottom and the sides of the boat. The spaces left between the bilge strakes and the four large bottom planks were filled by two planks with an irregular outline. The purpose of these last planks was to obtain appropriate symmetry of the bottom. The upper strakes, those above the bilge strake, did not survive. However, evidence of caulking, found on the upper edges of the bilge strakes clearly suggests that the sides had been heightened by at least one or two strakes. This, in turn, led to estimates suggesting that the maximum height of the boat was about .
Framing
Twenty-two pairs of internal frames, also made of oak, were arranged head to tail to give almost vertical sides. All the pairs consisted of two timbers, each made of a single naturally bent timber which was cut from a tree junction (main trunk as floor support, and branch junction as side support). In every case, frames were always installed in pairs covering the whole length of the bottom, but alternatively supporting only one side of the hull. The only exception is a sixth pair, which was a single piece of oak with a mortise cut in the center to function as a mast-step. The framing was fastened to the planks with some 300 iron nails driven from inside. They passed first through the frame, and then the strakes. Any projecting end was clenched at the right angle (double-clenched according to some sources).
Caulking
The Bevaix boat presents a very distinctive caulking technique, which clearly differentiated it from similar finds of this period from other parts of Europe. It was observed that caulking was consistently present between all the planks of the boat. First, a string was inserted into the seam. Next, this string was covered by layer of mosses, which in turn was held by a wooden lath that was secured with thousands of little caulking nails, inserted into the seams from the outside.
References
Arnold, B. 1975. The Gallo-Roman boat from the Bay of Bevaix, Lake Neuchatel, Switzerland, IJNA 4: 123-141
Arnold, B. 1980. Navigation sur le Lac Neuchatel; une esquisse a travers le temp, Helvetia Archaeologica
Arnold, B. 1979. Gallo-Roman boat finds in Switzerland, CBA Research Report 24: 31-5
Gardiner, R. 1996. The Earliest Ships: 66-7
Shipwrecks of Switzerland
1st century in Roman Gaul
Canton of Neuchâtel
Ancient boats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevaix%20boat |
John Kirtland Wright (1891–1969) was an American geographer, notable for his cartography, geosophy, and study of the history of geographical thought. He was the son of classical scholar John Henry Wright and novelist Mary Tappan Wright, and the brother of legal scholar and utopian novelist Austin Tappan Wright. He married Katharine McGiffert Jan. 21, 1921 in New York, N.Y. They had three children: Austin McGiffert Wright, Gertrude Huntington McPherson, and Mary Wolcott Toynbee.
Having completed a PhD in history at Harvard University, in 1920 Wright was employed as librarian by the American Geographical Society; between the years of 1920 and 1956 he also served as an AGS editor, personal academic contributor, and eventually director. As a result of his prolific academic and professional life, three main themes have emerged in John K. Wright’s published works. These include: the overlapping of academic disciplines (mainly history) with geography, the power of the mind and the supernatural realm in creating subjectivity in geographic research, and the importance of sharing academic knowledge.
Geographic subjectivity
While at one point the discipline of geography ignored the influence of subjectivity in human and physical patterns, John Kirtland Wright brought to the forefront the significance of the mind and the imagination in affecting scientific research. Specifically, he stressed the duality of both the mind’s reality and of mental, often transcendental, images. Included in this arena of study were his interests in geographical cosmogony and cosmography, which pertained to the theological realm of the divine, “God’s invisible creation,” and the emotional bonds between people and places, which he then compared to the physical realm of land surface, climate, and cartography (Wright 1928).
History of geography
Wright was highly interested in the history of geography and the importance of accurate geographic archival records. He discovered and documented the influences of various religious perspectives on geography, with a very keen interest in Gothic and medieval representations that signified both divine and earthly geographic beauty (Wright 1965). In addition, he wrote prolifically on the Greek and Roman geographic influences, largely pertaining to the fifteenth- century map of the world by Giovanni Leardo (Wright, AGS, 1928). This was the second oldest map that was given to the AGS in 1906, dated in the 15th century. Wright’s historic and cartographic fascination was sparked by the unusual, detailed features of the map, including a calendar encompassing the center image, and by the concept it depicted of the earth’s surface before the actual discovery of America; Leardo’s known world includes Asia, Africa, the Mediterranean, and Europe. Greek and Roman sources were used for the making of the map, specifically including Greek notions that the earth existed as a flat disk. The document lacks the evocative drawings seen in many other medieval maps that were primarily used to fill blank map space (drawings mostly of animals.) Lastly, Leardo features Jerusalem as the city center (Wright, AGS, 1928). Ultimately, Wright indicates that the blurring of the fields of history and geography has much significance, as each subject relies on the other for accuracy (Wright, Henry Holt, 1928.) After retiring as director from the American Geographical Society, Wright continued his quest for historic elucidation by writing on the history of the Society and its connection to the development of geography (Light 1950).
Wright coined the term choropleth map in 1938, although the mapping technique itself was first used by Charles Dupin in 1826. Wright cautioned against the use of choropleth maps, instead espousing the virtues of the dasymetric map. Nine years later, in 1947, Wright introduced the notion of geosophy, `the study of geographical knowledge from any or all points of view. To geography what historiography is to history, it deals with the nature and expression of geographical knowledge both past and present' (Wright 1947).
See also
Geopiety
Partial bibliography
"Buildings and Parts of Cambridge Commemorated in Longfellow's Poems," in The Cambridge Historical Society. Publications III. Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Society, 1908. (Google e-text)
Geographical Knowledge in Western Europe from 1100 to 1250 (thesis). 1914.
Aids to Geographical Research: Bibliographies and Periodicals. New York, American Geographical Society, 1923.
Notes on the Knowledge of Latitudes and Longitudes in the Middle Ages. Isis 5 (1) 76-98, 1923.
The Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades; a Study in the History of Medieval Science and Tradition in Western Europe. New York, American Geographical Society, 1925.
The Geographical Basis of European History. New York, H. Holt and Company, 1928.
The Leardo Map of the World, 1452 or 1453, in the Collections of the American Geographical Society. New York, American Geographical Society, 1928.
Sections and National Growth: an Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. New York, American Geographical Society, 1932.* "The exploration of the fiord region of east Greenland: a historical outline." New York, N.Y., American Geographical Society, 1935.
Notes on Statistical Mapping, with Special Reference to the Mapping of Population Phenomena (with Loyd A. Jones, Leonard Stone and T. W. Birch). New York, American Geographical Society, 1938.
The European Possessions in the Caribbean area; a Compilation of Facts Concerning Their Population, Physical Geography, Resources, Industries, Trade, Government, and Strategic Importance (with Raye R. Platt, John C. Weaver and Johnson E. Fairchild). New York, American Geographical Society, 1941.
Aids to Geographical Research: Bibliographies, Periodicals, Atlases, Gazetteers and Other Reference Books (with Elizabeth T. Platt). 2d ed. New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1947.
Geography in the Making; the American Geographical Society, 1851-1951. New York, the Society, 1952.
Human Nature in Geography: Fourteen Papers, 1925-1965. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1966.
Awards
1955 Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society
References
Keighren, Innes M. “Geosophy, imagination, and terrae incognitae: exploring the intellectual history of John Kirtland Wright.” Journal of Historical Geography 31, no. 3 (2005): 546–62.
Light, Richard U. 1950. George Herbert Tinley Kimble, John Kirtland Wright, Gladys Mary Wrigley. Geographical Review: 40(1).
Wright, J.K. 1928. The Leardo Map of the World. New York: American Geographical Society.
Wright, J.K. 1928. Geographical Basis of European History. New York: Henry Holt & Company.
Wright, J.K. 1947. Terrae Incognitae: The Place of Imagination in Geography, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 37: 1–15.
Wright, J.K. 1965. Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades. New York: Dover Publications.
External links
The imaginary worlds of John Kirtland Wright
American geographers
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1891 births
1969 deaths
Presidents of the American Association of Geographers
Historians of geography
20th-century geographers
American Geographical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Kirtland%20Wright |
Nickel (III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ni2O3. It is not well characterized, and is sometimes referred to as black nickel oxide. Traces of Ni2O3 on nickel surfaces have been mentioned.
Nickel (III) oxide has been studied theoretically since the early thirties, supporting its unstable nature at standard temperatures. A nanostructured pure phase of the material was synthesized and stabilized for the first time in 2015 from the reaction of nickel(II) nitrate with sodium hypochlorite and characterized using powder X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy.
References
Inorganic compounds
Catalysts
Electrochemistry
Transition metal oxides
Nickel compounds
Non-stoichiometric compounds
Sesquioxides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%28III%29%20oxide |
Dorothy Stimson Bullitt (February 5, 1892 – June 27, 1989) was an American businesswoman and philanthropist. A radio and television pioneer, she founded King Broadcasting Company, a major owner of broadcast stations in Seattle, Washington. She was the first woman in the United States to buy and manage a television station.
Birth and early life
Bullitt was born Dorothy Frances Stimson in Seattle in 1892, four years after Washington became a state, to C. D. Stimson, a lumber and real estate magnate, and his wife Harriet. Wealthy throughout her childhood and early adulthood, in 1918 she married A. Scott Bullitt, a lawyer and aspiring politician 14 years her senior. Scott Bullitt, a member of a prominent Kentucky family, became a prominent Democrat and friend of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was scheduled to place Roosevelt's name in nomination for the U.S. presidency at the 1932 Democratic National Convention when he died of liver cancer, leaving Dorothy a widow at the age of 40. She attended the convention as a delegate in her late husband's place, and presented a plank outlawing child labor for the party's platform.
After Scott's death, Dorothy Bullitt hired a lawyer and took personal charge of her family's real estate holdings. Her father had bequeathed her a considerable number of properties in downtown Seattle, but it was the height of the Great Depression, and the Bullitt properties were losing lessees rapidly as businesses failed and their owners moved out. Working in the almost exclusively male business world, and despite knowing next to nothing about real estate at the time of her husband's death, Bullitt personally restored the family's real estate business to financial health. An increasingly prominent member of Seattle's business community, Bullitt became a member of a number of corporate boards and a regent of the University of Washington, and was named Seattle's First Citizen in 1959.
King Broadcasting
In 1947, Bullitt bought a small AM radio station, KEVR. She immediately applied to the Federal Communications Commission to change the station's call letters to KING (for King County, Washington), but KING was already registered to an old merchant ship, the SS Watertown. Undaunted, Bullitt negotiated with the freighter's owner and acquired the letters. (According to legend, Bullitt personally rowed out to the freighter with a bottle of champagne to meet the captain, who didn't care what call letters he used and asked only that Bullitt make a donation to his church.) The following year, Bullitt received a license for an FM station, KING-FM, and used it to broadcast classical music, her favorite.
In 1949, Bullitt purchased an eight-month-old television station, KRSC-TV, and renamed it KING-TV. As the only television station in the Northwest, KING had its choice of programming from all four networks, NBC, CBS, DuMont, and ABC. But as more stations came on the air following the lifting of the FCC's construction freeze, they peeled away KING's network affiliations, leaving KING with the then-poor-performing ABC. KING-TV became an NBC station in 1959 after Bullitt persuaded the more successful network to switch its affiliation from rival station KOMO-TV. KING-TV remains an NBC affiliate today.
Bullitt turned the presidency of King Broadcasting, as the company was called, over to her son Charles Stimson "Stim" Bullitt in 1961, remaining on the board as chairperson for several years thereafter. Dorothy and Stimson both believed strongly that the stations of King Broadcasting should serve the public, and not just be driven by ratings and revenue. At Bullitt's insistence, KING-TV built one of the first local TV news operations in the country, and through the 1950s and 1960s the station's news programming earned a national reputation for quality, on the strength of its locally produced documentaries and tough investigative journalism.
Through the influence of the Bullitts and King Broadcasting executive Ancil Payne, KING-TV and its sister stations developed a corporate culture characterized by political liberalism, expressed through broadcast editorials and a dedication to the Bullitts' notion of public service. In 1952, Senator Joseph McCarthy threatened to have KING-TV's license revoked after the station barred the senator from delivering an allegedly libelous attack on the air. In 1966, Stimson Bullitt himself made the only televised appearance of his career when he delivered an impassioned and controversial editorial against the Vietnam War, long before the American public as a whole began to turn against the conflict's prosecution.
All of the King Broadcasting television stations including KING-TV, KREM-TV, KTVB and KGW-TV traditionally ended their broadcast days with the playing of the Old 100th set to nature scenes, produced for them by the Religious Broadcasting Commission of the state councils of churches (and later Churches of the Northwest).
Death and legacy
Dorothy Bullitt died on June 27, 1989, at the age of 97. She was interred at Evergreen Washelli Memorial Park. By the time of her death, King Broadcasting owned six television stations in four states, and radio stations in Seattle, Portland, and San Francisco, as well as a cable TV company, broadcast sales companies, and mobile production facilities; its estimated $300–400 million market value made it one of the most valuable privately held media companies on the West Coast. Bullitt bequeathed ownership of King Broadcasting to her daughters, Priscilla "Patsy" Bullitt Collins and Harriet Bullitt, who sold the properties to the Providence Journal Company in 1991 in a sale brokered by Ancil Payne. All three Bullitt children have donated substantial amounts of money and time to the Bullitt Foundation, founded by Dorothy in 1952 with a mission to protect the natural environment of the Pacific Northwest, and to other charitable organizations and causes. Patsy Bullitt Collins, who died in 2003, was ranked 16th in that year's "Slate 60" list of the nation's largest charitable donors for bequests to the Nature Conservancy, CARE USA, and the Trust for Public Land totaling $71.1 million.
Today, King Broadcasting is a subsidiary of TEGNA, based in McLean, Virginia. Bullitt's original KING AM station changed owners, frequencies, and call letters several times in the 1990s; its old 1090 kHz frequency is currently occupied by conservative talk station KPTR. When the Bullitt sisters sold the company to the Providence Journal in 1991, they donated KING-FM to a nonprofit organization formed by the Seattle Opera, the Seattle Symphony, and the Corporate Council for the Arts (now ArtsFund). In 2011, the stakeholder organizations and the board of KING-FM shifted KING from a commercial station to a nonprofit in its own right. KING-FM still broadcasts classical music in Seattle today, having never changed format since its founding in 1948.
References
"King Empire Began In '40S -- Inexperienced Founder Built Up A Communications Conglomerate." The Seattle Times, August 21, 1990.
Campbell, R.M. "Classical fans have depended on KING-FM for five decades." Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 21, 1998, page C1.
Chronicle of Philanthropy. "The 2003 Slate 60: Top Donations." Slate, February 16, 2004.
HistoryLink.org. "Bullitt, Dorothy Stimson (1892–1989)." Retrieved February 17, 2006.
——. "Bullitt Family, The." Retrieved February 18, 2006.
——. "Payne, Ancil H. (1921–2004)." Retrieved February 17, 2006.
Limburg, Val. "Dorothy Stimson Bullitt: Queen of Broadcasting and Her KING." In Indelible Images: Women of Local Television, edited by Mary E. Beadle and Michael D. Murray (Ames, Ia.: Iowa State Press, 2001).
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections. "A. Scott Bullitt, Seattle, ca. 1925." Retrieved February 17, 2006.
Watson, Emmett. "Dorothy Bullitt Placed King-TV In A Class By Itself." The Seattle Times, August 26, 1990.
"Gannett to Buy Belo TV Stations in $2.2 billion deal." USA Today, June 13, 2013
External links
KING-TV home page
Classical KING-FM at 98.1
The Bullitt Foundation
Obituary Charles Stimson Bullitt
Portrait of Dorothy Stimson Bullitt by Margaret Holland Sargent
Radio pioneers
Television pioneers
Peabody Award winners
Businesspeople from Seattle
Regents of the University of Washington
Dorothy
1892 births
1989 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Bullitt |
Electric Banana Band is a Swedish children's music/rock music band formed in 1980.
History
Electric Banana Band was formed as a response to the success of Trazan & Banarne, a highly acclaimed Swedish children's television programme, also produced by two of the band members, Lasse Åberg and Klasse Möllberg. The band takes on a jungle theme, partially borrowing elements from The Phantom, a widely popular comic in Sweden, as well as Tarzan. Their jungle theme included both their costumes, designed to reflect the nicknames of the lineup, as well as the songs, which usually had nature-inspired themes.
Despite being mainly a studio band, the band does some occasional touring, mainly at free events as the members of the band are not dependent upon the success of the band.
In the 2003 film Smala Sussie the band was mentioned several times and became somewhat of a comedic plot element.
The band competed in Melodifestivalen 2006 with their song Kameleont (Chameleon).
Members
Lasse Åberg - Lead Vocals
Klasse Möllberg - Lead Vocals
Janne Schaffer - Guitar
Peter Ljung - Keyboards
Mårgan Höglund - Drums
Jouni Haapala - Percussion
Thobias Gabrielsson - Bass guitar
Riltons Vänner - Vocals
Past members
Stefan Blomquist - Keyboard
Per Lindvall - Drums
Åke Sundqvist - Percussion
Christer Jansson - Percussion
Tommy Cassemar - Bass
Sven Lindvall - Bass
Magnus and Henrik Rongedal - Vocals
Marianne Flynner - Vocals
Maria Wickman - Vocals
Annica Boller - Vocals
Media
Albums
1981 - Electric Banana Band
1984 - Livet i regnskogarna
1993 - The Golden Years 1981-1986 (compilation)
1998 - Electric Banana Tajm (compilation)
2000 - Den Hela Människan (music from the film Hälsoresan, together with Björn J:son Lindh)
2000 - Nu e're djur igen
2005 - Electric Banana Bands och Trazan & Banarnes bästa (compilation)
2006 - Kameleont (compilation)
2006 - Banankontakt - Musikaltajm! (compilation, together with Malmö Operaorkester)
2014 - Schyssta Bananer (compilation)
Books
In 1999 Electric Banana Band released a song book called Sångtajm with sheet music on many songs from the albums.
Film and television
1980 - Trazan Apansson & Banarne
1980 - Trazan Apansson-E' bananerna fina?
1980 - Trazan Apansson-Djungelmums
1981 - Biotajm med Trazan & Banarne
1982 - Videotajm med Trazan & Banarne
1998 - Electric Banana Band the Movie - djungelns kojigaste rulle
References
External links
Official site
Official Facebook page
Musical groups established in 1980
Melodifestivalen contestants
Swedish rock music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20Banana%20Band |
Bruneck (; or Ladin: Bornech or Burnech; or Brunopolis) is the largest town in the Puster Valley in the Italian province of South Tyrol.
Geography
Bruneck rises up in the middle of a wide valley (perhaps an ancient lake basin) and lies at the confluence of the Ahr with the Rienz, which itself flows into the Eisack river. Here the northern Tauferer Ahrntal side valley and the southern Val Badia of the Gran Ega creek join the broad Pustertal. Bruneck wide valley, located between the two straits of Kiens downstream and Percha upstream, delimited to the South by the circular elevation of Kronplatz and opened to the North in the Tauferer Tal (Val di Tures), owes its conformation and extent to the action of glaciers and, subsequently, to the erosive action of the waters. The municipal area stretches from the slopes of the Zillertal Alps in the west to the Rieserferner Group of the High Tauern range in the east. In the south rises the Kronplatz massif, part of the Dolomites, the Bruneck Hausberg with the Messner Mountain Museum Corones building designed by Zaha Hadid on top at an elevation of and a popular ski area.
The Bruneck town centre is located about east of Brixen and of the regional capital Bolzano. To the east, the town is from Winnebach (part of Innichen) on the border with East Tyrol in Austria.
Linguistic distribution
According to the 2011 census, 82.47% of the population speak German, 15.24% Italian and 2.29% Ladin as first language.
History
The wide valley where today the city of Bruneck rises up was initially uninhabited until it was occupied by the Romans; the local populations, because of the danger of flooding of the river Rienz, used to live on the sides of the valley or in the neighbouring hills. The valley floor was soon to be populated since the Puster Valley was the main arterial road used to connect Northern Italy to the Danube area of Europe. In 1901, following the passage of the Pustrissa countship from Henry IV to the Bishop of Brixen Altvino, the episcopal administration was established in the village of St. Caterina. Nearby the small village of Ragen rose up as well as some farmsteads, which, after a donation from the noblewoman Svainilde, around 1000, became part of the possessions of the Brixen bishops.
The town was probably named after its founder, the Brixen prince-bishop Bruno von Kirchberg, and first appeared as Bruneke in a deed issued on 23 February 1256. At that time, the town consisted of two rows of houses forming a narrow lane. During the turbulent times of the interregnum upon the death of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II in 1250, the prince-bishop had a fortress erected above the town, which was first mentioned in 1276. The castle was significantly enlarged under Prince-Bishop Albert von Enn, who also had the town walls and moat completed until 1336.
Soon thereafter, further rows of houses were built outside the eastern gate. These led to the small Church of Our Lady (today's Church of the Assumption of Mary). The first church inside the town walls (at first only a small chapel) was built beneath the castle by the Brunecker burgher Niklas von Stuck. This church is today the Rainkirche. In 1358, Heinrich von Stuck, brother of Niklas, brother, funded the hospital/almshouse that was built in the following years. Soon the town received the right to hold a weekly market and impose high justice. A castle leader occupied the fortress as the bishop's representative.
In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was brisk trade between Augsburg and Venice. Some of the traded goods were brought through the Puster Valley and often stored long-term in Bruneck on the Ballplatz. This soon brought the town prosperity and fame. In this time, the Puster Valley painting school was founded by the painter Hans von Bruneck and others. The great masters Michael and Friedrich Pacher studied at this school. In 1500, the Puster Valley was reunited with Tyrol because of a testamentary contract between the house of Habsburg and the counts of Görz. The town of Bruneck remained an episcopal possession.
In 1610, Bruneck, which had previously belonged to the parish of St. Lorenzen, became a parish in its own right. The first parish priest documented was Johann Herlin in 1613. In 1626, the Capuchin order came to Bruneck. The Fathers built themselves a monastery at the "Spitalangerle", which still exists today. On 11 April 1723, the worst fire in the town's history occurred. In 1741, a convent was built by the Ursulines. In Oberragen, not far from the church, a fire broke out, which soon spread by the strong east wind across a large part of the town, mostly destroying it. During the long-lasting Napoleonic Wars the town suffered no material damage, but as a marching station went into great debt because of housing and feeding soldiers and infantrymen for many years.
After World War I, South Tyrol and so also Bruneck became part of the Italian State, getting the Italian name. The city was spared damage in World War I, but in World War II the town was bombed, leading to loss of both life and property.
Coat of arms
The emblem is a tower with a sloping roof, on an embattled wall with the silver gate lifted. The gules tower and the wall are placed on a vert hill with three peaks: the castle was built by Bishop Bruno von Kirchberg in the second half of the 13th century. The castle appeared on the coat of arms for the first time in the second half of the 15th century. The emblem was adopted in 1931.
Climate
Due to its high elevation, with a mean height of around 830 metres above sea level, the town of Bruneck has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: "Dfb"), with warm summers and chilly winters in Italian standards. Its alpine geography heavily contributes to its weather, as it brings large diurnal temperature variations.
Economy
After the war, industrial zones, workshops, and department stores were built, permitting the town considerable economic and geographic growth. In the 1960s, tourism was especially important to the town, resulting in the building of numerous new hotels and guest houses.
Bruneck is characterized by the manufacturing and service industries. Important tourist centers are found all around Bruneck. Especially worthy of mention is the ski resort on Kronplatz mountain. As of 22 October 2001, the day of the Italian population and employment census, Bruneck had 10,692 employed people in 1,678 workplaces, making it the second-largest employer of the province. It lay only just after Brixen (Bressanone), which on census day employed 239 fewer people. Five companies in the town employ more than 250 people each, and five more companies employ more than 100 people each.
Tourism
All year round many famous markets and festivals take place here. For example, the popular Stegener Market at the end of October, the largest market in Tyrol.
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Bruneck is twinned with:
Sports
The locality is home to HC Pustertal Wölfe, a professional ice hockey team currently playing in the Alps Hockey League.
Notable people
Michael Pacher (c. 1435–1498) a painter and sculptor
Albert Knoll (1796–1863) an Austrian Capuchin dogmatic theologian.
Alfred Amonn (1883–1962) economist
Jiří Potůček (1919–1942) member of the Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia, born to Czech parents in Bruneck, who soon moved back to Bohemia
Karl Baumgartner (1949–2014) film producer
Norbert Pallua (born 1952) plastic surgeon
Greti Schmid (born 1954) former Austrian politician
Nanni Moretti (born 1953) film director, producer, screenwriter and actor
Markus Lanz (born 1969) TV presenter and producer in Germany
Sport
Norbert Huber (born 1964) luger, competed in four Winter Olympics, won silver in 1994 and bronze in 1992
Kurt Brugger (born 1969) luger and coach; gold medallist at the 1994 Winter Olympics, competed in four Winter Olympics
Dagmar Mair unter der Eggen (born 1974) snowboarder, competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Manfred Reichegger (born 1977) ski mountaineer, sky runner and mountain runner
Christof Innerhofer (born 1984) World Cup alpine ski racer, world champion in super-G
Karin Knapp (born 1987) retired tennis player
Dominik Windisch (born 1989) biathlete, bronze medallist in the 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympics
Lukas Hofer (born 1989) biathlete, bronze medallist in the 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympics
Dorothea Wierer (born 1990) biathlete, bronze medallist at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Gallery
References
External links
Homepage of the municipality
Municipalities of South Tyrol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneck |
The Gilman Paper Company was an American paper producer founded by Isaac Gilman in the 1880s in the village of Fitzdale, Vermont, which would later be renamed Gilman, Vermont.
History
Gilman Paper Company's founder, Isaac Gilman, emigrated from Ukraine and began working in the paper manufacturing business in 1881. In 1921, Gilman Paper Company purchased the Fitzdale Paper Company. From 1921 to 1924, a period of major renovations and construction occurred. The steam plant, built in 1901, was demolished and replaced with four Stirling boilers and a 225-foot-high chimney. Two buildings were erected to house the paper machines and the grocery bag department. During this period, most of the employee residences in the nearby village were built and provided with fire, sewer, and water systems. Over the next decade, Gilman Paper Company expanded manufacturing in the paper converting field, opening a Kraft bag department, a gummed tape department, and a department that produced twisted yarn made from paper.
In the 1940s, Isaac Gilman's son Charles Gilman built an additional mill in St. Mary's, Georgia. The company was capable of producing 2.6 million pounds of paper per day, employed 1,100 workers and 1,500 independent contractors, with headquarters at 111 West 50th Street, New York. Gilman Paper Company grew to become the largest privately held paper company in the United States. In addition to the pulp mill in St. Marys, Georgia, Gilman Paper Company acquired extensive timberland in Florida and Georgia, including 7,400 acres in Nassau County, Florida that would become White Oak Conservation. A short-line railroad was built to haul trees, pulp, and paper. In 1969, Gilman Paper Company's Vermont mill was sold to Georgia-Pacific Corporation.
At the death of Charles Gilman in 1967, the company was run by his two sons, Charles (Chris) Gilman, Jr. and Howard Gilman. The article, The Fall of The House of Gilman, published in Forbes Magazine in 2003, described Gilman Paper Company's management under Charles and Howard Gilman:Their relationship became strained, riven by jealousy and bitterness over control of the company, according to friends and family. In 1979 their mother, Sylvia, sided with Chris, disinheriting Howard and leaving Chris with control of the business.With the assistance of attorney Bernard D. Bergreen, Howard Gilman was able to reinstate his stake in Gilman Paper Company. At the death of Charles Gilman, Jr., in January 1982, Howard Gilman bought the balance of the company from Charles's estate. Howard Gilman later died of a heart attack at his White Oak Conservation in Yulee, Florida, in 1998. At the time of his death, the Gilman family fortune was estimated to be $1.1 billion in assets, with $550 million in debts.
The paper mill was subsequently sold to Durango Products of Mexico. In 2002, Durango entered into bankruptcy, and the paper mill was shut down in September, 2002.
Environmental and legal record
St. Marys, Georgia
Gilman Paper Company began operation of a mill in St. Marys, Georgia, in 1941. By the 1970s, the location produced 900 tons of paper a day. Of the 4,000 residents of St. Marys, Gilman Paper Company employed between 1,500 and 2,000 individuals. At its peak, the mill's manager, George W. Brumley, reported:Gilman Paper Company is the only major Georgia industry south of Brunswick and east of Waycross. It can safely be stated that not less than 75 percent of the economy of Camden County is directly dependent on Gilman Paper Company.Of those employed by Gilman Paper Company was Georgia State Representative Robert W. Harrison, who served as the attorney for the St. Marys mill; the attorney for the surrounding cities of St. Marys, Kingsland, and Folkston; the attorney for the local school board and the hospital authority; and the attorney for Camden and Charlton Counties. Disputes that arose over Gilman Paper Company's obligation to pay city and county taxes were resolved by Robert Harrison, who spoke on behalf of Gilman Paper Company, the city, and the county.
Gilman Paper Company's 1958 tax arrangement with the city of St. Marys guaranteed that the valuation placed on its assets for property tax purposes remained frozen at its 1958 level. The agreement also exempted Gilman Paper Company from paying city tax on any new land purchases. The mill's value was listed on the St. Marys 1970 tax digest as $3 million, in contrast to the Camden County digest, which required approval by the state of Georgia, and placed the value at $15.4 million.
Statewide and national publicity
In 1970, members of Ralph Nader's “Nader’s Raiders” were located in nearby Savannah, Georgia, conducting the study, The Water Lords, regarding the influence of large companies on the pollution, tax evasion, and economy of surrounding areas. Gilman Paper Company's labor union president, Wyman Westberry, contacted the project's members to bring attention to the 18 million gallons of wastewater the mill generated daily and was discharging into the St. Marys River without treatment.
In May 1972, Ralph Nader associates, Harrison Wellford and Peter Schuck, published an article in Harper's Magazine about Gilman Paper Company's St. Marys location, titled Democracy and the Good Life in a Company Town. Later that spring, Mike Wallace and the film crew of CBS Evening News 60 Minutes visited St. Marys to interview the mill's manager, George W. Brumley, and report on Gilman Paper Company's tax arrangements and involvement in local politics. Newsweek also featured a column detailing Gilman Paper Company's presence in St. Marys, Georgia.
During the September 1970 primary election for the office of the Georgia state representative from the 66th District, local physician and Camden County resident, Carl Drury, successfully campaigned against Gilman Paper Company's attorney and incumbent state legislator, Robert W. Harrison. However, in October 1970, ten days before the general election, Carl Drury was approached by a Gilman Paper Company employee with an accusation of medical misconduct. Carl Drury was informed that the accusation would be withdrawn if he would agree to end his campaign. Carl Drury refused to end his campaign, his medical license was suspended, and a grand jury was convened to investigate the charges. Nonetheless, Carl Drury won the general election and took office as state legislator in February 1971. The grand jury issued a report clearing Carl Drury of the charges, after investigation revealed that the eyewitness affidavit had been signed in the office of opponent Robert W. Harrison by an individual who claimed never to have read it.
After winning the election, state representative Carl Drury requested investigation of Gilman Paper Company's affairs, ranging from taxes to pollution control. The director of the Georgia Watershed Protection Branch ordered Gilman Paper Company to increase its anti-pollution efforts. The Georgia attorney general ruled that the tax arrangement between Gilman Paper Company and St. Marys was unconstitutional. The legislature passed a law requiring cities to use the county tax valuations, which are approved by the state, in determining city taxes. Gilman Paper Company's annual taxes in St. Marys rose from $45,000 to $227,000. A federal grand jury was convened to investigate irregularities in the county's politics.
Following the increased environment regulation, tax assessments, and negative publicity in 1972, a Gilman Paper Company supervisor, William (Tommy) Thomas, offered fellow mill employee, Lawrence Brown, $50,000 to kill the labor union president, Wyman Westberry. According to his later testimony, Lawrence Brown never intended to follow-through with the contract, but instead warned Wyman Westberry of the solicitation. Westberry and Brown drove across the state line to Florida, where they contacted the FBI. The FBI and the Georgia Bureau of Investigation provided Lawrence Brown with covert listening devices to record his conversations. Lawrence Brown proceeded to meet with George W. Brumley, Vice President and resident manager of the Gilman Paper Company; Robert W. Harrison, longtime attorney, former legislator, and local counsel for Gilman Paper Company; and William (Tommy) Thomas, an employee of Gilman. On the evidence gathered, a federal grand jury convened to take testimony about the murder plot in May 1972.
During Lawrence Brown's testimony, he repudiated his story and stated that the account of solicitation had been a mistake. After release, Brown continued to express that he was forced to renounce his story from fear of the Gilman Paper Company executives. By summer 1972, Lawrence Brown was reported missing. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ran the front-page story for September 19, 1972, Offered $1,500 to Kill – Now He’s Missing.
October 15, 1975, the United States grand jury, sitting at Savannah, indicted George W. Brumley, Vice President and resident manager of the Gilman Paper Company at St. Marys, Georgia; Robert W. Harrison, longtime attorney, former legislator, and local counsel for Gilman Paper Company; and William (Tommy) Thomas, an employee of Gilman. A nine-day jury trial resulted in the conviction of all three defendants on all pending counts, including conspiracy to commit murder.
Gilman Paper Company's mill in St. Marys, Georgia was the subject of the CBS Evening News 60 Minutes documentary Company Town, released in 1972. The film alleges that improper waste disposal, political corruption, and tax arrangements by the Gilman Paper Company resulted in the civil right infringement of the residents of St. Marys, Georgia and employees of the mill.
Gallery
References
Defunct pulp and paper companies
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)
American companies established in 1880
1880s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Pulp and paper companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilman%20Paper%20Company |
Irving "Sully" Boyar (December 14, 1923 – March 23, 2001) was an American actor of Russian-Jewish descent.
Boyar was one of seven children, some of whom grew up to become lawyers and businessmen. He also worked as a lawyer before turning to acting. He had a twin brother named Samuel.
A life member of the Actors Studio, he worked with Al Pacino in Dog Day Afternoon (1975) as the bank manager Mulvaney. His many other film credits included The Panic in Needle Park (1971), The King of Marvin Gardens (1972), The Gambler (1974), Car Wash (1976), The Deadliest Season (1977), Oliver's Story (1978), Night of the Juggler (1980), The Jazz Singer (1980), Fort Apache, The Bronx (1981), The Entity (1982), Too Scared to Scream (1985), Prizzi's Honor (1985), Best Seller (1987), The Lemon Sisters (1989), Betsy's Wedding (1990), In the Soup (1992), and Just the Ticket (1999). He was also a theater actor.
On television, he regularly appeared in the first 4 seasons of Law & Order, mostly in a cameo role as an arraignment judge. He also guest starred on The Sopranos, in 2001, playing Dr. Krakower, a psychiatrist consulting with Carmela Soprano.
On March 23, 2001, while waiting for a city bus in Queens, New York, Sully Boyar died of a heart attack at 77.
Filmography
References
External links
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Male actors from New York (state)
Actors from Williamsburg, Brooklyn
1923 births
2001 deaths
Burials at Kensico Cemetery
20th-century American male actors
Method actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sully%20Boyar |
Canadiana Suite is a 1964 album by Oscar Peterson.
Composition
Peterson envisioned Canadiana Suite as a tribute to the diverse landscapes of Canada, drawing inspiration from his travels by rail across southern Canada. Beginning in the Maritime provinces with "Ballad to the East", the suite travels west through the Laurentian Mountains of southern Quebec in "Laurentide Waltz", then pays a visit to the neighbourhood in Montreal where Peterson grew up, Place St. Henri, in the song of the same name. Next, the suite moves on to Canada's next great metropolis, Toronto, in "Hogtown Blues", before heading to the great plains of Manitoba ("Blues of the Prairies") and Saskatchewan ("Wheatland"). Finally, Peterson takes us through Calgary in "March Past", and on into the Rocky Mountains with "Land of the Misty Giants". Explaining his motivation for writing Canadiana Suite, Peterson said "My profession has taken me to every part of the world, none of them more beautiful than where I live. As a musician, I respond to the harmony and rhythm of life, and when I’m deeply moved it leaves something singing inside me. With a country as large and as full of contrast as Canada, I had a lot of themes to choose from when I wrote the Canadiana Suite. This is my musical portrait of the Canada I love."
Track listing
"Ballad to the East" – 4:08
"Laurentide Waltz" – 5:20
"Place St. Henri" – 3:57
"Hogtown Blues" – 3:40
"Blues of the Prairies" – 4:59
"Wheatland" – 5:30
"March Past" – 3:25
"Land of the Misty Giants" – 4:11
All music composed by Oscar Peterson.
Personnel
Oscar Peterson – piano
Ray Brown – double bass
Ed Thigpen – drums
References
1964 albums
Oscar Peterson albums
Limelight Records albums
Suites (music)
Composer tributes (classical music) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadiana%20Suite |
Waveland State Historic Site, also known as the Joseph Bryan House, in Lexington, Kentucky is the site of a Greek Revival home and 10 acres now maintained and operated as part of the Kentucky state park system. It was the home of the Joseph Bryan family, their descendants and the people they enslaved in the nineteenth century. Bryan's father William had befriended Daniel Boone and they migrated west through the Cumberland Gap.
Joseph Bryan, William's grandson, became an early planter here and established a plantation for tobacco and hemp as commodity crops. He also began to breed thoroughbred race horses. settler and horseman of this region.
History
The Daniel Boone and William Bryan families met in the Yadkin River valley, North Carolina, where they lived near each other. William Bryan married Mary Boone, a sister of Daniel Boone. William and Mary had a son, Daniel Boone Bryan. Daniel Boone surveyed the land in what became Kentucky that he would give to his nephew, Daniel Boone Bryan. The young man became known as a historian, frontiersman, and poet. Boone surveyed a large area of about about six miles from present-day downtown Lexington, Kentucky.
Daniel Boone Bryan
Daniel Boone Bryan settled this land around 1786. The property was later named Waveland for the appearance of the fields of grain and hemp when the wind blew through them. Central Kentucky, known as the Bluegrass Region, had the largest hemp and rope producers of the nation in the nineteenth century. When Bryan first moved to his property, he built a small stone cabin.
Joseph Bryan
Daniel Boone Bryan's son, Joseph, inherited Waveland and constructed the Big House of the plantation about 1844 to 1848. He had married Elizabeth, and they eventually had twelve children together. Bryan decided to build a classic Greek Revival structure. Inspired by the work of Lexington architect John McMurtry, Bryan hired Washington Allen, a well-known Lexington contractor, to oversee the construction of his new home.
It had a portico and spacious entry hall. The main doorway of the mansion is considered to be an exact replica of the doorway of the north entrance to the Erechtheion at the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. A porch was built on either side of the house, with views to surrounding country side. The rooms were constructed to be fourteen-feet-high on the first floor, making them cooler in summer.
As did many planters, who essentially had to operate self-sufficient villages, Bryan had developed minor industries on his plantation. A gunsmith shop employed twenty-five men at one time; he manufactured saltpeter and gunpowder. Both a gristmill and paper mill (which also processed lumber) were operated on the plantation, as were a blacksmith shop, and a distillery. (Kentucky was known for its bourbon.) He was able to manage all of these successfully.
Bryan also allowed space on the plantation for a Baptist church and a private female seminary. There was no public education in Kentucky until it was established during the Reconstruction era.
As was typical of many large plantations with in-house industries, Bryan drew from his own products for construction of the house. The lumber was harvested and trimmed at Waveland, the wrought iron was made at his blacksmith, the bricks used in the buildings were made from clay gathered on the land, and fired in a kiln on site. Stones for the house's foundation and some decorative work were quarried and dressed at Tyrone on the Kentucky River and moved to Waveland. To reduce construction costs, Bryan had the stairway rail built from flat pieces of wood instead of rounded ones. His wife wanted expensive marble baseboards, but Bryan used cheaper stones and had them painted to look like marble.
Joseph Bryan constructed his office with seven doors, each for a different part of his life. One door connected to the formal dining room, where he and guests would eat. One door led into the family parlor, where he could be with his children.
Another door, which locked from his office, was to stairs to two second-floor rooms that he rented out to travelers. He made sure he could lock the strangers in for his family's safety. The travelers could not leave their room until Bryan Joseph unlocked the door, so he was safe from being robbed or attacked by them at night.
Another door led outside to the back of the house and outbuildings, and the fields where enslaved African Americans worked. Thus he had quick access and easier communication with them. Another door led from his office to the road by which businessmen would arrive to see him. As a successful businessman in Kentucky, Bryan was often visited by others. The remaining two doors were closets, which he used as safes.
In the antebellum years, the Bryans were slaveholders. They held thirteen slaves, three women and ten men. The women conducted all the domestic work of cleaning the house, laundering and ironing clothes and linens, as well as to process meat and produce, and do all the cooking. Margaret Cartmell Bryan, Joseph's wife, made the clothing for the slaves and for her own family. The invention of the sewing machine significantly reduced the time it took her to make clothing.
The male slaves worked the farm. Each one had to keep of land. In order to save time traveling, the Bryans allowed the slaves to build houses on the property they kept. The slaves at Waveland enjoyed freedoms that were uncommon for other slaves of the day. When they were not working, they were allowed to hunt for themselves. They were also allowed to buy and sell produce, meat and other goods at the local markets, and to keep any profits. Joseph Bryan allowed the slaves to keep weapons. The slave quarters were two bricks thick, making them better insulated than many homes in Kentucky.
Joseph Bryan supported the Confederacy during the Civil War and gave them supplies such as horses and food produced on his land. When Union authorities discovered this, they sought to arrest him. Bryan fled to Canada, returning years later after the war had ended. The slaves at Waveland were emancipated at war's end, but most chose to stay and continue working for Bryan. He paid them for their labor, and charged them rent.
Joseph Henry Bryan
Joseph Henry Bryan, one of Bryan's eleven children, lost his house, so he and his wife and children moved back into Waveland with his father. Eventually, Joseph Bryan Sr. moved out, leaving Joseph Henry Bryan as the owner of Waveland.
He developed horse racing stock and established Waveland as one of the premier thoroughbred and standardbred (trotters) farms in Kentucky. Waveland produced some great horses such as "Waveland Chief", "Ben-Hur", "Eric", "Olaf" and "Wild Rake", who never lost a heat and was sold to William Rockefeller for $7800 in the 1880s. Joseph Henry Bryan also built a race track across from the mansion. He and other businessmen watched the races from near the track. This was not considered a suitable environment for women of their class, and Bryan's wife, daughters and female guests would often go up to the top floor of the house and watch the races with their binoculars.
Joseph Henry Bryan was a notorious gambler. In less than seven years, he lost over one million dollars. Another family member had to sell their home so that they could try to keep Joseph Henry Bryan from losing the Waveland property. Eventually, however, Bryan was unable to pay his debt. For this, he was never forgiven by his family. He had to sell the house at auction just to try to pay off his debt.
Salle A. Scott bought Waveland in 1894. She sold the property in 1899 to James A Hullet. In 1956, the Commonwealth of Kentucky bought the house and about of the original for preservation (the house) and use by the University of Kentucky of the larger farmland for research and experimental agriculture.
Museum
In 1957, Waveland was adapted as a historic house museum. Its exhibits depict and interpret Kentucky life from pioneer days to the Civil War. Ten acres are included with the house property, which has been renovated and furnished to show antebellum life on a plantation during the 1840s. Period-appropriate furniture was donated to the site. Many of the ancillary buildings did not survive the decades after the Civil War.
Waveland's buildings include the mansion, decorated in antebellum style, and four outbuildings: the ice house, a two-story brick building that was the slavequarters, a barn, and a smokehouse.
Tours are given daily for much of the year, and tour guides dress in the style of the 1840s. Tours include the historic house, the slave quarters, smokehouse and ice house. They focus on the Bryan family and life on a 19th-century Bluegrass Kentucky plantation.
Notes
References
"Historic Homes and Historic Sites in Lexington, KY". Horse Capital of the World: Lexington, Kentucky Convention and Visitors Bureau. 7 November 2011.
"History – Waveland – Historic Sites – Kentucky State Parks". 6 November 2011.
Kleber, John E. "Waveland." The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, 1992. Print.
Tapp, Hambleton. Waveland Home of the Bryans. Lexington, KY: S.n., 1956. Print.
"Waveland-Lexington Kentucky – National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". U.S. National Park Service, 6 November 2011.
Young-Brown, Fiona. "Waveland State Historic Site, Lexington, KY".
"Bryan Family". Jarvis Family and Other Relatives. 26 November 2011.
External links
Waveland State Historic Site
Christen, Waveland tour guide. Interviewed on November 12, 2011
Houses completed in 1848
Greek Revival houses in Kentucky
Historic house museums in Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Lexington, Kentucky
Museums in Lexington, Kentucky
Kentucky State Historic Sites
Protected areas of Fayette County, Kentucky
Houses in Lexington, Kentucky
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Plantation houses in Kentucky
Museums established in 1957
1957 establishments in Kentucky
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
1848 establishments in Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveland%20State%20Historic%20Site |
Rydberg ionization spectroscopy is a spectroscopy technique in which multiple photons are absorbed by an atom causing the removal of an electron to form an ion.
Resonance ionization spectroscopy
The ionization threshold energy of atoms and small molecules are typically larger than the photon energies that are most easily available experimentally. However, it can be possible to span this ionization threshold energy if the photon energy is resonant with an intermediate electronically excited state. While it is often possible to observe the lower Rydberg levels in conventional spectroscopy of atoms and small molecules, Rydberg states are even more important in laser ionization experiments. Laser spectroscopic experiments often involve ionization through a photon energy resonance at an intermediate level, with an unbound final electron state and an ionic core. On resonance for phototransitions permitted by selection rules, the intensity of the laser in combination with the excited state lifetime makes ionization an expected outcome. This RIS approach and variations permit sensitive detection of specific species.
Low Rydberg levels and resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization
High photon intensity experiments can involve multiphoton processes with the absorption of integer multiples of the photon energy. In experiments that involve a multiphoton resonance, the intermediate is often a Rydberg state, and the final state is often an ion. The initial state of the system, photon energy, angular momentum and other selection rules can help in determining the nature of the intermediate state. This approach is exploited in resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy (REMPI). An advantage of this spectroscopic technique is that the ions can be detected with almost complete efficiency and even resolved for their mass. It is also possible to gain additional information by performing experiments to look at the energy of the liberated photoelectron in these experiments. (Compton and Johnson pioneered the development of REMPI)
Near-threshold Rydberg levels
The same approach that produces an ionization event can be used to access the dense manifold of near-threshold Rydberg states with laser experiments. These experiments often involve a laser operating at one wavelength to access the intermediate Rydberg state and a second wavelength laser to access the near-threshold Rydberg state region. Because of the photoabsorption selection rules, these Rydberg electrons are expected to be in highly elliptical angular momentum states. It is the Rydberg electrons excited to nearly circular angular momentum states that are expected to have the longest lifetimes. The conversion between a highly elliptical and a nearly circular near-threshold Rydberg state might happen in several ways, including encountering small stray electric fields.
Zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy
Zero electron kinetic energy (ZEKE) spectroscopy was developed with the idea of collecting only the resonance ionization photoelectrons that have extremely low kinetic energy. The technique involves waiting for a period of time after a resonance ionization experiment and then pulsing an electric field to collect the lowest energy photoelectrons in a detector. Typically, ZEKE experiments utilize two different tunable lasers. One laser photon energy is tuned to be resonant with the energy of an intermediate state. (This may be resonant with an excited state at a multiphoton transition.) Another photon energy is tuned to be close to the ionization threshold energy. The technique worked extremely well and demonstrated energy resolution that was significantly better than the laser bandwidth. It turns out that it was not the photoelectrons that were detected in ZEKE. The delay between the laser and the electric field pulse selected the longest lived and most circular Rydberg states closest to the energy of the ion core. The population distribution of surviving long-lived near threshold Rydberg states is close to the laser energy bandwidth. The electric field pulse stark shifts the near-threshold Rydberg states and vibrational autoionization occurs. ZEKE has provided a significant advance in the study of the vibrational spectroscopy of molecular ions. Schlag, Peatman and Müller-Dethlefs originated ZEKE spectroscopy.
Mass analyzed threshold ionization
Mass analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) was developed with idea of collecting the mass of the ions in a ZEKE experiment.
MATI offered a mass resolution advantage to ZEKE. Because MATI also exploits vibrational autoionization of near-threshold Rydberg states, it also can offer a comparable resolution with the laser bandwidth. This information can be indispensable in understanding a variety of systems.
Photo-induced Rydberg ionization
Photo-induced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) was developed following REMPI experiments on electronic autoionization of low-lying Rydberg states of carbon dioxide. In REMPI photoelectron experiments, it was determined that a two-photon ionic core photoabsorption process (followed by prompt electronic autoionization) could dominate the direct single photon absorption in the ionization of some Rydberg states of carbon dioxide. These sorts of two excited electron systems had already been under study in the atomic physics, but there the experiments involved high order Rydberg states. PIRI works because electronic autoionization can dominate direct photoionization (photoionization). The circularized near-threshold Rydberg state is more likely to undergo a core photoabsorption than to absorb a photon and directly ionize the Rydberg state. PIRI extends the near-threshold spectroscopic techniques to allow access to the electronic states (including dissociative molecular states and other hard to study systems) as well as the vibrational states of molecular ions.
References
Spectroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg%20ionization%20spectroscopy |
The Fall of the King () is a novel by Danish author Johannes V. Jensen, published in three parts from 1900 to 1901. It tells the story of Mikkel Thøgersen and the social entanglements which bring him into the service of king Christian II of Denmark.
Summary
The Death of Spring (Foraarets Død)
Begins at around 1497 and ends with the defeat of the Danish army at Dithmarschen in 1500.
The Great Summer (Den store Sommer)
Takes place twenty years later, from the Stockholm Bloodbath in 1520 to the fall of the king in 1523.
The Winter (Vinteren)
The third and last part opens twelve years after, at the time of the Count's Feud in 1536, and ends at Mikkel's death.
Critical acclaim
The Fall of the King was named best Danish novel of the 20th century by the newspapers Politiken and Berlingske Tidende, independently of each other, in 1999 and was in 2006 included in the controversial Culture Canon published by the Ministry for Culture. On this list of significant Danish works of art, The Fall of the King was ranked alongside works by Hans Christian Andersen, Søren Kierkegaard, Karen Blixen and others.
