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Crocker Mountains () is a mountain range extending from the West Coast until Interior divisions of Sabah, Malaysia that separates the west and east coast of Sabah. At an average height of , it is the highest mountain range in the state. It is named after the British administrator in North Borneo, William Maunder Crocker.
Geology
The mountain range is made up of uplifted and folded sedimentary rocks consisting of weathered soft sandstones and shales. The highest point is Mount Kinabalu at . Most of the park boundary lies above with its lowlands used for cash crops and paddy field. On the eastern side of the mountain range lies the Tambunan Valley at which is mainly terraced paddy fields, and groves of bamboo border the north-eastern part of the protected park. The park area is important as a water catchment to supply water to various rivers in the west coast and interior districts of Sabah including the Papar River, the Kimanis River, the Bongawan River, the Membakut River, the Padas River and the Melalap River that flow west to the park while the Pegalan River, the Pampang River, the Apin-Apin River, the Tendulu River, the Melalap River, the Liawan River and the Tikalod River flow in the opposite direction.
History
The area surrounding Mount Kinabalu has been a state park since 1964 and was the country's first World Heritage Site. Part of the mountain range has been gazetted for protection as Crocker Range National Park since 1984. Through the Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation Programme (BBEC), a technical co-operation existed between the government of Sabah and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to innovate the Community Use Zone (CUZ) concept as a management option to address the issues concerning indigenous communities living and utilising resources within the protected areas. Mount Kinabalu, one of the highest mountains in Southeast Asia, is a part of this mountain range. In 2014, the range was recognised as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, becoming the second Malaysian site to be so designated, after Chini Lake in the state of Pahang on the peninsular side.
Biodiversity
The Crocker Mountains Forest Reserve area has a wide range of floral and faunal diversity and has the highest diversity of nocturnal insects in all the 20 forest reserves surveyed within the Heart of Borneo area in Sabah; it has recorded a number of endemic species.
Gallery
References
External links
Mountain ranges of Malaysia
Landforms of Sabah
Biosphere reserves of Malaysia
Borneo montane rain forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocker%20Mountains |
Chandni () is a 1989 Indian Hindi-language romantic musical film directed and co-produced by Yash Chopra from a story written by Kamna Chandra with a screenplay by Umesh Kalbagh, Arun Kaul, and Sagar Sarhadi. The film stars Sridevi in the title role of Chandni Mathur, a young effervescent woman torn between two suitors played by Vinod Khanna and Rishi Kapoor. Waheeda Rehman, Anupam Kher, Sushma Seth, Mita Vashisht, and Manohar Singh feature in supporting roles.
The eighties marked a professional setback in Chopra's career, After a series of failed action films, Chopra decided to return to his roots and make a romantic musical, a film with all the hallmarks of what has come to be known as the "Yash Chopra style" – heroine-oriented, romantic, emotional, depicting the lifestyle of the super-elite, with melodic music used in songs picturized in foreign locations. The film marked the first collaboration between Chopra and Sridevi; they would collaborate again for Lamhe (1991).
Chandni was theatrically released on 14 September 1989 by Yash Raj Films. The film was a widespread critical and commercial success and became one of the highest-grossing Hindi films of 1989, whereas its soundtrack became the best selling album of the year as well as the decade with more than 10 million copies sold. The massive success of the film and its soundtrack were instrumental in ending the era of violent action films in Indian Cinema and rejuvenating the romantic musical genre. The success of film further reinforced Sridevi's position as the top female star of the era. Over the years, Chandni is hailed as one of Chopra's finest films.
At the 37th National Film Awards, Chandni won Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. At the 35th Filmfare Awards, the film received 10 nominations, including Best Film, Best Director (Chopra), Best Actress (Sridevi), Best Actor (Kapoor), Best Supporting Actor (Khanna) and Best Supporting Actress (Rehman), and won Best Cinematography.
Plot
Chandni Mathur, a middle-class naïve girl travels to Delhi with her parents to attend her cousin's wedding. There she meets Rohit Gupta, her cousin's friend. Rohit instantly falls in love with the beautiful Chandni and starts courting her. After his continuous attempts, Chandni accepts him and they eventually get engaged, though the Guptas dislike Chandni due to difference in their social status. One day, Rohit calls Chandni and asks her to come on the roof of her home where he is waiting for her in a helicopter to shower rose petals on her. While doing that, his helicopter crashes, paralyzing him below the waist. The Guptas blame Chandni for the mishap and mistreat her. Thinking he cannot be a good husband, Rohit lets Chandni go. Heartbroken, she leaves Delhi and travels to Mumbai and finds work at a travel agency. Lalit Khanna, the head of the travel agency, and a widower, falls for Chandni and asks her to marry him, and she accepts the proposal hesitantly.
Two years later, after much contemplation, Chandni agrees to marry Lalit and meets his mom Lata, who likes her instantly. Lalit visits Switzerland on a business trip and runs into Rohit, who is still undergoing treatment from professional therapists and physicians for his paralysis.
Recovered, he befriends Lalit and they share their respective love-stories, unaware they both love the same girl, Chandni. Back to India, Rohit visits Lalit's house to meet him. Chandni opens the door; she and Rohit are surprised to see each other. Rohit reveals he is no longer paralyzed. They get keyed up with tears, and he seizes this chance to propose to her.
However, Chandni tells Rohit that she is engaged to marry Lalit. She also reminds him what the Guptas did to her. He leaves regretfully. Lalit invites Rohit to his wedding as they became friends. Rohit and Chandni pretend as strangers. On the wedding day, he mumbles and stumbles down a flight of stairs in a drunken stupor. Out of panic Chandni runs towards him, hugs him and starts crying. Upon seeing this, Lalit realizes Chandni loves Rohit. In the hospital, Rohit regains consciousness. Lalit sacrifices his love for Chandni, and she marries Rohit after. Lalit and Lata share a brief sad moment upon seeing Chandni and Rohit leave.
Cast
Sridevi as Chandni Mathur
Rishi Kapoor as Rohit Gupta
Vinod Khanna as Lalit Khanna
Waheeda Rehman as Lata Khanna
Sushma Seth as Armani Gupta
Mita Vasisht as Kiran Chawla
Anant Mahadevan as Brijbhan Chawla
Achala Sachdev
Beena Banerjee
Manohar Singh as Nihaal Gupta
Ram Gopal Bajaj as Shiv Prasad Mathur
Lalit Tiwari
Suhas Joshi
Renu Arya
Bharat Bhushan Bhalla as Dr. Aryamaan Das
Anupam Kher as Ramesh Mehra
Juhi Chawla as Devika Shastri
Production
Speaking about the film with Karan Johar, Yash Chopra recalled when he was making Vijay (1988), an action film, he felt like he was not supposed to make films like this. Later he met with writer Kamna Chandra, who had achieved popularity after having written Raj Kapoor's Prem Rog (1982). She presented the story of a social romantic musical film to Chopra who liked it and started casting the stars. However, at the launch party, Chopra had a change of heart and decided to change the second half of the script, wherein originally Chandni was supposed to marry Lalit and have a son.
Initially Rekha was approached to play the titular role. With casting of Vinod Khanna, distributors started demanding an action sequence in the film to which Chopra refused. Originally, the script required Khanna saving Sridevi from a fire incident. However, upon watching the completed film, Chopra felt that it did not feel like a part of the film, so he called Sridevi and Khanna back for a day's shoot to re-film their first meeting sequence.
Music
The soundtrack of Chandni was composed by Shiv Kumar Sharma and Hariprasad Chaurasia, known together as Shiv-Hari. The lyrics were provided by Anand Bakshi. In addition to the songs listed below, there was a recurring instrumental love melody, not part of a full song. That melody was further developed into the song "Kabhi Main Kahoon" for Chopra's next film Lamhe (1991), also scored by Shiv-Hari.
The film's soundtrack was a major success in India and sold more than 10 million copies, becoming the best-selling soundtrack album of the year as well as the decade. It is believed that the soundtrack helped bring back the romantic musical genre, along with Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) and Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), with its songs and lyrics receiving major critical acclaim. According to Yash Raj Films, the soundtrack went 4× Platinum by the day of the premiere. By the 25th week, it went 25× Platinum, a new standard in the music industry.
Reception & Legacy
Chandni received widespread critical acclaim upon its release, with many critics highlighting the film's impact in being instrumental in bringing an end to an era of violent action movies in Indian cinema and rejuvenating the romantic musical genre. Chandni emerged as one of the biggest hits of 1989. The Hindu stated that "the film opened to full houses and distributors had to drastically increase the number of theatres". It was cited by Times of India as "one of the most-watched films of Indian Cinema." Hindustan Times featured the movie in its list of 'Yash Chopra's Greatest Hits' saying "it was instrumental in ending the era of violence in Bollywood and bringing back the romance into Hindi films."
The film consolidated Sridevi's position as the top female star of the era. Describing Sridevi's performance in Chandni, Indiatimes wrote "True to her screen-name, she was an epitome of radiance, warmth and vivacity. She effortlessly introduced us to the powerful streaks, her classic, angelic character was laden with." The scene where she confronts Rishi Kapoor was ranked by Rediff as one of the "10 Best Scenes from Yash Chopra Films." While Sridevi topped the Hindustan Times list of Yash Chopra's "Top 5 Heroines", CNN-IBN ranked her #1 on its list of 'Yash Chopra's 10 Most Sensuous Heroines', saying that "Yash Chopra immortalized Sridevi as the perfect Chandni." The titular character became one of the most famous characters of Hindi cinema, with India Today including it in its list of 'Yash Chopra's Iconic Characters'. CNN-IBN listed it among 'The Cult Characters Yash Chopra Created', while NDTV featured it in its list of 'Yash Chopra's Greatest Creations' stating that the film established Sridevi "as the nation's sweetheart" and "reinforced her position as the reigning actress in Bollywood."
Costume design in the film was done by Bhanu Athaiya and Leena Daru. Sridevi's iconic 'Chandni Look' revolutionized fashion in North India and became synonymous with the actress, with Rediff stating "A luminous Sridevi slips into every possible design in white for a major chunk of the romance and no one complains." Speaking about the look, Chopra told film critic Rajeev Masand "While making Chandni, I had a vision of who I wanted this girl to be. I told Sridevi that most of her costumes in the film would be in white." The Tribune wrote "Leena Daru scored a winner again when she created the Chandni look for Sridevi. Every street corner sold the salwar-kameez and dupatta that gave the heroine a refreshingly understated look, rarely seen on the Indian screen." while Mid-Day reported "Leena Daru dressed Bollywood's beauties for several years. But it was her simple white churidar and kurta with the leheriya dupatta for Sridevi in Chandni that gave the Southern belle an angelic image and caused the Chandni Chowk stores to hit the jackpot with thousands of copies." BizAsia described the effect of the look saying "Chopra never quite got over his Sridevi hangover and almost always chose to present his future lead heroines in similar outfits (Juhi Chawla in Darr (1993), Madhuri Dixit in Dil To Pagal Hai (1997), Preity Zinta in Veer-Zaara (2004)), but none of them became half as iconic as Sridevi did after Chandni." The 'Chandni Look' was also highlighted in the film's famous tandav dance sequence by Sridevi, where Rediff said "the actress transformed into a mythical goddess in a white number." Sridevi's chiffon sarees became equally popular with Indian Express writing "This film made the chiffon sari a must-have in every Indian woman's wardrobe."
The music of Chandni became a multi-platinum success with Sridevi's famous dance number "Mere Haathon Mein Nau Nau Choodiyan Hai" finding a place in Rediff's chart of 'Bollywood's Top 25 Wedding Songs'. Sridevi also lent her voice to the film's popular title-track "Chandni O Meri Chandni" which featured among the 'Top 5 Songs of Yash Chopra' by Hindustan Times. Talking about her role in Chandni, Sridevi said it was "a lively and vibrant girl in the first half (who) becomes quiet and goes into a shell in the second half. I loved that transformation and when you have a director like Yash Chopra at the helm, you can be sure that he will make the best out of everything."
Awards and nominations
37th National Film Awards:
Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment – Yash Chopra & T. Subbarami Reddy
35th Filmfare Awards:
Wins
Best Cinematography – Manmohan Singh
Nominations
Best Film – Yash Chopra & T. Subbarami Reddy
Best Director – Yash Chopra
Best Actress – Sridevi
Best Actor – Rishi Kapoor
Best Supporting Actor – Vinod Khanna
Best Supporting Actress – Waheeda Rehman
Best Music Director – Shiv-Hari
Best Lyricist – Anand Bakshi for "Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki"
Best Male Playback Singer – Suresh Wadkar for "Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki"
References
External links
1989 films
1980s Hindi-language films
1989 romantic drama films
1980s romantic musical films
1980s musical drama films
Films directed by Yash Chopra
Films scored by Shiv-Hari
Yash Raj Films films
Indian romantic drama films
Indian romantic musical films
Indian musical drama films
Films set in Mumbai
Films set in Delhi
Films shot in Mumbai
Films shot in Delhi
Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners
Films shot in Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandni%20%28film%29 |
is a district of Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Currently it consists of six chōme. According to Minato, as of November 1, 2007, the population in the neighborhood is 14,840. The term Shirokane narrowly refers to Shirokane 1-chōme to Shirokane 6-chōme, but is sometimes used to include the larger neighborhood formerly known as , which encompasses part of Shirokanedai and Takanawa as well as Shirokane. This article deals with the place in the narrow definition.
Overview
Shirokane is located in the southwestern part of Minato, Tokyo and one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in Japan. It is a quiet residential area that is abundant in undeveloped green space. This area is known for having the most expensive real estate fees for living in Japan. Shirokane borders the neighborhoods of Minami-Azabu, Shirokanedai, Takanawa and Ebisu. The Prefectural Highway 305 (Ebisu-dori) divides Shirokane into odd-numbered (1, 3, 5-chōmes) and even-numbered (2, 4, 6-chōmes) subdistricts designated as industrial and high-rise residential areas, respectively. Small factories and shopping streets are developed along Furukawa river, and upon the southern hill a quiet residential area is developed with apartments and schools such as Seishin Joshi Gakuin. The recent opening of a subway allowed the area centered at Shirokane-Takanawa Station to undergo a large redevelopment.
There are forest areas owned by academic institutions and private companies such as Seishin Joshi Gakuin and the Kitasato Institute. With the Institute for Nature Study and the Institute of Medical Science in Shirokanedai, these areas form one of the largest green districts in the special wards of Tokyo. This large green area dates back to daimyō's mansions which existed in Edo period; later, industrialists made their residences in this place, which gave rise to the well-known upper-class neighborhood.
Etymology
During the Ōei era (1394–1428), a government official of the Southern Dynasty who settled here became wealthy. His nickname was Shirokane Chōja (白金長者), which means "man who possesses much 'white gold' " (白金), a reference to silver. Thus the name of this location is the "Silver District".
Education
Minato City Board of Education operates public elementary and junior high schools.
Shirokane 1 and 3-6 chōme and 2-chōme 1-5-ban are zoned to Shirogane-no-oka Gakuen (白金の丘学園) for elementary and junior high school. 2-chome 6-7 ban are zoned to Shirokane Elementary School (白金小学校) and Takamatsu Junior High School (高松中学校).
Upper secondary schools:
Meiji Gakuin Senior High School
Colleges and universities:
Meiji Gakuin University (明治学院大学)
Places
Slopes
Shokkō-zaka (蜀江坂)
Sanko-zaka (三光坂)
Meiji-zaka (明治坂)
Miscellaneous
Famous economist Kazuhide Uekusa lives in Shirokanedai with his family.
References
Districts of Minato, Tokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirokane |
Mis Mejores Canciones – 17 Super Éxitos is a greatest hits album by American singer Selena released on September 17, 1993, through EMI Latin. Beginning in January 1993, the label released a comprehensive collection that spotlighted its Latin music artists as part of its Latin Classics series. Mis Mejores Canciones - 17 Super Exitos encompasses 17 tracks, ranging from songs recorded on her debut album with EMI Latin, to songs present in Entre a Mi Mundo (1992). The album received a positive response from music critics who enjoyed the label's catalog releases and praised the tracks on the album for showcasing Selena's early popular recordings. Following the shooting death of Selena on March 31, 1995, Mis Mejores Canciones - 17 Super Exitos debuted at number one on the US Billboard Top Catalog Albums chart, the first Spanish-language recording to do so. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album diamond (Latin), denoting 600,000 units shipped in the United States.
Background and production
Selena y Los Dinos signed with EMI Latin following their appearance at the 1989 Tejano Music Awards. By 1993, the group, led by vocalist Selena, was approaching its pinnacle of success. While backup vocalist and dancer Pete Astudillo embarked on his solo career, he persisted as a member of the group and provided songwriting assistance. Selena's husband and guitarist, Chris Pérez, expressed a growing inclination towards quitting the band. In realizing that within Tejano music guitarists were not given ample room for experimentation, Pérez found himself confined to repetitious chord progressions alongside the band. Sensing a lack of artistic growth, Pérez confided with Selena about his boredom and yearning for something new. Pérez remained with the band after Selena expressed that their relationship would be over, stressing her concerns over Pérez's past behaviors around women and alcohol.
In May 1993, Selena released her live recording that was also supported by its two US top-five singles, "No Debes Jugar" and "La Llamada". Selena's first performance at the Houston Astrodome in February 1993, attracted over 60,000 attendees, breaking the maritime record. Selena's biographer, Joe Nick Patoski, found Selena Live! to have functioned as a proclamation that signaled Selena's preeminence as the most popular Tejano music musician. The singer began garnering consistent airplay in New York City and Miami, areas where Tejano music had not previously gained significant interest. By August 1993, Selena ranked as the fifth best-selling Latin artist in the United States, behind Luis Miguel and Gloria Estefan. EMI Latin first issued its Latin Classics catalog series for Paloma San Basilio on January 22, 1993, before issuing it for the label's other artists beginning in the week of September 17, 1993, under the titles Mis Mejores Canciones – 17 Super Éxitos. The company released an all-encompassing collection series showcasing their Latin music artists.
Music
The compilation encompasses 17 tracks, ranging from compositions present on Selena (1989) album to her Entre a Mi Mundo (1992) recording. It commences with "Como la Flor" (1992), a commercially and critically acclaimed piece widely regarded as Selena's signature song and her "trademark", "Como la Flor" has become a posthumous epithet and swan song, as well as her most renowned recording. The second track, "Mentiras" (1989) is taken from Selena's self-titled debut album with EMI Latin. The following track, "¿Qué Creías?" (1992), functions as a "kiss-off anthem", that Selena claimed represents women on a collective scale. Patoski characterized the track as "all sass and fire" and noted its deviation from Selena's customary cumbia style. The fourth song, "Besitos" (1989), the first instance in which Astudillo provided production and songwriting assistance, served as a defining moment for Selena y Los Dinos, as it marked their distinctive cumbia sound in subsequent releases. Following this is the ranchera "Yo Fui Aquella" (1990), while the emotive sixth track, "Después de Enero", is taken from Ven Conmigo (1990). The eighth song on the compilation, "Vuelve a Mí" (1992), characterized as a polka, expresses Selena's yearning for a former lover to return. In a recitative preamble accompanied by the auditory backdrop of a thunderstorm, Selena remarks that the precipitation evokes memories of the day her lover departed, drawing a parallel between the raindrops and her own tears.
"No Quiero Saber" (1990) opens the ninth track and is taken from Ven Conmigo, and is followed by the re-recorded rendition of "Costumbres" (1990). These are followed by, Selenas "Tengo Ganas de Llorar" (1989), and Ven Conmigos "Baila Esta Cumbia" (1990). Selena's cover of Juan Gabriel's "Yo Me Voy" (1990) opens the twelfth track off Mis Mejores Canciones – 17 Super Éxitos. Following this is "La Carcacha" (1992), which originally appeared on Entre a Mi Mundo (1992). Tejano music often suffered from simplistic and generic lyrical content; however, Selena's brother A. B. Quintanilla and Astudillo overcame this stereotype by crafting songs that rendered vibrant depictions of life in the barrio. The following tracks, "Tú Eres" and the 1960s cover of Japanese singer Kyu Sakamoto's "Sukiyaki", are taken from Selena (1989). The penultimate piece, "Estoy Contigo", originally recorded in 1983 for Cara Records, was re-recorded for 16 Super Exitos Originales (1990). "La Tracalera" from Ven Conmigo (1990) serves as the concluding track for the compilation.
Release and critical reception
Mis Mejores Canciones – 17 Super Éxitos was released around the time Q-Productions, a production company and recording studio operated by Selena's family, was being built. The recording studio acted as "a new home" for the group to record and practice in. The album preceded Selena's appearance on the Johnny Canales Show, which attracted a capacity crowd, and her August 29 appearance on Veronica Castro's Y Vero América ¡Va!, which was shown throughout Latin America through Televisa. Writing for Vogue México y Latinoamérica, Esteban Villaseñor felt that Selena displayed "charisma, genuineness and talent" during her appearance on Castro's show. On its first day of release, Selena performed at La Feria de Nuevo León, drawing 70,000 attendees. Noticing a string of compilation releases, Houston Chronicles Ramiro Burr referred to Selena's release as being part of a "compilation craze", with releases offering a delightful range of options for enjoyable listening. Howard Blumenthal included Selena's Mis Mejores Canciones – 17 Super Éxitos in his listening guide on the best world music albums, describing it a commendable assemblage that showcases the singer's early popular recordings.
On March 31, 1995, Selena was shot and killed, and media attention helped increased sales of her back catalog. Stores across the country reported emptied shelves of the singer's works as far away as Rhode Island and Massachusetts. A music wholesaler in Manhattan, who constantly sold out of Selena's albums the same day they received them following her death, expressed to Newsday that "It used to be just the Mexicans [in Manhattan]. Now everybody likes her". As a result, EMI Latin increased the production of the singer's albums at their Los Angeles, California, and Greensboro, North Carolina plants. Mis Mejores Canciones – 17 Super Éxitos debuted at number one on the US Billboard Top Catalog Albums chart, the first Spanish-language recording to do so, on the week ending May 6, 1995. It held the distinction of being the only Spanish-language album to reach atop the chart until Buena Vista Social Club's self-titled album reached the top spot in November 1999. Mis Mejores Canciones – 17 Super Éxitos remained atop the chart for two consecutive weeks. In 1995, catalog titles made up nearly 50% of the music consumed in the United States. Selena's Ven Conmigo and Mis Mejores Canciones - 17 Super Éxitos contributed to the $5 billion (1995 USD) revenue reported that year by the music industry. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album diamond (Latin), denoting 600,000 units shipped in the US.
Track listing
Credits from the album's liner notes.
Chart performance
Certifications
See also
Latin American music in the United States
Women in Latin music
Notes
References
Works cited
1993 greatest hits albums
Selena compilation albums
EMI Latin compilation albums
Spanish-language compilation albums
Albums produced by A.B. Quintanilla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis%20Mejores%20Canciones%20%E2%80%93%2017%20Super%20%C3%89xitos |
Jurong Health Connect is a community health project started in Jurong - a region in Singapore with more than half a million residents.
The project was initiated by then Acting Minister of Health Mr Khaw Boon Wan, and was officially launched on 3 July 2004. The aim is to develop a patient-centric, seamless, and accessible healthcare network for the residents in Jurong. Successful components of the pilot would then be replicated in other parts of Singapore.
External links
JHC website
Medical and health organisations based in Singapore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurong%20Health%20Connect |
Monday Night Countdown (officially Monday Night Countdown presented by Panera) is an American pregame television program that is broadcast on ESPN, preceding its coverage of Monday Night Football. For the network's non-Monday broadcasts, the pregame show is simply titled NFL Countdown. When it debuted in 1993 as NFL Prime Monday, and Monday Night Football was airing on ABC, the pregame show was one of the first cross-pollinations between ESPN and ABC Sports, each of which operated largely under separate management at the time. The show was renamed Monday Night Countdown in 1998 to match its sister show Sunday NFL Countdown, and Monday Night Football moved from ABC to ESPN in 2006. When ABC began airing selected Monday Night Football games in 2016, the network's broadcasts were preceded by simulcasts of Monday Night Countdown. The current sponsor is Panera, starting with the 2023 season. Previous sponsors of the show include UPS, Applebee's, Call of Duty, Courtyard by Marriott and Subway
History
Monday Night Football on ABC era
The show was initially hosted by Mike Tirico along with analysts Joe Theismann, Craig James, Phil Simms and Ron Jaworski. Mike Ditka also discussed certain topics and Chris Mortensen brought news and rumors from around the league. John Clayton was also a regular guest on the show. Former presenters include Mike Tirico, Bill Parcells, Michael Irvin, and Sterling Sharpe. During the 2005 season, it enjoyed its best ratings ever and was the highest-rated studio sports show on cable television. On occasion, the crew appeared on-site at the game, but for the most part the show was aired from the studios in Bristol, Connecticut.
ESPN Monday Night Football
2006
In 2006, the show began appearing at the Monday Night Football site live as the game moved to ESPN from ABC. Stuart Scott moved to host of NFL Primetime which precedes Monday Night Countdown and Chris Berman moved from NFL Primetime to Monday Night Countdown and was joined by returning analysts Tom Jackson and Michael Irvin along with new analyst from Sunday NFL Countdown Steve Young. Ron Jaworski also contributed to the show along with Chris Mortensen, Ed Werder and Sal Paolantonio. Also, in 2006 Monday Night Countdown introduced a new logo and new graphics as part of The Syndicate's new NFL package for ESPN. In the same fashion as all ESPN NFL studio shows, Monday Night Countdown adopted ABC's alternate football musical theme, though presented as a shuffle.
2007
Beginning with the 2007, the show cutback its onsite presence by having its main anchor team at ESPN studio's in Bristol, but still kept a set at the actual game site.
2008
The Bristol team was Berman, Jackson, Mortensen, Mike Ditka, Keyshawn Johnson, and Cris Carter. The on-site team is Scott, Young, and Emmitt Smith.
2009–2012
The Bristol team was Berman, Jackson, Mortensen, Ditka, Johnson, and Carter. The on-site team was Scott, Young, and Matt Millen (later Trent Dilfer) in the third spot.
On September 17, 2012, Monday Night Countdown moved up to the 6:30 ET timeslot and expanded to 2 hours. As a result, SportsCenter Monday Kickoff had its runtime cut in half, from 60 minutes to 30 minutes only. Additionally, Monday Night Countdown debuted a new program logo that closely resembles that of Monday Night Football and a new graphics scheme package matching that of Monday Night Football. Also, Monday Night Countdown began using MNF's "Heavy Action" theme music as this program's own theme music.
2013
Ray Lewis is added to the on-site team after his retirement from the NFL in 2012.
On December 23, 2013, the final scheduled Monday Night Football broadcast of that season, Chris Berman was at Candlestick Park in San Francisco covering the 49ers' final home game in that stadium, while Stuart Scott was at ESPN's Bristol studios. The 49ers defeated the Atlanta Falcons, 34–24, in the MNF season finale. That game was also the 36th and final Monday Night Football game — and the last NFL game — ever played at Candlestick Park.
2014
On September 8, 2014, Monday Night Countdown moved to a brand-new set inside Digital Center 2 of ESPN's Bristol studios, which shares the same set as Sunday NFL Countdown and NFL Primetime. However, the Monday Night Football graphics package is still used, but the rundown graphic was changed to match the one used on SportsCenter. 1 week later (September 15, 2014), Monday Night Countdown moved up to the 6:00 p.m. ET timeslot, which resulted in SportsCenter Monday Kickoff not returning for the 2014 season and moving the 6:00 p.m. ET edition of SportsCenter to ESPN2 on Mondays during the NFL season.
2015
Suzy Kolber, who substituted for the then-ailing Stuart Scott during most of the 2014 season, took over Scott's role permanently as an on-site host. She was previously a sideline reporter for Monday Night Football from 2006 to 2010. Additionally, Monday Night Countdown debuted a new logo resembling its other NFL-themed studio-show properties, along with a new graphics package that is also used for MNF.
2016
With the exception of Chris Berman (who remained in the Bristol studio), the entire Monday Night Countdown crew were moved to the Monday Night Football game site, joining on-site host Suzy Kolber. Meanwhile, Berman was joined in the Bristol studio each week by analysts who work or had previously worked at ESPN. However, Berman and the Monday Night Countdown crew did the show on November 21 from Estadio Azteca in Mexico City for the game between the Oakland Raiders and Houston Texans, and December 12 from Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts. This was also Berman's final season as a host for ESPN's NFL-themed studio shows.
2017
Suzy Kolber was named host of Monday Night Countdown on March 23, 2017. She replaced Chris Berman, who departed after 30 seasons of hosting NFL-themed studio shows, though he still appeared in occasional segments. In addition to her pregame duties, Kolber now hosts all halftime and post-game shows, normally from the game site; however, the October 9, 2017, November 27, 2017, and December 25, 2017, shows all originated from ESPN's Bristol studio. The Christmas Day episode, which only ran for 45 minutes, did not have Woodson or Young; Rex Ryan did the show.
2019
Woodson left ESPN for Fox, and Hasselbeck left Countdown to take over as a full-time co-analyst role for ESPN's Thursday Night College Football games. Therefore, the lineup was Suzy Kolber, Adam Schefter, Randy Moss, Steve Young, and Louis Riddick. The show got a new graphics package. The October 28 show originated from Bristol instead of Pittsburgh, probably because the show had been there earlier in the season.
2020
Monday Night Countdown, along with most of ESPN's NFL-themed studio shows, moved to the network's South Street Seaport studios in New York City for the 2020 season. With the exception of Louis Riddick, who switched roles with Booger McFarland & moved to the Monday Night Football broadcast booth (the latter of whom took over Riddick's previous role of studio analyst), the lineup remained the same from the previous season.
2021
After being at the network's New York City facilities due to the COVID-19 pandemic the previous year, Monday Night Countdown returned to the game site for the first time in two seasons. Kolber, McFarland, Moss and Young all returned from the previous season. The show originated from New York instead of Baltimore October 11 and Washington November 29. Young didn't do the show October 18; Alex Smith did the show for the first time.
2022
Prior to the start of the season, Berry left for NBC Sunday Night Football and a fantasy football show on Peacock. Larry Fitzgerald and Robert Griffin III made their debuts. Randy Moss left to do Sunday NFL Countdown only. Alex Smith made more appearances, but not every week. The October 31 and December 26, 2022 and January 2, 2023, shows originated from New York instead of Cleveland, Indianapolis and Cincinnati, respectively. On those shows, Young was not at the former, and in a remote location on the latter two. The January 2 show ran on ESPN2 and ABC (due to the Rose Bowl airing on ESPN) and ran for an hour and 15 minutes; Rex Ryan substituted for Griffin, who was calling the Cotton Bowl that same day.
2023
Kolber and Young became two of the several ESPN employees laid off in late June 2023. On August 21, 2023, three weeks before the first Monday Night game of the season, it was announced that veteran SportsCenter anchor Scott Van Pelt would replace Kolber as Monday Night Countdown host. Fellow newcomers Ryan Clark and Marcus Spears would also be joining the show, with Griffin and Schefter returning. Van Pelt would also host the postgame show and anchor SportsCenter with SVP from the site of Monday Night Countdown.
This season, ABC started to join ESPN in airing the pregame show at 7:30 p.m. ET, similar to how CBS, NBC and Fox used to do for Thursday Night Football, instead of joining coverage at the traditional start time of the prime time slot at 8:00 p.m. ET. This only affected those 8:15 p.m. ET games that ABC was originally scheduled to air at the start of the season; when ABC announced in September that it would simulcast an additional 10 games due to the 2023 Hollywood labor disputes, local affiliates kept the 7:30-8:00 p.m. ET slot on those dates. During those weeks when ABC airs the 7:15 p.m. ET game as part of a ABC-ESPN doubleheader, the pregame show instead precedes the ESPN 8:15 p.m. ET game, while ABC airs SportsCenter after its game to fill the remaining prime time block until 11:00 p.m. ET.
The show did not originate from either of the September 18 doubleheader game sites of Charlotte and Pittsburgh. The show didn't originate either of the September 25 doubleheader game sites of Tampa and Cincinnati. Then on October 9, Van Pelt was unable to host after losing his voice, and was replaced by MNF play-by-play announcer Joe Buck (who had hosted Fox NFL Sunday in 2006) for the first part of the pregame show, and reporter Michelle Beisner-Buck during the last half-hour of the pregame show and the halftime show. The show did not originate from the game site of Minneapolis on October 23.
Personalities
This is a list of personalities that currently or formerly appeared on Monday Night Countdown.
Current
Main panelists
Scott Van Pelt: (Host, 2023–present)
Robert Griffin III: (Analyst, 2022–present)
Marcus Spears: (Analyst, 2023–present)
Ryan Clark: (Analyst, 2023–present)
Alex Smith: (Substitute analyst, 2021–present)
Larry Fitzgerald: (Substitute analyst, 2022–present)
Contributors
Sal Paolantonio: (Contributor, 2006–present)
Michelle Beisner-Buck: (Contributor, 2016–present)
Lisa Salters: (Sideline reporter, 2012–present)
NFL Insiders
Adam Schefter: (2009–present)
Former
Hosts
Mike Tirico: (1993–2001)
Stuart Scott: (2002–2005, 2007–2014)
Chris Berman: (2006–2016)
Suzy Kolber: (2015–2022)
Analysts
Joe Theismann: (1993–1997)
Craig James: (1993–1995)
Phil Simms: (1994)
Sterling Sharpe: (1995–2002)
Ron Jaworski: (1993–2005)
Steve Young: (2006–2022)
Michael Irvin: (2003–2006)
Tom Jackson: (2006–2015)
Keyshawn Johnson: (2007–2015)
Bill Parcells: (2007)
Emmitt Smith: (2007–2008)
Mike Ditka: (2008–2015)
Cris Carter: (2008–2015)
Matt Millen: (2009–2010)
Trent Dilfer: (2011–2016)
Ray Lewis: (2013–2015)
Matt Hasselbeck: (2016–2018)
Charles Woodson: (2016–2018)
Randy Moss: (2016–2021)
Louis Riddick: (2019)
Booger McFarland: (2020–2022)
Contributors
Mike Ditka: (2004–2005; 2007)
Michele Tafoya: (2006–2011)
Ed Werder: (2006–2016)
Rick Reilly: (2008–2015)
Louis Riddick: (2017–2018)
Chris Mortensen: (1993–2022)
Segments
Current
Playmaking Made Easy: The presenters of the program are seen outside giving a full demonstration of how to perform certain moves.
Sunday Snapshot: Introduced on September 25, 2017. Highlights of Sunday's games are shown, with a still represented by a click of a camera. Originally, the Sunday Snapshot consisted of a theme (e.g., upsets) but now is about a player's performance from the previous day's game.
Game Balls: Introduced on October 2, 2017. Kolber and the other analysts give out game balls to those who had an outstanding performance over the weekend. It is similar to the Game Balls that Berman and Tom Jackson gave out on NFL Primetime and other shows.
Boomer's Best: Introduced in 2017, where Chris Berman highlights historic moments from the history of Monday Night Football. For the NFL's 100th season in 2019, the format was changed to a countdown of the top 50 plays in NFL history. For the 2020 and 2021 seasons, it was changed to a countdown of the top plays of the weekend. By the fourth week of the 2021 season, the name was changed to "Boomer's Best" (it had been called "Boomer's Vault".)
Hometown Heroes: Introduced in 2018, it features a player from the night's game helping out in his team's community.
Former
In the Pocket: Former quarterback Steve Young analyzed the performances the league's quarterbacks for Thursday and Sunday games.
Field Pass: Players were shown warming up for the game. Beginning with the November 12, 2018 episode the "Field Pass" name was not being used, but they were still showing player warmups. For several years, it was presented by Dunkin' Donuts.
Teams at 20: An all-day segment, including on SportsCenter, where various facets of each of the Monday night teams were reviewed.
Sunday Drive: Ron Jaworski analyzed a key drive from the previous day's action, from start to finish.
The Mort Report: Chris Mortensen broke down trade rumors, coaching changes and injuries.
Playmakers: Michael Irvin reviewed the players who made the biggest difference in Sunday's games.
Jacked Up: At the end of the show Tom Jackson counted down the top five biggest hits of the week. In 2006, the format went to 6, and 6 to 4 were done on the show, and 3 to 1 were done at halftime. Only hits that did not result in a penalty or injury were featured in this segment. Discontinued at the start of the 2008 season due to the growing issue of glorifying 'big hits' causing concussions in the game.
Dilfer's Dimes: Trent Dilfer shows the best passes from the week's action from the NFL and college football. The segment was previously on SportsCenter Sunday nights before it moved to Monday Night Countdown in 2016. Dilfer was among the employees laid off by ESPN in late April 2017, so it can be surmised the segment has been discontinued.
Sorry Bro!: a segment similar to "C'mon Man!" where plays from the previous day were shown, and Kolber and the analysts would end his/her segment by saying "Sorry Bro!" It only aired once, on September 21, 2015.
Chalk Talk: Jon Gruden interviewed a player or coach from that night's game. It was discontinued after Gruden returned to coaching the Raiders. It was sponsored by Corona, Burger King, Dick's Sporting Goods and Nationwide Insurance.
You Got Mossed!: Introduced in 2016, this segment features highlights of catches by wide receivers in high school football, the CFL, college football, the NFL and even MLB, the NBA and Ultimate Frisbee, while the defenders are being described as getting "mossed" (hence the term named after ESPN NFL analyst & former NFL wide receiver Randy Moss).
C'Mon Man!: Introduced on October 27, 2008. It stands as Monday Night Countdown's longest and most popular running segment to date. During the show, they will each describe a play or series of plays that made them scratch their heads and say, "C'Mon Man!". They range from plays on the field to actions by fans and other people present at the game. This includes plays from games in the NFL, college and high school football, and the Canadian Football League as well as, occasionally, from other sports. "C'Mon Man!", which is similar to the weekly "Not Top Plays" segment on SportsCenter, is sponsored by GEICO.
See also
NFL Insiders
NFL Live
NFL Matchup
Resources
Press Release: ESPN'S 2006 NFL LINEUP SURROUNDS MONDAY NIGHT FOOTBALL WITH 188 YEARS OF GRIDIRON EXPERIENCE
References
External links
Official show page
ESPN original programming
1993 American television series debuts
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
2020s American television series
Countdown
National Football League pregame television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday%20Night%20Countdown |
The Klotsche Center (formally the J. Martin Klotsche Center) is a 3,500-seat multi-purpose arena in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on the campus of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (UWM). Opened in 1977, the arena was named after UWM's first Chancellor, J. Martin Klotsche. It is home to the Milwaukee Panthers women's basketball and volleyball teams. It is part of UWM's Pavilion complex and is used heavily as a practice facility for many teams.
In June 2012, UWM announced that it would be moving its men's basketball games from U.S. Cellular Arena back to the Klotsche Center for the 2012-2013 season; the team played at the Klotsche Center from 1977 to 1992 and again from 1998 to 2003. To make Klotsche more suitable for Division I basketball, new scoreboards, video boards, and new padded courtside seats were installed. After just one season, UWM and the Wisconsin Center District announced that men's basketball would be returning to U.S. Cellular Arena.
References
External links
Klotsche Center virtual tour
UWM Klotsche Center page
College basketball venues in the United States
Milwaukee Panthers basketball
Sports venues in Milwaukee
Basketball venues in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klotsche%20Center |
Daniel Petit (born September 27, 1948 in Doische, Belgium) is a Canadian politician.
A lawyer by profession, Petit is a graduate of Université Laval and was called to the Quebec bar in 1973. He is a founder and partner of the firm Petit, Beaudoin, Société nominale d'avocats. Petit specialized in labour and administrative law and has organized for the Conservatives and the Progressive Conservatives since the 1980s.
He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2006 federal election as the Conservative Member of Parliament for Charlesbourg—Haute-Saint-Charles. He defeated incumbent Bloc Québécois MP Richard Marceau to win the seat. In the 2011 election, he was defeated by Anne-Marie Day of the NDP.
He currently serves as the legal commission president of the Conservative Party of Quebec.
External links
1948 births
Belgian emigrants to Canada
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Lawyers in Quebec
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
People from Namur (province)
Politicians from Quebec City
Université Laval alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Petit |
Aristology is the art or science of cooking and dining. It encompasses the preparation, combination, and presentation of dishes and the manner in which these dishes are integrated into a meal.
An Aristologist is someone who studies or takes part in the art or science of cooking and eating (dining) with particular interests and skills in the preparation, combination and presentation of food dishes, wines, spirits, flavours and tastes - coupled with tasteful and correct presentation of all the courses and components of a meal.
The term has been largely superseded by "gourmet", which is also the older word, borrowed into English in 1820.
An Aristologist is likely to place great importance on the experience, skill, and artistic integrity of the chef, and disdain the use of cookbooks, ready-made ingredients, and other conveniences.
" The Aristologist took a keen interest in the menu, and thought very hard about what red wine he was going to choose to go with his sirloin steak."
Literary record
The word is derived from the Greek άριστον (ariston), meaning "breakfast" or "lunch", and the suffix -logy, connoting a systematic discipline. Its earliest attestation in the Oxford English Dictionary dates from 1835.
Edward Abbot, the author of the first Australian cookbook (The English And Australian Cookery Book — Cookery For The Many, published 1864), described himself as "an Australian Aristologist".
The term has also been used in the mystery novels of American author Rex Stout, whose corpulent protagonist, Nero Wolfe, has a couple of encounters with a society known as the Ten for Aristology, who in his eyes are "... witlings, as dining is an art and not a science". Wolfe's first encounter with the society occurs in the novella "Poison à la Carte", one of three stories found in the book Three at Wolfe's Door.