References
External links
(in Danish)
1901 Danish novels
Danish-language novels
Novels set in the 16th century
Novels set in Denmark
Danish Culture Canon
Stockholm Bloodbath
Cultural depictions of Christian II of Denmark
Danish historical novels
Novels by Johannes V. Jensen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fall%20of%20the%20King |
Bergen (Eastphalian: Bargen) is a town in the north of Celle district on the Lüneburg Heath, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Administratively it acts as a municipal borough divided into 12 subordinate parishes based on the town and its surrounding villages: Becklingen, Belsen, Bergen, Bleckmar, Diesten, Dohnsen, Eversen, Hagen, Hassel, Offen, Sülze and Wardböhmen. Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was located in the area of Belsen.
The town had 13,099 inhabitants according to the census conducted in December 2008. Members of the British military and their families, who were not included in the census, brought the actual population to about 17,000. These soldiers occupied a NATO base and exercise on the Bergen-Hohne Training Area just outside the town, but the base closed in summer 2015 as part of the British Army's withdrawal from Germany. The Sieben Steinhäuser, a cluster of dolmens dating from the Stone Age, are located within the training area.
Geography
Bergen is located in the north of Celle district on the Lüneburg Heath, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Bundesstraße 3 (B3) passed through the municipal territory from north to south.
Neighbouring communities
Bergen is bordered by (from the north, clockwise): Wietzendorf (located in Heidekreis district), Südheide, Eschede, Celle, Winsen an der Aller and the unincorporated area Lohheide (all in Celle district).
History
Bergen was first mentioned in the records in 1197 and was the centre of a legislative and administrative region, the seat of the district sheriff (Amtsvogtei) and, later, the Royal Hanoverian Office. After the annexation of the Kingdom of Hanover by Prussia in 1866 the Amt Bergen, formed in 1852, was incorporated into Fallingbostel district, which had been created in 1867. In the district reorganisation of 1885, the Amt was transferred into the newly formed Celle district.
If the development of Bergen was rather slow during the Middle Ages and the early part of the Modern Age, due mainly to fires in 1354, 1585 and 1796, the agricultural reform in the 19th century and the town's connection to the Celle–Soltau railway led to far-reaching changes. In particular, the creation of the military training area that is today the Bergen-Hohne Training Area in 1935 encouraged the beginning of a period of urbanisation that has led to Bergen's transformation from an agriculturally based village into the small town it is today, characterised by trade and commerce with agriculture having largely lost its significance.
The Bergen-Belsen concentration camp is located near Bergen.
Today the town of Bergen acts as a municipality in the northern part of Celle district and is, except for Celle, the only political entity in the district that has been granted the status of a town (in this case in 1957). In the Gebietsreform (municipal reorganization) of 1971, Bergen was given responsibility for the Stadtteile of Becklingen, Belsen, Bleckmar, Diesten, Dohnsen, Eversen, Hagen, Hassel, Nindorf, Offen, Sülze and Wardböhmen. That significantly increased the size of its population and its area. The area of the original town of Bergen was ; after the administrative reform it grew to 163 km².
Demographics
Today around 14,000 people live in the town of Bergen. About 3,000 members of the British Forces and their families departed in summer 2015 when the British left Bergen-Hohne Garrison.
Arts and culture
Due to the presence of foreign troops in the area, including Dutch and British both military and their families have come to Bergen. This has influenced the cultural environment of the town strongly; for example a typical Dutch carnival is held annually which is very uncharacteristic of this area. The Bergen-Hohne British base held a bonfire night on 5 November which was free to all local residents to attend forming strong ties with the community.
Attractions
Römstedthaus local history museum
The Römstedthaus is a farmhouse museum dedicated to local and regional history. Its focus is the life and work of farmer up to the turn of the century in 1900. It is located in a former smokehouse (Rauchhaus), about 350 years old, that is still on the spot it was built. The old farmstead and church cottage (Pfarrkote) was first mentioned in 1438. "Wobbeke Scroders" was the farmer at that time. In 1831 the cottage and the land were rented, and the house continued to be used until 1912 as a smokehouse. The Bergen Local History Society bought the house in 1912. The preceptor, Friedrich Römstedt (1849–1930), furnished the house with a collection of prehistoric and local historic artefacts. In 1913 the museum was opened.
In the middle of the military training area to the west of Bergen are the well known Sieben Steinhäuser, a group of five megalithic graves from the late Funnelbeaker culture (3500-2800 B.C.), which are today a cultural monument.
Memorials
In the centre of town, on the Friedensplatz ("Peace Square") immediately next to St. Lambert's Church are three memorials:
A war memorial - to the fallen of the First (1914–1918) and Second World Wars (1939–1945). It was inaugurated on 30 April 1922. On the front is the inscription "Das Kirchspiel Bergen 1914–1918 seinen Helden" ("The parish of Bergen 1914–1918 [in honour of] its heroes") and on the rear: "Die Liebe höret nimmer auf" ("Love never ends").
A sandstone monument - with a white marble plaque in memory of the fallen of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). Inaugurated on 22 June 1878. The marble tablet bears the inscription "In Erinnerung an die in den Jahren 1870 u. 71 gefallenen Krieger aus dem Kirchspiel Bergen" ("In memory of those warriors from the parish of Bergen who fell in the years 1870 and 1871").
A peace monument - that has a lively history. It was originally erected for the peace celebrations on the occasion of the ending of French rule. In the Battle of Leipzig (October 1813) the troops of the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte were defeated and the First Treaty of Paris was signed (30 May 1814). By order of the prince-regent (Britain's George IV) all the churches of the land celebrated a peace festival on 24 July 1814. The square, hitherto, called Buernbrink and used for annual fairs, was given the name of Friedensplatz ("Peace Square"). A wooden post was erected which bore the inscription "Zur Friedensfeier! Bergen, den 24. Juli 1814" – "Dem Vaterlande Heil" – "Friede dem Jahrhunderte" ("The Peace Festival! Bergen, 24 July 1814" - "Salvation to the Fatherland" - "Peace to the centuries"). In the mid-19th century the post, which had meanwhile become rotten, fell over and was replaced in 1865 by another wooden monument for the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo. That monument also deteriorated and was replaced by the present sandstone one. This has the following inscription: Zur Friedensfeier – Bergen, den 24. Juli – 1814. Erneuert zur – 50 jährigen Jubelfeier – der Schlacht bei – Waterloo – am 18. Juni 1865 – und errichtet in Stein – 1898 ("To the peace celebrations in Bergen on 24 July 1814. Restored for the 50th anniversary celebration of the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1865 and erected in stone in 1898")
On the back of the monument is the crowned cursive monogram "GR" (Georgius Rex) of George V King of Hanover. On the sides are the words: Dem Vaterlande Heil ("Salvation to the Fatherland") and Friede dem Jahrhunderte ("Peace to the centuries").
Government
Since the Lower Saxony Gebietsreform (administrative reforms) of 1973 the municipality of Bergen has comprised Becklingen, Belsen, Bergen, Bleckmar, Diesten, Dohnsen, Eversen, Hagen, Hassel, Nindorf, Offen, Sülze and Wardböhmen.
Council
The town council (Stadtrat) has 30 elected members, as well as its directly elected mayor (hauptamtlicher Bürgermeister). Since the local elections of 10 September 2006 the following parties and voter groups have belonged to the council:
Christian Democrats (CDU): 17 seats
Social Democrats (SPD): 7 seats
Bergen Voters Party (Wählergemeinschaft Bergen): 3 seats
Free Democrats (FDP): 2 seats
Greens: 1 seat.
Mayors
Bergen has had the following mayors (Bürgermeister) since 1945:
9 May 1945 – 1 November 1945 Albert Repke (CDU) (acting mayor)
4 December 1945 – 23 September 1946 Hermann Hornbostel (CDU) (acting mayor)
1 November 1946 – 1948 Friedrich Kruse sen. (Lower Saxon State Party)(NLP) (first freely elected mayor after 1945)
14 December 1948 – 1952 Walter Müller (German Party)(DP)
1952–1956 Wilhelm Brockmann (Independent Voter Party)(UW)
1956–1960 Wilhelm Brockmann (DP)
1960–1973 Wilhelm Brockmann (CDU) (The election of October 1960 was delayed to March 1961 due to a constitutional complaint)
1973–1976 Heinrich Schneider (CDU)
1976–1981 Dr. Walther Kothe (CDU)
1981–1983 Franz Christian von Harling (CDU)
1983 – 31 December 1997 Dr. Helmut Wegner (CDU)
1 January 1997 – 26 April 1998 Adolf Krause (CDU)
since 27 April 1998 Rainer Prokop (CDU)(born 27 December 1950)(first full-time mayor)
from 1 November 2019 Claudia Dettmar-Müller (independent) - will be the first woman to become Mayor
In addition to the town council the individual villages each have a local council (Ortsrat) and a local chairman (Ortsbürgermeister).
Town twinning
Bergen maintains partnerships with the towns of:
Pembroke & Pembroke Dock in Wales
Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht in the Netherlands
Śrem in Poland
It also partners with the home county (Heimatkreis) of:
Szubin (1941–1945 Altburgund) in Poland adopted the town of Bergen in 1956. There often used to be more than 1,000 participants at the annual meeting of the former home county of Altburgund-Schubin.
In addition the town of Bergen has friendly relations with the following:
Rožnov pod Radhoštěm in the Czech Republic
Ottendorf-Okrilla in the county of Bautzen in Saxony
Pembroke (Malta) in Malta
Infrastructure
District court
From the 15th century the parishes of Bergen and Wietzendorf were part of a united juridical district or Gogericht. From 1437 to 1852, the courts were presided over by judges known as Gografen. They were subordinated to the advocacy or Vogtei of Celle, which later became a Great Advocacy (Großvogtei). The first Gograf was Ludermann Tunderen (1437–1445). From 1674 the new Lüneburg district constitution set out the range of responsibilities of the district advocacies (Amtsvogteien). Until the end of the Thirty Years' War the private residence of the district advocates (Amtsvögte) also served as their seat (Amtssitz).
In 1651 the old house of Kocksche Kote, Bergen No. 5, which paid dues to the Abbey of St. Michael's in Lüneburg, became the official seat of the district judge. In 1653 the government bought the farmstead from the heirs of the district judge, Cord Brase, and upgraded it into a district advocacy building (Amtsvogteigebäude). In 1709 the building, was completely rebuilt under district advocate, Jost Hinrich Wolff (Bergen's primary school is named after him). In 1852 there was a separation of the judiciary from the administration within the Kingdom of Hanover. From then on, Prussian law applied and there was both a district office (Amt Bergen) and a district court (Amtsgericht Bergen). In the wake of these reforms, the Vogtei of Wietzendorf was split away from Bergen. The first district judge (Amtsrichter) was Ernst August Eggert von Estorff. On the land of the district court, which amounts to 6,480 m², there is an office building, a residential building, a district prison and several outbuildings. In 1945 there was a reform of the German courts. The district court in Bergen became a branch of the district court of Celle. On 1 July 1973 the Bergen District Court was closed.
Municipal hall (Stadthaus)
In 1975 the town of Bergen sold the land of the old district court. Initially it was used as a youth centre, but there were plans for a leisure centre or town library. Even a police school was considered. In 1979 it was decided to sell the old town hall and move the council offices here. Because the negotiations over the sale dragged on and a large number of the townsfolk were against the proposal, it was eventually dropped. On 20 October 1981 it was decided to build a new municipal building with a banquet hall. The old district office of 1653/1709 and the district prison from 1853 were to be largely preserved as listed buildings and integrated. In an architectural competition, Hans-Joachim Ehrich from Brunswick won first prize for his design. In 1984 the rebuilding work began. On 6 December 1985 the new municipal hall or Stadthaus was inaugurated. It had cost over seven million DM. It has a banqueting hall for up to 530 people with a stage and side rooms, event rooms, a council chamber with a gallery, and various conference rooms. In the council chamber of the Stadthaus hangs the painting Gogericht by Bergen artist, Ferdinand Brütt (1849−1936). It was a precursor to a painting in the Lüneburg State Court (Landgericht Lüneburg)].
Military training area
Between Bergen, Meißendorf and Fallingbostel, roughly in the area between the A 7 and the B 3, is the military training area of Bergen-Hohne. To create this training area, several villages, including Hartem, were evacuated in 1938 by the German Wehrmacht, along with individual homesteads. Some of their ruins can still be seen. Within a few years about 3,650 inhabitants from 25 parishes had to leave their homes. On the eastern perimeter of the terrain, near the village of Belsen, at that time called Ostlager, around 100 barrack blocks, 50 horse stables and 40 large vehicle garages were built, along with a medical centre, depots and a target factory. The largest village in this area was and is Ostenholz, which was not cleared and is like an island of habitation within the training area.
Today, the area is used by the Bundeswehr and other NATO forces. The civil administration of the training area is carried out by the two unincorporated areas of Lohheide in the east and Osterheide in the west.
Churches and religious organisations
Lutheran parish of St. Lambert's
Gemeinde Gottes Bergen
Roman-Catholic parish of Zum kostbaren Blute
Independent Lutheran parish of St. John in Bergen-Bleckmar
Missionary work: Bleckmar branch of the Lutheran Church Mission (Lutherische Kirchenmission − Bleckmarer Mission e. V.) since 1892.
Transport
Bergen lies on the B 3 federal highway from Celle via Soltau to Ovelgönne near Buxtehude. Several state roads (Landesstraßen) serve the surrounding area which is mainly agricultural and lead, inter alia, to Hermannsburg and Winsen (Aller). The nearest motorway junction is Soltau-Süd on the A7 autobahn from Hamburg to Hanover. In addition, the Celle–Soltau railway runs through the town. This no longer provides a passenger service, but is very important for the transportation of goods.
Notable people
Ferdinand Brütt (b 13 July 1849 in Hamburg; d 6 November 1936 in Bergen) was a German painter. Brütt was a distant cousin of the sculptor, Adolf Brütt.
(born 1957), since 2007 dean of the East Friesland diocese of the Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover.
Hermann Ehlers (1904-1954) German politician (CDU), until his death President of the Bundestag
References
External links
The official website for Bergen
Celle (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen%2C%20Lower%20Saxony |
Theres Abbey () was a Benedictine monastery in the village of Theres in the district of Hassberge, in Franconia in the north of Bavaria, Germany.
History
The monastery, dedicated to Saint Stephen and Saint Vitus, was founded in about 1045 by Bishop Suidger of Bamberg. It was dissolved in 1802 during the secularisation of Bavaria.
Buildings
The abbey buildings were acquired in 1804 by Theodor von Kretschmann, a government minister of Saxe-Coburg. The church was demolished in 1809. The remaining buildings were converted into a country house.
References
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria
1040s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Christian monasteries established in the 11th century
1802 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Haßberge (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theres%20Abbey |
John David Ashton (born February 22, 1948) is an American actor, known for his roles in Beverly Hills Cop, Beverly Hills Cop II, Some Kind of Wonderful and Midnight Run.
Life and career
Born in Springfield, Massachusetts, Ashton attended Defiance College in Ohio and is a graduate of the University of Southern California School of Theatre. He attended Enfield High School in Enfield, Connecticut.
Ashton has made numerous appearances in both television and feature films. He played Willie Joe Garr on several episodes of Dallas. He appeared in an episode of Columbo, "Negative Reaction", and in episode 5 of Police Squad!, "Rendezvous at Big Gulch (Terror in the Neighborhood)".
His early film credits included roles in An Eye for an Eye (1973), Breaking Away (1979), Borderline (1980), Honky Tonk Freeway (1981), Last Resort (1986) and King Kong Lives (1986).
Ashton also starred as Detective Sergeant John Taggart in the first two installments of the Beverly Hills Cop trilogy, alongside Eddie Murphy and Judge Reinhold. He appeared as Eric Stoltz's character's father in the 1987 John Hughes-penned comedy-drama Some Kind of Wonderful, and worked with Hughes again in She's Having a Baby the following year. In 1988, he co-starred in the action-comedy Midnight Run as a rival bounty hunter to Robert De Niro's character. He also starred in Little Big League (1994) with Luke Edwards, Trapped in Paradise (1994), The Shooter (1995), Meet the Deedles (1998), Instinct (1999), and appeared in a supporting role in the 2007 drama Gone Baby Gone directed by Ben Affleck. He also played the role of Cactus Jack Slater in an episode of the 80s TV show The A-Team titled "Cup A Joe".
Ashton has stated that, given the proper arrangements, he would like to reprise his roles in the rumored Beverly Hills Cop IV and Midnight Run II productions. He guest-starred opposite Beverly Hills Cop co-star Ronny Cox in an episode of Matthew Perry's 2011 series, Mr Sunshine.
Personal life
Ashton married his first wife Victoria Marie Runn in 1968: they divorced in 1970. He married his second wife Bridget Baker-Ashton in 1976: they divorced in 2001. Ashton has two children, one by each of his ex-wives. He has a daughter from his first marriage. He currently resides in Fort Collins, Colorado.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1948 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Massachusetts
Actors from Springfield, Massachusetts
USC School of Dramatic Arts alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ashton%20%28actor%29 |
John Geza Ashton (born 30 November 1957) is an English musician, songwriter, composer, and record producer, with a career spanning more than 40 years. He is best known as the guitarist of the Psychedelic Furs.
Early life
John Geza Ashton was born on 30 November 1957 in Whipps Cross Hospital, Forest Gate, London, and lived in North Kilworth in south Leicestershire.
Career
Ashton came to prominence in the early 1980s as the guitarist of the Psychedelic Furs. The band is an English post-punk group formed in 1977 by Richard and Tim Butler, Duncan Kilburn and Roger Morris. Their debut studio album was a hit in the UK and Europe, and they had added John Ashton on guitar and Vince Ely on drums. Their second studio album Talk Talk Talk (1981) placed them on the US charts. Before the release of Forever Now in late 1982, Morris and Kilburn left the band, and Ashton and the Butler brothers went on to release Mirror Moves (1984) and other subsequent albums. The Psychedelic Furs went on hiatus after their 1992 tour, but reformed in 2001. Since then, Ashton has joined the band on occasion for tours.
After the Psychedelic Furs went on hiatus, Ashton became a record producer and worked on a number of projects including Marianne Faithfull, the Sisters of Mercy, Red Betty, and Seven Color Sky. Ashton mixed and co-produced the Secret Post's studio album From Train to Station, released in 2015, and oversaw recordings with Los Angeles' Silence.
Ashton has also pursued a solo career and released his debut studio album, Satellite Paradiso, in 2014.
Personal life
Ashton moved to the United States around 1989 and is married to Catherine Dewson, a Virginia Beach native. The couple have two children, and currently resides in Woodstock, New York. In the summer of 2021, Ashton was diagnosed with prostate cancer; there was a GoFundMe page set up by friend and fellow musician, Gail Ann Dorsey, to help the family with the costs.
References
External links
John Ashton interview by Brian D. Holland
Satellite Paradiso
1957 births
English male guitarists
English new wave musicians
English record producers
English male songwriters
Living people
Musicians from London
People from Forest Gate
The Psychedelic Furs members
English expatriates in the United States
People from Woodstock, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ashton%20%28musician%29 |
Maloney Hall is the home of the Busch School of Business and Economics at the Catholic University of America. It is located in the southeast corner of Catholic University’s main campus, near the Brookland–CUA station. It has been described as "Harvard on the outside, Google on the inside" and "one of the premier academic buildings in Washington, D.C. if not the country."
History
The Martin Maloney Chemical Laboratory was dedicated on November 15, 1917 and named for Martin Maloney, a Philadelphia philanthropist and papal marquis. Maloney gave $120,000 in 1917 to construct the main building and $100,000 in 1923-24 for what is today the 273 seat Della Ratta Auditorium. The philanthropist said he hoped the building would "help our Catholic young men and women rise to the level of the great opportunities, which our nation offers them. James A. Farrell, president of the United States Steel Corporation, was a featured speaker at the dedication
The fieldstone Gothic‐style building was designed by architect Frederick V. Murphy who studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts. Upon his return to D.C. from Paris, Murphy introduced himself to the fourth rector of Catholic University, Rev. Thomas Joseph Shahan. The two men, who became great friends, planned the early campus, including Maloney, Father O’Connell, and Gibbons Halls, the John K. Mullen of Denver Memorial Library, and the old gymnasium.
As the lab was opened in Washington D.C. in the midst of World War I, the United States Army took over the lab to conduct chemical research. It was here that the chemical weapon lewisite was first invented by Julius Nieuwland and Winford Lee Lewis, with the help of CUA and Army researchers.
Maloney Hall underwent renovations and extensions in 1926.
Busch School
Renovation
In 2016, a $47 million renovation was announced, with a lead gift of $15 million coming from Tim Busch. The renovation turned the building into a "Gothic-chic" home for the Busch School of Business which opened in January 2019. Prior to the renovation, the Busch School took up 25% of McMahon Hall, and the School was scattered throughout six buildings on campus with students taking classes in 10.
The principal architect was Brian Pilot, a Catholic University alumnus, along with his firm, Studios Architecture. Construction was carried out by Whiting-Turner Construction, and included Chris Saxon, Rachel Hutton, and Nick Carneglia, all of whom are University alumni. It was rededicated in March 2019.
The 61,000 square foot building maintains the original Collegiate Gothic features, but modern updates including tiered case study classrooms modeled after those at Harvard Business School and top business schools around the world. The nine "smart" classrooms are tiered to promote class discussions. The building also features nearly 40 offices, conference rooms, touchdown rooms, and glass-walled study pods for students to use on projects that require teamwork and communication.
Saint Michael the Archangel Chapel
The 2019 construction also added a chapel dedicated to Saint Michael the Archangel designed by Studio Granda Architects, a Spanish firm. The chapel's original artwork was commissioned by artists in Spain. The stained glass windows feature saints and holy people chosen to serve as inspirations for business students, including Catherine of Alexandria, Enrique Ernesto Shaw, Pier Giorgio Frassati, Margaret Clitherow, Pope Gregory I, Josemaría Escrivá, Elizabeth Ann Seton, Thomas Aquinas, Katherine Drexel, and Maximilian Kolbe.
The altar panel shows Christ in Heaven surrounded by four figures emblematic of the four pillars of Catholic Social Teaching: Saint Matthew the Evangelist representing the common good, Pope John Paul II representing solidarity, Theresa of Calcutta representing human dignity, and Louis Martin and Marie-Azélie Guérin representing subsidiarity. The panel also depicts Pope Leo XIII, the pope who approved the founding of the university. The tabernacle, which is made of marble and gold, is a scale model of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception which is nearby on the southwest corner of the campus.
The first mass in the chapel was celebrated by Fr. Louis Maxmillian, O.F.M. Conv., on February 18, 2019. The chapel is the spiritual heart of the building, and the Busch School.
Notes
References
Works cited
External links
The Martin Maloney Chemical Laboratory at the Catholic University of America
Buildings at the Catholic University of America
Buildings and structures completed in 1917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maloney%20Hall |
Sandip Burman is a tabla player from Durgapur, West Bengal, India.
After his initial training with Shri Sudhir Roy, he began a long discipleship with Pandit Shymal Bose. Sandip's performances are marked with spontaneous innovation and tonal purity even when he is delivering complex rhythmic patterns at high speed. His initial trip to the USA was sponsored by the founder of Transcendental Meditation and Beatles guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.
Sandip Burman either performs for shows across the world or attends school-sponsored performances. In these lessons he is known to take the same care of warming up and playing as if it were a real performance. He tunes his 20 string sitar and tabla for around an hour prior to his lesson. Once all the students surround him he begins to play - a wide display of improvisation that seems to come from his soul. After he performs on sitar he leaves a portion of the clinic open for questions to get to know him and learn from him. Then he moves to his expertise, the tabla. His hands fly through the drums at lightning speed and precision filling the area with a melody rather than a beat.
Sandip has played with Ravi Shankar and countless jazz greats, including Jack DeJohnette, Al Di Meola, Randy Brecker, Howard Levy, Paul McCandless, Andy Narell, Victor Wooten, Bela Fleck and many others.
Sandip worked with Danny Elfman and contributed to the soundtrack of Tim Burton's film, Mars Attacks!, and an IBM commercial. Sandip has recorded with Dr. L. Subramaniam and is showcased on the album Global Fusion from Warner Brothers.
In 2001, Sandip lead an all-star tour titled "East Meets Jazz" with Victor Bailey (Weather Report), Randy Brecker (Brecker Brothers), Steve Smith (Journey), Howard Levy (Flecktones), Jerry Goodman (Mahavishnu Orchestra), and Paul Bollenback. Dave Pietro also joined the group for one show. The tour ended suddenly and early due to the 9/11 attack but closed at The Lyric with a standing room only show the night of 9/11 that is still talked about years later. The band's Producer & Manager (Chuck Hawks) was noted as saying despite the stresses of the day, it turned out to be one of the band's best performances of the entire tour.
Currently, Sandip tours 170 days out of the year, with such dates as solo performances at the Kennedy Center (Washington D.C.), Street Scene (San Diego), First Night Providence (Rhode Island), House of Blues Chicago, Nelson Atkins Museum (Kansas City), Wolftrap (Washington, D.C.), Ravinia Festival (Chicago), Skirball Cultural Center (Los Angeles), Telluride Bluegrass Festival (Colorado), and the Stern Grove Festival (San Francisco). Before concerts, Sandip often takes the time to conduct music clinics at the local high schools and universities.
He has been a visiting faculty member at the Rotterdam Conservatory in the Netherlands and has toured and taught in the United States, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Singapore, North Africa, Israel, and Canada.
References
Sandip Burman Official Site
American people of Bengali descent
American male musicians of Indian descent
American musicians of Indian descent
American Hindus
Living people
Indian emigrants to the United States
Indian drummers
People from Durgapur, West Bengal
1969 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandip%20Burman |
This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This article contains terms starting with A – C. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other articles.
0-9
.edu
"dot-edu"
The generic top-level domain for educational institutions, primarily those in the United States. Created in January 1985 as one of the first top-level domains, .edu was originally intended for educational institutions anywhere in the world. With few exceptions, however, only those in the United States registered such domains, while educational institutions in other countries usually used domain names under the appropriate country code TLD.
A
Academia A collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in higher education and research, taken as a whole. The word comes from the akademeia just outside ancient Athens, where the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning.
Academic degree A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study.
Academic dress Traditional clothing worn specifically in academic settings. It is more commonly seen nowadays only at graduation ceremonies, but in former times academic dress was, and to a lesser extent in many ancient universities still is, worn on a daily basis.
Academic institution An educational institution dedicated to higher education and research, which grants academic degrees.
Academic publishing Describes a system of publishing that is necessary in order for academic scholars to review work and make it available for a wider audience. The "system," which is probably disorganized enough not to merit the title, varies widely by field, and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form.
Active learning A process whereby learners are actively engaged in the learning process, rather than "passively" absorbing lectures. Active learning involves reading, writing, discussion, and engagement in solving problems, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Active learning often involves cooperative learning.
Activity theory (AT) A Soviet psychological meta-theory, paradigm, or framework, with its roots in socio-cultural approach. Its founders were Alexei Nikolaevich Leontyev, and S. L. Rubinshtein (1889–1960). It became one of the major psychological approaches in the former USSR, being widely used in both theoretical and applied psychology, in areas such as the education, training, ergonomics, and work psychology.
Additional Support Needs In Scotland, children who require some additional support to remove barriers to learning in any respect are deemed to have Additional Support Needs. This definition abolished the previously used term Special Educational Needs and was set out in the 2004 Additional Support for Learning Act.
Adult education The practice of teaching and educating adults. This is often done in the workplace, or through 'extension' or 'continuing education' courses at secondary schools, or at a College or University. The practice is also often referred to as 'Training and Development'. It has also been referred to as andragogy (to distinguish it from pedagogy).
Educating adults differs from educating children in several ways. One of the most important differences is that adults have accumulated knowledge and experience which can either add value to a learning experience or hinder it.
Adultism A predisposition towards adults, which some see as biased against children, youth, and all young people who aren't addressed or viewed as adults. Adultism is popularly used to describe any discrimination against young people, and is distinguished from ageism, which is simply prejudice on the grounds of age; not specifically against youth.
Advanced Placement Program A United States and Canada-based program that offers high school students the opportunity to receive university credit for their work during high school.
Agricultural education Instruction about crop production, livestock management, soil and water conservation, and various other aspects of agriculture. Agricultural education includes instruction in food education, such as nutrition. Agricultural and food education improves the quality of life for all people by helping farmers increase production, conserve resources, and provide nutritious foods.
Aims and objectives An aim expresses the purpose of the educational unit or course whereas an objective is a statement of a goal which successful participants are expected demonstrably to achieve before the course or unit completes.
Alternative education Describes a number of approaches to teaching and learning other than traditional publicly- or privately-run schools. These approaches can be applied to all students of all ages, from infancy to adulthood, and all levels of education.
Analysis The action of taking something apart in order to study it.
Andragogy A theory of adult education proposed by the American educator Malcolm Knowles (April 24, 1913—November 27, 1997).
Knowles held that andragogy (from the Greek words meaning "man-leading") should be distinguished from the more commonly taught pedagogy (Greek: "child-leading").
Anti-bias curriculum An active/activist approach in education that challenges interlocking systems of oppression such as racism, sexism, ableism/disablism, ageism, homophobia, and all the other -isms.
The objective of this approach to teaching is to eliminate bias found in various institutions. This approach attempts to provide children with a solid understanding of social problems and issues while equipping them with strategies to combat bias and improve social conditions for all.
The anti-bias curriculum serves as a catalyst in the critical analysis of various social conditions. It is implemented as a proactive means to eradicate various forms of social oppression with the ultimate goal of social justice in mind.
Applied academics An approach to learning and teaching that focuses on how academic subjects (communications, mathematics, science, and basic literacy) can apply to the real world. Further, applied academics can be viewed as theoretical knowledge supporting practical applications.
Apprenticeship A traditional method, still popular in some countries, of training a new generation of skilled crafts practitioners. Apprentices (or in early modern usage "prentices") built their careers from apprenticeships.
Art education The area of learning that is based upon the visual arts—drawing, painting, sculpture, and design in such fine crafts of jewelry, pottery, weaving, fabrics, etc., and design applied to more practical fields such as commercial graphics and home furnishings.
The term "arts education" implies many things, but it is defined as: Instruction and programming in all arts disciplines—including but not limited to dance, music, visual art, theater, creative writing, media arts, history, criticism, and aesthetics. "Arts education" encompasses all the visual and performing arts delivered in a standards-based, sequential approach by a qualified instructor as part of the core curriculum. The most common courses provided in schools include Art (visual art), Band, Drama, and Choir.
Assessment The process of documenting, usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs.
Asynchronous learning A teaching method using the asynchronous delivery of training materials or content using computer network technology. It is an approach to providing technology-based training that incorporates learner-centric models of instruction. The asynchronous format has been in existence for quite some time; however, new research and strategies suggest that this approach can enable learners to increase knowledge and skills through self-paced and self-directed modules completed when the learner is prepared and motivated to learn.
Autodidacticism
autodidactism Self-education or self-directed learning. An autodidact, also known as an automath, is a mostly self-taught person - typically someone who has an enthusiasm for self-education and a high degree of self-motivation.
B
Backward design The process of identifying desired outcomes and determining acceptable evidence of learning before planning learning experiences and instructional methods that will lead to desired outcomes
Behaviorism {{nobold|(or Rakesh, not to be confused with behavioralism in political science)}}: An approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mental states. It is a form of materialism, denying any independent significance for the mind.
One of the assumptions of many behaviorists is that free will is illusory, and that all behaviour is determined by a combination of forces both genetic factors and the environment, either through association or reinforcement.
Belief A conviction to the truth of a proposition. Beliefs can be acquired through perception, contemplation or communication. In the psychological sense, belief is a representational mental state that takes the form of a propositional attitude.
Knowledge is often defined as justified true belief, in that the belief must be considered to correspond to reality and must be derived from valid evidence and arguments. However, this definition has been challenged by the Gettier problem which suggests that justified true belief does not provide a complete picture of knowledge.
Bias in education A real or perceived bias in the educational system.
Bilingual education Has multiple definitions:
education where two distinct languages are used for general teaching;
education designed to help children become bilingual (sometimes called "two-way bilingual education"; e.g., Spanish speakers and English speakers in a classroom are all taught to speak both languages;
education in a child's native language for (a) the first year or (b) however long it takes; followed by mainstreaming in English-only classes (in the US);
education in a child's native language for as long as the child's parents wish (with minimal instruction in another language).
In the latter cases "native-language instruction" may be a clearer definition.
Biliteracy The state of being literate in two or more languages. To be biliterate has a stronger and more specified connotation than the claim of being simply bilingual. This is because with the change of the term from 'lingual' to 'literate' and the concept of reading and writing, which are in addition to simply speaking. In bilingualism the extent of fluency in each language is in question. One can be anywhere on the spectrum from comfortable oral communication in certain social contexts to fluency in speaking, reading and writing. With the term biliteracy, however, it is understood that fluency in both reading and writing are present.
Blended learning Learning in a combination of modes. Often used more specifically to refer to courses which use a combination of traditional face-to-face teaching and distance learning techniques on-line.
Blogish Interactive and personal communication as opposed to traditional narrative text.
Bloom's Taxonomy A hierarchy of learning objectives that range from the simplest form (knowledge) to the most complex form (evaluation).
Boarding school A school where some or all students not only study but also live, amongst their peers but away from their home and family. The word 'boarding' is used in the sense of a 'boarding house', lodgings which provide both bed and board, that is meals as well as a room. Most famous UK public schools are boarding schools for ages 13 to 18, either single-sex or coeducational.
There are any number of different types of boarding schools, for pupils of all school ages from boarding nursery or Kindergarten schools, to senior schools. Boarding prep schools for the age group 9 to 12 are becoming less usual in the UK, but many adolescents like to get away from home.
Brainstorming An organized approach for producing ideas by letting the mind think without interruption. The term was coined by Alex Osborn. Brainstorming can be done either individually or in a group; in group brainstorming sessions, the participants are encouraged, and often expected, to share their ideas with one another as soon as they are generated. The key to brainstorming is not to interrupt the thought process. As ideas come to the mind, they are captured and stimulate the development of better ideas. Brainstorming is used for enhancing creativity in order to generate a broad selection of ideas in leading to a unique and improved concept.
Brainwashing
thought reform The application of coercive techniques to change the beliefs or behavior of one or more people for political purposes. Whether any techniques at all exist that will actually work to change thought and behavior to the degree that the term "brainwashing" connotes is a controversial and at times hotly debated question.
Bridge program This is a higher education program specifically designed to assist a student with an attained initial educational level (or an initial level of professional licensure) to attend college courses and achieve a terminal degree (or a higher level of professional licensure) in the same field of study and in less time than an entry-level student would require. Bridge programs are most notable among healthcare professions.Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka: 347 U.S. 483 (1954) A landmark case of the United States Supreme Court which explicitly outlawed de jure racial segregation of public education facilities (legal establishment of separate government-run schools for blacks and whites), ruling so on the grounds that the doctrine of "separate but equal" public education could never truly provide black Americans with facilities of the same standards available to white Americans. A companion case dealt with the constitutionality of segregation in the District of Columbia, (not a state and therefore not subject to the Fourteenth Amendment), Bolling v. Sharpe, .
Bully An individual, thought to be emotionally dysfunctional, who torments others through verbal harassment, physical assault, or other more subtle methods of coercion.
C
Campus novel A novel whose main action is set in and around the campus of a university. The genre, dating back to the late 1940s, is popular because it allows the author to show the quirks of human nature, and reactions to pressure (for exams etc.) within a controlled environment or to describe the reaction of a fixed socio-cultural perspective (the academic staff) to new social attitudes (the new student intake).
Charter school A government-funded public school that is exempt from extensive state and local regulations, admits students by lottery, cannot be affiliated with a religious institution, must require students to take state-mandated exams and cannot charge tuition.
Chemistry education An active area of research within both the disciplines of chemistry and education. The main focus of research is on learning and teaching of chemistry in schools, colleges and universities. The practice of chemical education is teaching chemistry to students and the training of teachers to teach chemistry. The research aspect deals with how to teach and how to improve learning outcomes.
Child A young human. Depending on context it may mean someone who is not yet an adult, or someone who has not yet reached puberty (someone who is prepubescent). Child is also a counterpart of parent: adults are the children of their parents despite their maturation beyond infancy; for example "Benjamin, aged 46, is the child of Tobias, aged 73".
Classical conditioning
Pavlovian conditioning
respondent conditioning A type of associative learning. These associations are formed by pairing two stimuli—what Ivan Pavlov described as the learning of conditioned behavior—to condition an animal to give a certain response. The simplest form of classical conditioning is reminiscent of what Aristotle would have called the law of contiguity which states that: "When two things commonly occur together, the appearance of one will bring the other to mind."
Classical education May refer to the education of antiquity and the Middle Ages, or the education of later periods based on Classics and Western culture, or the completely different Chinese tradition of education, based in large part on Confucian and Taoist traditions.
Classroom management A term used by many teachers to describe the process of ensuring lessons run smoothly without disruptive behaviour by students. It is possibly the most difficult aspect of teaching for many teachers and indeed experiencing problems in this area causes many people to leave teaching altogether. It is closely linked to issues of motivation, discipline and respect.
Coaching A coach is a person who teaches and directs another person via encouragement and advice. This use of the term "coaching" appears to have origins in English traditional university "cramming" in the mid-19th century. (The name allegedly recalls the multitasking skills associated with controlling the team of a horse-drawn stagecoach.) By the 1880s American college sports teams had—in addition to managers -- coaches. Some time in the 20th century, non-sporting coaches emerged: non-experts in the specific technical skills of their clients, but who nevertheless ventured to offer generalised motivational or inspirational advice.
Coeducation The integrated education of men and women at the same school facilities; co-ed is a shortened adjectival form of co-educational. Before the 1960s, many private institutions of higher education restricted their enrollment to a single sex. Indeed, most institutions of higher education—regardless of being public or private—restricted their enrollment to a single sex at some point in their history. "Coed" is an informal (and increasingly archaic) term for a female student attending such a college or university.
Cognitive maps A type of mental processing, or cognition, composed of a series of psychological transformations by which an individual can acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment. Here, 'cognition' can be used to refer to the mental models, or belief systems, that people use to perceive, contextualize, simplify, and make sense of otherwise complex problems. As they have been studied in various fields of science, these mental models are often referred to, variously, as cognitive maps, scripts, schemata, and frames of reference.
Cognitive relativism A philosophy that claims the truth or falsity of a statement is relative to a social group.
Cohort A group of learners placed together to have one or more shared learning experiences.
Collaborative learning An umbrella term for a variety of approaches in education that involve joint intellectual effort by students or students and teachers. Groups of students work together in searching for understanding, meaning or solutions or in creating a product. The approach is closely related to cooperative learning, but is considered to be more radical because of its reliance on youth voice. Collaborative learning activities can include collaborative writing, group projects, and other activities.
College An educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a degree-awarding tertiary educational institution, a part of a collegiate or federal university, an institution offering vocational education, or a secondary school.
College athletics Refers to a set of physical activities comprising sports and games put into place by institutions of tertiary education (colleges in American English). In the United States, college athletics is overseen by the National Collegiate Athletic Association and by the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. College athletics has a high profile in the United States, and to a lesser extent in Canada, where it is known as interuniversity sport. In the most of the rest of the world the equivalent level of competition is only followed by the competitors and their close friends and families.
Common Core State Standards Evidence-, content- and skill-based learning objectives aligned to college and career readiness expectations for K-12 mathematics and English language arts learners. The standards were released in 2010 and subsequently adopted by states across the U.S.
Common sense What people in common would agree; that which they "sense" in common as their common natural understanding. Some use the phrase to refer to beliefs or propositions that in their opinion they consider would in most people's experience be prudent and of sound judgment, without dependence upon esoteric knowledge or study or research, but based upon what is believed to be knowledge held by people "in common". The knowledge and experience most people have, or are believed to have by the person using the term.
Community of practice Refers to the process of social learning that occurs when people who have a common interest in some subject or problem collaborate over an extended period to share ideas, find solutions, and build innovations.
Comparative education Seeks to throw light on education in one country (or group of countries) by using data and insights drawn from the practises and situation in another country, or countries.
Comprehension Demonstrating an understanding of material.
Computer Based Learning Refers to the use of computers as a key component of the educational environment. While this can refer to the use of computers in a classroom, the term more broadly refers to a structured environment in which computers are used for teaching purposes. The concept is generally seen as being distinct from the use of computers in ways where learning is at least a peripheral element of the experience (e.g. computer games and web browsing).
Concept mapping A technique for visualizing the relationships between different concepts. A concept map is a diagram showing the relationships between concepts. Concepts are connected with labelled arrows, in a downward-branching hierarchical structure. The relationship between concepts is articulated in linking phrases, e.g., "gives rise to", "results in", "is required by," or "contributes to". Concept mapping serves several purposes. One, which takes place via knowledge elicitation, is to represent the mental models, i.e., the cognitive map of individuals, teams and organizations. Another, which takes place by knowledge capture, is to represent the structure of knowledge gleaned from written documents. The addition of knowledge resources, e.g., diagrams, reports, other concept maps, spreadsheets, etc., to the concept nodes (attached during or after construction) has been found to significantly improve the level of meaningful learning of the concept mapper. Educators are increasingly realising the utility of such maps and have started using them in classroom.
Confidence interval The range in which an individual’s true assessment score can be found; also known as band of error or confidence band.
Constructivism A set of assumptions about the nature of human learning that guide constructivist learning theories and teaching methods. Constructivism values developmentally appropriate, teacher-supported learning that is initiated and directed by the student.
Constructivist epistemology A recent development in philosophy which criticizes essentialism, whether it is in the form of medieval realism, classical rationalism, or empiricism. It originated in sociology under the term social constructionism and has been given the name constructivism when referring to philosophical epistemology, though constructionism and constructivism'' are often used interchangeably.
Constructivism views all of our knowledge as "constructed," because it does not reflect any external "transcendent" realities; it is contingent on convention, human perception, and social experience. It is believed by constructivists that representations of physical and biological reality, including race, sexuality, and gender are socially constructed (Hegel, Garns, and Marx were among the first to suggest such an ambitious expansion of social determinism). The common thread between all forms of constructivism is that they do not focus on an ontological reality, but instead on the constructed reality.
Cooperative education A structured method of combining academic education with practical work experience. Research indicates that one of the attributes employers value most in newly hired employees is work experience. A cooperative education experience, commonly known as a "co-op", provides academic credit for career work. Cooperative education is taking on new importance in school-to-work transition, service learning, and experiential learning initiatives.
Cooperative learning Proposed in response to traditional curriculum-driven education. In cooperative learning environments, students interact in purposely structured heterogeneous group to support the learning of one self and others in the same group.
Course in the United States, a unit of instruction in one subject, lasting one academic term
Course of study in the British Commonwealth, a programme of education leading to a degree or diploma
Creativity A human mental phenomenon based around the deployment of mental skills and/or conceptual tools, which, in turn, originate and develop innovation, inspiration, or insight.
Creativity techniques Heuristic methods to facilitate creativity in a person or a group of people. Generally, most creativity techniques use associations between the goal (or the problem), the current state (which may be an imperfect solution to the problem), and some stimulus (possibly selected randomly). There is an analogy between many creativity techniques and methods of evolutionary computation.
Critical pedagogy A teaching approach which attempts to help students question and challenge domination, and the beliefs and practices that dominate. In other words, it is a theory and practice of helping students achieve critical consciousness. In this tradition, the teacher works to lead students to question ideologies and practices considered oppressive (including those at school), and encourage liberatory collective and individual responses to the actual conditions of their own lives.
Critical thinking Consists of a mental process of analyzing or evaluating information, particularly statements or propositions that people have offered as true. It forms a process of reflecting upon the meaning of statements, examining the offered evidence and reasoning, and forming judgments about the facts. Critical thinkers can gather such information from observation, experience, reasoning, and/or communication. Critical thinking has its basis in intellectual values that go beyond subject-matter divisions and which include: clarity, accuracy, precision, evidence, thoroughness and fairness.
Cultural learning The way a group of people within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on new information. Learning styles are greatly influenced by how a culture socializes with its children and young people.
Curriculum (plural curricula''') The set of courses and their contents offered by an institution such as a school or university. In some cases, a curriculum may be partially or entirely determined by an external body (such as the National Curriculum for England in English schools). In the U.S., the basic curriculum is established by each state with the individual school districts adjusting it to their desires; in Australia each state's Education Department sets the various curricula.
Curriculum-based measurement A form of direct classroom assessment that is conducted on a regular basis, reflects local curricula and is sensitive to short-term gains in a learner's skills. It can be used to compare local norms to a learner's skill levels.
References
1
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20education%20terms%20%28A%E2%80%93C%29 |
Now That's What I Call Music! 61 or Now 61 refers to at least two Now That's What I Call Music! series albums, including
Now That's What I Call Music! 61 (UK series)
Now That's What I Call Music! 61 (U.S. series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%20That%27s%20What%20I%20Call%20Music%21%2061 |
The New England Adolescent Research Institute (NEARI) is a therapeutic educational organization operating in Easthampton, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1984 by Steven Bengis and Penny Cuninggim to treat extremely challenged youth with learning disabilities, mental illness, and/or neurological disorders. NEARI operates Chapter 766 special education day schools for high school, middle school, and older elementary school students. NEARI no longer operates a training institute or a publishing company.
The publishing company had published works ranging from manuals for specialists in the field of sexual assault to survivor stories. All works are selected for publication based on their ability to educate the public.
Educational philosophy
The NEARI day schools practice a "relationship-based" model of learning. This model is a set of policies and principles that guide staff to form lasting relationships with their students. Most of the details of this model are proprietary and can not be disclosed here. One publicly acknowledged piece of this model is a low student-to-staff ratio. NEARI operates on a ratio of about 3:1 or 2:1, depending on the program in question. The drawback to this approach is the substantial financial load it places on the organization.
Brain-based treatment and education
Since the year 2000, NEARI has been incorporating "brain-based" technology into its educational and therapeutic services. Coordinated by Penny Cuninggim, this initiative combines specialized exercise with an awareness of learning styles and new practices for diagnosing and treating visual and auditory processing issues.
Facilities
Current facilities
The NEARI day schools currently operate out of one building in Easthampton MA, the site of the former Tri County School.
External links
New England Adolescent Research Institute (NEARI)
1984 establishments in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Holyoke, Massachusetts
Educational institutions established in 1984
Organizations based in Holyoke, Massachusetts
Special schools in the United States
Schools in Hampden County, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Adolescent%20Research%20Institute |
The Naga-Manipuri-Chin hills moist forests is an ecoregion of India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, designated by the World Wide Fund for Nature as one of the world's outstanding Global 200 ecoregions.
The Global 200 ecoregion includes several ecoregions:
Northern Triangle subtropical forests
Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests
Chin Hills–Arakan Yoma montane forests
Meghalaya subtropical forests
Northeast India–Myanmar pine forests
External links
Naga-Manupuri-Chin Hills Moist Forests: a Global 200 Ecoregion (World Wide Fund for Nature)
Indomalayan realm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga-Manipuri-Chin%20hills%20moist%20forests |
Alexandre Manuel Vahia de Castro O'Neill de Bulhões, GOSE (19 December 1924, in Lisbon – 21 August 1986, in Lisbon) was a Portuguese writer and poet of Irish descent.
Family
He was born at 39 Fontes Pereira de Melo Avenue the son of José António Pereira de Eça O'Neill (Lisbon, c. 1890 – ?), a bank worker, and wife Maria da Glória Vahia de Barros de Castro (17 March 1905 – aft. October 1989), and paternal grandson of writer, poet, conferencewoman and journalist Maria O'Neill. His ancestor João O'Neill (Irish: Seán Ó Néill) had emigrated from Ireland in 1740.
He had an older sister, Maria Amélia Vahia de Castro O'Neill de Bulhões, who became a Nun.
Career
He was a self-taught person and worked as a publicity professional.
Surrealist and concretist poet and writer, and a publicist, who collaborated in many periodicals.
In 1948, O'Neill was among the founders of the Lisbon Surrealist Movement, along with Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos, José-Augusto França and others. His writings soon diverged from Surrealist to form an original style whose poetry reflects a love/hate relationship with his country.
His salient characteristics – a disrespect of conventions, both social and literary, an attitude of permanent revolt, playfulness with language, and the use of parody and black humor – are used to form a body of incisive depictions of what is to be Portuguese and his relation with the country.
Although most of his works have been lost or are missing or in private collections some of his work was displayed in 2002 at an exhibit on the Surrealist movement.
O'Neill was in permanent conflict with Portugal. While other contemporaries wrote poems that protested against national life under Salazar, O'Neill's attack ran deeper. Poems such as Standing at Fearful Attention and Portugal suggested that the dictatorial regime was a symptom (the worst symptom) of graver ills – lack of courage and smallness of vision – woven into the nation's psyche. Other poems, such as Lament of the Man Who Misses Being Blind, seemed to hold religion and mysticism responsible for an obscurantism that made change difficult if not impossible.
A publicist by profession, famed for inventing some of the most ingenious advertising slogans of his time, O'Neill was unusually adept at manipulating words and using them in an efficacious manner, but he refused to put that talent at the service of a lyrically lofty, feel-good sort of poetry (see 'Simply Expressive').
Stridently anti-Romantic, concerned to keep humanity in its place as just one of Earth's species, he did not believe that an especially harmonious world was possible, and he abhorred all attempts to escape the world, whether through mystical or poetical exaltations. His one hope, or consolation, explicitly stated in St. Francis's Empty Sandal, was in the connection (never entirely peaceful) he felt with other members of the species.
Decorations
He was awarded the degree of Grand Officer of the Order of Saint James of the Sword.