See also
Fooding
Gastronomy
External links
ABC NewsRadio Wordwatch
Food and drink appreciation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristology |
Hibiscus acetosella, the cranberry hibiscus or African rosemallow, is a flowering plant of the family Malvaceae. The epithet acetosella is of Latin origin and is a diminutive of the Latin name for sorrel which comes from the sour taste experienced when eating the young leaves of both plants. Hibiscus acetosella is also known colloquially as false roselle, maroon mallow, red leaved hibiscus, and red shield hibiscus. It is one of the approximately 200–300 species that are seen in sub-tropic and tropic regions. This ornamental is usually found in abandoned fields or open areas, marshes, and forest clearings. Cranberry hibiscus is a member of a perennial group known as hardy hibiscus. In contrast to the tropical hibiscus, hardy hibiscus can tolerate colder conditions, are more vigorous, longer lasting, and have larger flowers. In colder climates, Hibiscus acetosella is easily an annual, but is often regarded as a perennial to zone 8–11. During one season, the plant can grow tall and wide as a shrub-subshrub.
Characteristics
The foliage of cranberry hibiscus is similar to that of the Japanese maple. It has dicot leaves which vary in shape from 3-5-lobed to un-lobed or undivided in the upper leaves of the plant and are generally the size of a small child's hand, about 10×10 cm. They tend to be alternate, simple, and deeply cut with crenate or jagged edges. Leaf color is observed as a dark maroon to a patchy red/green appearance. Stipules are linear, measured approximately 1.5 cm in length. Both stems and petioles (3–11 cm in length) are smooth or generally free from hair. Acetosella is further divided into a section called Furcaria, which is a group of approximately 100 species that have non-fleshy calyx or sepals. The sepals contain 10 veins, 5 of which run to the apices of the segments; the other 5 run to the sinuses. Stems tend to be variegated. Flowers are solitary and sit atop a 1 cm long pedicel. They vary in color and are most often the dark maroon that is characteristic of the foliage with darker vein-like markings. Flowers are rarely yellow in color and are about 5 cm {2 inches} deep. Each flower contains numerous stamens at about 2 cm in length. The cranberry hibiscus is bisexual and is thought to be self-pollinating. It produces seeds that are reniform and dark brown with dimensions of 3×2.5 mm.
Genetics
Hibiscus acetosella is an allotetraploid [2n = 4x = 72] with a genome composition of AABB. It is often used to transfer genetic resistance to root-knot nematodes with compatible Hibiscus species. Cranberry hibiscus is often grown after tomatoes and potatoes and related species of which are not resistant to nematodes
Origin
Hibiscus acetosella is thought to have come about via hybridization between Hibiscus asper and Hibiscus surattensis secondary to their cultivation. It was first recognized in 1896 by French botanists as a distinct plant and given the name it currently has. The plant was probably first found growing around African villages in the southern DR Congo-Angola-Zambia region. The crop was brought to Brazil and South-East Asia where it was most likely used as sustenance for enslaved Africans. It is now considered more popular in Brazil than its original location in Africa, where it is now regularly cultivated and eaten as a spinach-like green.
Living conditions
Cranberry hibiscus is cultivated in medium altitudes in areas of high rainfall although it does do fairly well in droughts. It requires moist soil with good drainage and a range of partial shade to full sun exposure. The plant does well in slightly acidic conditions with a soil pH between 6.1 and 6.5. Cranberry hibiscus tends to flower late in season when days are shorter. Flowers open for a few hours during the late fall to early winter at midday. Although the plant itself remains in bloom for a few weeks, once open, a flower remains so for just one day. Plants typically succumb to cold weather in the Midwest prior to flowers appearing
Growing at home
Seeds germinate easily within 3–4 days in a container but tend to grow rapidly. Light is not required for germination. Cranberry hibiscus propagates well with cuttings, which will take root in soil or water. The plant can be maintained in an oval form by pinching or cutting it back during the summer. Otherwise, it will have one dominant stem.
Edible properties
Cranberry hibiscus is mostly known for its slightly sour or pleasantly tart young leaves which are commonly used as a vegetable, either raw or cooked. In South America, the leaves are used sparingly in salads and stir-fries. Leaves are eaten in small quantities due to acid content and because they are mucilaginous. Cranberry hibiscus leaves also contribute to the décor of various dishes since they retain their color after being cooked.
Flowers are used to make teas or other drinks where they contribute color rather than taste. In Central America the flowers are combined with ice, sugar, lemon, or lime juice and water to make a purple lemonade.
The root is edible however thought of as fibrous and distasteful. Contrary to similar species such as the Hibiscus sabdariffa, the calyx or sepals of Hibiscus acetosella is non-fleshy and not eaten. In Angola a tea made from the leaves of cranberry hibiscus are used as a post-fever tonic and to treat anemia. The plant is also utilized to treat myalgias by crushing leaves into cold water to bathe children. The plant is thought to contain polyphenols, a compound that may combat inflammation and is commonly used to treat inflammatory diseases.
Gallery
References
External links
acetosella
Tropical agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus%20acetosella |
Dalek I Love You may refer to:
Dalek I Love You, music group
Dalek I Love You (album), the group's self-titled album
Dalek I Love You (radio), BBC Radio audio play | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalek%20I%20Love%20You%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Don Gardner Despain (December 21, 1940 – May 23, 2022) was an American botanist, plant ecologist and fire behavior specialist, who specialized in the flora of Yellowstone National Park, and how wildfires affected natural ecology. He spent over 20 years carefully investigating the effects of the Yellowstone fires of 1988 and how trees such as aspens were affected.
Biography
Despain was born in 1940 in Lovell, Wyoming, the oldest of five children to Daniel Gordon Despain and Lillian Gardner. He attended Lovell High School and then studied at the University of Wyoming, receiving a B.S. in Botany in 1965. He did graduate work at the University of Arizona, receiving an M.S. in plant ecology in 1967, and then a PhD in Plant Ecology from the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada in 1972. His post-doctoral work was done on Devon Island in the Arctic.
In the mid 1980s, he was the President of the Wyoming Native Plant Society, and Vice-president for the Biological Section at the Montana Academy of Science. From 1998 to 1999, he was vice-president of the scientific research society Sigma Xi from 1998 to 1999, and President from 1999 to 2001.
From 1971 to 2006, he was a research biologist with the National Park Service in Yellowstone National Park, and was instrumental in generating the fire management plans in use by the park since 1972. He generated a vegetation map of the park and did extensive research in fire behavior, fire effects and landscape factors in fire spread, especially how the Yellowstone fires of 1988 affected the regrowth of aspens over the next decades. He also worked as an ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, testing the utility of remote sensing systems for vegetation and fuels appraisal.
Despain retired in 2006 to Bozeman, Montana, but continued to stay active in research during his retirement. He died after a long illness on May 23, 2022, in Billings.
Selected writing
Despain wrote extensively on ecology in a variety of academic publications. A few are included below.
As D.G. Despain
Field key to the flora of Yellowstone National Park, WY. 1975, Yellowstone National Park: Yellowstone Library and Museum Association.
Fire as an ecological force in Yellowstone ecosystems (Information paper / Yellowstone National Park)
Yellowstone vegetation: consequences of environment and history in a natural setting, 1990. Boulder, CO: Roberts Rinehart, Inc.
Plants and their environments: Proceedings of the first biennial scientific conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, 1994. Denver, CO: National Park Service.
With co-authors
Mayo, J. M.; Hartgerink, A. P.; Despain, D. G.; Thompson, R. G.; van Zinderen-Bakker, E. M. Jr.; Nelson, S. D. 1977. Gas exchange studies of Carex and Dryas, Truelove Lowland, Devon Island. InIn: Bliss, L. C. Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, Canada: a High Arctic Ecosystem. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: University of Alberta Press; p265-280.
Despain, D. G.; Houston, D.; Meagher, M.; Schullery, P. 1986. Wildlife in transition, man and nature on Yellowstone's northern range. Boulder, CO: Roberts Rinehart, Inc.
Despain, D.; Greenlee, J.; J. Parminter, T.; Sholly T. 1994. A bibliography and directory of the Yellowstone Fires of 1988. Fairfield, Wash: International Association of Wildland Fire.
Despain, DG; Romme, WH. Historical perspective on the Yellowstone fires of 1988. 1989, BioScience
Romme, WH; Despain, DG. "The Yellowstone Fires", Scientific American, 1989
References
Rocky Barker, Scorched Earth : How the Fires of Yellowstone Changed America, 2005, Shearwater Books
External links
Sigma Xi biography
USGS biography
1940 births
2022 deaths
People from Lovell, Wyoming
American ecologists
21st-century American botanists
Yellowstone National Park
University of Alberta alumni
Writers from Bozeman, Montana
United States Geological Survey personnel
Plant ecologists
University of Wyoming alumni
University of Arizona alumni
American expatriates in Canada
Latter Day Saints from Wyoming
Latter Day Saints from Montana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20G.%20Despain |
The Glacial Aerial Tramway Kaprun III (Gletscherbahn Kaprun III) is the third section of the aerial tramway on the Kitzsteinhorn mountain at Kaprun, Austria. It was placed in service on 26 November 1966. It is currently branded Gipfelbahn (Gipfel is German for "summit").
Overview
The tramway was built by the companies Elin, Waagner Biro, Swoboda. It has two cabins with a capacity of 60 persons (plus one operator), running from the station Krefelder Hut (Krefelder Hütte) which is above the sea level to the station Kitzsteinhorn at . The length of the line is , the maximum gradient is 42%. The travel time is 8.5 minutes and the maximum speed is 36 km/h. Glacial Aerial Tramway Kaprun III has two stretches, separated by a former tallest aerial tramway pylon in the world.
Formerly the tallest aerial tramway support pillar in the world
Until 2017 when the new Seilbahn Zugspitze cable car opened, the tallest aerial tramway support pillar in the world was this high steel framework construction, placed on a square concrete block with 17 metres side length, which stands on a rock tooth. The construction consists of a central steel tube with a diameter of 2.2 metres, in which there is a maintenance elevator and a ladder. This pipe is supported by eight tubes of 0.5 metres diameter, connected every 10 metres with the central tube. This pylon was 103 metres tall when built in 1966. It has been extended twice, first to 106.8 metres and then to 113.6 metres.
Gletscherbahn Kaprun 2
The Gletscherbahn Kaprun 2 was a funicular in service between 1974 and 2000, before a disaster occurred on 11 November 2000, in an ascending train in the tunnel. The disaster claimed the lives of 155 people, leaving 12 survivors (10 Germans and two Austrians) from the burning train. The victims were skiers on their way to the Kitzsteinhorn Glacier.
The Gletscherbahn only took skiers from the valley station to the Alpincenter, near to the lower station of the Gipfelbahn, and did not reach the summit of the Kitzsteinhorn. Nowadays visitors have to take two cable cars (or one cable car followed by a chairlift) to the Alpincenter, from where they can board the Gipfelbahn.
New construction
The Gletscherjet 3 and Gletscherjet 4, consisting of continuously moving gondolas and chairlifts, are being constructed for the 2015/16 ski season. For the first time ever, these will provide non-skiers with an alternative route to the Gipfelbahn, where queues can form at busy periods due to the limited 60-person capacity and intermittent operation.
References
External links
Aerial tramways information
Kitzsteinhorn aerial tramway pylon diagram
Cable cars in Austria
Buildings and structures in Salzburg (state)
Transport in Salzburg (state)
1966 establishments in Austria
20th-century architecture in Austria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial%20Aerial%20Tramway%20Kaprun%20III |
Anahat (Unhurt) is a 2003 Marathi film directed by Amol Palekar and starring Anant Nag, Sonali Bendre and Deepti Naval. Anahat won the Best Artistic Direction award at the World Film Festival of Bangkok, 2003.
Anahat was screened as the opening film of the 2003 Indian Panorama, an International film festival. It was also screened at Jerusalem Film Festival in 2011 along with five other movies.
Plot
Anahat is set in the 10th century AD in Shravasti, the capital of the Kingdom of Malla. It revolves around two individuals — the king of Malla (Anant Nag), who is unable to father an heir, and the Queen, Sheelavati (Sonali Bendre), who is forced to choose a potent mate for one night. But, while the queen is ordered to merely produce an heir through the prevalent custom of Niyoga, she enjoys the sexual act without hurting her husband and comes to realise what her life was missing (in terms of sexual fulfillment).
Reception
Pankaj Upadhyaya of Rediff wrote that "In the final reckoning, it's a simple story simply told. The camera works efficiently. The actors, for the most part, have just been allowed to be themselves"
References
External links
2003 films
2000s Marathi-language films
Indian films based on plays
Films set in the 10th century
Films set in Uttar Pradesh
History of India on film
Films directed by Amol Palekar
Indian historical drama films
2000s historical drama films
2003 drama films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahat%20%28film%29 |
Deni (also Dení, Dani) is an Arawan language spoken in Brazil. Deni is very similar to the other languages of the Arawan language family, but is especially similar to the Jamamadi language.
References
External links
Collections in the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
Arawan languages
Languages of Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deni%20language |
Deni may refer to:
Deni language
Deni (дени), 1/100 of a Macedonian denar
Department of Education (Northern Ireland)
Deni (weightlifter), Indonesian weightlifter
Viktor Deni (1893–1946), Russian satirist, cartoonist and poster artist
Deni Avdija (born 2001), Israeli professional basketball player
See also
Denny (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deni |
Central Park situated in Salt Lake is a public urban park. It is also known as Banabitan. It is the third largest open space in Kolkata Metropolitan Area after the Maidan and Eco Park. This park is easily reachable from the Karunamoyee Bus Terminus in Salt Lake. Central Park metro station and depot of Kolkata Metro Line 2 are located here. On the roads surrounding the park are the buildings where the West Bengal government has relocated many government departments.
The park is built around an expansive water body. There is a bridge which connects on side of the lake to an island which has a pagoda. The lake serves as a haven for water birds like lesser whistling duck, common moorhen, white-breasted waterhen, rufous treepie, cattle egret, cormorants and other species. There are also boating facilities in a cordoned off section of the lake near the rose garden.
The park has a very beautiful rose garden (near Gate No.1, opposite of Bikash Bhawan). The rose garden is bordered by rows of hedges surrounding the rose plants. When in bloom, the rose flowers present a delightful sight.
The park's butterfly garden has several species of butterflies. The butterfly garden consists of several plots where shrubs and trees on which butterflies and their larvae (caterpillar) feed, have been planted. Dedicated gardeners maintain these areas under the guidance of Nature Mates - Nature Club. The West Bengal Forest Dept. supports this initiative. The butterfly garden can be easily reached after entering the park from Gate No.1 and then taking a right from the main walking track.
Central Park Metro Depot
Almost half of the Central Park was torned down to build a metro depot and carshed to serve Kolkata most ambitious metro corridor, the Green Line. The depot is oparational since 2018. The depot adjoin Central Park metro station.
Banabitan Biodiversity Park
The Central Park is officially known as Banabitan Biodiversity Park. This park is maintained by West Bengal Forest Department. The park has two large waterbodies.
Gallery
References
Parks in Kolkata | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Park%20%28Kolkata%29 |
Memorial Drive, colloquially referred to as Mem Drive, is a parkway along the north bank of the Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
The parkway runs parallel to two major Boston parkways, Soldiers Field Road and Storrow Drive, which lie on the south bank of the river. The western terminus is in West Cambridge at Greenough Boulevard and Fresh Pond Parkway. The eastern terminus is at Main Street and the Longfellow Bridge near Kendall Square. Memorial Drive is designated as U.S. Route 3 for most of its length, except the easternmost which are designated as Massachusetts Route 3 (US 3 and Route 3 connect end-to-end and are treated as one continuous route by the state). Route 2 is cosigned with US 3 on Memorial Drive between the western terminus and the Boston University Bridge.
History
The construction of Memorial Drive began in the early 20th century as part of the Charles River Basin project, a comprehensive urban renewal effort aimed at revitalizing the area along the Charles River. The project aimed to create a park-like environment along the river, enhancing recreational opportunities and providing open spaces for the public.
Formerly known as Charles River Road, the road was officially renamed "Memorial Drive" in 1923 as an act of the Massachusetts General Court. The name "Memorial Drive" was chosen to honor the memory of the Massachusetts soldiers who had served and given their lives during World War I.
In 1985, the Massachusetts Legislature passed a law granting the Metropolitan District Commission (later renamed the Department of Conservation and Recreation), the authority to close Memorial Drive between Gerry’s Landing Road and Western Avenue from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m., every Sunday from the end of April until mid-November. With the closure of indoor recreation opportunities resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the Cambridge City Council asked DCR to close the area on Saturdays as well. The DCR agreed and scheduled Saturday and Sunday closures for pedestrians and cyclists through 2022. In April 2023, the DCR announced that it would be returning to its pre-pandemic schedule, and would no longer close Memorial Drive for pedestrians and cyclists on Saturdays going forward.
In 2003, a two-mile section of Memorial Drive was reconstructed as part of the Metropolitan District Commission's Historic Parkways Initiative to improve the safety and function of the roadway.
Route description
Memorial Drive begins in West Cambridge, signed as US 3 south and Route 2 east, at a three-way junction (a former rotary) with Greenough Boulevard (which continues roughly westward along the river and provides access to the Eliot Bridge) and Fresh Pond Parkway, which runs roughly north and carries the US 3 / Route 2 concurrency westward. It proceeds generally southward, following the sinuous curves of the river, from which it is separated by a strip of parkland that varies considerably in its width. In the western stretch it has four undivided lanes, two in each direction, although parking is permitted on the outer westbound lane for a short section west of JFK Street.
After crossing River Street it turns more eastward at the Magazine Street beach, with Route 2 diverging southward at a rotary-like interchange with overpass to cross the BU Bridge into Boston. Soon afterward the road is lined on the north by the buildings of the main Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) campus. A grassy median is introduced along this stretch, and the road crosses under Massachusetts Avenue (Route 2A), with ramps providing limited interchange options - due to the extremely low clearance of 9 ft (2.74 m), all trucks and buses must detour via the ramps. Heading eastbound, the designation changes from US 3 to Route 3 at this interchange (and vice versa westbound). The grassy median continues to divide the road until its end near Kendall Square at the Longfellow Bridge. Edwin H. Land Boulevard splits off and continues north towards O'Brien Highway (Route 28) and Interstate 93. Route 3 turns east onto the Longfellow Bridge and also crosses into Boston. The median, where present, has occasional opportunities for reversing direction.
Memorial Drive, like the parkways along the opposite (Boston) side of the river, is maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the successor to the Metropolitan District Commission. In keeping with the recreational mission, the section of Memorial Drive from Western Avenue to the split by Mount Auburn Hospital, at Gerry's Landing Road, is closed to motor vehicles on Sundays in the summer to allow for pedestrian and non-motorized users. The closure is in effect from 11 am to 7 pm starting the last Sunday of April until the second Sunday of November.
A median near Massachusetts Avenue requires executing a so-called Michigan left for certain turns.
Near the Magazine Street intersection, the Shell Oil Company "Spectacular" Sign sits on top of its namesake station (first appearing there in 1944). It is one of two oil company signs that currently hold Boston Landmark status (the Citgo sign behind Fenway Park is the other).
Major intersections
The entire route is in Cambridge, Middlesex County.
See also
Soldiers Field Road and Storrow Drive, on the Boston side of the river
Charles River Bike Path
List of crossings of the Charles River
Charles River Reservation#Riverbend Park
Charles River Reservation
References
Parkways in Massachusetts
Streets in Cambridge, Massachusetts
U.S. Route 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial%20Drive%20%28Cambridge%29 |
ChaalBaaz (, ) is a 1989 Indian Hindi-language slapstick film directed by Pankaj Parashar and written by Rajesh Mazumdar and Kamlesh Pandey. It stars Sridevi in dual roles, with Sunny Deol and Rajinikanth. The film revolves around twin sisters Anju and Manju, who get separated at birth. Anju lives with her malicious uncle who plans to seize her property and traumatizes her by beating. On the other hand, Manju grows up amidst a slum environment and acquires tomboy characters.
The film was loosely an adaptation of the film Seeta Aur Geeta and had its story written by Rajesh Mazumdar. It was produced by A. Poorna Chandra Rao under the Lakshmi Productions banner. The duo Laxmikant–Pyarelal composed the soundtrack with lyrics penned by Anand Bakshi. Manmohan Singh handled the cinematography while Afaque Hussain served as the editor.
Upon its release, ChaalBaaz was well received by critics and audiences alike, and emerged a commercial success, eventually becoming the fifth-highest-grossing film of 1989. It had a net gross of about . Among the elements of the movie that were highly appreciated included the film's story, music and Sridevi's performance in the dual role, which is considered to be one of her best. At the 35th Filmfare Awards, the film received three nominations and won two awards: Best Actress (Sridevi) and Best Choreographer (Saroj Khan). It was remade in Kannada as Rani Maharani (1990) and in Odia as Ganga Jamuna (1993).
Plot
Born as twin sisters, Anju (Sridevi) and Manju (Sridevi) are separated immediately after birth thanks to their mentally handicapped nanny (Aruna Irani). Anju ends up with her uncle Tribhuvan (Anupam Kher) and aunt Amba (Rohini Hattangadi), while Manju is raised in a slum environment. Their parents were killed in a car accident orchestrated by Tribhuvan. However, in their will, they declare that their daughters will inherit their wealth once the twins turn 21. This results in Tribhuvan and Amba bringing Anju up as a coy and easily frightened girl, merely keeping her alive so she can sign off the property in their name. The house servant Daddu (Annu Kapoor), Anju's younger brother Raja (Aftab Shivdasani) and a pet dog sympathize with her plight.
Anju likes classical dance and is unable to resist the urge to dance whenever she hears Indian classical music. On his birthday, Tribhuvan hosts a grand party. Among the several guests attending is his friend Vishwanath (Saeed Jaffrey), who is generally kind towards Anju. When Indian classical music plays at the party, Anju is unable to resist and bursts out dancing but ends up accidentally slapping Tribhuvan. Although calm at the party, he beats Anju mercilessly with a whip the next day.
On the other hand, Manju grows up in a slum as a happy-go-lucky and street smart stage dancer. She spends her days tricking people in the village to forgo her loans and is childhood friends with her neighbor and taxi driver Jaggu (Rajnikanth). One night she crashes into a bar to drink beer where she meets and flirts with Suraj (Sunny Deol), Viswanath's son. Suraj soon falls for her. Vishwanath has been pestering Suraj to get married for a while now and one day, when he shows him Anju's photo as a prospective marriage offer, he agrees, mistaking her to be Manju. When they visit Tribhuvan's place with their offer, Anju doesn't recognize Suraj and has a panic attack (courtesy of the injections given to her by Amba), which scare Suraj and Vishwanath away.
The reason Tribhuvan and Amba refuse to attend to marriage offers for Anju is because they want to get her married to Amba's brother Batuknath Lallanprasad Maalpani a.k.a. Balma (Shakti Kapoor). They call Balma to live with them, who soon begins harassing Anju and kills her pet dog when he leaps to her defense. Terrified at the turn of events, Anju runs away from home. On her way, she is harassed by strangers until Suraj saves her. That same day, Manju has a fight with Jaggu and she sets off on her own path. In a twist of fate, their paths end up crossing and while the two never meet, they end up exchanging places. Thus, an injured Suraj is brought to Anju's house by Manju, while Anju ends up at Manju's slum. Manju falls in love with Suraj.
Manju is easily able to assert control over Tribhuvan, Amba and Balma. While the trio mistake her for Anju and assume her to be weak, Manju surprises them by displaying strength and aggression and has them under control. Meanwhile, Anju starts getting close to Jaggu, who starts falling for the new "Manju". He proposes marriage to her, to which she agrees. Suraj sees Anju with Jaggu and thinks Manju is two-timing them and breaks up with her.
The two sisters live their life comfortably until one day, Balma spots Anju at Manju's place and correctly deduces that the one in their house is her identical-twin sister Manju. He hatches a plan and kidnaps Anju, taking her to a bungalow at Alibaug. One of Jaggu's friends overhears Balma speaking to Tribhuvan on the phone and informs Manju, Suraj and Jaggu, who finally understand what's going on. They arrive at the bungalow where Tribhuvan forces Anju to drink poison and also has their nanny captive. Suraj, Manju and Jaggu fight off Tribhuvan's goons and save Anju, who finally gets to share a tender moment with her twin Manju. She is taken to the hospital and survives.
Finally, Suraj marries Manju while Jaggu ends up with Anju and they live happily ever after. They are both blessed with twin girls that are born on the same day.
Cast
Sunny Deol as Suraj Prajapati
Sridevi as Anju Pandyekar and Manju Prajapati (twin sisters)
Rajinikanth as Jackie "Jaggu" Pandyekar
Anupam Kher as Tribhuvan Kushwaha
Rohini Hattangadi as Amba Kushwaha
Annu Kapoor as Dayal "Dadda" Sharma
Saeed Jaffrey as Vishwanath Prajapati
Shakti Kapoor as Batuknath Lalanprasad Maalpani (Balma)
Aruna Irani as Madhumati
Kader Khan as Blind Beggar (Special Appearance)
Aftab Shivdasani as Raju (Anju & Manju's brother)
Johnny Lever as Tantrik Johnny Baba (Special Appearance)
Ajay Wadhavkar as Bank Manager (Uncredited)
Production
Development
During the processing of Jalwa (1987) at Prasad studios in Chennai, eminent producer and director L. V. Prasad happened to see the film and liked it. He told [producer] A. Poorna Chandra Rao to get Pankuj Parashar to make a stylish film for him. When Rao approached Pankuj, he expressed his desire to make a film with Sridevi, who was popular at that time, owing to the success of Mr. India (1987). To this, Rao readily agreed. Rao enquired of Pankuj if he had a subject in mind, to which Pankuj promptly said that they would remake Seeta Aur Geeta (1972). He was given an immediate signing amount of by Rao. When Pankuj met Sridevi and she asked for the script, he narrated to her the plot of Seeta Aur Geeta which she liked and communicated her willingness to be a part of the film to Rao in Telugu. According to Pankuj, while writing the screenplay, along with Kamlesh Pandey, he used to call Kamal Haasan everyday for tips, since they were friends. Haasan acted as a guide on ChaalBaaz, and advised Pankuj not to deviate from the plot of Seeta Aur Geeta. He also assured Pankuj that Sridevi would perform differently from Hema Malini.
Casting
Anil Kapoor was initially approached for one of the male leads. But he turned down the offer, fearing that Sridevi's performance in dual role would overshadow his part. Later, Rajinikanth and Sunny Deol were selected for the respective roles. The reason behind Deol accepting the film was that, his father Dharmendra had done a similar role in Seeta Aur Geeta (1972) and he wanted people to remember them for that. Rohini Hattangadi, who had previously played a character inspired by [Sridevi] in Jalwa, was cast as Anju's cruel aunt. Anupam Kher was cast as Tribhuvan, one of his memorable works as an antagonist. Annu Kapoor was cast in the role of the servant Daddu, a character double of his age at that time while Aftab Shivdasani appeared as a child artist. ChaalBaaz marked Sridevi's first dual role film in Hindi cinema, the others being Lamhe and Khuda Gawah. Speaking about her role, she said that she loved enacting Manju's character as a prankster, while also revealing that she had the greatest time shooting for ChaalBaaz and further she loved the song "Na Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai".
Filming
Principal photography took place primarily in Mumbai, being handled by Manmohan Singh. Sridevi herself was very closely related with the production. Acting upon her suggestion, Pankuj decided to change the customes every four lines and according separately built sets were prepared for the song "Mera Bemar Tera Dil".
Reception and legacy
Filmfare ranked Sridevi's performance in Chaalbaaz 4th in its list of "80 Iconic Performances of Hindi Cinema" stating that "Sridevi's penchant for giggles and her ability to look distinctly tearful when required polishes these performances to perfection. Hell, she made Sunny Deol and Rajnikant look like sidekicks in the film". The Times of India article "Bollywood's Hit Double Roles" stated: "Sridevi's performance rocked the box office". Rediff featured the film in its countdown of "25 Best Double Roles in Bollywood" saying: "What you don't realize until you have seen ChaalBaaz is just how incredible Sridevi is at depicting both ends of the spectrum" and that the film "cemented her position as an actress with a killer comic timing". Speaking to The Indian Express about Sridevi's act in ChaalBaaz, the director Pankaj Parashar said "She proved her range with the movie and after that she got lots of offers which saw her in a double role". Her slapstick rain dance "Na jaane kahan se aayi hai" became a big hit with The Times of India describing it as a "Sridevi classic where she simply looked wow with her chirpy expressions and rain drops kissing her cheeks". The song ultimately led to choreographer Saroj Khan's winning the Filmfare Award for Best Choreography.
Reboot
In 2021, a reboot titled ChaalBaaz in London was announced by T-Series with the same director and Shraddha Kapoor in the lead dual role; the film was later put on hold.
Music
Music composer duo Laxmikant–Pyarelal composed the film's score with lyrics by Anand Bakshi. The music was produced by Zee Music Company. The film's songs were very well received with some, such as "Na Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai" going on to become huge hits and classics.
Soundtrack
Awards
References
External links
1989 films
1990s Hindi-language films
1991 films
Remakes of Indian films
Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal
Twins in Indian films
1980s Hindi-language films
Hindi films remade in other languages
Films directed by Pankuj Parashar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChaalBaaz |
Winklebury and Manydown is a large suburb located two miles north-west of central Basingstoke in the UK. Until the late 1960s Winklebury was a collection of small holdings but Basingstoke's growth as a London Overspill town saw the area become a housing hotspot.
History
Historically the area has some of the oldest landmarks in Urban Basingstoke. It contains the remains of an Iron Age hill fort, A Roman road from Winchester to Silchester runs along the western boundary and is still in use.
Governance
Winklebury and Manydown is a ward of Basingstoke and Deane and returns two councillors.
Geography
To the North of Winklebury is the site of Park Prewett Hospital (1912–1997), now the separate civil parish of Rooksdown. The hospital was served by its own railway line until 1956 and the course of the old railway now forms the northern eastern boundary of Winklebury. The north western boundary is the footpath on the northern side of the A339.
Culture and community
Culture
There are also active Scouts and Guides groups in Winklebury. The guides groups meet at the Church of the Good Shepherd while the Scouts groups meet at Castle Hill School. The Scouts groups often feature in community events including the Basingstoke Gangshow, fun days and the Haarlem Jamborette every four years in the Netherlands.
Community facilities
Winklebury and Manydown has three shopping areas: Winklebury Centre, Elmwood Parade and Watson Way. Winklebury Centre is the main precinct as it houses a handful of shops including John Burton's butchers, Pharmacy Link, and Greenways newsagent. Elmwood Parade houses a tanning salon, a hairdresser, a charity shop, a convenience store and Simms and Chips computer shop. Watson way shops consist of a newsagency/post office, a Chinese take away and a public house (The Winkle). Winklebury had a Co-operative food supermarket previously operated by Somerfield; this was later taken over by The Food Retail Group and run as a Budgens supermarket, however this has since closed down. It was announced in January 2018 that the site will be redeveloped as Basingstoke’s first Aldi supermarket.
Transport
Winklebury and Manydown has a frequent bus service, operated by Stagecoach, to Basingstoke town centre via Houndmills. Stagecoach also operates a less frequent (Monday to Saturday only) bus service from Winklebury to South Ham, the North Hampshire Hospital, Popley and Chineham Centre.
Education
Winklebury and Manydown has two infant schools and two junior schools, The local schools are:
Winklebury Junior school
Winklebury Infant School
Castle Hill Junior school
Castle Hill Infant school
Religious sites
The Church of the Good Shepherd was built as part of the Winklebury Centre and is part of the Church of England Diocese of Winchester.
Sport
Winklebury and Manydown has a large playing field. The playing field has been redevelop into new football pitches and a new football stand. Part of this development houses the offices for the Headquarters of the Hampshire FA.
Winklebury and Manydown has its own youth football set up. The Winklebury Wizards play in the Peter Houseman Youth League (named after the late Chelsea player, Peter Houseman) in various age groups. From under 7s to under 10s, the teams play small sided football on reduced sized pitches. From under 11s to under 15s, the teams play 11-a-side matches on full sized pitches.
References
External links
Winklebury Cycles website
The Hampshire FA website
Winklebury Wizards website
Peter Houseman Youth League website
Stagecoach Buses website
The Winklebury Infant School Website
Areas of Basingstoke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winklebury |
KHHS-LP (107.5 FM) was a radio station broadcasting a Christian radio format. Licensed to San Diego, California, United States, the station was owned by Horizon Christian Fellowship.
Horizon Christian Fellowship surrendered the station's license to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on June 19, 2015. The FCC cancelled KHHS-LP's license on June 22, 2015.
References
HHS-LP
HHS-LP
Radio stations established in 2006
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations disestablished in 2015
Defunct religious radio stations in the United States
2006_establishments_in_California
2015 disestablishments in California
HHS-LP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHHS-LP |
This is a list of people claimed to be immortal. This list does not reference purely spiritual entities (spirits, gods, demons, angels), non-humans (monsters, aliens, elves), or artificial life (artificial intelligence, robots).
This list comprises people claimed to achieve a deathless existence on Earth. This list does not contain those people who are supposed to have attained immortality through the typical means of a religion, such as a Christian in Heaven. It also does not include people whose immortality involves living in a place not on Earth, such as Heracles on Mount Olympus or the Eight Immortals of Taoism in Mount Penglai. It also does not include people who, according to their religion, became deities or actually were deities the whole time, such as Jesus of Nazareth (who as part of the Trinity was, according to Christianity, also God) or Parashurama according to Hindu mythology.
List
These listings are in chronological order, though some dates are approximate.
Ziusudra, the last king of Sumer prior to the Great Flood. His story is known from only a single fragmented tablet datable by its script to the 17th century BC. He was commanded to build a boat by the god Enki and the tablet describes the flood. After a break in the text, Ziusudra is described prostrating himself to the gods An and Enlil, who grant him immortality.
Endymion, a shepherd in the Mount Latmus of Asia Minor. Selene fell in love with him at first sight, but Endymion is a mortal, would eventually die naturally, so Selene asked Zeus to grant Endymion eternal life, but the price was long sleep. Endymion still maintained a beautiful face and a gratifying smile after he fell asleep. Selene was deeply moved by Endymion's beauty, so she would spy on him in the cave every night.
Tithonus, who in Greek mythology was granted eternal life but not eternal youth. He was transformed into a grasshopper.
Ashwathama the Kaurava warrior after the kurukshetra was cursed by Krishna 'to be immortal and roam the earth without love, respect and social acceptance from anyone until the end of time'. He is the most commonly known immortal figure in Hindu mythology and it is said that he is still roaming in forests.
Hanuman, known from time of Ramayana, an avatar of Lord shiva, is known to be immortal and live in the Himalayas. One of the greatest brahmachari, he served Rama. He is the most ardent vanara devotee of Rama. He stands for selflessness, courage, devotion, intelligence, strength, celibacy and righteous conduct.
The Wandering Jew (b. 1st century BC), a Jewish shoemaker. According to legend, he taunted Jesus on his way to crucifixion. Jesus cursed him to "go on forever till I return." Thus, the Wandering Jew is to live until the second coming of Jesus.
John the Apostle (AD 6–101), one of Jesus's followers. Some Latter-Day Saints, in conjunction with their own scriptures, interpret the biblical scripture found at John 21:21-23 to mean that John will tarry or remain on the earth until the Second Coming.
The Three Nephites (between AD 34 and 35), three men described in the Book of Mormon who are given power over death in order to fulfill their desire to minister among men until Jesus comes again.
Markandeya, a sage who was granted immortality at the age of sixteen.
Sir Galahad (born 2nd-6th century), one of the three Arthurian knights to find the Holy Grail. Of these questing knights, Galahad is the only one to have achieved immortality by it.
Merlin (2nd-6th century), the famous magician. In some accounts, Merlin is trapped by an enchantment by Nimue, and while some end with Merlin dying, in others he remains in the trap (variously a tomb, a cave, a mist, or a tree) indefinitely.
Morgana Lefay (c. 480 – ), Enchantress from the legend of King Arthur.
Nicolas Flamel (c. 1330 – ), a French scribe and manuscript seller. He is believed to have found and decoded the everchanging book of Abraham the Mage, and found a spell for immortality, along with his wife.
Count of St. Germain. Myths, legends, and speculations about St. Germain began to be widespread in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and continue today. They include beliefs that he is immortal.
Mahavatar Babaji (30 November 203 BCE), an Indian Kriya Yoga guru who is believed to have manifested 5,000 years ago in India and is still presently alive in his physical body. He is reputed to live in India or at the Himalaya mountain.
Olumba Olumba (born 1918) is a Nigerian religious leader and founder of Brotherhood of the Cross and Star, an alleged evil cult and new religion. Olumba claimed to be the Abrahamic God in human form. Members of his religion claim he is immortal.
Failed quests for immortality
Gilgamesh (possibly reigned during the 26th century BC) after the death of his companion, Enkidu, Gilgamesh pursues immortality to avoid Enkidu's fate. Gilgamesh fails two tests and does not become immortal, realising instead that mortals attain immortality through lasting works of civilization and culture. Gilgamesh's story is among the oldest stories recorded.
Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of China who reigned during 259 BC–210 BC, also sought immortality in his old age. Twice he sent hundreds of people under the direction of Xu Fu to find the legendary elixir of life, but failed. He allegedly died of mercury poisoning after he had eaten too many mercury pills, prescribed by his court doctors to make him immortal.
References
Immortal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20claimed%20to%20be%20immortal%20in%20myth%20and%20legend |
Darren Wright (born 17 January 1968) is an English professional rugby league and rugby union footballer who played as a or . He spent most of playing career with rugby league club Widnes, scoring over 100 tries for the club between 1985 and 1996, and also played briefly for Australian club North Sydney. He played at representative level for Great Britain, winning one cap during the 1988 Lions tour. In 1996, he switched to rugby union, playing for Sale and Orrell.
Background
Darren Wright was born in Leigh, Lancashire, England. A former Leigh Miners Welfare amateur, Wright was signed by Widnes in March 1985.
Rugby league career
Club career
Wright made his debut for Widnes as a substitute in December 1985 in a league match against York.
Wright played , and scored a try in Widnes' 6–12 defeat by Wigan in the 1988–89 John Player Special Trophy Final during the 1988–89 season at Burnden Park, Bolton on Saturday 7 January 1989,
During the 1989–90 Rugby Football League season, he played for defending champions Widnes at centre in their 1989 World Club Challenge victory against the visiting Canberra Raiders.
Wright played for North Sydney during the 1990 NSWRL season.
Wright played on the in Widnes' 24–18 victory over Salford in the 1990 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1990–91 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 29 September 1990.
During the 1991–92 season, Wright played at in the 24–0 victory over Leeds in the 1991–92 Regal Trophy Final at Central Park, Wigan on 11 January 1992.
Darren Wright's Testimonial match at Widnes took place in 1995.
Representative career
Wright was called up for the 1988 Great Britain Lions tour as a replacement for the injured Shaun Edwards. He came on a substitute in the second test match against Australia on 28 June 1988. This was Wright's only cap for the senior Great Britain side.
Rugby union career
In July 1996, Wright joined rugby union club Sale, along with fellow Widnes teammates John Devereux and Adrian Hadley. After one season at the club, he moved to Orrell.
References
External links
Rugby union statistics at Statbunker
1968 births
Living people
English rugby league players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league players from Leigh, Greater Manchester
Widnes Vikings players
North Sydney Bears players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Great Britain under-21 national rugby league team players
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks players
Orrell R.U.F.C. players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren%20Wright%20%28rugby%29 |
is an interchange passenger railway station located in the city of Ebina, Kanagawa, Japan. It is jointly operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East), and the private railway operators Odakyu Electric Railway, and Sagami Railway (Sōtetsu).
Lines
Ebina Station is served by the following lines.
Odakyu Odawara Line
Sagami Line
Sōtetsu Main Line
The station is from the Odakyu terminus at Shinjuku Station, from the Sagami Line terminus at Chigasaki Station, and from the Sotetsu terminus at Yokohama Station.
Station layout
Sōtetsu
The Sōtetsu Main Line station has a bay platform, serving two tracks.
JR East
The JR Sagami Line station has a single island platform, serving two tracks. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office.
Odakyu
The Odakyu Odawara Line station has two island platforms serving four tracks.
History
Ebina Station was opened on 25 November 1941 as the terminal station of the , now Sagami Railway). The Odakyu Line , which had been in operation since 1927, was shifted 400 meters on 1 April 1943, for joint operation of Ebina Station. From December 1971, Ebina became one of the chief rail yards of the Odakyu line. On 21 December 1973, a new station was opened, located approximately from the old station in the direction of Odawara. From 21 March 1987, the Sagami Line began operations to Ebina, less than a month before the dissolution and privatization of the Japanese National Railways and formation of the East Japan Railway Company.
Station numbering was introduced to the Odakyu Line in January 2014 with Ebina being assigned station number OH32.
The Odakyu Ebina Station has a unique platform jingle that plays when trains are arriving. The melody is from the song Sakura by the Japanese pop band, Ikimonogakari (いきものがかり). The Odawara bound platforms 1 and 2 play the intro to the song while the Shinjuku / Chiyoda Line bound platforms 3 and 4 play a short portion from the middle of the song. On 19 April 2021 the Romance Car Museum opened beside the west exit to the station.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the JR portion of the station was used by an average of 14,307 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). During the same period, the Odakyu station was used by an average of 152,370 passengers daily (total) and the Sotetsu portion of the station by 123,214 passengers (total).
The passenger figures (boarding passengers only) for previous years are as shown below.
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Ebina Station (Odakyu)
Ebina Station (JR East)
Ebina Station (Sagami Railway)
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1941
Odakyu Odawara Line
Stations of Odakyu Electric Railway
Sagami Railway Main Line
Stations of Sagami Railway
Railway stations in Kanagawa Prefecture
Sagami Line
Ebina, Kanagawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebina%20Station |
Despain is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Bree Despain (born 1979), American author
Don G. Despain (born 1940), American botanist, plant ecologist, and fire behavior specialist
Dave Despain (born 1946), American motorsport journalist
Michelle Despain (born 1984), Argentine-American luger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despain |
Rabindra Sarobar (formerly known as Dhakuria Lake) is an artificial lake, garden and park in South Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. The name also refers to the area surrounding the lake. It is flanked by Southern Avenue to the North, Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Road to the West, Dhakuria to the East and the Kolkata Suburban Railway tracks to the south.
History
In the early 1920s, the Calcutta Improvement Trust (CIT), a body responsible for developmental work in the Kolkata metropolitan area, acquired about of marshy jungles. Their intention was to develop the area for residential use – improving the roads, raising and levelling some of the adjacent land and building lakes and parks. Excavation work was undertaken with the plan of creating a huge lake. The excavation of the lake was led by CIT's first chairman Cecil Henry Bompass, Kolkata Municipal Corporation's chief-engineer M.R. Atkins and a young Bengali passout from Shibpur B.E. College Prabodh Chandra Chatterjee and initially it was known as Bompass Lake. Originally known as Dhakuria Lake, in May 1958, CIT renamed the lake as Rabindra Sarovar, as a tribute to Bengali writer and Nobel Laureate, Rabindranath Tagore.
The area around this excavated lake was later developed to build recreational complexes, which included children's parks, gardens and auditoria.
Today the lake and its surrounding areas are one of the most popular recreational areas in Kolkata. are covered by water, while shrubs and trees, some of which are more than 100 years old, occupy the rest of the area. A partial tree census in 2012 recorded 50 different species. In the winter, one can spot some migratory birds around the lake, though the numbers are dwindling because of the rise in pollution level. The lake itself is home to many varieties of fish. Fishing is strictly prohibited. A number of people come for a walk around the lake in the mornings to enjoy the fresh air. Many visit the sunrise point to offer their prayers to the sun. During the day, it is visited by families on a picnic, tourists, young lovers and joggers.
Landmarks
Durga Museum: In 2012 an abandoned waterhouse in the premises of lake turned into a museum housing several award winning Durga idols. It is run by Kolkata Improvement Trust and is officially known as the Maa Phire Elo, literally translate into return of the goddess. It is also mcalled the called thr Durga Exhibition Museum. There are three exhibits displayed outside under pavilions. The inner and outer wall of the gallwery is decorated with terracotta motifs. The gallery houses about 9 exhibits, which are replaced with new ones after the Durga puja every year.
To the north is a football stadium, known as the Rabindra Sarobar Stadium, with a seating capacity of approximately 26,000 people. It was established in the 1950s and is today, the city's first stadium to be fully equipped with audio-visual training facilities.
Also to the north is the open-air theatre, Mukta Mancha.
Nazrul Mancha is situated on the northern flank near Golpark.
The only Japanese Buddhist temple in Kolkata is located on the southern fringe of the Rabindra Sarovar. It was established in 1935 by Nichidatsu Fujii, founder of the worldwide Buddhist association, the Nipponzan Myohoji. Monks offer prayers in Japanese, to the sound of beating drums, in the early morning hours and at dusk. There are no restrictions on entry to the main temple even when prayers are in progress. Outside the main temple building there is a pillar, with a message of peace engraved in Japanese, and a pair of lions that symbolise the guardians of the faith. The Japanese refer to these figures as Komainu (lion-dog).
There is a mosque on one of the lake's islands, which predates the excavation of the lake itself. This island is connected to the southern shore by a cable-stayed wooden (now iron) suspension bridge, which was built in 1926 and renovated in 1962. The fish sanctuary under this bridge is an additional attraction.
There are some cannons lying on the lake's west bank that were found during the excavation in the early 1920s and retained by the CIT for beautification. It is believed that they were used by Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent ruler of Bengal.
The complex contains a safari garden and children's play center with a lily pool, and a swimming pool. A toy train, operational between 1985 and 1989, was a popular draw for children.
A number of rowing and swimming clubs are situated within the Rabindra Sarovar complex. While the former are located to the north of this lake, the latter are located to its south. In 1858 the British founded the Calcutta Rowing Club (CRC), presently one of the oldest clubs in India, to promote rowing activities in Kolkata. In 1901, it got affiliated to the prestigious Amateur Rowing Association of the East (ARAE) and in 1923 signed a reciprocal arrangement deal with the London Rowing Club. The CRC has been the hub of competitive rowing in Kolkata for more than 150 years and has organised many intra- and inter-club competitions. Rowing facilities are available to members on a regular basis, from 6 am to 7:30 am and from 3:30 pm to 5 pm. The Bengal Rowing Club, Lake Club and Calcutta University Rowing Club are a few other rowing clubs located in the Rabindra Sarovar complex. One of the oldest swimming clubs in Kolkata, the Indian Life Saving Society (formerly known as Anderson Club) has its office in the lake complex.
The lake is within walking distance of the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture at Golpark.
There is an auditorium or a hall within the sarovar complex which adjoins the Rabindra Sarovar Stadium. Its name is Pavilion Hall.
Degradation
Like a majority of artificial lakes in the country, Rabindra Sarovar is suffering environmental degradation. Water pollution is on the rise, owing to an increase in tourist flow and habitation around the lake. The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, has recently included this lake under the National Lake Conservation Plan in the hope that this will help preserve it. The local authorities have also begun an extensive tree plantation program.dumping of garbage in the lake is the main problem of degradation of Rabindra sarobar.
Transport
Rabindra Sarovar is 30 km away from Dum Dum airport and 12 km from the Howrah railway station.
The area is served by the Rabindra Sarobar metro station of the Kolkata Metro and Lake Gardens and the Tollygunge station of the Kolkata suburban railway (Budge Budge section). It is one of the few points where the two railway systems interface (another being Dum Dum and New Garia). The area of Rabindra Sarobar is also well-connected with a bus route. Located in South Kolkata the area is properly connected and is counted as a tourist spot.
Bio-diversity
The lake and the surrounding green cover occupy an area of 192 acres. The water body is of 73 acres while the green cover has an area of 119 acres and supports an unique bio-diversity
Fauna
The region attracts a wide range of local and migratory birds. 107 species of birds were recorded in 2019, which includes 69 resident birds, 14 local migrants, 23 long distant migrants and one summer visitor have been recorded in 2019. In 2021 a total of 118 species of birds were recorded in Rabindra Sarobar. The number was 116 in 2022. In 2023 (till October) the number stood at 110. In 2023 the migratory birds have appeared early and the transit migrants are statyng for a longer period. The area also has 13 species of dragonflies.
Flora
The green cover has 11,000 trees of which 7.500 are over 75 years old. The trees include Palash, African Tulip (Rudra Palash), Ashok, Shimul which bloom during the spring. Rabindra Sarobar is also home to a wide variety of fungi which thrives during the monsoon season. They generally grow on the dead and decaying logs. The most common fungi of Rabindra Sarobar include Dead Man's Fingure, Wine Glass, Bracket Fangus, Ink Cap, Split Gill, Puffball and many more.
Gallery
References
External links
a description of Rabindra Sarovar in Rainwaterharvesting
a reference to Rabindra Sarobar in Clickindia.com
a reference to the Pavilion Hall, Rabindra Sarovar in "The Telegraph"
Further reading
Lakes of West Bengal
Neighbourhoods in Kolkata
Parks in Kolkata
Tourist attractions in Kolkata
Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra%20Sarobar |
Brian Wright is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played for South Sydney and Eastern Suburbs in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership competition.
Wright began his New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) career with South Sydney in 1957 making 15 first grade appearances with that club. In 1960 the forward joined Eastern Suburbs, playing 29 matches in his two years at that club.
Wright was a member of the Easts side that went down to St George in the 1960 Grand Final. He is one of only a handful of players to be sent off in a Grand Final after Wright and St George's forward, Kevin Ryan, were dismissed for fighting midway through the second half of the match.
References
Career playing statistics
Point scoring summary
Australian rugby league players
Sydney Roosters players
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Rugby league players from Sydney
South Sydney Rabbitohs players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Wright%20%28rugby%20league%29 |
Cebrene (), also spelled Cebren (), was an ancient Greek city in the middle Skamander valley in the Troad region of Anatolia. According to some scholars, the city's name was changed to Antiocheia in the Troad () for a period during the 3rd century BCE (see below). Its archaeological remains have been located on Çal Dağ in the forested foothills of Mount Ida (modern Kaz Dağı), approximately 7 km to the south of the course of the Skamander. The site was first identified by the English amateur archaeologist Frank Calvert in 1860.
History
Foundation
The earliest Greek archaeological remains found at Cebren date to the mid-7th and early 6th century BCE and were found together with indigenous pottery, suggesting that to begin with the city was a mixed Greco-Anatolian community. Writing in the early 4th century BCE, Xenophon implies that the population of Cebren ca. 400 BCE still consisted of both Greek and Anatolian elements, indicating that the two ethnic groups co-existed long after the period of Greek colonization. Sources dating to the mid-4th century BCE considered the city an Aeolian Greek foundation, and the historian Ephorus of Cyme claimed that its founders were in fact from his own city, although this statement needs to be treated with some caution, since Ephorus was notorious in antiquity for exaggerating his hometown's importance. While we cannot ascertain the truth of Ephorus' statement, we can be sure that the early settlers were Aeolians, since a grave inscription for a citizen of Kebren written in the Aeolic dialect has been found at nearby Gergis.
Classical Period
In the 5th century BCE Cebren was a member of the Delian League and is listed in the Hellespontine district paying a tribute to Athens of 3 Talents from 454/3 down to 425/4, except in 450/49 when it only paid 8,700 drachmas. Following the defeat of Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE, Cebren came under the control of Zenis, the tyrant of Dardanus, and his wife Mania who together controlled the Troad on behalf of the Persian satrap Pharnabazos. Cebren was captured by the Spartan commander Dercylidas in 399 BCE, but soon after returned to Persian control. In 360/59, the Greek mercenary commander Charidemus briefly captured the city before being repelled by the Persian satrap Artabazos. At some point in the 4th century BCE Cebren produced coinage depicting a satrap's head as the obverse type, indicating the city's close relationship with its Persian overlords. Cebren ceased to exist as an independent city ca. 310 when Antigonus I Monophthalmus founded Antigonia Troas (after 301 BCE renamed Alexandria Troas) and included Cebren in the synoecism.
Antiocheia in the Troad
A rare series of bronze coins display the obverse and reverse types of Cebren (ram's head/head of Apollo), but bear the legend (Antiocheōn, '(coin of the) Antiocheis'). On the basis of these coins it has been argued, most notably by the French epigrapher Louis Robert, that Cebren was refounded by Antiochus I Soter as Antiocheia in the Troad following Antiochus' victory over Lysimachus at the Battle of Corupedium in 281 BCE, after which most of western Asia Minor came under his control. Moreover, Robert noted that some of these coins bore the letters B and K and included a club beside the ram's head: since the club is the typical symbol of the coinage of Birytis, an unlocated city in the Troad, Robert argued that these letters referred to Birytis and Kebren and were evidence of a synoecism or sympoliteia between the two communities which had produced the new foundation of Antiocheia in the Troad. Robert's arguments have been repeatedly criticized by the archaeologist John Manuel Cook, who could discern no archaeological or numismatic evidence for occupation in the Hellenistic period at the site of Çal Dağ. Cook based these claims on only two days of surface survey at Çal Dağ, and as such definitive answers regarding the settlement history of the site in the 3rd century BCE will have to await a full excavation.
See also
List of ancient Greek cities
References
Bibliography
A. Plassart, ‘Inscriptions de Delphes: la liste de théorodoques’ BCH 45 (1921) 1-85.
L. Robert, Études de Numismatique Grecque (Paris, 1951) 16–31.
J. M. Cook, The Troad: An Archaeological and Topographical Study (Oxford, 1973) 327–44.
R. Merkelbach, Die Inschriften von Assos, Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 4 (Bonn 1976).
J. M. Cook, 'Cities in and around the Troad' ABSA 83 (1988) 7-19.
S. Mitchell, 'Kebren' in M. H. Hansen and T. H. Nielsen (eds), An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (Oxford, 2004) no. 780.
Archaeological sites in the Marmara Region
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
Ruins in Turkey
Cities in ancient Troad
Former populated places in Turkey
Geography of Çanakkale Province
History of Çanakkale Province
Tourist attractions in Çanakkale Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebrene |
Plan B is an unfinished novel published posthumously in America in 1993 by Chester Himes, which is the final volume in the Harlem Cycle. The story is even darker and more nihilistic than the preceding volumes, culminating in a violent revolutionary movement in the streets of America.
The first edition was published in France, in 1983 (Editions lieu commun), translated by Helène Devaux-Minié.
Plot summary
The story differs somewhat from the other volumes of the cycle in being less a detective story and more a surrealistic tale of a racial apocalypse in America. The story hinges on the efforts of community leader Tomsson Black to stir up racial tension in Harlem in order to force a radical change in race relations. The novel begins as a hardboiled detective story, then, when the characters' revolt begins, transitions to apocalyptic fiction.
Major themes
In an interview, Himes once noted that he had wanted to "depict the violence that is necessary so that the white community will also give it a little thought, because you know, they're going around playing these games. They haven't given any thought to what would happen if the black people would seriously uprise."
Most notably, Plan B features the death of both of the protagonists of the Harlem Cycle. Gravedigger Jones kills Coffin Ed Johnson in a dramatic final scene, before being killed himself by Tomsson Black. Throughout the story, the usually level-headed Gravedigger gets caught up in the revolutionary fervor, while Coffin Ed is uncharacteristically skeptical and calm.
References
Unfinished novels
1993 American novels
Novels by Chester Himes
Novels published posthumously
Novels about race and ethnicity
Novels set in Harlem
African-American novels
American detective novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%20B%20%28novel%29 |
Leah Brown Allen (November 6, 1884 in Providence, Rhode Island – February 1973) was an American astronomer and Professor of Astronomy at Hood College.
She joined Lick Observatory as Carnegie Assistant in 1908. Professor Allen began teaching astronomy at Hood in 1928.
Education
She studied at Hope Street School, 1902.
Then at Brown University, 1904–1906, special work in astronomy under Professor Winslow Upton.
She received her M.A. from Wellesley College in 1912.
Prizes named in her honor
Leah B. Allen Award for Excellence in Math and Science, Hood College
Leah B. Allen Prize in Astronomy, Hood College
Correspondents
Annie Jump Cannon
William F. Meggers
Memberships
American Astronomical Society
AAVSO, Charter Member
Publications
"A study of the peculiar spectrum of the star Eta Centauri" (Master's thesis, 1912) is held in the Wellesley College Archives .
The radial velocities of twenty southern variable stars of class Me ; A study of the changes in the spectrum of T Centauri (Lick Observatory bulletin) University of California Press (1925) WorldCat
References
1884 births
1973 deaths
American women astronomers
20th-century American women scientists
Wellesley College alumni
Brown University alumni
Hood College faculty
Whitin Observatory
20th-century American astronomers
American women academics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah%20Allen |
Sucheta Dalal (born 1962) is an Indian business journalist and author. She has been a journalist for over two decades and was awarded a Padma Shri for journalism in 2006.
She was the Financial Editor for the Times of India until 1998 when she joined the Indian Express group as a Consulting Editor, leaving in 2008. She is known for exposing the 1992 stock market scam propagated by Harshad Mehta.
In 2006, she began to write for Moneylife, a fortnightly magazine on investment started by her husband Debashis Basu. She is now the Managing Editor of Moneylife. In 2010, responding to poor financial literacy in India, she and her husband founded Moneylife Foundation, a not-for-profit organisation based in Mumbai. She is a member of the Investor Education & Protection Fund of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. In 1992, she was honoured with the Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons.
Education and career
Born in a Jat family, Sucheta did her schooling at St. Joseph’s Convent School, Belagavi. She then studied B.Sc Statistics at Karnataka College, Dharwad. She is a trained lawyer having gained LL.B and LL.M from Bombay University.
Subsequently, in 1984, Sucheta began her career in journalism by landing a job with Fortune India, an investment magazine. Later, she went on to work in news companies like Business Standard and The Economic Times.
In the early 1990s, Dalal joined the prominent Mumbai based newspaper Times of India as a journalist for their Business and economics wing. There she investigated a number of cases that would eventually lead to her prominence in the fields of journalism and activism. These included the Harshad Mehta scam of 1992, the Enron scam, the Industrial Development Bank of India scam, the Ketan Parekh scam in 2001. She worked closely with journalists and analysts such as Debashis Basu, Girish Sant, Shantanu Dixit and Pradyumna Kaul. She later became the Financial editor of Times of India.
Awards and recognition
Sucheta has been conferred the Padma Shri Award, the Chameli Devi Award instituted by the Media Foundation, and Femina’s Woman of Substance Award for her zealous work in journalism.
Scam 1992, a docudrama directed series by Hansal Mehta was based on her and Debasis Basu's book The Scam. It was released in October 2020 and Dalal's character was played by Shreya Dhanwanthary.
Select publications
Books
In popular culture
Actress Shreya Dhanwanthary played Sucheta Dalal in Scam 1992, a Sony LIV's original series. It was based on her own book The Scam: Who Won, Who Lost, who Got Away.
Actress Ileana D'Cruz has played Meera Rao, a character inspired by Sucheta Dalal in The Big Bull, a 2021 film which is also based on the same book.
References
External links
Sucheta Dalal's blog
1962 births
Living people
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
University of Mumbai alumni
Indian business and financial journalists
Indian Express Limited people
Indian newspaper journalists
Journalists from Karnataka
People from Dharwad district
Indian investigative journalists
Managing editors
Karnatak University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucheta%20Dalal |
Adam Wright (1975 – 17 July 1998) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League competition. His position of choice was as a prop.
Background
He was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia to Robert (Bobby) and Barbara. He grew up in Haberfield in the inner west of Sydney.
Wright was shot and killed outside of the Five Dock Hotel on 17 July 1998. Organised crime figure Michael Kanaan was convicted of Wright's murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.
References
Australian rugby league players
Australian murder victims
South Sydney Rabbitohs players
1998 deaths
1975 births
Rugby league players from Sydney
Deaths by firearm in New South Wales
People murdered in Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Wright%20%28rugby%20league%29 |
Latin liturgical rites, or Western liturgical rites, is a large family of liturgical rites and uses of public worship employed by the Latin Church, the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church, that originated in Europe where the Latin language once dominated. Its language is now known as Ecclesiastical Latin. The most used rite is the Roman Rite.
The Latin rites were for many centuries no less numerous than the modern Eastern Catholic liturgical rites. The number of Latin rites and uses is now much reduced. In the aftermath of the Council of Trent, in 1568 and 1570 Pope Pius V suppressed the breviaries and missals that could not be shown to have an antiquity of at least two centuries in favor of the Roman Missal and Roman Breviary. Many local rites that remained legitimate even after this decree were abandoned voluntarily, especially in the 19th century, in favor of the Tridentine Mass and other Roman Rite rituals. In the second half of the 20th century, most of the religious orders that had a distinct liturgical rite chose to adopt in its place the Roman Rite as revised in accordance with the decrees of the Second Vatican Council (see Mass of Paul VI). A few such liturgical rites persist today for the celebration of Mass, since 1965–1970 in revised forms, but the distinct liturgical rites for celebrating the other sacraments have been almost completely abandoned.
Liturgical rites currently in use within the Latin Church
Roman Rite
The Roman Rite is by far the most widely used. Like other liturgical rites, it developed over time, with newer forms replacing the older. It underwent many changes in the first millennium, during half of its existence (see Pre-Tridentine Mass). The forms that Pope Pius V, as requested by the Council of Trent, established in the 1560s and 1570s underwent repeated minor variations in the centuries immediately following. Each new typical edition (the edition to which other printings are to conform) of the Roman Missal (see Tridentine Mass) and of the other liturgical books superseded the previous one.
The 20th century saw more profound changes. Pope Pius X radically rearranged the Psalter of the Breviary and altered the rubrics of the Mass. Pope Pius XII significantly revised the Holy Week ceremonies and certain other aspects of the Roman Missal in 1955.
Ordinary Form
The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) was followed by a general revision of the rites of all the Roman Rite sacraments, including the Eucharist. As before, each new typical edition of a liturgical book supersedes the previous one. Thus, the 1970 Roman Missal, which superseded the 1962 edition, was superseded by the edition of 1975. The 2002 edition in turn supersedes the 1975 edition both in Latin and, as official translations into each language appear, also in the vernacular languages. Under the terms of Summorum Pontificum by Pope Benedict XVI, the Mass of Paul VI, which followed Vatican II, is known as the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite.
Extraordinary Form
The Tridentine Mass, as in the 1962 Roman Missal, and other pre-Vatican II rites are still authorized for use within the Roman Rite under the conditions indicated in the motu proprio Traditionis Custodes. These practices emanate from the liturgical reforms of the Council of Trent, from which the word "Tridentine" is derived. Following its description in Summorum Pontificum by Pope Benedict XVI, the ritual use of liturgical books promulgated before Vatican II is often referred to as the Extraordinary Form.
Anglican Use (Divine Worship)
The Anglican Use is a use of the Roman Rite, rather than a unique rite itself. During the Liturgy of the Eucharist, especially the Eucharistic Prayer, it is closest to other forms of the Roman Rite, while it differs more during the Liturgy of the Word and the Penitential Rite. The language used, which differs from that of the ICEL translation of the Roman Rite of Mass, is based upon the Book of Common Prayer, originally written in the 16th century. Prior to the establishment of the personal ordinariates, parishes in the United States were called "Anglican Use" and used the Book of Divine Worship, an adaptation of the Book of Common Prayer. The Book of Divine Worship has been replaced with the similar Divine Worship: The Missal for use in the ordinariates worldwide, replacing the official term "Anglican Use" with "Divine Worship".
Anglican liturgical rituals, whether those used in the ordinariates of the Catholic Church or in the various prayer books and missals of the Anglican Communion and other denominations, trace their origin back to the Sarum Use, which was a variation of the Roman Rite used in England before introduction during the reign of Edward VI of the 1549 Book of Common Prayer, following the break from the Roman church under the previous monarch Henry VIII.
In the United States, under a Pastoral Provision in 1980, personal parishes were established that introduced adapted Anglican traditions to the Catholic Church from members' former Episcopal parishes. That provision also permitted, as an exception and on a case-by-case basis, the ordination of married former Episcopal ministers as Catholic priests. As personal parishes, these parishes were formally part of the local Catholic diocese, but accepted as members any former Anglican who wished to make use of the provision.
On 9 November 2009, Pope Benedict XVI established a worldwide provision for Anglicans who joined the church. This process set up personal ordinariates for former Anglicans and other persons entering the full communion of the Catholic Church. These ordinariates would be similar to dioceses, but encompassing entire regions or nations. Parishes belonging to an ordinariate would not be part of the local diocese. These ordinariates are charged with maintaining the Anglican liturgical, spiritual and pastoral traditions, and they have full faculties to celebrate the Eucharist and the other sacraments, the Liturgy of the Hours and other liturgical functions in accordance with the liturgical books proper to the Anglican tradition, in revisions approved by the Holy See. This faculty does not exclude liturgical celebrations according to the Roman Rite.
The Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham was set up for England and Wales on 15 January 2011; the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter for the United States and Canada on 1 January 2012; and the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross for Australia on 15 June 2012. As of 2017 it was decreed that all parishes in the United States established under the Pastoral Provision be transferred to the Ordinariate. Bishop Steven Lopes of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter has requested that terms such as "Anglican Use" and "Anglican Ordinariate" be avoided, saying "Our clergy and faithful do not like being called Anglican, both because this is insensitive to actual Anglicans, and because it is a subtle way of suggesting that their entrance into full communion is less that total. We are Catholic in every sense."
Algonquian and Iroquoian Uses
Also called "Indian Masses", a number of variations on the Roman Rite developed in the Indian missions of Canada and the United States. These originated in the 17th century, and some remained in use until the Second Vatican Council. The priest's parts remained in Latin, while the ordinaries sung by the choir were translated into the vernacular (e.g., Mohawk, Algonquin, Micmac, and Huron). They also generally featured a reduced cycle of native-language propers and hymns.
Zaire Use
The Zaire Use is an inculturated variation of the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church. It has been used to a very limited extent in some African countries since the late 1970s to early 1980s.
Sarum Use
The Use of Sarum is a variant on the Roman rite originating in the Diocese of Salisbury, which had come to be widely practised in England and Scotland until its suppression during the English Reformation and replaced by the Book of Common Prayer, which was heavily influenced by it, in the then-schismatic Church of England, and its usage among the remaining Catholics was gradually supplanted by the Tridentine Mass.
Other Western rites
Ambrosian Rite
The Ambrosian Rite is celebrated most often in the Archdiocese of Milan, Italy, and in parts of some neighbouring dioceses in Italy and Switzerland. The language used is now usually Italian, rather than Latin. With some variant texts and minor differences in the order of readings, it is similar in form to the Roman Rite. Its classification as Gallican-related is disputed.
Rite or Use of Braga
The Rite of Braga is used, but since 18 November 1971 only on an optional basis, in the Archdiocese of Braga in northern Portugal. The
Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei (PCED) considers it a local Use of the Roman Rite, rather than an independent rite.
Mozarabic Rite
The Mozarabic Rite, which was prevalent throughout Spain in Visigothic times, is now celebrated only in limited locations, principally the cathedral of Toledo.
Carthusian Rite
The Carthusian rite is in use in a version revised in 1981. Apart from the new elements in this revision, it is substantially the rite of Grenoble in the 12th century, with some admixture from other sources. Among other differences from the Roman Order of Mass, the deacon prepares the gifts while the Epistle is being sung, the celebrating priest washes his hands twice at the offertory and says the eucharistic prayer with arms extended in the form of a cross except when using his hands for some specific action, and there is no blessing at the end of Mass.
Benedictine Rite
The Order of Saint Benedict has never had a rite of the Mass peculiar to it, but it keeps its very ancient Benedictine Rite of the Liturgy of the Hours.
Defunct Catholic Western liturgical rites
African Rite
In Africa Proconsulare, located in present-day Tunisia (of which Carthage was the capital), the African Rite was used before the 7th-century Arab conquest. It was very close to the Roman Rite – so much so that Western liturgical traditions have been classified as belonging to two streams, the North African-Rome tradition, and the Gallican (in the broad sense) tradition encompassing the rest of the Western Roman Empire, including northern Italy.
Celtic Rite
The ancient Celtic Rite was a composite of non-Roman ritual structures (possibly Antiochian) and texts not exempt from Roman influence, that was similar to the Mozarabic Rite in many respects and would have been used at least in parts of Ireland, Scotland, the northern part of England and perhaps even Wales, Cornwall and Somerset, before being authoritatively replaced by the Roman Rite in the early Middle Ages. "Celtic" is possibly a misnomer and it may owe its origins to Augustine's re-evangelisation of the British Isles in the 6th century. Little is known of it, though several texts and liturgies survive.
Some Christians – typically groups not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, especially some Western Orthodox Christian communities in communion with Eastern Orthodox Churches, e.g. Celtic Orthodoxy – have attempted to breathe life into a reconstruction of the Celtic Rite, the historical accuracy of which is debated. Historical evidence of this rite is found in the remnants of the Stowe (Lorrha) Missal.
Gallican Rite
The Gallican Rite is a retrospective term applied to the sum of the local variants, on similar lines to that designated elsewhere as the Celtic Rite (above) and the Mozarabic Rite, which faded from use in France by the end of the first millennium. It should not be confused with the so-called Neo-Gallican liturgical books published in various French dioceses after the Council of Trent, which had little or nothing to do with it.
Regional Latin rites or uses
Several local rites of limited scope existed, but are now defunct. More properly these are uses or variants of the Roman Rite, most with Gallican elements, some with Byzantine liturgical and traditional elements.
The Lyonese Rite of the Diocese of Lyon, France, which some consider to have been (rather than Milan) the centre of diffusion of the Gallican liturgy; it is maintained in a few parishes in Lyon.
The Nidaros Use, long defunct, based mainly on imported English liturgical books, used in pre-Reformation Norway.
The Aquileian Rite, a defunct rite originating in the former patriarchate of Aquileia in northern Italy.
The Durham Rite (defunct: Durham, England)
Rites of religious orders
Some religious orders celebrated Mass according to rites of their own, dating from more than 200 years before the papal bull Quo primum. These rites were based on local usages and combined elements of the Roman and Gallican Rites. Following the Second Vatican Council, they have mostly been abandoned, except for the Carthusian Rite (see above). Religious orders of more recent origin have never had special rites.
The following previously existing rites continue to be used on a limited basis by the permission of ecclesiastical superiors:
Carmelite Rite
Cistercian Rite
Dominican Rite
Premonstratensian or Norbertine Rite
Friars Minor Capuchin Rite
Servite Rite
See also
Alexandrian Rite
Antiochene Rite
Armenian Rite
Byzantine Rite
Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites
East Syriac Rite
General Roman Calendar
Western Rite Orthodoxy
West Syriac Rite
References
External links
Dom Fernand Cabrol's The Mass of the Western Rites
Non-Roman Latin or Western Rites
An African Interpretation of Liturgical Inculturation: The Rite Zairois
Usuarium, A Digital Library and Database for the Study of Latin Liturgical History in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period
Western Christianity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin%20liturgical%20rites |
Millennium Park is a public park in Kolkata, situated along the Strand Road on eastern shore of Hooghly River for a stretch of 2.5 km near Fairlie Ghat and opposite to Railway Club. The park consists of landscaped gardens and children's amusement rides. It was opened along the riverside to provide a green area for Kolkata's polluted waterway. It is a millennium gift from Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority inaugurated on 26 December 1999. The park is part of the first phases of the Kolkata Riverside Beautification Project.
Entertainment tools
The park is adorned with a variety of trees and lights. It includes a variety of activities in the form of fun-filled activities such as kids zone, lush green gardens, manicured grass, playground, toy train, pirates, bumpy cars, break dance, boat ride etc. Hence children come to take picnics with their families on Sunday or holidays take advantage of activities such as norka vihar etc. This park has a big food court with eight stalls which is adorned on wooden branches with tables and chairs. currently, The Government of West Bengal has started many projects to enhance the beauty of the Ganges river. The people of Kolkata come here to spend a quiet and relaxed evening on a special occasion. Recently, Howrah Bridge sound and light show can be witnessed from here.
See also
Kolkata Eye
Hooghly Riverfront
References
Parks in Kolkata
Buildings and structures celebrating the third millennium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Park%20%28Kolkata%29 |
Mr. India is a 1987 Indian Hindi-language superhero film directed by Shekhar Kapur and produced jointly by Boney Kapoor and Surinder Kapoor under the former's banner Narsimha Enterprises, with the story and screenplay written by the duo Salim–Javed in what was their last collaboration before their split. Starring Anil Kapoor, Sridevi, and Amrish Puri, the film tells the story of Arun Verma (Kapoor), a humble violinist and philanthropist who receives a cloaking device that grants him invisibility. While renting out his house to pay his debts, he meets the journalist Seema Sohni (Sridevi) and falls in love with her. Meanwhile, the criminal Mogambo (Puri) has plans to conquer India.
After watching his previous directorial venture Masoom, a 1983 family drama about children, Boney Kapoor approached Kapur to make another film with similar themes. Principal photography, handled by Baba Azmi, took place in Srinagar, Mumbai, and other locations in India, starting in July 1985, and finished after 350 days. Laxmikant–Pyarelal composed the soundtrack, while Akhtar wrote the lyrics. After filming ended, Waman Bhonsle and Gurudutt Shirali jointly edited it; Peter Pereira completed the special effects.
Mr. India was released on 25 May 1987. It emerged as a commercial success and became the second highest-grossing film of the year at the Indian box office after Hukumat, where it earned against a budget; it was also an overseas hit in China. It received widespread acclaim from contemporary and modern critics, with most of them appreciating the performances of Anil Kapoor and Sridevi. In 2013, Sridevi was awarded the Special Award at the 58th Filmfare Awards.
Mr. India was a breakthrough for its director and cast members and became a milestone in Hindi cinema for its rarely filmed superhero genre, which was followed by several Indian films in later years. It was remade in Tamil as En Rathathin Rathame (1989) and Kannada as Jai Karnataka (1989). A 3D sequel, titled Mr. India 2, was announced in 2011 but has not entered production.
Plot
Mogambo is a criminal whose goal is to conquer India. From his hidden island, he monitors all the evil-doings perpetrated by his henchmen. His catchphrase, "Mogambo khush hua" ("Mogambo is pleased") and "Hail Mogambo!", used by his subordinates, shows his complete authority over his minions. On the other hand, Arun is a street violinist and philanthropist who rents a large, old house to take care of ten orphans with the help of his cook named "Calendar". Arun is seldom able to make ends meet and owes many debts, so he decides to rent out the room on the first floor. Seema, his first tenant, is a local journalist who eventually becomes friends with everyone. Arun falls in love with her.
He receives a mysterious letter from a family friend, Professor Sinha, which reveals that Arun's late father—who was a renowned scientist—had created a cloaking device that would make its user invisible. It still needed to be patented, and because Arun was the only son, it was his responsibility to complete the protocols and sign the paperwork for it. Arun saw this as an opportunity and immediately hatched a plan to get the device. With the directions in the letter, and accompanied by his ward, Arun enters his father's old laboratory. When the device is activated, it makes the wearer invisible unless red light is focused on the wearer. Arun decides to keep it a secret.
After a few months as a tenant, Seema is invited to a lavish party hosted by an acquaintance, and she performs a song under the guise of a famous Hawaiian dancer, who is unable to make it to the party. After the performance, she is nearly killed by criminals who think she is a spy, but Arun comes to her rescue, styling himself as an invisible person and introducing himself to them as "Mr. India". Seema subsequently falls for her rescuer, however, Arun keeps his identity as Mr. India secret for a few more months. One day, Arun uses the device to trick one of Mogambo's henchmen to foil his criminal plans; he reports the incident to his leader.
Thereafter, Mogambo has bombs disguised as toys planted in public places. Tina—one of the orphans who stays at Arun's house—finds the traps and takes them, resulting in her death. Arun, Seema, Calendar, and the other orphans are all captured by the Mogambo's henchmen as prime suspects and brought for interrogation before him. Mogambo tortures them so he can reveal Mr. India's identity and the location of the device. Arun eventually admits to this when Mogambo threatens to kill two children; but because Arun has lost the device by accidentally dropping it somewhere during the capture, he cannot become invisible to prove himself. Mogambo sends them into the dungeons temporarily.
However, they are able to escape by stealing the keys from a guard. Meanwhile, Mogambo activates four intercontinental ballistic missiles, which are poised to destroy all of India. Arun confronts him, the two fight, and Arun gains the upper hand. But as he is about to stop the missiles, Mogambo warns that everyone present will die if Arun succeeds. Nevertheless, Arun deactivates the launch, and the missiles detonate on the launch pad. Arun, Seema, Calendar, and the children escape; Mogambo's fortress is destroyed, and Mogambo dies.
Cast
Anil Kapoor as Arun Verma aka Mr. India
Sridevi as Seema Sohni
Amrish Puri as Mogambo
Annu Kapoor as Mr. Gaitonde, Seema's newspaper editor
Ramesh Deo as a police inspector
Gurbachan Singh as Captain Zorro
Ajit Vachani as Teja (cameo appearance)
Ashok Kumar as Prof. Sinha
Bob Christo as Mr. Wolcott
Harish Patel as Roopchand (cameo appearance)
Anjan Srivastav as Baburam
Satish Kaushik as Calendar
Ahmed Khan as an orphan
Aftab Shivdasani as an orphan
Yunus Parvez as Maniklal
Sharat Saxena as Daga
Production
Development
After watching Shekhar Kapur's family film Masoom (1983), producer Boney Kapoor approached him to make another film with themes related to children; Kapur immediately accepted the offer and received a salary. Kapur had been a fan of comic books and always wanted to make a superhero film. He had written several comic books that received international acclaim: Devi, Snakewoman, The Warlord, The Omega Crystal, and Mantra. Salim–Javed, a duo consisting of Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar, was signed to write the story and screenplay for . Several publications claimed they took inspiration from the science fiction films Mr. X (1957) and Mr. X In Bombay (1964), but Kapur denied these reports saying that he never found copies of the films. Kapur wrote the dialogue in Hindustani, a mix of Hindi and Urdu. Boney Kapoor co-produced the film alongside his father, Surinder Kapoor, under the Narsimha Enterprises banner.
Casting
Anil Kapoor and Sridevi were cast as the main protagonists, Amrish Puri as the principal antagonist. Anil Kapoor plays Arun, a poor street violinist and philanthropist who rents a large, old house to help ten orphans. Salim–Javed made the role specifically for Rajesh Khanna, but later they asked Amitabh Bachchan to play it when they found Khanna did not suit the role. Bachchan, however, felt that the concept of an invisible man would overshadow his performance, saying, "The real hero of the film is an invisible character. So why do you need me?". The duo took this as an "insult", and at a Holi festival held a few days later, Akhtar told him that neither he nor Khan would work with him again. In fact, Khan never said that and blamed Akhtar for this misunderstanding. This resulted in their split, making Mr. India their final collaboration. In an interview with Rediff.com, Anil Kapoor admitted he added his "own style" to the role so the audience would not realize it "was going to be done" by Bachchan.
Sridevi was given the role of Seema, a journalist who becomes a friend and then falls in love with Arun. After watching several of her Tamil-language films from the 1970s, Boney Kapoor cast his future wife in the film and went to Madras (present-day Chennai) to meet her. Kapur said he cast Sridevi solely because she "represented every Indian male's dreams" with "her baby-face" and "luscious body". Having established herself as one of the most popular actresses, she charged the producer to , while her mother Rajeswari Yanger, who often accompanied her, asked for . Kapur actually paid her a higher amount, around . This was the first film Kapur had shot with the actress.
Satish Kaushik, who also served as an associate director alongside Raj Kanwar, portrays Calendar, Arun's assistant. When asked by The Hindu about his character's name, he explained it originated from his father's (a Delhi-based salesman) dealer who liked to insert the word calendar while talking. After hearing the story from his father, Kaushik suggested the idea to Kapur, who liked it immediately. Annu Kapoor features as Gaitonde, Sridevi's newspaper editor; he was paid . Amrish Puri was cast as Mogambo, a character that was inspired by Ibn-e-Safi's Jasoosi Dunya, following his meeting with Boney Kapoor and Kapur while shooting the 1987 thriller Loha in Ooty. It was reported that he received a salary of , making him the highest-paid Indian villain actor of all time. The part was initially offered to Anupam Kher, however, after his screen test, the crew believed he looked "more funny than ferocious". According to Kaushik, Puri was chosen later because of his "menacing" persona. Kapur asked him to imagine he is playing a Shakespearean character to "nine-year-old kid" while portraying Mogambo.
Filming
Baba Azmi began the principal photography of Mr. India on 6 July 1985. In later years, Kapur recalled it as "terrible days" for him and spoke the difficulties he and the film's cast and crew members faced in this period. According to Kapur, "[It] had to be shot slowly because of all the trick photography and technical innovation it entailed." Saroj Khan and Veeru Devgan were the choreographer and action director, respectively, while Bijon Dasgupta finished the production design. A big set was built at the R. K. Studio for Mogambo's sequences. The film's opening scene, featuring a group of governmental officers alighting from heavily armoured vehicles, was shot at the Sophia College for Women in Mumbai.
The sequences where Sridevi dresses up as Charlie Chaplin's on-screen character The Tramp took between 30 and 35 days to finish. In an interview in Filmfare December 1992 issue, she called the sequences "my all-time favourite" and revealed that the film's crew loved her while she wore the costume. The song "Kate Nahin Kat Te" was shot in Srinagar. Saroj Khan found it to be the "most difficult song" of her career, and said she took fifteen minutes to do the choreography, requiring her to create "sensuous movements". Filming was finished after 350 days and Waman Bhonsle and Gurudutt Shirali edited it. Kapur asked them to cut several repeats of the line, "Mogambo khush hua", as he felt it appeared too often in the film. Akhtar disagreed with him, convincing him that the line would be popular with the audience. Peter Pereira handled the special effects. He used mechanical effects to make Anil Kapoor's character invisible and stop-motion technique for his footprints.
Soundtrack
The duo Laxmikant–Pyarelal composed the film's soundtrack with lyrics written by Akhtar. The title of the song "Hawa Hawai"—initially "Kahate Hain Mujhko Hawa Hawai" ("They Call Me Hawa Hawai")—originated from an Urdu phrase, "Bhai kahan hawa hawai ghoom rahe ho?" ("Brother, how come you are floating about?"). Akhtar used only the words hawa hawai because he felt it was "more interesting". Anuradha Paudwal, Alisha Chinai, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Kishore Kumar, and Shabbir Kumar performed the vocals. The song "Hawa Hawai" was originally to be sung by Asha Bhosle but Laxmikant–Pyarelal retained Krishnamurthy months later because they believed she was the "perfect" choice.
T-Series released the album on 30 October 1986; it became a commercial success. 2.5 million cassettes were sold, according to a 24 July 1987 The Indian Express report. M. Rahman of India Today wrote it "has started a trend and film-goers will be hearing similar music over and over again in several forthcoming films". In 2018, Scroll.in praised Kapur's ability to "insert grown-up feelings into an otherwise family-friendly film without being tasteless" in "Kate Nahin Kat Te". The song, which Nikhat Kazmi labelled as the "encapsulation of the feminine nonpareil", was parodied in Rangeela (1995), Aiyyaa (2012), and Gunday (2014), and sampled in the song "O Janiya" from Force 2 (2016). "Hawa Hawai" was referenced in Salaam Bombay! (1988), inspired the title of Amole Gupte's 2014 drama film, and was remixed for Tumhari Sulu in 2018; Sridevi performed it at the Hope '86 concert in Calcutta (present-day Kolkata).