Marriages and children
He married firstly on 27 December 1957 and divorced on 15 January 1971 television and film screenwriter, editor and director Noémia Delgado. The couple had a son:
Alexandre Delgado O'Neill (Lisbon, 23 December 1959 – Lisbon, Portugal, 4 January 1993), a photographer, unmarried and without issue
He married secondly in Lisbon on 4 August 1971 and divorced on 20 February 1981 politician Teresa Patrício de Gouveia. The couple had a son:
Afonso de Gouveia O'Neill (born 28 May 1976), unmarried and without issue
Filmography
Las Hurdes aka Las Hurdes, tierra sin pan (Spain: long title) or Tierra sin pan (Spain: short title) or Land Without Bread (International: English title) (1933) .... Himself – Voice
Dom Roberto (1962) Author of Poems
Pássaros de Asas Cortadas aka Birds with Clipped Wings (International: English title) (1963) Author of the Dialogue
Sete Balas Para Selma (1967) Author of Poem
Águas Vivas (1969) .... Narrator and also Film writer
A Grande Roda (1970) Film writer
Sever do Vouga... Uma Experiência (1971) .... Narrator
Schweik na Segunda Guerra Mundial (1975) (TV) Author of Poems
Cantigamente (3 episodes, "#1.1", "#1.2" and "#1.3", 1976) Television writer
Máscaras (1976) .... Narrator
Nós por cá Todos Bem (1978) Author of Poem "Coro das Criadas de Servir"
Ninguém (1979) (TV) Television writer
Lisboa (1979) (TV) Television writer
Prata da Casa (unknown episodes, 1980) .... Himself as Jury Member
References
External links
Alexandre O'Neill's Genealogy in a Portuguese Genealogical site
1924 births
1986 deaths
Writers from Lisbon
Portuguese anti-fascists
Portuguese people of Irish descent
Portuguese male poets
20th-century Portuguese poets
20th-century male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre%20O%27Neill |
An exchange offer in finance, corporate law and securities law, is a form of tender offer in which securities are offered as consideration instead of cash.
In a bond exchange offer, bondholders may consensually exchange their existing bonds for another class of debt or equity securities. Companies will often seek to exchange their securities to extend maturities, reduce debt outstanding or convert debt into equity.
See also
Financing
Tender offer
References
Bond market
he:הצעת רכש#הצעת רכש חליפין | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange%20offer |
The Al Muhaidib Group (Arabic:مجموعة المهيدب) is an international private group of companies based in Saudi Arabia that was founded in 1946 by Abdul Kadir bin Abdul Muhsin Al-Muhaidib. The current chairman of the board of directors is Sulaiman A. K. Al-Muhaidib.
History
The first company was founded in 1946- under the name Abdulatif and Abdulkadir Al-Muhaidib Company. Its main interest was selling wholesale building materials and foodstuffs. In 1959 the company name was changed to Al-Muhaidib and Al-Nafea Company, and in 1979 it was changed again to A.K Al-Muhaidib & Sons Group of Companies.
A.K. Al-Muhaidib & Sons group of companies began its life in the food products industry in 1959, marketing and distributing rice. Although this sector has remained the fastest-growing within the group, allowing the company to expand its portfolio to include other grains and eventually leading to the establishment of a retail outlet chain, Giant Stores (Now merged with Panda). The group's other main interest, building materials, has thrived along with Saudi Arabia's economic and industrial development.
Food & Retail
Mayar Foods
In Saudi Arabia, and the GCC, one of the fastest growing companies within the Al-Muhaidib Group is Mayar Foods Co. (formerly Al-Muhaidib Foods). Established in 1959, the company has become a specialist in all facets of rice distribution and marketing. The company now has the distinction of being a major player in the food industry.
By expanding its product lines to include Pasta, and the distribution of Barilla Pasta in Saudi Arabia, the company continues its strategy of acquiring national and international products. This has resulted in developing a vast network of sales offices. This growth has led to the availability of Mayar Foods products in every food outlet throughout the Kingdom.
Mayar Foods is one of the top 15 suppliers to all Saudi retailers, and has been growing ever since.
Savola Foods
Established in 1979 with an initial SR 40 Million Capital & grew significantly in subsequent years to SR 5 Billion, Savola Foods currently has market shares of 62% of the Edible Oils market and 68% of the Sugar market in the Kingdom.
Panda Retail Company
Panda Retail Company was founded in 1978, and is 92% owned by Savola forming the food retailing arm of theٍ Savola Group. It is one of the most important organizations in the retail sector in Saudi Arabia, operating a network of hypermarkets, supermarkets and convenience stores in the Kingdom and has entered the Dubai retail scene. In its own right Panda is considered to be one of the largest Saudi joint-stock companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Of particular note is that Panda helped found the Saudi Institute for Retail Sales and Marketing.
Industrial
Masdar Technical Supplies
The company was established for more than thirty years. There are many branches in the main cities of Saudi Arabia such as Riyadh, Jeddah and Dammam. The main warehouse area is around 30,000 square meters and it accommodates up to 17,000 items including different types of fixing material such as bolts, nuts, washers and fasteners with accessories made of iron, steel, copper, aluminum, plastic and a variety of galvanization.
The company has become a major specialist in the field of bolts, nails and fixing material and a major supplier for many national factories and major companies in Saudi Arabia and neighboring countries.
Masdar Building Materials
Today the company has more than 1,300 employees working in over 70 branches over Saudi Arabia with over 1 million square meters of storage capacity. The company is supported with large fleet of vehicles, machinery and equipment to help work with the stock of products exceeding 10,000 items with wide representation of leading international and local manufactures.
The company works with steel products including reinforced steel and industrial steel such as hollow steel, beams, plate iron, pipes, angles, coiled, mesh wires and other metal products. The company also supplies wood products made from imported timber from Romania, Russia, Sweden, Finland, Canada, Austria, Chile, etc. The company just embarked in the "Builder Merchant" concept, where it expanded its core building material portfolio to complement its current product such as cement, blocks, core electrical and core plumbing.
Al-Muhaidib Hardware Company
The steady success in hardware trading has encouraged the Al-Muhaidib Hardware to set up divisions exclusively for supplying contractors, builders and wood manufactures with hardware accessories.
In order to cover a wider geographical area, Al-Muhaidib Hardware has established over 42 showrooms throughout the Kingdom, offering nearly 20,000 different hardware items.
Al-Muhaidib Hardware Company acts as the Agent for many brands of hardware products.
Al-Muhaidib Metal Industries
Al-Muhaidib Metal Industries Company was established in 1982. Today, the company has five factories operating in an area of 50,000 square meters in the industrial estate of Riyadh creating reinforcement steel, fabricated steel, building products, steel doors and other steel, aluminum and other metal products.
Over the past years, the company has achieved tremendous success in local and international markets. The company has concluded several transactions with the Gulf Cooperation Council and other Arab and African countries.
Yamamah Steel
Located in Jeddah Industrial City with plant capacity of 140,000 tons per year. The Company manufactures and supplies various diameters.
United Wood Producers
The company was incorporated in 1988, and since then the company has grown and become a leading timber industry company in Saudi Arabia. The company's factory was built in Riyadh on an area of 24,500 square meters which included various types of wood products. Another factory is specialized in producing tailor-made standard products such as doors, cabinets, timber blocks, roofs and other wood products. Plastic-laminated kitchen units are also designed and produced for the construction sector. Other supplementary products are also manufactured.
The third production unit is specialized in custom-made furniture, traditional design and handiwork. The manufacture of the traditional Najd style furniture is an exclusive to the company where engraving talents is produced.
The company manufactures and installs doors made to British fire-fighting standards and can resist fire for up to 120 minutes.
The company raw products are received from many timber exporting countries around the world. The finished products are distributed to many retailers and constructions companies in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East.
Financial Services
SABB
Established in 1978 as a Joint Stock Company, listed on TADAWUL. It is an associated Company of HSBC Group, a leading provider of banking, insurance, and assets management services in Saudi Arabia.
Gulf Union Co
A prominent insurance service provider in Saudi Arabia, incorporate in 2007 and listed on TADAWUL.
Associates of Gulf Union Project Management company that was established in 1982, providing insurance services in Bahrain & Saudi Arabia, the company offers property, liability, automobile and health insurance coverage services in Saudi Arabia.
Real estate and contracting
Al Oula Development
Aloula Development Company (Saudi sector of Emaar Properties) quests adopting a new conception on in the sector of real estate and housing services, in addition to its struggle for catering a new model for new real estates Saudi Companies. The company has established specialized workgroups, not only in the Kingdom but also at the level of the Persian Gulf and Arab countries.
Rafal Real Estate
Headquartered in Al Riyadh, Rafal Real Estate Co. was formed in late 2007, with the objective of developing residential communities and commercial properties, their landmark project is the Burj Rafal in Riyadh, at 308m, it is the tallest residential building in the country.
Thabat
In 2017 Al Muhaidib Contracting was re-branded to Thabat. Thabat in Arabic means Stable. This company is responsible for construction work throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf region. With workforce of more than 14,000 employees, the company has participated in major construction projects for large Government establishments and other corporations in Saudi Arabia including Saudi Aramco, NWC, Royal Commission, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of education .
Projects constructed by the company includes water treatment plants and networks, construction of schools, banks, housing projects, shopping centers, warehouses and office blocks.
Al-Muhaidib contracting has been engaged in strategic projects inline with the recent privatization concept adopted by the successful bidder for the rehabilitation and upgrade of Jeddah Industrial City wastewater management system using BOT technique. The project was a first of its kind in Saudi Arabia.
The company also constructs projects utilizing special techniques like construction of pipelines using micro-tunneling, which is a non-intrusive method that negate the need for open trench excavation.
In line with adopting the latest technologies in construction, Al-Muhaidib contracting recently obtained sole agency for the Middle East and North Africa for specialized fire fighting systems mainly used in the oil and gas industry. The company represents two leading companies in this discipline, Water Mist Engineering (WME) of Norway and Ultrafog of Sweden.
Energy
ACWA Power
Founded in 2002 as Arabian Company for Water and Power Development (ACWA). The Riyadh-based ACWA Holding is a group of companies established to participate in the ever-growing range of private projects in the power and water sector in Saudi Arabia. It has entered into Joint Ventures with other international companies to broaden its range of capabilities and provide additional strength to address the needs of the major new projects currently being operated.
See also
List of companies of Saudi Arabia
SABB
King Abdullah Economic City
ACWA Power
References
External links
Al Muhaidib Group Site
ACWA Power website
1946 establishments in Saudi Arabia
Conglomerate companies established in 1946
Al-Muhaidib Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhaidib |
The Provostry of St. Michael () is a monastery in Langquaid in the district of Kelheim in Bavaria, Germany.
History
The monastery, dedicated to Saint Michael, was founded in 1141 by Gebhard von Roning, as a monastery of Canons Regular, which it remained until 1598. It was re-founded in 1616 by monks from Andechs Abbey as a Benedictine community, which was dissolved during the secularization of monasteries in Bavaria in 1803.
The monastery was bought in 1974 by the Canons Regular of the newly refounded Congregation of Windesheim, and is the motherhouse of this revived congregation.
Buildings
The buildings had been bought by a farmer during the 19th century, and were partially destroyed.
External links
Klöster in Bayern: Paring
Augustinian monasteries in Germany
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria
1140s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1141 establishments in Europe
1803 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Religious organizations established in the 1140s
Religious organizations disestablished in 1803
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Christian monasteries established in the 17th century
Christian monasteries disestablished in the 19th century
20th-century Christian monasteries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Michael%20Priory%20%28Paring%29 |
The Ansonia (formerly the Ansonia Hotel) is a condominium building at 2109 Broadway, between 73rd and 74th Streets, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. The 17-story structure was designed by French architect Paul Emile Duboy in the Beaux-Arts style. It was built between 1899 and 1903 as a residential hotel by William Earle Dodge Stokes, who named it after his grandfather, the industrialist Anson Greene Phelps. Over the years, the Ansonia has housed many conductors, opera singers, baseball players, and other famous and wealthy people. The Ansonia is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The building occupies a large, irregular site on the west side of Broadway. It has a facade of limestone, granite, white brick, and terracotta, as well as turrets at its corners, light courts along each side, and a three-story mansard roof. The Ansonia Hotel was constructed with as many as 2,500 rooms, many of which were arranged as multi-room suites, although these have since been downsized to 425 apartments. Originally, the hotel had its own power plant and air-filtration plant, as well as a system of pneumatic tubes and cooling pipes. The public rooms, including the lobby, basement shopping arcade, and restaurants, were decorated in the Louis XIV style, and the hotel also had a small roof farm in the 1900s. There was also a basement swimming pool, which in the late 20th century housed a gay bathhouse called the Continental Baths and a swingers' club called Plato's Retreat. The apartments themselves ranged from small studios to multi-room suites with parlors, libraries, and dining rooms. Over the years, both the apartments and public spaces have been substantially rearranged, but the facade has remained largely intact.
Stokes headed the Onward Construction Company, which acquired the site in July 1899 and built the hotel there. The restaurants in the hotel were dedicated in February 1903, though the hotel itself did not formally open until April 16, 1904. Frank Harriman leased the Ansonia in 1911, turning it into a short-term hotel, and the Bowman-Biltmore Hotels chain took over in 1918 and renovated the hotel. Stokes's son W. E. D. "Weddie" Stokes acquired the hotel after his father's death in 1926. The Ansonia passed through multiple operators during the 1920s and stopped offering hotel services in the early 1930s. The building was sold three times between 1945 and 1948 before being auctioned in 1950 to Jacob Starr. The Ansonia gradually fell into disrepair through the 1970s, and Ansonia Associates eventually acquired it in 1978. Ansonia Associates repaired many of the building's issues but was involved in hundreds of lawsuits during that time. The Ansonia was converted into a condominium building in 1992, although rent-regulated tenants remained in the building through the 21st century.
Site
The Ansonia is at 2101 Broadway, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. It occupies the eastern end of a trapezoidal city block bounded by Broadway to the east, 74th Street to the north, West End Avenue to the west, and 73rd Street to the south. The land lot covers . The site has frontage of about on 74th Street, on Broadway, and on 73rd Street. It occupies what was originally 42 land lots. The Ansonia is on a curved section of Broadway, which runs diagonally to the Manhattan street grid to the south, but which parallels other avenues to the north. Prior to the development of larger structures on Broadway, the building was originally visible from as far south as 59th Street and as far north as 105th Street.
The building is near several other notable structures, including the Rutgers Presbyterian Church to the south, the Hotel Beacon and Beacon Theatre to the northeast, the Apple Bank Building to the east, and the Dorilton one block south. Directly south of the Ansonia is Verdi Square and an entrance for the New York City Subway's 72nd Street station, serving the .
The city's first subway line was developed starting in the late 1890s, and it opened in 1904 with a station at Broadway and 72nd Street. The construction of the subway spurred the development of high-rise apartment buildings on the Upper West Side along Broadway; many of these buildings were constructed on land that had never been developed. The Ansonia was one of several large apartment buildings developed on the Upper West Side in the early 1900s, along with such structures as the Dorilton and the Astor.
Architecture
The Ansonia was built as a residential hotel and is designed in the Beaux-Arts style. Its developer, William Earl Dodge Stokes, listed himself as "architect-in-chief" for the project and hired French architect Paul Emile Duboy to draw up the plans. Duboy only made one set of drawings before Stokes demoted him to a draftsman. New Orleans architect Martin Shepard served as draftsman and assistant superintendent of construction, while George Vassar's Son & Co. built the structure. The building was named for industrialist Anson Green Phelps, the developer's grandfather.
The Ansonia is 17 stories tall. Early plans called for the building to be 12 stories, 14 stories, or more than 20 stories. In a letter to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC), the developer's son William Earl Dodge Stokes Jr. claimed that "they just put one floor on top of another and they got up to the seventeenth floor, and they decided they wouldn’t build any more". Other sources have cited the Ansonia as being 16 or 18 stories tall.
Form and facade
The Ansonia measures about . The building includes turrets with cupolas at its corners and light courts along each side. There are two light courts each on 73rd and 74th Streets and one light court along Broadway. This gives the building an irregular "H" shape, which allowed each guestroom, suite, and apartment to receive as much natural light as possible.
The Ansonia is characterized as having a facade of limestone, granite, white brick, and terracotta. The base is clad with rusticated blocks of limestone, and there are balconies just above the base and near the top of the building. On 73rd Street is a archway (which originally led to a tea room) and two full-height windows, which were restored in the 2000s as part of the construction of a North Face store at the building's base. All three windows, which had been hidden behind a masonry wall for several decades, have cast-iron frames and large roundel windows.
On the intermediate stories are French windows with elaborate iron balconies. The balconies, many of which span several bays, visually divide the facade into several groups of windows. Some parts of the facade are characterized by smooth brickwork, limestone, and terracotta details, while other sections are ornamented with quoins and rusticated limestone blocks. The facade was decorated with Louis XVI style grilles and scrollwork, leading the Ansonia to be nicknamed "the Wedding Cake of the Upper West Side". The building is topped by a convex mansard roof, which measures three stories high. Prior to World War II, the building had a copper cornice and seven copper cartouches, each weighing .
Features
When the Ansonia opened in the 1900s, it covered . Sources disagree on the size of the hotel, which has been variously cited as having 1,400 guestrooms and 340 suites, or 1,218 guestrooms and 400 suites. One source described the hotel as having 2,500 total rooms (including rooms in individual apartments), with 340 suites in total. The modern-day Ansonia has 425 apartments, as well as a garage and a rooftop terrace.
Mechanical features
The hotel contained about of pipe, about ten times as much as in similarly-sized office buildings. The pipes carried gas; hot, cold, and iced water; electrical wiring; and sewage. The boilers had a total capacity of . The building had its own power plant with coal-fired generators. The power plant occupied one-fourth of the basement. The Ansonia also included an air-filtration plant, which drew air from the western side of the building; the air was filtered, heated in the sub-basement, and distributed to each room through pipes in the walls. Air was ventilated from a flue on the roof.
There were originally six elevators for guests, two elevators for housekeepers, two freight elevators, and numerous dumbwaiters. Although the Otis Elevator Company had offered to install elevators in the building, Stokes considered them too expensive, so he created his own elevator company and his own hydraulic-elevator model, which could travel at up to . Upon the Ansonia's opening in 1903, it was cited as having 362 telephones, 18,000 electric burners, 2,500 steam radiators, 400 refrigerators, and 1,000 faucets. The building also had 600 toilets and 400 washrooms, more than any other residential building in New York City at the time.
Public areas
When the Ansonia was being constructed, it was planned to have "more and finer banquet halls, assembly rooms, and reception rooms than any other hotel". All of the public rooms were decorated in the Louis XIV style. An art curator, Joseph Gilmartin, was hired to display the hotel's collection of 600 paintings. The ground floor was devoted to public rooms and consisted of various offices and corridors. Originally, there were several storefronts at ground level, including a bank, a florist, and a pharmacy. The hotel's lobby included a fountain with live seals. The lobby was flanked by two banks of elevators. Next to the main entrance, on 73rd Street, was a palm court and assembly room. The ground-floor restaurant, decorated with chandeliers and hand-painted murals, could fit 550 people and included a balcony from which an orchestra performed at night. There was a ballroom on the second floor, which was briefly converted into a mini-golf course in 1929. In the 21st century, American Musical and Dramatic Academy occupies the lower stories, with a theater, studios, private rooms, and performance spaces.
In the basement was a shopping arcade with a butcher, a barber, and a laundry room. There was also a bakery, a milk shop, hairdressers' salons, cold-storage vaults, safe-deposit vaults, and a vehicular garage, in addition to a liquor store and milliners' shop. The basement reportedly had the world's largest indoor swimming pool at the time of the Ansonia's completion, The swimming pool was cited as measuring either or . The Continental Baths, a gay bathhouse operated by Steve Ostrow, began operating within the Ansonia's basement in 1967 or 1968. The bathhouse had "private encounter rooms", a sauna, a massage parlor, and Turkish baths. From 1977 to 1980, the Ansonia's basement housed Plato's Retreat, a club for heterosexual couples characterized in The New York Times as a swingers' sex club. The space was accessed by a mirrored staircase, and also featured a 60-person Jacuzzi, an "orgy room", a dance floor, and private rooms. In the 1990s, the basement was converted into storefront space.
The hotel had two interior staircases and several fire escapes when it was completed. Leading from the lobby was a large stairwell, characterized as a spiral staircase. The marble-and-iron stairway was intended to complement the lobby's marble floor, which was designed in a black-and-white checkerboard pattern. The stairway was topped by a skylight, which was blacked out during World War II. The building reportedly had about of hallways in total. Hallways measured wide. Each story also had a hall attendant, a cold-storage pantry, a serving room where food from the kitchen could be delivered, and a reception room with communal toilets. On the 17th floor were rooms for staff.
The top stories included a restaurant and a roof garden. The restaurant, on the 16th floor, was designed in an English style and could fit 1,300 people. The hotel's roof included a small farm, where Stokes kept farm animals next to his personal apartment, as well as a cattle elevator next to the farm. Stokes's decision to create a roof farm was influenced by his belief that the Ansonia could be either partially or fully self-sufficient. The farm housed bears, chickens, ducks, goats, and hogs; it also reportedly housed four geese and a pig owned by W. E. D. Stokes. Every day, a bellhop delivered free or half-priced fresh eggs to all tenants. The New York City Department of Health raided the roof farm in November 1907 after receiving a tip about it. In a failed effort to prevent its closure as an illegal farm, W. E. D. Stokes claimed the animals belonged to his son, W. E. D. "Weddie" Stokes Jr. Thereafter, the farm was closed, and the animals were sent to Central Park. When Weddie was 12 years old, he installed a radio transmitter on the roof of the hotel. For a short time in 1929, the roof contained handball courts.
Apartments
Each apartment's ceiling measured or tall. The building had extremely thick masonry walls measuring between thick, which made each apartment nearly soundproof. Embedded in the walls were a system of pneumatic tubes, which allowed residents and staff to communicate easily. Each apartment also had a landline equipped for long-distance calling, as well as call bells to summon staff; there was also a hall attendant on every floor. The walls also included a system of pipes that carried freezing brine, which was characterized as an early version of an air-conditioning system. The brine pipes allowed the building to maintain a constant temperature of year-round. Many of the smaller guestrooms initially did not have kitchens because they were intended for short-term guests; instead, there were refrigerators in these units. Apartments with kitchens were equipped with electric ranges.
Residents lived in "luxurious" apartments with multiple bedrooms, parlors, libraries, and formal dining rooms. Generally, the apartments were designed in the French Renaissance style with enameled woodwork. The suites also had mahogany doors that were twice the width of normal doors. The apartments were decorated with paintings from the hotel's collection; the parlor rooms included domes with crystal chandeliers; and the parquet floors were covered with custom Persian rugs. Long-term tenants were allowed to add their own furniture. The rooms had several doorways so they could easily be combined into a larger apartment. To facilitate this, the floors and moldings all had a uniform design so they would not look out of place when several rooms were merged. Some of the rooms were designed in unconventional shapes such as ovals. After the Ansonia was converted to condominiums, many of the old apartments were combined. Nonetheless, some apartments on the south side of the building retained their original layouts in the 2010s.
History
During the early 19th century, apartment developments in the city were generally associated with the working class. By the late 19th century, apartments were also becoming desirable among the middle and upper classes. Between 1880 and 1885, more than ninety apartment buildings were developed in the city.
Stokes ownership
Development and opening
In July 1899, the Onward Construction Company acquired land on the western side of Broadway between 73rd and 74th Streets, and the Equitable Life Assurance Society placed a $500,000 mortgage loan on the site. William E. D. Stokes had established the Onward Construction Company specifically to develop the hotel. Stokes also founded companies to manufacture the building's terracotta and elevators. By mid-1900, the ironwork had reached the fourth floor, while the facade had been built to the second floor. At the time, the building was expected to cost $800,000 and rise 14 stories. Later that year, Stokes said 150 people had applied for apartments at the hotel, although he had not publicly announced the building's name. Sixteen hundred workers were employed in the structure's construction by early 1901, when the hotel's facade was nearly complete. The hotel was known at the time as the Anson-Stokes, after William's grandfather, and was projected to be the world's largest hotel, beating out the old Waldorf-Astoria.
The hotel's construction was delayed by numerous labor strikes, including a six-week strike among bricklayers and a two-month strike among masonry workers. After the masonry workers went on strike in May 1902, Stokes offered $1,000 to end the strike. That August, the Bank for Savings lent the Onward Construction Company $1.5 million to complete the building. The hotel's construction was delayed by numerous other labor strikes. For example, plasterers went on strike in July 1902 for six months. Carpenters and painters, plumbers, gas installers, and marble installers each went on strike for several weeks. As the building was being completed, the plasterers struck again, prompting Stokes to abandon his plans to install Caen stone in the hotel; the painters and decorators also struck after discovering that some tenants had hired decorators from a different labor union. The hotel housed 110 families by early 1903, when it was known as the Ansonia, although it had not formally opened.
The hotel's ground-floor restaurant was formally dedicated on February 13, 1903, although the Broadway entrance was not yet complete. By August 1903, Stokes had leased most of the larger apartments, but many of the smaller units were still vacant. The hotel was dedicated on April 19, 1904. The Ansonia had cost $6 million, eight times the original budget. When the Ansonia was completed, every apartment had housekeeping service, although residents could opt out. Each room had 18 table napkins and 18 bath towels. Servants changed the table napkins and towels three times a day and the bedsheets twice a week. Although the apartments were originally priced at $600 to $6,000 a year, some of these suites were rented for $14,000 a year.
1900s and 1910s
The Ansonia's thick walls and large apartment sizes attracted many musicians, particularly opera singers and conductors. Although the Ansonia had a luxurious design, it attracted gamblers, prostitutes, and other "shady characters" in its early years. As early as 1906, Stokes had rented an apartment to gangster Al Adams, who had recently been released from prison; the next year, Adams was found in his room, dead of a gunshot wound. The Ansonia also faced several lawsuits after its completion. For example, contractor Vinton Improvement Company sued Stokes for $68,000 in 1904, claiming that Stokes had failed to pay the company while the labor strikes were ongoing. Another contractor sued Stokes in 1907 for $90,000. Stokes defended himself by claiming that Duboy was in an insane asylum in Paris and that, when Duboy signed the final plans for the hotel in 1903, he was already insane and should not have been making commitments in Stokes's name concerning the hotel. A grillroom opened at the Ansonia Hotel in December 1908.
In September 1911, Stokes leased the entire hotel for 30 years to Frank Harriman for $9 million. Stokes also announced that he would transfer the hotel's title to his son, W. E. D. "Weddie" Stokes Jr., but the elder Stokes would still operate the hotel. At the time, the elder Stokes had been shot several months earlier and believed that he would die. Harriman announced plans to convert the Ansonia from an apartment hotel to a transient hotel by dividing the apartments, which typically had up to eighteen rooms, into guestrooms with no more than two rooms. According to Albert Pease, who brokered the sale, the decision to convert the Ansonia into a transient hotel had been influenced by the proximity of the 72nd Street station, which at the time was only one station away from Grand Central Terminal. Upon taking over the hotel. Harriman spent over $100,000 on renovations, including a new restaurant and restoring the basement swimming pool. Federal and city officials thwarted a 1916 plot by German operatives Franz von Papen and Karl Boy-Ed to detonate a bomb at the Ansonia's ballroom.
Unlike his father, Weddie never had any interest in operating the Ansonia, choosing to lease it to more experienced hotel operators instead. In May 1918, the Ansonia became part of the Bowman-Biltmore Hotels chain, operated by John McEntee Bowman. George W. Sweeney was appointed as the hotel's manager. Bowman announced plans to renovate the Ansonia for $500,000, converting 300 "non-housekeeping" suites into guestrooms with bathrooms. He also planned to renovate the ground level and add a ballroom there. The hotel began to attract sportsmen like boxer Jack Dempsey, in part because of what writer Steven Gaines described as "the Ansonia's racy reputation as a home to gamblers and spies and deposed dictators". After World War I, many New York Yankees players stayed at the Ansonia, including Babe Ruth, Bob Meusel, Lefty O'Doul, and Wally Schang. One resident, Chicago White Sox first baseman Chick Gandil, held a meeting at his apartment in which he told several teammates to intentionally lose the 1919 World Series; in the ensuing Black Sox Scandal, Gandil and his teammates were permanently banned from professional baseball.
1920s to 1940s
After the Ansonia was refurbished in the early 1920s, its operators published a promotional booklet for travelers who "expect more of a hotel than just a place to sleep and leave their luggage". By 1922, the hotel was worth $6.5 million, of which the land was worth $2.65 million and the building was worth $3.85 million. At the time, Stokes's wife Helen sought to divorce him, and Helen's lawyer claimed that Stokes was intentionally undervaluing the Ansonia and was receiving tens of thousands of dollars in annual rent. The same year, federal agents raided the Ansonia after discovering that its operators were selling alcoholic beverages in violation of Prohibition-era restrictions. Although the Stokeses did not divorce, W. E. D. Stokes moved out of his apartment at the Ansonia in 1925, less than a year before his death. Edward Arlington subleased the upper levels of the hotel in January 1926. At the time, the hotel had 1,218 rooms; Arlington planned to add eight stories to the hotel, with another 1,000 rooms, but this never happened. When W. E. D. Stokes died that May, Weddie inherited the hotel, which was estimated to be worth $4.5 million.
Childs Restaurants leased the hotel's Fountain Room and ground-level bank for use as a restaurant in 1927, and Keens Chop House leased the main dining room the same year. The Onward Construction Company then leased the hotel to the Ansonia Hotel Corporation until November 1928. Zue McClary, proprietor of the Ansonia Hotel Corporation, then operated the hotel on a monthly lease from November 1928 to April 1929. McClary reportedly spent $160,000 on renovating the hotel. Although McClary claimed to have given up the hotel's lease of her own volition. her company filed for bankruptcy several months afterward. Ansco Hotel Systems Inc. took over the hotel at the beginning of May 1929, with Paul Henkel in charge. The new operators, a group of men who operated Keens Chop House, agreed to lease the hotel for 20 years for a total of $5.5 million. Walter S. Schneider was hired to design a renovation of the building costing $500,000. The plans included a gymnasium, swimming pool, ballroom, and indoor golf course. The golf course on the second floor, as well as handball courts on the roof, were unpopular and were removed shortly thereafter.
The Stokes family continued to own the hotel, refusing a $14.3 million offer for the building in October 1929. With the onset of the Great Depression, the kitchens and restaurants were shuttered permanently in the 1930s, and the Ansonia stopped offering traditional hotel services such as food service and housekeeping. The operators removed partition walls, sinks, and kitchens from 114 suites, converting them to "non-tenements", and they sold the awnings that had been mounted outside the windows. In addition, the Broadway entrance was closed, additional storefronts were created on the ground level, the gates in front of the elevators were replaced with doors, and fireproof partitions were installed around the elevator shafts. The Ansonia Hotel Corporation signed a new ten-year lease for the hotel in 1936 and announced that it would add a more modern air-cooling system to the Ansonia.
In September 1942, workers began removing the Ansonia Hotel's ornamental copper cartouches and copper cornices to provide scrap metal for the U.S. military during World War II. This effort produced of scrap metal. The hotel's manager Louis Zuch had said of the copper decorations, "Before we start taking off the metal railings around parks, we should collect all our useless junk"; at the time, city officials had considered removing metal railings in Central Park. In addition, the brine pipes and pneumatic tubes were removed from the walls, and the skylight at the top of the building's main staircase was blacked out. A piece of the hotel's masonry cornice fell to the ground in 1944, killing an employee.
1940s sales
The Stokes family's Onward Construction Corporation agreed in August 1945 to sell the building to a client of attorney Abraham Traub for $2.5 million. The client, Rexby Realty, announced plans to spend $200,000 on renovating the property. That October, Louis Schleiffer agreed to buy the purchase contract for the Ansonia, as well as take over the hotel's $2.17 million mortgage. The Ansonia Realty Corporation, headed by Edwin S. Lowe, took title to the building in February 1946. That April, Lowe announced that he would convert the second floor into the Ansonia Professional Center, with 42 offices for doctors and dentists. The Dajon Realty Corporation bought the Ansonia in October 1946, paying $750,000 in cash and taking over a $1.8 million mortgage. Dajon immediately announced plans to spend $300,000 on renovations, including installing kitchenettes and refrigerators in every apartment.
Dajon resold the building in April 1948 to a group of investors known as Ansonia House Inc. At the time, the Ansonia was cited as containing 476 apartments and ten stores. The building was operated by Samuel Broxmeyer, president of Ansonia House Inc., until January 1949, when Abraham I. Menin was appointed as receiver for Broxmeyer's company. Residents claimed that Broxmeyer was significantly increasing their rent, while employees alleged that they could not cash the checks that they had received as salary. Federal officials also investigated claims that Broxmeyer was collecting advance rent from tenants and failing to pay his creditors; instead, he used the money to buy more apartment buildings. That February, tenants formed a committee to fight Broxmeyer's management of the building, and state and federal judges signed separate orders preventing the Ansonia's furnishings from being sold off. Menin was appointed as trustee of Ansonia House Inc. the same month. Some tenants refused to pay rent after Menin took over the Ansonia, prompting him to begin evicting these tenants that June. Broxmeyer was subsequently sentenced to five years in prison, and his assets were sold off.
Starr ownership and decline
1950s and 1960s
In April 1950, a federal judge approved Menin's recommendation that the hotel be sold to a syndicate that had placed a $1.021 million mortgage on the property. The buyers, led by Jacob Starr, bought the hotel for $40,000 or $50,000 in cash and assumed a $1.623 million mortgage. The new owners then announced that they would renovate the Ansonia. However, the renovations never took place. When Starr submitted alteration plans to the Department of Buildings, he discovered that the hotel had never received a proper certificate of occupancy; before he could obtain one, he had to repair several building-code violations that the DOB had issued over the years. The issues included attling windows, a leaky roof, and rusted ducts and pipes, as well as balconies that were on the verge of falling off the facade. Starr refused to rectify any of these building-code violations, claiming that they were too expensive to resolve, so he did not receive a certificate of occupancy.
Following a series of robberies at the hotel, its managers added CCTV systems to the elevators in 1960. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) began collecting photographs and other documents for several buildings, including the Ansonia, in 1963 after Fortune magazine published an article titled "Vanishing Glory in Business Buildings". At the time, the LPC did not have the power to designate buildings itself. The nonprofit organization American Music Center was headquartered at the Ansonia in the 1960s. To earn money from the hotel, Starr converted its long-abandoned basement pool to a gay bathhouse, the Continental Baths, during 1967 or 1968. The Continental Baths also hosted cabaret shows, and Bette Midler provided musical entertainment there early in her career, with Barry Manilow as her accompanist. The Continental Baths' cabaret performances attracted large crowds, especially during the weekends.
Meanwhile, the Ansonia had been reclassified as a residential hotel after the city's zoning codes were modified in 1968. Harry Garland, one of many voice coaches who lived at the Ansonia, established the building's first tenants' association, the Ansonia Residents Association (ARA). Members of the ARA petitioned a state judge to freeze the Ansonia's rents until Starr had made the repairs. After the judge ruled in the ARA's favor, Garland said that "people were concerned for my safety" because Starr was furious at him.
1970s
Unable to raise rents at the Ansonia, Starr announced plans to demolish it and build a 40-story tower in its place. The ARA first tried to find a rich buyer for the building, without success, then asked the LPC to designate the building as a city landmark. At a public hearing hosted by the LPC in April 1970, a lawyer for Starr testified that the structure lacked "any particular historic significance". According to the lawyer, it would cost between $4 million and $5 million to repair the building and that "the only sound solution is demolition". This prompted concerns from residents who believed that the building would be demolished. Garland advocated for the building to be designated as a New York City landmark. In an attempt to avert the Ansonia's demolition, its residents created a petition advocating for the building to be designated as a city landmark; the petition attracted 25,000 signatures. They also hosted a five-hour gala in October 1971 to raise awareness for the Ansonia. The LPC received numerous petitions in support of the landmark designation, signed by 25,770 people, and a petition in opposition to the designation, signed by 11 people. With support from U.S. Representative Bella Abzug, who represented the neighborhood, the LPC designated the building as a city landmark on March 15, 1972, preventing the facade from being modified or demolished without the LPC's approval.
Despite the landmark designation, the Ansonia continued to suffer from what the Times called "steadily deteriorating mechanical systems and a warren-like layout". In addition, the designation only applied to the facade, as interior-landmark designations did not yet exist. By the early 1970s, dozens of crimes were being reported at the Ansonia every year, and Starr agreed to hire security guards to protect the building 16 hours a day and install alarms and taller gates. Increasing crime had prompted tenants to patrol the corridors themselves. Residents filed multiple lawsuits against the Ansonia Holding Corporation, the building's legal owner, in an attempt to force Starr to fix the hotel's many issues. The tenants only won one lawsuit through 1978, which blocked the landlord from raising the rent by 13 percent between 1976 and 1977. One tenant claimed the pipes were so dirty that she had to run her faucet for half an hour before taking a bath. while another tenant said that constant flooding had damaged a light socket in her apartment.
The Continental Baths in the basement had closed by 1973. When Starr died, his heirs also sought to sell the building, but they could not do so without first fixing the building-code issues. The New York City Conciliation and Appeals Board (CAB) placed a rent freeze on 500 rent-regulated apartments at the Ansonia in 1976, having received multiple complaints from tenants. The Plato's Retreat club opened at the hotel in late 1977. The club routinely attracted over 250 couples per night but did not allow single men to enter. As a result, men began loitering outside a pornographic shop at the building's base, which prompted the owners to close the 74th Street entrance to the building for security reasons. In addition, during the late 1970s, many psychics, fortune tellers, and mediums began moving into the building.
Ansonia Associates ownership
In 1978, the building was acquired by Ansonia Associates, a consortium of three partnerships, for $2.5 million. The consortium, headed by Herbert Krasnow, Albert Schussler, and Stanley Stahl, collectively represented 21 individuals. The group began considering converting the building into residential condominiums, devising about 30 distinct floor plans. The building's exterior had remained relatively unchanged over the years, other than modifications to the storefronts. By contrast, in 1980, Paul Goldberger of The New York Times characterized the interior as having "gone from Beaux-Arts grandeur to near dereliction", with unreliable elevators clad in false wood and a lobby that resembled "the vestibule of a skid row hotel". Over the following decades, one of the co-owners, Jesse Krasnow, began to collect hundreds of documents, photographs, building plans, and decorations.
Initial renovations
Almost immediately after acquiring the hotel, Jesse Krasnow sought to evict Plato's Retreat, since the club's presence made it difficult for Krasnow to obtain financing for a planned renovation of the Ansonia. Krasnow paid the club's operator Larry Levenson $1 million to break his lease, and Plato's Retreat moved out of the basement in 1980, The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places the same year, at which point it had been divided into approximately 540 apartments. Krasnow began to remedy the Ansonia's building-code violations, and the owners spent $2 million on a waterproof flat roof and renovating vacant apartments. The LPC had approved repairs to the mansard roof, although the repairs to the flat roof did not require LPC approval. Residents claimed that Ansonia Associates were only conducting spot repairs and that the roof still leaked even after its renovation. By one account, the owners spent $3.5 million to repair the roof, which still leaked. The masonry facade had also started to fall apart and was being repaired.
Krasnow had spent $21 million on renovations by 1980; he had created a $4 million reserve fund for the building, and he opened a 100-space parking garage in the basement to provide income for the Ansonia. Even so, Krasnow continued to face considerable opposition from residents. The owners had renovated the 12th-floor hallway with dropped ceilings and two types of wallpaper and carpeting, intending to extend these design features to the rest of the interior. Existing residents disliked these changes so much that they asked the LPC to designate the building's interior as a city landmark. An article in The Village Voice, documenting the changes, was published under the headline "Barbarians Rape the Ansonia". Residents and officials also raised concerns that the Ansonia was being classified as a residential hotel despite no longer providing hotel services. As such, residents requested that the city's CAB recategorize the building as an apartment house.
The CAB unfroze rents for 333 apartments in early 1980 after the owners had announced their intentions to repair these apartments. The CAB unfroze each apartment's rent after that unit had been repaired. Krasnow then notified each tenant of the rent increase, to which the tenants had 72 hours to respond. The owners indicated that they would raise these apartments' rents by 46 percent, to make up for rent increases that had been deferred during the rent freeze, but some tenants received a 300 percent rent increase. This prompted the ARA to begin a rent strike in March 1980, making their rent payments to an escrow account. Some of the tenants were unable to pay the increased rates, as they were retired and lived on Social Security payments. The owners and the ARA settled their dispute in February 1981. The settlement limited the extent to which the rents could be raised, provided tenants with rent abatements and concessions, and placed restrictions on the scope of the renovations. A group of dissenting residents, led by Thomas Soja, formed the Ansonia Tenants Coalition (ATC). Members of the ATC also paid rent into an escrow account, then sued Krasnow using the interest collected from that account.
Condo-conversion plan and lawsuits
The Ansonia's owners planned to convert the 471 apartments on the 15 upper stories to residential condos, while retaining ownership of the ground-level storefronts and basement garage. The condos were to cost about $48,500 per room, whereas residents typically paid $150 per month per room. The Attorney General of New York could approve the Ansonia's condo-conversion plan if five percent of tenants bought condos, but tenants alleged that the building still had significant issues. By the late 1980s, the Ansonia was involved in so many lawsuits, one New York City Housing Court judge spent nearly all of his time reviewing lawsuits and settlements related to the Ansonia. In what was then the longest lawsuit in the New York City Civil Court's history, a judge denied Soja's request that the city government appoint him as the Ansonia's manager; the case involved 22,000 pages of testimony and lasted four months. In another lawsuit filed by several tenants, a state judge ruled that the owner could temporarily raise rents to pay for capital improvements, but that the owner had to undo the rent increases when the project was finished; this decision was later overturned.
The New York City Department of Sanitation fined the Ansonia's owners $400,000 in 1988 for failing to remove asbestos from the building, as was required under city law. Ansonia Associates had completed several aspects of the renovation by early 1990. These included a new boiler room; upgraded telephone and wiring systems; repairs to the roof; and addition of storm windows. The building also experienced several major incidents during this time. For example, a resident died in a fire in January 1990. That March, one person was killed and 16 others were injured after the plaster ceiling of a croissant shop at the Ansonia's ground level collapsed. An investigation found that the collapsed ceiling had supported the weight of a false ceiling and mechanical equipment that had been installed in the 1980s; the original ceiling had been further weakened when contractors drilled holes to install pipes and wiring.
Meanwhile, Krasnow began buying out the tenants who had most strongly opposed the condo-conversion plan. In 1990, the tenants and Ansonia Associates finally agreed on a condo offering plan, wherein they could either buy or continue to rent their apartments. Tenants who wished to buy their apartments would pay 60 percent below market rates; for a one-bedroom apartment, this equated to $125,000, although many tenants could not afford even the discounted price. Ansonia Associates initially proposed selling 50 condos for between $101,000 and $939,000, and they planned to spend between $9 million and $11 million on further renovations. The proposed renovations included restoration of the lobby, sitting rooms, and elevators; adding kitchens; adding ventilation ducts and fans to 250 units; and replacing the electrical distribution system, The main entrance on 73rd Street, a porte-cochère, would be restored. The Ansonia Tenants Association agreed to the proposal, but the Ansonia Tenants Coalition did not want the conversion to proceed until the building-code violations had been fixed.
Beginning of condo conversion
The Ansonia's condo offering plan went into effect in 1992. Frank Farinella was hired to design the condos and restore a porte-cochère on 73rd Street, and the owners replaced signage for the ground-level stores. The owners also established a $4 million capital reserve fund for the building. By 1993, Ansonia Associates had restored much of the facade, but they had yet to restore the windows, lobby, or storefronts. The owners eventually pared back the signage above the storefronts on Broadway. Tower Records announced plans to temporarily relocate to the Ansonia's basement in 1994, while its main store was being renovated, and opened a store at the Ansonia the next year. Also in 1994, the New York Court of Appeals upheld a lower court's ruling that the building could not be called a hotel. By then, The New York Times called the Ansonia "one of the most litigious buildings in the city"; at the time, the Ansonia's tenants and landlords were involved in about 60 lawsuits, which were still pending in the city's court system. In addition, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection issued the owners a building-code violation in 1995 after finding that the walls retained high amounts of asbestos.
Condo sales lagged until the late 1990s. Ansonia Associates had sold 60 apartments by 1996, at which point it had hired Zeckendorf Realty to market the building; Zeckendorf opened a sales office with three employees. The American Society of Interior Designers' New York City chapter was also hired to design four model apartments for the Ansonia, each of which was designed for a specific buyer. The Tower Records store at the Ansonia's base had closed by 1997, when Ansonia Associates was negotiating with The Food Emporium to open a store at the building. Some of the building's apartments were combined over the years after tenants had died or relocated. By the late 1990s, the building had 410 apartments, compared with 520 before the condominium conversion had started. The Food Emporium store at the building's base opened in late 1998.
2000s to present
By the 2000s, apartments were routinely selling for several million dollars, although Steven Gaines characterized the lobby as still being "a little dowdy". Apparel company The North Face renovated the ground-floor retail space at 73rd Street in the early 2000s, restoring some windows that had been hidden behind a masonry wall for several decades. By 2005, most of the rent-controlled tenants had moved out, and their units had been converted to condos. Only one-quarter of the units were rent-controlled or rent-stabilized; the remaining three-quarters of the building was composed of condominiums. According to Ansonia Realty sales director Bernie Gelb, the building had between two and five vacant apartments at any given time. Due to the building's landmark status, condo owners could not replace the windows when renovating their apartments; in addition, Ansonia Realty had to approve all subleases of the condos. A Loehmann's store opened in the building's basement in 2007, within the space formerly occupied by the Continental Baths and Plato's Retreat.
The building continued to face lawsuits over the years, and it had been the subject of more than 800 lawsuits by 2014. For instance, a resident sued the Ansonia's managers in 2007, alleging that the building was infested with cockroaches, and a family sued their neighbor over cigarette smoke the next year. Nonetheless, by 2011, the Times reported that prices at the Ansonia, and at other condominiums on the Upper West Side, were higher than at housing cooperatives along Central Park. Apartments continued to be sold for millions of dollars, although 27 apartments were sold between 2009 and 2014 for less than $500,000. Some rent-regulated tenants also remained in the building.
Notable tenants
The Ansonia was nicknamed "The Palace for the Muses" because, in its heyday, many of its residents were musicians and artists. The Ansonia was particularly popular in the opera community, leading Opera World magazine to write in 1963: "In short, scarcely anyone in the opera business has not, at one time or another, lived in the Ansonia, where residence was regarded as the first step toward success in a precarious and overcrowded field". It is unknown why the Ansonia attracted so many opera performers, but several factors, including the hotel's thick walls and air-cooling system, have been cited. Many of the residents were also musicians or music students. As a result, some residents had clauses in their leases that allowed them to play music without restrictions from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. This privilege did not extend to hosting music classes in the apartments, which led to a lengthy lawsuit in the mid-1990s.
After the building was converted to condominiums in the 1990s, it began to attract lawyers, doctors, and financiers. One writer for the Times wrote in 1985 that "Ansonia has probably gotten as much panache from the names who have lived there as it has gained from its own name". Over the years, residents have included:
Frances Alda, soprano
Martin C. Ansorge, U.S. representative
‘Abdu’l-Bahá, son and chosen successor of Bahá’u’lláh, the founder of the Bahá’í Faith
Sarah Bernhardt, actress
Billie Burke, actress; lived with her husband Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.
Enrico Caruso, tenor
Feodor Chaliapin, bass
Fausto Cleva, conductor
Richard and John Contiguglia, concert pianists
Royal S. Copeland, U.S. senator
Jack Dempsey, boxer
Theodore Dreiser, writer
Richard Dreyfuss, actor
Geraldine Farrar, soprano and actress
Sam Franko, conductor
Chick Gandil, baseball player
Giulio Gatti-Casazza, opera manager
Anna Held, actress; lived with her husband Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.
Victoriano Huerta, Mexican dictator
Sol Hurok, impresario
Angelina Jolie, actress
Andre Kostelanetz, conductor; lived with his wife, Lily Pons
Lillian Lorraine, actress
Gustav Mahler, composer and conductor
Lauritz Melchior, tenor
Yehudi Menuhin, violinist
Bob Meusel, baseball player
Lefty O'Doul, baseball player
Charles Henry Parkhurst, clergyman
Ettore Panizza, composer
Roberta Peters, soprano
Ezio Pinza, bass
Lily Pons, soprano; lived with her husband, Andre Kostelanetz
Ashley Putnam, soprano
Elmer Rice, playwright
Isaac L. Rice, businessman
Babe Ruth, baseball player
Wally Schang, baseball player
Tito Schipa, tenor
Antonio Scotti, baritone
Eleanor Steber, soprano
Teresa Stratas, soprano
Igor Stravinsky, composer
Arturo Toscanini, conductor
Florenz Ziegfeld Jr., impresario; lived with his wives
Impact
Critical reception
When the building was being developed, in 1902, the New-York Tribune characterized the Ansonia as "an up-to-date specimen of apartment architecture". A reporter for The New York Times wrote in 1980 that the Ansonia "looks from midtown like a turreted fortress in the middle of upper Broadway". Christopher Gray wrote in 1987 that the Ansonia, along with the Apthorp and the Belnord, "gave a cosmopolitan electricity to" the section of Broadway north of 59th Street. In the 1983 book New York 1900, Robert A. M. Stern and his coauthors wrote that the building "transformed Parisian prototypes into a veritable skyscraper". A representative for the Municipal Art Society said that, had the Ansonia been demolished, "our city would have suffered far more than the loss of a Beaux-Arts masterpiece".
Influence and media
The presence of the building influenced David Childs's design of the Alexandria, constructed at Broadway and 72nd Street in 1990. That development contains an illuminated octagonal cupola as a homage to the Ansonia's turrets. The Laureate condominium building at Broadway and 76th Street, completed in the 2000s, also contains balconies, curved corners, and rusticated blocks inspired by those of the Ansonia.
In the film Perfect Stranger (2007), Halle Berry plays a news reporter who lives in a "professionally decorated $4-million condo in the lavish Ansonia building on the Upper West Side." The building's facade was used as a set for the 2012 TV show 666 Park Avenue, whose producer David Wilcox said he had been attracted by the building's "absolutely fascinating" history. Its facade was also depicted in the TV show The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, standing in for the fictional "Dansonia". In addition, the Ansonia has been used as a setting or filming location for movies such as The Sunshine Boys (1975), Three Days of the Condor (1975), Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Life and Nothing But (1989), Single White Female (1992), and Uptown Girls (2003).