Release
Mr. India was one of the most anticipated Indian films of 1987, and journalists expected it to be a breakthrough for Anil Kapoor's acting career. Made on a budget of , a big budget for an Indian film at the time, Sujata Films distributed the film and released it on 25 May 1987. It ran at theatres for over 175 days, becoming a silver jubilee film. The Hindustan Times declared it "the talk of the town" in Bombay (present-day Mumbai), while Sunday magazine reported Kapur had become one of Bombay's "hottest directors". Trade analysts raved about Sridevi's performance, suggesting the film's title be changed to Miss India.
Several film festivals have screened Mr. India since its release. In August 2002, it was shown at the Locarno International Film Festival. On 22 April 2007, the film was selected for the Bollywood by Night section at the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles. Anil Kapoor attended a special screening for the film at Indiana University on 7 October 2014. Following Sridevi's death, on 23 June 2018, the London Indian Film Festival screened it as a tribute to her. Mr. India was released on DVD in all regions as a single-disc pack in NTSC and PAL widescreen formats on 9 August 2007 and 10 February 2009, respectively.
Box office
A commercial success, it emerged as the second highest-grossing film of the year at the Indian box office; the film-trade website Box Office India estimated the total earnings at . Mr. India was also an overseas box office hit in China, upon its release there in February 1990.
Adjusted for inflation, the film grossed the equivalent of () in .
Critical reception
Mr. India garnered positive reviews, with most critics praising Anil Kapoor and Sridevi's performances. On 31 May, The Illustrated Weekly of India editor Pritish Nandy described it as an "enjoyable potboiler", and opined Sridevi's joie de vivre uplifted the film. He praised, "Her sense of spoof: the effortless sensuality that results in collective orgasm at the rise of a single eyebrow, let alone elaborate song sequences in the rain where she flaunts her every single asset, with easy insouciance." On 30 June, India Today said that Sridevi "breathes life into every scene that she appears in", adding that she had delivered a "scintillating" performance. In his 31 July review for The Indian Express, the critic C. D. Aravind praised Anil Kapoor for giving "a reasonably good performance". He also appreciated Sridevi, writing that she was the "perfect choice" for the role of Seema; he felt the film's special effects were "commendable" and "on [a] par with any foreign film". In October 1987, a reviewer from Sunday observed she has "given the best performance" of her career, attributing the film's success to the actress. Bombay: The City Magazine—in the 1987 issue—commended the film for heralding "a new hero who does the disappearing act to turn the tables on the enemies of the nation".
Mr. India received favourable reviews in the twenty-first century; several reviewers considered it to be a "balance between novelty, technology and all the ingredients of a typically entertaining potboiler". Saibal Chatterjee summarized, "The comic-strip simplicity of narrative and the infectious exuberance of the storytelling made it extremely easy for the massed to relate to the film." K. K. Rai, writing for Stardust, found the screenplay to be "fun-filled" and complimented Kapur for directing the film with "spirit". Sukanya Verma wrote, "Shekhar Kapur's 1987 classic is a labour of love, ambition and ingenuity. Under his direction and Salim–Javed's penmanship, it celebrates compassion and human spirit with generous doses of humour, thrills, music and contrivances." She observed the special effects "don't feel dated" and likened it to the computer-generated images from nowadays' films. Planet Bollywood's Shahid Khan felt the director "deftly mixes all the elements of sci-fi, romance and comedy so well. The mixture is so irresistible that the film tempts more than one viewing." The Indian Express Shaikh Ayaz noted that the film "features one of Sridevi's most immensely enjoyable performances".
Accolades
In 2013, Sridevi was awarded a Special Award by the Filmfare Awards for her performances in both the film and Nagina (1986).
Legacy
Mr. India attained cult status in Hindi cinema, and many critics have considered it one of the greatest Indian films of all time. Director and critic Raja Sen claimed the film "remains one of the most watchable of that decade, a groundbreaking piece of work with the power to create a new Bollywood genre". Rediff.com's Suparn Verma said it "belongs to every kid and teenager of the 1980s [...] It was a film that gave us hope, a film that made us believe in something extraordinary existing amongst us." It is dubbed as the first mainstream Bollywood science fiction film, and became a turning point for Kapur. In an article published in Verve, Karthik Keramalu credited the film for "[opening] the gates to the idea of a superhero" and "[inspiring] a generation of directors". According to Scottish tabloid Glasgow Times, he has built a reputation as "the Steven Spielberg of India". Kapur has said:
Following its success, people asked him to make another film with the same cast of children, and several producers offered him a chance to direct their films. Kapur said, "[...] someone told me I would make a lot of money, I realised it was a fundamental reason not to make a film, as it is the beginning of making a bad film". Kunal Kohli, who had watched the film 200 times as of 2008, elaborated that the film's "spirit and essence is just fantastic" and said he had always wanted to make the same type of film. Prawaal Raman declared it as his "all-time favourite", adding, "That's why while making Gayab [(2004)], I never even thought of comparing my film to Mr. India. It is a classic." The film was remade in Tamil as En Rathathin Rathame and Kannada as Jai Karnataka (both 1989).
Mr. India also became a landmark for Anil Kapoor and Sridevi's career, and in 1992, Sunday featured the film amongst the latter's "landmark films". The actress Vidya Balan told The Hindu that she was impressed by Sridevi's acting, and thought that "[i]f there ever was an encyclopaedia on acting, it would be called Sridevi". In 2003, the Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema noted, "Mr. India is most remembered for the outrageously exaggerated villainy of Mogambo who seems to have been inspired by the combined eccentricities of the [James] Bond villains." Filmfare, in 2013, named Mogambo the second-most iconic villain in the history of Indian cinema. Puri's dialogue, "Mogambo khush hua", became popular, and he was subsequently offered the same type of roles in later films. His son, Rajeev Puri, revealed that the actor would be asked to speak the dialogue at every award function he attended. He became the highest-paid villain actor at the time. The dialogue was included in several listings, including Film Companion "50 Iconic Bollywood Dialogues", Filmfare "20 Most Famous Bollywood Dialogue", and NDTV's "10 Killer Lines Made Famous by Bollywood Villains". The actor Sunny Deol's role in The Hero: Love Story of a Spy (2003) and the musician Riz Ahmed's 2018 single (from The Long Goodbye album) were modelled and named, respectively, after the character.
Several lists have featured the film. In 2005, Rachna Kanwar of The Times of India considered it to be one of "25 must-see Bollywood movies", noting, "The audiences were thrilled every time Amrish Puri glared down at them with his fiercely bulbous eyes sporting an atrocious blond wig and garish knee high silver heeled boots. They came back again and again to hear him mouth possibly the most repeated line of Hindi cinema (post 80s) [...]" The film was featured by CNN-IBN on their 2013 list of "100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time". The next year, Filmfare included it in their list "100 Filmfare Days". As part of Indian Independence Day's celebration in 2015, the Hindustan Times listed it on its "Top 10 Patriotic Bollywood Films" list. The newspaper Mint has featured the film in their listings three times: "10 Bollywood Superhero Films" and "Children's Day: 10 Memorable Bollywood Films" in 2016, and "70 Iconic Films of Indian Cinema" in 2017.
Sequel
Boney Kapoor announced in 2011 that Mr. India will have a 3D sequel, titled Mr. India 2, and was expected for release in November 2014. While Anil Kapoor and Sridevi would reprise their roles, Salman Khan was cast for the role of Mogambo, marking his third collaboration with the producer after No Entry (2005) and Wanted (2009). Co-produced the film with Sahara Motion Pictures, Boney Kapoor chose A. R. Rahman as the music director. With a budget of , the filming was originally planned to start in 2012; however, as of April 2021, it has not begun production. In June 2018, at the 19th IIFA Awards, Anil Kapoor admitted that Sridevi's death four months before and the absence of Puri (who died in January 2005) affected the production, but he added: "We will try our best to follow their legacies so that we can make them proud that we made good films and they all appreciate what we have done."
See also
Science fiction films in India
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Mr. India at the British Film Institute
1980s Hindi-language films
1980s Indian superhero films
1980s science fiction action films
1987 films
Cultural depictions of Charlie Chaplin
Films about nuclear war and weapons
Films directed by Shekhar Kapur
Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal
Films set in Mumbai
Films shot in Mumbai
Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed
Hindi films remade in other languages
Indian children's films
Indian science fiction action films
Indian vigilante films
Indian superhero films
Indian science fiction adventure films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20India%20%281987%20film%29 |
This is a list of notable people who served as ambulance drivers during the First World War. A remarkable number—writers especially—volunteered as ambulance drivers for the Allied Powers. In many cases, they sympathized strongly with the ideals of the Allied Powers, but did not want, or were too young or old, to participate in a combat role. For women, combat was not an option at the time. Several of the Americans on the list volunteered before the United States' 1917 entry into the war. Many of the American writers would later be associated with the Lost Generation.
Businessmen
Tony Hulman – American businessman, owner and operator of Indianapolis Motor Speedway, and volunteer with the American Red Cross Motor Corps
Ray Kroc – American entrepreneur of McDonald's Corporation fame – trained to become an ambulance driver, though the war ended before he saw action
Composers
Maurice Ravel – volunteer ambulance driver or truck driver
Albert Roussel – Red Cross transport driver
Ralph Vaughan Williams – Royal Army Medical Corps
Filmmakers
Julien Bryan – combat photographer, filmmaker and documentarian who volunteered with the American Field Service for the French Army in World War I, driving an ambulance in Verdun and the Argonne, and subsequently wrote a book Ambulance 464 about his experience illustrated with his photographs.
René Clair – served as an ambulance driver in WWI before being invalided out for a spinal injury. Clair was deeply affected by the horrors of war that he witnessed and gave expression to this in writing a volume of poetry entitled La Tête de l'homme, which remains unpublished.
Jean Cocteau – served in WWI with the Red Cross as an ambulance driver
Walt Disney – volunteer American Red Cross Motor Corps, but served after the armistice ending World War I was signed
William A. Wellman – served as a driver with the American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps (a.k.a. Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps) in Europe. While in Paris, Wellman enlisted in the French Foreign Legion to serve as a fighter pilot becoming the first American to join Escadrille N.87 of the Lafayette Flying Corps.
Writers
Robert C. Binkley – volunteer United States Army Ambulance Service
Robert Sidney Bowen – volunteer American Field Service in France, also served as a fighter pilot in both the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the U.S. Army Air Service during the war
Louis Bromfield – volunteer American Field Service
William Slater Brown – volunteer Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps
Malcolm Cowley – volunteer American Field Service
Harry Crosby – volunteer American Field Service
E.E. Cummings – volunteer Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps
Kati Dadeshkeliani – Russian Army ambulance driver
Russell Davenport – U.S. Army Medical Corps
John Dos Passos – volunteer Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps
Dale Van Every – volunteer, United States Army Ambulance Service
Julien Green- volunteer American Field Service
Dashiell Hammett – U.S. Army ambulance driver who was attached to the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps and was subsequently afflicted with the Spanish flu
Ernest Hemingway – volunteer Red Cross Motor Corps in Italy
Robert Hillyer – volunteer Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps
Sidney Howard – volunteer American Field Service
Jerome K. Jerome – French Army ambulance driver
John Howard Lawson – volunteer Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps
Desmond MacCarthy – volunteer British Red Cross ambulance corps
Archibald MacLeish – U.S. Army ambulance driver, who later became an artillery captain
John Masefield – served as hospital orderly in British hospital for French soldiers in France
F. Van Wyck Mason – ambulance corps volunteer, who later joined the French Army and then the U.S. Army; grandfather Frank H. Mason was Chairman of the Ambulance Committee of the American Hospital in Paris
Somerset Maugham – volunteer British Red Cross ambulance corps
Charles Nordhoff – volunteer American Field Service
William Seabrook – American Field Service
Robert W. Service – British Red Cross volunteer
Olaf Stapledon – Friends' Ambulance Unit volunteer
Gertrude Stein – volunteer in France
Hugh Walpole – Red Cross volunteer in Russia
Amos Niven Wilder – American Field Service volunteer, later joined an artillery unit
Other notable people
A. Piatt Andrew – American economist and politician who served as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, who was the founder and director of the American Ambulance Field Service during World War I
Brooks Benedict – American actor of the silent and sound film eras who served with the American Ambulance Corps and in the U.S. Army Air Service during the First World War
Frank Buckles – last American World War I veteran
Marion Barbara "Joe" Carstairs – wealthy British power boat racer known for her speed and her eccentric lifestyle
Stafford Cripps – British politician
Hélène Dutrieu – pioneering French aviator
Florence Jaffray Harriman – socialite and member of Wilson's commission on labor unrest, director of the American Red Cross Women's Motor Corps in France, and organizer of the Women's Motor Corps of the District of Columbia
Pyotr Kapitsa - Russian (later Soviet) physicist, served on the Polish front
Rotha Lintorn-Orman - British fascist
Cathleen Mann – British artist
Olive Mudie-Cooke – British artist
Waldo Peirce – American painter, volunteer American Field Service
Alice B. Toklas – American member of the Parisian avant-garde of the early 20th century, and the life partner of Gertrude Stein
Percy Toplis – notorious British deserter
Harcourt Williams – English actor and director who served with the Friends' Ambulance Unit
People who served the Allies in a related capacity
Algernon Blackwood – British Red Cross Searcher, trying to identify dead or lost soldiers, British author
A.J. Cronin – Royal Navy surgeon, Scottish novelist
Fr. Teilhard de Chardin, SJ – French stretcher bearer, Jesuit priest, paleontologist, geologist, theologian, author
Fr. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli – stretcher carrier and chaplain in Italian Army, later elected Pope John XXIII
Marjory Stoneman Douglas – American Red Cross volunteer, eminent American conservationist
Dorothy Canfield Fisher – volunteered to help blinded Allied soldiers, American social activist and author
E.M. Forster – interviewed wounded in Egyptian hospitals, English novelist
Peter Grant – volunteer driver/mechanic
Anne Green – volunteer work, author and translator, sister of aforementioned ambulance driver and author Julian Green
Frederick Leney – British Red Cross Searcher, 1914–1916
Alexander H. Rice Jr. – volunteer physician, explorer in South America
Gertrude Stein – volunteer driver for French hospitals, American poet, playwright, feminist
Edmund Wilson – American literary critic
Ambulance drivers who served in other conflicts
Patrick Barr – English actor who served with the Friends' Ambulance Unit in Africa during World War II. Barr also helped to rescue people in the Blitz in London's East End.
Jean Batten – pioneering New Zealand aviator who made a number of record-breaking solo flights across the world, including the first solo flight from England to New Zealand in 1936. After she unsuccessfully applied to serve with the Air Transport Auxiliary during the Second World War, Batten joined the short-lived Anglo-French Ambulance Corps before it was disbanded when Germany conquered France.
John Boulting – British filmmaker who served as an ambulance driver with the Spanish Medical Aid Committee during the Spanish Civil War and later as an officer in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.
Charles Fernley Fawcett – actor, filmmaker and professional wrestler who served in both Section Volontaire des Américains of the French Ambulance Corps and the American Ambulance Corps during WWII. Also during the war, Fawcett served in the Polish Army, helped Holocaust survivors escape while serving as a secret agent with the French Resistance, served in the Royal Air Force as a fighter pilot, and fought with the French Foreign Legion. Before the war, he served in the U.S. Merchant Marine. After WWII, he fought against the Communists in the Greek Civil War and later co-founded the International Medical Corps, a humanitarian aid organization that provides emergency medical services, healthcare training and capacity building to those affected by disaster, disease or conflict.
Mahatma Gandhi – created the Indian Ambulance Corps for use by the British as stretcher bearers during the Second Boer War (1899–1902). The famed Indian lawyer and political ethicist also led the Corps during the Zulu rebellion in South Africa in 1906.
Robert Montgomery – Academy Award-nominated actor who drove ambulances with the American Field Service in France during World War II until the Dunkirk evacuation. He later served as a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy and was decorated for bravery in combat during the Battle of Normandy.
Patrick O'Brian – English author of Master and Commander who served as an ambulance driver during the Blitz in WWII. O'Brian also served in the Royal Air Force prior to the war.
Robert Whitehead – Canadian theatre producer who served as an ambulance driver in North Africa and Italy during WWII.
References
Ambulance drivers
Military medicine in World War I
Ambulance drivers during World War I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ambulance%20drivers%20during%20World%20War%20I |
Bappi Aparesh Lahiri (born Alokesh Aparesh Lahiri; 27 November 1952 – 15 February 2022), also known as Bappida was an Indian singer, composer and record producer. He popularised the use of synthesised disco music in Indian music industry and sang some of his own compositions. He was popular in the 1980s and 1990s with filmi soundtracks. He also delivered major box office successes in Bengali, Telugu, and Kannada films. His music was well received into the 21st century.
In 1986, he was recognised by Guinness World Records for recording more than 180 songs in one year.
Early life
Alokesh Aparesh Lahiri was born into a Bengali Brahmin family in Calcutta. His parents, Aparesh Lahiri and Bansuri Lahiri, both were Bengali singers and musicians in classical music and Shyama Sangeet who belong to Lahiri Mohan Family of Sirajganj of East Bengal (Now Bangladesh). His parents, were both singers who met while performing for All India Radio. He was their only child. His relatives include singer Kishore Kumar, his maternal uncle.
Bappi Lahiri began to play tabla at the age of 3. Initially, he was trained by his parents. Bappi showed talent as a child playing the tabla and studied with Samta Prasad on the advice of Lata Mangeshkar.
Since childhood, he idolised American musician Elvis Presley, and was inspired by him to wear multiple gold chains and gold jewellery. He thought of creating his own signature appearance when he becomes successful, and later upon becoming successful, he created his signature "golden jewellery" look inspired by that of Presley. He considers gold to be "lucky" for him.
Career
Lahiri came to Mumbai when he was 19. He received his first opportunity in a Bengali film, Daadu (1974), where Lata Mangeshkar sang his composition. The first Hindi film for which he composed music was Nanha Shikari (1973) and his first Hindi composition was Tu Hi Mera Chanda sung by Mukesh. The turning point of his career was Tahir Husain's Hindi film, Zakhmee (1975), for which he composed music and doubled as a playback singer. He composed a duet with Kishore Kumar and Mohammed Rafi named "Nothing Is Impossible", for the same film. His compositions Jalta Hai Jiya Mera (Kishore Asha duet) and Lata Mangeshkar solos like Abhi Abhi Thi Dushmani and Aao Tumhe Chand from the same film became popular and gave him recognition. The duet "Phir Janam Lenge Hum" sung by Kishore Lata became famous from the film Phir Janam Lenge Hum/Janam Janam Na Saathi. All songs from the film Chalte Chalte (1976), became hits, thus bringing him recognition as a music director at the national level. He sang duet with Sulakshana Pandit named Jana Kahan Hai which gave him recognition as singer. Songs from the films like Aap Ki Khatir, Dil Se Mile Dil, Patita, Lahu Ke Do Rang, Hatya and Ravikant Nagaichs Surakksha 1979 had soft music.
He also composed music for some ghazals, namely "Kisi Nazar Ko Tera Intezaar Aaj Bhi Hai" and "Aawaz Di Hai" for the 1985 film Aitbaar. He also composed melodious songs sung by Kishore Kumar either as duets with Asha Bhosle or Lata Mangeshkar in the films starring Rajesh Khanna in the 80's in hit films like Naya Kadam, Masterji, Aaj Ka M.L.A. Ram Avtar, Bewafai, Maqsad, Suraag, Insaaf Main Karoonga and Adhikar. After success of the film Himmatwala, Bappi regularly composed duets sung by Kishore Kumar for films starring Jeetendra like in Justice Chowdhry, Jaani Dost, Mawali, Haisiyat, Tohfa, Balidaan, Qaidi, Hoshiyaar, Sinhasan, Suhaagan, Majaal, Tamasha, Sone Pe Suhaga and Dharm Adhikari.Bappi Lahiri made a record by composing for 12 super-hit silver jubilee movies starring Jetendra as the lead hero in the period 1983–1985.
He entered the Guinness Book of World Records for recording over 180 songs for 33 films in 1986.
Apart from his popular disco-electronic music, Bappi Lahiri was also known for his signature look of his sartorial style that consisted gold chains, golden embellishments, velvety cardigans and sunglasses.
Portions of Lahiri's song "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai" were included in the 2002 song "Addictive" by American R&B singer Truth Hurts. Copyright holders Saregama India, Ltd. sued Interscope Records and its parent company, Universal Music Group for more than $500 million. A Los Angeles federal judge subsequently barred further sales of the CD unless and until Lahiri was listed on the song's credits.
In 2012, his album World Peace, Love & Harmony was among the top five albums being considered for a Grammy nomination but got lost. But, he was selected to be a jury member in the Grammy Awards.
In late 2016, Lahiri voiced the character of Tamatoa in the Hindi-dubbed version of Disney's 3D computer-animated fantasy adventure film Moana; he also composed and sang "Shona" (Gold), the Hindi version of "Shiny". This was his first time dubbing for an animated character, and he also appeared in Ramratan song "Yeh Hai Dance Bar". He won Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award at 63rd Filmfare Awards.
In 2021, he appeared as a guest judge in musical TV shows such as Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, and Indian Idol.
Political ambitions
Bappi Lahiri joined the Bharatiya Janata Party on 31 January 2014 in the presence of Rajnath Singh, the then-national President of Bharatiya Janata Party, to contest the 2014 Lok Sabha election. He was made a BJP candidate from Srerampur (Lok Sabha constituency) in 2014, but lost to Kalyan Banerjee.
Other work
Acting
Dubbing
Death
Bappi Lahiri died of obstructive sleep apnea and post COVID-19 complications in Mumbai, on 15 February 2022 at the age of 69.
Politicians including Prime Minister Narendra Modi, cabinet minister Smriti Irani, West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee, expressed their condolences to Lahiri. Akshay Kumar, Ajay Devgan, Chiranjeevi, K.S.Chithra, Shreya Ghoshal, Vishal Dadlani, Himesh Reshammiya and others also expressed their condolences.
Discography
Bappi Lahiri became popular in the late 1970s-80s and early 1990s for the film soundtracks composed by him such as Naya Kadam, Aangan Ki Kali, Wardat, Disco Dancer, Haathkadi, Namak Halaal, Masterji, Dance Dance, Himmatwala, Justice Chaudhury, Tohfa, Maqsad, Commando, Naukar Biwi Ka, Adhikar and Sharaabi.
He was known for disco-style songs where he brought orchestration and fusion of Indian music with international sounds and youthful upbeat rhythms. Although most of his songs were written for discotheques and dance numbers, there are several melodious songs as well from a list of movies like Chalte Chalte, Zakhmee, Aangan Ki Kali, Patita, Adhikar, Aaj Ka M.L.A Ram Avatar, Laalchi, Aitbaar, Naya Kadam.
Hindi and Bengali
Telugu
Tamil
Apoorva Sahodarigal (1983)
Paadum Vaanampadi (1985)
Kizhakku Africavil Sheela (1987)
Kannada
Gangvaa (1984)
Africadalli Sheela (1986)
Krishna Nee Begane Baro (1986)
Guru (1989)
Police Matthu Dada (1991)
Love in Mandya (2014) – singer, "Current Hodha Timealli"
Other languages
Phir Janam Lenge Hum/Janam Janam Na Saathi (1977) – Hindi-Gujarati
Michha Maya Sansara (1989)--Odia
Dokyala Taap Nahi (1990) – Marathi
The Good Boys (1997) – Malayalam
Luckee (2019) – Marathi, singer
Awards
Honours
2017 – Banga Bhushan Civilian Honour by Government of West Bengal
Legacy
Composer Bappi Lahiri's discarded disco track Zindagi Meri Dance Dance was left out of the Babbar Subhash film Dance Dance although it featured on the vinyl album release at the time. It was re-discovered and had a second lease of life in director Ashim Ahluwalia's 2017 gangster film Daddy starring Arjun Rampal. The re-release of the song was a huge success, becoming one of the top tracks of the year.
Ahluwalia wanted an authentic 80s Bappi Lahiri sound and not an overproduced remix. Norwegian producer Olefonken reworked the song to be more dynamic for contemporary sound systems but kept many of the original elements including the original vocals of Alisha Chinai and Vijay Benedict as well as the original synth and drum machines. The choreographer of Ahluwalia's first film Miss Lovely, was ironically Kamal Nath, who had also worked on B. Subhash's disco film Dance Dance and Commando starring Mithun Chakraborty, both of which feature Bappi Lahiri soundtracks.
See also
List of Indian film music directors
References
Cited sources
Further reading
External links
1952 births
2022 deaths
Filmfare Awards winners
Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Musicians from Kolkata
Bengali musicians
National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal
20th-century Indian composers
Bengali film score composers
Telugu film score composers
Kannada film score composers
21st-century Indian composers
Hindi film score composers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bappi%20Lahiri |
Lair is an action-adventure video game developed by Factor 5 and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released for the PlayStation 3 in August 2007 in North America.
In Lair, the world is filled with deadly volcanoes, which devastated the world's natural resources and air. It led the native people to split into two warring nations: the poor Mokai, and the well-off Asylia. The story revolves around Rohn Partridge, an Asylia Sky Guard, who eventually turned to support the Mokai. Most of the game's battles are air-based combat, with some fought on the ground by landing the dragon and fighting troops and other land-based creatures. A morale system is also present, in which enemies may retreat if they suffer from low morale.
Lair is the first PlayStation 3 title to have been fully playable via the Remote Play function, allowing it to be accessed through the Internet on a PlayStation Portable. An English demo was released for Asian countries except for Japan, prior to the game's release. The game's soundtrack was composed by John Debney. Lair received mixed reviews upon release, with critics praising the game's visuals and art direction, while criticizing its control scheme. Sony released a reviewer guide to teach reviewers how to properly review the game. Analog stick support and DualShock 3 controller support were later introduced to the game.
It was Factor 5's last game developed before its closure in May 2009.
Gameplay
The player assumes the role of a dragon-riding knight named Rohn Partridge. Rohn is given the tasks of defending a certain area, destroying certain objects, eliminating enemies or creatures, and other mission-based objectives. After each stage, the player can earn either gold, silver, or bronze medals, depending on performance during the level. A platinum medal is also available, though unlike the other three its requirements are hidden. Earning medals assists in unlocking combos and behind-the-scenes videos.
Most of the game's battles are air-based combat, with some fought on the ground by landing the dragon and fighting troops and other land-based creatures. In some locations, the game features a morale system tied to the enemy; the lower an enemy's morale, the less he will fight, and it is possible that he will retreat from combat.
The game relies heavily on the PlayStation 3's Sixaxis motion controls. The player flies the dragon by tilting the controller, with additional moves also using motion sensing; one such example is fighting a dragon by tilting the controller to match the enemy dragon's flying height, and then slamming the controller left or right to knock the dragon sideways and out of the battle.
Plot
Lair takes place in a world threatened by numerous emerging volcanoes, causing much of the land to be destroyed and the air to be polluted. As a result, natives divided the world into two kingdoms: the Mokai, whose lands are arid and depleted of resources, and the seemingly noble Asylians, who live in one of the last remaining bountiful, green areas. Desperate to gain the Asylians' land, the Mokai attack the Asylians from the rear. The spiritual leader of the Asylians, the Diviner, preaches that the Mokai are pagans and savages, defying abominations to the will of God, but the Mokai are truly a misunderstood people, hanging on to survival and only attacked the Asylians out of desperation for food (their attacks focused on their granaries).
The game mainly revolves around the pursuits of Rohn, one of the Burners (dragon-riders) Sky Guards (the air force-based military). At first Rohn adopts the feeling of hatred towards the Mokai the Asylians have but over the course of the story begins to have more sympathy towards this misunderstood people.
The leader of the Mokai, General Atta-Kai, approaches the Guardians of Asylia (three individuals with ruling power in Asylia) in peace to ensure the survival of both people. The Diviner, in an act to maintain his power over his people, has Loden, one of the Asylia's Sky Guards assassinate Atta-Kai, one of the guardians and the Sky Guard Captain, Talan, prolonging the war between the two people and capturing Atta-Kai's Blood Dragon in the process. After witnessing the assassinations of both Atta-Kai and Captain Talan, Rohn begins having second thoughts about Asylia's attitude towards the Mokai and releases Atta-Kai's dragon from Loden, thus putting Rohn on thin ice with Loden, the new captain of the Sky Guards.
Loden leads a massive air strike on the Mokai City, bombing the city and attacking what Loden thought to be an armory, but was actually a temple where the women and children had sheltered themselves from the attacks. Rohn is devastated when he discovers the victims and defies Loden, who declares Rohn an enemy of Asylia and delivers near fatal blows to both Rohn and Rohn's Plains Dragon. Rohn's dragon, in an attempt to save Rohn's life, carries him into a desert in Mokai territory but dies in the process from the wound Loden delivered.
Rohn soon reunites with Atta-Kai's Blood Dragon, who adopts Rohn as its new rider. While searching the desert for water, Rohn and the dragon discover the elder of the Mokai, Ren-Kai, under attack from a Spider Wasp, which the two slay. Ren reveals that some of the Mokai managed to survive the bombings and are hiding out in the desert and Rohn helps protect them from Asylian attacks. Ren, knowing that the Mokai people need a new leader, asks Rohn to rescue General Atta-Kai's son, Koba-Kai, who is imprisoned in Asylia. Both Rohn and Koba-Kai defend the Mokai people from further attacks and acquire a small fleet of Asylian ships. The Mokai launch an attack on the Asylians and reclaim Mokai City. After the battle a group of Asylian Burners arrive and submit themselves to the Mokai. Among them is Jevin, Rohn's best friend, who informs Rohn that the remaining two Guardians were executed by the Diviner and that some of the Sky Guard had defected from the Diviner's rule over Asylia and were imprisoned in the Maelstrom (an Asylian prison situated within a dimensional vortex).
Knowing they would need reinforcements, Rohn and Koba-Kai lead an attack on the Maelstrom to free the Burners imprisoned there. During the rescue Rohn battles Loden, who rides a powerful species of gorilla-like dragon called the Bull Dragon. Loden attempts to kill the fleeing prisoners by flinging enormous boulders from the Maelstrom's gravitational pull onto the prison but Rohn intervenes and kills Loden and succeeds in rescuing the imprisoned burners. The combined forces of Mokai and defected Burners charges towards Asylia, battle the Diviner's forces, prevent the volcanoes from erupting and kill the Diviner. During the battle Koba-Kai is shot down by the Diviner's forces. After the battle Rohn finds him and Koba-Kai comments on how beautiful the sunsets in Asylia are, Rohn goes on to say that the new world that the Asylians and Mokai were to build together would never be the same, to which Koba-Kai replied "Let us hope not," before dying. Rohn asks Atta-Kai's Blood Dragon to carry Koba-Kai's body home, afterwards Ren approaches Rohn and tells him that his people are waiting.
Development
Lair is the first PlayStation 3 title to have been fully playable via the Remote Play function, allowing it to be accessed through the Internet on a PlayStation Portable. Though not fully playable, as motion sensor controls are not available on PSP. The machine lacks L2 and R2 buttons and a right analog stick, which are necessary to pass certain levels. Initially the game was a Wii tech demo.
On April 15, 2008, an update was released on the PlayStation Network, adding analog stick support, extra playable dragons, and rumble support for the DualShock 3 controller. The game now uses the directional pad for actions such as the 180 degree turn and the "dash forward" ability.
An English-language demo for Lair was made available to Asian markets only, excluding Japan, in April 2008. Even though the Lair Trial Version includes the gameplay patch, it is not compatible with the Remote Play function.
The developers would later admit to a troubled development process many years later.
Soundtrack
John Debney was hired to write the soundtrack for Lair with Kevin Kaska composing the additional music. Debney has had experience writing music for epics, but Lair is his first video game soundtrack. The score was performed with a 90-piece orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in London. Lairs soundtrack received critical acclaim, with some calling it "one of the strongest of video game scores." A review on Tracksounds gave the soundtrack a score of 10/10, the highest possible score. ScoreNotes.com also reviewed the soundtrack and gave it a full score. Several critics also compared the tracks to some of the works in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace by John Williams. Debney stated that he was interested in writing music for a video game after seeing the work in Medal of Honor by Michael Giacchino. The score was released as a limited edition 2 CD-set on April 8, 2014 by La-La Land Records.
Reception
During development, Lair gained attention due to its graphical presentation and developer Factor 5's reputation. However, upon release, it was seen as a critical and commercial failure. It received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. The only reviewer that gave it a high score was Japan's Famitsu, which gave it a score of 9, 7, 8, 9 for a total of 33 out of 40. Although the game was praised for its graphics, artwork, storytelling, soundtrack, and sound quality, it was also heavily criticized for its control scheme. In 2010, GameTrailers placed the game 7th in their list of the "Top 10 Most Disappointing Games of the Decade".
Sony (the game's publisher) attracted criticism from video game blogs by mailing review websites a "Lair Reviewer's Guide" following negative reviews of the game. It is common practice to post a fact sheet with review copies of a game, but this guide was mailed separately, and after negative reviews of the game had been published by the website. As well as providing a 21-page booklet containing artwork, background story, and six pages of instructions regarding the game's control system, the booklet invited reviewers to "Open your mind and hands for something very different."
References
External links
2007 video games
Action games
Video games about dragons
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 3-only games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video games scored by John Debney
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games
Factor 5 games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lair%20%28video%20game%29 |
João de Deus Mena Barreto (Porto Alegre, 30 July 1874 – Rio de Janeiro, 25 March 1933) was a Brazilian general and politician who briefly served as the president of Brazil while being a member of the provisional military junta of 1930. Born into a historically military family, Mena Barreto took up a military career in 1890. He fought in several internal conflicts, including the Federalist Revolution, a civil war, the 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, and a 1924 revolt in the North. With the Revolution of 1930 in Brazil, Mena Barreto and Augusto Tasso Fragoso orchestrated an uprising in the Federal District, overthrowing President Washington Luís and establishing the 1930 junta. After the junta transferred power to revolutionaries, Mena Barreto became the federal interventor for Rio de Janeiro and a mediator in the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932.
Early life and career
Early life
João de Deus Mena Barreto was born in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, on 30 July 1874, the son of Rita de Cássia de Oliveira Mello and General José Luís Mena Barreto, inspector of Artillery Corps of Rio Grande do Sul. Since the 18th century, with the tradition having begun with João de Deus Barreto Pereira Pinto (1769–1849), Viscount of São Gabriel, many members of his family had pursued a military career; 15 of them achieved generalship. Mena Barreto entered the Tactical and Shooting School of Rio Pardo in January 1890. In May, along with his colleagues, Mena Barreto joined the palace guard loyal to the state government of Francisco da Silva Tavares, trying to subdue a protest movement against the violent repression of a rally that commemorated the second anniversary of the abolition of slavery. In the events which followed, the state government was overthrown and instability ensued until 1892, when Júlio de Castilhos took over as state president.
Military career
In January 1893, after asking to be excluded from the student body at the military academy, Mena Barreto joined the 4th Infantry Battalion, headquartered in São Gabriel. He participated in the fight against the Federalist Revolution, a civil war in Brazil centered in Rio Grande do Sul and neighboring states. The civil war, from February 1893 to August 1895, pitted federalist insurgents against the Castilhos government. Mena Barreto joined the 1st Line Brigade, which fought federalists, in September 1893. After their victory, Mena Barreto was commissioned as an ensign, and he joined the Military School of Rio de Janeiro, then the Federal District, in March 1898. He was promoted to lieutenant in September 1900, and, two months later, he married Ernestina Estela Noronha Mena Barreto. She was of a family with a long history in the Navy, and Mena Barreto had three children with her. He was assigned to the 32nd Infantry Battalion sent to the Amazon to consolidate the military there after the Acre conflict with Bolivia had finished. He attained the rank of captain in November 1904.
Mena Barreto joined in the repression of the Ilha das Cobras naval battalion's mutiny, shortly after the Revolt of the Lash. By August 1911, Mena Barreto was promoted to major. The following month, he became a deputy to his uncle, the minister of War, and continued in this position after his uncle was replaced in 1912. Afterward, he went back to Rio Grande do Sul to become adjunct professor of physics and chemistry at the Military School of Porto Alegre. Returning to the Federal District, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in January 1915 and was to command the 4th Infantry Regiment, headquartered in Curitiba, Paraná. In February 1918, Mena Barreto was assigned to organize what was to later become the 12th Infantry Regiment in Belo Horizonte. The next month, he achieved the rank of colonel and took command of the 3rd Infantry Regiment in Rio de Janeiro. In September 1921, he was promoted to brigadier general, and two months later he was appointed inspector of infantry of the 1st and 2nd Military Regions, located in the Federal District and São Paulo, respectively. In February 1922, he received command of the 2nd Infantry Brigade. While serving this post, he was forced to face the 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt that broke out on 5 July 1922 in Rio and Mato Grosso. The first of a series of tenente revolts, Mena Barreto personally headed a detachment with the purpose of halting the advance of Military School cadets in the Rio neighborhood of Méier.
In July 1924, another revolt broke out in São Paulo. This was accompanied by uprisings in Amazonas and Sergipe. Mena Barreto was made commander-in-chief of the Detachment of the North, made to fight the 27th Battalion of Hunters led by Lieutenants Joaquim de Magalhães Cardoso Barata and Alfredo Augusto Ribeiro Júnior and other young officers. Mena Barreto arrived on 11 August in Belém, Pará after a revolt there had already been put down, though he still took control of the 8th Military Region and took measures to consolidate the military situation there. On their way to Manaus, Amazonas, loyalist troops occupied the city of Santarém, Pará, on 23 August and made arrests. Meanwhile, the state government in Amazonas had been deposed by rebels and a governing junta was established there led by Ribeiro Júnior. On 28 August, the loyalists arrived in Manuas and arrested members of the junta. Mena Barreto appointed Colonel Raimundo Barbosa as military governor after the deposed state president refused to return. In October, though effective December 1924, Mena Barreto took command of the 1st Military Region. This was just after he achieved the rank of divisional general. The next year, at his suggestion, Soldier's Day was created to celebrate the birthday of the Duke of Caxias on 25 August. He resigned in March 1926 and was replaced by Otávio de Azeredo Coutinho. He took two more positions in 1926. Mena Barreto was elected president of the , where he normalized the club's activities after it was banned in 1922, and reelected the subsequent year. The other position was inspector of the 1st Group of Military Regions, appointed in November.
Military junta and later years
Revolution of 1930 and the military junta
At the outbreak of the Revolution of 1930 against President Washington Luís, Mena Barreto was still inspector of the 1st Group of Military Regions. Though his son João de Deus claims his father had no foreknowledge of the revolution, other sources say Mena Barreto was informed of the revolution in advance by emissaries from Rio Grande do Sul. With the situation across Brazil turning favorable to revolutionaries, and Colonel Bertoldo Klinger, Mena Barreto's Chief of Staff, having asked the general on the behalf of a group of young officers to intervene in the revolution to end hostilities, Mena Barreto, alongside other generals in the Federal District, began to support a military coup.
Mena Barreto's sons, Lieutenants Valdemar and João de Deus, made contact with the officialdom as signatures were being collected for a manifesto to force Luís's resignation. Mena Barreto contacted Rear Admiral José Isaías de Noronha as the latter was a relative of his wife. In order to respect the military hierarchy, Mena Barreto had requested two generals superior to him, Augusto Tasso Fragoso and Alexandre Henrique Vieira Leal, to lead the movement. With both declining, Mena Barreto and his son Paulo Emílio again asked Tasso Fragoso on the morning of 23 October. Tasso Fragoso, agreeing, convened with Mena Barreto that night at Fort Copacabana to make the final preparations for their uprising. On 24 October, Mena Barreto and Tasso Fragoso went to the Guanabara Palace and demanded Luís resign, guaranteeing respect for his integrity. After initially refusing, Luís was taken to Fort Copacabana after Cardinal Sebastião da Silveira Cintra acted as an intermediary. Meanwhile, a provisional governing junta composed of Tasso Fragoso as head, Mena Barreto, and Noronha was established in place of the deposed president. During their brief time in power, the junta began to demilitarize Brazil, appointed a provisional ministry, and authorized banking operations to resume among other measures.
After the junta
The same day they took power, the junta began to exchange telegrams with Getúlio Vargas, revolutionary leader, and proposed the suspension of hostilities. Revolutionaries were unsure of the junta's intentions, so they sent emissaries to the junta to discuss the transfer of power to Vargas while rebels continued advancing toward Rio de Janeiro. On 3 November, the junta handed over power to Vargas, who became president of the Provisional Government. Vargas retained Mena Barreto as inspector of the 1st Group of Military Regions. On 30 May 1931, Mena Barreto was appointed federal interventor of Rio de Janeiro, succeeding Plínio Casado, though he resigned on 4 November of the same year after going against the Code of Interventors, published in August, and was succeeded by Colonel Pantaleão da Silva Pessoa. He was appointed minister of the Supreme Military Court on 7 November 1931. Mena Barreto was neutral during the Constitutionalist Revolution, which had begun in São Paulo in July 1932. In September, he served as a mediator in negotiations to end hostilities which eventually led to an armistice signed on 2 October 1932, ending the conflict with São Paulo's surrender. Mena Barreto died on 25 March 1933 in Rio de Janeiro, still minister of the Supreme Military Court.
References
Mena Barreto
Mena Barreto
Mena Barreto, Joao de Deus
Mena Barreto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o%20de%20Deus%20Mena%20Barreto |
José Isaías de Noronha (6 June 1873 – 29 January 1963) was a Brazilian Navy Admiral who briefly served as president of Brazil while being a member of the provisional military junta of 1930. Born into a military family, Noronha took up a naval career. He served aboard ships such as Andrada and Recife and commanded ships such as Piauí, Sergipe, and Minas Geraes. In 1930, he became one of the three members of the military junta which ruled Brazil between October and November 1930. When the junta acquiesced to revolutionaries, Noronha initially remained as minister of the Navy in the administration of President Getúlio Vargas. He was also president of the before and after the junta.
Early life and career
Early and personal life
José Isaías de Noronha was born in Rio de Janeiro on 6 June 1873 to Zulmira Augusta Aguiar Noronha and lieutenant general Manuel Muniz de Noronha. His uncle, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, was the minister of the Navy between 1902 and 1906, and his cousin, Admiral Sílvio de Noronha, held the same position between 1946 and 1951. Noronha enrolled in a preparatory course in the Naval School in March 1887. In December 1889, he became a first-class aspirant and, in 1892, a midshipman. While serving as a midshipman, the Naval Revolts broke out in September 1893 against President Floriano Peixoto, but Noronha did not participate in them. He was incorporated into the crew of the cruiser Andrada in July 1894, becoming second lieutenant in November. Noronha was promoted to first lieutenant in December 1896 after being transferred to the brig Recife in January 1895. He would go on to serve on the cruiser 15 de Novembro. In December 1897, he was assigned to the Maritime Charter Division and served as assistant to the Directorate of Hydrography. In 1898, he commanded the aviso Lamego from March to June. Noronha commanded Trinidade the same year. In his personal life, he married Neréa Antonieta de Noronha, with whom he had nine children.
Rise
Successively between January 1899 and November 1902, Noronha was aide-de-camp to the commanders of the 3rd and 1st Naval Divisions. He would also be an aide-de-camp to his uncle Júlio. Noronha was promoted to captain lieutenant in January 1906. After his uncle left office in November, Noronha served as an artillery instructor on the battleship Riachuelo. He was assistant to the Inspector of Ports and Coasts between October 1907 and April 1909. The following month, he was promoted to corvette captain and assigned to the training ship Benjamin Constant. In 1910, he was interim commander of the destroyer Piauí, during which the Revolt of the Lash broke out and Noronha received orders to prepare his ship for combat against the insurgents, though this never happened. He left command of Piauí in December.
After commanding Piauí, Noronha headed the Directorate of Lighthouses of the Superintendence of Navigation from January to October 1911. He left to command the destroyer Sergipe, which, in February 1912, was positioned near Asunción to defend it from rebels amid instability in Paraguay. Noronha joined the Mobile Defense of Rio de Janeiro from July 1912 to August 1913. Promoted to frigate captain in February 1914, he was assigned to command the cruiser República in May, serving there until October 1915. He was also a part of and at times headed the third (operations) and second (information) sections of the Navy General Staff during this time. Noronha assumed command of the steamer Carlos Gomes in January 1916, and in November he assumed command of the cruiser Barroso. From November 1917 to February 1919, he directed the Grumetes School until he was promoted to captain at sea, when he took command of the battleship Minas Geraes in March. In February 1920, Noronha left and was made captain of the port of Pará in August, serving there for a year. When 1922 began, he had completed the course of the Naval School of War and was vice director of the school between February and December. From 1922 to 1923, he directed the Naval Deposit of Rio de Janeiro. Noronha was promoted to rear admiral in April 1923, and he directed the Naval School between May 1923 and January 1925. He was again director of the school from 1926 until August 1927, when he became until his resignation in November 1928. He also served as president of the between 1927 and 1929.
Military junta and later years
On 3 October 1930, the Revolution of 1930 broke out in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, and Paraíba. Several state capitals capitulated to revolutionaries, and they began to march towards Rio de Janeiro. High-ranking military officers in the capital reacted by deposing President Washington Luís. Noronha was the link with the Navy established by General João de Deus Mena Barreto through the latter's wife, Ernestina Estela Noronha Mena Barreto, a relative of Noronha, in the preparations for Luís's deposition. A military junta was created as a provisional governing body to replace the president of Brazil, with Admiral Noronha being a representative of the navy and a junta member alongside Generals Augusto Tasso Fragoso and Mena Barreto. Noronha also assumed the position of minister of the Navy beginning 25 October, succeeding . The junta, among other measures, began to demilitarize Brazil, authorized banking operations to resume, and opened a line of credit to attack yellow fever. After the junta proposed that hostilities be suspended, revolutionaries in Ponta Grossa continued to advance towards Rio de Janeiro. The junta handed over power to Getúlio Vargas, who led the revolutionary forces, on 3 November. Noronha was kept in Vargas's government as Navy minister. On 17 December 1930, however, he resigned and was replaced by .
He was promoted to vice admiral in January 1931 and elected president of the Naval Club in June. He resigned in October 1932 and claimed he would be transferred to reserve the next month. Nevertheless, he was successively reelected, serving until 1937. On 6 July 1941, he retired. Noronha died on 29 January 1963 in Rio de Janeiro.
Notes
References
Sources
1873 births
1963 deaths
Presidents of Brazil
Brazilian admirals
Military personnel from Rio de Janeiro (city)
20th-century Brazilian military personnel
Vargas Era | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas%20de%20Noronha |
David Estrada (born December 19, 1978) is a Guatemalan and Mexican-American boxer who is from Chicago.
Amateur career
Estrada started his amateur career in Chicago. He won several titles, including the Chicago Park District Championship in 1993, the PAL National Championship in 1997, and the Texas State Golden Gloves Championship in 1998. His amateur record was 50-10-13, with David nationally ranked as high as seventh in the United States.
Professional career
David turned pro in Chicago while training at Chicago's at the Windy City Boxing Gym. After living in Miami for many years, he returned to Chicago.
Early Bouts
David was only 4-0 when he upset Matias Rios 7-0 from Buenos Aires, Argentina after dropping him in the first with a unanimous decision on Galavision TV.
Estrada beat Eric Pinero of Puerto Rico, dropping him in the first round, and later winning via a third round TKO on Florida’s Sunshine Network TV. He also won over Richard Hall from North Carolina on the Andrew 'Six-Heads' Lewis, card in New York City.
Estrada defeated Charles Clark, dropping him in the first round and stopping him by TKO in the fifth round while in the southpaw stance, live on ESPN2. David defeated Luke Leal after pounding him with body shots, dropping him twice live on Telemundo TV. In 2004 and 2005, David beat two fighters back-to-back with a combined record of 33-0-1.
Recent Fights
In April 2010, Estrada secured a top ten ranking by administering a brutal beating to 26-0-1 Orlando Lora, stopping him in eight brutal rounds. Estrada won every round, landing lightning fast counter right hands that broke apart Lora's undefended face on ESPN 2. Estrada, who fell short against the likes of Shane Mosley, Kermit Cintron, Andre Berto, Luis Abregu and Jesus Karass, proved a class above the previously undefeated Lora. Estrada's turnaround improvement can be credited to Estradas new outlook on his boxing career, Estrada believes he was his worst enemy in the past. On December 17, 2010, Estrada knocked out opponent Franklin Gonzalez in the fifth round of a scheduled ten rounder at UIC Pavilion in Chicago.
Boxing 360 Arbitration Hearing
Estrada is legally contractually promoted by the Boxing 360 promotional group in New York City led by Mario Yagobi. In June 2011, Boxing 360 won an arbitration hearing in New York City against Estrada and stablemate Angel Hernandez of Chicago. The American Arbitration Association in the City of New York ruled in favor of Boxing 360 as Estrada and Hernandez' promoters through February 15, 2013, as well as denying the boxer's claims for injunctive relief. David Estrada remains "Under contract with Boxing 360. My main goal was to show, as a relatively new boxing promoter, everyone in boxing that fighters can't pull that stuff with Boxing 360. We proved Boxing 360 will fight for what it believes in," noted Dr. Mario Yagobi (Boxing Promoter), founder, president and CEO of Boxing 360, whose group continues official promotional representation of Estrada. “We represent David Estrada. If he does not want to fight, his contract will go on suspension until he fights (for us), ” noted Dr. Yagobi.
Big Knockout Boxing career
On August 16, 2014, Estrada faced Eddie Caminero for the inaugural Big Knockout Boxing (BKB) junior middleweight title. Estrada defeated Caminero by unanimous decision. In his first defense on April 4, 2015, Estrada lost his title by unanimous decision to Khurshid Abdullaev.
Professional boxing record
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|26 Wins (16 knockouts, 10 decisions), 6 Losses (3 knockouts, 3 decisions), 0 Draws
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Rd., Time
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|26-6||align=left| Rahman Mustafa Yusubov
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|25-6||align=left| Franklin Gonzalez
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|24-6||align=left| Orlando Lora
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|23-6||align=left| Chris Gray
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|align=center|22-6||align=left| Luis Carlos Abregu
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|align=center|22-5||align=left| Jesus Soto Karass
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|22-4||align=left| Alexander Pacheco Quiroz
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|align=center|21-4||align=left| Andre Berto
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|21-3||align=left| Luther Smith
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|20-3||align=left| David Toribio
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|19-3||align=left| Clarence Taylor
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|align=center|18-3||align=left| Kermit Cintron
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|align=center|18-2||align=left| Shane Mosley
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|18-1||align=left| Chris Smith
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|17-1||align=left| Nurhan Suleymanoglu
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|16-1||align=left| Nelson Manchego
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|align=center|15-1||align=left| Ishe Smith
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|15-0||align=left| Vincent Harris
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|14-0||align=left| Armando Velardez
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|13-0||align=left| Joel Salas
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|12-0||align=left| Vincent Harris
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|11-0||align=left| Luke Leal
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|10-0||align=left| Charles Clark
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|9-0||align=left| Reggie Davis
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|8-0||align=left| Richard Hall
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|7-0||align=left| Alton Madison
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|6-0||align=left| Eric Pinero
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|5-0||align=left| Matias Anibal Rios
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|4-0||align=left| Linncorrea Strong
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|3-0||align=left| Bobby Butters
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|2-0||align=left| Terry Ford
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|align=center|1-0||align=left| Tyrone Handy
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
Big Knockout Boxing record
|-
|align="center" colspan=9|1 Win (0 knockouts), 1 Loss, 0 Draws
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Res.
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Rd, Time
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Event
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-align=center
|Loss
|1–1
| align=left| Khurshid Abdullaev
| ||||
|align=left|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|1–0
| align=left| Eddie Caminero
| ||||
|align=left|
|align=left|
|align=left|
References
External links
Boxing360 - David Estrada Professional Bio
1978 births
Living people
American male boxers
American people of Guatemalan descent
Sportspeople of Guatemalan descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Estrada%20%28boxer%29 |
Dalek I Love You was a radio drama broadcast on the British digital radio station BBC 7. The half-hour-long play premiered on 11 February 2006. It was written by Colin Sharpe and directed by Carrie Rooney.
The play follows Nigel English (David Raynor), a Doctor Who-obsessed young man who meets a strange woman named Isabella (Fiona Clarke) at a science fiction convention, and brings her home to meet his mother (Charlie Hardwick).
The title is taken from the 1970s synthpop group Dalek I Love You, which itself is named in part after Doctor Who's Daleks.
On 22 March 2008, a sequel, Dalek, I Love You Too was broadcast on BBC 7.
CD release
The story was released on audio CD on 4 September 2006, as part of a compilation of Doctor Who-inspired audio dramas entitled Doctor Who at the BBC: The Plays.
References
External links
News of the premiere on the official Doctor Who site
BBC Radio 4 Extra programmes
Doctor Who spin-offs
2006 radio dramas
British science fiction radio programmes
British radio dramas
Doctor Who fandom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalek%20I%20Love%20You%20%28radio%29 |
Clare Carey (born June 11, 1967) is an American film and television actress best known for her roles as Kelly Fox in Coach (1989-1995) and Mary Bailey in Jericho (2006-2008), and her film role in Savannah Sunrise (2016).
Background
Carey was born at a Catholic mission in Rhodesia where her father (a doctor) and mother (a teacher) were serving. She lives in Los Angeles with her husband and two children.
Career
Though having acted in many films, Carey is best known for her recurring roles in episodic television, most notably for her role as Kelly Fox on the American sitcom Coach and her role as Macy Carlson, the Olsen twins' mother on the ABC Family sitcom So Little Time. She has also had recurring roles on Point Pleasant in the role of Sarah Parker, Jericho as bartender Mary Bailey, Crash as Christine Emory and made a guest-star appearance in Eli Stone as a lawyer opposing Eli in court. Carey also did a cameo in the indie film La Cucina, which premiered on Showtime in December 2009. She plays Rachel Hunter's girlfriend.
She also played a part in NCIS episode "Life Before His Eyes" as Ann Gibbs, the mother of Leroy Jethro Gibbs, played by Mark Harmon. Carey later appeared on NCIS' spinoff NCIS: New Orleans, playing militia villainess Anne Boudreau in the episode, "Sic Semper Tyrannis."
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20091015141033/http://www.starz.com/originals/crash/
https://web.archive.org/web/20090212030340/http://www.superu.ca/content/490
http://www.clarecarey.net
1967 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Rhodesian emigrants to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare%20Carey |
Constable & Robinson Ltd. is an imprint of Little, Brown which publishes fiction and non-fiction books and ebooks.
Founded in Edinburgh in 1795 by Archibald Constable as Constable & Co., and by Nick Robinson as Robinson Publishing Ltd in 1983, is an imprint of Little, Brown, which is owned by Hachette.
History
Constable & Co. was founded in 1795 by Archibald Constable, and became Sir Walter Scott's publisher. In 1897, Constable released the most famous horror novel ever published, Bram Stoker's The Un-Dead, albeit with a last-minute title change to Dracula.
In 1813, the company was the first to give an author advance against royalties. In 1821, it introduced the standard three-decker novel, and in 1826, with the launch of the book series Constable's Miscellany, it became the first publisher to produce mass-market literary editions.
By 1921, it advertised books on the London Underground, another first for a publishing house.
In 1993, Constable & Co. pioneered the series-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy self-help publishing, and in 2000, they became the first ad-supported, online book publisher. Lastly, in 2013, Constable & Robinson were a key partner in Digital Innovation Contest 2013.
Robinson Publishing Ltd was founded in 1983 by Nick Robinson. The two companies merged in December 1999. Constable & Robinson continue to publish non-fiction books under the Constable imprint and is therefore probably the oldest independent publishing house in the English-speaking world still trading under the name of its founder. In June 2007, Elliot Right Way Books, a successful small publisher of "how-to" titles and the publisher of compendia of speeches by Enoch Powell, came under the umbrella of Constable & Robinson Ltd.
A new fiction imprint, Corsair, was launched in October 2009, dedicated to publishing groundbreaking debut fiction alongside established authors. On the back of its success, the company launched the Canvas imprint in December 2011 to focus on commercial fiction. A bijou imprint of Corsair, Much-in-Little, was launched in April 2012 and will become home to quirky and imaginative new children's and YA fiction.
Constable & Robinson also publishes a non-fiction list including current affairs, history and biography, humour and psychology, as well as crime fiction, and literary fiction in both hardback and paperback. Best known are the longstanding Mammoth paperback list of anthologies and collections, the Overcoming CBT self-help titles, and the history series of Brief Guides and Brief Histories.
Constable & Robinson is the UK publisher of the Agatha Raisin and Hamish Macbeth crime fiction titles by M. C. Beaton.
In 2013, Constable & Robinson created controversy when it responded to a manuscript submission by J. K. Rowling by suggesting that she attend a writing course. The novel, The Cuckoo's Calling, was published by a competitor, reprinted three times, and was adapted for television.
In 2014, Constable & Robinson was purchased by the Little, Brown Book Group.
Awards
In 2011, A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan, published under the Corsair imprint in the UK, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. In 2012, Constable & Robinson was named the IPG Independent Publisher of the Year, calling it "a publisher on a roll — a rising star in a difficult market". The same year, the company was also named Independent Publisher of the Year at The Bookseller Industry Awards. Constable & Robinson also won the IPG Trade Publisher of the Year award in 2013.
See also
Thomas Constable (printer and publisher)
References
External links
Official website (archived)
Little, Brown Book Group
C&R Crime
Agatha Raisin
1999 establishments in England
Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom
British companies established in 1999
Companies based in Edinburgh
Companies based in the London Borough of Camden
Publishing companies established in 1999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable%20%26%20Robinson |
Zeytuntsyan is an Armenian surname likely originating from the Mediterranean region. The prefix, Zeytun-, means "olive" in some languages (Spanish: aceituna; Arabic: zeitun), it is also the name of an Armenian township in historic Western Armenia in the Northeastern Mediterranean Basin.
The town name of Zeytun, or the surname Zeytuntsyan independently, is likely related to the indigenous growth of olive trees in the Mediterranean Basin. The surname may be topographic (referring to the land features themselves), occupational (referring to the cultivation of olives), or local (referring to residency in the township).
Notable people sharing the surname Zeytuntsyan
Perch Zeytuntsyan (born 1938), Armenian playwright, screenwriter, former Minister of Culture of Armenia
See also
Süleymanlı
Mediterranean Basin
Old World
External links
Zeytun Culture Center
References
Armenian Names Database "ZEYTUN"
Culture of Armenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeytuntsyan |
Judaai () is a 1997 Indian Hindi language romantic comedy drama film directed by Raj Kanwar. It stars Anil Kapoor, Sridevi and Urmila Matondkar. Kader Khan, Farida Jalal, Johnny Lever, Paresh Rawal, Upasana Singh and Saeed Jaffrey feature in supporting roles. Poonam Dhillon makes a special appearance. A remake of the 1994 Telugu film Subhalagnam, the plot revolves around the travails of a greedy wife Kajal (Sridevi), who lured by wealth, convinces her husband (Kapoor) to marry a second time.
Upon release, the film was a major commercial success grossing ₹28.77 crores against its ₹6.30 crores budget, becoming the Eighth highest grossing Indian film of 1997. The film was widely praised for the performances of the lead actresses.
Some of the movie was filmed in Thun, Switzerland for unclear reasons.
Plot
Kajal Verma marries engineer Raj Verma. She and her dad Rakshwant assume that he is wealthy and corrupt. Rakshwant is happy that Kajal does not have in-laws, and she'll get to rule the roost in her new house. But in reality, Raj doesn't have air-conditioner, car, not even refrigerator. This infuriates Kajal. In her mind, she creates a separate world where she is rich, wealthy, has several cars and lives lavishly in a big bungalow. She is pregnant.
7 years later
She and Raj have twin children: Romi and Preeti. But still Kajal's mind isn't changed. She meets her old wealthy friend Nisha, lying that Raj is a business magnate, her family owns several cars and have a big bungalow. Nisha offers to give her lift. Kajal is exposed when the bungalow she points out as her own turns out to be Nisha's.
Coming from overseas, Raj's boss Randhir's niece Jahnvi learns he is an engineer working for Randhir's construction company. Enters Vikram Khanna, a handsome guy and his business partner. At a guest house, he tries to rape Jahnvi but Raj arrives and saves her. She falls in love with him.
When she learns that he is a married man, she is adamant about marrying him. Unaware that Kajal is Raj's wife, Jahnvi accidentally meets her. She confesses her love to Kajal and Raj, which angers them.
To marry Raj, Jahnvi meets greedy Kajal inside a temple and offers 2 crore rupees in exchange for marriage to Raj. Then Kajal, seeing this as her chance to gain wealth, suddenly accepts her proposal. Kajal forces Raj into the agreement. Reluctant, Raj marries Jahnvi. Kajal divorces him herself, to comply with the Hindu Marriage Act; thinking that she and Jahnvi will happily live together and share Raj.
She then uses the money she got in the bargain to buy a huge mansion and cars. The bungalow she buys ends up being that of Nisha. She briefly returns to her old home to collect a picture of her husband. Kajal then proceeds to taunt her that she has fulfilled her dreams, whereas Nisha's dreams are now shattered having lost everything. Nisha reminds Kajal that she sold her house and possessions to pay for the treatment of her ill husband, whereas Kajal has sold her husband for riches; and that to some extent, Kajal is all the poorer for that. Kajal moulds herself into a socialite and this leads to Kajal neglecting her family. Raj initially feels rejected by Kajal and does not get close to Jahnvi, feeling objectified at the thought of being bought and sold between his two wives. But the children and Raj find companionship with Jahnvi, who showers them with love and affection. She changes herself and becomes a typical middle-class type Indian housewife. She gets up early, does pooja, and then cooks tasty food for her family. She does not mind tiring herself all day learning new dishes and rituals as she finds solace in this quiet, peaceful life.
She even travels happily in crowded buses and autos to make Raaj and the kids feel secure and happy around her. She abandons all the luxury and comforts she grew up with. The children call Jahnvi "Maa", something that Kajal would previously reprimand her children for calling her; insisting that they call her "Mummy" as this sounded high society.
Now Kajal realizes how far she has drifted from her family. She forgets her wedding anniversary and throws a birthday party for her daughter's birthday, not realizing that Raj has never been attracted to a lavish lifestyle and thus further pushing him away from her and towards Jahnvi. After frequent reminders from her mother, Kajal tries to make amends. When nothing works, Kajal shocks her husband when she slaps Jahnvi and accuses her of stealing her husband and tries to make Jahnvi leave. Kajal offers Jahnvi all her money back in exchange for Raj again, only to be told by Raj that she is the poorest relation despite having all the riches she ever dreamed of. On the advice of her friend, Kajal seeks legal advice which also states that the only way she can legally marry Raj if he and Jahnvi divorce – an impossible task. She then forcibly tries to throw Jahnvi out of the house, but to no avail, as Raj decides to leave with Jahnvi claiming that in the present circumstances, this is the fairest thing to do. The kids decide to stay with Janhvi and their father – heartbroken as they learn that their father was sold, prompting the son to ask Kajal about the prospect of them being sold to another family at an agreed price.
Kajal on the other hand, distraught by her family abandoning her, donates all her riches, to pay her dues. When she learns that Raj and the kids are leaving for the US, she runs to the airport for one final visit. She finds them ready to depart. But at the last minute, Jahnvi turns to Raj and tells them that she is leaving for the US alone, but she is not alone. She is expecting Raj's child. Jahnvi accepts that although Kajal sold her husband, it was she who offered to buy him and thus she too should pay her dues. So, the movie ends with Kajal getting her family back, learning of the importance of family over money, and Jahnvi leaving for New York forever.
Cast
Anil Kapoor as Raj Verma
Sridevi as Kajal Jain Verma : Raj’s wife
Urmila Matondkar as Janhvi Sahni Verma (Main Supporting Actress) : Raj’s second wife
Saeed Jaffrey as Randhir Sahni : Janhvi’s uncle
Paresh Rawal as Hasmukhlal Singh Bhagat
Farida Jalal as Karuna Jain : Kajal’s mother
Omkar Kapoor as Romesh "Romi" Verma : Raj & Kajal’s son
Kader Khan as Rakshwant Jain : Kajal’s father
Johnny Lever as Harish "Harry" Jain : Kajal’s brother
Upasana Singh as Seema Bhagat / Vaani Bhagat Jain
Dharmesh Tiwari as Kajal's Lawyer
Special appearance
Anil Saxena as Vikram Khanna
Poonam Dhillon as Nisha Khadoria: Kajal's friend
Dinesh Hingoo as Dr. Manoj Chopra
Mehmood Jr. as Champak Raina
Soundtrack
The album was composed by the duo Nadeem-Shravan and lyrics were penned by Sameer. The whole album attained tremendous popularity. The film's soundtrack album sold twomillion units, making it one of the year's top ten best-selling Bollywood soundtrack albums.
The film's biggest hit song was "Judaai Judaai", also known as "Mujhe Ek Pal Chain Na Aaye". It was copied from "Sanu Ek Pal Chain Na Aave" by Pakistani Qawwali singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. "Meri Zindagi Ek Pyaas" is a copy of "Meri Zindagi Tera Pyar" - an iconic collaboration of Noor Jehan and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, penned by Khwaja Parvez.
The song "Pyaar Pyaar Karte Karte" features a sample from the Scatman John track "Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)".
Track listings
Awards
References
External links
Hindi remakes of Telugu films
1997 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan
Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley
Films shot in Mumbai
1997 romantic drama films
Indian romantic drama films
Films directed by Raj Kanwar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaai%20%281997%20film%29 |
Marshall Strickland (born March 1, 1983) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball at Indiana University for four years from 2002 to 2006. He is originally from Kingston, Massachusetts and went to Winchendon Prep in Winchendon before transferring to South Carroll High School in Carroll County, Maryland. He is tall and weighs . He is the son of Marshall and Joanna Strickland, and younger brother of former Maryland Terrapins star Marche Strickland. Marshall is a graduate of the University of Maryland School of Dentistry in 2017.
College career
As a senior, coach Mike Davis started him in every game for which he was healthy. He averaged 11.9 points per game, third on the team behind Robert Vaden and Marco Killingsworth. He was first in minutes per game with 34.5 and first in FT percentage shooting 94%.
As a junior, he started in 28 out of 29 games leading the team in assists with 3.4 per game.
As a sophomore, he was an honorable All-Big Ten selection by the coaches. He was second on the team with 10.8 points and 26th overall in the Big Ten. He was also 11th in the league in three-point field goal percentage (.367, 58 of 158).
As a freshman, he played consistent minutes with a season high 17 points in the championship game of the Maui Invitational. As a senior in high school he was an All-Metro honoree while averaging 30.5 points, 4.3 assists and 1.9 steals. He shot 52% from the floor and his team finished with a 20-5 record.
As a recruit, ESPN and RivalsHoops.com ranked him among the top five point guards.
External links
iuhoosiers.com profile
TBLStat.net profile
1983 births
Living people
Alpella basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
AZS Koszalin players
Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball) players
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball players
People from Kingston, Massachusetts
People from Sykesville, Maryland
Point guards
TED Ankara Kolejliler players
American men's basketball players
The Winchendon School alumni
Sportspeople from Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from the Baltimore metropolitan area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20Strickland |
Bernadette is a French name, a female form of the name Bernard, which means "brave bear". Notable persons with the name include:
People
Bernadette (singer) (born 1959), Dutch singer
Bernadette Allen (born 1956), American foreign service officer and ambassador
Bernadette Banner (born 1994/1995), American-English dress historian and YouTuber
Bernadette Beauvais (born 1949), French politician
Bernadette Bowyer (born 1966), Canadian field hockey player
Bernadette Carroll (1944–2018), American singer, member of the Angels in the 1960s
Bernadette Castro (born 1944), American businesswoman
Bernadette Cattanéo (1899-1963), French trade unionist and militant communist
Bernadette Caulfield, American television producer
Bernadette Charleux, French polymer chemist
Bernadette Clement, Canadian politician
Bernadette Collins, British strategy engineer from Northern Ireland
Bernadette Cooper, American singer
Bernadette Coston (born 1989), South African field hockey player
Bernadette Chirac (born 1933), French politician, wife of former French President Jacques Chirac
Bernadette Eberlain, German dermatologist, allergologist, and researcher.
Bernadette Després (born 1941), French illustrator and comic book artist
Bernadette Dupont (born 1936), French politician
Bernadette Graf (born 1992), Austrian judoka
Bernadette Hall (born 1948), New Zealand playwright and poet
Bernadette Farrell (born 1957), British hymnographer and composer
Bernadette Kelly (born 1964), British civil servant
Bernadette Lafont (1938–2013), French actress
Bernadette Luciano, New Zealand language and culture academic
Bernadette Mayer (1945–2022), American poet, writer, and visual artist
Bernadette McDonald (born 1951), Canadian author
Bernadette Devlin McAliskey (born 1947), Irish political activist
Bernadette Meehan (born 1975), American diplomat and nonprofit organization executive
Bernadette Menu (1938–2023), French Egyptologist
Bernadette Meyler, American law academic
Bernadette Moriau, French nun whose recovery from a spinal problem was declared a miracle
Bernadette Nolan (1960–2013), Irish singer and actress
Bernadette O'Farrell (1924–1999), Irish actress
Bernadette Pajer, American author
Bernadette Peters (born 1948), American actress and singer
Bernadette Quigley (born 1960), American actress
Bernadette Romulo-Puyat (born 1971), Filipino government official
Bernadette Roberts (1931–2017), American nun
Bernadette Sanou Dao (born 1952), Burkinabé author and politician
Bernadette Sands McKevitt (born 1958), Irish politician
Bernadette Sanchez (born 1953), American politician
Bernadette Schild (born 1990), Austrian ski racer
Bernadette Seacrest, American vocalist
Bernadette Sembrano (born 1976), Filipino television reporter, newscaster, and host
Bernadette Smith, Canadian politician
Bernadette Strachan (born 1962), English author
Bernadette Soubirous (1844–1879), also known as Saint Bernadette of Lourdes, French Marian visionary
Bernadette Speach (born 1948), American composer and pianist
Bernadette Stanislaus (born 1954), American actress and writer known as Bernadette Stanis and Bern Nadette Stanis
Bernadette Szőcs (born 1995), Romanian table tennis player
Bernadette Van Roy (born 1948), Belgian middle-distance runner
Fictional characters
Bernadette Fox, the titular character in the novel Where'd You Go, Bernadette and its film adaptation
Bernadette Rostenkowski, on the American television series The Big Bang Theory
Bernadette Taylor, in the British television series EastEnders
Bernadette, in the animated television series Bob and Margaret
Bernadette Thompson, in the 2014 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Animals
Bernadette (tiger)
See also
Bernadotte (disambiguation)
Bernadetta (disambiguation)
French feminine given names
Feminine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette |
"Owner of a Lonely Heart" is a song by British progressive rock band Yes. It is the first track and single from their eleventh studio album, 90125 (1983), and was released on 24 October 1983. Written primarily by guitarist and singer Trevor Rabin, contributions were made to the final version by singer Jon Anderson, bassist Chris Squire, and producer Trevor Horn.
It was a commercial success in the United States, becoming the band's first and only single to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and its Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. In 1984, the song was ranked No. 8 on the US year-end chart. The single was reissued various times throughout the 1980s and 1990s with different remix versions and B-sides.
Development
Origins and demo version
The song originated in 1979 from South African musician, singer-songwriter, and producer Trevor Rabin; while going to the toilet, he wrote "the whole thing, from beginning to end". Rabin then put down his ideas onto tape using his home equipment which included a 4-track tape machine. One of the recordings consisted of the main verse and chorus riff played on an acoustic guitar with some vocals. A developed version with drums, keyboards, and a complete set of lyrics was completed in 1980. Both recordings were released on Rabin's demo compilation album 90124, in 2003. For the full version, Rabin used the first and second tracks to record the instruments and vocals before mixing the song onto the third. He added: "You would be making decisions based on what was coming, and sometimes those decisions would be wrong – but you couldn't undo them. One of the things, a happy accident, was that all of the brass stabs and those weird things that happen on the record – they were just a product of what happened with the demo".
After relocating to Los Angeles in 1981, Rabin added the song to his collection of demos that he wished to develop for a fourth solo album. Among the record labels that Rabin pitched his work to was Arista Records, but he recalled owner Clive Davis rejecting them on the basis of the songs sounding "too strange, and would not be a hit", and suggesting that Rabin "write stuff more like Foreigner and then come back. I never did". Rabin then landed a development deal with Geffen Records who introduced Rabin to musicians with the intention of forming Asia, but Rabin declined due to the lack of chemistry and his preference for making a solo album.
Rabin's deal with Geffen ended in 1982, but an offer from A&R man Ron Fair of RCA Records was the first time Rabin's songs were recognised as potential hits. Rabin said Fair called "Owner of a Lonely Heart" "a game changer" and offered him an album deal on the strength of it. However, Rabin turned it down when he agreed to form a new band with bassist Chris Squire and drummer Alan White of the progressive rock band Yes and make an album, initially under the name Cinema, for Atco Records. Much of the new material derived from Rabin's demos, including "Hold On" and "Changes", and displayed a more pop-oriented approach than what Yes had been known for. The group worked with former Yes singer Trevor Horn as their producer.
Development and production
By January 1983, most of the backing tracks and vocals for the Cinema album had been recorded, but an additional song was needed. While Rabin was on a toilet break, Horn left his demo tape running and heard his version of "Owner of a Lonely Heart". He disliked Rabin's inclinations toward "American rock" in his songs and its verse lyrics, which he remembered as: "You don't wanna go dancing, you won't even answer the phone. You so scared of romancing, everything you do is alone". However, he recognised the "powerful" introduction with its "snap jump cut" into the main riff, plus its strong chorus hook, as a hit single. "The verses of it were so awful that I was convinced that if we didn't put loads of whizzbangs and gags all over the verse that no one would ever listen to it".
Horn recalled pleading with the band to record it on the grounds that they needed a hit single, despite the group's reluctance. Subsequent musical and lyrical changes were then made by Horn and Squire, and for several days the group attempted to perform it. Horn was dissatisfied with the addition of various drum fills and superfluous sections, and suggested they record it "straight and simple" without changing the original riff. Rabin agreed to change his song this way, but wanted to keep the sound levels "very loud" which Horn "was totally into". It took Horn approximately seven months to convince Rabin to rewrite the lyrics. Once Rabin agreed, several versions were produced which included Horn's contribution of the verses including: "Move yourself, you always live your life...", which earned him 15% of the song credit.
For the song's opening, Rabin used the same guitar tone that he'd employed on a session he did for Manfred Mann's Earth Band, which involved panning two guitar tracks left and right and aiming for a sound "as heavy as possible". The arpeggiated guitar part on the verses, according to Horn, was played on a 12-string Rickenbacker, though has been disputed. Chris Squire's bass guitar parts were played on his custom-built Electra MPC Outlaw - making use of two of its plug-in features (the octave box and the phaser) - run through a 100-watt Marshall amplifier:
Squire also added a Motown-influenced bridge section to the song, following the second chorus.
After the band had produced a satisfactory arrangement, Horn wished to incorporate a drum programmer, which the band, particularly White, strongly objected to at first. Horn prevailed, resulting in Squire and himself programming a drum machine sequence for the song. Rabin tried numerous times to persuade Horn and engineer Gary Langan to retain the heavy drum sound that he had used on the song's demo, but they wanted it changed as it did not suit White's sound or drumming style. Horn wanted to use a drum sound similar to that of Stewart Copeland on Synchronicity (1983) by The Police, and tuned White's snare drum to the key of a high A. Atlantic president Ahmet Ertegun liked a mix that Horn had made, and decreed that Rabin's idea for a big drum sound would not be used. Horn also used a five-second sample of the drum breakdown in "Kool is Back" by jazz and soul group Funk, Inc. (itself a cover of "Kool's Back Again" by Kool & the Gang): Alan White incorporated this into the song's midsection drum break, which he played on Fairlight.
At Horn's suggestion, Rabin used the Synclavier synthesiser and sampler to replace his original keyboard parts. On the demo version, the breaks and flourishes had been played on a Minimoog synthesiser: Horn wished to keep them in the final song and had them rerecorded on his Fairlight CMI sampler, as well as reworking some of them using Synclavier and Fairlight patches and noises. For the "whizzbangs and gags" sound effects, Horn used the Fairlight (programmed by J. J. Jeczalik). According to musician Questlove, "Owner of a Lonely Heart" contained the first use of a sample as a breakbeat, as opposed to a sound effect.
In April 1983, former Yes singer Jon Anderson joined the group (which resulted in Cinema changing their name to Yes). Anderson recorded his vocals to the songs while changing some of the musical and lyrical content. Horn remembered Anderson disliking the song's new lyrics and his comment: "Well, it's not like 'Send in the Clowns' anyway". Consequently, Anderson rewrote Horn's lyrics for the second verse, including the line "Watch it now, the eagle in the sky". As a cheeky riposte, Horn and Langan added a gunshot sound effect immediately following that verse, thereby "shooting down" the eagle. Trevor Rabin has stated that Trevor Horn did not like some of Anderson's lyrics, and had Rabin redo the words sounding like Anderson; "If you go back and listen to it I'm sure you can find them."
The final song was credited to Rabin, Anderson, Squire and Horn. Rabin recently clarified his view on the breakdown of credit and royalties: "Jon did add to my lyrics in the verses and deserved what he got, as did Chris. One can hear my development of the song on 90124; sound doesn't lie. Trevor Horn being allotted a percentage was a thank you for introducing me to the Synclavier, which is one of the keyboards I used on the song and I had not used before. Also, for the fun we had making it".
Horn has rated "Owner of a Lonely Heart" as one of the best tracks of his career.
Reception
Cash Box said that "Horn constructs an instrumental intro segment of discrete drumrolls, fuzz guitar phrases, and scratched-in brass and synth flourishes and then uses these and other elements to punctuate Jon Anderson’s fluid depiction of the title subject" and that the song "is built upon a steady dance beat, which brings [Yes] solidly into the ’80s."
Music video
The song's music video was shown frequently on MTV, introducing the revamped Yes lineup and sound to a new generation of fans largely unfamiliar with the band's earlier progressive rock style. The music video was directed by graphic designer Storm Thorgerson who, as part of Hipgnosis, had previously designed the covers for the band's albums Going for the One and Tormato.
Keyboardist Tony Kaye does not appear in the video as at the time of the video shoot, Eddie Jobson was standing in as the band's keyboardist. Jobson can be seen briefly in a few quick shots in the beginning band scene and from behind during the rooftop scene, but he was not part of the video's "animal transformation" scene in which the other four band members take part; the video was edited to remove as much of his appearance as possible. Ultimately, Kaye returned to the lineup and Jobson never recorded any material with the band.
The video was filmed in London, with some scenes filmed on top of various buildings. Scenes of the band playing are also present. It features a high-concept storyline involving a man arrested by implied to be secret police and taken in for interrogation. The protagonist was played by actor Danny Webb. He is plucked from the street and led steadily deeper into a building filled with other unfortunate victims. During his ordeal he experiences mental flashes of various animals. Eventually he arrives in the basement full of industrial machinery where he escapes after fighting an opponent. After climbing to freedom at the top of the tower he is confronted by several men (played by the band) and eventually leaps off the building, transforming to a bird of prey. The scene returns to him marching to work with thousands of others, revealing the scenes to be his imagination. He turns round and heads back from where he had been going.
Legacy
The song has been covered by various artists, especially Max Graham whose 2005 single reached No. 9 in the UK.
Personnel
Personnel are sourced from the Sound On Sound YouTube channel and the Red Bull Music Academy.
Yes
Jon Anderson – lead and backing vocals
Trevor Rabin – co-lead and backing vocals, electric guitars, Synclavier and Fairlight CMI synthesizers
Chris Squire – bass guitar, backing vocals
Alan White – drums, Fairlight CMI programming
Tony Kaye – piano
Production
Trevor Horn – Fairlight CMI programming, production
J.J. Jeczalik – Fairlight CMI programming
Charts
Original version
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Max Graham vs. Yes version
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1984 (U.S.)
List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1984
References
Sources
}
External links
"Owner of a Lonely Heart" at Discogs (all releases)
1983 singles
1984 singles
2004 singles
2005 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Yes (band) songs
Song recordings produced by Trevor Horn
Songs written by Trevor Horn
Songs written by Chris Squire
Songs written by Trevor Rabin
Songs written by Jon Anderson
Songs about loneliness
Dance-rock songs
1983 songs
Atco Records singles
1979 songs
Music videos directed by Storm Thorgerson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owner%20of%20a%20Lonely%20Heart |
Marakkarkandy is a small coastal village in Kannur district of Kerala state, south India. It is 2 km from Kannur City and 6 km from Kannur town. People from all religions reside in this small city and is famous for its communal harmony. It was under the rule of Arakkal Adi Raja (the one and only Muslim royal family in Kerala) before independence. Rajiv Gandhi Mini Stadium located in this small village plays a major role in enhancing and developing sports and other related activities among youths. Shamna Kasim, one of the most talented and leading actresses in Indian movies hails from this town.
Nearby suburbs
Ayikkara
Neerchal
Thayyil
Kuruva
Maidhanappally
Avera Hills
Kanam Beach
Adi-Kadalayi
Thottada Beach
Kodaparamba
Burnacherry
Image gallery
Suburbs of Kannur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marakkarkandy |
James Michael Slattery (July 29, 1878 – August 28, 1948) was a United States senator from Illinois.
Born in Chicago, he attended parochial schools and St. Ignatius College (now known as Loyola University Chicago). He was employed as a secretary with the building departments of the city of Chicago in 1905, and graduated from Illinois College of Law at Chicago in 1908. He was admitted to the bar that year and commenced practice in Chicago, and was a member of the Illinois College of Law faculty from 1909 to 1912. He was superintendent of public service of Cook County, Illinois from 1910 to 1912 and was secretary of Webster College of Law in Chicago from 1912 to 1914. He was counsel for the Lincoln Park Commission in 1933 and 1934 and for the Chicago Park District, 1934 to 1936.
He was chairman of the Illinois Commerce Commission from 1936 to 1939. In 1939, Henry Horner rushed back to Illinois from Florida, to prevent political rival and acting Governor John Henry Stelle from appointing the late J. Hamilton Lewis's successor. Slattery served from April 14, 1939, to November 21, 1940, when a duly elected successor qualified. Slattery was an unsuccessful candidate in the special election to fill the vacancy, and resumed the practice of law in Chicago. He died at his summer home at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin and was interred in Calvary Cemetery, Evanston, Illinois.
References
External links
1878 births
1948 deaths
American legal scholars
Politicians from Chicago
People from Lake Geneva, Wisconsin
Illinois lawyers
Democratic Party United States senators from Illinois
Illinois Democrats
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Evanston, Illinois) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20M.%20Slattery |
"Another Day" is a song by English rock musician Paul McCartney that was released as the A-side of a non-album single in February 1971. It was his debut single as a solo artist following the Beatles break-up in 1970. McCartney credited his wife Linda as a co-writer on the song, triggering legal action from ATV on behalf of the publishing companies Northern Songs and Maclen Music. The lyrics describe the daily routine of a lonely woman, using an observational style similar to McCartney's narrative in the 1966 ballad "Eleanor Rigby".
McCartney recorded "Another Day" in New York City during the sessions for his and Linda's 1971 album Ram. The single was an international hit, peaking at number 2 in the United Kingdom, number 5 in the United States, and topping charts in Australia and France. The song was dismissed by many music critics, however, who found it inconsequential and reflective of McCartney's conservative outlook. In addition to appearing on several McCartney compilation albums, it was included as a bonus track on the 1993 and 2012 reissues of Ram. It was also included on The 7" Singles Box in 2022.