See also
List of buildings and structures on Broadway in Manhattan
List of former hotels in Manhattan
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Manhattan), also co-designed by DuBoy
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
Apartment buildings in New York City
Bowman-Biltmore Hotels
Broadway (Manhattan)
Condominiums and housing cooperatives in Manhattan
Defunct hotels in Manhattan
Hotel buildings completed in 1904
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Residential skyscrapers in Manhattan
Upper West Side | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ansonia |
Laurel Canyon Boulevard is a major street in the city of Los Angeles. It starts off at Polk Street in Sylmar in the northern San Fernando Valley near the junction of the San Diego (Interstate 405) and the Golden State (I-5)) freeways. Laurel Canyon Boulevard bypasses the city of San Fernando to the west, running parallel to I-5 in the vicinity of Pacoima and Arleta. The portion through Sun Valley passes through rock quarries and a great deal of open space.
From the intersection with Webb Avenue, Laurel Canyon Boulevard heads due south, cutting through North Hollywood, closely following the Hollywood Freeway (SR 170). Laurel Canyon Boulevard passes through the Valley Village neighborhood, one mile (1.6 km) west of the Hollywood Split (the intersection of the Hollywood (U.S. 101/SR 170) and Ventura (U.S. 101/SR 134) freeways). This would have been the start of the proposed Laurel Canyon Freeway, which would have provided a direct freeway connection from the southeastern San Fernando Valley to the Los Angeles International Airport. The proposed route was along the current routing of Laurel Canyon Boulevard, but the emergence of the Laurel Canyon neighborhood as a movie star enclave doomed the project, as did local opposition.
Laurel Canyon itself found counterculture fame in the 1960s as home to many of L.A.'s top rock musicians, such as Frank Zappa. The bohemian spirit endures; every year, residents gather for a group photograph at the country market. Laurel Canyon Boulevard was also immortalized by The Doors in their 1968 song "Love Street."
Laurel Canyon Boulevard crosses Laurel Canyon G Line station at its intersection with Chandler Boulevard in Valley Village. Laurel Canyon Boulevard is served by Metro Local lines 218 (south of Ventura Boulevard) and 230 (north of Ventura Boulevard).
South of Ventura Boulevard in Studio City, Laurel Canyon Boulevard ascends the Santa Monica Mountains, where it maintains a width of four lanes until the intersection of Mulholland Drive. The road climbs up Lookout Mountain before descending into West Hollywood, passing through Hollywood Boulevard. Laurel Canyon Boulevard’s southern terminus is at its intersection with Sunset Boulevard and Crescent Heights Boulevard.
Laurel Canyon Boulevard and Coldwater Canyon Avenue to the west between the southern San Fernando Valley and West Hollywood are also popular alternate routes to the Hollywood Freeway (US 101) during rush hour.
Laurel Canyon Freeway
The Laurel Canyon Freeway was to have been a north-south freeway in Central Los Angeles and its suburbs. It derived its name from Laurel Canyon, the proposed route by which the freeway would traverse the Santa Monica Mountains.
Its proposed alignment was from the intersection of the Hollywood Freeway (U.S. Route 101) and the Ventura Freeway (California State Route 134) in the southeastern San Fernando Valley — to the San Diego Freeway (I-405) near Los Angeles International Airport.
However, the emerging popularity of Laurel Canyon as a movie star enclave in the 1960s ultimately doomed the project. The only portion of the freeway that was built was a small section of La Cienega Boulevard through the Baldwin Hills district of southwestern Los Angeles.
History
In 1919 Harry Houdini rented the cottage at 2435 Laurel Canyon Boulevard, while making movies for Lasky Pictures. His wife occupied it for a time after his death. As of 2011 that site was a vacant lot. The main mansion building itself was rebuilt after it was destroyed in the 1959 Laurel Canyon fire, and is now a historic venue. While Houdini did not likely live at the "mansion," there is some probability that his widow did.
References
Notes
Citations
Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Streets in the San Fernando Valley
Boulevards in the United States
Hollywood Hills
Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles
North Hollywood, Los Angeles
Pacoima, Los Angeles
San Fernando, California
Studio City, Los Angeles
Sun Valley, Los Angeles
Streets in West Hollywood, California
San Fernando Valley
Santa Monica Mountains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel%20Canyon%20Boulevard |
Heves county (, ) lies in northern Hungary, between the right bank of the river Tisza and the Mátra and Bükk mountains. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Pest, Nógrád, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok. Eger is the county seat.
Tourist sights
Lake Tisza
Bükk National Park
Bélapátfalva, abbey
Castle and City of Eger
Erdőtelek Arboretum
Feldebrő, 11th century Romanesque church
Gyöngyös, Mátra Museum
Hatvan, Grassalkovich mansion
Kisnána castle
Noszvaj, De la Motte mansion
Parád
Sirok castle
Szilvásvárad, Szalajka Valley
Szarvaskő, castle ruins
Geography
Heves county is a geographically diverse area; its northern part is mountainous (the Mátra and Bükk are the two highest mountain ranges in Hungary), while at south it includes a part of the Great Hungarian Plain. From south it is bordered by Lake Tisza, the largest artificial lake in Hungary. The average temperature is between 8 and 10 °C (higher on the southern parts of the county).
Rivers
Zagyva
Tarna
Tisza
Laskó
Highest point
Kékestető, Mátra Mountains (1014 m; highest in Hungary)
Lowest point
Kisköre (86 m.)
History
The county was a primary target for the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman-Hungarian Wars where the Siege of Eger took place.
Demographics
In 2015, it had a population of 301,296 and the population density was 83/km².
Ethnicity
Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Roma (approx. 19,000), Germans (1,000) Slovaks (500) and Romanians (500).
Total population (2011 census): 308,882
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 279,714 persons:
Hungarians: 257,659 (92.12%)
Gypsies: 19,312 (6.90%)
Others and indefinable: 2,743 (0.98%)
Approx. 43,000 persons in Heves County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census.
Religion
Religious adherence in the county according to 2011 census:
Catholic – 162,014 (Roman Catholic – 160,885; Greek Catholic – 1,098);
Reformed – 14,729;
Evangelical – 1,084;
Other religions – 4,894;
Non-religious – 43,193;
Atheism – 3,298;
Undeclared – 79,670.
Regional structure
Politics
County Assembly
The Heves County Council, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 15 counselors, with the following party composition:
Presidents of the General Assembly
Members of the National Assembly
The following members elected of the National Assembly during the 2022 parliamentary election:
Municipalities
Heves County has 1 urban county, 10 towns, 3 large villages and 107 villages.
City with county rights
(ordered by population, as of 2011 census)
Eger (56,569) – county seat
Towns
Gyöngyös (31,421)
Hatvan (20,519)
Heves (10,753)
Füzesabony (7,880)
Lőrinci (5,831)
Verpelét (3,786)
Bélapátfalva (3,092)
Kisköre (2,869)
Gyöngyöspata (2,586)
Pétervására (2,326)
Large villages
Kál
Parád
Recsk
Villages
Abasár
Adács
Aldebrő
Andornaktálya
Apc
Atkár
Átány
Balaton
Bátor
Bekölce
Besenyőtelek
Boconád
Bodony
Boldog
Bükkszék
Bükkszenterzsébet
Bükkszentmárton
Csány
Demjén
Detk
Domoszló
Dormánd
Ecséd
Egerbakta
Egerbocs
Egercsehi
Egerfarmos
Egerszalók
Egerszólát
Erdőkövesd
Erdőtelek
Erk
Fedémes
Feldebrő
Felsőtárkány
Gyöngyöshalász
Gyöngyösoroszi
Gyöngyössolymos
Gyöngyöstarján
Halmajugra
Heréd
Hevesaranyos
Hevesvezekény
Hort
Istenmezeje
Ivád
Karácsond
Kápolna
Kerecsend
Kisfüzes
Kisnána
Kompolt
Kömlő
Ludas
Maklár
Markaz
Mátraballa
Mátraderecske
Mátraszentimre
Mezőszemere
Mezőtárkány
Mikófalva
Mónosbél
Nagyfüged
Nagykökényes
Nagyréde
Nagytálya
Nagyút
Nagyvisnyó
Noszvaj
Novaj
Ostoros
Parádsasvár
Pálosvörösmart
Petőfibánya
Pély
Poroszló
Rózsaszentmárton
Sarud
Sirok
Szajla
Szarvaskő
Szentdomonkos
Szihalom
Szilvásvárad
Szúcs
Szűcsi
Tarnabod
Tarnalelesz
Tarnaméra
Tarnaörs
Tarnaszentmária
Tarnaszentmiklós
Tarnazsadány
Tenk
Terpes
Tiszanána
Tófalu
Újlőrincfalva
Vámosgyörk
Váraszó
Vécs
Visonta
Visznek
Zagyvaszántó
Zaránk
Gallery
International relations
Heves County has a partnership relationship with:
References and notes
References
Notes
External links
Official site in Hungarian
Heves Megyei Hírlap (heol.hu) - The county portal
Counties of Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heves%20County |
Kelime Aydın Çetinkaya (born 15 June 1982) is a Turkish cross-country skier. She became the first Turkish female athlete to compete in the Winter Olympics. She has competed in four Olympics as part of the Turkish national team, in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014.
Career
Çetinkaya has competed in international competitions since 2000. In 2001, she competed as part of the Turkish junior team, and as an adult in the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup in years 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009. She had two victories in the FIS World Cup races. Çetinkaya's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 41st in the 30 km event at Sapporo in 2007. Her best World Cup finish was 46th in a sprint event in Italy in 2004.
Olympics
In 2002, Çetinkaya became the first Turkish female athlete to take part in the Winter Olympics. Competing in three Winter Olympics, she earned her best finish of 49th in the 30 km event at Turin in the 2006.
She was the flagbearer for Turkey in the 2010 Olympics.
References
Turkey National Olympic Committee website (in Turkish)
Press and Information Office of the Turkish Government website
Turkish newspaper Milliyet (in Turkish)
Информация на сайте Олимпиады-2010
Информация на сайте FIS
1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kars
Turkish female cross-country skiers
Turkish people of Azerbaijani descent
Olympic cross-country skiers for Turkey
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelime%20%C3%87etinkaya |
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad-Sadiq al-Sadr (; born 23 March 1943 – 19 February 1999) was a prominent Iraqi Shia marja'. He called for government reform and the release of detained Shia leaders. The growth of his popularity, often referred to as the followers of the Vocal Hawza, also put him in competition with other Shi'a leaders, including Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim who was exiled in Iran.
Biography
al-Sadr was born to Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr (1906–1986), the grandson of Ismail al-Sadr, the patriarch of the Lebanese al-Sadr family and a first cousin of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and Amina al-Sadr.
Following the Gulf War, Shi'ites in Southern Iraq went into open rebellion. A number of provinces overthrew the Baathist entities and rebelled against Saddam Hussein and the Baath Party. The leadership of the Shi'ite rebellion as well as the Shi'ite doctrine in Iraq was split between Ayatollah Ali Al-Sistani and Ayatollah Muhammad Sadiq Al-Sadr. Al-Sadr, based in Baghdad, appealed to the younger, more radical Shi'ites from the more impoverished areas of Southern Iraq. The Shi'ites travelled to Baghdad from these poor areas to join Al-Sadr and his Shi'ite leadership. The area which Al-Sadr preached in and that these poor Shi'ites occupied became known as "Revolution Township". In this ghetto, Sadr established a secret network of devoted followers and he became an increasingly prominent figure in the Iraqi political scene.
As a result of the disenfranchisement and repression of the Shi'ites in Iraq and the loyalty of the local populations, Saddam Hussein and his Baathist government could not control the Revolution Township on a neighbourhood level. Their lack of control limited their ability to affect al-Sadr's power base and the devotion of his followers. Revolution Township was renamed Sadr City.
As his power grew, al-Sadr became more and more involved in politics following the Gulf War, and throughout the 1990s, he openly defied Saddam. He organized the poor Shi'ites of Sadr City, yet another nickname for the impoverished Shi'ite ghetto in Baghdad, against Saddam and the Baath Party. Sadr gained the support of the Shi'ites by reaching out to tribal villages and offering services to them that they would otherwise not have been afforded by Hussein's regime. Saddam began to crack down on the Shi'ite leaders in the late 1990s in an attempt to regain control of Iraq.
Death
Sometime before his death, al-Sadr was informed of Saddam's limited patience with him. In defiance, al-Sadr wore his death shroud to his final Friday sermon to show that the Shi'ites would not be intimidated by Saddam's oppression and that Sadr would preach the truth even if it meant his own death. He was later killed leaving the mosque in the Iraqi city of Najaf along with two of his sons as they drove through the town. Their car was ambushed by men, and both his sons were killed by gunfire while he was severely injured. He died an hour later in the hospital. Shi'as in Iraq, as well as most international observers, suspect the Iraqi Baathist government of being involved in, if not directly responsible for, their murders. Anger at, among other things, the government's involvement in Sadr's death helped spark the 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq.
Legacy
Following the fall of Baghdad, the majority-Shi'a suburb of Revolution City (Saddam City) was unofficially but popularly renamed to Sadr City in his honour. Sadr City was the first part of Baghdad to overthrow the Baath Party in 2003.
Mohammad al-Sadr's son, Muqtada al-Sadr, is currently the leader of the Sadrist movement and bases his legitimacy upon his relationship with his father. He led a guerrilla uprising against Coalition forces and the new Iraqi government as part of the Iraqi Insurgency between 2004 and 2008.
Works
Al-Islam wal-Mithaq al-Alimiyah lil-Huquq al-Insan (Islam and the International Covenant on Human Rights)
Ma Wara al-Fiqh (What is behind Jurisprudence)
Fiqh al-Asha'ir (Tribal Jurisprudence)
See also
Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
Kamal alHaydari
Mohammad Yaqoobi
Ismail al-Sadr
Haydar al-Sadr
Sadr al-Din al-Sadr
Musa al-Sadr
List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam
References
"The Sadrist Movement", with additional insight on Muqtada al-Sadr's family background, including his father's books, at the Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
Professor Juan Cole, University of Michigan, History 241: American Wars in the Middle East. Lecture: The Shi'ite Sadr Movement in American Iraq, 18 November 2008.
External links
The Murder of Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Sadiq Al-Sadr
1943 births
1999 deaths
Iraqi ayatollahs
Iraqi dissidents
Iraqi Shia clerics
Iraqi Shia Muslims
Al-Moussawi family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20al-Sadr%20%28jurist%29 |
Stephen Wallace (born August 18, 1987) is an American stock car racing driver. A current super late model racer, he is the son of 1989 Winston Cup champion Rusty Wallace, the nephew of NASCAR drivers Kenny and Mike Wallace, and cousin of Chrissy Wallace. Steve has made starts in all three of NASCAR's national series as well as the ARCA Racing Series, and won the Snowball Derby in 2004.
Racing career
Early racing
Between 1998 and 2002, Wallace raced in INEX Bandoleros. He captured multiple series championships. Steve raced in Legends cars and late model racecars near his hometown of Mooresville, North Carolina. He won both the Summer Shootout (twice) and Winter Shootout (once) at Lowe's Motor Speedway. He also won multiple championships at Concord Motor Speedway. In December 2004, at the age of 17, he won one of the biggest short track races in the country, the Snowball Derby, in Pensacola, Florida, a race Rusty and Kenny both entered, but failed to win in their careers. Steve was also the 2004 UARA Rookie of The Year. He won the first ever late model race at Bristol Motor Speedway.
In 2005, he ran nearly the entire season in USAR Hooters Pro Cup competition. He finished with 3 Top 10 finishes and qualified for the post-season championship series. A day after Steve turned 18, he became the youngest winner at a Michigan International Speedway event in an ARCA race while driving a Penske Racing Dodge. He raced in ARCA with several other teams that season. He also finished 15th in his first NASCAR Nationwide Series race at Memphis Motorsports Park (after starting 11th). Wallace became part of the Dodge factory driver development program.
Nationwide Series
Wallace raced 17 races in the #64 Dodge Nationwide Series car in 2006 (sharing with Jamie McMurray), as well as six ARCA series races in a Penske Racing car. Wallace won ARCA races at Michigan International Speedway and Kentucky Speedway, and had a best finish of 11th in the Busch Series.
For the 2007 NASCAR Busch Series season he would race full-time. He won his first career pole at Bristol Motor Speedway. Steve Wallace won his second pole on June 9, 2007, at Nashville Superspeedway in Lebanon, Tennessee. Before the conclusion of the 2007 Nationwide Series Season, it was announced that Wallace would be switching from Dodge to Chevy for the 2008 Season.
His first career top five came at Richmond International Raceway on May 2, 2008.
At the beginning of the 2012 season, he was without a car because of the temporary closure of Rusty Wallace Racing. After missing the first six races, he announced that he would make his first start of the season at Richmond International Speedway during the Virginia 529 College Savings 250.
Sprint Cup Series
Wallace made his Cup Series debut in the 2011 Daytona 500. Penske Racing transferred the owner points of his No. 77, whose 30th-place finish in 2010 guaranteed Wallace a start. He drove the No. 77 Toyota to a 20th-place finish.
Camping World Truck Series
In 2010 Wallace ran a partial Truck Series Schedule for Billy Ballew Motorsports finishing fourth in his debut at Atlanta.
On July 10, 2013, it was announced that Wallace will return to the Truck Series with Adrian Carriers Racing for four races starting with the American Ethanol 200.
Super late model career
After his NASCAR career ended, Wallace began racing super late model race cars. At a CARS Tour-sanctioned race at Fairgrounds Speedway in 2018, Wallace was parked early in the race for wrecking Mason Mingus and later fought with Mingus and his Wauters Motorsports team. After the fight, Wallace said that the incident was one worthy of the beginning of a war.
Personal life
Wallace is the youngest son of ESPN announcer and former NASCAR driver Rusty Wallace. He has been diagnosed with Tourette syndrome.
Images
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold - Pole position awarded by time. Italics - Pole position earned by points standings. * – Most laps led.)
Sprint Cup Series
Daytona 500
Nationwide Series
Camping World Truck Series
Ineligible for series points
ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
References
External links
Things looking up for Wallace's son in Gateway races
Living people
1987 births
Racing drivers from Charlotte, North Carolina
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
CARS Tour drivers
People with Tourette syndrome
Wallace family
ARCA Midwest Tour drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Wallace%20%28racing%20driver%29 |
Morag () is the nickname given to a loch monster believed by many to live in Loch Morar, Scotland. After Nessie, it is among the most written about of Scotland's legendary monsters. "Morag", a Scottish female name, is a pun on the name of the loch. Reported sightings date back to 1887, and numbered 34 incidents by 1981. Sixteen of these involved multiple witnesses.
A widely reported claim involved two local men, Duncan McDonell and William Simpson, and their boat, with which they claimed to have accidentally struck the creature, prompting it to attack them. McDonell defended with an oar, and Simpson opened fire with his rifle, whereupon it sank slowly out of sight. They described it as being brown, long, with rough skin, three dorsal humps rising above the loch's surface, and a head a foot wide, held out of the water.
See also
Muc-sheilch (Loch Maree and environs)
References
Further reading
Campbell, Elizabeth Montgomery & David Solomon, The Search for Morag (Tom Stacey 1972)
Peter Costello, In Search of Lake Monsters (Garnstone) 1974
Modern Mysteries of Britain (Guild Publishing 1987), pp 160–1 (Morag photographs)
Lochaber
Scottish folklore
Scottish legendary creatures
Water monsters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morag%20%28lake%20monster%29 |
Godman or God-man may refer to:
Godman (name)
Godman (India), a colloquial term used in India for a charismatic spiritual leader
The Godman, a 1999 Indian Malayalam film
God-Man, a recurring character in the comic Tom the Dancing Bug
Qodman, Azerbaijan - also spelled Godman
GodMen, a men's ministry founded by Conservative Christian comedian Brad Stine
God-man (Christianity) (lat. Deus homo), the concept of divine incarnation of Jesus Christ in Christian mysticism
Hypostatic union, in Christian theology the union of Christ's humanity and divinity
See also
Ike! Godman, a Japanese tokusatsu show from 1972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godman |
The Honeymoon Machine is a 1961 American comedy film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Steve McQueen, Brigid Bazlen, Jim Hutton, Paula Prentiss, Jack Mullaney, and Dean Jagger, based on the 1959 Broadway play The Golden Fleecing by Lorenzo Semple Jr. In the film, three men devise a plan to win at roulette with a United States Navy computer. The scheme works until an admiral ruins their plans.
Plot
Civilian scientist Jason Eldridge runs Magnetic Analyzer Computing Synchrotron (MACS), a vacuum tube computer aboard the United States Navy ship USS Elmira. He and his friend Lt. Ferguson Howard realize that, by using MACS to record a roulette table's spins over time, the computer can predict future results. Howard and LTJG Beauregard Gilliam check into a Venice casino's hotel dressed as civilians with Eldridge, defying Admiral Fitch's order that naval officers on shore avoid the casino and wear uniforms. They plan to use signal lamps to communicate with a confederate manning MACS on the Elmira.
At the hotel, dedicated bachelor Howard meets and romances Julie Fitch, the admiral's daughter. Eldridge reunites with former girlfriend and heiress Pam Dunstan, in Venice to marry another man. The betting system is very effective, and the three men accumulate hundreds of thousands of dollars in casino chips; the money gives Eldridge the confidence to propose to Dunstan. However, Admiral Fitch sees and investigates their signals; soon the Navy, the American and Soviet consulates, and Venice city authorities are on alert for a "revolution".
The gamblers get Signalman Burford Taylor, who finds their signal lamp, drunk to detain him, but Taylor escapes and reports to the admiral. Julie Fitch tells her father that she and Howard have "got to marry" each other to save him from court-martial. The Soviets accuse the Navy of using MACS to steal from the casino. To avoid an international incident Howard agrees to intentionally lose all his chips on his last bet, but a riot breaks out between Soviets, Americans, and Italians in the casino over the chips. The movie ends with newlyweds Howard and Fitch celebrating their honeymoon in the hotel.
Cast
Steve McQueen as Lt. Ferguson 'Fergie' Howard. McQueen was second choice for this role, after Cary Grant turned the part down.
Brigid Bazlen as Julie Fitch
Jim Hutton as Jason Eldridge
Paula Prentiss as Pam Dunstan
Dean Jagger as Admiral Fitch
Jack Weston as Signalman Burford Taylor
Jack Mullaney as Lt. Beauregard 'Beau' Gilliam
Marcel Hillaire as Inspector of casino games
Ben Astar as Russian consul
William Lanteau as Tommy Dane
Ken Lynch as Capt. James Angle
Simon Scott as Capt. Harvey Adam
Reception
Bosley Crowther, critic for The New York Times was unimpressed, writing "It is a wild and labored operation, and when it finally comes to an end, one wonders whether it has even been bona fide farce." He did, however, appreciate the efforts of the main cast: "It profits by pleasant performers. Jim Hutton, Jack Mullaney and Steve McQueen work hard as the three connivers."
Steve McQueen walked out of the first public sneak preview and vowed never to work for MGM again despite being under contractual obligation for two more pictures.
Box Office
According to MGM records, the film made a profit of $122,000.
See also
List of American films of 1961
References
External links
1961 films
1961 comedy films
American comedy films
American films based on plays
1960s English-language films
Films directed by Richard Thorpe
Films set in Italy
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films about roulette
Films with screenplays by George Wells
Films scored by Leigh Harline
1960s American films
English-language comedy films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Honeymoon%20Machine |
Coppola Industria Alimentare is an Italian food company producing canned tomatoes and vegetables.
The company is based in Mercato San Severino, close to Salerno in southern Italy, within the main Italian industrial tomato processing district.
Coppola Industria Alimentare distributes the majority of its products to international markets.
External links
Company's homepage
Food and drink companies of Italy
Companies based in Salerno
Food manufacturers of Italy
Food and drink companies established in 1903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppola%20Industria%20Alimentare |
Pierre Bismuth (6 June 1963) is a French artist and filmmaker based in Brussels. His practice can be placed in the tradition of conceptual art and appropriation art. His work uses a variety of media and materials, including painting, sculpture, collage, video, architecture, performance, music, and film. He is best known for being among the authors of the story for Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay alongside Michel Gondry and Charlie Kaufman. Bismuth made his directorial debut with the 2016 feature film Where is Rocky II?.
Life
Pierre Bismuth was originally a visual communication student at les Arts Décoratifs. He met François Miehe there, one of his teachers, with whom he subsequently collaborated on several projects.
In the 1980s Pierre Bismuth moved to Berlin where he attended Georg Baselitz's class of the Hochschule der Kunst. When he returned to France, he settled in Paris where he shared a studio with Xavier Veilhan and Pierre Huyghe.
At the beginning of the 1990s, he settled in Brussels where he gave the opening show of Jan Mot's new gallery on the rue Dansaert. In 2000, he moved to London, prompted by the Lisson Gallery, where he has had several exhibitions since then.
In 2005, after having settled in Brussels again, he was awarded, along with director Michel Gondry and screenwriter Charlie Kaufman, an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004), which many critics consider one of the best films of the 2000s.
Since then, his work has continued to be shown all over Europe and America.
Work
Through efficient and often humorous gestures, Bismuth interrupts pre-established codes of reading the images and objects that pervade daily life, from headline stories in newspapers to magazine clippings from gentlemen's magazines, to even the color of the walls. In his series From Red to Nothing and From Green to Something Else, Bismuth reproduces a painted wall in each exhibition, subtly altering the color by the addition of a small amount of white or colored paint to the original color. Another series Something less, Something More (2002–2006) consists of thin partitions out of which Bismuth removes circles until as little material as possible remained, while the circles removed from the partitions accumulate on the floor.
In Replaced by the Same (2003), Bismuth plays on the idea of substituting one thing by its double: for each photograph in this series, elements taken from duplicates are glued on exactly the same place as they were on the originals.
Bismuth often plays with the film industry imagery, as in his Jungle Book Project where he uses the different translations of the famous Disney film to create a new Babel like environnement. He is also known for following the movement of actors and actresses hands during a full movie and reproducing these as drawings. Moreover, the re-use of the famous words "The End" or "Coming Soon" featured in movies or trailers is also a recurrent work. "Coming Soon" is featured as a permanent public luminous art work in Geneva.
Collaborations
A striking aspect of Bismuth's artistic practice consists in his collaborations with other artists from the most various fields. He notably collaborated with Michel Gondry, Jerome Bel, Jonathan Monk, Dessislava Dimova, Diego Perone, Barbara Visser, Angus Fairhurst, Cory Arcangel, , Mathias Faldbakken or Joe Strummer.
Exhibitions (selection)
Galleries
Pierre Bismuth is represented by the following galleries:
Galerie Jan Mot, Bruxelles
Galerie Bugada & Cargnel, Paris
Christine König Galerie, Vienne
Team Gallery, New-York
He has among others also exhibited at the Galerie Yvon Lambert in Paris, at the Lisson Gallery in London, at Sonia Rosso in Turin, at Roger Pailhas in Marseille and also at Mary Boone in New-York.
Notes and references
External links
"Coming Soon !" one of the 13 luminous installations of the Neon Parallax public art project on the Plaine of Plainpalais, Geneva.
Cosmic Galerie
Christine König Galerie, Vienna, Austria
Team Gallery
Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners
Writers Guild of America Award winners
French mixed-media artists
1963 births
Living people
French male screenwriters
French screenwriters
École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs alumni
French contemporary artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Bismuth |
Norway was the host nation for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer. It was the second time that Norway had hosted the Winter Olympic Games, after the 1952 Games in Oslo. In 1994, Norway finished second in the medal ranking to Russia, with strong results in the skiing events.
During the games, Norway set a record: most gold medals won by a host nation, with 10. The United States tied it when they hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, but Canada broke it during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.
Withdrawn from Figure Skating and Bobsleigh
As the host country, Norway automatically qualified spots to the 1994 Olympics. In 1992, however, the Norwegian Olympic Committee announced that skaters aspiring to be selected for Norway would have to finish in the top 12 at the European or World Championships. Since none met this requirement, Norway to withdraw from all the events. Although Leslie Monod / Cédric Monod's result at the 1993 World Championships allowed Switzerland to send two pairs to the Olympics, the Swiss Olympic Association elected not to send a pair after the Monods finished 11th at the 1994 European Championships.
Medalists
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Alpine skiing
Men
Men's combined
Women
Women's combined
Biathlon
Men
Men's 4 × 7.5 km relay
Women
Women's 4 × 7.5 km relay
1 A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target.
2 One minute added per missed target.
Cross-country skiing
Men
1 Starting delay based on 10 km results.
C = Classical style, F = Freestyle
Men's 4 × 10 km relay
Women
2 Starting delay based on 5 km results.
C = Classical style, F = Freestyle
Women's 4 × 5 km relay
Freestyle skiing
Men
Women
Ice hockey
Group A
Twelve participating teams were placed in the two groups. After playing a round-robin, the top four teams in each group advanced to the Medal Round while the last two teams competed in the consolation round for the 9th to 12th places.
consolation round
|}
11th place match
|}
Team roster
Jim Marthinsen (G)
Rob Schistad (G)
Petter Salsten (D)
Morgan Andersen (D)
Tommy Jakobsen (D)
Jan-Roar Fagerli (D)
Svein Enok Nørstebø (D)
Svenn Erik Bjørnstad (D)
Geir Hoff (F)
Vegar Barlie (F)
Lars Håkon Andersen (F)
Ole Eskild Dahlstrøm (F)
Arne Billkvam (F)
Erik Kristiansen (F)
Trond Magnussen (F)
Petter Thoresen (F)
Morten Finstad (F)
Roy Johansen (F)
Tom Johansen (F)
Marius Rath (F)
Espen Knutsen (F)
Head coach: Bengt Ohlson
Luge
(Men's) Doubles
Women
Nordic combined
Men's individual
Events:
normal hill ski jumping
15 km cross-country skiing
Men's Team
Three participants per team.
Events:
normal hill ski jumping
10 km cross-country skiing
Short track speed skating
Men
Ski jumping
Men's team large hill
1 Four teams members performed two jumps each.
Speed skating
Men
Women
Notes
References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
Olympic Winter Games 1994, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1994 Winter Olympics
1994
1994 in Norwegian sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway%20at%20the%201994%20Winter%20Olympics |
Agnes is a female given name derived from the Greek , meaning 'pure' or 'holy'. The name passed to Italian as Agnese, to French as Agnès, to Portuguese as Inês, and to Spanish as Inés. Agnė to Lithuanian language. It is also written as Agness. The name is descended from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁yaǵ-, meaning 'to sacrifice; to worship,' from which is also the Vedic term yajña. It is mostly used in Greece and countries that speak Germanic languages.
It was the name of a popular Christian saint, Agnes of Rome, which encouraged its wide use. Agnes was the third most popular name for women in the English speaking world for more than 400 years. Its medieval pronunciation was Annis, and its usage and many of its forms coincided with the equally popular name Anna, related in medieval and Elizabethan times to Agnes, though Anne/Ann/Anna are derived from the Hebrew Hannah ('God favored me') rather than the Greek. It remained a widely used name throughout the 1960s in the United States. It was last ranked among the top 1,000 names for American baby girls during that decade.
The peak of its popularity was between 1900 and 1920, when it was among the top fifty given names for American girls. Agnieszka was the sixth-most popular name for girls born in Poland in 2007, having risen as high as third place in Sweden and Poland in 2006. It was also ranked among the top one hundred names for baby girls born in Hungary in 2005. Neža, a Slovene shortened variant of the name, was ranked among the top ten names for baby girls born in Slovenia in 2008. French forms Inès and Ines were both ranked among the top ten names for girls born in Brussels, Belgium in 2008.
Name variants
Agnė, Ugnė (mean: fire)(Lithuanian)
Ágnes (Hungarian)
Agneeta (Finnish)
Agnes (Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish)
Agni (Sanskrit)
Anežka (Czech)
Agnès (French, Catalan)
Agnés (Valencian)
Агнеса (Agnesa) (Macedonian)
Agnese (Italian, Latvian)
Agnessa (Russian)
Agneta (Catalan, Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish)
Agnete (Danish, Norwegian)
Agnetha (Scandinavian)
Agnethe (Danish, Norwegian)
Agneza (Croatian)
अग्नि (Agní) (Sanskrit)
Αγνή (Agni) (Greek)
Agnieszka (Polish)
Агнија (Agnija) (Macedonian)
Agniya (Russian)
Aigneas (Scottish Gaelic)
Aignéis (Irish)
Akanete (Tongan)
Akanisi (Fijian)
Akenehi (Māori)
Akneeta (Finnish)
Akneetta (Finnish)
Aknes (Finnish)
Aknietta (Finnish)
Anê (Vietnamese)
Anessa (English)
Anissa (English)
Angnes (Dutch)
Anjeza (Albanian)
Annest (Welsh)
Annice (English)
Aune (Estonian, Finnish)
Iines (Finnish)
إيناس (Inās) (Arabic)
Ines (French, German, Italian)
Inès (French)
Inés (Spanish)
Inês (Portuguese)
Inesa (Lithuanian)
Inessa (Инесса) (Russian)
Inez (English)
Janja (Croatian, Slovenian)
Nesta (Welsh)
Neža (Slovenian)
Nieske (Dutch)
Oanez (Breton)
Огняна (Ognyana) (Bulgarian)
Anjeza, Anja, Anushi, Anija (3 Tetor) (Albanian)
Notable people
Saints
Agnes of Assisi (1197/98–1253), one of the first abbesses of the Order of Poor Ladies
Agnes of Bohemia (1211–1282), Bohemian princess (also listed in next section)
Agnes of Montepulciano (1263–1317), Dominican prioress
Agnes of Rome (c. 291–c. 304), virgin martyr
Agnes Tsao Kou Ying (1821–1856), Chinese martyr
Noblewomen
Agnes I, Abbess of Quedlinburg (c. 1090-1125), Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg
Agnes of Aquitaine (disambiguation)
Agnes of Antioch, (1154–c. 1184), Queen consort of Hungary
Agnes of Austria (disambiguation)
Agnes of Babenberg (c. 1108/13–1163), High Duchess of Poland and Duchess of Silesia
Agnes of Bohemia (1211-1282), Bohemian princess and saint (see above)
Agnes of Brandenburg (c. 1257–1304), Queen consort and regent of Denmark
Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Aquitaine (died 1068)
Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Bourbon (1407-1476)
Agnes of Courtenay (c. 1136–c. 1184), Queen consort of Jerusalem
Agnes of France, Byzantine Empress (1171–after 1207)
Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy (c. 1260–1327)
Agnes of Germany (1072-1143), Duchess consort of Swabia by her first marriage, Margravine consort of Austria by her second
Agnes of Habsburg (c. 1257–1322), Duchess of Saxony
Agnes Hammarskjöld (1866–1940), wife of Swedish noble Hjalmar Hammarskjöld
Princess Agnes of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1804-1833)
Agnes of Hohenstaufen (1176–1204), Countess Palatine of the Rhine
Agnes Hotot (14th century), English noblewoman known for winning a lance fight
Agnes of Merania (died 1201), Queen of France
Agnes of the Palatinate (1201–1267), Duchess of Bavaria
Agnes of Poitou (1025-1077), Holy Roman Empress and regent
Agnes of Rochlitz (died 1195), Duchess of Merania and Countess of Andechs
Agnès Sorel (died 1450), mistress of Charles VII of France, and the first officially recognized mistress of a French king
Agnes, daughter of Ottokar II (before 1260–after 1279), Bohemian noblewoman
Mihrişah Valide Sultan or Sultana Mehr-î-Shah (ca. 1745–1805), spouse of Ottoman Sultan Mustafa III, mother of Caliph Sultan Selim III, believed to have the given name Agnès
Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk (c. 1477–1545)
Agnes Macdonald, 1st Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe (1836-1920), second wife of Sir John A. Macdonald, the first Prime Minister of Canada
Agnes Randolph (c. 1312–1369), Countess of Dunbar and March
Others
Agnes
A–E
Agnes Aanonsen (born 1966), Norwegian luger
Agnes Dean Abbatt (1847–1917), American painter
Agnes Abuom, Kenyan Christian organizational worker
Agnes Acibu, Ugandan politician
Agnes Jones Adams (1858–1923), American civil rights activist
Agnes Addison (1842–1903), New Zealand draper
Agnes Adler (1865–1935), Danish pianist
Agnes Aduako (born 1989), Ghanaian footballer
Agnes Aggrey-Orleans, Ghanaian diplomat
Agnes Akiror (born 1968), Ugandan politician
Agnes Baldwin Alexander (1875–1971), American author
Agnes Alexiusson (born 1996), Swedish boxer
Agnes Alfred (c. 1890–1992), Canadian storyteller and noblewoman
Agnes Allafi (born 1959), Chadian politician and sociologist
Agnes Allen (1898–1958), English children's book author
Agnes Allen (1930–2012), American baseball pitcher
Agnes Alpers (born 1961), German politician and educator
Agnes Ameede (born 1970), Ugandan politician
Agnes Atim Apea, Uganda social entrepreneur
Agnes Arber (1879–1960), British plant morphologist and anatomist, historian, and philosopher
Agnes Arellano (born 1949), Philippine sculptor
Agnes Armstrong (born 1959), Cook Islands politician
Agnes Arvidsson (1875–1962), Swedish pharmacist
Agnes Asche (1891–1966), German socialist
Agnes Ashford (fl. 15th century), Christian evangelist
Agnes Barr Auchencloss (1886–1972), medical officer at H.M. Factory Gretna, on the University of Glasgow Roll of Honour
Agnes Ayres (1898–1940), American silent film star
Agnes Baden-Powell (1858–1945), British pioneer, founder of the Girl Guides movement
Agnes Bakkevig (1910–1992), Norwegian politician
Agnes Baliques (1641–1700), Roman Catholic religious leader
Agnes Ballard (1877–1969), American architect and educator
Agnes Baltsa (born 1944), Greek mezzo-soprano singer
Agnes Barker (1907–2008), Australian potter and craftworker
Agnes Jeruto Barsosio (born 1983), Kenyan long-distance runner
Agnes Sime Baxter (1870–1917), Canadian mathematician
Agnes Beaumont (c. 1652–1720), English religious autobiographer
Agnes Beckwith (1861–1951), English swimmer
Agnes Benidickson (1920–2007), Canadian college chancellor
Agnes Bennett (1872–1960), New Zealand doctor and Chief Medical Officer in World War I
Agnes Benítez (born 1986), Puerto Rican beauty pageant titleholder
Agnes Berger (1916–2002), Hungarian-American mathematician and professor
Agnes Bernard (1842–1932), Roman Catholic nun
Agnes Bernauer (1410–1435), morganatic wife of Albert III, Duke of Bavaria
Agnes Bernelle (1923–1999), Berlin actress and singer
Agnes Binagwaho, Rwandan pediatrician and college chancellor
Agnes Forbes Blackadder (1875 - 1964), Scottish medic
Agnes Blackie (1897–1975), New Zealand professor
Agnes Blannbekin (c. 1244–1315), Austrian Beguine and Chrisian mystic
Agnes Block (1629–1704), Dutch art collector and horticulturalist
Agnes Bluhm (1862–1943), German medical doctor and Goethe medal recipient
Agnes Body (1866–1952), British headmistress
Agnes Bolsø (born 1953), Norwegian sociologist
Agnes Booth (1843–1910), Australian-American actress
Agnes Börjesson (1827–1900), Swedish painter
Agnes Borrowman (1881–1955), Scottish pharmaceutical chemist
Agnes Boulton (1893–1968), British-American pulp magazine writer
Agnes Rose Bouvier Nicholl (1842–1892), English artist
Agnes Bowker (born c. 1541, death date unknown), English domestic servant and alleged mother of a cat
Agnes Branting (1862–1930), Swedish textile artist and writer
Agnes M. Brazal, Filipina theologian
Agnes Baldwin Brett (1876–1955), American numismatist and archaeologist
Agnes Broun (1732–1820), mother of Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns
Agnes Brown (1866–1943), Scottish suffragist and writer
Agnes Bruckner, American actress and model
Agnes Bugge (born before 1417 and died after 1430), English brewer
Agnes Bulmer (1775–1836), English poet
Agnes Buntine (c. 1822–1896), Scottish pastoralist and bullocky
Agnes Burns (1762–1834), sister of Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns
Agnes Busby (1800–1889), New Zealand pioneer
Agnes Bushell (born 1949), American writer and teacher
Agnes Callard (born 1976), Hungarian professor
Agnes Kane Callum (1925–2015), American genealogist
Agnes Deans Cameron (1863–1912), Canadian educator, writer, journalist, lecturer, and adventurer
Agnes Campbell (1637–1716), Scottish businesswoman
Agnes Canta (1888–1964), Dutch painter
Agnes Carlsson, Swedish pop star, better known by the mononym Agnes
Agnes Castle (1860–1922), Irish author
Agnes Catlow (1806–1889), British writer
Agnes Chan (born 1955), Hong Kong-based singer, television personality, professor, essayist, and novelist
Agnes Chan Tsz-ching (born 1996), Hong Kong rugby union player
Agnes Charbonneau, American politician and educator
Agnes Chavez, Cuban-American artist, educator, and social entrepreneur
Agnes Asangalisa Chigabatia (born 1956), Ghanaian politician
Agnes Chow (born 1996), Hong Kong-based politician and democratic activist
Agnes Muriel Clay (1878–1962), English historian and writer
Agnes Morley Cleaveland (1874–1958), American writer and cattle rancher
Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907), Irish astronomer and writer
Agnes Bell Collier (1860–1930), British mathematician
Agnes Kalaniho'okaha Cope (1924–2015), Hawaiian historian and spiritual healer
Agnes Conway (1885–1950), British writer, historian, and archaeologist
Agnes Cotton (1828–1899), English social reformer and philanthropist
Agnes Marshall Cowan (1880–1940), Scottish physician
Agnes Curran (1920–2005), British prison governor
Agnes d'Harcourt (died 1291), French author
Agnes Dahlström (born 1991), Swedish footballer
Agnes Davies (1920–2011), Welsh snooker and billiards player
Agnes Dawson (1873–1953), British politician and trade unionist
Agnes de Frumerie (1869–1937), Swedish artist
Agnes de Lima (1887–1974), American journalist and writer
Agnes de Mille (1905–1993), American dancer and choreographer
Agnes De Nul (born 1955), Belgian actress
Agnes de Selincourt (1872–1917), Indian Christian missionary
Agnes de Silva (1895–1961), Sri Lankan woman's activist
Agnes de Valence (born 1250), French noblewoman
Agnes Mariam de la Croix (born 1952), Lebanese Christian nun, known as Mother Agnes
Agnes Denes (born 1931), Hungarian-American artist
Agnes Dennis (1859–1947), Canadian educator and feminist
Agnes Devanadera (born 1950), Filipina lawyer and politician
Agnes Digital (1997–2021), American-Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse
Agnes Dobronski (1925–2013), American politician and educator
Agnes Dollan (1887–1966), Scottish suffragette and political activist
Agnes Dordzie, Ghanaian judge
Agnes Meyer Driscoll (1889–1971), American cryptanalyst
Agnes Mary Frances Duclaux (1857–1944), English poet, novelist, essayist, literary critic, and translator
Agnes Dunbar (fl. late 14th century), Scottish mistress
Agnes Duncan (1899–1996), Scottish singer and conductor
Agnes Dürer (1475–1539), wife of the Roman painter, Albrecht Dürer
Agnes Dusart (born 1962), Belgian racing cyclist
Agnes Edwards (c. 1873–1928), Australian craftswoman
Agnes Ell (1917–2003), New Zealand cricketer
Agnes Ethel (1846–1903), American stage actress
Agnes Gardner Eyre (1881–1950), American pianist, composer, and piano teacher
F–M
Agnes Fabish (1873–1947), New Zealand domestic servant, farmer, and homemaker
Agnes Mary Field (1896–1968), English film producer and director
Agnes Fingerin (d. 1514), German businesswoman
Agnes Finnie (died 1645), Scottish shopkeeper, moneylender, and tried witch
Agnes Fleischer (1865–1909), Norwegian pioneering teacher for disabled persons
Agnes Flight (born 1997), Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse
Agnes Flora (1987–2005), Japanese bay racehorse
Agnes Fogo, American renal pathologist and professor
Agnes Fong Sock Har (born 1946), Singaporean military officer
Agnes Freda Forres (1881–1942), British artist and sculptor
Agnes Forster (died 1484), English prison reformer
Agnes Franz (1794–1843), German writer
Agnes Fraser (1876–1968), Scottish stage actress and soprano singer
Agnes Freund (1866– after 1902), German stage actress
Agnes Fry (1869–1958), British bryologist, astronomer, botanical illustrator, writer, and poet
Agnes Moore Fryberger (1868-1939), American music educator
Agnes Buen Garnås (born 1946), Norwegian folk singer
Agnes Garrett (1845–1935), English suffragist and interior designer
Agnes Gavin (1872–1947), Australian silent film actor and screenwriter
Agnes Geene (born 1947), Dutch badminton player
Agnes Geijer (1898–1989), Swedish textile historian and archaeologist
Agnes Geraghty (1907–1974), American swimmer
Agnes Giberne (1845–1939), British novelist and scientific writer
Agnes Giebel (1921–2017), German classical soprano
Agnes Goode (1872–1947), Australian social and political activist, best known as Mrs. A. K. Goode
Agnes Goodsir (1864–1939), Australian painter
Agnes Gordon (1906–1967), Canadian bridge player
Agnes Griffith (1969–2015), Grenadian sprinter
Agnes Charlotte Gude (1863–1929), Norwegian watercolorist and illustrator
Agnes Gund (born 1938), American philanthropist and art collector
Agnes Günther (1863–1911), German writer
Agnes Guppy-Volckman (1838–1917), British spiritualist medium
Agnes Haakonsdatter (1290–1319), eldest daughter of King Haakkon V of Norway
Agnes C. Hall (1777–1846), Scottish writer
Agnes Hamilton (1868–1961), American social worker
Agnes Sillars Hamilton (c. 1794–1870), Scottish reformer, public lecturer, phrenologist, and woman's rights activist
Agnes Hammarskjöld (1866–1940), wife of Swedish nobleman and prime minister, Hjalmar Hammarskjöld
Agnes Hamvas (born 1946), Hungarian archer
Agnes Harben (1879–1961), British suffragist leader
Agnes Hardie (1874–1951), British politician
Agnes Ellen Harris (1883–1952), American educator
Agnes Harrold (c. 1831–1903), New Zealand hotel manager, foster parent, nurse, and midwife
Agnes Headlam-Morley (1902–1986), British historian and academic
Agnes Hedengård (born 1995), Swedish model and reality television participant
Agnes Heineken (1872–1954), German politician
Agnes Henningsen (1868–1962), Danish writer and activist
Agnes Herbert (late 1870s–1960), British writer and big game hunter
Agnes M. Herzberg, Canadian statistician and professor
Agnes Hewes (1874–1963), American children's author
Agnes C. Higgins (1911–1985), Canadian nutritionist
Agnes Hijman (born 1966), Dutch long-distance runner
Agnes Leonard Hill (1842–1917), American journalist, author, poet, newspaper founder/publisher, evangelist, social reformer
Agnes Hiorth (1899–1984), Norwegian painter
Agnes Hotot (fl. 1395), English noblewoman
Agnes Hsu-Tang (born 1972), American archaeologist, art historian, and philanthropist
Agnes Twiston Hughes (1895–1981), Welsh solicitor and politician
Agnes Hundoegger (1858–1927), German musician and music teacher
Agnes Hungerford (died 1523), English murderer
Agnes Hunt (1866–1948), British nurse
Agnes Huntington (ca. 1864–1953), American operatic singer
Agnes Hürland-Büning (1926–2009), German politician
Agnes Husband (1852–1929), Scottish politician: one of Dundee's first female councillors and suffragette
Agnes Husslein (born 1954), Austrian art historian and art manager
Agnes Ibbetson (1757–1823), English plant physiologist
Agnes Igoye (born 1972), Ugandan social worker and campaigner against human trafficking
Agnes Inglis (1870–1952), American anarchist and architect
Agnes Irwin (1841–1914), American educator
Agnes Israelson (1896–1989), American politician
Agnes E. Jacomb (1866–1949), English novelist
Agnes Janich (born 1985), Polish visual artist
Agnes Janson (1861–1947), Swedish mezzo-soprano opera singer and recitalist
Agnes Jekyll (1861–1937), Scottish-British artist, writer, and philanthropist
Agnes Joaquim (1854–1899), Singaporean-Armenian botanist
Agnes Christine Johnston (1896–1978), American screenwriter
Agnes Jones (1832–1868), Irish nurse
Agnes Jongerius (born 1960), Dutch politician
Agnes Jónsdóttir (died 1507), Icelandic Christian nun
Agnes Jordan (before 1520–1546), English Roman Catholic abbess
Agnes Kafula (born 1955), Namibian politician
Agnes Kalibata, Rwandan agricultural scientist and policymaker
Agnes Kant (born 1967), Dutch politician
Agnes Kaposi (born 1932), British-Hungarian engineer and author
Agnes Karll (1868–1927), German nurse and nursing reformer
Agnes Kauzuu (born 1979), Namibian football goalkeeper
Agnes Newton Keith (1901–1982), American writer
Agnes Gilmour Kent-Johnston (1893–1981), New Zealand community leader and broadcaster
Agnes Kemp (1823–1908), American physician
Agnes Keyser (1852–1941), English humanitarian, courtesan, and mistress
Agnes Kharshiing, Indian woman's rights activist
Agnes King (1919–2003), U.S. Virgin Islander historic preservationist and gardener
Agnes Kiprop (born 1980), Kenyan long-distance runner
Agnes Kirabo, Ugandan politician and legislator
Agnes Kittelsen (born 1980), Norwegian actress
Agnes Knochenhauer (born 1989), Swedish curler
Agnes Konde, Ugandan businesswoman and corporate executive
Agnes Kripps (1925–2014), Canadian politician
Agnes Krumwiede (born 1977), German pianist and politician
Agnes Kunihira (born 1966), Ugandan politician
Agnes Lam (born 1972), Macanese poet, educator, journalist, and politician
Agnes Lange (1929–2021), German politician
Agnes Larson (1892–1957), American historian
Agnes Kwaje Lasuba (born 1948), South Sudanese politician
Agnes Latham (1905–1996), British academic and professor
Agnes D. Lattimer (1928–2018), American pediatrician
Agnes Lauchlan (1905–1993), British stage, film, and television actress
Agnes Christina Laut (1871–1936), Canadian journalist, novelist, historian, and social worker
Agnes Le Louchier (1660–1717), French royal mistress and spy
Agnes Brand Leahy (1893–1934), American screenwriter
Agnes Lee (1868–1939), American poet and translator
Agnes Limbo (born 1957), Namibian politician
Agnes Littlejohn (1865–1944), Australian writer
Agnes Locsin (born 1957), Filipino dance choreographer
Agnes Loheni (born 1971), New Zealand politician
Agnes Lum (born 1956), American model and singer
Agnes Lundell (1878–1936), Finnish lawyer
Agnes Lunn (1850–1941), Danish painter and sculptor
Agnes Lyall (1908–2013), American artist
Agnes Lyle (1700s–1800s), British ballad singer
Agnes Lyon (1762–1840), Scottish poet
Agnes Syme Macdonald (1882–1966), Scottish suffragette
Agnes Macdonell (c. 1840–1925), British writer and journalist
Agnes Maule Machar (1837–1927), Canadian author, poet, and social reformer
Agnes Mure Mackenzie (1891–1955), Scottish historian and writer
Agnes Maclehose (1758–1841), Scottish woman who had an affair with Scottish poet and lyricist, Robert Burns
Agnes Maxwell MacLeod (1783–1879), Scottish poet
Agnes Macphail (1890–1954), Canadian politician