History
Although McCartney did not formally record the song until after the band's break-up, he previewed "Another Day" during the Beatles' Let It Be sessions in January 1969. The song's lyric adopts an observational style reminiscent of "Eleanor Rigby"; Denny Seiwell, the drummer on the Ram sessions, called it "'Eleanor Rigby' in New York City". The lyrics describe the drudgery and sadness of an unnamed woman's life at work and at home.
McCartney's wife Linda provided vocal harmonies on "Another Day". Describing his and Linda's harmonies, McCartney said he wanted "'our' sound" as he sought to create a musical identity independent of the Beatles. McCartney decided to list Linda as co-writer of more than half the songs on Ram, and this decision extended to "Another Day". Despite her lack of musical and songwriting experience, he said that his wife had been a genuine writing partner, suggesting ideas for lyrics and melodies. Linda's co-writing credits were later regarded as business manoeuvres in the post-Beatles legal matters. In author Peter Doggett's description, Northern Songs, McCartney's publisher, "believed he was effectively robbing them of half their potential income".
In July 1971, Northern Songs and Maclen Music sued Paul and Linda McCartney for violating an exclusive rights agreement via their musical collaborations on "Another Day" and Ram. In June the following year, ATV announced that "all differences between them have been amicably settled", with McCartney's lawyers arguing it had been his prerogative to collaborate with whomever he chose, regardless of his or her musical abilities. Paul and Linda signed a new seven-year, co-publishing contract between ATV and McCartney Music.
Dixon Van Winkle, an assistant engineer on the Ram sessions, recalled that he suggested "Another Day" after McCartney asked him to select one of the tracks for a single. With McCartney's blessing, Van Winkle mixed the song and pressed 100 copies for radio stations. He added: "The next day I heard it on the air, I realized ... we got carried away with the bass part ... it pumped like crazy. But we never remixed the song, and Paul never said anything."
Recording
Seiwell said that "Another Day" was the first song taped during the Ram sessions. Recording took place at Columbia Studios in New York City on 12 October 1970. The basic track consisted of McCartney and Dave Spinozza on acoustic guitars and Seiwell on drums. At the same session, McCartney and Spinozza added electric guitars, and McCartney overdubbed his bass guitar part. Seiwell also added a percussion effect, "tapping out a rhythm on a telephone directory found out in the studio".
According to the annotations on the track sheet, "Another Day" was completed on 21 January 1971. Sound effects and lead and harmony vocals were added that day at A & R Studio in New York. The mixing session also took place at A & R on 8 February.
Release
"Another Day" was released on 19 February 1971 in the United Kingdom, with "Oh Woman, Oh Why" as the B-side. It was McCartney's debut single as a solo artist. The song peaked at number 2 in the UK in March 1971 and number 5 in the United States in April. It was number 1 in Australia, for one week, and in France.
Although "Another Day" and "Oh Woman, Oh Why" were not originally included on the album, some CD re-releases of Ram have one or both songs as bonus tracks. "Another Day" has also appeared on several of McCartney's greatest hits albums, including All the Best! and Pure McCartney. It also appeared on the Wings compilations Wings Greatest and Wingspan: Hits and History, even though the song predates the band's formation. The single was re-released as part of Record Store Day 2012. It was included on the Special and Deluxe editions of the 2012 remaster of Ram. The song was included on an EP (along with "Oh Woman, Oh Why", "Junk" and "Valentine's Day") released only in Mexico.
McCartney has played the song live several times, first on his 1993 tour and later on his 2013 Out There tour.
Critical reception
On release, many rock critics derided "Another Day" as irrelevant and as a song that conveyed McCartney's bourgeois sensibilities and focus on conservative values. One reviewer likened it to an advertising jingle for underarm deodorant. Beatles biographer Nicholas Schaffner described the song's reception: "Many of the rock critics, out for McCartney's blood, dismissed 'Another Day' as 'Paulie picking his nose.' More charitable observers trilled along with the chorus: 'It's just another song.'"
As with Ram, the single especially disappointed writers who were expecting McCartney to rebound from his 1970 solo debut, McCartney, and produce an artistic statement on the scale of George Harrison's All Things Must Pass and John Lennon's Plastic Ono Band. Music journalist Andrew Grant Jackson comments that, given McCartney had been the Beatle who announced the band's break-up, the song's despondent tone contrasted starkly with singles such as "Instant Karma!" and "My Sweet Lord", in which Lennon and Harrison, respectively, confidently embraced their freedom from the Beatles. He views "Another Day" as "a continuation of McCartney's 1970 depression tunes".
Cash Box described the song as being an intriguing song with "vignette verses and a haunting chorus." Record World called it "very pop, the kind of melody [McCartney's] famous for."
Writing in 1981, NME critic Bob Woffinden said that while the song is "slight and simple", the critical disparagement it had continued to receive overlooks the "delicate charm", compositional discipline and real-life characterisation that serve as positive qualities which, he rued, were completely lacking on Ram. By contrast, New Zealand Herald critic Graham Reid describes Ram as "excellent" but finds "Another Day" "execrable". Beatles historian Bruce Spizer views it as "a catchy pop tune that has been unfairly ridiculed over the years". In deeming the lyrics "trite", he continues, its detractors fail to appreciate that the song's female protagonist is herself "leading a life of boring and lonely everyday routines".
In popular culture
"Another Day" is referenced in Lennon's 1971 song attacking McCartney, titled "How Do You Sleep?" Lennon describes McCartney's new music as Muzak and, in the second verse, he sings: "The only thing you done was yesterday / And since you've gone you're just another day".
It was featured prominently in a 2009 episode of The Simpsons titled "Bart Gets a 'Z'; in it, Mrs. Crabapple is taunted by the Springfield High School jocks for singing a "million-year-old song." "Another Day" has also been included in several films, such as 50 First Dates (2004) and The Lovely Bones (2009).
Personnel
Paul McCartney – lead vocals, backing vocals, acoustic guitar, bass guitar, shaker
Linda McCartney – backing vocals
David Spinozza – electric guitar
Denny Seiwell – drums, percussion
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Sales
References
Sources
External links
1971 debut singles
Paul McCartney songs
Apple Records singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Oricon International Singles Chart number-one singles
Songs written by Paul McCartney
Songs written by Linda McCartney
Song recordings produced by Paul McCartney
Music published by MPL Music Publishing
1971 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another%20Day%20%28Paul%20McCartney%20song%29 |
These Days is the eighth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in August 1980, it peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Country Album chart.
Continuing Gayle's run of No. 1 Billboard Country singles, the album contained the No. 1 hits "If You Ever Change Your Mind" and "Too Many Lovers". Another track, "Take It Easy" also became a Country hit, peaking at No. 17.
The album was certified gold by the RIAA in 1994 for sales of over 500,000 copies.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle - lead and harmony vocals
Jon Goin, Chris Leuzinger, Billy Sanford - guitar
Tommy Cogbill, Richard "Spady" Brannan, Joe Allen - bass
Bobby Wood - acoustic piano, organ
Charles Cochran - electric and acoustic piano, string arrangements
Larrie Londin, Gene Chrisman, Kenny Malone - drums
Farrell Morris - tambourine
Jay Patten - saxophone
Denis Solee - saxophone, flute, clarinet
The Sheldon Kurland Strings (Carl Gorodetzky, Dennis Molchan, George Binkley, Lennie Haight, Marvin Chantry, Roy Christensen, Samuel Terranova, Sheldon Kurland, Stephanie Woolf, Virginia Christensen) - strings
Bruce Dees, David Loggins, Jennifer Kimball, Marcia Routh, Pebble Daniel, Steve Brantley - harmony vocals on "Take It Easy"
Technical
Garth Fundis, John Donegan - engineer
Virginia Team - art direction
Beverly Parker, Brian Hagiwara - photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Crystal Gayle albums
1980 albums
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
Columbia Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These%20Days%20%28Crystal%20Gayle%20album%29 |
True Love is the tenth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in November 1982, it peaked at #14 on the Billboard Country Albums charts.
Three of the album's tracks reached #1 on the Country Singles chart; "'Til I Gain Control Again", "Our Love is on the Faultline" and "Baby What About You".
The oft-covered track "Everything I Own" was released as a single in the UK where it peaked at #93 on the UK Singles Chart in early 1983. The song was originally recorded by the band Bread in 1972, and also was a UK #1 hit for Ken Boothe in 1974. In 1987, four years after Gayle's version, the song was recorded by Boy George (his first solo recording) who also had a UK #1 hit with it.
Track listing
US edition
UK edition
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – lead vocals, harmony vocals (1, 2, 7)
Shane Keister – synthesizers (1, 5, 6, 9, 10)
Charles Cochran – string arrangements (1, 10), keyboards (3, 4, 7, 10)
Bobby Wood – acoustic piano (3, 4, 6, 7), keyboards (8, 9)
Chris Leuzinger – lead guitar (1-6, 9), guitars (7, 8, 10)
Bruce Dees – guitars (1, 5)
Jon Goin – guitars (2, 6, 8)
Reggie Young – guitars (3, 4, 7)
Larry Byrom – guitars (9)
David Hungate – bass (1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10)
Tom Robb – bass (2)
Tommy Cogbill – bass (6, 8)
James Stroud – drums (1-5, 7)
Gene Chrisman – drums (6, 8)
Tony Newman – drums (9)
Jay Patten – saxophone (8)
Al De Lory – string arrangements (7)
Nashville String Machine – strings (1, 7, 10)
Kathy Burdick – harmony vocals (1, 5, 9)
Sherilyn Huffman – harmony vocals (1, 5, 7, 9)
Paul Davis – harmony vocals (2, 6)
Rodney Crowell – harmony vocals (3)
Bill Lamb – harmony vocals (4)
Roger Cook – harmony vocals (8)
Louis Nunley – harmony vocals (10)
Judy Rodman – harmony vocals (10)
Donna Sheridan – harmony vocals (10)
Hurshel Wiginton – harmony vocals (10)
Production
Crystal Gayle – album direction
Alan Reynolds – producer (1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10)
Jimmy Bowen – producer (3, 4, 7), engineer (3, 4, 7)
Joseph Bogan – engineer (1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10)
Ron Treat – engineer (1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10)
J.T. Cantwell – second engineer (3, 4, 7)
Curt Allen – recording, remixing
John Donegan – technical assistant
Glenn Meadows – mastering at Masterfonics (Nashville, Tennessee)
Ron Coro – art direction
Denise Minobe – art direction, design
Norman Seeff – photography
Chart performance
References
Crystal Gayle albums
1982 albums
Albums produced by Jimmy Bowen
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
Elektra Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%20Love%20%28Crystal%20Gayle%20album%29 |
The Bispevegen ("Bishop's Road") passes between Valle in Setesdal on the western side of the mountains and Fyresdal on the eastern side. The Bispevegen is a medieval east-west track over the high plateau that priests and bishops used to get between the counties of Agder and Telemark. Every year a march called "Bispevegmarsjen" ("The Bishop's Road March") starts at Kleivgrend in Fyresdal.
References
Old roads of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bispevegen |
Troy Wozniak (born 6 January 1978 in Blacktown, New South Wales) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer in the Australasian National Rugby League (NRL) competition. He played for the Balmain Tigers, Parramatta Eels and Wests Tigers as well as Widnes Vikings in the Super League. Wozniak was primarily a utility player.
Playing career
Wozniak made his first grade debut for Balmain in round 6 of the 1999 NRL season against North Sydney at Leichhardt Oval. He made one further appearance for Balmain which was a 64-12 loss against North Sydney at North Sydney Oval. After Balmain merged with Western Suburbs to form the Wests Tigers, Wozniak was not offered a contract to play for the new team. He would later join Parramatta and played ten games for the club in the 2000 NRL season. In 2002, he joined the Wests Tigers and played 26 matches for the team between 2002-2003. In 2004, Wozniak played for English side Widnes in the Super League.
Career highlights
First Grade Debut: 1999 - Round 6, Balmain Tigers vs North Sydney Bears at Leichhardt Oval, 10 April.
Footnotes
External links
Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org
1978 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Balmain Tigers players
Parramatta Eels players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league second-rows
Rugby league locks
Rugby league players from Blacktown
Wests Tigers players
Widnes Vikings players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy%20Wozniak |
Boettcher Concert Hall, is a Concert Hall in Denver, Colorado and is home to the Colorado Symphony. It is named after Colorado native and philanthropist Claude K. Boettcher.
History
Boettcher was the first symphony hall in the round in the United States. Built in 1978 by Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates, as a home for the Denver Symphony Orchestra, the hall is part of the Denver Performing Arts Complex, which is the second largest performing arts complex in the United States after Lincoln Center in New York City.
Boettcher originally opened to mixed reviews. Due to its size in relation to the size of the community it serves, its 2,362 seats are often not completely filled. Tuned acoustically with a full house in mind, Boettcher originally suffered from hot and cold spots when the theater was only partially filled.
Design
In 1993, the theater underwent a major acoustical renovation. The height of the seat backs was adjusted, additional acoustic reflectors were added, and acoustic curtains were installed which allow the theater to be tuned for specific performances—even during a performance.
Tenants
The Colorado Symphony is the primary occupant of the Boettcher Concert Hall. Established in 1989 as the successor to the Denver Symphony Orchestra, the Colorado Symphony rehearses and performs primarily in Boettcher Concert Hall, but also throughout the Front Range. The orchestra draws 150,000 patrons to 90 performances every year to the concert hall. Its current president and CEO is Jerome Kern, and its current music director is Andrew Litton.
Potential closure
In mid-2014, The Denver Post reported that the city of Denver was considering a plan to demolish Boettcher Concert Hall and build an outdoor amphitheater in its place at the Denver Performing Arts Complex. This was in tandem with a planned temporary move out at the end of the 2014-15 concert season to accommodate $17 million in upgrades of the facility. The city had also considered building a smaller venue owing to the attendance of the hall's primary occupant (Colorado Symphony) routinely filling only about half of the existing capacity. The city explored building a venue with reconfigurable seating, allowing shows with as few as 500 attendees, to better accommodate a wider variety of performances and reach a broader audience. Denver Mayor Michael Hancock appointed a team to begin working on October 1, 2014 on the future of Boettcher Concert Hall. The debate was both about accessibility as well as the cost of making extensive repairs and renovations.
Potential plans included renovating and managing Boettcher as a multi-use facility that could host concerts and provide educational space. Making the space usable as a concert hall at night and a space for small classrooms. There was also discussion of adding an outdoor amphitheater. This option proved controversial, not only due to demolishing the Boettcher but also due to competition with Denver's Red Rocks Amphitheatre.
This potential move would have also involved constructing a shared box office for the three large facilities in the complex.
The Colorado Symphony Orchestra leadership was quick to present many reasons why it was a valuable tenant in the Boettcher.
See also
List of concert halls
References
External links
Boettcher Concert Hall Technical Information
Theatres in Denver
Music of Denver
Music venues in Colorado
Music venues completed in 1978
1978 establishments in Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boettcher%20Concert%20Hall |
Eddie Benitez (November 12, 1956 - January 17, 2019) was a Latin Jazz & World Music guitarist. Born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, his family moved to Europe soon after his birth for his father's work. He was raised in Italy and Spain, and the family returned to the U.S. when Benitez was nine and settled in Brooklyn, New York. Benitez formed his first band at age twelve and began competing and winning local battles of the bands in Brooklyn. It was at one such battle of the bands where he was discovered by an AR person from Fania Records. Soon after the teenage guitarist was signed to Fania records.
Career
Eddil Benitez played his first concert at Marcala la paz Honduras in front of 20,000 fans soon after joining the label in 1976. His performance with his band Nebula and the Fania All Stars marked the beginning of his early rise to fame as a guitarist. His first release was Nightlife, which he followed six months later with Essence of Life. He later performed with such stars as Tito Puente and Mongo Santamaría. His musical style began with Latin jazz as part of the Fania family, and would later incorporate smooth jazz and world music styles. He was the first Latin artist to perform at the legendary New York City punk club CBGB in 1976.
Benitez's performing career came to a sudden halt at the age of 23 when he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's Lymphoma. This changed his life forever; he survived the cancer and took time off to reflect on life and spirituality. Throughout his life Benitez has claimed to have had many spiritual visions, including those that occurred while overcoming a heart attack and an unexplained three-day coma.
He returned to performing with a private concert in Phoenix, Arizona in 2003 and it was there that reports that some in attendance saw mysterious beings, some would claim they were angels, on the stage with Benitez when he performed. That event gave rise to the title of Benitez's book and his tour.
One of Benitez's claimed paranormal events was documented and recreated for the Discovery Channel series A Haunting – "Casa de los Muertos", which also featured his music, past and present. "Casa de los Muertos" appeared in Season 4 of A Haunting and continues to air worldwide.
New music
Lovers Never Say Goodbye was released March 10, 2008. Lovers On Cav distribution.
Eddie's 2013 CD "Forbidden Dreams" on his own label "creativeMuzik"
Visions of Angels," Benitez's latest CD, was released September 1, 2009 on NuGroove Records.
Death
Eddie Benitez died on January 17, 2019. He was buried at the Green Acres Mortuary & Cemetery in Scottsdale, Arizona.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20171022153115/https://www.eddiebenitez.com/
http://www.musicofpuertorico.com/en/eddie_benitez.html
http://www.creativemuzik.com
1956 births
2019 deaths
Puerto Rican guitarists
Musicians from San Juan, Puerto Rico
20th-century American guitarists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Benitez |
The Prix Henry Vieuxtemps is a violin competition held in Verviers, Belgium sinds 1922 every two years. It is named after the famed violinist and composer Henri Vieuxtemps.
Applicants must be at or below 26 years of age, have attended a Belgian Conservatory for one year, and received a degree in violin performance.
Program
First Round:
The first movement of a concerto by W. A. Mozart (with cadenza)
A sonata or partita for solo violin by J. S. Bach or a sonata by E. Ysaye
One of the studies (Op. 48) or a short piece by Henry Vieuxtemps
Final Round:
A virtuoso piece by Henry Vieuxtemps (this work can be a movement of a concerto)
A complete violin sonata
A complete violin concerto
A piece of your choice
Previous winners
1920 : Alfred Dubois
1923 : Hector Clokers
1925 : Lambert Hody
1927 : Edmond Ferari
1929 : François Wigny
1931 : Arthur Michot
1933 : Carlo van Neste
1935 : Marie Walthéry
1937 : Albert Speguel
1939 : Arthur Grumiaux
1941 : Georges Octors
1943 : Marcel Debot
1945 : not awarded
1947 : not awarded
1949 : G. Lardinois-Altmann
1951 : Pierre Jetteur
1953 : Clémens-René Quatacker
1955 : Henri-Emmanuel Koch
1957 : not awarded
1959 : Sándor Károlyi
1961 : Léopold Douin
1963 : Charles Jongen
1966 : Jean Hervé
1970 : Mayumi Fujikawa
1974 : János Máté
1978 : John Snow
1982 : Ginette De Cuyper
1986 : Eric Melon
1990 : Péi Péi Zhu
1994 : Jean-Gabriel Raelet
1998 : Tatiana Samouïl
2002 : Lei Wang
2006 : Hrachya Avanesyan
2011 : Claire Dassesse
2015 : Floris Willem
2017 : not awarded
2020 : Vilmos Csikos
2023 : Anikin Leonid
External links
http://associationhenryvieuxtemps.com/concours-vieuxtemps-a-verviers/
Violin competitions
Verviers
Music competitions in Belgium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix%20Henry%20Vieuxtemps |
The Filefjell Kongevegen () is the name of the old trail over Filefjell, the mountainous area between Lærdal/Borgund, and Valdres in Norway. It is the historical main route linking Western Norway and Eastern Norway.
Due to the sometimes wet and marshy land in the valley bottom, the old trail runs farther up in the hill than the modern asphalt road does today. The old trail is still used for hiking. It was named after King Sverre of Norway (1184–1202) who traveled this route with his army. The first post route came this way in 1647. The road got official status as a main road in the year 1791.
Maristova in Filefjell (built at Queen Margaret's command around 1390) and Nystuen in Vang (first mentioned in 1627 but believed to be much older) are guest houses that provided for travelers along the road. The owners were compensated by the king and commanded to aid travelers and provide shelter for those who used the road. This practice lasted until 1830.
Filefjell Kongevegen as a hiking trail
Today, Kongevegen has been restored, opening it up for hikers. Major sections such as Vindhella provide an insight into the skills in use by the road engineers of the time.
The entire hiking trail takes between 3 and 6 days for most hikers. There are guided tours for group hikes, but it's also possible to do by yourself. Some tourists spend the nights at the mountain cabins along the trail, while others opt for tenting.
The hiking season for Filefjell Kongevegen is typically between May 1 and October 15.
References
Old roads of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filefjell%20Kongevegen |
Eugene Scalia (born August 14, 1963) is an American attorney who served as the 28th United States secretary of labor during the final 16 months of the Donald Trump administration. Scalia previously served one year as U.S. Solicitor of Labor during the George W. Bush administration. He is a son of the late Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonin Scalia.
Scalia was described by The New York Times as "a skilled lawyer with a broadly conservative, pro-business and anti-regulatory agenda". As Secretary of Labor, he reversed Obama-era labor and employment regulations. He returned to become a partner at Gibson Dunn at the end of his tenure.
Early life and education
Scalia was born on August 14, 1963, in Cleveland, Ohio, the second of nine children of future Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia and Maureen (née McCarthy) Scalia. He attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, where he was known colloquially as "Gene" and graduated in 1981. Scalia became an editor of the school newspaper, U-High Midway, and had his own column called "Blind Side". He also participated in soccer and debate; during his time as a student, Scalia was elected to be the vice-president of the school's disciplinary board, beating Arne Duncan, who would later be appointed to be U.S. Secretary of Education.
Scalia matriculated at the University of Virginia, where he graduated in 1985 with a Bachelor of Arts with distinction in economics and a minor in political science. He worked for the U.S. government for two years, then attended the University of Chicago Law School, where he became editor-in-chief of the University of Chicago Law Review. He graduated in 1990 with a Juris Doctor, cum laude.
Early legal career
From 1985 to 1987, he was an aide to United States Department of Education Secretary William J. Bennett. From 1992 to 1993, he served as Special Assistant to Attorney General William P. Barr. Scalia was in private practice in Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles, California. In 2000, his firm, Gibson Dunn, represented George W. Bush before the U.S. Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore.
Solicitor of Labor
He served as the Solicitor of Labor, having been appointed by President Bush in April 2001 and assuming the position in January 2002 following a recess appointment. At the time, he was accused by Democratic senators and labor groups of being hostile to workers and criticized for his articles criticizing ergonomics. A group of former career officials within the Department of Labor have since described Scalia as having been "very supportive of enforcement litigation to vindicate the rights of workers, both at the trial and appellate levels". In 2019, The New York Times wrote that Scalia "is perhaps best known for his opposition to a regulation that would have mandated greater protections for workers at risk of repetitive stress injuries". The regulation was repealed by Congress in 2001.
Private legal practice
During his career in private practice, Scalia has defended major corporations against financial and labor regulations. Writing in The New Yorker, Eyal Press said "as a corporate lawyer, Scalia has repeatedly hindered the efforts of workers to secure benefits or defend their rights." After leaving the Bush administration, he helped Wall Street firms oppose financial oversight and criticized banking regulations put in place under Obama.
Scalia argued for the plaintiffs in Wal-Mart v. Maryland in July 2006, which invalidated a state law under which large companies with at least 10,000 employees would have been required to spend at least 8% of their payroll on employee healthcare.
Following his term as Secretary of Labor, Scalia returned to private practice at Gibson Dunn, where he is co-chair of the firm's administrative law and regulatory practice group.
U.S. Secretary of Labor
On July 18, 2019, President Donald Trump announced he would nominate Scalia to be the next Secretary of Labor. On September 26, 2019, the Senate confirmed his nomination by a vote of 53–44. Scalia was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on September 30. Scalia is the only person to have served as both Solicitor and Secretary of Labor.
During his tenure in the Department of Labor, he weakened some labor and employment protections, drawing criticism from organized labor leaders.
Janet Herold, an Obama-era career appointee to the Labor Department, spearheaded a number of employment discrimination lawsuits against major technology companies, including the Oracle Corporation. In 2019, Herold filed a complaint in which she alleged that Scalia had abused his authority by intervening to settle a 2017 Labor Department lawsuit in which Oracle was being investigated for allegedly underpaying women and people of color. Scalia encouraged a settlement figure between $17 million and $38 million, which Herold considered too low. Oracle went on to win the case, with the Department of Labor deciding not to appeal the decision. The Department of Labor dismissed Herold's complaint against Scalia, saying that Herold's "retaliation allegations rest on erroneous speculation regarding matters she is not in a position to know" and that Scalia had not participated in settlement discussions with Oracle. Herold was fired by Scalia in January 2021 after refusing to accept a transfer to a non-legal position.
References
External links
Eugene Scalia at Gibson Dunn
1963 births
Living people
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
American people of Italian descent
Lawyers from Cleveland
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Lawyers who have represented the United States government
People associated with Gibson Dunn
Trump administration cabinet members
United States Department of Labor officials
University of Chicago Law School alumni
United States Secretaries of Labor
University of Virginia alumni
Washington, D.C., Republicans
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Scalia |
Olesko Castle (, ) is located within the borders of present-day Zolochiv Raion in Ukraine. The first historical records of the castle are in a document dated 1390, when Pope Boniface IX gave Olesko and Tustan to a Catholic bishop of Halych. It is located about seventy-five kilometers from Lviv, the largest city in western Ukraine.
Location
Olesko Castle, oval in shape, stands on top of a small hill, about fifty meters in height. A moat and a wall surrounds it, which serves as a defence for the castle. The castle is also surrounded by a dense swamp. The land that the castle sat on changed ownership many times. It was originally on the border of land of Volhynia and land of Lviv.
The castle was, at different times, owned by Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary. It became a political landmark in the 14th century when movable borders between the three aforementioned countries ran through its territory. Battles for ownership of the castle were constant. A deep well in the basement of the castle was used as an escape route for besieged prisoners.
Inhabitants
In the 15th century, the castle was changed from being a defense point, to simply a getaway for aristocracy.
In 1605, the castle was bought by the nobleman Jan Daniłowicz h. Sas, a wealthy local landowner and Voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. It was then sold to the family of Koniecpolski. The new owners, whose main residence was in Zhovkva, treated the castle poorly, and only in 1682 the castle was renovated by Jan III Sobieski, who bought the complex from Stanislaw Koniecpolski for 400,000 zlotys. In early 18th century, Olesko was bought by the family of Rzewuski, and its collection of antiques was moved to another castle the Rzewuscy owned, Pidhirtsi Castle.
The castle is perhaps most famous for being the birthplace of the Polish king Jan III Sobieski, the hero of the Battle of Vienna. He often lived there, and collected many of the artworks displayed in the present-day museum. Another Polish king, King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, was also born here. It is also said that Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, the most prominent leaders of Ukrainian Cossacks spent his childhood years here.
Restorations
The castle was restored in the late 16th to the early 17th centuries. Paintings and mosaics were brought in to decorate the different rooms of the castle. The castle was remodeled in the Italian Renaissance style, which was popular at that time.
In 1838, an earthquake rocked the castle, partly destroying some areas. In 1882, the castle, regarded as a Polish national monument was bought by the Committee of Preservation of the Olesko Castle, which led to a restoration in 1892. Both World War I and World War II affected the castle negatively, undoing previous restoration work. In 1956, the castle was struck by lightning.
The castle was restored again, beginning in 1961 and lasting until 1985. Today, it is a museum, displaying the collections of antique furnishings and art dating from the 16th-17th centuries. It also features sculptures, paintings, still lives, applied arts, tapestries, period weapons, and objects used in everyday life at the time. Its collection is regarded as one of the richest treasury of Polish art outside borders of Poland.
The castle is a part of the "Golden Horseshoe", a ring of three castles nearby each other: Olesko, Pidhirtsi, and Zolochiv Castles.
See also
List of castles in Ukraine
Reference
External links
Olesko Castle at the Wilanów Palace Museum
Medieval restaurant Hrydnytsya inside Olesko castle
lvivecotour.com – Olesko Castle Tour in English
Olesko
Royal residences in Ukraine
Buildings and structures in Lviv Oblast
Museums in Lviv Oblast
Historic house museums in Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olesko%20Castle |
The deputy secretary of the treasury of the United States advises and assists the Secretary of the Treasury in the supervision and direction of the Department of the Treasury and its activities, and succeeds the Secretary in the secretary's absence, sickness, or unavailability. The Deputy Secretary plays a primary role in the formulation and execution of Treasury policies and programs in all aspects of the Department's activities.
In addition, the Deputy Secretary is the only official other than the secretary who can sign a Treasury order, which is a document that delegates authority residing in the secretary or Deputy Secretary to another Treasury official, establishes Treasury policy, and establishes the reporting relationships and supervision of officials. Former deputy secretaries include Roger Altman, Lawrence Summers, Stuart E. Eizenstat, Kenneth W. Dam, and Samuel Bodman.
The office of Deputy Secretary is the successor of the "Under Secretary of the Treasury", the former chief deputy to the secretary. Today, several officials hold the title of "Under Secretary" of the Treasury. Among those who served as under secretary when it was the number-two position in the department include Dean Acheson, Henry Morgenthau Jr., John W. Hanes II, and O. Max Gardner (1946–1947).
The prior Deputy Secretary was Justin Muzinich. President Donald Trump announced his nomination of Muzinich on March 13, 2018. The nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on a vote of 55–44.
The current Deputy Secretary is Wally Adeyemo, who is serving in the Biden administration and is the first African American Deputy Secretary of the Treasury.
List of deputy secretaries of the treasury
Status
References
Deputy Secretary
Treasury | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Deputy%20Secretary%20of%20the%20Treasury |
IRES may refer to:
Internal ribosome entry site
IBM Retail Environment for SUSE, a Point-of-Sale operating system solution
Irish Residential Properties REIT | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRES |
Vinger Royal Road (Eskoleia) was the historical name of an ancient route in southern Norway. Historically Eskoleia was one of the most important traffic arteries between Norway and Sweden. It provided an established road leading both north and south from the Swedish border.
After the canonization of Saint Olaf in 1031, Eskoleia became an important pilgrim’s route from Sweden. During the early medieval period, pilgrims traveled to the shrine of St. Olaf at Trondheim. In Koppom in Eda Municipality, there was an old chapel site from pilgrimage hikes to Nidaros, with cross and altar called Eskoleia Uligama. From Sweden, Eskoleia went from Vingulmark (the land south and east of the Oslo Fjord) over Raumariki along Glomma further over Sør-Odal and Vinger to Eidskog.
The road has also been important militarily and the route of several invasions throughout history. The last time the Swedish forces attacked by way of Eidskog was in 1814 when Maj. Gen. Carl Pontus Gahn crossed the border and marched towards Kongsvinger Fortress.
The importance of the route was strengthened with the opening in 1862 of Grensebanen, the Kongsvinger Railway Line which connected Oslo to Stockholm. Today Riksvei 2 runs between Kløfta in Innlandet county and the border with Sweden via Kongsvinger. In Sweden, the road continues as Riksväg 61. The road is one of the most used routes between Oslo and Sweden.
See also
St. Olav’s Way
Battle of Matrand
References
Other sources
Rastad, Per Erik (1982) Kongsvinger festnings historie. Krigsårene 1807–1814
Rastad, Per Erik (2004) Sju dramatiske år - Ufredstid i Glåmdalsdistriktet 1807–1814
Old roads of Norway
Pilgrimage routes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinger%20Royal%20Road |
Kubusia Puchatka Street (Polish: ulica Kubusia Puchatka) is a street in Warsaw, Poland named after Winnie-the-Pooh, known in Polish translations as Kubuś Puchatek. It was built in the first half of the 1950s, where the ruins of annexes’ buildings used to stand.
The street is long, and in some parts it is wide. It is intended to be a walking path to provide relief from crowds of the Nowy Świat Street.
The whole street is built up with four-story buildings with shops on the ground floor.
Two rows of lime trees transported from Szczecin were planted along the street in 1954. The street building's project is a work of architect Zygmunt Stepiṅski and architecture students from Warsaw University of Technology.
The name of the street was chosen in the competition by readers of Express Wieczorny in 1954.
On the north end of the street, next to its intersection with Świętokrzyska Street, is the Warsaw Metro station M2 Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet.
References
Kubusia Puchatka
Winnie-the-Pooh
Śródmieście Północne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubusia%20Puchatka%20Street%2C%20Warsaw |
Queer Boys and Girls on the Shinkansen is a 2004 Japanese movie produced by habakari-cinema+records. The English title is Queer Boys and Girls on the Bullet Train.
Description
Queer Boys and Girls on the Shinkansen brings together ten filmmakers and artists who consistently affirm what it means to be gay or lesbian in their work. Habakari chose ten filmmakers to make a five-minute work each, developed around a gay or lesbian theme, and compiled the resulting shorts in random order to create this omnibus film. The result is a queer film, by queer filmmakers, for a queer audience. Each short is its own short story, and the styles range from drama and experimental film and animation.
Acts
The movie consists of twelve acts.
00 - Opening Act, "Let's Take a Trip".
01 - "Parallel Contact", written and directed by Hasegawa Kenjiro.
02 - "I Hum, and She's Dashing When She Walks", written and directed by iri.
03 - "Key", directed by Kang Yen-Nien.
04 - "Wrap! Rap! -10cs3-", written and directed by Woolala Satoko (うらら さとこ).
05 - "Juicy!", written and directed by JohnJ Heart.
06 - "Techniques for Deadly Blows in 199X", written, directed, and animated by Takasaki Keiichi.
07 - "Machi27", directed by Hirai Yuko.
08 - "I Want You to Kiss Me", written and directed by Imaizumi Koichi.
09 - "One Brilliant Moment", directed by Taguchi Hiroki.
10 - "Bye-Bye 'Over the Rainbow'", written and directed by Akira the Hustler.
11 - "Closing Act"
External links
The Producer's webpage
2004 films
2000s Japanese-language films
Japanese LGBT-related films
2000s Japanese films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer%20Boys%20and%20Girls%20on%20the%20Shinkansen |
Michael Hurd may refer to:
Michael Hurd (composer) (1928–2006), English composer
Michael Hurd (priest) (born 1944), Dean of Nelson
Michael Hurd (runner), road runner and winner of the Reading Half Marathon in 1984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Hurd |
The Saxon Garden () is a 15.5–hectare public garden in central (Śródmieście) Warsaw, Poland, facing Piłsudski Square. It is the oldest public park in the city. Founded in the late 17th century, it was opened to the public in 1727 as one of the first publicly accessible parks in the world.
History
The Saxon Garden was originally the site of Warsaw fortifications, "Sigismund's Ramparts," and of a palace built in 1666 for the powerful aristocrat, Jan Andrzej Morsztyn. The garden was extended in the reign of King Augustus II, who attached it to the "Saxon Axis", a line of parks and palaces linking the western outskirts of Warsaw with the Vistula River.
The park of the adjoining Saxon Palace was opened to the public on 27 May 1727. It became a public park before Versailles (1791), the Pavlovsk Palace, Peterhof Palace and Summer Garden (1918), Villa d'Este (1920), Kuskovo (1939), Stourhead (1946), Sissinghurst (1967), Stowe (1990), Vaux-le-Vicomte (1990s), and most other world-famous parks and gardens.
Initially a Baroque French-style park, in the 19th century it was turned into a Romantic English-style landscape park. Destroyed during and after the Warsaw Uprising, it was partly reconstructed after World War II.
Features
18th century
The garden was a typical example of the Baroque extension of formal vistas inspired by the park of Versailles. The park starts from the back façade of the palace, flanking a long alley with many sculptures. The central avenue lead directly to the palace, as was usual in French parks of the era.
Following the completion of the Saxon Palace, the surroundings were included in the structure. The Brühl Palace and The Blue Palace, as well as the pavilion known as The Great Salon, were all raised or rebuilt during the initial construction of Saxon Establishment during the reign of Augustus II. A baroque flower garden with pieces of turf, flower beds, hedges and trees was created. These gardens extended the central axis of a symmetrical building façade in rigorously symmetrical axial designs of patterned parterres, gravel walks and formally planted bosquets. The parterres were laid out from 1713 by Joachim Heinrich Schultze and Gothard Paul Thörl from 1735.
Saxon Palace. A vast palace complex according to Tylman van Gameren's design arose here between 1661 and 1664 for Jan Andrzej Morsztyn. In 1669 the palace was rebuilt and enlarged. The main break was enhanced and a two galleries ended with a double-storied pavillons were added to the palace's alcoves. In 1713 the building was purchased by King Augustus II, who started to repurchase surrounding freeholds and demolishing the buildings. Reconstruction of the palace establishment and creating of the Saxon Axis passed through three distinct stages – from 1713 to the 1720s according to Carl Friedrich Pöppelmann's and Joachim Daniel von Jauch's design, secondly to 1733 and completion in 1748 by Augustus III "the Corpulent". The palace was remodeled in 1842. During World War II, the Saxon Palace was blown up by the Germans after the collapse of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944.
Brühl Palace, former palace of Jerzy Ossoliński, was rebuilt between 1681 and 1697 by Tylman van Gameren. Purchased by Heinrich von Brühl in 1750, on his request it was reconstructed by Johann Friedrich Knöbel and Joachim Daniel von Jauch between 1754 and 1759. The two outbuildings were built in that time and put together with the palace. Later another two outbuildings were added and weaved together by an enclosure decorated with sculptures. The central limb of the building was enhanced and covered with a mansard roof. During 1932–37 the palace was adapted for use as the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the new Polish Republic. It was deliberately destroyed by the Germans on December 18, 1944.
Sandstone statues, a part of the rich collection of sculptures removed to Saint Petersburg after recapturing the city by Marshal Suvorov in 1794, and placed in the Summer Garden. According to the 1745 plan of the Saxon Garden there were 70 postuments in the garden, and in 1797 there were only 37 sculptures left; only 20 of them have been preserved until our times. Four of these sculptures were completely destroyed during the blowing up of the Saxon Palace in 1944, but they were later reconstructed. Included are groups of sculptures, including Arithmetic, Astronomy, Bacchus, Flora, Geography, two sculptures identified as Glory, Instruct, Intelligence, Intellect, Justice, Medicine, Military Architecture, Painting, Poetry, Rationality, Science, Sculpture, Venus and Winter. They were generally made before 1745 by anonymous Warsaw sculptors under the direction of Johann Georg Plersch.
The Great Salon, situated on the axis in the center of a Saxon Garden, was intended simply to provide a suitable end to the main garden axis. It was constructed after 1720 according to Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann's design. The building was opened to the garden by semicircular porte-fenêtres and oculi. A terrace above the ground level of the building was enclosed by an attic decorated with vases; also, two outhouses from both sides were added. The Great Salon was demolished in 1817.
Operalnia, the 500-seat opera house, was opened in 1748. It was built under the architect Carl Friedrich Pöppelmann and modelled on the Small Theatre in Dresden, built by Christoph Bayer in 1687. The interior was decorated in a heavy, sumptuous baroque style by the court artists. On November 19, 1765, in Operalnia, the actors of The Majesty put on the premiere of ’s Intruders (Natręci), a comedy which was a loose adaptation of a play by Molière. Since the acting team had all the features of a fully professional and national group (they performed in Polish and earned their living through acting), November 19 is the anniversary of the establishment of the National Theatre. The National stage belonged to the elements of the educational and cultural reform programme in the falling Republic of Poland, prepared by King Stanisław August Poniatowski. Over decades this theatre, taking care of the works of Polish playwrights, was the ground on which the cultural development of Polish people thrived. The building was demolished in 1772.
The Blue Palace. It takes its name from the colour of the roof. the palace was purchased by King Augustus II for his daughter Anna Karolina Orzelska from bishop Teodor Andrzej Potocki. The palace was rebuilt in 1726 by Joachim Daniel von Jauch and Johann Sigmund Deybel. The King wanted to offer it to Anna as a Christmas present. In six weeks, the palace was renovated by 300 masons and craftsmen working night and day. The courtyard, encompassed by a walled enclosure, had two gates. Column galleries were situated on both sides of the garden façade. A backside garden (integral part of the Saxon Garden) and a cascade fountain were designed by Carl Friedrich Pöppelmann. Since 1811, it has been the property of the Zamoyski family which remodeled it in a late Neoclassical style. The palace was rebuilt after the war devastations.
The Church of St. Anthony of Padua and Reformed Franciscan Monastery was founded in 1623 in gratitude for the capture of Smolensk on June 13, 1611 (Liturgical Feasts of Saint Anthony of Padua) by Sigismund III Vasa and dedicated on May 13, 1635. This church was heavily damaged during the Deluge by the Transylvanian army of George II Rákóczi. The new church was founded by Castellan Stanisław Leszczyc-Skarszewski. Work began in 1668 following the plan of Józef Szymon Bellotti. In 1734, the church became the parish church of the royal court in the Saxon Palace. The king ordered a special loge for him and his wife to be built on the left side of the presbytery (1734–35), and the royal sculptor Johann Georg Plersch created the sculptures inside. The church was partly destroyed during the Warsaw Uprising.
The Iron Gate was a part of The Saxon Establishment, which itself had a shape of a pentagon covered an area of around 17 ha. The gate was constructed according to Joachim Daniel von Jauch's design after 1735, together with other buildings of the Saxon Axis border, like Mounted Crown Guards barracks, a wall with bastions from the south and west, or the Blue Palace. It was embellished with cartouches with Polish and Lithuanian coats of arms. The gate was demolished in 1821.
View of The Saxon Establishment from the north painted by Bernardo Bellotto il Canaletto of 1764 shows a main entrance to the palace from Wielopole with The Iron Gate and the 21 m-high garden gloriette, so-called Great Salon.
19th and 20th centuries
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, dedicated to the unknown soldiers who have given their lives for Poland. It is one of many such national tombs of unknowns that were erected after World War I, as well as the most important national symbols of bravery and heroism. In 1925, architect Stanisław Ostrowski produced a design to be located under the arcades of the Saxon Palace in Warsaw. The triple arch of the Tomb is the only remnant of the Saxon Palace colonnade. Here official delegations place wreaths and pay homage to the killed soldiers. The tomb has a change of guards every hour.
Fountain, with an elaborately carved plaque resting on a shell form basin supported by a scrolled bracket, is often used by dating couples as their meeting place. It was established in 1855. The fountain is the centrepiece of gardens designed by the 19th-century designer Henryk Marconi and also one of the most precious urban symbols of Warsaw.
Marble sundial, an 1863 horizontal sundial, is situated close to the big fountain in the centre of the park. It was established by the significant physicist and meteorologist Antoni Szeliga Magier (1762–1837).
Water Tower, in the northwest part of the Saxon Garden, is situated by the ornamental lake surrounded by willows. This classicist water tower in the shape of a Roman monopteros was modelled on the Temple of Vesta in Tivoli. It was designed in 1852 by the architect Henryk Marconi.
Summer Theatre, a popular summer variéte theatre, existed between 1870 and 1939. It was under Stanisław Moniuszko's "rule" at the Teatr Wielki that the wooden Summer Theatre was built in the Saxon Garden, between the Water Tower building and the Blue Palace by Aleksander Zabierzowski. From then on, summer performances from the Warsaw theatres were shown there every year. At the time, the Summer Theatre could seat an audience of 1,065. Helena Modjeska and Pola Negri made several appearance there. The theatre burned in September 1939 following a direct hit by an incendiary bomb and was never restored.
Palm House, modeled after Victorian glass and iron structures in England, was built in 1894. It was created specifically for the exotic palms being collected and introduced to Europe in the 19th century. The elegant design, with its unobstructed space for the spreading crowns of the tall palms, was a perfect marriage of form and function. The structure was destroyed during the Warsaw Uprising and Planned destruction of Warsaw and was never restored.
The Monument dedicated to Maria Konopnicka, famous Polish poet and writer mainly for children and youth, was unveiled in 1965.
The Statue of Stefan Starzyński, leader of the fighting capital during the Siege of Warsaw, was added in 1981.
See also
Saxon Palace
References
External links
sztuka.net
Urban public parks
Parks in Warsaw
Gardens in Poland
Parks in Poland
1727 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Śródmieście Północne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon%20Garden |
The International Fritz Kreisler Competition is a violin competition dedicated to the memory of violinist and composer Fritz Kreisler.
Founded in 1979, it is carried out every four years in Vienna, Austria. It is limited to violinists of or under 30 years of age. To avoid favoritism, the members of the jury may not enter their own students in the contest.
Required repertoire
Preliminaries
J. S. Bach: the first two movements of a solo sonata, the first four movements of a partita, or the Ciaccona (of the Second Partita)
A caprice by Paganini, Wieniawski, or Ernst
F. Kreisler: Recitative and Scherzo-Caprice
Semifinal
G. Tartini: Devil's Trill Sonata with the Kreisler cadenza or
F. Kreisler: Praeludium and Allegro or
F. Kreisler: Variations on a Theme by Corelli
A composition for violin and piano of the "Viennese school" from the 18th to the 20th century (Viennese classic, Brahms, R. Strauss, Schönberg, Webern, Krenek, etc.)
A modern composition of the 20th century (violin/piano or violin solo) from a composer of the participant's home country
A virtuoso composition of free choice (violin/piano or violin solo)
One of Fritz Kreisler's short compositions or arrangements as an encore (e.g. Caprice Viennois, Tambourin Chinois, Liebesleid, Liebesfreud, Spanish Dance, Syncopation etc.)
Final
A violin concerto of the 19th or 20th century (the earliest accepted being Beethoven) with a Kreisler cadenza if possible
Most of these pieces must be played by memory.
Finalists, laureates and winners
External links
http://www.fritzkreisler.com
References
Violin competitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Fritz%20Kreisler%20Competition |
King of Shadows is a children's historical novel by Susan Cooper published in 1999 by Penguin In the United Kingdom, it was a finalist for both the Carnegie Medal and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize.
Plot
Nathan 'Nat' Field is a young boy from Greenville, North Carolina. He was recruited by Arby, a diligent play producer (who can come off rude), to join the Company of boys. They intend on reenacting A Midsummer's Night's Dream and Julius Caesar in London, at the re-built Globe theatre, just as they had done in Shakespeare's time. He is chosen to be Puck in a Midsummer Night's Dream and Pindarus in Julius Caesar. As he was going to their first rehearsal he feels odd and can smell some foul stench. He returns to the house in which he was staying with a family and he feels ill and goes to bed early. He wakes up in a different room with a boy he doesn't recognise talking to him in a heavy Elizabethan accent. He says he thought he had the plague and is relieved to see him better. He realises he travelled back 400 years in time, to the year 1599, when the Globe Theatre was first built. He meets William Shakespeare and acts with him in the play he had rehearsed for in his own time, and experiences theater as it was originally intended. Before he knows it, he is back in the hospital bed, awake and unsure whether what he experienced was real. Later, Rachel Levin and Gil Warmun, his co-actors from the present time, try to find out who he was 400 years ago.
Synopsis
Nathan Field, a talented young actor, arrives at the newly rebuilt Globe theatre in London to play Puck in A 'Midsummer's Night's dream. As rehearsals begin, eerie echoes of the past begin to haunt Nat and he falls ill with a mysterious sickness.
When he wakes, Nat finds himself in 1599, an actor at the original Globe - and his co-star is none other than the King of Shadows himself: William Shakespeare.
Nat's new life is full of excitement, danger, and the passionate friendship that he has longed for since the tragic death of his parents. But why has he been sent to the past - and is he trapped there forever?
Characters
Nathan 'Nat' Field, the main character of the story.
1999
Arby,
Gil Warmun,
Rachel Levin,
Mr. Fisher,
Aunt Jen,
Pudding Face,
Eric,
Ferdie,
David Roper,
Ray Danza,
Joe Wilson,
Alan Wong.
1599
Richard Burbage,
William Shakespeare,
Roper,
Queen Elizabeth I,
Will Kempe,
Richard Mulcaster,
Harry,
Sam and Henry Condell
Characters as characters in the play
1999
Nat Field as Puck.
Gil Warmun as Oberon.
David Roper (Roper) as Bottom.
Ray Danza as Theseus.
Joe Wilson as Hippolyta.
Alan Wong as Titania.
Eric as Mustard-Seed.
Adaptations
King of Shadows was adapted for the stage in 2005 and first performed by the New York State Theatre Institute (NYSTI) starring P. J. Verhoest as Nat, David Bunce as Shakespeare, John Romeo as Burbage, and Aaron Marquise as Roper.
See also
Shakespearean English
Time travel in fiction
References
External links
—immediately, first UK edition
Novels by Susan Cooper
British children's novels
Children's historical novels
Novels about time travel
Novels set in Tudor England
Novels set in London
Novels about actors
2005 plays
1999 British novels
1999 children's books
The Bodley Head books
Margaret K. McElderry books
Children's books set in London
Children's books set in the 1590s
Children's books about time travel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20of%20Shadows |
David Poole may refer to:
David Poole (artist), portrait painter, see Andrew Huxley
David Poole (dancer) (1925–1991), South African ballet dancer
David Poole (footballer) (born 1984), English footballer
David Poole (judge) (1938–2006), English High Court judge
David Poole (researcher), artificial intelligence and machine learning researcher at University of British Columbia
David C. Poole (born 1959), British-American physiologist
See also
David Pole (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Poole |
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Sri Lanka.
However, there have been no executions since 23 June 1976, although death sentences were handed down continuously by the High and Supreme Courts for murder and drug trafficking convictions. The government decided to reinstate capital punishment in 2004 for cases of rape, drug trafficking and murder after the assassination of High Court judge Sarath Ambepitiya. Perjury that results in execution of an innocent person, treason, armed robbery, some military offences and certain crimes committed with the use of a gun (such as kidnapping, extortion, human trafficking, assault on a public servant) can also result in the death penalty.
History
The death penalty has a long history in Sri Lanka. The British restricted the death penalty after they took control of the island in 1815 to the crimes of murder and "waging war against the King."
After independence, then Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike abolished capital punishment in 1956. However, it was quickly reintroduced after his assassination in 1959. Opposition to the death penalty started to become increasingly widespread and the United National Party government modified the use of it in its 1978 rewrite of the constitution. Under the new arrangement, death sentences could only be carried out if authorised by the trial judge, the Attorney General and the Minister of Justice. If there was no agreement, the sentence was to be commuted to life imprisonment. The sentence was also to be ratified by the President. This clause effectively ended executions. The last execution in Sri Lanka took place in 1976.
In March 1999, after spurts of violence near the end of her first term in office, Chandrika Kumaratunga stated that the government would be reintroducing the death penalty. However, she was forced to back down in the face of overwhelming public protest. The issue hung in the balance, with all death sentences from then on being neither commuted to life nor carried out. After discussions were held regarding the matter, the motion that commuted all death sentences to life in prison was revoked in January 2001.
On 19 November 2004, High Court Judge Sarath Ambepitiya was gunned down as he arrived home from work. He had a reputation for handing out tough sentences. The assassination immediately prompted Kumaratunga to effectively reinstate capital punishment.
With the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War the country saw a sharp rise in child abuse, rape, murder and drug trafficking, prompting some lawyers and politicians to call for the reinstatement of the death penalty. Newly elected President Maithripala Sirisena, in 2015, said he supports a dialogue on the introduction of the death penalty should it be approved by Parliament. The statement coming after a series of high-profile incidents of rape, killing and sexual abuse.
The death penalty, if put into action, would be carried out by hanging in the gallows situated in Colombo. As of 2015, there are 1,116 convicts on death row.
In 2018, it was reported that Sri Lanka is going to reinstate capital punishment for drug dealers. President Maithripala Sirisena told the government, which earlier had unanimously backed the reinstatement of capital punishment, that he “was ready to sign the death warrants”. In February 2019, he told parliament that the death penalty for convicted drug offenders would be reinstated within two months. On 26 June, President Maithripala Sirisena signed death warrants with the execution dates for four convicts with drug-related offences, the first time that executions were ordered in 43 years. According to the president's office, the executions are meant to be a powerful message to those involved in drug trafficking. In June 2019, the first two hangmen in 43 years were hired. The country's president has also demanded the capital punishment for those responsible of the Easter Sunday attacks in the country.
Notable cases
Maru Sira, criminal who gained fame through many daring prison escapes, executed by hanging on 7 August 1975. Originally he was sentenced to death in absentia for killing of a man in March 1974. The night before his execution, prison guards gave him Largactil in strong dosage in an attempt to prevent him escaping, but this caused him to collapse and his hanging was botched because the short fall caused by his slumped position, caused him to strangle to death instead of breaking his neck and killing him instantly
Talduwe Somarama, a Buddhist monk responsible for the assassination of S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike in 1959. He was executed by hanging on 6 July 1962. A fortnight before his execution, he gave up his robes, and two days before, he was baptised by an Anglican priest
See also
Law of Sri Lanka
Judiciary of Sri Lanka
Human rights in Sri Lanka
References
Sri Lanka
Law enforcement in Sri Lanka
Death in Sri Lanka
Human rights abuses in Sri Lanka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital%20punishment%20in%20Sri%20Lanka |
Murong Bao (; 355–398), courtesy name Daoyou (道佑), Xianbei name Kugou (庫勾), formally Emperor Huimin of (Later) Yan ((後)燕惠愍帝), temple name Liezong (烈宗) or Liezu (烈祖), was an emperor of the Xianbei-led Chinese Later Yan dynasty. He inherited from his father Murong Chui (Emperor Wucheng) a sizable empire but lost most of it within a span of a year, and would be dead in less than three, a victim of a rebellion by his granduncle Lan Han. Historians largely attributed this to his irresolution and inability to judge military and political decisions. While Later Yan would last for one more decade after his death, it would never regain the power it had under Murong Chui.
Prior to Later Yan's establishment
Murong Bao was Murong Chui's fourth son, by his first wife Princess Duan while he was the Prince of Wu under his brother Murong Jun (Emperor Jingzhao of Former Yan). He was initially not his father's heir apparent—his older brother Murong Ling (慕容令), also born of Princess Duan, was. He lost his mother in 358 after she died in prison after being falsely accused of witchcraft against Murong Jun and his wife Empress Kezuhun. After Murong Chui fell into suspicion by Empress Dowager Kezuhun and the regent Murong Ping in 369 during the reign of Murong Jun's son Murong Wei, Murong Bao was among the members of Murong Chui's household who fled with him to Former Qin. After his brother Murong Ling fell into a trap set by Former Qin's prime minister Wang Meng (who did not trust Murong Chui or his sons) into defecting back to Former Yan and was subsequently killed, Murong Bao became his father's heir apparent.
In his young age, Murong Bao was not known for his abilities or ambitions, but for favoring flatterers. At one point he served as a commandery governor. In 383, he was a mid-level commander in the Former Qin army that set out to conquer Jin and reunite China but was defeated at the Battle of Fei River. When, after the army collapsed, the Former Qin emperor Fu Jiān fled to Murong Chui's army (which remained intact), Murong Bao tried to persuade his father to kill Fu Jiān and declare a rebellion, but Murong Chui declined. Around the new year 384, however, when Murong Chui had, after being sent by Fu Jiān on a mission to pacify the northeastern empire, become set to rebel instead, Murong Bao was involved in his first act of rebellion—massacring the Di soldiers that Murong Chui's deputy, Fu Feilong (苻飛龍), commanded. In spring 384, after Murong Chui claimed the title Prince of Yan, effectively declaring independence from Former Qin, he created Murong Bao crown prince.
During Murong Chui's reign
As crown prince, Murong Bao became known as a studious learner and talented writer, and because of this and his careful cultivation of relationships with Murong Chui's servants and officials, his father saw him as a good successor, keeping him in that status despite how he favored the military abilities of his other sons Murong Nong the Prince of Liaoxi, Murong Long the Prince of Gaoyang, and Murong Lin the Prince of Zhao. (At one point, when Murong Chui's wise wife Empress Duan Yuanfei (Murong Bao's cousin) reminded him that Murong Bao lacked abilities and that Murong Nong or Murong Long would make a more appropriate successor, he, not believing her judgment, compared her derogatorily to Li Ji, the wife of Duke Xian of Jin of the Spring and Autumn period, who falsely accused crown prince Shensheng of crimes and had him killed.) As the years went by, Murong Bao was typically guarding the capital Zhongshan (中山, in modern Baoding, Hebei) as his father waged campaigns, and he appeared to serve in this role competently. In 388, when he was 33 and Murong Chui was 62, Murong Chui transferred most of the imperial authority to him, only retaining decision power over the most important matters.
In 391, Murong Bao was, in all likelihood, involved in an incident that would fatefully lead to the breakup in relations with Later Yan's vassal Northern Wei. That year, Northern Wei's prince Tuoba Gui sent his brother Tuoba Gu (拓拔觚) to offer a tribute to Later Yan. Traditional historians record that Murong Chui's sons and brothers (plural, but by this point would be led by Murong Bao) detained Tuoba Gu and demanded that Tuoba Gui ransom him by offering horses. Tuoba Gui refused, and Tuoba Gu was not permitted to leave, and the relationship between Later Yan and Northern Wei was gone. Tuoba Gui entered into an alliance with Western Yan, and later, even after Western Yan was destroyed by Later Yan in 393, continued to harass Later Yan's border lands. In 395, Murong Bao, along with his brothers Murong Nong and Murong Lin, led an 80,000-men expedition that was intended to punish Northern Wei for its recalcitrance—but one that would have fateful consequences for Later Yan.
Tuoba Gui, hearing about Murong Bao's army, abandoned his capital Shengle (盛樂, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) and retreated west across the Yellow River. Murong Bao's army quickly reached the river in fall 395 and prepared to cross the river. However, by this point, Northern Wei scouts had cut off the line of communication between Murong Bao's army and the Later Yan capital Zhongshan, and Northern Wei had the captured Later Yan messengers declare that Murong Chui had already died, causing great disturbance in the Later Yan army. The Later Yan and Northern Wei forces stalemated across the Yellow River for 20 odd days, when Murong Lin's followers tried to start a coup and support Murong Lin as new leader, and while the coup failed, uncertainty fell on Later Yan forces. As winter came, Later Yan forces retreated and, not realizing that the Yellow River would freeze to allow Northern Wei forces to cross easily, Murong Bao left no rearguard as he retreated. Tuoba Gui personally gave chase, catching Later Yan forces unprepared at the Battle of Canhe Slope, killing or capturing nearly the entire Later Yan army, and only Murong Bao and a number of officers escaped. Tuoba Gui, fearful of the Later Yan captives, slaughtered them.
In 396, concerned that Northern Wei would then view Murong Bao lightly, Murong Chui personally led another expedition against Northern Wei, initially successful and killing Tuoba Gui's cousin Tuoba Qian (拓拔虔). However, as the army reached Canhe Slope, the soldiers cried out loud for their fathers and brothers, and Murong Chui became angry and ill, forcing the Later Yan forces to retreat to Zhongshan. He soon died, and Murong Bao succeeded him as emperor.
Reign
One of the first things that Murong Bao did as emperor was forcing his stepmother Duan Yuanfei to commit suicide, still resentful that she advised his father to remove him as crown prince. However, he still buried her with his father, with imperial honors.
Murong Bao also faced a succession issue. His son Murong Hui the Duke of Qinghe was most favored by Murong Chui and considered the most capable, and when Murong Chui waged his last campaign, he put Murong Hui in charge of the old Former Yan capital, the important city of Longcheng (龍城, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning). As Murong Chui was on his deathbed, he further told Murong Bao to make Murong Hui his crown prince, but Murong Bao favored his young son Murong Ce (慕容策) the Duke of Puyang, and did not favor Murong Hui. Further, Murong Sheng the Duke of Changle, who was slightly older than Murong Hui, also did not want Murong Hui to be crown prince, and so also encouraged Murong Bao to create Murong Ce crown prince. Murong Bao did so in fall 396, and created Murong Hui and Murong Sheng princes. Murong Hui was displeased and secretly considered rebellion.
Murong Bao had more immediate pressing concerns, however. In fall 396 as well, Tuoba Gui led his Northern Wei troops and made a surprise attack on Bing Province (并州, modern central and northern Shanxi), defeating Murong Nong and forcing him to flee back to Zhongshan. Tuoba Gui then advanced east, ready to attack Zhongshan. Accepting Murong Lin's suggestion, Murong Bao prepared to defend Zhongshan, leaving the Northern Wei forces free to roam over his territory, believing that Northern Wei would retreat once its forces are worn out. However, this had the effect that all of the cities' garrisons in modern Hebei abandoned them, except for Zhongshan and two other important cities -- Yecheng and Xindu (信都, in modern Hengshui, Hebei). After making an initial attack against Zhongshan and failing, Tuoba Gui changed his tactic to establishing his rule over the other cities while leaving Zhongshan alone. In spring 397, Xindu fell. Meanwhile, however, Tuoba Gui had received news of a rebellion near his capital Shengle and offered peace—which Murong Bao rejected, and Murong Bao attacked Northern Wei forces as Tuoba Gui prepared to retreat, but instead was defeated by Tuoba Gui at great loss. Murong Long offered to lead the remaining forces in Zhongshan in a battle against Northern Wei and Murong Bao agreed, but Murong Bao then vacillated and eventually, because Murong Lin opposed, cancelled the plan. He also vacillated between whether to accept a proposal to return Tuoba Gu to Northern Wei and ceding Bing Province for peace. When Murong Lin subsequently rebelled, Murong Bao worried that Murong Lin would seize Murong Hui's troops (which were then advancing toward Zhongshan to relieve it, but due to Murong Hui's continued resentment was advancing slowly), and so decided to abandon Zhongshan to head for Longcheng. Murong Long agreed with the plan, but outlined to Murong Bao the reasons, once at Longcheng he should not head back south for a long time. Murong Bao agreed, and they abandoned Zhongshan to join Murong Hui's forces.
Murong Hui, meanwhile, on the way back to Longcheng, considered seizing power by force and finally resolved to do so. He sent assassins to kill Murong Long and Murong Nong (believing that the two uncles posed the most military threat to him), but was only successful in killing Murong Long. Murong Bao and Murong Nong's forces quickly fled to Longcheng, and Murong Hui subsequently put Longcheng under siege. Under a surprise attack led by Gao Yun, however, Murong Hui's forces collapsed, and he fled back to Zhongshan, where the remaining garrison was under the leadership of Murong Bao's cousin Murong Xiang (慕容詳) the Duke of Kaifeng. Murong Xiang killed him. Meanwhile, Murong Bao adopted Gao Yun as his own son and created him the Duke of Xiyang.
As Murong Bao settled in at Longcheng, Zhongshan and Yecheng lost contact with him. Murong Xiang declared himself emperor, but was soon defeated and killed by Murong Lin, who also declared himself emperor. However, he was soon defeated by Northern Wei forces, and he fled to Yecheng and, giving up his imperial title, persuaded Murong Bao's uncle Murong De, the defender of Yecheng, to abandon it and head south of the Yellow River to Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Henan). Murong De did so, and once at Huatai, in spring 398, he effectively declared independence by claiming the title Prince of Yan and changing era name, establishing Southern Yan. Meanwhile, not knowing this and having received Murong De's earlier report requesting that he return to the south, Murong Bao prepared a campaign to recover lost territory, against Murong Nong and Murong Sheng's pleas that the army was already worn out.
As soon as Murong Bao left Longcheng, however, his general Duan Sugu (段速骨) started a rebellion, and the army abandoned Murong Bao, who immediately fled back to Longcheng. Meanwhile, Duan, having forced Murong Long's son Murong Chong (慕容崇) the Prince of Gaoyang as leader, besieged Longcheng. Even with secret help from Lan Han the Prince of Dunqiu—Murong Chui's uncle—however, Duan was initially unsuccessful, until Murong Nong inexplicably surrendered to him, destroying morale and causing Longcheng to fall. Murong Bao and Murong Sheng fled south and, in the confusion, Lan took over Longcheng and offered to receive Murong Bao back. Murong Bao, who had reached Jicheng (modern Beijing) by this point, wanted to head back, but Murong Sheng persuaded to try to head south to seek aid from Murong De, not realizing that Murong De had declared independence. Once they reached the vicinity of Huatai, however, they heard about how Murong De had assumed imperial powers and therefore fled back north. Many cities on the way offered to coalesce around Murong Bao to start a new resistance against Northern Wei, but Murong Bao resolved to head back to Longcheng. Murong Sheng, suspecting that Lan Han was up to no good, tried to persuade Murong Bao otherwise, but was unable to get him to change his mind, and Murong Sheng fled and hid.
When Murong Bao approached Longcheng in early summer 398, Lan Han sent his brother Lan Jia'nan (蘭加難) to welcome Murong Bao but in actuality to guard him. Against the advice of Yu Chong (餘崇), Murong Bao accepted Lan Jia'nan's escort, and right outside Longcheng, Lan Jia'nan executed Yu and Murong Bao. Lan Han would then slaughter most of the Murong clan and take over the empire, but spared Murong Sheng (because Murong Sheng was the husband of one of his daughters), and two months later Murong Sheng would overthrow Lan Han and reestablish Later Yan with himself as its emperor. However, Later Yan would not be a key player again in Chinese military matters, and would fall a decade later.
Personal information
Father
Murong Chui (Emperor Wucheng)
Mother
Princess Duan, posthumously honored as Empress Chengzhao
Wife
Empress Duan (created 396, d. 400)
Major Concubines
Consort Ding, mother of Prince Sheng
Consort Meng, mother of the later Empress Murong of Northern Wei
Children
Murong Sheng (慕容盛), the Prince of Changle (created 396), later emperor
Murong Hui (慕容會), the Prince of Qinghe (created 396, killed by Murong Xiang 397)
Murong Ce (慕容策), the Crown Prince (created 396, killed by Lan Han 398)
Murong Yuán (慕容元, note different tone than his brother), initially the Duke of Chengyang, later the Duke of Pingyuan (forced to commit suicide 401)
Murong Yuān (慕容淵, note different tone than his brother), the Duke of Zhangwu (created 400, killed by Murong Xi 402)
Murong Min (慕容敏), the Duke of Hedong (created 394)
Murong Qian (慕容虔), the Duke of Boling (created 400, forced to commit suicide 406)
Murong Zhao (慕容昭), the Duke of Shangdang (forced to commit suicide 406)
Princess, later Empress Murong of Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei
Popular culture
Portrayed by Im Ho in the 2011-2012 KBS1 TV series Gwanggaeto, The Great Conqueror.
References
Book of Jin, vol. 124.
Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, vol. 11.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110.
Later Yan emperors
355 births
398 deaths
Former Yan people
Former Qin people
4th-century Chinese monarchs
Murdered Chinese emperors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murong%20Bao |
Travel Service may refer to a travel agency or:
Governmental Agencies
United States Travel Service, a defunct part of the United States Department of Commerce
Specific travel agencies
Canadian Universities Travel Service, a travel agency in Canada
China Travel Service, the tourism and travel agency of the government of the People's Republic of China
Cuba Travel Services, a tour and charter operator serving Cuba from the United States
Dnata Travel Services, a travel agency in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Hong Thai Travel Services, a travel agency in Hong Kong, China
Airlines
Travel Service (airline), an airline headquartered in the Czech Republic
Travel Service (Hungary)
Travel Service (Slovakia)
Travel Service Polska
Bus operators
Borehamwood Travel Services now London Sovereign, a bus operator in London, England
Busways Travel Services, a former bus operator in the north east of England
Durham Travel Services, a former bus operator in London, England
Trathens Travel Services now Park's Motor Group, a bus operator in central Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel%20Service |
The Zee Cine Award Best Playback Singer – Female is awarded to a female playback singer who works in the Hindi film industry. The winner is selected from a shortlist by a jury, and announced at the annual Zee Cine Awards ceremony.
List of nominees and winners
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also
Zee Cine Awards
Hindi cinema
Cinema of India
List of music awards honoring women
Zee Cine Awards
Music awards honoring women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee%20Cine%20Award%20for%20Best%20Playback%20Singer%20%E2%80%93%20Female |
Empress Duan (段皇后, personal name unknown) (died 400), formally Empress Huide (惠德皇后, literally 'the benevolent and virtuous empress'), was an empress of the Xianbei-led Later Yan dynasty of China. Her husband was Murong Bao (Emperor Huimin).
Based on her family name, Empress Duan was probably from the same Duan tribe royal line that a number of Former Yan and Later Yan empresses and imperial consorts came from. Murong Bao created her empress in 396 after he became emperor. Little is known about her life during the next few years, when Murong Bao saw his empire collapse in light of attacks by Northern Wei and internal rebellions, and he was killed in a rebellion by Lan Han in 398, along with her son Murong Ce (慕容策) the crown prince. Lan spared her, however, and after Murong Bao's son by his concubine Consort Ding, Murong Sheng, killed Lan and became emperor, he honored her as empress dowager. She died in early 400.
References
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4th-century births
400 deaths
4th-century Chinese women
4th-century Chinese people
Later Yan empresses
Duan tribe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress%20Duan%20%28Huimin%29 |
Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 is the sixth studio album by American Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. It was the band's first new studio album since 1977's Street Survivors and the first following a 1977 plane crash that claimed the lives of three members of the band.
Overview
Lead vocalist Ronnie Van Zant and lead guitarist Steve Gaines died in a 1977 plane crash in Mississippi, and Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 is the first album to feature their replacements, lead vocalist Johnny Van Zant (Ronnie's younger brother) and guitarist Randall Hall. It also marks the return of original guitarist Ed King, who parted ways with the band while touring in support of Nuthin' Fancy in 1975. It was also the final Lynyrd Skynyrd album to feature drummer Artimus Pyle, who survived the crash. Guitarist and founding member Allen Collins also survived the 1977 plane crash but died in 1990 from chronic pneumonia.
"Smokestack Lightning" was released as a single with an accompanying music video and was met with moderate success.
Track listing
Personnel
Lynyrd Skynyrd
Johnny Van Zant - vocals
Gary Rossington - guitar
Ed King - guitar
Randall Hall - guitar
Leon Wilkeson - bass
Billy Powell - keyboard, piano
Artimus Pyle - drums and percussion
Kurt Custer - drums
Additional personnel
Dale Krantz-Rossington - backing vocals
Stephanie Bolton - backing vocals
Susan Marshall - backing vocals
Randall Hall - "Money Man"
Production personnel
Tom Dowd – producer
Kevin Elson – engineer, mixing, overdub engineer, overdubs
Carol Friedman – photography
John Hampton – engineer
Bob Ludwig – mastering
Jeff Powell – assistant, assistant engineer
Joe Reagoso – reissue producer, remastering
Randy Tuten – art direction, artwork, design
Chart positions
References
Lynyrd Skynyrd albums
1991 albums
Albums produced by Tom Dowd
Atlantic Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd%20Skynyrd%201991 |
The Zee Cine Award Best Playback Singer - Male is chosen by the jury of Zee Entertainment Enterprises as part of its annual award ceremony for Hindi films, to recognise a male playback singer. Following its inception in 1998, no ceremony was held in 2009 and 2010, but the ceremony resumed in 2011.
Superlatives
Most Wins
List of Nominees and Winners
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
References
See also
Zee Cine Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
Zee Cine Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee%20Cine%20Award%20for%20Best%20Playback%20Singer%20%E2%80%93%20Male |
Mary Anna McCartney (born 28 August 1969) is a British photographer, documentary filmmaker, cookbook author, and Global Ambassador for Meat Free Monday. She is also the host for the Discovery+/Food Network vegan cooking show, Mary McCartney Serves It Up. McCartney is a daughter of musician and singer/songwriter Paul McCartney, and photographer/vegetarian activist Linda McCartney.
Early life
Mary McCartney was born on 28 August 1969 at Avenue Clinic in St John's Wood, London, England. She is the eldest biological child of Paul McCartney and Linda Eastman, and has four siblings Heather, Stella, James and Beatrice.
Photography and film
She is a British photographer. In 2015, she was chosen to photograph Queen Elizabeth II to celebrate the fact that she was the "longest-reigning British monarch in more than 1,000 years".
If These Walls Could Sing (2022)
McCartney directed the documentary If These Walls Could Sing. It is her feature documentary debut, about the history of Abbey Road Studios in London and the experiences and memories of the musicians who have played there. It was created as the centrepiece of Abbey Road Studios' 90th anniversary celebrations in November 2022.
It was announced in January 2021 that McCartney would direct a documentary about Abbey Road Studios. McCartney said "some of my earliest memories as a young child come from time spent at Abbey Road, I've long wanted to tell the story of this historic place." As well as her father Paul McCartney, contributions are reported to be from Jimmy Page, Kate Bush, Noel Gallagher, Liam Gallagher, Pink Floyd, John Williams, Celeste, Elton John, Giles Martin, and Shirley Bassey. Production is by Mercury Studios and Ventureland. McCartney said what she "wanted from the interviews was to drill down into those musicians really feel about Abbey Road. 'Do you really care about Abbey Road? It's a building and you recorded here, but whatever. Do you really care?' And I think from the interviews, you can really see they are thinking fondly about it."
Vegetarian and vegan cooking
McCartney grew up, along with the rest of her siblings, as a vegetarian. In 2009, McCartney along with her father Paul and sister Stella, launched Meat-free Mondays in the United Kingdom.
Cookbooks
McCartney has written two vegetarian cookbooks, Food: Vegetarian Home Cooking (2012) and At My Table: Vegetarian Feasts for Family and Friends (2015).
McCartney is currently both a vegan and vegetarian chef. In 2021, she, Paul, and Stella McCartney veganized 90 of her mother's recipes, and released them as the vegan cookbook book, Linda McCartney's Family Kitchen: Over 90 Plant-Based Recipes to Save the Planet and Nourish the Soul.
Mary McCartney Serves It Up
McCartney launched Season 1 of the Discovery+/Food Network vegan cooking show, Mary McCartney Serves It Up, in February 2021, Season 2 in November 2021, and Season three in November 2022. The show was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 2022.
Personal life
McCartney married Alistair Donald on 26 September 1998, and had two sons. After McCartney and Donald divorced, she married Simon Aboud in 2010. They have two sons.
Nominations and awards
Daytime Emmy Awards
Publications
Cookbooks
The Meat Free Monday Cookbook: A Full Menu for Every Monday of the Year. Kyle, 2011. . Foreword by Paul, Stella, and Mary McCartney.
Food: Vegetarian Home Cooking. Chatto & Windus, 2012. .
At My Table: Vegetarian Feasts for Family and Friends. Chatto & Windus, 2014. .
McCartney, Linda (with Paul, Mary, and Stella McCartney). Linda McCartney's Family Kitchen: Over 90 Plant-Based Recipes to Save the Planet and Nourish the Soul.. Voracious/Little, Brown, 2021. .
Photography
Mary McCartney: From Where I Stand. Thames & Hudson, 2010. .
Mary McCartney: Monochrome & Colour. GOST, 2014. .
Mary McCartney: Twelfth Night 15.12.13. HENI, 2016. .
Mary McCartney: The White Horse. Rizzoli, 2018. .
Mary McCartney: Paris Nude. HENI, 2019. .
Photography exhibitions
Off Pointe: A Photographic Study of the Royal Ballet After Hours, The Royal Opera House, London (2004) and presented by The Royal Photographic Society at Photo London (2019)
British Style Observed, National History Museum, London (2008)
From Where I Stand, National Portrait Gallery and Michael Hoppen Gallery, London (2010)
Linda McCartney and Mary McCartney: Mother, Daughter, Gagosian Gallery, New York (2015); and at Fotografiska, Stockholm (2018)
Undone. (2017, Toronto)
Films
''If These Walls Could Sing (2022) – Director
See also
List of animal rights advocates
Further reading
Interview, 19 January 2020.
Mary McCartney Became an Artist With a Little Help from Linda and Paul. Wall Street Journal, 28 August 2018.
References
External links
Linda McCartney's Family Kitchen – In Conversation with Paul, Mary and Stella (Paul McCartney Official Channel) – Interview, 6 October 2021
1969 births
Living people
Artists from London
Mary
British portrait photographers
British vegetarianism activists
English cookbook writers
English people of American descent
English people of German-Jewish descent
English people of Irish descent
English people of Russian-Jewish descent
English women activists
English women photographers
Photographers from London
Plant-based diet advocates
Vegetarian cookbook writers
Vegan cookbook writers
Women cookbook writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20McCartney |
Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), formerly Sri Ramachandra University (SRU), formerly Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (SRMC & RI), is a private institute located in Porur, Chennai, India. SRIHER consists of nine constituent colleges and faculties with more than 6000 students. SRIHER was founded by Sri Ramachandra Education & Health Trust on September 11, 1985, by N. P. V. Ramasamy Udayar It was founded as a medical college, and was awarded the deemed to be university status in September 1994.
Rankings
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research 83 overall in India in 2022, 48 among universities 15 in the medical ranking and 31 in the pharmacy ranking.
It was ranked 1 among among private health science university in India in 2022 by India Today.
Academics
The college offers the four and a half year M.B.B.S. course with a one-year compulsory rotating internship. There are 250 seats which are filled through NEET UG exam.
Postgraduate and doctoral courses
SRIHER offers postgraduate courses in almost all subjects including surgery, medicine, gynecology etc. Similarly it offers a variety of Doctoral courses including MCh i Neurosurgery, Surgical oncology, Cardiac Surgery among others and DM in Cardiology, Neurology etc.
References
External links
Deemed universities in Tamil Nadu
Medical colleges in Tamil Nadu
Universities in Chennai
Hospitals in Chennai
Educational institutions established in 1985
1985 establishments in Tamil Nadu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri%20Ramachandra%20Institute%20of%20Higher%20Education%20and%20Research |
Alexander Ilyich Siloti (also Ziloti, , Aleksandr Iljič Ziloti, ; 9 October 1863 – 8 December 1945) was a Russian virtuoso pianist, conductor and composer.
Biography
Alexander Siloti was born on his father's estate near Kharkiv, Ukraine (then part of Imperial Russia). He studied piano at the Moscow Conservatory with Nikolai Zverev from 1871, then from 1875 under Nikolai Rubinstein, brother of the more famous Anton Rubinstein; from that year he also studied counterpoint under Sergei Taneyev, harmony under Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, and theory under Nikolai Hubert. He graduated with the gold medal in Piano in 1881. He received some lessons from Anton Rubinstein after the death of Rubinstein's brother, Nikolai. After Siloti's graduation it was decided that he would be sent to Weimar, Germany on scholarship to further his studies with Franz Liszt, co-founding the Liszt-Verein in Leipzig, and making his professional debut on 19 November 1883. Returning to Russia in 1887, Siloti taught at the Moscow Conservatory, where his students included Alexander Goldenweiser, Konstantin Igumnov, Leonid Maximov, and his first cousin Sergei Rachmaninoff. During this period he also began work as editor for Tchaikovsky, particularly on the First and Second piano concertos.
Siloti married Vera Tretyakova, herself a pianist and the daughter of the wealthy industrialist and art collector Pavel Tretyakov. He left his post at the Conservatory in May 1891, and from 1892 to 1900 lived and toured in Europe with his wife and young children. He also toured New York City, Boston, Cincinnati and Chicago in 1898. As a conductor Siloti gave the world premiere of Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 with the composer as soloist in 1901. From 1901 to 1903, he led the Moscow Philharmonic; from 1903 to 1917, he organized, financed, and conducted the influential Siloti Concerts in St Petersburg, collaborating with the critic and musicologist Alexander Ossovsky. He presented Leopold Auer, Pablo Casals, Feodor Chaliapin, George Enescu, Josef Hofmann, Wanda Landowska, Willem Mengelberg, Felix Mottl, Arthur Nikisch, Arnold Schoenberg and Felix Weingartner, and local and world premieres by Debussy, Elgar, Glazunov, Prokofiev, Rachmaninoff, Rimsky-Korsakov, Scriabin, Sibelius, Stravinsky and others. Ballet impresario Sergei Diaghilev first heard Stravinsky's music at one of the Siloti Concerts.
In the generation prior to 1917, Siloti was one of Russia's most important artists, with music by Arensky, Lyadov, Blumenfeld, Szymanowski, Liszt, Rachmaninoff, Stravinsky, Taneyev and Tchaikovsky dedicated to him. In 1918, Siloti was appointed Intendant of the Mariinsky Theatre, but late the following year fled what had become Soviet Russia for England, finally settling in New York City in December 1921. From 1925 to 1942 he taught at the Juilliard School, performing occasionally in recital, and in November 1930 gave a legendary all-Liszt concert with Arturo Toscanini. His many students included Ilmari Hannikainen, Bertha Melnik, Marc Blitzstein, Gladys Ewart, Josef Raieff and Eugene Istomin.
Siloti, who was one of the great practitioners of the art of transcription, wrote over 200 of these arrangements, as well as orchestral editions of the music of Bach, Beethoven, Liszt, Tchaikovsky and Vivaldi. Possibly his most famous transcription is the Prelude in B minor, based on a keyboard prelude by J. S. Bach. As a pianist Siloti made 8 piano rolls and 26 minutes of home-recorded discs. Carl Fischer has published a large anthology of his piano transcriptions, and Rowman and Littlefield has published the first full-scale Alexander Siloti biography. In 2014, the Alexander Siloti Archive at Stanford University was donated by author and alumnus Charles Barber. In six linear feet, it contains all of the correspondence, documentation, music and manuscripts acquired for the writing of the Siloti biography called Lost in the Stars, and for publication of the 'Alexander Siloti Collection' of piano music.
His daughter, Kyriena Siloti, was a noted pianist and teacher in New York and Boston until her death in 1989, aged 94.
Alexander Siloti is buried at the Russian Orthodox Convent Novo-Diveevo Cemetery, Nanuet, New York.
References
Sources
C. Barber. Lost in the Stars: The Forgotten Musical Life of Alexander Siloti. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2002.
C. Barber, editor. "The Alexander Siloti Collection". New York, New York: Carl Fischer, 2003.
S. Bertensson. "Knight of Music." Etude 64:369, July 1946.
B. Dexter. "Remembering Siloti, A Russian Star." American Music Teacher, April/May 1989.
J. Gottlieb. "Remembering Alexander Siloti." Juilliard Journal, November 1990.
L.M. Kutateladze and L.N. Raaben, eds., Alexander Il'yich Ziloti, 1863-1945: vospominaniya i pis'ma (Leningrad, 1963)
R.-A. Mooser. "The Siloti Concerts" in The Russian Life of R.-Aloys Mooser, Music Critic to the Tsars: Memoirs and Selected Writings (Edwin Mellen Press: Lewiston, Queenston, Lampeter, 2008), pp. 149–172.
Moscow Conservatory of Music. "Alexander Ilich Ziloti (1863-1945)". Moscow, 2016. Published in commemoration of Ziloti and his career at the Conservatory. [In Russian]
A. Ziloti. Moi vospominaniya o F. Liste (St Petersburg, 1911; My Memories of Liszt, Eng. trl. Edinburgh, 1913 and New York, 1986).
Documents
Alexander Siloti Archive at Stanford: letters, photographs, diaries, memorabilia, music, research documents, Siloti Concert programmes, translations, family and professional documents. Deposited by author Charles Barber in 2014
Alexander Siloti Collection at Univ of Maryland, College Park: music, scores, performance files, correspondence, books/notebooks, and miscellaneous documents. Deposited for daughter Kyriena Siloti after her death in 1989
Letters by Alexander Siloti held by the State Archives in Leipzig, company archives of the Music Publishing House C.F.Peters (Leipzig).