Agnes Macready (1855–1935), Australian nurse and journalist
Agnes Magnell (1878–1966), Swedish architect
Agnes Magnúsdóttir (1795–1830), last person to be executed in Iceland
Agnes Magpale (born 1942), Filipina educator and politician
Agnes Catherine Maitland (1850–1906), English academic
Agnes Mary Mansour (1931–2004), American Catholic nun, politician, and public official
Agnes Marshall (1855–1905), English culinary entrepreneur, inventor, and celebrity chef
Agnes Bernice Martin (1912–2004), Canadian-American abstract painter
Agnes Marwa (born 1978), Tanzanian politician
Agnes Mason (1849–1941), British nun
Agnes Katharina Maxsein (1904–1991), German politician
Agnes McCullough (1888–1967), Irish teacher, philanthropist, and activist
Agnes McDonald (1829–1906), New Zealand settler, nurse, postmistress, and teacher
Agnes McLaren (1837–1913), Scottish doctor
Agnes McLean (1918–1994), Scottish trade unionist and politician
Agnes McWhinney (1891–1987), Australian solicitor
Agnes Mellers (died 1513/1514), English co-founder of Nottingham High School
Agnes E. Meyer (1887–1970), American journalist, philanthropist, civil rights activist, and art patron
Agnes Meyer-Brandis (born 1973), German artist
Agnes Kirsopp Lake Michels (1909–1993), American scholar
Agnes Miegel (1879–1964), German author, journalist, and poet
Agnes Milne (1851–1919), Australian suffragist
Agnes Milowka (1981–2011), Australian technical driver, underwater photographer, author, maritime archaeologist, and cave explorer
Agnes Woods Mitchell (1802–1844), Scottish-American writer and schoolteacher
Agnes Mizere, Malawian TV personality, journalist, and blogger
Agnez Mo (born 1986), Indonesian pop star
Agnes Mongan (1905–1996), American art historian and curator
Agnes Marion Moodie (1881–1969), Scottish chemist
Agnes Dunbar Moodie Fitzgibbon (1833–1913), Canadian artist
Agnes Claypole Moody (1870–1954), American zoologist and professor
Agnes Moore (born 1979), American entertainer who performs as Peppermint (drag queen)
Agnes Moorehead (1900–1974), American actress
Agnes Morgan (1879–1976), American director, playwright, actress, and theatrical producer
Agnes Fay Morgan (1884–1968), American chemist and academic
Agnes Thomas Morris (1865–1949), American writer and clubwoman
Agnes Morrison (1867–1934), Scottish charity worker
Agnes Morton (1872–1952), British tennis player
Agnes Mowinckel (1875–1963), Norwegian actress and theatre director
Agnes Mukabaranga, Rwandan politician
Agnes Mulder (born 1973), Dutch politician
Agnes Murgoci (1875–1929), Australian-English zoologist and folklorist
Agnes G. Murphy (1865–1931), Irish journalist and writer
Agnes Muthspiel (1914–1966), Austrian painter
N–Z
Agnes Naa Momo Lartey (born 1976), Ghanaian politician
Agnes Nalwanga (born 1975), Ugandan businesswoman, management professional, and corporate executive
Agnes Namyalo (born c. 1975), Ugandan banker and corporate executive
Agnes Nandutu, Ugandan journalist, politician, and Minister
Agnes Nanogak (1925–2001), Canadian artist
Agnes Nestor (1880–1948), American labor leader, politician, and social reformer
Agnes Neuerer, Austrian luger
Agnes Neuhaus (1854–1944), German social worker and politician
Agnes Ng Siew Heok, or simply Agnes Ng, Singaporean murder victim of the Toa Payoh child murders in 1981
Agnes Nicholls (1876–1959), English soprano
Agnes Nixon (1922–2016), American television writer and producer
Agnes Nyalonje, Malawian politician
Agnes Nyanhongo (born 1960), Zimbabwean sculptor
Agnes Nyblin (1869–1945), Norwegian photographer
Agnes Nygaard Haug (born 1933), Norwegian judge
Agnes O'Casey (born 1995/1996), English actress
Agnes O'Farrelly (1874–1951), Irish academic and professor
Agnes Oaks (born 1970), Estonian ballerina
Agnes Obel (born 1980), Danish indie folk singer-songwriter and pianist
Agnes Odhiambo, Kenyan accountant, financial manager, and civil servant
Agnes Odhiambo, Kenyan female human rights activist
Agnes Okoh (1905–1995), Nigerian Christian evangelist
Agnes Osazuwa (born 1989), Nigerian track and field sprinter
Agnes Elisabeth Overbeck (1870–1919), Anglo-Russian composer and pianist
Agnes Owens (1926–2014), Scottish author
Agnes Ozman (1870–1937), American evangelical
Agnes Pardaens (born 1956), Belgian long-distance runner
Agnes Pareyio (born 1956), Kenyan woman's rights activist, politician, and businesswoman
Agnes Miller Parker (1895–1980), Scottish engraver, illustrator, and painter
Agnes Parsons (1884–1970), American screenwriter
Agnes Lawrence Pelton (1881–1961), German painter
Agnes Penemulungu, Malawian politician
Agnes Pihlava (born 1980), Polish musician
Agnes Baker Pilgrim (1924–2019), Native American spiritual elder
Agnes Plum (1869–1951), German politician
Agnes Pochin (1825–1908), British woman's rights activist
Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), German chemist
Agnes Blake Poor (1842–1922), American author and translator, known professionally as Dorothy Prescott
Agnes Porter (c. 1752–1814), British governess
Agnes Potten (died 1556), English prisoner who was burned at the stake
Agnes Prest (died 1557), Cornish Protestant martyr
Agnes Quaye (born 1989), Ghanaian footballer
Agnes J. Quirk (1884–1974), American bacteriologist, plant pathologist, and inventor
Agnes Quisumbing, Filipino economist and academic
Agnes Raeburn (1872–1955), Scottish artist
Agnes Ramsey (died 1399), English businesswoman
Agnes Ravatn (born 1983), Norwegian novelist, columnist, and journalist
Agnes Regan (1869–1943), American Roman Catholic social reformer
Agnes Rehni (1887–1966), Danish stage and film actress
Agnes Reisch (born 1999), German ski jumper
Agnes Repplier (1855–1950), American essayist
Agnes Reston (1771–1856), Scottish wartime nurse, also known as the Heroine of Matagorda
Agnes Kay Eppers Reynders (born 1971), Bolivian road cyclist
Agnes Richards (1883–1967), American psychiatric nurse
Agnes Millen Richmond (1870–1964), American painter
Agnes Richter (1844–1918), German seamstress
Agnes Ludwig Riddle (1865–1930), American politician
Agnes Jane Robertson (1893–1959), English historian
Agnes Kelly Robertson (1833–1916), Scottish-American stage actress
Agnes Robertson Robertson (1882–1968), Australian schoolteacher, community worker, and politician
Agnes L. Rogers (1884–1943), Scottish educator and psychologist
Agnes Romilly White (1872–1945), Irish novelist
Agnes Rose-Soley (1847–1938), Scottish-Australian journalist and poet
Agnes Rossi (born 1959), American fiction writer
Agnes Rothery (1888–1954), American writer
Agnes Ryan (1878–1954), American pacifist, vegetarian, suffragist, and journal editor
Agnes Salm-Salm (1844–1912), American wife of Prince Felix zu Salm-Salm
Agnes Sam (born 1942), South African writer
Agnes Samaria (born 1972), Namibian middle-distance runner
Agnes Sampson (died 1591), Scottish purported witch
Agnes Samuelson (1887–1963), American educator and school superintendent
Agnes Sander-Plump (1888–1980), German painter
Agnes Sandström (1887–1985), Swedish Titanic survivor
Agnes Sanford (1897–1982), American writer
Agnes Yewande Savage (1906–1964), Nigerian medical doctor and physician
Agnes Scanlon (1923–2018), American politician
Agnes Schierhuber (born 1946), Austrian politician
Agnes Schmidt (1875–1952), German activist and politician
Agnes M. Sigurðardóttir (born 1954), Icelandic prelate
Agnes Simon (1935–2020), Hungarian table tennis player
Agnes Sjöberg (1888–1964), Finnish veterinarian
Agnes Elizabeth Slack (1858–1946), English Temperance advocate
Agnes Sligh Turnbull (1888–1982), American writer
Agnes Slott-Møller (1862–1937), Danish painter
Agnes Smedley (1892–1950), American journalist, writer, and activist
Agnes Smidt (1874–1952), Danish painter
Agnes Smith Lewis (1843–1926), Scottish travel writer alongside her twin sister, Margaret
Agnes Smyth (c. 1755–1783), Irish Methodist preacher
Agnes Sorma (1862–1927), German actress
Agnes Stavenhagen (1860–1945), German operatic soprano
Agnes Steele (1881–1949), American actress
Agnes Steineger (1863–1965), Norwegian painter
Agnes Stevenson (1873–1935), British chess player
Agnes Grainger Stewart (1871–1956), Scottish writer
Agnes L. Storrie (1864–1936), Australian poet and writer
Agnes Straub (1890–1941), German film actress
Agnes Street-Klindworth (1825–1906), illegitimate daughter of Danish journalist, actor, and diplomat, Georg Klindworth
Agnes Strickland (1796–1874), English writer and poet
Agnes Surriage Frankland (1726–1783), American tavern maid who married British baronet, Sir Charles Henry
Agnes Syme Lister (1834–1893), Scottish botanist
Agnes Taaka (born 1980), Ugandan politician, social worker, and legislator
Agnes Tachyon (1998–2009), Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse
Agnes Oforiwa Tagoe-Quarcoopome (1913–1997), Ghanaian activist
Agnes Tait (1894–1981), American painter, artist, lithographer, muralist, and dancer
Agnes Takea (died 1622), Japanese Roman Catholic martyr
Agnes Clara Tatham (1893–1972), English painter
Agnes Taubert (1844–1877), German writer and philosopher
Agnes Taylor (1821–1911), English Mormon pioneer
Agnes Reeves Taylor (born 1965), ex-wife of former Liberian President, Charles Taylor
Agnes Terei, Vanuatuan educator and politician
Agnes Le Thi Thanh, one of the Vietnamese Martyrs
Agnes Thomas Morris (1865–1949), American writer and clubwoman
Agnes Tibayeita Isharaza, Ugandan lawyer and corporate executive
Agnes Tirop (1995–2021), Kenyan long-distance runner
Agnes Tjongarero (born 1946), Namibian politician
Agnes Torres (born 1939), one of the first studied transgender women
Agnes Tsao Kou Ying (1821–1856), Chinese layperson
Agnes Tschetschulin (1859–1942), Finnish composer and violinist
Agnes Tschurtschenthaler (born 1982), Italian middle- and long-distance runner
Agnes Tuckey (1877–1972), English tennis player
Agnes TuiSamoa (1932–2004), New Zealand community organizer and social worker
Agnes Tyrrell (1846–1883), Czech composer and pianist
Agnes Ullmann (1927–2019), French microbiologist
Agnes van Ardenne (born 1950), Dutch politician and diplomat
Agnes van Stolk (1898–1980), Dutch artist
Agnes van den Bossche (c. 1435– c. 1504), Dutch painter
Agnes Vanderburg (1901–1989), Native American teacher, translator, and author
Agnes Gertrude VanKoughnet (1860–1940), Canadian socialite
Agnes Varis (1930–2011), American businesswoman and philanthropist
Agnes Vernon (1895–1948), American silent film actress
Agnes Nebo von Ballmoos (1938–2000), Liberian professor, conductor, composer, and lawyer
Agnes von Konow (1868–1944), Finnish animal rights advocate
Agnes von Krusenstjerna (1894–1940), Swedish writer
Agnes von Kurowsky (1892–1984), American nurse during World War I with whom Ernest Hemingway fell in love
Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben (1551–1637), German countess
Agnes von Rosen (1924–2001), Swedish aristocrat, bullfighter, and stunt performer
Agnes von Zahn-Harnack (1884–1950), German teacher, writer, and woman's rights activist
Agnes Walsh (born 1950), Canadian poet, playwright, actor, and storyteller
Agnes Marion McLean Walsh (1884–1967), Australian nurse
Agnes Warburg (1872–1953), British photographer
Agnes Ward White (1857–1943), wife of Albert B. White, the former Governor of West Virginia
Agnes Waterhouse (c. 1503–1566), English woman accused of witchcraft
Agnes Waters (1893–1962), American politician and realtor
Agnes Baldwin Webb (1926–2001), American basketball player
Agnes Weinrich (1873–1946), American visual artist
Agnes Welin (1844–1928), Swedish missionary
Agnes E. Wells (1876–1959), American educator and women's equal rights activist
Agnes Wenman (died 1617), English Roman Catholic translator
Agnes Wergeland (1857–1914), Norwegian-American historian, poet, and educator
Agnes Westbrook Morrison (1854–1939), American lawyer
Agnes Weston (1840–1918), English philanthropist
Agnes Weston (1879–1972), New Zealand politician
Agnes Wheeler (bap. 1734–1804), British writer
Agnes Burns Wieck (1892–1966), American labor activist and journalist
Agnes Wieslander (1873–1934), Swedish painter
Agnes Windeck (1888–1975), German theatre and film actress
Agnes Wolbert (born 1958), Dutch politician
Agnes Wold (born 1955), Swedish biologist and professor
Agnes Wood (1921–2013), New Zealand artist and writer
Agnes Woodward (1872–1938), American music educator and whistler
Agnes World (1995–2012), American-bred Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse and sire
Agnes Wright Spring (1894–1988), American journalist, writer, and historian
Agnes Yombwe (born 1966), Zambian mixed media artist, arts educator, author, and mentor
Agnes Zawadzki (born 1994), American figure skater
Agnes Zimmermann (1847–1925), German pianist and composer
Agnes Zurowski (1920–2013), American baseball pitcher
Ágnes
Ágnes Babos (1944–2020), Hungarian handball player
Ágnes Bartha (born 1922), Hungarian photographer
Ágnes Bukta (born 1993), Hungarian tennis player
Ágnes Bánfai (1947–2020), Hungarian gymnast
Ágnes Bánfalvy (born 1954), Hungarian actress
Ágnes Bíró (1917–2008), Hungarian swimmer
Ágnes Csomor (born 1979), Hungarian actress
Ágnes Dobó (born 1988), Hungarian model and beauty pageant titleholder
Ágnes Dragos, Hungarian sprint canoer
Ágnes Esterházy (1891–1956), Hungarian actress
Ágnes Farkas (born 1973), Hungarian handball player
Ágnes Ferencz (born 1956), Hungarian sport shooter
Ágnes Fodor (born 1964), Hungarian swimmer
Ágnes Gajdos-Hubai (1948–2014), Hungarian volleyball player
Ágnes Gee (born 1974), Hungarian tennis player
Ágnes Gergely (born 1933), Hungarian writer, educator, journalist, and translator
Ágnes Gerlach (born 1968), Hungarian diver
Ágnes Geréb (born 1952), Hungarian gynaecologist and psychologist
Ágnes Hankiss (1950–2021), Hungarian politician
Ágnes Hegedűs, Hungarian orienteer
Ágnes Heller (1929–2019), Hungarian philosopher and lecturer
Ágnes Herczeg, Hungarian artist
Ágnes Herczegh (born 1950), Hungarian discus thrower
Ágnes Hornyák (born 1982), Hungarian handball player
Ágnes Hranitzky, Hungarian film editor and director
Ágnes Juhász-Balajcza (born 1952), Hungarian volleyball player
Ágnes Kaczander (born 1953), Hungarian swimmer
Ágnes Keleti (born 1921), Hungarian-Israeli Olympic champion artistic gymnast
Ágnes Konkoly (born 1987), Hungarian model, wedding planner, and beauty pageant titleholder
Ágnes Kovács (born 1981), Hungarian swimmer
Ágnes Kozáry (born 1966), Hungarian sprinter
Ágnes Kunhalmi (born 1982), Hungarian politician
Ágnes Lehóczky (born 1976), Hungarian poet, academic, and translator
Ágnes Litter (born 1975), Hungarian alpine skier
Ágnes Lukács (1920–2016), Hungarian-Jewish painter, graphic artist, and school teacher
Ágnes Miskó (born 1971), Hungarian gymnast
Ágnes Mócsy, Romanian physicist
Ágnes Molnár (born 1956), Hungarian politician
Ágnes Mutina (born 1988), Hungarian swimmer
Ágnes Nagy (born 1992), Hungarian footballer
Ágnes Nemes Nagy (1922–1991), Hungarian poet, writer, educator, and translator
Ágnes Németh (born 1961), Hungarian basketball player
Ágnes Osztolykán (born 1974), Hungarian politician and activist
Ágnes Pallag (born 1993), Hungarian volleyball player
Ágnes Pozsonyi, Hungarian sprint canoer
Ágnes Primász (born 1980), Hungarian water polo player
Ágnes Rapai (born 1952), Hungarian poet, writer, and translator
Ágnes Ságvári (1928–2000), Hungarian historian
Ágnes Simon (born 1974), Romanian cross-country skier
Ágnes Simor (born 1979), Hungarian actress and dancer
Ágnes Sipka (born 1954), Hungarian long-distance runner
Ágnes Studer (born 1998), Hungarian basketball player
Ágnes Sütő (born 1992), Icelandic gymnast and coach
Ágnes Szatmári (born 1987), Romanian tennis player
Ágnes Szávay (born 1988), Hungarian tennis player
Ágnes Szendrei, Hungarian-American mathematician
Ágnes Szentannai (born 1994), Hungarian curler
Ágnes Szijj (born 1956), Hungarian rower
Ágnes Szilágyi (born 1990), Hungarian handball player
Ágnes Szokolszky (born 1956), Hungarian educator and psychologist
Ágnes Torma (born 1951), Hungarian volleyball player
Ágnes Triffa (born 1987), Hungarian handball goalkeeper
Ágnes Vadai (born 1974), Hungarian politician and scholar
Ágnes Valkai (born 1981), Hungarian water polo player
Ágnes Huszár Várdy (died 2022), Hungarian writer
Ágnes Végh (born 1939), Hungarian handball player
Agnès
Agnès Acker (born 1940), French astrophysicist and professor
Agnès Agboton (born 1960), Beninese writer, poet, storyteller, and translator
Agnès Arnauld (1593–1672), abbess of Port-Royal and major figure in French Jansenism
Agnès Barthélémy, French physicist
Agnès Bénassy-Quéré (born 1966), French economist
Agnès Bernet (born 1968), French cell biologist and professor
Agnès Bihl, French singer
Agnès Buzyn (born 1962), French hematologist, professor, medical practitioner, and politician
Agnès Cabrol (1964–2007), French Egyptologist
Agnès Callamard (born 1965), French human rights expert and Secretary General of Amnesty International
Agnès Chiquet (born 1984), French weightlifter
Agnès Clancier (born 1963), French writer
Agnès de La Barre de Nanteuil (1922–1944), French Resistance worker
Agnès Delahaie (1920–2003), French film producer
Agnès Desarthe (born 1966), French novelist, children's writer, and translator
Agnès Evren (born 1970), French politician
Agnès Fienga, French astronomer
Agnès Firmin-Le Bodo (born 1968), French politician
Agnès Godard (born 1951), César Award-winning French cinematographer
Agnès Gosselin (born 1967), French figure skater
Agnès Grondin, Canadian politician
Agnès Gruda, Polish-Canadian journalist and fiction writer
Agnès Henry-Hocquard (born 1962), French winemaker
Agnès Humbert (1894–1963), art historian, ethnographer and member of the French Resistance during World War II
Agnès Jaoui (born 1964), French screenwriter, film director, actress and singer
Agnès Kraidy (born 1965), Ivorian magazine editor and journalist
Agnès Lacheux (born 1974), French Paracanoeist
Agnès Laurent (1936–2010), French actress
Agnès Le Brun (born 1961), French politician
Agnès Le Lannic, French table tennis player
Agnès Lefort (1891–1973), Canadian artist, educator, and gallery owner
Agnès Letestu (born 1971), French ballet dancer
Agnès Maltais (born 1956), Canadian politician
Agnès Marin (1997–2011), French murder victim
Agnès Martin-Lugand (born 1979), French novelist
Agnès Matoko, Romanian model
Agnès Mellon (born 1958), French soprano
Agnès Mercier, French curler and coach
Agnès Merlet (born 1959), French film director
Agnès Nkada (born 1995), Cameroonian footballer
Agnès Ntamabyaliro Rutagwera (born 1937), Rwandan politician
Agnès Pannier-Runacher (born 1974), French businesswoman and politician
Agnès Poirier (born 1975), French journalist, writer, and broadcaster
Agnès Raharolahy (born 1992), French sprinter
Agnès Rosenstiehl (born 1941), French author and illustrator
Agnès Soral (born 1960), Franco-Swiss actress, comedian, and writer
Agnès Sorel (1421–1450), favorite mistress of King Charles VII of France
Agnès Souret (1902–1928), French-Basque actress
Agnès Spaak (born 1944), French-Belgian actress and photographer
Agnès Sulem (born 1959), French mathematician
Agnès Tchuinté (1959–1990), Cameroonian javelin thrower
Agnès Teppe (born 1968), French discus thrower
Agnès Thill (born 1964), French politician
Agnès Thurnauer (born 1962), French-Swiss artist
Agnès Troublé (born 1941), French fashion designer Agnès b.
Agnès Varda (1928–2019), French movie director
Agnès Vesterman, French classical cellist
Agnès Zugasti (born 1972), French tennis player
Agness
Agness Gidna, Tanzanian paleontologist
Agness Musase (born 1997), Zambian footballer
Agness Underwood (1902–1984), American journalist and newspaper editor
See also
Juana Inés de la Cruz (Iohanna Agnes of the Cross), scholar, poet, nun and a writer
References
Danish feminine given names
Agnes
Estonian feminine given names
Feminine given names
Filipino feminine given names
Finnish feminine given names
French feminine given names
German feminine given names
Greek feminine given names
Given names of Greek language origin
Hungarian feminine given names
Icelandic feminine given names
Norwegian feminine given names
Scandinavian feminine given names
Swedish feminine given names
sl:Neža
fr:Agnès (prénom) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes%20%28name%29 |
Dave Meros (born 8 February 1956), is an American bass guitar player, best known as the bass player for progressive rock band Spock's Beard. Meros has also played or recorded with such artists as Gary Myrick, Bobby Kimball of Toto, Simon Phillips, Mark Lindsay of Paul Revere and the Raiders and Big Big Train, Martin Orford and played for Eric Burdon and The Animals from 1990 through the end of 2005, and was the bass player for Iron Butterfly from 2015 through 2021. He was also tour manager for Eric Burdon and has worked as a tour manager for further artists as well. As a bassist, Meros' musical influences are varied, including Paul McCartney, John Entwistle, Chris Squire, James Jamerson, Marcus Miller, Francis "Rocco" Prestia of Tower of Power, Chuck Rainey and David Hungate.
Early life
Dave Meros was born in Salinas, California. He has a Business Degree from U.C. Berkeley with Music Minor.
Musical history
Meros began studying classical piano at age 9, five years formal training.
• Studied French Horn, Trumpet, Trombone, Tuba between the ages of 13 – 18.
- Received Bank of America award for musical achievement, 1974.
- Received John Phillip Souza Band Award, 1974.
- Played in Reno Jazz Festival All Star Band, 1974, as a member of the University of California Jazz Ensembles.
• Played bass trombone and tuba in the University of California Jazz Ensembles, 1974–1977, under the direction of Dr. David W. Tucker.
• Began playing electric bass in 1976 while at the University of California, Berkeley. Played professionally since 1978. Relocated to Los Angeles early 1985.
• Played bass and tour managed Rock and Roll Hall of Fame member Eric Burdon and The Animals from January 1990 through November 2005, and toured very extensively worldwide with various bands since the late '80s.
• His main creative venture since 1994 has been recording and touring with the critically acclaimed progressive rock band Spock's Beard, that to date has released thirteen full-length studio CDs plus a large number of live CDs and EPs, Videos, DVDs, and rarities collections. Their 13th studio album, titled "Noise Floor" was released in May 2018.
• Played bass with Iron Butterfly from 2015 through 2021.
Meros currently plays in the Sacramento area based band Rolling Heads and prog-rock band Pattern-Seeking Animals.
Touring experience
- Mark Lindsay (Paul Revere and the Raiders) – 1986.
- Gary Myrick (Geffen recording artist) – 1986 through 1989.
- Bobby Kimball (Toto) – 1989.
- Eric Burdon – January 1990 through November 2005.
- Spock's Beard – 1993 – current.
- The Kings Of Classic Rock - 2007 - 2013.
- Rolling Heads - 2010 - current.
- Iron Butterfly - 2015 - 2021.
Equipment
Dave's current bass for Spock's Beard is a custom built hybrid between a Fender and a Rickenbacker. It is an Alder Ric-shaped body that is contoured like a Fender, with bolt-on Fender Jazz style neck. Dave used four Seymour Duncan Apollo Jazz Bass pickups to do this - two in the Rickenbacker locations and two in the positions where the P / J pickups on a Fender Jazz Bass would normally go. Further customizations include a Full Contact Hardware bridge and a Hipshot Xtender tuning key that will detune the E string down to a D at the flip of a lever.
From 1992 through 2002 Dave used a stock white Rickenbacker in Spock's Beard.
From 2002 through the recording of "X" (bass tracks recorded in November 2012) Dave's main bass was what he terms his "Fendenbacker". It's a Rickenbacker 4001 bass that's been severely modified to serve a variety of purposes. "A buddy of mine found a really trashed Ric in a pawn shop, and I turned it into a project bass to try to make a 'one bass fits all' for myself" says Meros.
It has a set of Fender Jazz Bass pickups set in mid-'70s-era spacing (the bridge pickup moved closer to the bridge than in previous incarnations, giving the bass a "tighter" and more midrange tone) as well as the standard set of Rickenbacker pickups in the traditional Ric positions. This gives Meros four pickups total to choose from, with a switch that chooses between the two fairly different "basses", Rickenbacker or Jazz. All four can also be activated at the same time. A BadAss bridge, Hipshot Bass Xtender (otherwise known as a "Hipshot D-Tuner" or simply a "Hipshot" or "D-Tuner" among bassists) for its ability to downtune the low E-string of a bass typically to D at the flip of a lever) and a string mute that Meros can raise or lower with thumb screws (which were fabricated by Meros himself) were also added.
"I did the refinish on the front of the bass, made the pickguard and did a lot of the other little stuff myself, but I had John Carruthers (Venice, CA) do the stuff that really mattered, like route the body for the two extra pickups, cause you only get one chance to do that, and it has to be perfect. He's the man, totally. He also did a really versatile wiring thing for me and one of the most amazing fret jobs I've ever seen."
More recently, after the neck began delaminating from the body, it was completely rebuilt and refinished by Ed Roman Guitars, a company based in Las Vegas, NV.
In 2007 Ed Roman built Dave a custom instrument designed with most of the same features and specs as the "Fendenbacker" (see below), with a Rickenbacker-like body shape but with a Fender scale length and neck width and more of a Fender body contouring.
Other basses Meros uses are various Fender Jazz and Precision models (One of his Fender Precision basses was used on 2005's "Gluttons For Punishment" tour" while the Rickenbacker was being repaired), a Carruthers five string, and other fretted and fretless basses.
Live and Studio setups:
Live: Bass
Custom "Fenderbacker" with a Babicz Full Contact Hardware Bridge, 4 pickups: 2 in the usual Rickenbacker positions and 2 in the Fender P/J positions
Strings
DR Hi Beams or Sunbeams
Bass Synth
"Taurus" VST plug in triggered by Keith McMillen 12-Step MIDI pedals
Live Rig
Amp: Eden WT-1205 (with two preamp channels and two independent inputs).
Speakers:
2- Eden 410XLT cabs.
"I split the signal coming out of my bass and run one line into my Digitech RP-21d pedalboard and the other directly into one channel of the WT-1205.
The output from the Digitech RP-21d goes into the remaining input of the Eden WT-1205.
I EQ the highs and mids out of the direct channel so that it is only low end and blend that with the Digitech channel since the settings I use on the Digitech pedalboard give me a sound lacking in low end."
Recording
"For recording I just go direct into Cubase (or ProTools or whatever) and use the IK Multimedia plug-in Ampeg SVX.
(Before that plug in was available I used to go through the Digitech pedalboard and into a LIne 6 Bass POD (the POD was to simulate an amp, speaker and mic).
Previous to the POD, I would actually set up my whole rig and put a mic on it. It was often very difficult to find an isolated room to do that, so I am very grateful for modern technology.)"
References
Spock's Beard
Spock's Beard
ERICBURDON.COM | News
RollingHeads Band - cover band Sacramento, live band Sacramento,
Spock's Beard: Dave Meros - MLR Podcast 57 | Music Life Radio
Living people
1956 births
People from Salinas, California
American rock bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
Iron Butterfly members
Spock's Beard members
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
University of California Jazz Ensembles members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Meros |
Assunta Spina is a 1915 Italian silent film. Outside Italy, it is sometimes known as Sangue Napolitano ("Neapolitan Blood").
Plot
Assunta Spina is a laundress living in Naples, engaged to a violent butcher named Michele Mangiafuoco. She is also courted intensely by Raffaele. When she accepts Raffaele's offer to dance during an open air feast in Posillipo, as she feels Michele is ignoring her, tragedy strikes. Michele, blinded by rage, slashes her face and is subsequently arrested. During the trial she bears witness in order to rescue him, saying he never wounded her, but the jury does not believe her. She is enticed by the court vice-chancellor to strike a bargain—Michele will stay in the nearby prison of Naples instead of Avellino, and at the end of the punishment Michele will kill the vice-chancellor before Assunta's eyes. She must take responsibility for the act before the eyes of the police in order to save her man.
Production
The original novel from which the story was taken was written by Salvatore di Giacomo, and had been adapted to a successful theatre drama in 1909. Before Francesca Bertini became a famous actress, she would perform in this drama as a walk-on in the laundry scenes. Five years later, when she had started her career as a film actress, she and actor-director Gustavo Serena adapted the drama for film. Bertini is sometimes listed as co-director of the film. Bertini claimed with some support that she was the director of the film. The film stock was colorized with 4 colors and distributed worldwide by Caesar Film.
Cast
Francesca Bertini - Assunta Spina
Gustavo Serena - Michele Boccadifuoco
Carlo Benetti - Don Federigo Funelli
Luciano Albertini - Raffaele
Amelia Cipriani - Peppina
Antonio Cruichi - Assunta's father
Alberto Collo - Officer
Alberto Albertini
Legacy
Francesca Bertini fully displayed her talent for the first time, introducing a new style of acting on the Italian silver screen. Her performance is generally rated as extraordinary, and in polar opposition to the work of writer and dramatist Gabriele D'Annunzio, who was very popular at the time.
For example, the movie Cabiria by Giovanni Pastrone (1914)—one of the first known films where a camera moves through scenes while filming—was once considered a masterpiece at least in part because D'Annunzio had written the captions, but to modern moviegoers they seem excessively emphatic and redundant. The same can be said of the marked gestures of many actors and actresses of the silent era. Bertini wanted to end this affected behavior, so she focused on realism. Her performances bear a closer resemblance to reality because of some acting devices: never look into the camera, use everyday gestures, and so on. This acting style also reduced the need for captions explaining the action.
Other versions
In 1930 the plot of Assunta Spina inspired a new film by Roberto Roberti. Another was produced in 1948, directed by Mario Mattoli, with Anna Magnani and Eduardo De Filippo as the protagonists.
References
External links
1915 films
1910s Italian-language films
Italian silent feature films
Films based on Italian novels
Italian films based on plays
Realism (art movement)
Italian black-and-white films
Films set in Naples
Films based on multiple works | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assunta%20Spina%20%281915%20film%29 |
Jakhal is a village located in the Nawalgarh tehsil of Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan, India. It is located in shekhawati region, approx. 35 km south of Jhunjhunu city and 20 km east of Nawalgarh. Jakhal was founded by Salehadi Singh Shekhawat on 9 August 1732 (teej of Sravana Shukla 1789). Although hundreds of Jakhal's residents serve in the armed forces, the village's main occupation is farming. In the monsoon seasons, the main crops are bajara (pearl millet), moth, and guar, but in winter, the main crops are wheat, barley, sarson (mustard oil, mustard seed), and chana (chickpeas).
The major part of the population belongs to Jat community with Moond, Khedar.
As per the constitution of India and the Panchyati Raaj Act, Jakhal village is administrated by a Sarpanch (Head of Village), who is elected representative of village. As of 2020, Manoj Moond is the sarpanch of Jakhal. He is serving his second term after being elected for the first time in 2010. He enjoys great popularity in the village and is also famous for defeating Shrawan Singh by 7 votes, getting a total of 1683 votes in the highly anticipated general elections of January 2020.
History
1732 AD Founder: Thakur Salehadi Singh
Jakhal was founded by Thakur Salehadi Singh Shekhawat on 9 August 1732 (Teej of Sravana Shukla 1789). Salehadi Singh was the younger brother of Thakur Shardul Singh (ruler of Jhunjhunu). He was also the commander of his brother's army. He fought several wars on the behalf of his brother. However, he has to stay in Jakhal before attacking Bhorki. He was kind of impressed with the natural beauty of the area and decided to conquer the area from the local warlord. The warlord decided to keep quiet because he knew the stories about Salehadi Singh's bravery.
Jakhal Fort
In 1735, Salehadi Singh built a bastion (burj) in Jakhal. It is believed that Sikar's king Laxaman Singh destroyed parts of this burj in a cannon attack. The remains of this burj is still there (see photo right). Salehadi Singh's four sons – Samarth Singh, Sangraam Singh, Shev Singh, and Gulab Singh – decided to stay in Jakhal and their descendants still live in Jakhal in "Chaar Paana".
Geography
Jakhal is located at . It has an average elevation of 375 metres (1230 feet).
Climate
Jakhal is located in the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan with predominantly hot and arid climate.Large number of people are involved in farming and most of them are still dependent on monsoon for their crops.
Neighborhoods
To the north of Jakhal is Bugala, Ajari, Baragaon, Jhunjhunu, Udawas. To the east of Jakhal is Sonthali, Titanwar, Gudha Gorji ka,. To the south is Bhorki, Inderpura, Udaipur Shekhawati, Dhamora. To the west is Kari, Barwasi, Nawalgarh, Mukundgarh, Sikar, Dundlod.
People
The Jakhal village has population of 6970 of which 3459 are males while 3511 are females as per Population Census 2011.
In Jakhal village population of children with age 0-6 is 996 which makes up 14.29 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Jakhal village is 1015 which is higher than Rajasthan state average of 928. Child Sex Ratio for the Jakhal as per census is 818, lower than Rajasthan average of 888.
Jakhal village has higher literacy rate compared to Rajasthan. In 2011, literacy rate of Jakhal village was 72.75 % compared to 66.11 % of Rajasthan. In Jakhal Male literacy stands at 86.53 % while female literacy rate was 59.65 %.
References
Villages in Jhunjhunu district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakhal |
This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This article contains terms starting with D – F. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other articles.
D
Deemed university: ‘Deemed-to-be-University’, Status of autonomy granted to high performing institutes and departments of various universities in India by Government of India.
Distance education: (or distance learning) A field of education that focuses on the pedagogy/andragogy, technology, and instructional systems design that is effectively incorporated in delivering education to students who are not physically "on site" to receive their education. Instead, teachers and students may communicate asynchronously (at times of their own choosing) by exchanging printed or electronic media, or through technology that allows them to communicate in real time (synchronously). Distance education courses that require a physical on-site presence for any reason including the taking of examinations is considered to be a hybrid or blended course or program.
Dunce: A person incapable of learning. The word is derived from the name of the great schoolman, John Duns Scotus, whose works on logic, theology and philosophy were accepted textbooks in the universities from the 14th century.
Dyslexia: Said to be a neurological disorder with biochemical and genetic markers. Dyslexia was originally defined as a difficulty with reading and writing that could not be explained by general intelligence. One diagnostic approach is to compare their ability in areas such as reading and writing to that which would be predicted by his or her general level of intelligence, but some would say that it is not certain that intelligence should be a predictor of reading or writing ability; and also that the causes, effects and treatments of reading disabilities may be similar for all levels of intelligence.
E
Early childhood education: Covers the education of a child from the period from birth to eight years of age.
Education: A social science that encompasses teaching and learning specific knowledge, beliefs, and skills. Licensed and practicing teachers in the field use a variety of methods and materials in order to impart a curriculum.
Education policy: is the collection of rules, both stated and implicit, or the regularities in practice that govern the behavior of persons in schools. Education policy analysis is the scholarly study of education policy.
Education reform: A plan, program, or movement which attempts to bring about a systematic change in educational theory or practice across a community or society.
Education voucher: (commonly called a school voucher) A certificate by which parents are given the ability to pay for the education of their children at a school of their choice, rather than the public school to which they were assigned. These vouchers would be paid for using tax revenues.
Educational animation: Animation produced for the specific purpose of fostering learning.
Educational counseling: Conducted by counselors in schools and universities. It is intended to help children suffering from education-related traumas such as beatings and other forms of corporal punishment used in many countries. A more common application is with children who have been abused or bullied. The counselor works with the child to help him or her get over the trauma he or she has suffered.
Educational evaluation: The evaluation process of characterizing and appraising some aspect of the education enterprise.
Educational film: A film or movie whose primary purpose is to educate. Educational films have been used in classrooms as an alternative to other teaching methods.
Educational games: Games, including video games of this genre, designed to teach people, typically children, about a certain subject or help them learn a skill as they play. Some people call these types of games edutainment because they combine education and entertainment.
Educational leadership: Leadership in formal educational settings. It draws upon interdisciplinary literature, generally, but ideally distinguishes itself through its focus on pedagogy, epistemology and human development. In contemporary practice it borrows from political science and business. Debate within the field relates to this tension.
Educational organization: Organization within the scope of education. It is a common misconception that this means it is organizing educational system; rather, it deals with the theory of organization as it applies to education of the human mind.
Educational perennialism: Perennialists believe that one should teach the things that they believe are of everlasting importance to all people everywhere. They believe that the most important topics develop a person. Since details of fact change constantly, these cannot be the most important. Therefore, one should teach principles, not facts. Since people are human, one should teach first about humans, not machines or techniques. Since people are people first, and workers second if at all, one should teach liberal topics first, not vocational topics.
Educational programming language: A programming language that is designed primarily as a learning instrument and not so much as a tool for writing real-world application programs.
Educational psychology: The study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational treatments, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment among the general population and sub-populations such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities.
Educational research: Research conducted to investigate behavioral patterns in pupils, students, teachers and other participants in schools and other educational institutions. Such research is often conducted by examining work products such as documents and standardized test results. The methods of educational research are derived chiefly from the social sciences, and in particular from psychology.
Educational software: Computer software whose primary purpose is teaching or self-learning.
Educational technology: The use of technology to improve education. It is a systematic, iterative process for designing instruction or training used to improve performance. Educational technology is sometimes also known as instructional technology or learning technology.
E-learning: An approach to facilitate and enhance learning through, and based on, both computer and communications technology. Such devices can include personal computers, CD-ROMs, Digital Television, P.D.A.s and Mobile Phones. Communications technology enables the use of the Internet, email, discussion forums, collaborative software and team learning systems (see also online deliberation).
Electronic portfolio: In the context of education and learning, an electronic portfolio, normally known as an ePortfolio or a digital portfolio, is a portfolio based on electronic media and services. It consists of a personal digital record containing information such as a collection of artifacts or evidence demonstrating what one knows and can do.
Empirical knowledge: (or a posteriori knowledge) Propositional knowledge obtained by experience or sensorial information. It is contrasted with a priori knowledge, or knowledge that is gained through the apprehension of innate ideas, "intuition," "pure reason," or other non-experiential sources. The natural and social sciences are usually considered a posteriori, literally "after the fact," disciplines. Mathematics and logic are usually considered a priori, "before the fact," disciplines.
Engagement: The sentiment a student feels or does not feel towards learning or the learning environment.
Epistemic theories of truth: Attempts to analyse the notion of truth in terms of epistemic notions such as "belief", "acceptance", "verification", "justification", "perspective" and so on. There is a variety of such conceptions, and they may be classified into verificationist theories and perspectivalist and relativist theories.
Verificationism is based on a certain kind of mental activity: "verifying" a proposition. The distinctive claim of verificationism is that the result of such verifications is, by definition, truth. That is, truth is reducible to this process of verification.
According to perspectivalism and relativism, a proposition is only true relative to a particular perspective. Roughly, a proposition is true relative to a perspective if and only if it is "accepted" or "endorsed" or "legitimated" somehow by that perspective.
Epistemology: (from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (word/speech)) The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. Historically, it has been one of the most investigated and most debated of all philosophical subjects. Much of this debate has focused on analysing the nature and variety of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth and belief. Much of this discussion concerns the justification of knowledge claims, that is the grounds on which one can claim to know a particular fact.
Exchange student: A student (usually from high school or university) who temporarily goes abroad and lives with a host family in a foreign country, and attends school there. That host family often also sends a child of theirs abroad, usually to the same country as the student they are hosting. In this way, the two students are said to have been "exchanged," essentially temporarily trading countries with each other, although the period of exchange may not necessarily be simultaneous. The main purpose of exchange programs is to increase cultural understanding, both for the student and the people in the host country he/she comes into contact with. Exchanges are often arranged by organizations created for this purpose, called student exchange programs. Youth For Understanding and American Field Service are two examples of these organizations.
Experience: Comprises knowledge of or skill in or observation of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or exposure to that thing or event. The history of the word experience aligns it closely with the concept of experiment.
The concept of experience generally refers to know-how or procedural knowledge, rather than propositional knowledge. Philosophers dub knowledge based on experience "empirical knowledge" or "a posteriori knowledge". A person with considerable experience in a certain field can gain a reputation as an expert.
Experiential education: (or "learning by doing") The process of actively engaging students in an authentic experience that will have benefits and consequences. Students make discoveries and experiment with knowledge themselves instead of hearing or reading about the experiences of others. Students also reflect on their experiences, thus developing new skills, new attitudes, and new theories or ways of thinking. Experiential education is related to the constructivist learning theory.
Experimental analysis of behavior: The name given to the approach to psychology founded by B. F. Skinner. As its name suggests, its foundational principle was the rejection of theoretical analysis, in particular the kinds of learning theory that had grown up in the comparative psychology of the 1920-1950 period, in favor of a more direct approach. It owed its early success to the effectiveness of Skinner's procedure of operant conditioning, both in the laboratory and in behavior therapy.
Expulsion (education): Removing a student from a school or university for violating rules or academic honor codes.
Extra credit is an academic concept, particularly used in schools. Students are offered the opportunity to undertake optional work, additional to their compulsory school work, in order to gain additional credit that would boost their grades.
Extracurricular activities: Activities performed by students that fall outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school or university education. Extracurricular activities exist at all levels of education, from high school and college to university education. Such activities are generally voluntary as opposed to mandatory, non-paying, tend to be social or philanthropic as opposed to scholastic, and involve others of the same age. Students often organize and direct these activities under faculty sponsorship.
F
Forbidden knowledge: (in contrast to secret knowledge) Used to describe forbidden books or other information to which access is restricted or deprecated for political or religious reasons. Forbidden knowledge is commonly not secret, rather a society or various institutions will use repressive mechanisms to either completely prevent the publication of information they find objectionable or dangerous (censorship), or failing that, to try to reduce the public's trust in such information (propaganda). Public repression can create paradoxical situation where the proscribed information is generally common knowledge but publicly citing it is disallowed.
Functional illiteracy: Refers to the inability of an individual to use reading, speaking, writing, and computational skills efficiently in everyday life situations. Unlike an illiterate, a functionally illiterate adult could be able to read and write text in his native language (with a variable degree of grammatical correctness, speed, and style), but is unable like the first, even in his own cultural and linguistic environment, to perform such fundamental tasks as filling out an application for employment, following written instructions, reading a newspaper, reading traffic signs, consulting a dictionary, or understanding a bus schedule.
Future Problem Solving Program: (FPSP) An international academic competition. Over 250,000 students internationally participate in the Future Problem Solving program every year. Participating countries include the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Malaysia, Russia, Hong Kong and Singapore.
See also
References
2
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20education%20terms%20%28D%E2%80%93F%29 |
Blunted on Reality is the debut studio album released by the American hip-hop group Fugees. The album was released in February 1994 through the Ruffhouse Records label. Three singles were released from the album, including ”Boof Baf”, ”Nappy Heads” and ”Vocab”.
Blunted on Reality received generally favorable reviews from music critics. In the United Kingdom the album has been certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry. It was followed up with the critically acclaimed second and final album, The Score in 1996.
Background
Blunted on Reality was written and subsequently recorded by the group in 1992. However, following a long dispute with their record label, the album was not released until February 1, 1994.
Most versions of the album contain eighteen tracks, with the addition of a remix of "Nappy Heads". Prior to the release of the album, "Boof Baf" was released as the album's lead single. Commercially, the single was unsuccessful, The album's highest-charting single is "Nappy Heads", which peaked at number 49 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Vocab" was released as the album's third and final single. However, the song was not successful on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
The album was recorded at the House of Music Studios in West Orange, New Jersey. The Fugees have subsequently said that they allowed the producers to have too much control over the album's content and form.
Themes
While Blunted on Reality does not contain nearly as many overtly political lyrics as The Score, the album is still political. Wyclef Jean described the meaning of the title of the album in a 1994 interview on the topical talk show program, Lorna's Corner:
“When the cop is messing around with somebody for something that the person didn’t do and they try to set ‘em up, that makes me blunted on reality. When the government is taking money on arms…and that money could be going back to the community it makes me blunted on reality. It’s just awareness of what’s going on…that’s what blunted on reality means…It don’t mean that I smoke weed…cause I’m too paranoid as it is.”
Reception
Before the release of their critically acclaimed sophomore album, The Score in 1996, the album sold an estimated 12,000 copies. Since then, the album has sold roughly 130,000 copies in the United States.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Singles
Certifications
Notes
A "Vocab" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 8 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.
References
Further reading
1994 debut albums
Fugees albums
Columbia Records albums
Albums produced by Salaam Remi
Albums produced by Wyclef Jean | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunted%20on%20Reality |
Maynooth is a town in County Kildare, Ireland.
Maynooth may also refer to:
Maynooth, Ontario, a very small town north of Bancroft, Ontario, Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth%20%28disambiguation%29 |
CoBank, part of the US Farm Credit System, provides loans and financial services to cooperatives, agribusinesses, rural public utilities and other farm credit associations, who collectively own CoBank. It is also an agricultural export credit agency, exclusive among banks of the Farm Credit System. This makes it an agricultural credit bank, a combination of a farm credit bank and a bank for cooperatives. It is based in Greenwood Village, Colorado, outside Denver.
In 1989, the National Bank for Cooperatives was created under the voluntary options of the Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 by a merger of eleven of thirteen bank for cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives) created with the Farm Credit Act of 1933. The remaining two banks joined in 1995 when it changed its name to CoBank and merged with the Springfield Bank for Cooperatives and the Farm Credit Bank of Springfield, and in 1999 with the merger of St. Paul Bank for Cooperatives. In 2012, CoBank merged with US AgBank, FCB. In 2014, they announced the construction of a new headquarters next to Fiddler's Green Amphitheatre, which opened in December 2015.
See also
Director of Revenue of Missouri v. CoBank ACB
Northwest Farm Credit Services, ACA
Farm Credit of New Mexico, ACA
References
External links
Farm Credit Administration in the Federal Register
Farm Credit System
Export credit agencies
Companies based in Greenwood Village, Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoBank |
The zero-crossing rate (ZCR) is the rate at which a signal changes from positive to zero to negative or from negative to zero to positive. Its value has been widely used in both speech recognition and music information retrieval, being a key feature to classify percussive sounds.
ZCR is defined formally as
where is a signal of length and is an indicator function.
In some cases only the "positive-going" or "negative-going" crossings are counted, rather than all the crossings, since between a pair of adjacent positive zero-crossings there must be a single negative zero-crossing.
For monophonic tonal signals, the zero-crossing rate can be used as a primitive pitch detection algorithm. Zero crossing rates are also used for Voice activity detection (VAD), which determines whether human speech is present in an audio segment or not.