External links
Alexander Siloti Collection at the University of Maryland Libraries
1863 births
1945 deaths
Composers from the Russian Empire
Conductors (music) from the Russian Empire
Pianists from the Russian Empire
Soviet musicians
Male classical pianists
Piano pedagogues
Soviet emigrants to Germany
Naturalized citizens of Germany
People from Luhansk Oblast
People from Kharkov Governorate
Burials at Novo-Diveevo Russian Cemetery
Pupils of Franz Liszt
Pupils of Nikolai Zverev
Moscow Conservatory alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Siloti |
The Eagle Shooting Heroes (Chinese: 射鵰英雄傳之東成西就) is a 1993 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Jeffrey Lau. It is a parody of Louis Cha's novel The Legend of the Condor Heroes, and a classic example of the mo lei tau comedy.
Production
The film was said to be caused by the over-budgeting of Wong Kar-wai's Ashes of Time. In order to cover up the cost of the yet unfinished film, the director decided to use many members of the cast to perform different roles and shoot a "quick-and-dirty" film for show during the Chinese New Year, a period for Hong Kong film industry to harvest cash.
Cast
Leslie Cheung as Huang Yaoshi
Tony Leung Ka-fai as Duan Zhixing
Tony Leung Chiu-wai as Ouyang Feng
Jacky Cheung as Hong Qigong
Kenny Bee as Wang Chongyang
Brigitte Lin as Third Princess
Joey Wong as Suqiu, Huang Yaoshi's lover
Maggie Cheung as Imperial Master
Carina Lau as Zhou Botong
Veronica Yip as Ouyang Feng's cousin
Szema Wah Lung as Persian King
Paw Hee-ching as one of Third Princess' guards
Music
In addition to a score by James Wong and Mark Lui, the film contains a song set to the overture from Gioacchino Rossini's Guillaume Tell, as well as uncredited excerpts from "L'amour est un oiseau rebelle" from Georges Bizet's Carmen and Danse des petits cygnes from Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake.
References
External links
1993 films
1993 martial arts films
Hong Kong action comedy films
Hong Kong slapstick comedy films
Hong Kong martial arts comedy films
Films based on works by Jin Yong
1990s Cantonese-language films
Wuxia films
Works based on The Legend of the Condor Heroes
Films directed by Jeffrey Lau
Films set in 12th-century Song dynasty
1990s parody films
1993 action comedy films
Chinese New Year films
1990s Hong Kong films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Eagle%20Shooting%20Heroes |
Bodalla is a small town on the South Coast of New South Wales, Australia, and located in the local government area of Eurobodalla Shire. The town sits on the Princes Highway, and is connected by road to Moruya, Narooma, Nerrigundah, Eurobodalla and Potato Point.
The Yuin people are considered to be the traditional owners of the region, and it is from their language that the town and the previous estate and station derived its name. Several meanings have been put forward including Boat Alley", "tossing a child up in the arms", "haven for boats", and "several waters".
Thomas Sutcliffe Mort
From 1856, Thomas Sutcliffe Mort had been acquiring land in the Moruya district, and eventually owned some 38,000 acres (150 km2), a very substantial holding. In 1860 he purchased Bodalla Station, where he planned to establish a country estate on which to retire, and demonstrate model land usage and rural settlement. He replaced the beef cattle station with an integrated and tenanted dairy estate. He cleared land, drained river swamps, erected fences, laid out farms, sowed imported grasses, and provided milking sheds, cheese, and butter-making equipment. He also provided two bluestone churches, one Anglican and the other Catholic, for his tenants.
By the 1870s, his sharefarming tenants had become disgruntled and left. The estate fell into his sole control, and was run as three farms with hired labour. After he died in 1878, his trustees took over running the farms. In 1887, they set up the Bodalla Company to put the main asset of the estate on a business footing.
Sometime around the end of 1883, the trustees constructed a horse tramway from near the Bodalla Post Office to the North Narooma Wharf at Wagonga Heads to provide great savings in conveying the produce of the estate to market in Sydney. One horse by tramway could easily haul as much as three could by road. The tramway closed between 1889 and 1891 with the reconstruction of local coastal roads.
Another initiative launched by the trustees was the establishment of a commercial outlet in the Strand Arcade in the Sydney CBD to sell the milk, butter, cheese and bacon manufactured on the estate.
Eventually the factory was bought out by the Bodalla Dairy Co-operative, who ran it until it closed in 1987, when it was being supplied by only thirteen farms. These farms transferred their supply to the dairy company at Bega.
Bodalla Cheese is now a brand associated with Fonterra Brands (Australia) Pty Ltd., formerly Bonland Dairies. Fonterra is a New Zealand-owned dairy company.
The Big Cheese Visitors' Centre was once part of the old factory, and is one of Australia's many "big" roadside tourist attractions. It is located on the northern outskirts of the town, and was closed in 2007.
All Saints Church
All Saints Church, commemorating Thomas Sutcliffe Mort and his wife Theresa Shepheard Mort, was designed by Edmund Blacket. The foundation stone was laid by Marianne Mort, Thomas' second wife, on 18 March 1880. It was completed in 1901. The church has one of seven small Henry Willis & Sons organs, built in 1881 and installed the following year. The church cost £13,000 to construct.
Demographics
In the 2016 Census, there were 739 people in Bodalla. Of these 50.8% were male and 49.2% were female. Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people made up 10.9% of the population. The median age of people in Bodalla was 50 years old. 46.8% of the population were married at the time. Of people aged 15 and over in Bodalla, 12.0% reported having completed Year 12 as their highest level of educational attainment, 22.8% had completed a Certificate III or IV and 8.4% had completed an Advanced Diploma or Diploma.The most common responses for religion in Bodalla were No Religion.
References
External links
Bodalla Village – 150 Year Celebration
Eurobodalla Shire
Tourist attractions in New South Wales
Towns in the South Coast (New South Wales) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodalla%2C%20New%20South%20Wales |
Mecerreyes is a village and municipality in the province of Burgos in Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon.
It has 312 inhabitants, and it is near Covarrubias.
Politics
The mayor is Julián Vicario Alonso, of the Partido Popular.
References
External links
Mecerreyes
Parroquia de San Martín Obispo (Mecerreyes)
Municipalities in the Province of Burgos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecerreyes |
The Pelorus-class cruiser was a "third-class" protected cruiser designed by Sir William White (Director of Naval Construction 1885 – 1902) for the Royal Navy, based on the earlier Pearl-class cruisers. Eleven ships were ordered to this design in 1893 under the Spencer Programme, and were laid down 1896–1900. The first, , was commissioned in 1896.
Development and design
The Pelorus class ships displaced 2,135 tons and had a top speed of . Most served in minor roles on overseas or colonial patrol work, not with the main battlefleets. They carried a complement of 224 and were armed with eight QF 4-inch (25 pounder) guns, eight 3 pounder guns, three machine guns, and two 18-inch (450-mm) torpedo tubes.
They had reciprocating triple expansion steam engines and were equipped with different types of boiler which were trialled in these cruisers. Some had Normand water-tube boilers which could give for limited periods of time with forced draught and under natural draught.
Ships in the class
Service
In an era of naval innovation, the class was almost outdated before they were launched. They were fitted with a variety of different boilers as a trial but most were not particularly satisfactory; so HMS Pandora was scrapped in 1913, HMS Perseus and HMS Prometheus in 1914. They had all been condemned in 1904 but had been reprieved. The remainder were to be scrapped in 1915, but were kept in service through the First World War. HMS Pegasus was sunk in combat in 1914, the rest - except for HMS Pioneer - were scrapped between 1919 and 1922. HMS Pactolus and HMS Pomone had Blechynden boilers which were particularly unreliable, they were removed from active service several years before others in the class.
Rear Admiral Cresswell, the 1st Naval Member of the Australian Naval Board described Psyche and Pyramus in 1914 as "the unspeakably useless P. class."
References
External links
Pelorus Class Battleships-Cruisers.co.uk
Pelorous Class Third Class Protected Cruisers worldwar1.co.uk
Cruiser classes
Ship classes of the Royal Navy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelorus-class%20cruiser |
In mathematics, the Schottky problem, named after Friedrich Schottky, is a classical question of algebraic geometry, asking for a characterisation of Jacobian varieties amongst abelian varieties.
Geometric formulation
More precisely, one should consider algebraic curves of a given genus , and their Jacobians . There is a moduli space of such curves, and a moduli space of abelian varieties, , of dimension , which are principally polarized. There is a morphismwhich on points (geometric points, to be more accurate) takes isomorphism class to . The content of Torelli's theorem is that is injective (again, on points). The Schottky problem asks for a description of the image of , denoted .
The dimension of is , for , while the dimension of is g(g + 1)/2. This means that the dimensions are the same (0, 1, 3, 6) for g = 0, 1, 2, 3. Therefore is the first case where the dimensions change, and this was studied by F. Schottky in the 1880s. Schottky applied the theta constants, which are modular forms for the Siegel upper half-space, to define the Schottky locus in . A more precise form of the question is to determine whether the image of essentially coincides with the Schottky locus (in other words, whether it is Zariski dense there).
Dimension 1 case
All elliptic curves are the Jacobian of themselves, hence the moduli stack of elliptic curves is a model for .
Dimensions 2 and 3
In the case of Abelian surfaces, there are two types of Abelian varieties: the Jacobian of a genus 2 curve, or the product of Jacobians of elliptic curves. This means the moduli spacesembed into . There is a similar description for dimension 3 since an Abelian variety can be the product of Jacobians.
Period lattice formulation
If one describes the moduli space in intuitive terms, as the parameters on which an abelian variety depends, then the Schottky problem asks simply what condition on the parameters implies that the abelian variety comes from a curve's Jacobian. The classical case, over the complex number field, has received most of the attention, and then an abelian variety A is simply a complex torus of a particular type, arising from a lattice in Cg. In relatively concrete terms, it is being asked which lattices are the period lattices of compact Riemann surfaces.
Riemann's matrix formulation
Note that a Riemann matrix is quite different from any Riemann tensor
One of the major achievements of Bernhard Riemann was his theory of complex tori and theta functions. Using the Riemann theta function, necessary and sufficient conditions on a lattice were written down by Riemann for a lattice in Cg to have the corresponding torus embed into complex projective space. (The interpretation may have come later, with Solomon Lefschetz, but Riemann's theory was definitive.) The data is what is now called a Riemann matrix. Therefore the complex Schottky problem becomes the question of characterising the period matrices of compact Riemann surfaces of genus g, formed by integrating a basis for the abelian integrals round a basis for the first homology group, amongst all Riemann matrices. It was solved by Takahiro Shiota in 1986.
Geometry of the problem
There are a number of geometric approaches, and the question has also been shown to implicate the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation, related to soliton theory.
See also
Moduli of abelian varieties
References
Algebraic curves
Abelian varieties
Theta functions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottky%20problem |
The Zee Cine Award Best Lyricist is chosen by the jury and the winner is announced at the actual ceremony.
The award is given in the current year but the winner is awarded for his/her work in the previous year.
Multiple wins
Awards
The winners are listed below:-
See also
Zee Cine Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
Zee Cine Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee%20Cine%20Award%20for%20Best%20Lyricist |
Firelord is a historical fantasy novel by Parke Godwin, first published in 1980. The novel is a retelling of the King Arthur legend.
Firelord sequence
Beloved Exile (1984) is the second book in the Firelord trilogy. It and Firelord were later published as one book in Germany (Feuerkönig; Die Erbin von Camelot).
Short stories
"Uallannach - Invitation to Camelot" was written by Parke Godwin in 1988. It was later published by editor Mike Ashley in Chronicles of the Round Table (1997).
Synopsis
The novel begins with a mortally wounded Arthur dictating his memoir to a friar at a monastery after the Battle of Camlann. In flashback the reader is led through his formative years, his first meeting with Merlin, his rise to fame in the service of the British High King Ambrosius Aurelianus, his military campaigns against the Saxons, and his eventual downfall.
Despite some fantasy elements, Godwin aims to tell the story of King Arthur from a historically accurate perspective, based on his own research, including archeological trips to various parts of England. He returns the Arthurian characters to the time period and place in which they might actually have lived - 5th-century post-Roman Wales and Cornwall. He uses historically appropriate Latin and Brythonic names for the characters, such as Artos and Artorius for Arthur, Gwenhwyfar for Guinevere, and (the conjectural) Ancellius for Lancelot.
Morgan le Fay, called Morgana, is a sympathetic character in Firelord. She is presented as a fiery leader of the wild Prydn people who live north of Hadrian's Wall. However, Guinevere is the principal female character. At the center of the novel, Godwin's Arthur is torn between his desire for the simple joy of love and family (represented by Morgana le Fay) and his ambition to fulfill his destiny to become Emperor of Britain (represented by Guinevere).
Awards
The World Fantasy Award nominee Firelord (1980). The novel was later published as a book in Germany (Feuerkönig - Die Camelot-Chronik). The Balrog Award and Locus Poll Award nominee Firelord as well.
References
Editions
Firelord, Avon Books,
External links
Firelord
1980 fantasy novels
Modern Arthurian fiction
American fantasy novels
American historical novels
Novels set in sub-Roman Britain
Novels set in the 5th century
Works by Parke Godwin
Bantam Books books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firelord%20%28novel%29 |
The Zee Cine Award Best Music Director is chosen by the jury and the winner is announced at the actual ceremony. A. R. Rahman has won most awards in this category (6 times).
Multiple wins
Awards
See also
Zee Cine Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
Zee Cine Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee%20Cine%20Award%20for%20Best%20Music%20Director |
Telephono is the debut studio album by the indie rock band Spoon. It was released on April 23, 1996, by Matador, then re-released in a two-disc package with the Soft Effects EP in 2006 by Merge Records.
"Idiot Driver" had previously appeared in an "alternate mix" form on the Peek-A-Boo Records November 1995 compilation album Bicycle Rodeo.
Reception
The album was produced by John Croslin, who had been one of the leaders of Austin's the Reivers, recording in Croslin's garage studio on a budget of $3,000. It drew mainly positive critical attention, and in particular many comparisons to the Pixies. The album sold only a few thousand copies.
Track listing
Personnel
Britt Daniel - guitar, vocals
Andy Maguire - bass, backing vocals
Jim Eno - drums
Charts
References
1996 debut albums
Spoon (band) albums
Matador Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephono |
The West Virginia Secondary School Activities Commission (WVSSAC, but colloquially referred to as SSAC) is the main governing body of high school sports, cheerleading, and marching bands in West Virginia, United States. For sports other than basketball schools are divided into three classes by total enrollment in grades 9-12: A (less than 450 students), AA (451-800 students), and AAA (more than 800 students), with schools re-classed every four years. Football, baseball, cheerleading, golf, softball, track, and volleyball are broken into these three classes. Soccer, Cross country, tennis, and wrestling are broken into two classes (AAA and AA/A combined). Swimming is one class only. For basketball, schools are divided into four classes. Schools have the option of playing "up" one class in a particular sport.
The organization began with boys' basketball championships in 1914. During the decades of segregated schools in West Virginia, it excluded schools for African American students. They competed in the West Virginia Athletic Union. The organization excluded private schools until 1979, when it merged with the state Catholic League. Today it also includes private schools of various religious viewpoints, along with all public schools in the state.
Unlike similar governing bodies in the United States, the WVSSAC does not dictate individual high school schedules during the regular season; those decisions are made by the coaches involved. Note that the WVSSAC does set forth some basic guidelines (i.e., the number of schools within its own classification or higher that a school must compete against) for a school to be eligible for that sport's playoffs. The WVSSAC determines scheduling during the playoffs. For example, in football, whose playoffs are seeded on a statewide basis, each game is played at the higher-seeded school's campus if its stadium is approved by the SSAC to host playoff matches. Otherwise, it is played at the SSAC-approved venue nearest to the higher-seeded school. The lower-seeded school has the choice of one of three starting times — 7:30 pm on Friday or Saturday, or 1:30 pm on Saturday.
Activities
Band
Baseball – Appalachian Power Park, Charleston
Basketball – Charleston Civic Center, Charleston
Cheerleading – Charleston Civic Center, Charleston
Cross country – Cabell Midland High School, Ona
Football (Super Six) – Wheeling Island Stadium, Wheeling
Golf (site changes from year to year)
Soccer – YMCA, Beckley
Softball – Jackson Park, Vienna
Swimming – West Virginia University, Morgantown
Tennis – Watt Powell Tennis Annex and Player's Club Tennis Center, Charleston
Track – Laidley Field, Charleston
Volleyball– Charleston Civic Center, Charleston
Wrestling– Mountain Health Arena, Huntington
Controversies
Prior to the decision in Brown v. Board of Education, West Virginia maintained "colored" high schools. These schools, and thus their students, were barred from competition in the WVSSAC. The institution now known as West Virginia State University funded an unofficial "state colored championship" in basketball and football until 1959. The WVSSAC historical records take no note of these champions, and does not note that its champions prior to that year competed in a system that excluded many of the state's best athletes.
West Virginia was one of only three states to hold girls' basketball in the fall, and girls' volleyball in the winter, ostensibly due to facility shortages at various high schools. Eventually the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals ruled that this unfairly disadvantaged girls in competition for college scholarships and the organization was forced to adopt a traditional schedule.
There have also been complaints that the disparity of enrollment in Class AAA makes it difficult for the smaller schools in the classification to compete, particularly in football. There is a 1032 student difference between Cabell Midland and Ripley, Cabell Midland being the largest and Ripley being the smallest schools in the class respectively. On the other hand, there is only a 473 student difference between Ripley and the smallest Class AA school, Man. The last time a AAA school with an enrollment under 1000 students won a football championship was Nitro in 1998. In the 2016 re-class the number of AAA schools was reduced in order to reduce the disparity in enrollment.
References
External links
West Virginia Secondary School Activities Commission
Sports in West Virginia
Public education in West Virginia
High school sports associations in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Virginia%20Secondary%20School%20Activities%20Commission |
John Norton Pomeroy (April 12, 1828 – February 15, 1885) was an American lawyer, writer, and law professor. “Perhaps the most important text book writer of the last third of the nineteenth century,” Pomeroy is one of the foremost contributors to American jurisprudence on topics ranging from equity to municipal law.
Early life
John Norton Pomeroy was born on April 12, 1828, in Rochester, New York. Enos Pomeroy, his father, was a pioneer settler in Rochester as well as one of the first lawyers to practice in western New York. Pomeroy started at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York at just 15 years old. He was a member of the Sigma Phi fraternity and graduated at 1847. After graduating from college, he served as an instructor of Rochester Academy. After three years, he was promoted to lead their campus at Lebanon, Ohio. He next began to study law by apprenticing in Cincinnati in the law office of Senator Thomas Corwin.
In 1851, Pomeroy was admitted to the New York and then returned to practice in Rochester as part of the office of Henry R. Selden. He then served as Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and was admitted to the bar in 1851, practicing in Rochester until 1861. There he “displayed a genuine scholarly bent that a cynic might feel was confirmed by the fact that in his nine years of practice in Rochester, his native town, he had little if any business.” He married Ann Rebecca Carter, one of his former pupils, in 1855.
Pomeroy moved to New York City in 1861 to try to start his own law practice. He was not successful, instead resorting to working as a school teacher again. For four years served as the principal of a boys' school called the academy in Kingston, New York. It was there he wrote his first book, An Introduction to Municipal Law, in 1864. It was designed as a book for the general lay reader and as a textbook for colleges and law schools.
Tenure at New York University Law School
The success surrounding the publication of Introduction to Municipal Law earned him an LL.D degree from his alma mater and an appointment to University of New York City as a professor of law, and later chair of political science in the undergraduate department. Pomeroy later served as dean of the recently established school until 1871. While teaching, he also wrote the treatise, Introduction to the Constitutional Law of the United States, in 1868, which was the first legal text on constitutional law published after the Civil War.
He was known to use the “conference” or seminar method. Pomeroy developed this system as using a “printed ‘syllabus’ or outline of topics, with lists of illustrative cases, and the first-hand study, of these cases and their free discussion in the class room.” He believed that the “central principle of all true education, whether professional or general” is that the student “must be taught and accustomed to acquire [knowledge] for himself.” United States Secretary of State Elihu Root, one of his pupils, described his teaching style as highly personal and centered on small class sizes:
I came to this city, and found Professor Pomeroy alone in the library of the University Law School, then a struggling institution, with but few students, a limited library, and a professor. For the two years which succeeded, the greater part of my time was passed in that library, with that professor. . . . The students were few in number; each one knew the professor personally, intimately, and was with him day by day, hour after hour, sometimes from the early morning until late in the evening; the whole day being occupied in the library with the professor there, the studies interspersed with occasional questions and an swers, and discussions; and impromptu moot-courts coming up without any premeditation; so that we had opportunity not only to receive systematic instruction, but to know the man.
He thought that law school should last three years and at least provide an elementary understanding of all of the basic doctrines of law, rather than an intimate knowledge of a smaller range of topics. In his view, legal education should be practical launching off point, rather than an end in of itself. His expressed these views in his inaugural address, on taking the chair of municipal law in the University of California, in 1878:
He also believed that law school should last three years and at least provide an elementary understanding of all of the basic doctrines of law, rather than an intimate knowledge of a smaller range of topics. In his view, legal education should be practical launching off point, rather than an end in of itself. His expressed these views in his inaugural address, on taking the chair of municipal law in the University of California, in 1878:
In the first place, I most profoundly believe that the law must be studied historically. . . . But while the historical method of study is thus absolutely essential, it is one thing to study the present existing law of the United States historically, and a very different thing, under the name of the historical method, to study only the law which existed and was in full operation in England a century ago. It is absolutely astonishing—it would be incredible in any other profession—how much time of students all over this vast country is wasted every year in learning doctrines and rules of the English law which are utterly obsolete, which were always arbitrary in their nature, and do not therefore aid in understanding the law of the present day—which must be forgotten and banished from the mind as soon as learned, and which only tend to interfere with and hinder a full and accurate comprehension of the rules which are now in active operation and are daily ad ministered by our courts. It is not so in any other profession. . . . In a word, it will be the aim of this law school to base its teaching upon the actual jurisprudence of the American states; to present to its classes living principles and doctrines which are embodied in that jurisprudence, and thus to prepare them for entering at once upon the professional life for which they are obtaining a fitting preparation.
In 1871, he resigned from his position and returned to Rochester due to ill health. There he continued his legal writing on codes and codification. Six years later published Remedies and Remedial Rights to meet the need for a text that could clarify the changes in practice resulting from the codification of law across many states. He also wrote almost two hundred articles on legal topics for Johnson’s Encyclopedia, of which he became an assistant editor, helped prepare annotated editions of Theodore Sedgwick’s Statutory and Constitutional Law (1874) and Archbold’s Criminal Procedure (1877), and was a contributor to The Nation and the American Law Review on topics ranging from international law and diplomacy to constitutional law.
Tenure at Hastings College of the Law
In 1878, the University of California opened Hastings School of Law in San Francisco, California, the state’s first law school. The reputation he built as a legal writer helped lead to an appointment there. Serranus Clinton Hastings, California’s first Chief Justice and third Attorney General, selected Professor Pomeroy to lead the development of Hastings Law’s legal education. Before the first meeting of the faculty on August 8, 1878, the Board of the College created a Professorship of Municipal Law with a salary $300 per month, appointing Pomeroy to that position. They first directed him to draw up his “whole system” of legal education to present to the Board and asked him to lecture 10 hours a week. This was the only direction given to him. Pomeroy was given wide latitude to set up this institution for the first 103 students.
Pomeroy served as both its main administrator and sole professor of Hastings by himself during its early years. Those duties entailed serving almost two hundred students across three large classes, while making himself a master of the many peculiarities of California state law. On top of that, he worked on A Treatise on the Specific Performance of Contracts, which was published in 1879. For the next four years, he worked on perhaps his most notable work, Equity Jurisprudence. This three-volume text, published between 1881 and 1883, greatly shaped the development of equity law in the United States. Case reporting was developing into its present system at the time, and Pomeroy edited the main West Coast Reporter with his son Carter Pitkin.
Another influential work he published at this time was a series of articles entitled, The True Method of Interpreting the Civil Code. In 1872, California enacted a new substantive Civil Code based on a draft by Field. Pomeroy felt dismayed at how the code operated, deeming it full of “defects, imperfections, omissions, and . . . inconsistencies.” He believed that judges should use the code simply as a guide of common law rules and practices rather than an authoritative source of law. The California Supreme Court adopted the approached he laid out in his True Method articles in 1888.
Later Years and Death
Between 1882 and 1884, Pomeroy served as counsel in the Railroad Tax Cases, in involved grave questions of constitutional law. He also served as counsel on behalf of the farmers in the Debris' Case, which shaped the economic history of California by enjoining the industry of hydraulic mining that was polluting the California river ways. Although Pomeroy was known for his writing, he was also a skilled orator in the courtroom. A California judge who he appeared before in San Mateo complimented his presentation, calling it “lucid and eminently instructive.”
At the time of his death, Pomeroy was starting a treatise on Equity Pleading, which was set to review the equity practice with the supreme courts of each state. He also intended to draft a modern version of James Kent’s Commentaries on American Law, Institutes of American Law as well as a second treatise on constitutional law. He died at 56 years old at his home on the corner of Clay and Hyde Streets in San Francisco, after a brief illness of pneumonia on February 15, 1885. He was buried in Mountain View Cemetery across the bay in Oakland, California.
Publications
An Introduction to Municipal Law (1865)
An Introduction to the Constitutional Law of the United States (1868; ninth edition, 1886)
Remedies and Remedial Rights According to the Reformed American Procedure (1876)
A Treatise on Riparian Rights (1884)
A Treatise on the Law of Water Rights (1887, 1893)
A Treatise on Equity Jurisprudence (third edition, four volumes, 1905)
References
American legal writers
American legal scholars
New York (state) lawyers
1828 births
1885 deaths
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Norton%20Pomeroy |
Theodore Salisbury Woolsey (October 22, 1852 – April 24, 1929) was a United States legal scholar, born at New Haven, Connecticut, son of Theodore Dwight Woolsey. He graduated at Yale in 1872 and at Yale Law School (1876). In 1872 he was an initiate into The Skull and Bones Society. After traveling in Europe he was instructor in public law at Yale, and for 33 years (1878-1911) professor of international law. He was one of the founders of the Yale Review and a frequent contributor to it. He wrote several essays which were collected under the title America's Foreign policy (1898), and he edited Woolsey's International Law and Pomeroy's International Law.
He was a member of the General Society of Colonial Wars.
Woolsey married Bostonian Annie Gardner Salisbury in 1877 and they had two sons. (One of these sons, Theodore Salisbury Woolsey, Jr., was a forestry expert.) He retired in 1911 and died of pneumonia.
References
Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
American essayists
1852 births
1929 deaths
Woolsey, Theodore
Cornell family
Deaths from pneumonia in the United States
General Society of Colonial Wars
Woolsey family
American legal scholars
Members of Skull and Bones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Salisbury%20Woolsey |
Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, Strathearn and Caithness (c. 1360 – 26 March 1437) was a Scottish nobleman, the son of Robert II of Scotland. Stewart advocated for the ransom and return to Scotland of the future king in exile, James I, in 1424. In 1425 he served as a member of the jury of 21 which tried and executed his nephew Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany. Eventually, however, Atholl turned against the King and conspired in his assassination in 1437. He was tried for murder and was executed after three days of torture.
Early life
Stewart was a son of Robert II of Scotland by his second wife Euphemia de Ross, daughter of Aodh, Earl of Ross. He was also a younger half-brother of Robert III of Scotland and an uncle of the above-mentioned James I of Scotland.
Stewart married first, sometime before 1378, Margaret Barclay, Lady of Brechin, by whom he had two sons:
Alan Stewart, 4th Earl of Caithness (d. 1431)
David Stewart, Master of Atholl (d. bef. 1437)
In 1390, Stewart's niece Euphemia resigned to him the Earldom of Caithness. In 1404, he was created Earl of Atholl.
Ransom and return of James I of Scotland
Stewart was energetic in retrieving his nephew James I from the Kingdom of England, which was accomplished in 1424, and was a member of the jury which tried his half nephew, Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, and culminated in the execution of Albany and two of his sons.
Stewart was made Great Justiciar of Scotland and Earl of Strathearn, with such title being taken from Malise Graham, who subsequently became the Earl of Menteith in 1427. He resigned Caithness to his son Alan in 1428 but regained it on Alan's death without issue in 1431.
The depth of Stewart's loyalties to James is unclear. The chronicler Buchanan (1582) saw in his efforts to return James to Scotland and support him against Albany and his children a deep-laid plan for those two branches of the House of Stewart to destroy each other – and clear his own way to the throne, reviving the old charge of illegitimacy against his half-brother Robert III. Others aver that it was the imprisonment and subsequent death of his son David that turned him against the king.
Assassination of James I
Whatever the cause of Stewart's rage against the King, he joined with his grandson Robert Stewart, Master of Atholl, and Sir Robert Graham in a conspiracy against James I, which resulted in the assassination of the king on 20 February 1437. Robert Stewart unbarred the doors to the royal apartments, permitting assassins to enter the King's lodging at the Dominican Blackfriars in Perth. The King hid under the floorboards, only to be discovered by Sir Robert Graham, who personally murdered the monarch.
Execution of Walter Stewart
Stewart had little popular support for his cause, and the conspirators were swiftly apprehended. They were attainted and put to death in Edinburgh by a series of tortures remarkable and hideous even for that era. He was tortured over a period of three days.
On the first day: - he was put in a cart with a crane, hoist up, dropped, and jerked violently to stretch his joints. He was then placed in a pillory and "crowned with a diadem of burning iron" bearing the inscription "King of all Traitors".
On the second day: - he was bound to a hurdle and dragged along the high street of Edinburgh (some claim he was also blinded and tortured with red-hot iron pincers on this day, but Buchanan speaks only of the hurdle).
On the third and final day: - he was disembowelled while alive, his entrails burnt before his face, and his heart was torn out and burnt. Finally, his corpse was beheaded and quartered, and the quarters displayed around the realm.
Notes
References
Anonymous, p.277., Notes and Queries, London (1867) Retrieved November 2010
Rerum Scoticarum Historia, George Buchanan
[ History of Scotland], George Buchanan
[ Campbell, Alastair, A History of Clan Campbell] Retrieved November 2010
[ McAndrew, Bruce A., Scotland's Historic Heraldry] Retrieved November 2010
Riddell, John, [ p. 201, Tracts, Legal and Historical: with other Antiquarian Matters (1835)] Retrieved November 2010
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14th-century births
1437 deaths
15th-century murderers
Scottish regicides
Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl
Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl
Stewart, Walter
Walter
People executed for treason against Scotland
Stewart, Walter, Earl of Atholl
14th-century Scottish earls
15th-century Scottish peers
Executed Scottish people
Scottish torture victims
Executed regicides
People executed by Stuart Scotland
Torture in Scotland
People executed by the Kingdom of Scotland by hanging, drawing and quartering
15th-century executions
Medieval assassins
Earls of Atholl
Walter
Sons of kings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Stewart%2C%20Earl%20of%20Atholl |
A xoanon (, ; plural: , from the verb , , to carve or scrape [wood]) was a wooden cult image of Archaic Greece. Classical Greeks associated such cult objects, whether aniconic or effigy, with the legendary Daedalus. Many such cult images were preserved into historical times, though none are known to have survived to the modern day, except as copies in stone or marble. In the 2nd century CE, Pausanias described numerous xoana in his Description of Greece, notably the image of Hera in her temple at Samos. "The statue of the Samian Hera, as Aethilos [sic] says, was a wooden beam at first, but afterwards, when Prokles was ruler, it was humanized in form". In Pausanias' travels he never mentions seeing a xoanon of a "mortal man".
Types of xoana
Some types of archaic xoana may be reflected in archaic marble versions, such as the pillar-like "Hera of Samos" (Louvre Museum), the flat "Hera of Delos" or some archaic kouros-type figures that may have been used to represent Apollo.
A different type of cult figure in which the face, hands, and feet were carved of marble and the rest of the body made of wood is called acrolith. The wooden part was usually covered either with cloth or gold leaf.
Woods and textiles
For Strabo, the "carved" xoanon might also be of ivory; Pausanias, however, always uses xoanon in its strict sense, to denote a wooden image; at Corinth Pausanias noted that "The sanctuary of Athena Chalinitis is by the theater, and near it is a naked xoanon of Herakles, said to be by Daidalos. All the works of this artist, though somewhat uncouth to look at, nevertheless have a touch of the divine in them."
Similar xoana were ascribed by the Greeks to the contemporary of Daedalus, the equally legendary Smilis. Such figures were often clothed in real textiles, such as the peplos that was woven and ceremonially delivered to Athena on the Acropolis of Athens into historic times.
The wood of which a xoanon was carved was often symbolic: olivewood, pearwood, Vitex, oak, are all specifically mentioned.
In Athens, in the Erechtheum, an ancient olivewood effigy of Athena was preserved. The Athenians believed it had fallen to earth from the heavens, as a gift to Athens; it was still to be seen in the 2nd century CE. On the island of Icaria a rustic piece of wood was venerated for the spirit of Artemis it contained or represented (Burkert).
Copies of venerable images
The importance of the xoanon in local cult ensured that it would be carefully copied when colonies were founded, and sent out with the colonists from the mother-city.
Strabo (4.1) reports that the metropolis Massilia (modern Marseille) was founded by Phocaeans. Their cult of Artemis of Ephesus was transferred with the colony, justified in the founding myth by a dream, and the artistic design of the cult image — Strabo uses the term diathesis (Greek διάθεσις) — was re-exported to Massiliote sub-colonies, "where they keep the diathesis of the xoanon the same, and all the other usages precisely the same as is customary in the mother-city".
Similarly, cementing cultural ties between the Phocaean colony at Massilia and the Phocaean community in Rome, "Among the others, the Romans have consecrated Artemis' xoanon on the Aventine, taking the same model from the Massiliotes" (Strabo, 4.1.5). So the cult image of the Lady of Ephesus, identified as Artemis in Greek understanding, was established as Diana Aventina at Rome, of whom marble copies survive (see illustration at right).
See also
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
Daidala
Cycladic art
Notes
Citations
Sources
Ancient Greek religion
Greek mythology
Cult images | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoanon |
Harold Atkins Hunter (April 2, 1974 – February 17, 2006) was an American professional skateboarder and actor. He played the role of Harold in Larry Clark's 1995 film Kids.
Career
Hunter was born in New York City and grew up in a housing project in the East Village with his two brothers. He became associated with a skate crew that hung out near Tompkins Square Park and Washington Square Park and was first sponsored by local skate shop called Skate NYC.
Hunter first came to public attention in 1989 in a Thrasher magazine photo essay photographed by Charlie Samuels about the New York City skateboard scene. A goofy-footed skateboarder, Hunter was sponsored most notably by Zoo York. Later on he started Rock Star Bearings Co.
In 1995, Hunter appeared as Harold in Larry Clark's Kids, a film about teenagers in the East Village. He also appeared in the critically acclaimed TV series Kung Faux performing various voice-overs, and on an episode of the TV series Miami Ink. In the episode, he received a tattoo from Chris Garver that commemorated his New York roots and his connections from his youth with the World Trade Center. The tattoo was on his upper arm and depicted the towers with a skateboarder jumping in front of them, with the words "New York City" above and "Sk-8 or Die" below. This tattoo is revisited in another episode of Miami Ink that focuses on Chris Garver's tattoos.
Death
On February 17, 2006, Hunter was found dead from a cocaine-induced heart attack in his Lower East Side apartment. The Harold Hunter Foundation was founded in his memory to support city kids interested in skateboarding. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx.
Filmography
New Jersey Drive (1995)
Kids (1995)
Mind Games (1996)
Hand on the Pump (1998)
Frezno Smooth (1999)
Save the Last Dance (2001)
Kung Faux (2003)
Man Under Wire (2005)
References
External links
Harold Hunter Foundation website
Threeayedee Art Gallery created by Roya Butler in memory of Harold Hunter
1974 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American skateboarders
Cocaine-related deaths in New York (state)
Male actors from New York City
African-American male actors
People from the East Village, Manhattan
African-American skateboarders
Sportspeople from New York City
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Drug-related deaths in New York City
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Hunter |
In the Whyte notation for describing steam locomotive wheel arrangement, a 2-6-6 is a locomotive with a two-wheeled leading truck, six driving wheels, and a six-wheeled trailing truck. All the locomotives produced of this arrangement have been tank locomotives, and the vast majority in the United States. It was a popular arrangement for the larger Mason Bogies, as well as some of the largest suburban tank locomotives.
The locomotive was mostly used in the Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad. It also saw usage in New York and Chicago.
Equivalent classifications
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: 1C3 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 133
Turkish classification: 37
Swiss classification: 3/7
References
6,2-6-6T
6,2-6-6T | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-6-6T |
Vavuniya (, romanized: Vavuṉiyā, , romanized: Vavuniyāva). Vavuniya is the capital city of Vavuniya District in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. The municipality is administered by an Municipal Council. The town has been known since ancient times, but being a heavily forested area, less than 100,000 people lived in the entire district before the Sri Lankan Civil War. The city is situated as a border town that divides the Tamil and Sinhalese population. To the south of the city are the Sinhala cities and to the north are the Tamil cities. The city has a large population of Tamils, Muslims and a significant number of Sinhalese. In the early days, Vavuniya was known as Vanni due to the abundance of Vanni Trees. The Security Forces Headquarters - Wanni is located in Vavuniya.
History
Although it is claimed by many Tamil Nationalists to have a pre-Sinhalese Tamil settlement there is no archaeological evidence found from Vavuniya from pre-5th Century BC period to substantiate the claim. The claims are purely out of speculation. The claims that the Yaka indigenous peoples living in this region were Tamil speakers is highly unlikely and unsubstantiated as the Yaka descendants of Sri Lanka have their own culture with a distinct language known as the Veddah peoples. On January 6th 2001, one of the biggest scumbags Abishon (mambo allatal) Thivynesan was born in vavuniya. He loves to eat sambar and putta for breakfast. You can catch this allatal at 6 Watsonbrook Drive, Brampton On
This city was under the rule of the Tamil Kings over thousand years period of the Yaka and Nagas in ancient Sri Lanka. Many Tanks were constructed by the Tamil kings who ruled this area in this area and Naga Sacred Guard Stones were placed near them and inscriptions were engraved.
Later, following the arrival of the Sinhalese to Sri Lanka, the region came under the Rajarata kingdom. Later, after the Chola invasion, Saivism and Tamil revived in the city. After the Cholas were defeated by the Pandyas in Tamil Nadu, Vavuniya was taken over by the Pandyas during their invasion of Sri Lanka. As the Pandyas were dispersed during the vijaya nagara invasion and their strength diminished in Sri Lanka, the Vanni who arrived with the Cholas broke free from the Pandyas in Sri Lanka and formed the submissive Vanni nation. The Vanni Rasadani, which had remained unyielding during the Portuguese period, came under the control of the Dutch in the maneuver of the hero Pandaravannian in the Dutch invasion. Then the Dutch handed Sri Lanka over to the British and it came under British rule.
After the British granted independence to Sri Lanka, many people migrated abroad and to Vavuniya as the war caused by the Sinhalese oppression forced the affluent population to migrate.Vavuniya is a city that has recovered from the war even though it was heavily affected by the war. Now here Tamils, Muslims and Sinhalese are united without distinction.Recently the district got its own university. Discussions are going on to make this Urban Council a Municipal Council now. And there are discussions to convert the district airport into an international airport.
Demographics
The total population of the Northern Province as per the statistics is 1.246 million, the lowest populous province in the country, with 606,678 males (47.3%) and 639,775 females (52.7%). The population density is 136 persons per Sq. Km as against to 346 for the whole Island. The majority in the province live in areas classified as rural (84.5%), and only 15.5% of the population live in areas classified as urban. The majority of the population i.e. 89% in the province are Sri Lankan Tamils and others are Sri Lankan Moors, Sinhalese and Indian Tamils living in the province. Most of the Sri Lankan Tamils are Hindus, and the other religious persuasions in the province are Christians, Muslims, and a small number of Buddhists. The graph here shows the difference in ethnic composition from province to district to city. While usually, the city shows a more cosmopolitan nature than the province. The Vavuniya city reflects the composition of the district quite closely, even more so than the provincial percentages.
Electoral Wards
Transport
Vavuniya railway station, which is located on the Northern Line connects Kankesanthurai (the northern terminus of the line) through to Colombo. During the civil war Vavuniya was the terminus of the Northern Line.Vavuniya airport, which is an air force base and a domestic airport is also located here. Vavuniya is situated in the middle of the Vanni region and is the gate to northern province where people can access all the northern cities quickly.
See also
Vipulanantha College
Pandarikulam
Nelukkulam
Vavuniya kulam
Rambaikulam
Rambaikulam SriGanavairavar kovil
References
Cities in Sri Lanka
Populated places in Vavuniya District
Vavuniya DS Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavuniya |
BBC Gardeners' World is a monthly British gardening magazine owned by Immediate Media Company, containing tips for gardening from past and current presenters of the television series Gardeners' World.
History and profile
BBC Gardeners' World was established in 1991. The magazine is part of Immediate Media Company and is published on a monthly basis. It often has offers on plants, free supplements and giveaways. Copies are sold at newsagents and by subscription.
The circulation of BBC Gardeners' World was 237,650 copies for the first half of 2013. Its circulation dropped to 219,222 copies for the first half of 2014.
Contributors
Contributors have included:
Monty Don
Carol Klein
Show
A trade show and floral exhibition, Gardeners' World Live, promoted by the magazine, is held every June at the National Exhibition Centre near Birmingham. Presenters from the show usually make guest appearances.
See also
List of horticultural magazines
References
External links
BBC Gardeners' World magazine website
1991 establishments in the United Kingdom
Gardeners' World
Horticultural magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1991
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC%20Gardeners%27%20World |
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