See also
Zero crossing
Digital signal processing
References
Signal processing
Rates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-crossing%20rate |
Kisan Baburao "Anna" Hazare (; born 15 June 1937) is an Indian social activist who led movements to promote rural development, increase government transparency, and investigate and punish corruption in public life. In addition to organising and encouraging grassroots movements, Hazare frequently conducted hunger strikes to further his causes—a tactic reminiscent, to many, of the work of Mahatma Gandhi. Hazare also contributed to the development and structuring of Ralegan Siddhi, a village in Parner taluka of Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra, India. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan—the third-highest civilian award—by the Government of India in 1992 for his efforts in establishing this village as a model for others.
Hazare started a hunger strike on 5 April 2011 to exert pressure on the Indian government to enact a stringent anti-corruption law, The Lokpal Bill, 2011 as envisaged in the Jan Lokpal Bill, for the institution of an ombudsman with the power to deal with corruption in public places. The fast led to nationwide protests in support. The fast ended on 9 April 2011, a day after the government accepted Hazare's demands. The government issued a gazette notification on the formation of a joint committee, consisting of government and civil society representatives, to draft the legislation.
Foreign Policy named him among top 100 global thinkers in 2011. Also in 2011, Hazare was ranked as the most influential person in Mumbai by a national daily newspaper. He has faced criticism for his authoritarian views on justice, including death as punishment for corrupt public officials and his alleged support for forced vasectomies as a method of family planning.
Early life
Kisan Baburao Hazare was born on 15 June 1937 (some sources say 15 January 1940) in Bhingar, near Ahmednagar. He was the eldest son of Baburao Hazare and Laxmi Bai. He has two sisters and four brothers. He later adopted the name Anna, which in Marathi means "elder person" or "father".
His father worked as an unskilled labourer in Ayurveda Ashram Pharmacy and struggled to support the family financially. In time, the family moved to their ancestral village of Ralegan Siddhi, where they owned a small amount of agricultural land. A relative took on the burden of providing Kisan with an education, taking him to Mumbai because the village had no primary school. The relative became unable financially to continue the support and Kisan's schooling ended in the Standard Seventh grade; his siblings never attended school. He started selling flowers at the Dadar railway station in Mumbai and eventually managed to own two flower shops in the city. He also became involved in vigilantism, joining groups who acted to prevent landlords' thugs from intimidating the poor out of their shelter.
Military service
Hazare was drafted into the Indian Army in April 1960, where he initially worked as an army truck driver and was later attested as a soldier. He undertook army training at Aurangabad.
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Hazare was posted at the border in the Khem Karan sector. He was the sole survivor of an enemy attack—variously claimed to have been a bomb, an aerial assault and an exchange of fire at the border—while he was driving a truck. The experiences of wartime, coupled with the poverty from which he had come, affected him. He considered suicide at one point but instead turned to pondering the meaning of life and death. He said of the truck attack, "[It] sent me thinking. I felt that God wanted me to stay alive for some reason. I was reborn in the battlefield of Khem Karan. And I decided to dedicate my new life to serving people." At a book stand in New Delhi railway station, he came across Swami Vivekananda's booklet "Call to the youth for nation building" which inspired him to think deeper. He spent his spare time reading the works of Swami Vivekananda, Gandhi, and Vinoba Bhave. In a blog post, Hazare expressed his views on Kashmir by saying that it was his "active conviction that Kashmir is an integral part of India" and that if required once again for service, he would remain "ready to take part in war against Pakistan."
During his fifteen-year career in the army (1960–75), Anna Hazare was posted at several locations, including Punjab (Indo Pak war 1965), Nagaland, Bombay (1971) and Jammu (1974)
During the Indo pak war, Hazare survived a road crash while driving for the army. He interpreted his survival as a further sign that his life was intended to be dedicated to service. He had another escape in Nagaland, where one night, underground Naga rebels attacked his post and killed all the inmates. He had a miraculous escape as he had gone out to return nature's call and hence turned out to be the lone survivor.
Official records show that he was honourably discharged in 1975 after completing 12 years of service.
Transformation of Ralegan Siddhi
Hazare returned to Ralegan Siddhi, a village then described by Satpathy and Mehta as "one of the many villages of India plagued by acute poverty, deprivation, a fragile ecosystem, neglect and hopelessness."
Although most of the villagers owned some land, cultivation was extremely difficult due to the rocky ground preventing retention of the monsoon rains, this situation was worsened by gradual environmental deterioration as trees were cut down, erosion spread and droughts were also experienced. The shortage of water also led to disease from unsanitary conditions and water reuse for multiple purposes. The economy of the village had become reliant on the illegal manufacture and sale of alcohol, a product on which many of the villagers had become dependent. Many inhabitants borrowed from moneylenders to survive, paying monthly interest rates of as much as 10%. Crime and violence (including domestic violence) had become commonplace, while education and employment opportunities were poor.
Hazare was relatively wealthy because of the gratuity from his army service. He set about using that money to restore a run-down, vandalised village temple as a focal point for the community. Some were able to respond with small financial donations but many other villagers, particularly among the elderly, donated their labour in a process that became known as shramdaan. Some youths also became involved in the work and these he organised into a Tarun Mandal (Youth Association). One of the works of Vivekananda which he had read was Call to the youth for nation building.
Prohibition of alcohol
Hazare and the youth group decided to take up the issue of alcoholism to drive a process of reform. At a meeting conducted in the temple, the villagers resolved to close down liquor dens and ban alcohol in the village. Since these resolutions were made in the temple, they became, in a sense, religious commitments. Over thirty liquor brewing units voluntarily closed their establishments. Those who did not succumb to social pressure were forced to close their businesses when the youth group smashed their premises. The owners could not complain as their businesses were illegal.
Once 3 drunken villagers were tied to pillars and then flogged, personally by Hazare with his army belt. He justified this punishment by stating that "rural India was a harsh society", and that
Hazare appealed to the government of Maharashtra to pass a law whereby prohibition would come into force in a village if 25% of the women in the village demanded it. In 2009 the state government amended the Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949 to reflect this.
It was decided to ban the sale of tobacco, cigarettes, and beedies (an unfiltered cigarette where the tobacco is rolled in tendu, also known as Coromandel ebony, leaves instead of paper) in the village. To implement this resolution, the youth group performed a unique "Holi" ceremony twenty two years ago. The festival of Holi is celebrated as a symbolic burning of evil. The youth group brought all the tobacco, cigarettes, and beedies from the shops in the village and burnt them in a Holi fire. Tobacco, cigarettes, or beedies are no longer sold.
Grain Bank
In 1980, Hazare started the Grain Bank at the temple, with the objective of providing food security to needy farmers during times of drought or crop failure. Rich farmers, or those with surplus grain production, could donate a quintal to the bank. In times of need, farmers could borrow the grain, but they had to return the amount of grain they borrowed, plus an additional quintal as an interest. This ensured that nobody in the village ever went hungry or had to borrow money to buy grain. This also prevented distress sales of grain at lower prices at harvest time.
Watershed development programme
Ralegan Siddhi is located in the foothills, so Hazare persuaded villagers to construct a watershed embankment and associated works to stop water and allow it to percolate and increase the ground water level and improve irrigation in the area. These efforts solved the problem of water scarcity in the village and made irrigation possible.
Cultivation of water-intensive crops like sugarcane was banned. Crops such as pulses, oilseeds, and certain cash crops with low water requirements replaced them. The farmers started growing high-yield varieties and changed cropping pattern. Hazare has helped farmers of more than 70 villages in drought-prone regions in the state of Maharashtra since 1975. When Hazare came to Ralegan Siddhi in 1975 only of land was irrigated, Hazare converted it into about .
Education
In 1932, Ralegan Siddhi got its first formal school, a single classroom primary school. In 1962, the villagers added more classrooms through community volunteer efforts. By 1971, out of an estimated population of 1,209, only 30.43% were literate (72 women and 290 men). Boys moved to the nearby towns of Shirur and Parner to pursue higher education, but girls were limited to primary education. Hazare, along with the youth of Ralegan Siddhi, worked to increase literacy rates and education levels. In 1976 they started a pre-school and a high school in 1979. The villagers formed a charitable trust, the Sant Yadavbaba Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, which was registered in 1979.
Removal of untouchability
The social barriers and discrimination that existed due to the caste system in India have been largely eliminated by Ralegan Siddhi villagers. It was Hazare's moral leadership that motivated and inspired the villagers to shun untouchability and caste discrimination. Marriages of Dalits are held as part of community marriage program together with those of other castes. The Dalits have become integrated into the social and economic life of the village. The upper caste villagers built houses for the lower caste Dalits by shramdaan and helped to repay their loans.
Gram Sabha
The Gandhian philosophy on rural development considers the Gram Sabha as an important democratic institution for collective decision-making in the villages of India. Hazare campaigned between 1998 and 2006 for amending the Gram Sabha Act, so that villagers have a say in the village's development. The state government initially refused, but eventually gave in to public pressure. It became mandatory to seek the sanction of the Gram Sabha (an assembly of all village adults, and not just the few elected representatives in the gram panchayat) for expenditures on development works in the village.
Activism
Anti-corruption protests in Maharashtra
In 1991 Hazare launched the Bhrashtachar Virodhi Jan Andolan (BVJA, People's Movement against Corruption), a popular movement to fight against corruption in Ralegaon Siddhi. In the same year he protested against the collusion between 40 forest officials and timber merchants. This protest resulted in the transfer and suspension of these officials.
In May 1997 Hazare protested alleged malpractice in the purchase of powerlooms by the Vasantrao Naik Bhathya Vimukt Jhtra Governor P. C. Alexander. On 4 November 1997 Gholap filed a defamation suit against Hazare for accusing him of corruption. He was arrested in April 1998 and was released on a personal bond of . On 9 September 1998 Hazare was imprisoned in the Yerawada Jail to serve a three-month sentence mandated by the Mumbai Metropolitan Court. The sentencing caused leaders of all political parties except the BJP and the Shiv Sena to support him. Later, due to public protests, the Government of Maharashtra ordered his release. Hazare wrote a letter to then chief minister Manohar Joshi demanding Gholap's removal for his role in alleged malpractices in the Awami Merchant Bank. Gholap resigned from the cabinet on 27 April 1999.
In 2003 corruption charges were raised by Hazare against four NCP ministers of the Congress-NCP government. He started his fast unto death on 9 August 2003. He ended his fast on 17 August 2003 after then chief minister Sushil Kumar Shinde formed a one-man commission headed by the retired justice P. B. Sawant to probe his charges. The P. B. Sawant commission report, submitted on 23 February 2005, indicted Sureshdada Jain, Nawab Malik, and Padmasinh Patil. The report exonerated Vijaykumar Gavit. Jain and Malik resigned from the cabinet in March 2005.
Three trusts headed by Anna Hazare were also indicted in the P. B. Sawant commission report. spent by the Hind Swaraj Trust for Anna Hazare's birthday celebrations was concluded by the commission as illegal and amounting to a corrupt practice, though Abhay Firodia, an industrialist subsequently donated to the trust for that purpose. The setting apart of 11 acres of its land by the trust in favour of the Zilla Parishad without obtaining permission from the charity commissioner was concluded as a case of maladministration. The commission also concluded that the maintenance of accounts of the Bhrashtachar Virodhi Janandolan Trust after 10 November 2001 had not been according to the rules and spent by the Sant Yadavbaba Shikshan Prasarak Mandal Trust for renovating a temple thwarted its object of imparting secular education.
Right to Information movement
In the early 2000s Hazare led a movement in Maharashtra state which forced the state government to enact a revised Maharashtra Right to Information Act. This Act was later considered as the base document for the Right to Information Act 2005 (RTI), enacted by the Union Government. It also ensured that the President of India assented to this new Act.
On 20 July 2006 the Union Cabinet amended the Right to Information Act 2005 to exclude the file noting by the government officials from its purview. Hazare began his fast unto death on 9 August 2006 in Alandi against the proposed amendment. He ended his fast on 19 August 2006, after the government agreed to change its earlier decision.
Regulation of Transfers and Prevention of Delay in Discharge of Official Duties Act
Before 2006 in the state of Maharashtra, honest government officers were transferred to other places according to ministerial wish, while some corrupt and favoured officials stayed put for decades. Hazare fought for a law whereby a government servant must clear files within a specified time, and transfers must take place only after three years. After many years of Hazare's efforts, on 25 May 2006 Maharashtra announced the Prevention of Delay in Discharge of Official Duties Act 2006. This act provided for disciplinary action against officials who clear files slowly, and enabled monitoring of officials who overstay a post, and for involvement in a corrupt nexus.
This act mandated the government to effect transfers of all government officers and employees, except Class IV workers, no sooner and no later than three years, except in emergency or exceptional circumstances. Maharashtra was the first state to introduce such an act. However, this law was not fully followed.
Campaign against liquor from food grains
Article 47 of India's Constitution commits the State to raise the standard of living, improve public health and prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health.
In 2007 Maharashtra rolled out a policy aimed to encourage production of alcohol from food grain to fill the rising demand for industrial alcohol and liquor. It issued 36 licences for distilleries for making alcohol from food grain.
Anna Hazare opposed the government's policy to promote making liquor from food grain. He argued that Maharashtra had to import food, so producing liquor from food grain was inappropriate. One State minister, Laxman Dhoble said that those opposing the use of food grain for the production of liquor were anti-farmer, and that opponents should be beaten with sugarcane sticks.
Hazare began fasting at Shirdi, but on 21 March 2010 the government promised to review the policy and Anna ended his 5-day fast. But the government later granted 36 licences and grants of (per litre of alcohol) to politicians or their sons who were engaged in making alcohol from foodgrains. Recipients included Amit and Dheeraj Deshmukh, sons of Union Heavy Industries Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh, Bharatiya Janata Party leader Gopinath Munde's daughter Pankaja Palwe and her husband Charudatta Palwe, sons-in-law of P.V. Narasimha Rao and Rajya Sabha MP Govindrao Adik. The government approved the licences despite stiff opposition from the planning and finance departments, saying there was a huge demand in other countries for distilled spirits compared to that of molasses. Hazare sued Maharashtra over the policy in the Nagpur bench of the Bombay High Court. On 20 August 2009 Maharashtra stopped the policy. However, distilleries sanctioned before that date and those who started production within two years of sanction were entitled for subsidies.
On 5 May 2011 the court refused to hear the suit, saying, "not before me, this is a court of law, not a court of justice". A Maharashtra Principal Secretary, C.S. Sangeet Rao, stated that no law existed to scrap these licences.
Lokpal Bill movement
In 2011, Hazare participated in the satyagraha movement campaigning for a stronger anti-corruption Lokpal (ombudsman) bill in the Indian parliament. Known as the Jan Lokpal Bill (People's Ombudsman Bill), it was drafted by N. Santosh Hegde, a former justice of the Supreme Court of India and Lokayukta of Karnataka, Prashant Bhushan, and social activist Arvind Kejriwal. The draft incorporated more stringent provisions and gave wider power to the Lokpal than the government's 2010 draft. These included placing "the Prime Minister within the ambit of the proposed lokpal's powers".
Hunger strike
Hazare began an "indefinite fast" on 5 April 2011 at Jantar Mantar in Delhi as part of the campaign to form a joint committee of government and civil society representatives. He wanted this committee to draft a bill with more stringent penal provisions and gave more independence to the Lokpal and Lokayuktas (ombudsmen in the states). The fast came after his demand was rejected by the prime minister, Manmohan Singh. Hazare said, "I will fast until Jan Lokpal Bill is passed".
The movement attracted attention in the media and thousands of supporters. Almost 150 people reportedly joined Hazare in his fast. Social activists, including Medha Patkar, Arvind Kejriwal, former IPS officer Kiran Bedi, and Jayaprakash Narayan lent their support. People showed support in social media. In addition to spiritual leaders Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, Swami Ramdev, Swami Agnivesh, the former Indian cricketer Kapil Dev and many other celebrities supported him. Hazare decided that he would not allow any politician to sit with him. The protesters rejected Uma Bharti, Om Prakash Chautala and others when they visited the protest. On 6 April 2011 Sharad Pawar resigned from the group of ministers formed for reviewing the 2010 draft.
Protests spread to Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Shillong, Aizawl and other cities.
On 8 April 2011 the Government accepted the movement's demands. On 9 April it issued a notification in the Gazette of India on formation of a joint committee. It accepted the formula that it should be co-chaired by a politician and social activist. The notification stated, "The Joint Drafting Committee shall consist of five nominee ministers of the Government of India and five nominees of the civil society. The five nominee Ministers of the Government of India are Pranab Mukherjee, Union Minister of Finance, P. Chidambaram, Union Minister of Home Affairs, M. Veerappa Moily, Union Minister of Law and Justice, Kapil Sibal, Union Minister of Human Resource and Development and Minister of Communication and Information Technology and Salman Khursheed, Union Minister of Water Resources and Minister of Minority Affairs. The five non-politician nominees were Anna Hazare, N. Santosh Hegde, Shanti Bhushan Senior Advocate, Prashant Bhushan, Advocate and Arvind Kejriwal.
On the morning of 9 April 2011 Hazare ended his 98-hour hunger strike. He addressed the people and set a deadline of 15 August 2011 to pass the bill. He said that
Hazare said that if the bill did not pass he would call for a mass nation-wide agitation. He called his movement a "second struggle for independence" and he will continue the fight.
Hazare threatened on 28 July 2012 to proceed with his fast-unto-death on the Jan Lokpal Bill issue. He also stated that country's future is not safe in the hands of Congress and BJP and he would campaign in the coming elections for those with clean background. On the third day of his indefinite fast, Anna stated that he will not talk even to the Prime Minister till his demands are met. On 2 August 2012 Hazare said that there was nothing wrong with forming a new political party but, he would neither join the party nor contest elections. Team and Anna have decided to end their indefinite fast on 3 August 2012 at 5 pm after which the team will announce their decision to enter politics.
Draft bill
During the meeting of the joint drafting committee on 30 May 2011, the Union government members opposed the inclusion of the prime minister, higher judiciary and the acts of the MPs under the purview of the JanLokpal in the draft bill. On 31 May, Mukherjee sent a letter to the chief ministers of all states and party leaders seeking their opinion on six contentious issues, including whether to bring the prime minister and judges of India's Supreme Court and High Courts under the law's purview. But the civil society members of the drafting committee considered that keeping them out would be a violation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.
Hazare and other civil society members decided to boycott the 6 June 2011 drafting committee meeting to protest the forcible eviction of Swami Ramdev and his followers by the Delhi Police from Ramlila Maidan on 5 June 2011, while they were on a hunger strike against black money and corruption.
On 6 June 2011, the civil society members wrote to Mukherjee, explaining reasons for their absence and also asking government to go public on the major issues. They also decided to attend only future meetings that were telecast live. On 8 June at Rajghat, describing his movement as the second freedom struggle, Hazare criticised the Government for trying to discredit the drafting committee and threatened to go on indefinite fast again starting 16 August 2011 if the Lokpal Bill had not passed. He also criticised the Government for putting hurdles in front of the Bill and for maligning the civil society members.
Indefinite fast
On 28 July 2011 the union cabinet approved a draft of the Lokpal Bill, which kept the Prime Minister, judiciary and lower bureaucracy out of the ombudsman's scope. Hazare rejected the government version by describing it as "cruel joke". He wrote a letter to Singh announcing his decision to begin an indefinite fast from 16 August 2011 at Jantar Mantar, if the government introduced its own version of the bill without taking suggestions from civil society members. Hazare wrote:
Within twenty four hours of cabinet's endorsement of a weak Lokpal Bill, over ten thousand people from across the country sent faxes directly to the government demanding a stronger bill. The Mumbai Taxi Men's Union, comprising over 30,000 taxi drivers supported Hazare's fast by keeping all taxis off the roads on 16 August. Lawyers of Allahabad High Court described the government proposal as against the national interest and pledged their support to Hazare by hunger striking at Allahabad on 16 August. On 30 July Vishwa Hindu Parishad supported his fast by saying movement for an effective anti-corruption ombudsman needed the people's backing.
On 1 August 2011, Public interest litigation was filed in the Supreme Court of India by Hemant Patil, a Maharashtra-based social worker and businessman, to restrain Hazare, alleging that Hazare's demands were unconstitutional and amounted to interference in the legislative process.
Arrest and aftermath
On 16 August 2011, Hazare was arrested, four hours before the planned indefinite hunger strike. Rajan Bhagat, spokesman for Delhi Police, said police arrested Hazare for illegally gathering in a Delhi park to begin his hunger strike, claiming that Hazare refused to meet police conditions for allowing the protest. The conditions included restricting the fast to three days and the number of protesters to 5,000. Later in the afternoon, Hazare refused bail. The magistrate dispatched him to Tihar jail for seven days. After announcements by Prashant Bhushan, local television, and social media sites (including Facebook), thousands marched in support from the India Gate to Jantar Mantar.
Media reported that about 1,300 supporters were detained by police in Delhi, including Arvind Kejriwal, Shanti Bhushan, Kiran Bedi and Manish Sisodia. Protesters reportedly courted arrest in different parts of the country. Opposition parties came out against the arrest, likening the government action to the emergency imposed in the country in 1975. Both houses of Parliament adjourned over the issue.
After four hours in detention Hazare was released unconditionally by the police, but
refused to leave Tihar Jail. Hazare demanded unconditional permission to fast at Ramlila Maidan. Hazare continued his fast inside the jail.
After his arrest, Hazare received support from people across the country. There were reports of "nearly 570 demonstrations and protests by Anna supporters across the country". Due to the millions of protesters nationwide, the government allowed him to begin a public hunger strike of fifteen days. After talks with public authorities, Hazare decided to hold his protest at Ramlila Maidan, New Delhi. On 20 August Hazare "left the Tihar Jail for the Ramlila Grounds". Hazare promised reporters "he would fight to the 'last breath' until the government gets his team's Jan Lokpal Bill passed in this session of Parliament, which ends on 8 September."
Fast at Ramlila Maidan
On 20 August 2011 thousands came to show their support for Hazare, while "his advisers made television appearances to rally public support and defend themselves against criticism that their protest campaign and refusal to compromise is undermining India's parliamentary process." The National Campaign for People's Right to Information (NCPRI) condemned Hazare's deadline for passing the bill as undermining democracy, which operates by
The Congress party confirmed that Maharashtra Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Umesh Chandra Sarangi, who had a history of mediating between Hazare and officials, was meeting "to find points of consensus and defuse the situation". On 21 August "tens of thousands" watched Hazare as he sat on an elevated platform. It was reported that Hazare at that point had "lost more than seven pounds since beginning his fast". Despite this he stated, "I will not withdraw my hunger strike until the Jan Lokpal bill is passed in the Parliament. I can die but I will not bend." Hazare ended his fast on 28 August, after the Lokpal Bill passed unanimously.
He was admitted to Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon for post-fast care. He had lost and was very dehydrated after the 288-hour fast.
I Am Anna Campaign
Within a few days of Anna Hazare's first fast demanding a strong Lokpal (on 5 April 2011), supporters started a campaign known as "I Am Anna Hazare", which was similar to the "We Are All Khaled Said" campaign from the Egyptian uprising. During Anna Hazare's second fast, his topi, the cap which became synonymous with Anna Hazare, became almost a fashion statement. Sales of the topis hit an all-time high. Kiran Bedi recommended that the "I am Anna" topi be displayed whenever someone asked for a bribe.
Fast on MMRDA ground
On 27 December 2011, Hazare began a 3-day hunger strike at MMRDA grounds, Bandra Kurla Complex, to demand a stronger Lokpal bill than was in debate. Hazare ended the fast on 28 December, after his doctors said that his kidneys might fail if he continued.
Before reaching the venue, Anna paid tribute to Mahatma Gandhi at Juhu Beach. On his way to a rally with several thousand people, he took two-and-half hours to reach the ground, passing through Santacruz, Tulip Star Hotel, Mithibai College, SV Road, Vile Parle, Khar and Bandra Highway.
A PIL petition filed against the fast was turned down by the Karnataka High Court. A judge noted that there was no public interest in the petition.
Electoral reform movement
In 2011, Hazare demanded an amendment to the electoral law to incorporate the option of None of the above in the electronic voting machines during the Indian elections. The "None of the above (NOTA)" is a ballot option that allows an electorate to indicate disapproval of all of the candidates in an electoral system, in case of non-availability of any candidate of his choice, as his Right to Reject. Soon, the Chief Election Commissioner of India Shahabuddin Yaqoob Quraishi supported Hazare's demand for the electoral reforms.
On 31 March 2013 Hazare started Jantantra Yatra from the city of Amritsar. He is expecting to address various issues, including electoral reforms such as the right to reject a candidate.
Protest against atrocities against Swami Ramdev and his supporters
On 8 June 2011 Anna Hazare and thousands of his supporters fasted from 10 am to 6 pm at Rajghat to protest against the midnight crackdown of 5 June by the Delhi Police on Swami Ramdev's fast at Ramlila ground protests. Anna Hazare held the Prime Minister of India responsible for the atrocities and termed the police action as an attempt to stifle democracy. According to one of Hazare's young supporters, the large presence of youths at the protest was due to his use of nonviolent protest, similar to Gandhi.
On 9 August 2013, Anna's office announced his anti-corruption organisation Bhrashtachar Virodhi Jan Andolan (BVJA) is no longer tackling corruption issues at a personal or social level. In an email circulated to India Against Corruption's membership, the veteran Gandhian's office has clarified that Anna "is now focused on Janlokpal, Right to Reject, Right to Recall, Farmers problems, Change in Education in System".
2015 Land acquisition ordinance protest
In February 2015, he protested for two days at Jantar Mantar in Delhi against ordinance on the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.
Other activities and controversies
Hazare has been accused of being an agent of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) a right-wing Hindu body. According to Digvijay Singh a senior leader of the Indian National Congress, the entire crusade of 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement was planned by RSS in which Plan-A was Baba Ramdev while Plan-B was Anna Hazare. Their basic job was to disturb national security. Singh also charged Hazare with having links with late RSS leader Nanaji Deshmukh with whom he worked as a secretary. Hazare denied any such associations.
India's OPEN Magazine editorialised that it was "nonsense" to say Hazare's anti-corruption movement of 2011–12 was apolitical. The op-ed went on to say that the purpose of the movement was that, so long as the Congress Party was kept out of power, corrupt politicians of any other party could be elected to Parliament. The example of Ajay Chautala (now convicted for corruption) was cited. "In effect, Anna and his team are campaigning for Ajay Chautala effectively the first candidate put up for election by the India Against Corruption movement".
In a press conference in April 2011, Hazare praised Narendra Modi, the chief minister of Gujarat and Nitish Kumar, chief minister of Bihar for their efforts on rural development, saying that other chief ministers should emulate them. Subsequently, Modi wrote an open letter to him, hailing him as a Gandhian anti-corruption activist while Digvijay Singh criticised Hazare for his comment. In May 2011, during his visit to Gujarat, Hazare changed his view and criticised Modi for rampant corruption. He urged Modi to appoint a Lokayukta. He also commented that the media had projected an incorrect image of Vibrant Gujarat. Subsequently, Hazare declared that Modi is not a suitable candidate for the position of Prime Minister. He criticised Modi for not doing enough to curb corruption and his unwillingness to set up a Lokayukta in Gujarat. Hazare questioned Modi's secular credentials.
The government of the state of Maharashtra instituted a Commission of Inquiry under Justice PB Sawant in September 2003 to enquire into allegations of corruption against several people, including four ministers in the state as well as the "Hind Swaraj Trust" headed by Hazare. The Commission submitted its report on 22 February 2005, indicting the Trust for corruptly spending Rs. 220,000 on Hazare's birthday celebrations.
Hazare's lawyer Milind Pawar responded that the commission had remarked about "irregularities" in the accounts, but had not held him guilty of any "corrupt" practices. Pawar said that on 16 June 1998, a celebration was organised to congratulate Hazare on winning an award from a US–based NGO and it coincided with his 61st birthday. The trust spent Rs 218,000 for the function. Abhay Phirodia, a Pune-based industrialist, who took the initiative to organise this function donated an amount of Rs to the trust by cheque soon afterwards. Hazare dared the government to file a First Information Report (FIR) against him to prove the charges.
Conspiracy to murder Hazare
Hazare exposed corruption in cooperative sugar factories in Maharashtra, including one controlled by Dr.Padamsinh Bajirao Patil, a member of Parliament of 15th Lok Sabha and higher-ranking Leader of Nationalist Congress Party from Osmanabad. Patil was accused in the 2006 murder case of Congress leader Pawanraje Nimabalkar.
The conspiracy to kill Hazare was exposed when Parasmal Jain, an accused in the Nimbalkar murder case, in his written confession before a magistrate said that Patil had paid him to murder Nimbalkar, and also offered him supari (contract killing sum) to kill Anna Hazare. After this written confession, Hazare appealed to the state government of Maharashtra to lodge a separate First Information Report ( FIR ) against Patil but the government declined. On 26 September 2009 Hazare lodged his own complaint at Parner police station of Ahmednagar District in Maharashtra against Patil. Patil approached the High Court seeking anticipatory bail but on 14 October 2009, the Aurangabad bench of Bombay High Court rejected his application, observing that there was prima facie case against him. Padmasinh Patil appealed to the Supreme Court of India losing again, on 6 November 2009. On 11 November 2009 Patil surrendered before the sessions court in Latur and was sent to judicial remand for 14 days. On 16 December 2009 the Aurangabad bench granted bail.
As of December 2011, Hazare received Z+ security.
Honours, awards and international recognition
Film
The Marathi film Mala Anna Vhaychay (I want to become Anna) is based on Hazare's work. The role of Hazare has been played by Arun Nalawade.
Anna – a 2016 Indian Hindi-language biographical film based on the life of Anna Hazare by Shashank Udapurkar and starring Udapurkar as Hazare.
Andolan Ek Suruvat Ek Shevat is a 2014 Indian Marathi-language film inspired by Hazare who also stars in a lead-role, his first such film work.
Personal life
Hazare is unmarried. He has lived in a small room attached to the Sant Yadavbaba temple in Ralegan Siddhi since 1975. On 16 April 2011, he declared his bank balance of and as money in hand. He owns 0.07 hectares of family land in Ralegan Siddhi, which is being used by his brothers. He donated for village use two other pieces of land donated to him by the Indian Army and by a villager.
Writings
See also
Hartal
References
Further reading
Periwinkle Environmental Education Part-X Author-Harendra Chakhaiyar, Publisher- Jeevandeep Prakashan Pvt Ltd,
From Poverty to Plenty: The Story of Ralegan Siddhi Volume 5 of Studies in Ecology and Sustainable Development. Authors- Ganesh Pangare, Vasudha Pangare. Publisher: Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, 1992.
Dynamics of rural development: lessons from Ralegan Siddhi Publisher- Foundation for Research in Community Health, 2002.
Troubles and Wet Solutions: Success Story of Ralegan Siddhi's Watershed Development Project Centre for Alternative Agriculture Media
Ralegan Siddhi Authors: Ramesh Awasthi, Dashrath K. Panmand, Foundation for Research in Community Health (Bombay, India) Publisher: Foundation for Research in Community Health, 1994. Original from The University of Michigan. Digitized 22 December 2009. Length 92 pages
Religion and ecology in India and Southeast Asia Authors- David L. Gosling, Ninian Smart, Contributor- Ninian Smart, Edition-illustrated, Publisher- Routledge, 2001,
Springs of life: India's water resources Authors Ganesh Pangare, Vasudha Pangare, Binayak Das, World Water Institute (Pune, India), Bharathi Integrated Rural Development Society, Edition- illustrated, Publisher-Academic Foundation, 2006.
External links
Civil Society – Official website
20th-century Indian judges
1937 births
Indian Hindus
Living people
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Indian civil rights activists
Gandhians
Indian Army personnel
Nonviolence advocates
Freedom of information activists
Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work
Indian human rights activists
Indian revolutionaries
Marathi politicians
Maharashtra politicians
20th-century Indian educational theorists
People from Ahmednagar district
Maharashtra academics
Social workers from Maharashtra
Hunger strikers
Inmates of Tihar Jail
Prisoners and detainees of Maharashtra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Hazare |
(One Way or Another) is a 1977 Cuban romantic drama film. Directed by Sara Gómez, the film mixes documentary-style footage with a fictional story that looks at the poor neighborhoods of Havana shortly after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. The film illustrates the history before the background of the development process in Cuba. It demonstrates how tearing down slums and building modern settlements does not immediately change the culture of the inhabitants.
Gómez completed filming with leading actors Mario Balmaseda and Yolanda Cuellar just before her death in June 1974 during its post-production. Final work was initially credited to Tomás Gutiérrez Alea and Julio García-Espinosa before its posthumous release in 1977. Later, in 2021, however, editor Iván Arocha said he and cinematographer Luis García concluded the film following her initial plan.
It was digitally restored by Arsenal Filminstitut in 2021.
Plot
Yolanda, a female teacher, cannot find the best methods to teach the marginalized children of the slums because of their different origins. Mario, a worker in a bus factory and a typical macho man, is confronted by Yolanda's instinct for emancipation. The two nonetheless become lovers. Their relationship portrays the idea that racism, sexism, and class-based prejudices must be demolished in order to succeed.
See also
Social realism
References
External links
1977 films
1977 romantic drama films
1970s Spanish-language films
Cuban black-and-white films
Cuban drama films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Cierta%20Manera |
Viviers (, also Viviers-sur-Rhône; ) is a village in the department of Ardèche in southern France. It is famed for its medieval catherdral and views over the Rhone river
The administrative and religious capital of Vivarais, the town of Viviers, on the right bank of the Rhône, in southern Ardèche, retains an important heritage from its rich past, including many listed monuments. These include the Town Hall, in the former bishops' palace; the 18th-century Hôtel de Roqueplane, now the seat of the diocese; the Cathedral of St Vincent, Romanesque, flamboyant Gothic and 18th-century in style, with its choir decorated by Gobelins tapestries and its marble high altar; the 16th-century Knights' House (Maison des Chevaliers) with its Renaissance façade, decorated with medallioned busts; and the Grande Rue with the elegant mansions of Beaulieu and Tourville, both dating from the 18th century.
Population
History
Viviers became the capital of the Gaulish Helvii tribe following the decline of nearby Alba-la-Romaine.
In late Roman times, it also became a bishopric and the capital of the pays Vivarais. Today, it is still the see of the bishop of Ardèche.
In the 6th century, Venant de Viviers served as the Bishop of Viviers.
See also
Communes of the Ardèche department
Diocese of Viviers
Viviers Cathedral
References
Communes of Ardèche
Vivarais
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places on the Rhône
Populated riverside places in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviers%2C%20Ard%C3%A8che |
Caught Inside was a four-member punk band originally from Miami, Florida. They played a lot at Cheers, a punk rock club in Miami, Florida. They were an active band from Winter 1994 until Winter of 2000. Most notably, they were signed to Drive-Thru Records after Stephanie and Richard Reines heard their 1998 EP Bolts in the Machine. Richard Reines calls this release the unofficial DTR No. 9, but the Bolts in the Machine EP was never sold with a drive-thru Logo. After their departure from Drive-Thru the band recorded a full-length CD before breaking up in 2000. Since their breakup they have played a few shows together in the Miami Area.
References
Musical groups from Miami | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught%20Inside%20%28band%29 |
Greatest Hits is the first greatest hits album released by Fugees. The album was released on March 25, 2003, by the group's former record label, Columbia Records. The album features a range of material from both of the group's studio albums, as well as previously unreleased material. The album's track listing in the United Kingdom was completely different from that of the U.S. track listing.
Track listing
US Edition
"Vocab (Refugees Hip Hop Mix)"
"Nappy Heads (Remix Radio Edit)"
"Fu-Gee-La"
"How Many Mics"
"Killing Me Softly With His Song"
"No Woman, No Cry"
"Cowboys"
"The Score"
"The Sweetest Thing (Mahogany Mix)"
"Ready or Not (Salaam's Ready for the Show Remix)
UK Edition
"Fu-Gee-La" (Jean, Michel, Hill, McGrier, Brockert, Remi) – 4:06
"No Woman, No Cry" (Ford) – 4:20
"Ready or Not" (Feat "Boadicea" by Enya) (Jean, Michel, Hill, Hart, Bell) – 3:48
"Killing Me Softly" (Gimbel, Fox, Jean, Hill) – 4:52
"The Score" (Jean, Michel, Hill, Diamond D) – 4:09
"How Many Mics" (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 4:15
"Cowboys" (Jean, Michel, Hill, Forte, Zee, Digga) – 4:46
"Nappy Heads" (Remix Radio Edit) (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 4:38
"Vocab" (Refugees Hip Hop Remix) (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 4:02
"The Sweetest Thing" (Mahogany Mix) (Hill, Jean, DeVorzon) – 4:24
"A Change Is Gonna Come" (Live From BBC Radio 1) (Cooke) – 2:47
"Killing Me Softly" (Live From MCM) (Gimbel, Fox) – 4:35
"Freestyle" (Live From BBC Radio 1) (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 4:59
International Edition
"Boof Baf" (Bayyan, Jean, Michel) – 3:52
"Nappy Heads" (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 3:56
"Vocab" (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 3:47
"Fu-Gee-La" (Jean, Michel, Hill, McGrier, Brockert, Remi) – 4:06
"Killing Me Softly" (Gimbel, Fox) – 4:52
"Ready Or Not" (Jean, Michel, Hill, Hart, Bell) – 3:47
"No Woman, No Cry" (Ford) – 4:20
"Don't Cry, Dry Your Eyes" (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 5:03
"Rumble in the Jungle" (Jean, Michel, Hill, Taylor, Fareed, Smith, Forte) – 4:16
"Ready Or Not" (Ready For The Show Remix) (Jean, Michel, Hill, Hart) – 5:36
Japan bonus tracks
11. Fu-Gee-La (North Side Mix) – 4:17
12. Killing Me Softly With His Song (Sound Barrier Remix) – 4:20
13. Ready Or Not (Clark Kent/ Django Remix) – 5:18
14. The Sweetest Thing – 4:51
Charts
Certifications
References
2003 greatest hits albums
Fugees compilation albums
Albums produced by Wyclef Jean
Columbia Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest%20Hits%20%28Fugees%20album%29 |
In combinatorial mathematics, the q-difference polynomials or q-harmonic polynomials are a polynomial sequence defined in terms of the q-derivative. They are a generalized type of Brenke polynomial, and generalize the Appell polynomials. See also Sheffer sequence.
Definition
The q-difference polynomials satisfy the relation
where the derivative symbol on the left is the q-derivative. In the limit of , this becomes the definition of the Appell polynomials:
Generating function
The generalized generating function for these polynomials is of the type of generating function for Brenke polynomials, namely
where is the q-exponential:
Here, is the q-factorial and
is the q-Pochhammer symbol. The function is arbitrary but assumed to have an expansion
Any such gives a sequence of q-difference polynomials.
References
A. Sharma and A. M. Chak, "The basic analogue of a class of polynomials", Riv. Mat. Univ. Parma, 5 (1954) 325–337.
Ralph P. Boas, Jr. and R. Creighton Buck, Polynomial Expansions of Analytic Functions (Second Printing Corrected), (1964) Academic Press Inc., Publishers New York, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Library of Congress Card Number 63-23263. (Provides a very brief discussion of convergence.)
Q-analogs
Polynomials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-difference%20polynomial |
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok (, ) is the name of an administrative county (comitatus or vármegye) in Hungary. It lies in central Hungary and shares borders with the Hungarian counties Pest, Heves, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Hajdú-Bihar, Békés, Csongrád, and Bács-Kiskun. The rivers Tisza and Körös flow through the county. The capital of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county is Szolnok. Its area is 5582 km². The county is named after the Ossetians (Jasz) and Cumans (Kun) who settled there, along with Szolnok. The county was part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion between 1997 and 2004.
Geography
This county has a total area of – 6,00% of Hungary.
Neighbouring counties
Heves and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in the North.
Hajdú-Bihar and Békés County in the East.
Csongrád County in the South.
Bács-Kiskun and Pest County in the West.
Symbols
Coat of arms and flag
The county's coat of arms was recreated in 1991 from the coats of arms of the former Jászkun periphery, with the crown and frame decoration on it. It consists of the unification of the coat of arms of Jászság, Nagykunság and former Exterior-Szolnok County. The upper part is divided into two equally spaced vertices from top to bottom.
The flag is vertically divided into two equal sections (blue and white), with the coat of arms on it, and the county's name embroidered with gold thread under the coat of arms. Its ratio is 2:1. The use of both coat of arms and flag is regulated by the county council.
History
Demographics
In 2015, it had a population of 379,897 and the population density was 68/km².
Ethnicity
Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Roma (approx. 19,000), German and Romanian (500).
Total population (2011 census): 386,594
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 344,488 persons:
Hungarians: 323,293 (93.85%)
Roma: 18,935 (5.50%)
Others and indefinable: 2,260 (0.66%)
Approx. 56,000 persons in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census.
Religion
Religious adherence in the county according to 2011 census:
Catholic – 124,331 (Roman Catholic – 123,208; Greek Catholic – 1,106);
Reformed – 42,968;
Evangelical – 1,127;
other religions – 4,312;
Non-religious – 108,247;
Atheism – 4,651;
Undeclared – 100,958.
Regional structure
Transport
Road network
As of 2012, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County has a dense network of public roads, totalling in length of which are primary and are secondary. There are of county and communal roads and are covered with light road surfaces.
Highway network
from Budapest to Nagykereki (Romanian border). (planned)
from Szolnok to Szentgotthárd (Austrian border). (planned)
from Kecskemét to Gyula (Romanian border). (under construction)
Road network
runs from Budapest to Záhony (Ukrainian border), via Szolnok, Törökszentmiklós and Karcag. -
runs from Budapest to Füzesabony, via Jászberény and Jászapáti.
runs from Szolnok to Hatvan, via Újszász, Jászberény and Jászfényszaru. ~
runs from Füzesabony to Debrecen, via Tiszafüred.
runs from Tiszafüred to Fegyvernek, via Kunhegyes. ~
old sections of Main road 4.
runs from Kecskemét to Gyula (Romanian border), via Kunszentmárton and Öcsöd. -
runs from Kunszentmárton to Hódmezővásárhely. -
runs from Törökszentmiklós to Mezőberény, via Mezőtúr. -
402 runs from Szolnok-center to Main road 4.
runs from Szolnok to Kunszentmárton, via Martfű. -
Rail network
Rail lines in the county cover of route. 35% are double track, and over 45% () are electrified.
Politics
County Assembly
The county is governed by the County board of supervisors, which is located in the county seat.
The Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County Council, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 counselors, with the following party composition:
Presidents of the County Assembly
Members of the National Assembly
The following members elected of the National Assembly during the 2022 parliamentary election:
Municipalities
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County has 1 urban county, 21 towns, 4 large villages and 52 villages.
City with county rights
(ordered by population, as of 2011 census)
Szolnok (72,953) – county seat
Towns
Jászberény (27,087)
Törökszentmiklós (21,071)
Karcag (20,632)
Mezőtúr (17,510)
Kisújszállás (11,397)
Tiszafüred (11,382)
Tiszaföldvár (11,129)
Jászapáti (8,889)
Túrkeve (8,878)
Kunszentmárton (8,714)
Jászárokszállás (7,929)
Kunhegyes (7,704)
Martfű (6,535)
Fegyvernek (6,507)
Újszász (6,321)
Jászfényszaru (5,680)
Jászkisér (5,467)
Rákóczifalva (5,434)
Kenderes (4,809)
Abádszalók (4,180)
Besenyszög (3,339)
Large villages
Cibakháza
Jászladány
Kunmadaras
Öcsöd
Villages
Alattyán
Berekfürdő
Csataszög
Csépa
Cserkeszőlő
Fegyvernek
Hunyadfalva
Jánoshida
Jászágó
Jászalsószentgyörgy
Jászboldogháza
Jászdózsa
Jászfelsőszentgyörgy
Jászivány
Jászjákóhalma
Jászszentandrás
Jásztelek
Kengyel
Kétpó
Kőtelek
Kuncsorba
Mesterszállás
Mezőhék
Nagyiván
Nagykörű
Nagyrév
Örményes
Pusztamonostor
Rákócziújfalu
Szajol
Szászberek
Szelevény
Tiszabő
Tiszabura
Tiszaderzs
Tiszagyenda
Tiszaigar
Tiszainoka
Tiszajenő
Tiszakürt
Tiszaörs
Tiszapüspöki
Tiszaroff
Tiszasas
Tiszasüly
Tiszaszentimre
Tiszaszőlős
Tiszatenyő
Tiszavárkony
Tomajmonostora
Tószeg
Vezseny
Zagyvarékas
Gallery
Notable people
Many famous people have been born or lived in present-day Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County:
Statesman: Miklós Horthy
Politicians: János Tóth, István Antal, Sándor Fazekas, Mihály Varga
Writers, poets and playwrights: Ferenc Verseghy, István Csukás
Musicians Classical: Déryné Róza Széppataki, Zoltán Jeney, Zoltán Mága. Other: Pál Kalmár, Ferenc Molnár "Caramel"
Scientists: Gábor Szegő, Kalman Laki, Albert Kónya, József Hámori, Avram Hershko
Sportspeople: Aladár Gerevich, Bertalan Papp, Gábor Benedek, Tibor Csík, Pál B. Nagy, Géza Csapó
Actors, entertainers and film directors: Alexander Korda, Zoltan Korda, Vincent Korda, János Görbe, Gyula Szabó, Eszter Tamási
Militarian: Lajos Czinege
Businessman: Sándor Csányi
Others: Gyula Németh, István Sándor
International relations
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County has a partnership relationship with:
See also
Cumans - the ancient nomadic warriors after whom the county is named
References
External links
Official site in Hungarian, English, German and French
Új-Néplap (szoljon.hu) - The county portal
Hungary at GeoHive
Counties of Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok%20County |
Leivatho () is a former municipality on the island of Kefalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2019 local government reform it is part of the municipality Argostoli, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies south of Argostoli, on the central south coast of the island, and has a land area of 62.626 km² and a population of 5,745 (2011 census). Its largest towns are Peratáta (751), Svoronáta (pop. 710), Vlacháta (699), and Lakithra (613).
Subdivisions
The municipal unit Leivatho is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):
Kerameies (seat of the former municipality)
Karavados
Lakithra (Lakithra, Menegata)
Lourdata
Metaxata
Mousata
Peratata (Peratata, Kastro)
Pesada (Pesada, Dorizata, Kountourata)
Spartia (Spartia, Kleismata, Korianna)
Svoronata
Vlachata (Vlachata, Simotata)
See also
List of settlements in Cephalonia
References
Populated places in Cephalonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leivatho |
Nimetazepam (marketed under brand name Erimin and Lavol) is an intermediate-acting hypnotic drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It was first synthesized by a team at Hoffmann-La Roche in 1964. It possesses powerful hypnotic, anxiolytic, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Nimetazepam is also a particularly potent anticonvulsant. It is marketed in 5 mg tablets known as Erimin, which is the brand name manufactured and marketed by the large Japanese corporation Sumitomo. Japan is the sole manufacturer of nimetazepam in the world. Outside of Japan, Erimin is available in much of East and Southeast Asia and was widely prescribed for the short-term treatment of severe insomnia in patients who have difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep. Sumitomo has ceased manufacturing Erimin since November 2015. It is still available as a generic drug or as Lavol.
Nimetazepam was widely prescribed in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Japan, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Hong Kong and Singapore. Prescriptions for the drug have decreased dramatically since 2005 due to rampant misuse and addiction. It is primarily used as an anticonvulsant in children. It is also still used in the most severe and debilitating cases of insomnia in an inpatient setting or in short term outpatient treatment. Hypnotic benzodiazepines estazolam and nitrazepam are used more frequently than nimetazepam for this purpose. Antidepressants such as trazodone and mirtazapine or Z-drugs like zopiclone and zolpidem are first line treatment for insomnia.
Although prescriptions for nimetazepam have decreased, abuse of the drug is still significant in Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines. It is commonly used in combination with methamphetamine and MDMA (Ecstasy) and opiates (especially heroin or morphine). The strict legal restrictions nimetazepam is subject to in Malaysia has made the drug scarce, but many pills sold as nimetazepam in the black market are counterfeit. Diazepam and nitrazepam are among the most commonly prescribed benzodiazepines in the region, and as a result, they are commonly diverted and sold on the black market, often as nimetazepam.
Illicit manufacturing of nimetazepam (sold as Erimin-5) is prevalent in the region. Abuse of nimetazepam continued to rise throughout the 2010s. Seizures of illicitly manufactured Erimin-5 tablets paralleled the seizures of methamphetamine seizures in Malaysia. A small seizure of 46 illicit Erimin-5 tablets were tested for their physical and chemical characteristics. The active ingredient, adulterant, major diluent, and dyes make up the chemical characteristics of a tablet. The results indicated that nimetazepam was the most common active ingredient in the vast majority of the tablets seized. Lactose was detected as a major diluent in the majority of the samples, followed by mannitol and then calcium phosphate dibasic dihydrate. Sunset yellow was found in most of the tablet samples either alone or in combination with other dyes such as tartrazine and ponceau 4R to give the tablets a peach/orange colour. Green tablets in the samples contained brilliant blue and tartrazine dyes. Diazepam, which is primarily an anxiolytic, was the active ingredient in only one tablet out of the 46. Nitrazepam, a powerful sedative-hypnotic, which is also nimetazepams parent drug, was found to be a minor compound together with a caffeine as a major compound in three of the tablets.
In 2003, 94,200 Erimin-5 tablets were seized in Singapore. The Central Narcotics Bureau's (CNB) laboratory tested the tablets with results that confirmed the tablets were indeed nimetazepam.
Pharmacokinetics
Taken orally, Nimetazepam has very good bioavailability with nearly 100% being absorbed from the gut. It is among the most rapidly absorbed and quickest acting oral benzodiazepines, and hypnotic effects are typically felt within 15–30 minutes after oral ingestion. The blood level decline of the parent drug was biphasic with the short half-life ranging from 0.5–0.7 hours and the terminal half-life from 8 to 26.5 hours (mean 17.25 hours). It is the N-methylated analogue of nitrazepam (Mogadon, Alodorm), to which it is partially metabolized. nitrazepam has a long elimination half-life, so effects of repeated dosage tend to be cumulative.
Recreational use
There is a risk of misuse and dependence in both patients and non-medical users of Nimetazepam. The pharmacological properties of Nimetazepam such as high affinity binding, high potency, being short to intermediate – acting and having a rapid onset of action increase the abuse potential of Nimetazepam. The physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome of Nimetazepam also adds to the addictive nature of Nimetazepam.
Nimetazepam has a particular reputation in South East Asia for recreational use, at around USD 7 per tab, and is particularly popular among persons addicted to amphetamines or opioids. In addition, Nimetazepam has an anti-depressant and muscle relaxant effect. Nimetazepam also has withdrawal suppression effect and lower drug seeking versus nitrazepam in rhesus monkey (Macaca Mulatta). which might help stimulant addicts to overcome withdrawal symptoms.
Drug misuse
Nimetazepam has a reputation for being particularly subject to abuse (known as 'Happy 5', sold as an ecstasy replacement without a hangover). Although is still a significant drug of abuse in some Asian countries such as Japan and Malaysia, Nimetazepam is subject to legal restrictions in Malaysia, and due to its scarcity, many tablets sold on the black market are in fact counterfeits containing other benzodiazepines such as diazepam or nitrazepam instead.
Legal status
In the United States, Nimetazepam is categorized Schedule IV FDA and DEA.
Nimetazepam is currently a Schedule IV drug under the international Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971.
In Singapore, Nimetazepam is a physician prescribed drug, and is regulated under the Misuse of Drugs Act. The illegal possession or consumption of Nimetazepam is punishable by up to 10 years of imprisonment, a fine of 20,000 Singapore dollars, or both. Importing or exporting nimetazepam is punishable by up to 20 years of imprisonment and/or caning.
In Hong Kong, Nimetazepam is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. Nimetazepam can only be used legally by health professionals and for university research purposes. The substance can be given by pharmacists under a prescription. Anyone who supplies the substance without prescription can be fined $10000 (HKD). The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing the substance is a $5,000,000 (HKD) fine and life imprisonment. Possession of the substance for consumption without license from the Department of Health is illegal with a $1,000,000 (HKD) fine and/or 7 years of jail time.
Similarly in Taiwan and Indonesia Nimetazepam is also regulated as a controlled prescribed substance.
In Victoria Australia, nimetazepam is regulated under Schedule 11 of "Drugs, Poisons and Controlled substances act 1981". It is deemed to fall under the category of "7-NITRO-1,4-BENZODIAZEPINES not included elsewhere in this Part". .
Toxicity
In a rat study Nimetazepam showed greater damage to the fetus, as did nitrazepam when compared against other benzodiazepines, all at a dosage of 100 mg/kg. Diazepam however showed relatively weak fetal toxicities. The same fetotoxicity of nitrazepam could not be observed in mice and is likely due to the particular metabolism of the drug in the rat.
In a rat study nimetazepam showed slight enlargement of the liver and adrenals and atrophy of the testes and ovaries were found in high dose groups of both drugs at the 4th and 12th week, however, in histopathological examination, there were no change in the liver, adrenals and ovaries. Degenerative changes of seminiferous epithelium in the testes were observed, but these atrophic change returned to normal by withdrawal of the drugs for 12 weeks.
See also
Benzodiazepines
Flunitrazepam — fluorinated derivative
Nifoxipam — fluorinated 3-hydroxylated desmethyl derivative
Nitemazepam — 3-hydroxy derivative
Nitrazepam — desmethyl derivative
Temazepam — related hypnotic with similar side effects profile
References
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams
Nitrobenzodiazepines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimetazepam |
Thomas Wyllie Howie, JP (8 April 1856 – 18 July 1927) was a Scottish captain of industry.
Background
Howie was born in Riccarton, Ayrshire, on 8 April 1856, to Robert and Bethia (Wyllie) Howie, into a wealthy industrial family who had been active in the Covenanting movement. He was born at the family home, Newhouse, an estate house nearby the fireclay mine which the family owned. There he was brought up alongside his cousin, who would become the mining magnate John Howie. The house is now a residential care home. Howie's father, Robert, died at the Crichton Institution in Dumfries, a private lunatic hospital, when Thomas was 27.
Career
He and his wife settled in Falkirk where he became a partner in Campbell & Co Fireclay Works and coal mine, Roughcastle. He later became owner of the business. Previous to settling in Falkirk the Howie family lived in Hurlford, where they owned the renowned Hurlford Fireclay Works (until it was bought by Armitage Shanks), which produced pottery, bricks, chimneys, garden ornaments and enamelled sanitary ware (lavatories, baths, urinals etc.) The family owned much of the town, including Marchmont Place, Salisbury Place, Collier Row, Office Row, Chapel Cottages, Skerrington Row and Howie's Square. They also owned small mining villages, including Hemphill.
A supporter of the Unionist Party, Thomas Howie was a Justice of the Peace and elected a Stirling County councillor for Falkirk, vice-chairman of the Parish Council, as well as chairman of the Landward Committee.
Family
Howie married Barbara Picken, sister of the Town Clerk of Glasgow, and had six children: Margaret, Robert Wyllie, Bethia, Martha, Barbara and Jean. His sons attended the High School of Glasgow and his daughters St. George's School for Girls, Edinburgh. Howie was a cousin of industrialist John Howie, a distant cousin of writer John Howie, first cousin twice removed of the current Lord Glenarthur.
His great-grandson is the actor Robbie Coltrane.
Death and legacy
At a Water Board outing he was taken ill and never recovered, dying in 1927. The local newspaper at the time remembered him as a "bright and cheery man", and notes that he "took a deep interest in parochial affairs and was particularly sympathetic towards the deserving poor". Howie is buried in Falkirk cemetery. On his death, his share of the brickworks business was valued at £12,000, which is equivalent to over £2,300,000 in today's terms (relative GDP per capita).
Howie Place in Falkirk is named after him. It is near the site of the brickworks he once owned.
External links
FutureMuseum page on Hurlford Fireclay Works
List of Mines
List of Miners' Streets Owners
1856 births
1927 deaths
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
People from Riccarton, East Ayrshire
Councillors in Scotland
Unionist Party (Scotland) councillors
British mining businesspeople
People from Hurlford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20W.%20Howie |
Cape Norman is a barren, limestone headland located at the northernmost point of insular Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Cape Norman first appeared on French maps as Cape Dordois, in 1713, and then as Cape Normand in 1744. Eventually, the name became anglicised to Cape Norman.
Cape Norman Lighthouse
The Canadian government built a wooden, hexagonal lighthouse at Cape Norman during the summer construction seasons of 1870 and 1871, and the lighthouse was lit for the first time on 1 October 1871. A local man, Henry Locke, was hired as lightkeeper. In 1890, following a shipwreck at Belle Isle the previous summer, a steam-operated fog alarm was installed at the Cape Norman. John Warren Campbell, a steam engineer from Pictou, Nova Scotia, was hired as lightkeeper and fog alarm engineer, replacing Henry Locke, who was superannuated at that point. John Warren Campbell arrived at Cape Norman on board the SS Montreal in July 1890, beginning a family tenure which lasted until the station was automated in 1992;Alvin Campbell, great-grandson of John Warren Campbell. Alvin Campbell son Warren Campbell took over as lighthouse keeper in 2002 to Present day 2023 at Cape Norman.
See also
List of lighthouses in Canada
Henri de Miffonis
References
External links
Aids to Navigation Canadian Coast Guard
Lighthouse information
Lighthouse at Cape Norman
Norman
Lighthouses in Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Norman |
The Lerman ratio, named after economist Robert I. Lerman, suggest that a government benefit to the underemployed, such as welfare, will presumably reduce their overall hours of work. The ratio of the actual increase in income compared to the benefit is the Lerman ratio, which is ordinarily between zero and one. Moffitt (1992) estimates it in regard to the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program in the US at about .625.
References
Robert Moffitt, Incentive Effects of the U.S. Welfare System: A Review, Journal of Economic Literature, March 1992, p. 17.
Household income
Employment compensation
Labour economics indices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerman%20ratio |
Craspedacusta sowerbii or peach blossom jellyfish is a species of freshwater hydrozoan jellyfish, or hydromedusa cnidarian. Hydromedusan jellyfish differ from scyphozoan jellyfish because they have a muscular, shelf-like structure called a velum on the ventral surface, attached to the bell margin. Originally from the Yangtze basin in China, C. sowerbii is an invasive species now found throughout the world in bodies of fresh water.
Form
C. sowerbii medusae are about 20–25 mm (approximately 1 in.) in diameter, somewhat flatter than a hemisphere, and very delicate, when fully grown. They have a whorl of up to 400 tentacles tightly packed around the bell margin. Hanging down from the center of the inside of the bell is a large stomach structure called a manubrium, with a mouth-opening with four frilly lips. Circulation of nutrients is facilitated by four radial canals which originate at the edges of the stomach (manubrium), and which are also connected to a ring canal, located near the bell margin. Most of the body is transparent or translucent, with a whitish or greenish tinge. The (usually) four large flat sex organs (gonads) are attached to the four radial canals, and are usually opaque white. The many tentacles each contain thousands of cells called cnidocytes, which contain nematocysts (also known as cnidocysts), and are used to capture prey and pass it to the mouth. Food is taken in the mouth opening, and waste is finally expelled out of the same opening.
Habitat and distribution
C. sowerbii is native to the Yangtze basin in China, but has been introduced on every continent except for Antarctica. It can for instance be found in most American states (no reports yet from Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Alaska or Hawaii) and most Canadian provinces (no reports yet from Alberta or Saskatchewan).
It is usually found in calm, freshwater reservoirs, lakes, impoundments, gravel pits or quarries. It has also been seen in slow-moving backwaters of river systems such as the Allegheny River, the Ohio River and the Tennessee River in the United States and the Wang Thong River of Thailand. It is not generally seen in fast flowing streams or rivers.
The medusa's appearance is sporadic and unpredictable from year to year. It is not uncommon for C. sowerbii to appear in a body of water where it had never been documented before, in very large numbers, and its appearance may even be reported on the local news.
On August 21, 2010, C. sowerbii was spotted and captured on the northwest corner of Falcon Lake in Manitoba, Canada. Scientists believe this was due to a heat wave in the Whiteshell Provincial Park area. It is proposed the C. sowerbii came to Falcon Lake on waterfowl originating from Star Lake, Manitoba, Canada. Falcon Lake along with Star Lake remain the only two confirmed sightings of C. sowerbii in Manitoba.
C. sowerbii has been seen in Pennsylvanian lakes and reservoirs including Marsh Creek Lake, Downingtown/Eagle, PA Turnpike/Rt 100/Rt 401, SR 282 (2007,2008).
It has been found in water reservoirs and artificial lakes in south-eastern Australia, including the Thorndon Park reservoir and Lake Burley Griffin.
It was reported in Panama in 1925, Chile in 1942, Argentina in 1950, Brazil in 1963, and in Uruguay in 1971.
Since 2008 the freshwater jellyfish have been sighted every September and October in the Zhaojiaya Reservoir near Zhangjiajie, Hunan, China.
It has been found in the Cauvery River and backwaters of the Hemavathi River in Karnataka, India and in several lakes in Hungary.
During the abnormal heat in the summer 2010 in Russia sightings of C. sowerbii were reported in the Moscow River.
In July 2022, a population was discovered in a pond at Shawnee Park in Louisville, Kentucky.
The jellyfish was discovered in 2023 in lake Korlatoš, near Sombor, Serbia
During the heatwave in July 2023, the jellyfish was found and reported in the Danube River in Vienna, Austria.
Feeding
C. sowerbii is a predator on zooplankton including daphnia and copepods. Prey is caught with their stinging tentacles. Drifting with its tentacles extended, the jelly waits for suitable prey to touch a tentacle. Once contact has been made, nematocysts on the tentacle fire into the prey, injecting poison which paralyzes the animal, and the tentacle itself coils around the prey. The tentacles then bring the prey into the mouth, where it is released and then digested.
Just like salt water jellyfish they do have stinging cells. However, these cnidocyte cells are used for paralyzing very tiny prey and have not been proven to have the capacity to pierce human skin.
Life cycle
C. sowerbii begins life as a tiny polyp, which lives in colonies attached to underwater vegetation, rocks, or tree stumps, feeding and asexually reproducing during spring and summer. Some of these offspring are the sexually reproducing medusae. Fertilized eggs develop into small ciliated larvae called planulae. The planulae then settle to the bottom, and develop into polyps. However, the majority of C. sowerbii populations existing in the United States are either all male or all female, so there is no sexual reproduction in those populations.
During the cold winter months, polyps contract and enter dormancy as resting bodies called podocysts. It is believed that podocysts are transported by aquatic plants or animals to other bodies of water. Once conditions become favorable, they develop into polyps again.
References
Romania
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20090922212421/http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1068 USGS' page about C. sowerbyi
https://web.archive.org/web/20190719042938/http://freshwaterjellyfish.org/ An authoritative and detailed website about Craspedacusta sowerbyi
https://web.archive.org/web/20190721110836/http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artdec99/fwjelly2.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20190718162523/http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov99/fwjelly.html
Kaeng Bang Rachan at Tourism Authority of Thailand (reference to freshwater jellyfish in the Wang Thong River in Thailand)
GLANSIS Species FactSheet
Olindiidae
Animals described in 1880
Taxa named by Ray Lankester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craspedacusta%20sowerbii |
Tasia Valenza is an American actress. She is most known for her various roles in the Star Wars Universe.
Personal life
Tasia Valenza is the daughter of former actor and restaurant consultant Frank Valenza and Gloria Valenza. Her twin brother is a former television writer and now solar marketing consultant Tor Alexander Valenza. She also has an older brother, Greg. Valenza has been married to Harvey Stern since 1995 and has three children.
Career
In the early part of her career, Valenza played the role of Dottie Thornton on All My Children from 1982 to 1986, earning a Daytime Emmy nomination for her work. She also showed up in a guest star appearance in the fifth season of The A-Team, and a recurring role as Lieutenant Winslow in Space: Above and Beyond. She also portrayed Jodie Abramovitz in Aaron Spelling's drama series The Heights. Valenza is best known to play female villains in video games such as Batman: Arkham Asylum and multiple Spider-Man games.
Valenza appeared in the 1988 Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Coming of Age" as a Vulcan. She returned to Star Trek in 2017 with a voiceover role in the first two episodes of Star Trek: Discovery as the computer voice of the USS Shenzhou.
In January 2023, Valenza guest voiced a character, Tawni Ames, the Separatist governor of Desix, who opposes the Empire's occupation, on Star Wars: The Bad Batch,
Filmography
Film
Television
21 Jump Street – Lacey King
Adam-12 – Lucinda Caralis
The A-Team – Bonita
All My Children – Dottie Thornton Martin
The Bold and the Beautiful – Suzanne
Cheers – Customer
Dirty Little Secret – Malina, Admirer
Danger Rangers – Gabriella, Firefighter #3
Fame – Denise Hudson
Good Grief – Elke
The Heights – Jodie Abramowitz
Highway to Heaven – Maria Rojas
Hunter – Lupe Ortiz
My Demon Lover – Miguela
One West Waikiki – Amy Shigeta
Sometimes They Come Back – Kate
Space: Above and Beyond – Lt. Kelly Anne Winslow
Supercarrier – Extra
Animation
Video games
Age of Empires III – Amelia Black
Age of Mythology – Reginleif
Age of Mythology: The Titans – Reginleif
Battlezone II: Combat Commander – Yelena Shabayev
Danger Rangers – Gabriella
Epic Seven - Command Model Laika
The Elder Scrolls Online – Additional Voices
The Evil Within – Myra Hanson
King's Quest: Mask of Eternity – Sara, Sylph
Metal Gear Solid: Integral – Sniper Wolf
Neverwinter Nights 2: Mask of the Betrayer – Nadaj, Female Hardened Battler, Female Dwarf
Saints Row 2 – Monica Hughes
Stormrise – Vantage
Too Human – Hel
References
External links
Official website
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American people of Costa Rican descent
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Hispanic and Latino American actresses
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasia%20Valenza |
Bootleg Versions is a remix album released by R&B and Reggae Fusion group The Fugees. The album was released on November 26, 1996. The album features only eight tracks, including seven remixes, and one new recording. The album along with their previous album, The Score, was later re-issued in 2001, as a double album, "The Complete Score" and in 2011, the two albums along with their first, Blunted on Reality was released as a 3-CD box set, "Original Album Classics". The album peaked at #127 on the Billboard 200 in the United States.
Track listing
"Ready or Not" (Clark Kent/Django Remix) (Hill, Jean, Michel, Lewis) – 5:17
"Nappy Heads" (Mad Spider Mix) (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 4:27
"Don't Cry Dry Your Eyes" (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 4:15
"Vocab" (Salaam's Remix) (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 7:00
"Ready or Not" (Salaam's Ready For The Show Remix) (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 4:42
"Killing Me Softly" (Live At The Brixton Academy) (Fox, Gimbel) – 2:41
"No Woman, No Cry" (Stephen Marley Remix) (Ford, Marley) – 5:27
"Vocab" (Refugees Hip Hop Remix) (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 4:38
Charts
Certifications
References
1996 remix albums
Albums produced by Salaam Remi
Albums produced by Wyclef Jean
Fugees remix albums
Columbia Records remix albums
Albums produced by Clark Kent (producer)
Ruffhouse Records remix albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg%20Versions |
Nigeria competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.
Medalists
Bronze
Isaac Ikhouria — Boxing, Men's Light Heavyweight
Results by event
Athletics
Men's 100 metres
Benedict Majekodumni
First Heat — 10.70s (→ did not advance)
Men's 800 metres
Jaiye Abidoye
Heat — 1:52.0 (→ did not advance)
Men's 1500 metres
Jaiye Abidoye
Heat — 3:48.8 (→ did not advance)
Men's 4 × 100 m Relay
Kola Abdulai, Rux Bazunu, James Olakunle, and Timon Oyebami
Heat — 39.66s
Semifinals — 39.73s (→ did not advance)
Women's 4 × 100 m Relay
Emilie Edet, Ashanti Obi, Helen Olaye, and Modupe Oshikoya
Heat — 45.15s (→ did not advance, 12th place)
Women's Long Jump
Modupe Oshikoya
Qualifying Round — 6.22m (→ did not advance, 19th place)
Women's Pentathlon
Modupe Oshikoya
First Heat — 4.279 points (→ 14th place)
Boxing
Men's Heavyweight (+ 81 kg)
Fatai Ayinla
First Round — Lost to Carroll Morgan (CAN), 2:3
References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
Nations at the 1972 Summer Olympics
1972 in Nigerian sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20at%20the%201972%20Summer%20Olympics |
George Hay, 1st Earl of Kinnoull, (1570 – 16 December 1634) was a Scottish nobleman and political official.
Biography
He was the second son of Peter Hay of Megginch and Margaret, daughter of Patrick Ogilvy of Inchmartin. No date is recorded for his birth, but he was baptised 4 December 1570.
Around 1588, Hay entered Scottish College at Douai, where he studied under his uncle Edmund Hay until 1596. He was initially introduced to court by his cousin the Earl of Carlisle. Hay served as a Gentleman of the Bedchamber from 1596. On 18 February 1598, he was granted the Carthusian priory of Perth and a seat in Parliament, but, finding the rents too low to live on, he returned the peerage.
On 15 November 1600, he was given land for his services to the King on the occasion of the Gowrie conspiracy. He was knighted sometime before 18 October 1607, when he first appeared in the records as Sir George Hay. He was appointed Lord Clerk Register and a member of the Privy Council on 26 March 1616. He was instrumental in the passage of the Five Articles of Perth in 1618.
In 1619 the Privy Council of Scotland wrote to King James to defend Hay's interest in glass and iron manufacture in Scotland, arguing that Scottish glass should be sold in England without custom duties.
On 9 July 1622, he was appointed Lord Chancellor and Keeper of the Great Seal. On 19 July 1625, the lands of the Earldom of Orkney were transferred to him.
On 7 May 1625, he was at the funeral of James VI and I in London, and was sworn in as a member of the Scottish Privy Council of Charles I. He was created Viscount of Dupplin and Lord Hay of Kinfauns on 4 May 1627.
In September 1629 he was a collector of tax in Scotland. He discovered that Marie Stewart, "My Lady Marre", had obtained a chest containing important documents concerning taxes which had been kept by the late Archibald Primrose, clerk of taxations. She made some difficulties about handing over the documents, and was away from Edinburgh in the north of Scotland.
On 25 May 1633, he was created the Earl of Kinnoull on the occasion of the King Charles' coronation in Scotland.
He resisted the king's regulations for lords of session (1626), and upheld precedency over archbishop of St Andrews.
In 1626, he began to suffer from old age. It was noted that he was absent from the Council in July 1626 as he was suffering from "the pain of the gute" very severely. Two years later his "known infirmitie and seekenesse" was noted.
He died of apoplexy in London and was buried in Kinnoull Parish Church, in which a monument was erected in his honour.
Marriage
He married Margaret, daughter of Sir James Halyburton of Pitcur manor, Kettins parish, on 15 November 1595. They had three children:
Sir Peter Hay (died decessit vita patris at Kinfauns, 1621), unmarried
George Hay (d. 1644)
Lady Margaret, married to Alexander Lindsay, 2nd Lord Spynie
References
1570 births
1634 deaths
01
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1625
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1630
Lord chancellors of Scotland
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Peers of Scotland created by Charles I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Hay%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Kinnoull |
Nigeria competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico.
Results by event
Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
Gabriel Ogun
First Round — Bye
Second Round — Defeated Stefan Alexandrov (BUL), 4:1
Quarterfinals — Lost to Harlan Marbley (USA), 0:5
Men's Light Heavyweight (– 81 kg)
Fatai Ayinla
First Round — Bye
Second Round — Defeated Enrique Villarreal (MEX), referee stopped contest
Quarterfinals — Lost to Ion Monea (ROU), 2:3
Football
Group B
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics
1968
1968 in Nigeria
1968 in Nigerian sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20at%20the%201968%20Summer%20Olympics |
Successor is an EP by Sonata Arctica, released through Spinefarm Records on 7 August 2000.
Track listing
Personnel
Tony Kakko – vocals, additional keyboards
Jani Liimatainen – guitars
Janne Kivilahti – bass guitar
Mikko Härkin – keyboards
Tommy Portimo – drums
Album information
Successor comprises some live versions of Sonata Arctica's songs, an edited version of the song "FullMoon" from the full length album Ecliptica, two new songs and two cover songs from German bands.
The cover songs, which also appear in the Takatalvi EP, are:
"Still Loving You", originally recorded by the Scorpions in their LP Love at First Sting (1984).
"I Want Out", originally recorded by the power metal band Helloween in the 1988 album Keeper of the Seven Keys Pt. II.
The two songs composed for the album are the acoustic ballad "Shy" (originally an upbeat hard rock demo song from when the band were still called Tricky Means) and "San Sebastian", that was re-released on the 2001 album Silence (this song was to be released in Ecliptica, but the band chose to release it on this EP).
Live tracks were performed on 16 June 2000 at Provinssirock Festival, Seinäjoki, Finland.
References
Sonata Arctica albums
2000 debut EPs
Spinefarm Records EPs
EPs by Finnish artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor%20%28EP%29 |
Nigeria competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. The nation won its first Olympic medal.
Medalists
Bronze
Nojim Maiyegun Boxing, Men's Light Middleweight
References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
Nations at the 1964 Summer Olympics
1964
1964 in Nigeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20at%20the%201964%20Summer%20Olympics |
In decision theory, a decision rule is said to dominate another if the performance of the former is sometimes better, and never worse, than that of the latter.
Formally, let and be two decision rules, and let be the risk of rule for parameter . The decision rule is said to dominate the rule if for all , and the inequality is strict for some .
This defines a partial order on decision rules; the maximal elements with respect to this order are called admissible decision rules.
References
Decision theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominating%20decision%20rule |
Nigeria competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1960 Summer Olympics
1960
1960 in Nigeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20at%20the%201960%20Summer%20Olympics |
The Whitecaps Waterfront Stadium was a proposed open-air soccer facility in Vancouver, British Columbia that would have been privately funded and developed by the Vancouver Whitecaps FC. The proposed location was north of Gastown on the central waterfront on what was then a parking lot and the site of a helicopter landing pad. The proposed stadium would have housed the Vancouver Whitecaps FC men and women's clubs.
Proposal
The $70-million stadium would have had an initial capacity of 20,000, which would be potentially expandable to 30,000 seats.
In addition to Vancouver Whitecaps FC matches, the stadium was intended host international soccer matches, rugby union matches and tournaments, tennis and beach volleyball tournaments, and open-air musical events and concerts such as the Vancouver International Jazz Festival and Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. The stadium would have had close access to many modes of public transportation, including SkyTrain, SeaBus, West Coast Express, and buses.
Controversy
Although Vancouver public support for the stadium was high (a Mustel survey found that 71% of Vancouver residents supported the project), the proposal drew protests from several groups including the Gastown Neighbourhood Coalition. Local architects Arthur Erickson and Bing Thom also urged caution, saying that piecemeal development of some of Vancouver's last undeveloped waterfront should be avoided. They argued that the stadium would deny waterfront access and negatively affect the historical theme of the Gastown area. The architects urged city hall to delay approval until a comprehensive plan had been submitted. Independent architecture firm Hotson Bakker, hired by the city of Vancouver, concluded that the stadium plans as proposed were unworkable. They reported that the development did not fit with the Gastown district or consider future residential developments. They also stressed the need for a comprehensive waterfront plan.
History
On July 11, 2006, Vancouver's city council gave unanimous approval to continue the planning process, provided that certain critical problems were addressed. Specific issues included the lack of roads for spectator and emergency access, and the stadium's location above railroad tracks. The project would be reviewed quarterly by city planners until the stadium's construction is approved; the developers had two years to accomplish this.
On January 22, 2007, the Whitecaps filed a new proposal shifting the proposed site for the stadium project to the current location of the SeaBus terminal, a short distance northwest of the previous site.
On February 1, 2007, Vancouver City Council unanimously endorsed a city staff report which identified a process to potentially resolve the proposed Whitecaps Waterfront Stadium's five key requirements set out by City Council. In addition, the staff report outlined a procedure to integrate the stadium with the Waterfront Hub Study.
In July 2007, the City of Vancouver noted that "The Whitecaps and the VPA are now considering an alternative siting which addresses the technical constraints facing the SeaBus terminal site. This would involve some of the VPA-owned land between the SeaBus terminal and Crab Park (see figure below) and would enable the SeaBus to remain in place. This area is anticipated for mixed use development by the Central Waterfront Port Lands Policy Statement (1994) and any proposal would need to be considered in that context." They further added "The Whitecaps and VPA are currently investigating whether this site could meet their needs and aspirations. If the Whitecaps and VPA decide to pursue the development of the stadium in this location, they will need to develop a proposal and submit it to City staff for evaluation and consultation with the public and interested parties."
Initial plans targeted completion for summer 2009, though this was pushed back many times. On March 18, 2009, Major League Soccer (MLS) announced an expansion franchise for the city to begin play in 2011. The team stated intentions to play at least the first season, and possibly up to five seasons, at BC Place Stadium.
In 2011, Bob Lenarduzzi confirmed that the team was committed to BC Place, and that plans for the Waterfront Stadium were put on hold.
References
External links
Whitecaps Waterfront Stadium official website
Vancouver Whitecaps official site
City of Vancouver - Central Waterfront Hub Study & Whitecaps Stadium Review
Proposed stadiums
Soccer venues in Canada
Sports venues in Vancouver
Proposed sports venues in Canada
Unbuilt stadiums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitecaps%20Waterfront%20Stadium |
Nigeria competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia.
Results by event
Athletics
100 m
Edward Ajado
Round 1: in the Heat 11 (rank 1) qualified for the quarterfinals, 10.8 seconds (hand-stopped), 11.01 seconds (automatically stopped)
Quarterfinals: eliminated in the 3rd Run (rank 5), 10.9 seconds (hand-stopped), 11.02 seconds (automatically stopped)
Titus Erinle
1. Round: eliminated in the 2nd Run (rank 3), 10.9 seconds (hand-stopped), 11.09 seconds (automatically stopped)
Thomas Obi
1. Round: eliminated in the 7th Run (rank 5), 11.0 seconds (hand-stopped), 11.10 seconds (automatically stopped)
4 × 100 meters relay
Edward Ajado, Abdul Amu, Titus Erinle and Rafiu Oluwa
Round one: eliminated in the 4th Run, 47.3 seconds (hand-stopped), 47.39 seconds (automatically stopped), disqualified
400 m
Abdul Amu
1. Round: eliminated in the 3rd Run (rank 5), 49.4 seconds (hand-stopped), 49.57 seconds (automatically stopped)
Triple jump
Paul Bamela Engo
Qualification round: 14.81 meters, qualified for the final
Try one: 14.81 meters
Try two: omitted
Try three: omitted
Final: 15.03 meters, rank 17
Try one: 14.98 meters
Try two: 15.03 meters
Try three: 14.87 meters
Peter Esiri
Qualification round: 14.93 meters, 16th place qualified for the final
Try one: 14.93 meters
Try two: omitted
Try three: omitted
Final round: no valid distance, rank 22
Try one: invalid
Try two: invalid
Try three: omitted
High jump
Julius Chigbolu
Qualification round: 1.92 meters, rank 4, qualified for the final
1.70 meters: valid, without failed attempt
1.78 meters: omitted
1.82 meters: valid, without failed attempt
1.88 meters: omitted
1.92 meters: valid, without failed attempt
Final round: 2.00 meters, rank 9
1.80 meters: omitted
1.86 meters: valid, a failed attempt
1.92 meters: valid, two failed attempts
1.96 meters: valid, a failed attempt
2.00 meters: valid, without failed attempt
2.03 meters: invalid, three failed attempts
Vincent Gabriel
Qualification round: 1.92 meters, 22nd place qualified for the final
1.70 meters: valid, without failed attempt
1.78 meters: omitted
1.82 meters: omitted
1.88 meters: valid, two failed attempts
1.92 meters: valid, a failed attempt
Final round: 1.92 meters, rank 19
1.80 meters: valid, without failed attempt
1.86 meters: valid, without failed attempt
1.92 meters: valid, two failed attempts
1.96 meters: invalid, three failed attempts
Long jump
Karim Olowu
Qualification round: 7.29 meters, rank 10, qualified for the final
Try one: 7.05 meters
Try two: 7.29 meters
Try three: omitted
Final round: 7.36 meters, rank 5
Try one: 7.28 meters
Try two: 6.77 meters
Try three: 7.36 meters
Try four: 6.42 meters
Try five: invalid
Attempt six: 6.91 meters
Rafiu Oluwa
Qualification round: 6.53 meters, rank 29
Try one: invalid
Try two: 6.53 meters
Try three: invalid
References
Official Olympic Reports
sports-reference
1956
Summer Olympics
1956 Summer Olympics
Nations at the 1956 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20at%20the%201956%20Summer%20Olympics |
Nigeria competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.
Results by event
Athletics
Men's 100M
Edward Ajado
First Round — 11.25s DNQ
Titus Erinle
First Round — 11.12 DNQ
Men's 200M
Edward Ajado
First Round — 22.92s DNQ
Muslim Arogundade
First Round — 22.71 DNQ
Rafiu Oluwa
First Round — 22.89 (Q)
Quarterfinals — 22.69 DNQ
Men's 4x100 relay
First Round — (Muslim Arongudade, Titus Erinle, Karim Olowu, Rafiu Oluwa) 42.4s (Q)
Semifinals — 41.9 5th DNQ
Long Jump
Karim Olowu
First Round — 6.96 DNQ
Sylvanus Williams
First Round — 6.98 DNQ
High Jump
Josiah Majekodunmi
First Round — 1.87m (Qualified)
Final — 1.90m 9th
Nafiu Osagie
First Round — 1.87m (Qualified)
Final — 1.90m 18th
Boniface Guobadia
First Round — 1.87m (Qualified)
Final — 1.80m 20th
References
Official Olympic Reports
1952
Summer Olympics
1952 Summer Olympics
Nations at the 1952 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20at%20the%201952%20Summer%20Olympics |
This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This article contains terms starting with G – L. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other articles.
G
Gifted: (intellectual giftedness) An intellectual ability significantly higher than average. Gifted children develop asynchronously; their minds are often ahead of their physical growth, and specific cognitive and emotional functions often are at different stages of development within a single person. Gifted individuals form a heterogeneous group. Because gifted children are intellectually ahead of most of their age peers in at least one major subject area, they frequently require gifted education programs to reach their potential and avoid boredom. Gifted individuals experience the world differently and more intensely, resulting in unique social and emotional issues. The concept of giftedness has historically been rife with controversy, some even denying that this group exists.
Gifted education: is a broad term for special practices, procedures and theories used in the education of children who have been identified as gifted or talented. Youths are usually identified as gifted by placing highly on certain standardized tests.
Advocates of gifted education argue that gifted and/or talented youth are so perceptually and intellectually above the mean, it is appropriate to pace their lessons more aggressively, track them into honors, Advanced Placement, or International Baccalaureate courses, or otherwise provide educational enrichment.
Gymnasia and Realgymnasia: (singular: Gymnasium) and Realgymnasia were the classical higher or secondary schools of Germany from the sixteenth century to the twentieth century. Students were admitted at 9 or 10 years of age and were required to have a knowledge of reading, writing, and arithmetic.
H
Habituation: An example of non-associative learning in which there is a progressive diminution of behavioral response probability with repetition of a stimulus. It is another form of integration.
heutagogy: The study of self-determined learning.
Hidden curriculum: Draws attention to the idea that schools do more than simply transmit knowledge, as laid down in the official curricula. It is often used to criticize the social implications, political underpinnings, and cultural outcomes of modern educative activities. While early examinations were concerned with identifying the anti-democratic nature of schooling, later studies have taken various tones, including those concerned with socialism, capitalism, and anarchism in education.
Higher education: Education provided by universities and other institutions that award academic degrees, such as community colleges, and liberal arts colleges.
Higher education includes both the teaching and the research activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as quaternary education or graduate school). Higher education differs from other forms of post-secondary education such as vocational education. However, most professional education is included within higher education, and many postgraduate qualifications are strongly vocationally or professionally oriented, for example in disciplines such as law and medicine.
History of ideas: A field of research in history and in related fields dealing with the expression, preservation, and change of human ideas over time. Scholars often consider the history of ideas a sister discipline to, or a particular approach within, intellectual history. Work in the history of ideas usually involves close research in the history of philosophy and the history of literature.
Homeschooling: (also home education or home school) An educational alternative in which children are educated at home and in the community, in contrast to a compulsory education which takes place in an institution such as a publicly run or privately run school. Home education methods are similar to those widely used before the popularization of compulsory education in the 19th century. Before this time, the majority of education worldwide was provided at home by family and community members, with only the privileged attending privately run schools or employing tutors, the only available alternatives at the time.
I
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): a U.S. federal law on Special Education
Individualized instruction: A method of instruction in which content, instructional materials, instructional media, and pace of learning are based upon the abilities and interests of each individual learner.
Inquiry education: (sometimes known as the inquiry method) A student-centered method of education focused on asking questions. Students are encouraged to ask questions which are meaningful to them, and which do not necessarily have easy answers; teachers are encouraged to avoid speaking at all when this is possible, and in any case to avoid giving answers in favor of asking more questions.
Instructional capital: A term used in educational administration after the 1960s, to reflect capital resulting from investment in producing learning materials.
Instructional design: (also known as instructional systems design) The analysis of learning needs and systematic development of instruction. Instructional designers often use instructional technology as a method for developing instruction. Instructional design models typically specify a method, that if followed will facilitate the transfer of knowledge, skills and attitude to the recipient or acquirer of the instruction.
Instructional Leadership: Actions or behaviors exhibited by an individual or group in the field of education that are characterized by knowledge and skill in the area of curriculum and instructional methodology, the provision of resources so that the school's mission can be met, skilled communication in one-on-one, small-group and large-group settings, and the establishment of a clear and articulated vision for the educational institution. This vision, and decision making based on this vision are ideally characterized by a collaborative process and are inclusive of multiple stakeholders. Instructional leaders also promote collegiality and leadership behavior amongst other members of the institution.
Instructional scaffolding: The provision of sufficient supports to promote learning when concepts and skills are being first introduced to students.
Instructional technology: Born as a military response to the problems of a labor shortage during WWII in the United States. There was a definitive need to fill the factories with skilled labor. Instructional technology provided a methodology for training in a systematic and efficient manner.
Instructional theory: A discipline that focuses on how to structure material for promoting the education of humans, particularly youth. Originating in the United States in the late 1970s, instructional theory is typically divided into two categories: the cognitive and behaviorist schools of thought. Instructional theory was spawned off the 1956 work of Benjamin Bloom, a University of Chicago professor, and the results of his Taxonomy of Education Objectives — one of the first modern codifications of the learning process.
One of the first instructional theorists was Robert M. Gagne, who in 1965 published Conditions of Learning for the Florida State University's Department of Educational Research. Renowned psychologist B. F. Skinner's theories of behavior were highly influential on instructional theorists because their hypotheses can be tested fairly easily with the scientific process.
Integrative learning: A learning theory describing a movement toward integrated lessons helping students make connections across curricula. This higher education concept is distinct from the elementary and high school "integrated curriculum" movement.
Intelligence (trait): The mental capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. Although nonscientists generally regard the concept of intelligence as having much broader scope, in psychology, the study of intelligence generally regards this trait as distinct from creativity, personality, character, or wisdom.
International education: The practice and/or study of international cooperation and aid among countries, including the exchange of students, teachers, and researchers between countries. International education is connected to comparative education.
Intrinsic motivation: Evident when people engage in an activity for its own sake, without some obvious external incentive present. A hobby is a typical example.
Invigilator: Someone who ensures the smooth running of exams. An invigilator is responsible for ensuring that the Awarding Body's regulations are complied with; that exams start and finish at the correct time; that exam papers are secure whilst in their care; that attendance and seating plans are recorded; and that no cheating takes place. The invigilator will also deal with any problems that arise during an exam, including emergency evacuations, and ensure that no unauthorised materials are present, including mobile phones.
J
Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation: A coalition of major professional associations formed in 1975 to help improve the quality of evaluation. The Joint Committee published three sets of standards for evaluations. The Personnel Evaluation Standards was published in 1988, The Program Evaluation Standards (2nd edition) was published in 1994, and The Student Evaluations Standards was published in 2003.
K
Kindergaren: (German for garden for children) A name used in many parts of the world for the first stages of a child's classroom education. In some parts kindergarten is part of the formal school system; in others it may refer to preschool or daycare.
Kinesthetic learning: A teaching and learning style in which learning takes place by the student actually carrying out a physical activity, rather than listening to a lecture or merely watching a demonstration. Building dioramas, physical models or participating in role-playing or historical reenactment are some examples. Other examples include the kindergarten practice of having children perform various motions from left to right in preparation for reading education.
Knowledge: Information of which someone is aware. Knowledge is also used to mean the confident understanding of a subject, potentially with the ability to use it for a specific purpose.
The unreliability of memory limits the certainty of knowledge about the past, while unpredictability of events yet to occur limits the certainty of knowledge about the future. Epistemology is the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge.
Knowledge Management: (or KM) A term applied to techniques used for the systematic collection, transfer, security and management of information within organisations, along with systems designed to help make best use of that knowledge. In particular it refers to tools and techniques designed to preserve the availability of information held by key individuals and facilitate decision making and reducing risk.
Knowledge representation: (KR) Most commonly used to refer to representations intended for processing by modern computers, and particularly for representations consisting of explicit objects.
Knowledge transfer: In the fields of Organizational development and organizational learning, is the practical problem of getting a packet of knowledge from one part of the organization to another (or all other) parts of the organization. It is considered to be more than just a communications problem.
Knowledge visualization: A sub discipline of Information Design and Instructional Message Design (pedagogy; didactics, pedagogical Psychology). Knowledge Visualization aims to improve the transfer of knowledge by using computer and non-computer based visuals complementary. Examples of such visual formats are photographs, information graphics, sketches, diagrams, images, mind maps, objects, interactive visualizations, dynamic visuals (animations), information visualization applications, imaginary visualizations, stories.
L
Language education: The teaching and learning of a language or languages, usually as foreign languages.
Law (principle): Refers to universal principles that describe the fundamental nature of something, to universal properties and relationships between things, or to descriptions that purport to explain these principles and relationships.
Learning: The process of acquiring knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values, through study, experience, or teaching, that causes a change of behavior that is persistent, measurable, and specified or allows an individual to formulate a new mental construct or revise a prior mental construct (conceptual knowledge such as attitudes or values). It is a process that depends on experience and leads to long-term changes in behavior potential.
Learning by teaching (LdL): In professional education (in German "Lernen durch Lehren", therefore LdL) designates a method which allows pupils and students to prepare and teach lessons or parts of lessons. Learning by teaching should not be confused with presentations or lectures by students, as students do not only convey a certain content, but choose their own methodological and didactical approach in teaching their classmates a certain area of the respective subject.
Learning disability: In the United States, the term learning disability is used to refer to socio-biological conditions that affect a person's communicative capacities and potential to learn. The term includes conditions such as perceptual disability, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, autism, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia. In the United Kingdom, the term learning disability is used more generally to refer to developmental disability and intellectual disability.
Learning outcome: The term may refer to course aims (intended learning outcomes) or may be roughly synonymous with educational objectives (observed learning outcomes). Usage varies between organisations.
Lecture: An oral presentation intended to teach people about a particular subject, for example by a university or college teacher. Lectures are used to convey critical information, history, background, theories and equations. A politician's speech, a minister's sermon, or even a businessman's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture. Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture's content.
Legal education: The education of individuals who intend to become legal professionals (attorneys and judges) or those who simply intend to use their law degree to some end, either related to law (such as politics or academic) or unrelated (such as business entrepreneurship).
This entry primarily discusses some of the general attributes of legal education in the United States for those who intend to use their degree in order to become legal professionals.
Lesson plan: A teacher's detailed description of the course of instruction for an individual lesson. While there is no one way to construct a correct lesson plan, most lesson plans contain similar elements.
Liberal arts: Studies that are intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills, rather than more specialized occupational or professional skills.
The scope of the liberal arts has changed with society. It once emphasised the education of elites in the classics; but, with the rise of science and humanities during the Age of Enlightenment, the scope and meaning of "liberal arts" expanded to include them. Still excluded from the liberal arts are topics that are specific to particular occupations, such as agriculture, business, dentistry, engineering, medicine, pedagogy (school-teaching), and pharmacy.
List group label strategy: a prereading strategy designed to help students make connections to prior knowledge.
Literacy: The ability to read, write, speak, and listen. In modern context, the word means reading and writing in a level adequate for written communication and generally a level that enables one to successfully function at certain levels of a society.
See also
References
3
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20education%20terms%20%28G%E2%80%93L%29 |
Lilian's lovebird (Agapornis lilianae), also known as the Nyasa lovebird, is a small African parrot species of the lovebird genus. It is mainly green and has orange on its upper chest and head. It is 13 cm (5 inches) long and is the smallest parrot on mainland Africa. In captivity, it is uncommon and difficult to breed.
Description
The Lilian's lovebird is 13 cm (5 inches) long and is mainly green with white eyerings. It has orange on its head, neck and upper chest and has a green rump. Male and female are identical in external appearance.
The Lilian's lovebird is often mistaken for the slightly larger Fischer's lovebird, which has an olive-green hood and a blue rump. It is also broadly similar to the rosy-faced lovebird, which has more clearly demarcated orange colouration, and lacks a white eyering.
Food and feeding
Lilian's lovebirds feed on grass seeds, millet, wild rice, flowers, and the seeds and fruit of other species.
Breeding
The breeding season for Lilian's lovebirds is from January to March and in June and July. They make a roofed nest in tree crevices. In captivity the clutch consists of three to eight white eggs, which are incubated for about 22 days, and the chicks leave the nest after about 44 days from hatching.
Distribution and habitat
Lilian's lovebirds are endemic to Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In 2004 its numbers in the wild were estimated to be less than 20,000 individuals. It currently inhabits Liwonde National Park (LNP) and a few cluster groups occur in the surrounding forests outside LNP. Its distribution is rapidly becoming restricted to LNP because their feeding and breeding habitats are being exploited over for agricultural purposes. The extent of habitat loss outside LNP has not been determined scientifically although remaining habitat outside the LNP are fragmented Miombo Forest Reserves.
Threats
Liwonde National Park is located in the southern region of Malawi, which has the highest human population density in the country approximating 100-115 inhabitants per km2 (FAO, 1997). LNP is greatly impacted by population growth and agricultural activities than any other national park in the country.
Recently, cases of Lilian's lovebird poisoning have intensified although it is not known why poachers are poisoning the birds. Lilian's lovebird researchers assume poachers mean to poison larger mammals and lovebirds fall victims.
Lifespan and health issues
The lifespan for Lilian's lovebirds is 10–12 years. The major health concern for these species is loneliness. These birds mate for life.
Similarities
Mitochondrial gene for Lilian's lovebird aligns with rosy-faced lovebirds.
Aviculture
Lilian's lovebirds are a difficult species to rear in captivity. Many breeders worldwide struggle to breed the species.
References
External links
Lilian's lovebird - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
Lilian's lovebird
Birds of East Africa
Lilian's lovebird
Lilian's lovebird | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian%27s%20lovebird |
Christopher Gregory Makin (born 8 May 1973) is an English retired professional footballer. He spent the final part of his career at Southampton, but is perhaps most famous for his spell at Sunderland. He played as a defender.
His previous clubs are Oldham Athletic, Olympique de Marseille, Sunderland, Ipswich Town, Leicester City, Wigan Athletic, Derby County, Reading and Southampton.
On 23 April 2008, on advice from his doctor, Makin retired from football after failing to overcome a hip injury which had prevented him playing since September 2007.
Career statistics
Honours
Sunderland
Football League First Division: 1998–99
Reading
Football League Championship: 2005–06
Individual
Sunderland Solid Gold XI
References
External links
Chris Makin profile at saintsfc.co.uk
Photos and stats at sporting-heroes.net
1973 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Derby County F.C. players
England men's under-21 international footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
English Football League players
English men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Footballers from St Helens, Merseyside
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Olympique de Marseille players
Premier League players
Reading F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Makin |
A bus driver, bus operator, or bus captain is a person who drives buses for a living.
Description
Bus drivers must have a special license above and beyond a regular driver's licence. Bus drivers typically drive their vehicles between bus stations or stops. Bus drivers often drop off and pick up passengers on a predetermined route schedule. In British English a different term, coach driver, is used for drivers on privately booked long-distance routes, tours and school trips.
There are various types of bus drivers, including transit drivers, school bus drivers and tour bus drivers. Bus drivers may work for a city, public (state and national/federal) governments, school boards, and private enterprises, such as charter companies which run tour buses. Coach captains in Australia are frequently freelance sub-contractors who work for various bus and coach companies.
When there is no conductor present, the driver is the sole operator of the service and handles ticketing and interaction with customers, in addition to driving.
Intercity bus driver
An intercity bus driver is a bus driver whose duties involve driving a bus between cities. It is one of four common positions available to those capable of driving buses (the others being school, transit, or tour bus driving). Intercity bus drivers may be employed for public or private companies. It varies by country which is more common. But many countries have regulations on the training and certification requirements and the hours of intercity drivers.
In the United States, intercity bus driving is one of the fastest growing jobs, with attractive wages and good benefits.
Duties
Besides the actual operation of the bus, duties of the intercity bus driver include cleaning, inspecting, and maintaining the vehicle, doing simple repairs, checking tickets of passengers or in some cases, collecting fares, loading passengers on and off the bus efficiently, handling the passengers' luggage, enforcing guidelines expected from passengers (such as prohibiting yelling), and dealing with certain types of emergencies.
Good communication skills in the native language of the country and other languages spoken by a large part of the population are also key. Drivers must be able to engage in basic communication with passengers and to give them directions and other information they may need.
Some countries require intercity bus drivers to fill out logs detailing the hours they have driven. This documents they are compliant with the country's laws regarding the maximum number of hours they are permitted to drive.
Training
In the United States, intercity bus drivers are required to hold a Commercial Driver's License (CDL) with P endorsement. The requirements for this vary by country, but require more training than driving a passenger automobile. Safe driving skills and the willingness to obey traffic laws and handle driving under a variety of weather and traffic conditions are essential, as passengers expect a safe trip, and the safety of those in other vehicles on the road is necessary.
Those hired as intercity bus are often expected to have prior experience in the operation of a commercial vehicle. This may include the operation of a municipal bus service, school buses, or trucks.
New hires by companies are often oriented to their jobs by first riding along for one or more runs on a route, then driving the route under supervision of an experienced driver, or driving the route unsupervised without any passengers. After passing the training, most new hires will only work as backups until a permanent position can be offered.
Scheduling
Intercity bus drivers are provided with a lot of independence, though they are expected to follow a particular route and schedule as determined by their employer.
On shorter routes, it is possible for a driver to make a round trip and return home on the same day, and sometimes to complete a round trip multiple times in a single day.
On longer routes that exceed or come close to the maximum number of hours an operator can legally drive, drivers will be changed over the course of the route. Either the driver will drive half the work day in one direction, and switch places before driving part of a trip in the other direction on a different vehicle, or the driver will drive the maximum amount of time permitted by law in a single direction, stay overnight, and complete a return trip on the following day. When the latter occurs, the employer will often pay lodging and dining expenses for the driver.
An issue with intercity bus drivers, especially those on longer routes, is taking short breaks for eating and restroom use. Stopping to meet these human needs is a necessity. But making these stops delays the trip, which many passengers want to be as quick and efficient as possible. Often, the driver will pass these breaks onto the passengers and allow them to enjoy the benefits of the break as well.
Safety
Intercity bus driving is generally safe but carries its risks for drivers. Accidents occur, which can be harmful to the driver, passengers, and those in other vehicles involved alike. Dealing with unruly passengers can be another challenge, something which operators are not generally equipped to handle. Such passengers can be harmful to the driver and other passengers alike.
There have also been incidents which have occurred involving intercity bus drivers being assaulted by passengers. One such event occurred on October 3, 2001, when Damir Igric slit a Greyhound driver's throat, resulting in seven deaths (including Igric himself) as the bus crashed.
By country
Australia
In Australia, bus and coach drivers need a Drivers Licence (issued in an Australian state or territory) for the class of vehicle they drive.
Additionally, they are required to possess a driver authorisation to drive a bus (also issued by the state or territory). This has different names in different states, for example, Driver Authorisation in Queensland, Driver Accreditation in Victoria, General Driver Authorisation in New South Wales, Public Passenger Vehicle Ancillary Certificate in Tasmania and so on. This authorisation entails a regular review of driving history, criminal history, and medical assessment for fitness to drive.
In 2012, Australia had a fleet of 90,599 buses and collectively travelled about 2.0 billion km. The average age of the national fleet is 11.0 years.
In 2011, there were 40,900 bus and coach drivers employed in the industry. They work an average of 41.7 hours/week and the average age is 54 years. The main employing industries are Transport, Postal and Warehousing 87.4%, and the remainder include Health Care and Social Assistance 4%, Education and Training 3.1%, and Accommodation and Food Services 2.7%.
New Zealand
Bus and coach drivers require either a class 2 or class 4 heavy vehicle licence corresponding to the weight and number of axles of their vehicle. Drivers must apply for a P (passenger) endorsement from NZ Transport Agency and hold a large passenger service licence to take fare-paying passengers.
Drivers of school buses for special needs children must comply with SESTA requirements.
Singapore
Bus captains generally require a class 3 or class 4 license to drive. Some companies have different rules.
Most bus captains in Singapore work for the major public operators in the country such as SBS Transit and SMRT.
Tower Transit Singapore and Go-Ahead Singapore are foreign bus companies operating in Singapore. An average bus captain makes about $2000 to $3000 a month. Although some companies have been offering more recently.
Most bus captains tend to work long hours and raises concerns for the public transport industry in the country. Majority of the bus captains are foreigners because most Singaporeans do not prefer working as such. Companies aim to employ more local workers.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom drivers must have passed the Passenger Carrying Vehicle (PCV) practical driving and theory test. PCV drivers also have to possess a Certificate of Professional Competence card which requires extra training to be taken. Service bus drivers in the UK are not subject to the working hours restrictions devised by the European Union if their journeys do not exceed 30 miles radius, but are governed by less stringent UK Drivers' Hours Regulations. For example, a service bus driver may drive for 5.5 hours without a break in the UK.
People with certain medical conditions are excluded from becoming bus drivers. Some of these conditions include migraines (if they affect vision), alcoholism and epilepsy.
Because of the additional workload many buses are fitted with closed-circuit television in an attempt to protect drivers from an increasing number of attacks which has resulted in a recruitment crisis in some British cities.
United States
, there are approximately 687,200 U.S. employed bus drivers. One of the most common jobs in the United States for a bus driver is to work for a public school, transporting students aboard a school bus to and from the school building. As of 2004, 71% of bus drivers in the U.S. were employed by schools. In other countries, school transport is often provided by the same companies that run other bus services in the area, so school bus driver is not a separate position.
In the United States, finding a position as a bus driver usually requires that the individual possess a commercial driver's license (CDL) and specialized training for the vehicle, as well as a Passenger endorsement. Various other educational and vocational training are usually required, but this varies from place to place.
See also
Bus conductor
Hours of service (USA)
Drivers' working hours (EU)
List of bus operating companies
References
External links
BLS info on bus drivers
Transport occupations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus%20driver |
In mathematics, the Weinstein conjecture refers to a general existence problem for periodic orbits of Hamiltonian or Reeb vector flows. More specifically, the conjecture claims that on a compact contact manifold, its Reeb vector field should carry at least one periodic orbit.
By definition, a level set of contact type admits a contact form obtained by contracting the Hamiltonian vector field into the symplectic form. In this case, the Hamiltonian flow is a Reeb vector field on that level set. It is a fact that any contact manifold (M,α) can be embedded into a canonical symplectic manifold, called the symplectization of M, such that M is a contact type level set (of a canonically defined Hamiltonian) and the Reeb vector field is a Hamiltonian flow. That is, any contact manifold can be made to satisfy the requirements of the Weinstein conjecture. Since, as is trivial to show, any orbit of a Hamiltonian flow is contained in a level set, the Weinstein conjecture is a statement about contact manifolds.
It has been known that any contact form is isotopic to a form that admits a closed Reeb orbit; for example, for any contact manifold there is a compatible open book decomposition, whose binding is a closed Reeb orbit. This is not enough to prove the Weinstein conjecture, though, because the Weinstein conjecture states that every contact form admits a closed Reeb orbit, while an open book determines a closed Reeb orbit for a form which is only isotopic to the given form.
The conjecture was formulated in 1978 by Alan Weinstein. In several cases, the existence of a periodic orbit was known. For instance, Rabinowitz showed that on star-shaped level sets of a Hamiltonian function on a symplectic manifold, there were always periodic orbits (Weinstein independently proved the special case of convex level sets). Weinstein observed that the hypotheses of several such existence theorems could be subsumed in the condition that the level set be of contact type. (Weinstein's original conjecture included the condition that the first de Rham cohomology group of the level set is trivial; this hypothesis turned out to be unnecessary).
The Weinstein conjecture was first proved for contact hypersurfaces in in 1986 by , then extended to cotangent bundles by Hofer–Viterbo and to wider classes of aspherical manifolds by Floer–Hofer–Viterbo. The presence of holomorphic spheres was used by Hofer–Viterbo. All these cases dealt with the situation where the contact manifold is a contact submanifold of a symplectic manifold. A new approach without this assumption was discovered in dimension 3 by Hofer and is at the origin of contact homology.
The Weinstein conjecture has now been proven for all closed 3-dimensional manifolds by Clifford Taubes. The proof uses a variant of Seiberg–Witten Floer homology and pursues a strategy analogous to Taubes' proof that the Seiberg-Witten and Gromov invariants are equivalent on a symplectic four-manifold. In particular, the proof provides a shortcut to the closely related program of proving the Weinstein conjecture by showing that the embedded contact homology of any contact three-manifold is nontrivial.
References
Further reading
Symplectic geometry
Hamiltonian mechanics
Conjectures
Unsolved problems in geometry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinstein%20conjecture |
Wu Yinghua (1907–1996) was a famous Chinese teacher of Wu-style tai chi. She was born in Beijing and died in Shanghai. She was the eldest daughter of Wu Jianquan, the best known teacher of Wu-style tai chi. Her older brothers were Wu Gongyi and Wu Gongzao, also well-known tai chi practitioners.
Biography
Wu Yinghua began studying tai chi at age nine, and by age seventeen, she was a full-time teacher in her father's school. In 1921, she was invited to teach tai chi in Shanghai. In 1928, her father followed her to Shanghai and she became his teaching assistant. In 1930, she married Ma Yueliang who was Wu Jianquan's senior disciple. In 1935, Wu Jianquan founded the Jianquan Taijiquan Association (鑑泉太極拳社) in Shanghai. Wu Jianquan died in 1942.
After the Cultural Revolution, at about 1980, it became possible to teach tai chi publicly in China again. About this time her brother Wu Gongzao was released from prison and moved to Hong Kong. Wu Yinghua and Ma Yueliang, remaining in mainland China, created a simplified Wu tai chi form, and were again able to have public meetings of the Jianquan Taijiquan Association. They taught a large number of students in Shanghai and in their travels to New Zealand, Germany and elsewhere. Together with Ma Yueliang, Wu Yinghua published several books on Wu-style tai chi. The books "Wu style Taijiquan: Forms, Concepts and Applications of the Original Style" (commonly known as the "Orange Book"), "Wu Simplified Taijiquan", and "Wu style Taiji Kuaiquan" (Wu-style tai chi fast form) have been collected in a single volume in China. They also co-authored a Wu-style sword book. Wu Yinghua was the senior instructor of the Wu family from 1983 until she died in 1996.
Ma Yueliang and Wu Yinghua are survived by several children and grandchildren, including: Ma Jiangchun (b. 1931), Dr. Ma Hailong (b. 1935), Ma Jiangbao (b. 1941), and Ma Jiangling (b. 1947). Ma Jiangbao lived in the Netherlands and taught traditional tai chi in Europe. He died in 2016. Their adopted daughter Shi Meilin now lives and teaches in New Zealand. She also has students in France and in the United States (Tucson, Arizona).
Generational senior instructors of the Wu family
1st Generation
Wu Quanyou (吳全佑, 1834–1902), who learned from Yang Luchan and Yang Banhou, was senior instructor of the family from 1870-1902.
2nd generation
His oldest son, Wu Jianquan (1870–1942), was senior from 1902-1942.
3rd Generation
His oldest son, Wu Gongyi (1900–1970) was senior from 1942-1970.
3rd Generation
Wu Gongyi's younger brother, Wu Gongzao (1903–1983), was senior from 1970-1983.
3rd Generation
Wu Gongyi's younger sister, Wu Yinghua, was senior from 1983-1997.
4th Generation
Wu Gongyi's daughter, Wu Yanxia (1930–2001) was senior from 1997-2001.
4th Generation
Wu Gongzao's son, Wu Daxin (1933–2005), was senior from 2001-2005.
5th Generation
The current senior instructor of the Wu family is Wu Daokui's son Wu Kuang-yu.
Tai chi lineage tree with Wu-style focus
Bibliography
Wu Kung-tsao. Wu Family T'ai Chi Ch'uan (吳家太極拳), Hong Kong, 1980, Toronto 2006, .
Wu Yinghua, Ma Yueliang, Shi Meilin (1987). Wu Style Tai Chi Fast Form. Henan Science Skills Ltd. Henan (only available in Chinese) .
Wu Yinghua, Ma Yueliang, Shi Meilin (1991). Wu Style Tai Chi Fast Form. Shanghai Book Co Ltd, Hong Kong (only available in Chinese) . .
Wu Yinghua, Ma Yueliang(1993). Wu Style Tai Chi Chuan Forms, Concepts and Application of the Original Style. Shanghai Book Co Ltd, Hong Kong. .
Ma Yueliang & Zee Wen(1986, 1990, 1995). Wu Style Tai Chi Chuan Push Hands. Shanghai Book Co Ltd, Hong Kong. .
Dr. Wen Zee (2002) Wu Style Tai Chi Chuan, Ancient Chinese way to health. North Atlantic Books. .
External links
Ma Jiangbao's Traditional Wu-style tai chi website
Wu-style tai chi New Zealand website
Wu style Taichichuan: Forms, Concepts and Applications of the Original Style
1907 births
1996 deaths
Chinese tai chi practitioners
Manchu martial artists
Sportspeople from Beijing
Writers from Beijing
People's Republic of China writers
Chinese non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%20Yinghua |
Fort DeRussy may refer to one of four forts constructed in the United States between 1861 and 1900, named for René Edward De Russy or his younger brother Lewis Gustave DeRussy.
Fort DeRussy (Washington, D.C.), an American Civil War-era fort built to defend Washington, D.C.
Fort DeRussy (Hawaii), an active outpost of the U.S. Army in Honolulu, Hawaii
Fort DeRussy (Kentucky), an American Civil War fort in Columbus, Kentucky
Fort DeRussy (Louisiana), site of the Battle of Fort De Russy, a small engagement in the American Civil War on March 14, 1864. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20DeRussy |
Pieter van Musschenbroek (14 March 1692 – 19 September 1761) was a Dutch scientist. He was a professor in Duisburg, Utrecht, and Leiden, where he held positions in mathematics, philosophy, medicine, and astronomy. He is credited with the invention of the first capacitor in 1746: the Leyden jar. He performed pioneering work on the buckling of compressed struts. Musschenbroek was also one of the first scientists (1729) to provide detailed descriptions of testing machines for tension, compression, and flexure testing. An early example of a problem in dynamic plasticity was described in the 1739 paper (in the form of the penetration of butter by a wooden stick subjected to impact by a wooden sphere).
Early life and studies
Pieter van Musschenbroek was born on 14 March 1692 in Leiden, Holland, Dutch Republic. His father was Johannes van Musschenbroek and his mother was Margaretha van Straaten. The van Musschenbroeks, originally from Flanders, had lived in the city of Leiden since circa 1600. His father was an instrument maker, who made scientific instruments such as air pumps, microscopes, and telescopes.
Van Musschenbroek attended Latin school until 1708, where he studied Greek, Latin, French, English, High German, Italian, and Spanish. He studied medicine at Leiden University and received his doctorate in 1715. He also attended lectures by John Theophilus Desaguliers and Isaac Newton in London. He finished his study in philosophy in 1719.
Musschenbroek belonged to the tradition of Dutch thinkers who popularised the ontological argument of God's design. He is author of Oratio de sapientia divina (Prayer of Divine Wisdom. 1744).
Academic career
Duisburg
In 1719, he became professor of mathematics and philosophy at the University of Duisburg. In 1721, he also became professor of medicine.
Utrecht
In 1723, he left his posts in Duisburg and became professor at the University of Utrecht. In 1726 he also became professor in astronomy. Musschenbroek's Elementa Physica (1726) played an important part in the transmission of Isaac Newton's ideas in physics to Europe. In November 1734 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Leiden
In 1739, he returned to Leiden, where he succeeded Jacobus Wittichius as professor.
Already during his studies at Leiden University, van Musschenbroek became interested in electrostatics. At that time, transient electrical energy could be generated by friction machines but there was no way to store it. Musschenbroek and his student Andreas Cunaeus discovered that the energy could be stored, in work that also involved Jean-Nicolas-Sébastien Allamand as collaborator. The apparatus was a glass jar filled with water into which a brass rod had been placed; and the stored energy could be released only by completing an external circuit between the brass rod and another conductor, originally a hand, placed in contact with the outside of the jar. Van Musschenbroek communicated this discovery to René Réaumur in January 1746, and it was Abbé Nollet, the translator of Musschenbroek's letter from Latin, who named the invention the 'Leyden jar'.
Soon afterwards, it transpired that a German scientist, Ewald Georg von Kleist, had independently constructed a similar device in late 1745, shortly before Musschenbroek.
He made a significant contribution to the field of tribology.
In 1754, he became an honorary professor at the Imperial Academy of Science in Saint Petersburg. He was also elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1747.
Van Musschenbroek died on 19 September 1761 in Leiden.
Works
Elementa Physica (1726)
Dissertationes physicae experimentalis et geometricae de magnete (1729)
Tentamina experimentorum naturalium in Accademia del Cimento (1731)
Institutiones physicae (1734)
Beginsels der Natuurkunde, Beschreeven ten dienste der Landgenooten, door Petrus van Musschenbroek, Waar by gevoegd is eene beschryving Der nieuwe en onlangs uitgevonden Luchtpompen, met haar gebruik tot veel proefnemingen (1736 / 1739)
Aeris praestantia in humoribus corporis humani (1739)
Oratio de sapientia divina (1744)
Institutiones physicae conscriptae in usus academicos (in Latin). Lugduni Batavorum : Apud S. Luchtmans et filium, 1748.
Institutiones logicae (1764)
References
External links
Biography by Eugenii Katz
Biography at Adventures in Cybersound
Leiden jar, Leiden University
List of Ph.D. students of Pieter van Musschenbroek
1692 births
1761 deaths
18th-century Dutch scientists
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of Utrecht University
Academic staff of Leiden University
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
18th-century Dutch inventors
Tribologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter%20van%20Musschenbroek |
CAFB may refer to:
Canadian Association of Food Banks
Castle Air Force Base, in California
Columbus Air Force Base, in Mississippi
C.A.F.B., influential Hungarian rock group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAFB |
Lefteris Fafalis () (born 17 February 1976 in Munich) is a West German-born, Greek cross-country skier who has competed since 1995. Competing in four Winter Olympics, he earned his best finish of 29th in the individual sprint event at Turin in 2006. Fafalis carried the Greek flag at the opening ceremonies of those same games.
His best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 18th in the team sprint event at Sapporo in 2007.
Fafalis' best World cup finish was 17th in a sprint event at the Czech Republic in 2005.
References
Story
1976 births
Living people
Greek male cross-country skiers
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic cross-country skiers for Greece
Sportspeople from Munich | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefteris%20Fafalis |
Benin competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Athletics
Men
Track and road events
Women
Track and road events
References
Sources
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1996 Summer Olympics
1996
Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%20at%20the%201996%20Summer%20Olympics |
Benin competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. Six competitors, four men and two women, took part in six events in two sports.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Athletics
Men
Women
Field events
Cycling
Two male cyclists represented Benin in 1992.
Road
References
External links
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1992
Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%20at%20the%201992%20Summer%20Olympics |
Benin competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Athletics
Men
Women
Judo
Men
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1988 Summer Olympics
1988
Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%20at%20the%201988%20Summer%20Olympics |
Luana may refer to:
Luana, Iowa, a town in the United States
Luana, an Italian singer-songwriter, co-founder of Belladonna
Countess Luana of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg, member of the Dutch royal family
Luana the Jungle Girl a.k.a. Luana, the Girl Tarzan (1968), Italian-German film with Mei Chen as Luana, a jungle girl
Luana/Susan Wilson from Daughter of the Jungle (1982), Italian film with Sabrina Siani as Luana/Susan Wilson
Luana, by Alan Dean Foster, a 1974 novel based on a film
Luana Bertolucci Paixão, a Brazilian football player
Luana (given name)
Feminine given names
Romanian feminine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luana |
The La Pointe Light is a lighthouse located on Long Island, one of the Apostle Islands, in Lake Superior in Ashland County, Wisconsin, near the city of Bayfield.
Currently owned by the National Park Service and part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, as reference number 83003366. Listed in the Library of Congress, Historic American Buildings Survey, WI-325 and WI-325-A. One of the oldest skeletal lighthouses on the Great Lakes, it played an important role in transportation on Lake Superior.
A square wooden tower, constructed in 1858, was located around west of the current light. The previous lens was moved to the Chequamegon Point Lighthouse in 1897. It is one of the Apostle Islands Lighthouses.
Getting there
Most of the Apostle Islands light stations may be reached on the Apostle Islands Cruise Service water taxi or by private boat during the summer. During the Annual Apostle Island Lighthouse Celebration ferry tour service is available for all the lighthouses. In the tourist season, volunteer park rangers are on many of the islands to greet visitors.
References
Further reading
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Jalbert, Andrew J. Schooner Lucerne: Lessons from a Great Lakes Shipwreck (July 27, 2007) originally printed in Sea History magazine, The Wreck of the Schooner Lucerne.
Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .
External links
Aerial photos of La Pointe Light, Marina.com.
Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey Survey number HABS WI-325
Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey Survey number HABS WI-325-A
Lighthouse Friends, La Pointe Light article
National Park Service Maritime History Project, Inventory of Historic Light Stations - Wisconsin, La Pointe Light.
Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, New La Pointe Light Station.
Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, Old La Pointe Light Station.
Wobser, David, La Pointe Light , Boatnerd Originally in Great Laker Magazine.
Lighthouses completed in 1896
Lighthouses in Ashland County, Wisconsin
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Ashland County, Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Apostle Islands National Lakeshore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Pointe%20Light |
The Sieben Steinhäuser is a group of five dolmens on the Lüneburg Heath in the NATO training area of Bergen-Hohne, in the state of Lower Saxony in northern Germany. The stones are considered to be part of the funnelbeaker culture (3500 - 2800 B.C.). The gravesite was granted protected cultural monument status in 1923.
Geographical Location
The Sieben Steinhäuser are located roughly in the middle of the Bergen-Hohne Training Area which lies between Bad Fallingbostel to the northwest and Bergen to the east.
The dolmens are found at a height of 56 and . A stream, the Hohe Bach ("High Brook") which is a northeastern tributary of the River Meiße in the catchment area of the Aller, flows past the stones in a north-south direction.
Accessibility
The only public access route to the dolmens begins at a barrier in Ostenholz, about southeast of the Walsrode autobahn interchange. The access road runs for several kilometres through the out-of-bounds area of the military training area. It is regularly cleared of any spent ammunition from the ranges. The site is only accessible on days when no exercises are taking place i.e. at weekends and on public holidays between 8 am and 6 pm.
History
The Sieben Steinhäuser gravesite was established during the third millennium BC during the neolithic funnelbeaker period by the first settled farmers. The large gravesite, Grave D, shows similarities to French gravesites, the other four are like those of the Elbe-Weser Triangle.
Although they are traditionally called the Sieben Steinhäusern ("seven stone houses") there are actually only five graves. Because an old illustration from 1744 still shows only five graves, it is assumed today, that the number seven is being used in the figurative sense for a larger number, as in the German expression sieben Sachen ("seven things") which means 'everything'. The first written record of the graves was made in 1720 by an academic.
On 24 July 1835 the gravesite was placed under conservation protection by the Amtsvogtei of Fallingbostel.
The regional author, August Freudenthal, contributed to their fame in the 19th century. Even then it was a popular tourist destination.
Description of the graves
The burial chambers are all rectangular and aligned in a northeast-southwest direction. Their capstones are not of bay construction, but almost always supported by three or four points of contact. The largest of the dolmens has a capstone measuring 16 by 14 feet (c. 5 m by 4¼ m) and is supported by seven upright support stones.
All the graves were originally covered with earth, so that they would looked like earth mounds or tumuli. Over the course of time the earth was eroded by wind and weather, so that the stones became visible again. Four graves were excavated and restored between 1924 and 1937.
In 1958, the graves were enclosed by protective earthen walls several metres high. They protect the gravesites from shell damage, because the site is located in the middle of a live firing range.
The dolmens have Sprockhoff Numbers 806 to 810.
Grave A
Grave A comprises four supporting stones along the sides and another stone at each end. On the supporting stones are three capstones, the middle one of which is considerably narrower and has been broken. The inside dimensions of the chamber are 6.5 x 2 m. The entrance is in the middle of the southeastern side, but only the pair of supporting pillars are left.
Grave B
Grave B is also composed of four supporting stones along the sides, but unlike Grave A, there are also four capstones. One is very narrow and placed between them like a lintel (Jochstein). The internal size of the chamber is 7.0 x 2.2 m. Of the entrance in the middle, only the southern pillar remains.
Grave C
The relatively short chamber of Grave C consists of three supporting stones on the southeast and four on the northwest side as well as two end stones and three capstones. Before restoration only the northeastern three-point support, the centre of the three supporting stones on the southeast side and the southwestern end stone were found in situ. Two capstones probably caved in under their own weight when their supports were dislodged. The internal dimensions of the chamber are 5 x 2 m.
The outside entrance appears to have been located between the first and centre support stones to the south of the southeastern side of the chamber.
In December 2013, the chamber collapsed, probably due to soil erosion, but there are plans to rebuild it.
Grave D with enclosure
Grave D is the most impressive in the entire group. The support stones of the short, almost square burial chamber consist of a slab on the southwest side and two on the other side. The chamber is covered by a mighty stone slab which measures 4.6 x 4.2 m and is half a metre thick. The inside dimensions of the stocky chamber are roughly 4 x 3 m.
The entrance is located in the centre of the southeastern side, its support stones are original whilst the capstone has been restored.
A rectangular enclosure belongs to this gravesite, so it appears that we are dealing with a preserved long barrow whose enclosure has been restored. It is about 4 m wide und 14 m long, apart from an abrupt gap to the southwest. Because there are no traces of stone pillars having been removed, it is suspected that this could have been used to lay out 3 to 4 more sites for planned graves during the Neolithic era.
Grave E
The sides of grave E, like grave A, comprise four supporters each, on which lie three capstones. The support stone on the southwestern end was restored. From the fact that two of the chambers capstones (the southwestern and the centre one) have been found in halves, it is not difficult to surmise that the stone blocks were artificially split in prehistoric times. In carrying out the restoration work the two easily movable capstones were replaced. The chamber has internal measurements of 5.6 x 2 m. Only the two external pillars are left from the entrance in the middle of the southeastern side.
The legend of the Sieben Steinhäuser
According to a legend that is recounted by many in the Heidmark area, the largest stone was fired at the Sieben Steinhäuser by the giant of Borg from a catapult at Elferdingen which was located near the "Orskarrn". The two largest stone pillars of the largest grave were placed by the giant in the pocket of his coat. The giant went to the stone graves via Fallingbostel. There the area was very sandy and the giant's shoes soon filled with sand. He shook himself out near Fallingbostel and that's how the Tutberg and Weinberg hills appeared.
See also
The following burial sites are also in the same general area:
Bonstorf Barrows - a neolithic or early Bronze Age burial site.
Dohnsen-Siddernhausen Dolmen - another dolmen site.
Oldendorfer Totenstatt
References
Literature
E. Sprockhoff: Atlas der Megalithgräber Deutschlands. Part 3, Niedersachsen und Westfalen. (pub.: G. Kröner, Bonn, 1975).
Ernst Andreas Friedrich: Wenn Steine reden könnten. Vol. II, Landbuch-Verlag, Hanover, 1992,
H. Schirnig: Archäologischer Wegweiser. Die Sieben Steinhäuser bei Fallingbostel. Hildesheim, 1982.
External links
Sieben Steinhäuser on the website of Fallingbostel
Access to the Sieben Steinhäuser
Dolmens in Germany
Lüneburg Heath
Heidmark
Protected areas of Lower Saxony
Funnelbeaker culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieben%20Steinh%C3%A4user |
Robert Maurice Jean Opron (22 February 1932 – 29 March 2021) was a French automotive designer. He created or collaborated on numerous projects that became production cars for brands that included Simca, Renault, and Fiat. He is best known for his work at Citroën, which he joined in 1962 and where he became responsable de style (head of the design department) in 1964.
Biography
Opron was born in Amiens in Picardy, France. His father was in the military and received several postings to locations in French Colonial Africa, so Opron grew up in places like Algeria, Mali and Abidjan.
At 18 years old Opron contracted tuberculosis, and had to spend time in a sanatorium. He returned to France in 1952 and enrolled in the École des Beaux-Arts in Amiens; one year later he transferred to the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He studied architecture under Auguste Perret. Altogether Opron spent eight years studying architecture, painting, and sculpture.
At age 21, he married Geneviève Mercier. In the early 1950s Opron's interest in aircraft led him to take up flying, including acrobatic flying.
In 1952 Opron began his professional career as a machine designer for the Compagnie Nationale des Sucreries in Ham in the Somme. In 1954 he was hired by aircraft builder Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautices du Nord. He specialised in cockpit design, and worked on the Nord Noratlas aircraft.
Opron began working at Simca in 1958 at age 26. Here he designed the Fulgur, a bubble-topped car with tail fins which was to be atomic powered and voice controlled. He also redesigned the Simca Vedette as a parade limousine for Charles de Gaulle. His department was eliminated in 1961, and Opron received a two-year severance payout, but with a non-compete clause that prevented him from moving to another automaker. Instead Opron went to Arthur Martin, a company that produced housewares and home appliances, where he became Director of Style. Opron returned to automotive design with Citroën in 1962.
When Opron first applied to work for Citroën, the chief designer, Flaminio Bertoni, threw Opron's portfolio on the floor and told him he didn't think much of his work. Three weeks later it transpired that he was merely testing him, and he not only offered him a job, but also became his mentor. Opron went on to design the SM coupé, the GS and the CX, all for Citroën. In 1964 he succeeded Bertoni as Citroën's chief designer.
Over the course of his career Opron became known for balancing a collaborative, team-based approach to design with creative input from individuals. He finally retired from design work in 2001.
Opron died from complications of COVID-19 on 29 March 2021, in Antony near Paris.
Awards and recognition
Opron was one of twenty-five designers nominated for the 1999 Car Designer of the Century competition. A celebration of his work, OPRON 50 Years of Style, was held on 11 May 2002 in Verrières-le-Buisson on the occasion of his 70th birthday. He received Car Design News' Lifetime Achievement Award in 2016.
Design history
Simca
Having joined Simca in 1958, his first significant project for them was designing the 1959 Simca Chambord Présidence V8 cabriolet used by French president Charles De Gaulle.
In 1959 Opron unveiled the futuristic Simca Fulgur concept car. This bubble-topped design was Opron's response to a challenge from the magazine Journal de Tintin to design a car for the 1980s. The magazine supplied a list of anticipated standard features that included radar obstacle detection and gyroscopic stabilisation. Opron consulted with an astrophysicist friend to help integrate these not-yet realised concepts into the car.
While at Simca he sketched out a two-box hatchback that caught the attention of Fiat's designers. This sketch eventually led to the Simca 1100.
Another sketch by Opron at Simca has been suggested to have been the original concept for what later became the Renault Espace. Others dispute this claim, and the design of the Espace is generally credited to Fergus Pollock. In the late 1970s Matra designer Antoine Volanis addressed the need for a replacement for the Matra Rancho by designing an MPV using Simca parts and with input from Opron. This design was presented to PSA management in 1979 as "Project P16", but did not reach production. Opron was at Renault throughout most of the Espace's development and for one year after sales started.
Citroën
In 1962 Mme. Opron-Mercier noticed an advertisement in Le Monde saying that an "Important industrial group" was looking to hire an experienced designer. Opron responded to the ad, and was directed to report to the Quai de Javel, the home of Citroën. The personnel manager asked Opron to return later that day to the Bureau d'Études on the Rue du Théâtre to meet with Flaminio Bertoni, Citroën's chief designer and originator of the 2CV and DS.
When Opron arrived for the meeting with Bertoni, the older man asked to see Opron's portfolio of drawings. Opron recalled that Bertoni "threw them on the floor, poking them with his cane and stated that he did not think much of them." Opron collected his drawings and indicated that he found Bertoni's behavior unacceptable, to which Bertoni replied "I do find you interesting though!" Opron left, vowing to never work for such a man. Three weeks later, he received a letter of appointment from Citroën.
Opron joined Citroën’s Bureau d’Études in 1962. For the first three months he worked in the "Méthodes" section.
Opron became Citroën's Responable de Style, or chief stylist, in 1964 following the death of Bertoni.
Opron was tasked with developing a replacement for the 2CV, which evolved into the 1965 Citroën G-Mini design study.
In 1965 Citroën launched new lines of trucks; the 350 and 600 series that earned the nickname Belphégor for their unique cab design. The trucks were designed by Bertoni and Opron.
Opron began working on the second restyling of the Citroën DS as early as 1963 with Projet D29. His "Nouveau Visage" (new face) front appearing on the 1968 model year DS was a four-headlamp design with two lamps on each side under glass covers that blended with the body's lines. The inner headlamp on each side pivoted with the steering wheel, while the outer lamps were self-leveling.
In 1967, having abandoned the ambitious Projet F begun by Bertoni and taken over by Opron, Citroën initiated a competition for a new mid-range model that pitted Opron and the Bureau d'Études against Giorgetto Giugiaro and Italdesign. Both teams submitted designs for front wheel drive 3- and 5-door cars powered by flat-four engines. Opron's proposal carried the day, and his Project G eventually became the GS released in 1970. Some have claimed that Opron based the GS' shape on the Pininfarina Austin 1800 Aerodinamica Berline of 1967. Others assert that, while it may have been influenced by the Italo-English concept car, Opron's design was an independent work, and point out that Citroën has never acknowledged any link. Giugiaro's rejected design was taken up by Alfa Romeo and developed into the Alfasud.
In 1968 Citroën opened a new Centre d'Études at Vélizy, France. Opron oversaw the arrangements for the move, which was completed progressively over several years.
Opron refreshed the Ami 6 to create the Ami 8 of 1969. He also led the team that developed the Citroën M35, a two-door fastback based on the Ami 8 chassis that was powered by a single rotor Comotor engine. Production ran from 1969–1971, and although 500 M35s were planned to be built, the total number is believed to be just more than half that.
The first completely new model of the Opron era, and the car he is most closely associated with, was the SM. Assigned the development name Projet S, the original goal was to produce a racing car suitable for Le Mans. Through the influence of Opron and Pierre Bercot, Citroën's managing director, it evolved from a racing car into a premium model in the old Grand Routier tradition.
The SM team, which included Jean Giert, built a full-scale model in the Bureau d'Études workshops on the Rue du Théâtre, making the SM the last model developed in this location before the last of the style department moved to their new location in Vélizy.
A design for a possible GS-based coupé progressed to the full-scale model stage. The car was to be built by Ligier when their contract to assemble the SM expired in 1974–75 but did not go into production.
The project that was Opron's personal favorite was also his last design for Citroën. Initially called Projet L, the result was the CX, which debuted in 1974 as the successor to the DS.
When Citroën declared bankruptcy in 1974, the French Government stepped in and arranged a merger of Citroën with Peugeot. Opron left shortly after this.
Renault
In 1975 Opron started work at Renault after reportedly being the target of an executive search by them. For his new employers he led the redesign of the Alpine A310, a project that stylist Peter Stevens was also involved in. The original 4-cylinder A310 was modified to accommodate the V6 PRV engine, and to address some aerodynamic deficiencies of the original shape.
Opron developed a design for an ultra-compact city car called the Véhicule Bas de Gamme (VBG), or Entry Level Vehicle. He was also involved in the Vesta II concept car of 1987, along with designer Gaston Juchet.
Opron's designs at Renault included the Renault Fuego sports coupé of 1980, as well as the Renault 9 and 11, with the 9 sedan released in 1981 and the 11 hatchback in 1983. Opron worked with AMC's Dick Teague to adapt the 9 and 11 models to the American market, where they were sold as the Alliance and Encore respectively.
Opron's tenure at Renault was marked by extensive collaborations with other well-known designers and carrosserie. Marcello Gandini influenced the shape of the 25 of 1983, and produced the shape for the Super Cinq in 1984. An association with Giugiaro and Italdesign resulted in the Renault Gabbiano of 1983, and later the Renault 21 of 1986 and Renault 19 of 1988.
In May 1977 Opron sent a letter to director François Zanotti, director of Renault’s commercial division, with a proposal for a new line of commercial trucks, and included two sketches by designer Guy Greffier. Zanotti approved further development, and Greffier refined his original sketches. As the project progressed, Opron invited Gandini to join the design effort. The end result was the Renault AE Magnum truck line released in 1990, when it also won "European Truck of the Year".
Opron wanted to establish a centre of advanced styling in the United States. He spent time in the States working to that end, but it did not materialise. When he returned to Europe he arrived to changes in the leadership of Renault.
Opron left Renault in 1985.
Fiat
After Renault Opron moved to Centro Stile at Fiat, where he was put in charge of advanced studies.
He is credited with creating the earliest sketches for a design project called the ES 30, for Experimental Sportscar 3.0 litres. Opron's early concept, which won out against a competing proposal from Giugiaro, was fully developed by Antonio Castellana. The prototype was completed in just nineteen months – quickly enough to appear at the 1989 Geneva Motor Show. This highly controversial design went into limited production as the Alfa Romeo SZ coupé and the later RZ convertible, where the "Z" refers to coachbuilder Zagato. The model was also given the nickname "Il Mostro" (the monster) for its unusual appearance.
In 1992 Opron left Fiat at sixty years of age, having reached mandatory retirement age.
Independent consultant
From 1991 to 2000 he operated his own independent design consultancy in Verrières-le-Buisson in south Paris (Essonne).
One of Opron's clients was Ligier, who had become a manufacturer of "voitures sans permis" or "voiturettes", a class of microcar in France that may be driven without an operator's license. For Ligier Opron produced the original Dué, which debuted at the 1998 Paris Motor Show. The Ligier Dragonfly shown at the 2000 Geneva Motor Show was also an Opron design.
Opron also consulted for Piaggio.
Design gallery
References
Further reading
1932 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in France
French automobile designers
People from Amiens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Opron |
Benin competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States.
Boxing
Men
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1984 Summer Olympics
1984
Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%20at%20the%201984%20Summer%20Olympics |
Marjie Lundstrom (born 1956) is an American journalist. She received the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting in 1991. Lundstrom has worked for The Fort Collins Coloradoan, the Denver Monthly, and The Denver Post. She was a reporter and senior writer for The Sacramento Bee. Currently, she is the deputy editor for two nonprofit publications, FairWarning, located in Pasadena, CA, and CalMatters, based in Sacramento.
Background and career
Marjie Lundstrom was born in 1956. Her parents, Dr. and Mrs. Max Lundstrom, are from Wayne, Nebraska.
She graduated from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, college of Journalism in 1978. When she enrolled, she didn't have a clear career goal, saying she "stumbled into journalism." Lundstrom went on to become the fourth graduate to win the Pulitzer Prize for journalism at UNL. In 1977 she wrote her autobiography, while a junior at the school.
Early in her career, Lundstrom served as a staff member with The Fort Collins Coloradoan, the Denver Monthly, and The Denver Post. She was a reporter and senior writer for The Sacramento Bee, for 29 years, taking a temporary break in 1990 to work for Gannett news service, where she and a fellow journalist wrote a Pulitzer Prize winning story on child abuse.
In 2019 Lundstrom began working with FairWarning, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization, based in southern California. Their investigative stories cover consumer protection, labor, public health, and transportation safety. In 2020 she joined the team at CalMatters, another nonpartisan, nonprofit organization, which focuses on issues important to the lives of California residents and government accountability. She is currently the deputy editor of both publications.
Awards and recognition
1991 Winner, Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting, (with Rochelle Sharpe) Gannett, for a four-part series of reports on child abuse related deaths
2008 Honoree, Recognized by the California Newspaper Publishers Association for her lifelong commitment to the public's right to know
2009 Winner, First Amendment Award, Society of Professional Journalists, (with her husband, Sam Stanton), Sacramento Bee, for a two-part series called "Unprotected" , and follow up stories by her husband, Sam Stanton
2011 Finalist, the Taylor Family Award for Fairness in Newspapers for "Who Killed Amariana?"
2011 Winner, Anna Quindlen Award for Excellence in Journalism on Behalf of Children and Families, Sacramento Bee, "Who Killed Amariana?", a three-part series about the death of a foster child
2012 Winner, Price Child Health and Welfare Journalism Award, University of San Diego, for Daily Newspapers, Sacramento Bee, "The Girl With 100 Scars"
References
External links
The Sacramento Bee Pulitzer Prizes, 1991
Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting winners
1956 births
Living people
People from Wayne, Nebraska
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
Writers from Sacramento, California
American newspaper reporters and correspondents
Writers from Nebraska
20th-century American journalists
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American women
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjie%20Lundstrom |
Heinz Inniger (born 18 December 1980) is a Swiss snowboarder. He ranked 4th in Parallel Slalom at the World Cup 2004/2005.
External links
Heinz-Inniger.ch
1980 births
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders for Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
21st-century Swiss people
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz%20Inniger |
This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This article contains terms starting with M – O. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other pages.
M
Mastery learning: An instructional method that presumes all children can learn if they are provided with the appropriate learning conditions. Specifically, mastery learning is a method whereby students are not advanced to a subsequent learning objective until they demonstrate proficiency with the current one.
MEB: A Master's in European Business providing knowledge and skills both in Economics and Management.
Mathematics education: The study of practices and methods of both the teaching and learning of mathematics. Furthermore, mathematics educators are concerned with the development of tools that facilitate practice and/or the study of practice. Mathematics education has been a hotly debated subject in modern society. There is an ambiguity in the term for it refers both to these practices in classrooms around the world, but also to an emergent discipline with its own journals, conferences, etc. The main international body involved is the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction.
Medical education: Education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner, either the initial training to become a doctor or further training thereafter.
Medical education and training varies considerably across the world. Various teaching methodologies have been utilised in medical education, which is an active area of educational research.
Memory: The ability of the brain to store, retain, and subsequently recall information. Although traditional studies of memory began in the realms of philosophy, the late nineteenth and early twentieth century put memory within the paradigms of cognitive psychology. In the recent decades, it has become one of the principal pillars of a new branch of science that represents a marriage between cognitive psychology and neuroscience, called cognitive neuroscience.
Mentoring: A developmental relationship between a more experienced mentor and a less experienced partner referred to as a mentee or protégé. Usually - but not necessarily - the mentor/protégé pair will be of the same sex.
The roots of the practice are lost in antiquity. The word itself was inspired by the character of Mentor in Homer's Odyssey. Though the actual Mentor in the story is a somewhat ineffective old man, the goddess Athena takes on his appearance in order to guide young Telemachus in his time of difficulty.
Historically significant systems of mentorship include apprenticing under the medieval guild system, and the discipleship system practiced by both Rabbinical Judaism and the Christian church.
Medieval university: The first European medieval institutions generally considered to be universities were established in Italy, France and England in the late 11th and the 12th Century for the study of arts, law, medicine, and theology. These universities evolved from much older schools and monasteries, and it is difficult to define the first date at which they became true universities for teaching higher education, although the lists of studia generali for higher education in Europe held by the Vatican are a useful guide. Some other institutions such as the imperial university of Constantinople claim that they changed from schools to universities as early as the 11th Century.
Medieval university (Asia): Medieval universities did not exist in Asia in the strict sense of the phrase. However, there were important centres of learning that can be compared to the universities of Europe. Unlike the European universities, non-western institutions of higher learning were never known to issue degrees to their graduates and therefore do not meet what many hold to be the technical definition of university. This does not, however, bar their importance to the history of non-western cultures.
Meta-: In epistemology, the prefix meta- is used to mean about (its own category). For example, metadata is data about data (who has produced it, when, what format the data is in and so on). Similarly, meta-memory in psychology means an individual's intuition about whether or not they would remember something if they concentrated on recalling it. Any subject can be said to have a meta-theory, which is the theoretical consideration of its foundations and methods.
Metacognition: Refers to thinking about cognition (memory, perception, calculation, association, etc.) itself. Metacognition can be divided into two types of knowledge: explicit, conscious, factual knowledge; and implicit, unconscious, procedural knowledge. The ability to think about thinking is unique to sapient species and indeed is one of the definitions of sapience. Metacognition is practiced to attempt to regulate one's own cognition, and maximize one's potential to think, learn and process stimuli from the surroundings.
Methodology: Strictly speaking is the study and knowledge of methods; but the term is frequently used pretentiously to indicate a method or a set of methods. In other words, it is the study of techniques for problem-solving and seeking answers, as opposed to the techniques themselves.
Military education and training:Process that intends to educate in combat and in situations of war.
Mind map: (or mind-map) A diagram used for linking words and ideas to a central key word or idea. It is used to visualize, classify, structure, and generate ideas, as well as an aid in study, problem solving, and decision making.
Mind uploading The futurist high technology to rapidly increase the speed of information exchange to neurology. A form of education that focuses on extreme time efficiency.
Motivation: The driving force behind all actions of human beings and other animals. It is an internal state that activates behavior and gives it direction. Emotion is closely related to motivation, and may be regarded as the subjectively experienced component of motivational states.
Music education: Comprises the application of education methods in teaching music.
N
NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.: (NAACP LDF or simply LDF) A leading United States civil rights organization. It was founded in 1940 under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall as part of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and spun out as a separate organization in 1957.
National Educational Television: (NET) was an educational television network in the USA from 1952 until 1970 and was the predecessor of the Public Broadcasting Service.
National postgraduate representative body: Exists in many countries representing postgraduate students/researchers undertaking their doctorate (PhD) or postdoctoral research. Some have a broader remit to represent all postgraduates, including those taking Master's degrees. A few countries have no specific body but are represented by a national body representing all students, including undergraduates. In Europe many of the national organisations have come together under the federation Eurodoc.
Network of practice: Builds on the work on communities of practice by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger in the early 1990s, John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid (2000) developed the concept of networks of practice (often abbreviated as NoPs). This concept refers to the overall set of various types of informal, emergent social networks that facilitate learning and knowledge sharing between individuals conducting practice-related tasks. In other words, networks of practice range from communities of practice to electronic networks of practice (often referred to as virtual or electronic communities).
Nines System: The informal name for a grading scale often used at educational institutions in English-speaking countries, particularly the United States.
The system owes its name to the fact that each of the top four letter grades in it cover a range of nine points. The minimum passing mark under it is almost always 65%, or five points higher than in the more widely used Tens System.
Normal school: An educational institution for training teachers. Its purpose is to establish teaching standards or norms, hence its name. The term normal school is now archaic in all but a few countries. In New Zealand, for example, normal schools are affiliated with Teachers colleges. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, normal schools in the United States and Canada trained primary school teachers, while in Europe, normal schools educated primary, secondary and tertiary-level teachers.
Notetaking: The practice of writing pieces of information, often in an informal or unstructured manner. One major specific type of notetaking is the practice of writing in shorthand, which can allow large amounts of information to be put on paper very quickly. Notes are frequently written in notebooks, though any available piece of paper can suffice in many circumstances—some people are especially fond of Post-It notes, for instance. Notetaking is an important skill for students, especially at the college level. Many different forms are used to structure information and make it easier to find later. Computers, particularly tablet PCs and personal digital assistants (PDAs) are beginning to see wide use as notetaking devices.
Numeracy: A term that emerged in the United Kingdom as a contraction of "numerical literacy". In the United States, it is somewhat better known as "Quantitative Literacy," and is familiar to math educators and intellectuals but not in the common usage. Innumeracy is the absence of numeracy.
Nursery school: (or preschool) A school for the education of very young children (generally five years of age and younger). These schools range from schools which seek to teach young children to schools which only provide childcare with little educational benefits. Schools which focus on education generally teach early social skills including interpersonal interaction, being a part of a group of peers, and classroom skills such as following the instructions of a teacher. Some formal education also takes place, such as early reading or language skills. Some nursery schools have adopted specialized methods of teaching, such as Montessori, High Scope, Reggio Emilia approach and various other pedagogy.
O
Objective: An educational objective is a statement of a goal which successful participants are expected demonstrably to achieve before the course or unit completes.
Objectivity (philosophy): Has various meanings in philosophy, and is surely one of the most important philosophical problems, since it concerns the epistemological status of knowledge, the problem of an objective reality and the question of our subjective relationship to others objects in the world.
Obscurantism: Opposition to extension or dissemination of knowledge beyond certain limits and to questioning dogmas. Obscurantism is the opposite of freethought and is often associated with religious fundamentalism by its opponents. Indeed, it is a commonly raised accusation in debates on academic freedom, with anti-communists and others associating it with the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel and his followers (including Karl Marx) and more recently with opponents of Martin Heidegger doing the same.
Observation: An activity of a sapient or sentient living being, which senses and assimilates the knowledge of a phenomenon in its framework of previous knowledge and ideas.
Observational learning: (or social learning) Learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating behavior observed in others. It is most associated with the work of psychologist Albert Bandura, who implemented some of the seminal studies in the area and initiated social learning theory. Although observational learning can take place at any stage in life, it is thought to be particularly important during childhood, particularly as authority becomes important.
Of Education: Published in 1644, first appearing anonymously as a single eight-page quarto sheet (Ainsworth 6). Presented as a letter written in response to a request from the Puritan educational reformer Samuel Hartlib, it represents John Milton's most comprehensive statement on educational reform, and gives voice to his views “concerning the best and noblest way of education”. As outlined in the tractate, education carried for Milton a dual objective: one public, to “fit a man to perform justly, skillfully, and magnanimously all the offices, both private and public, of peace and war”; and the other private, to “repair the ruins of our first parents by regaining to know God aright, and out of that knowledge to love Him, to be like Him, as we may the nearest by possessing our soul of true virtue”.
Open problem: A problem that can be formally stated and for which a solution is known to exist but which has not yet been solved. It is common in graduate schools to point out open problems to students.
Operant conditioning: (so named by psychologist B. F. Skinner) The modification of behavior brought about over time by the consequences of said behavior. Operant conditioning is distinguished from Pavlovian conditioning in that operant conditioning deals with voluntary behavior explained by its consequences, while Pavlovian conditioning deals with involuntary behavior triggered by its antecedents.
Outdoor education: (also known as adventure education) Usually refers to organized learning that takes place in the outdoors. Programs often involve residential or journey-based experiences in which students participate in a variety of adventurous challenges such as hiking, climbing, canoeing, ropes courses, and group games. Outdoor education programs draw upon the philosophy and theory of experiential education and may also focus on environmental education.
Overlearning: A pedagogical concept according to which newly acquired skills should be practiced well beyond the point of initial mastery, leading to automaticity.
See also
References
4
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20education%20terms%20%28M%E2%80%93O%29 |
Walther Kadow (January 29, 1860 — May 31, 1923) was a German school teacher who was beaten and killed by Rudolf Höss and a group of Nazi Party accomplices in May 1923 in the forest near Parchim. Kadow, a World War I veteran, was a member of the right wing German Völkisch Freedom Party, and was suspected of having betrayed German nationalist Albert Leo Schlageter to the French occupation authorities in the Ruhr. Schlageter was executed by the French and was later regarded as a martyr by the Nazis. Höss received a ten-year sentence but was released after four years under a general amnesty. His accomplice, Martin Bormann, a former student of Kadow, was sentenced to one year.
Bormann later became Head of the Nazi Party Chancellery and private secretary to Adolf Hitler and received the Blood Order for his imprisonment over the murder. Höss later became the commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp.
References
1900 births
1923 deaths
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Assassinated German people
German schoolteachers
German military personnel of World War I
People murdered in Germany
Deaths by beating in Europe
German fascists
Deaths in the Weimar Republic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kadow |
Geosophy is a concept introduced to geography by J.K. Wright in 1947. The word is a compound of ‘geo’ (Greek for earth) and ‘sophia’ (Greek for wisdom). Wright defined it thus:
Geosophy ... is the study of geographical knowledge from any or all points of view. It is to geography what historiography is to history; it deals with the nature and expression of geographical knowledge both past and present—with what Whittlesey has called ‘man’s sense of [terrestrial] space’. Thus it extends far beyond the core area of scientific geographical knowledge or of geographical knowledge as otherwise systematized by geographers. Taking into account the whole peripheral realm, it covers the geographical ideas, both true and false, of all manner of people—not only geographers, but farmers and fishermen, business executives and poets, novelists and painters, Bedouins and Hottentots—and for this reason it necessarily has to do in large degree with subjective conceptions.
(Wright 1947)
This has been summarised as:
the study of the world as people conceive of and imagine it
(McGreevy 1987)
Belief systems as they relate to human interaction with the Earth's environments.
(attributed to Professor Innes Park 1995)
Superstition
Geosophy is sometimes used as a synonym for the study of earth mysteries.
References
Keighren, Innes M. “Geosophy, imagination, and terrae incognitae: exploring the intellectual history of John Kirtland Wright.” Journal of Historical Geography 31, no. 3 (2005): 546–62.
McGreevy, P. 1987 Imagining the future at Niagara Falls. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77 (1):48–62
Wright, J.K. 1947. Terrae Incognitae: The Place of Imagination in Geography Annals of the Association of American Geographers 37: 1–15.
Geography terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosophy |
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