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Fort Gúta was a fort near the town of Gúta (modern day Kolárovo) in what is today Slovakia. As of today, no archaeological excavations have been done on its site.
The fort played a minor role during its history compared to the fortresses of two nearby cities, Érsekújvár and Komárom (modern day Nové Zámky and Komárno, respectively) had larger fortresses that played more important roles during past centuries. Specifically, the Siege of Érsekújvár in 1663 was a major event during the Austro-Turkish War, and the fortress of Komárom was the last to resist Austrian and Russian forces during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
Description
The original castle from the 14th century was protected with two palisades. These wooden walls ran parallel to each other and were reinforced with wickers. The space between the palisades was filled with mud and dirt for reinforcement. For additional protection, a moat was constructed around the castle.
History
Fort Gúta was built where the Kolárovo castle stood before it. According to tradition, Mary, Queen of Hungary ordered that castle to be built around 1349 near the confluence of rivers Váh and the Little Danube to protect fords and trade routes. However, Mary was born in 1371, 22 years later, and was crowned in 1382; therefore, it is more likely that the castle was either built decades later or it was built on orders from Mary's predecessor, Louis I.
It has been repaired and renovated several times according to the period requirements. At the beginning of Turkish occupation the fortress was quickly repaired by the local captain Gregor Martonosi Pesthényi in 1527, to protect it from the approaching army of John Zápolya, supported by the Ottoman Empire. That year an army commander of Zápolya, Gáspár Ráskay drew into Guta and conquered the town. Soon afterwards, the fortress fell into the hands of the imperial Austrian army again.
Between 1584-1594 the fortress was strengthened with the help of the Italian army engineers. At the time when Gabriel Bethlen was conquering the fortress in Komárno, local Walloon and French soldiers escaped.
After the Ottoman Army conquered nearby Érsekújvár in 1663, the Kingdom of Hungary, then part of the Habsburg monarchy, decided to modernize the fort. In 1664, it was rebuilt in as a Baroque-style star fort with four triangular bastions.
Between 1662-1664 being afraid of new attacks of Turks, the fortress was modernized again. Inside there were stone accommodation houses and stone stores for gunpowder and guns. At that time there were 130 mercenaries behind the walls under the command of Matej Fröhwirtha. In the spring of 1707 at the time of the Rákóczi uprising, the count Guido Starhemberg performed the fortification worth 6090 forints with the help of the army engineer Fischer.
The kuruc general János Bottyán stayed nearby the town for four times. On 12 July 1708 he conquered the fortress with the help of heavy artillery and captured local mercenaries. After fighting the fortress was destroyed and kuruc soldiers retreated with the words "Let it be the residence of frogs since now". Although the fortress was repaired later, its defamatory name Békavár (Frog castle) was preserved. Danish garrison was located there by general Heister. In the 1840s the fortress had no importance, only used once by the army of General Artúr Görgei, which had a rest there after a lost battle.
References
Bibliography
Castles in Slovakia
Buildings and structures in Nitra Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C3%A1rovo%20Castle |
Cyprus competed at the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR.
Results by event
Judo
Men's under 60 kg
Spyros Spyrou
First Round — Defeated Ashkhoussen Mamodaly Yusei Gachi (Madagascar)
Second Round —Lost Jürg Röthlisberger (Switzerland)
Men's under 65 kg
Constantinos Constantinou - Round 1
Men's under 71 kg
Neophytos Aresti - Round 1
Men's under 86 kg
Spyros Spyrou
First Round — Estrella Milton (Ecuador) in 5:00
Second Round —Lost Holliday Hohn Ippon (United Kingdom|Great Britain) in 2:28
Men's under 95 kg
Panicos Evripidou - Round 1
Swimming
Men's 100 m Backstroke
Laris Phylactou
Heats — 1:08.92 (→ did not advance)
Men's 100 m Breaststroke
Linos Petridis
Men's 100 m Butterfly
Linos Petridis
Heats — 1:06.61 (→ did not advance)
Men's 100 m Freestyle
Laris Phylactou
Heats — 57,41 (→ did not advance)
Women's 100 m Backstroke
Annabel Drousiotou
Heats — 1:15.85 (→ did not advance)
Women's 100 m Freestyle
Olga Loizou
Heats — 1:06.50 (→ did not advance)
Sailing
Men's Finn (single handed dinghy)
Laris Phylactou- 147 points (21st place)
Men's Double-Handed Dinghy (470)
Demetrios Demetriou, Panayiotis Nicolaou - 117 points (14th place)
External links
Cyprus in 1980 Olympics by Cyprus Olympic Committee
Nations at the 1980 Summer Olympics
1980
Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus%20at%20the%201980%20Summer%20Olympics |
The Triumph TR3 is a British sports car produced between 1955 and 1962 by the Standard-Triumph Motor Company of Coventry, England. A traditional roadster, the TR3 is an evolution of the company's earlier TR2 model, with greater power and improved braking. Updated variants, popularly but unofficially known as the "TR3A" and "TR3B", entered production in 1957 and 1962 respectively. The TR3 was succeeded by the Michelotti-styled, mechanically similar Triumph TR4.
The rugged ‘sidescreen’ TR, so named for its employment of removable plexiglass side curtains, was a sales and motorsport success. With approximately 74,800 TR3s sold across all variants, the model was the company's third best seller in the TR range, behind the TR7 (111,500 units) and TR6 (94,500 units) models. The Triumph was campaigned in races, hill climbs, and rallies across Europe and North America, with several outright, team, and class victories to its credit.
TR3
Although the car was usually supplied as an open two-seater, an occasional rear seat and bolt-on steel hard top were available as extras.
The car is powered by the Standard wet liner inline four, a straight-four OHV engine initially producing , an increase of 5 hp over the TR2 thanks to larger SU-H6 carburettors. This was later increased to 100 bhp at 5000 rpm by the addition of a "high port" cylinder head and enlarged manifold. The four-speed manual gearbox could be supplemented by an overdrive unit on the top three ratios, electrically operated and controlled by a switch on the dashboard. In 1956, the front brakes were changed from drums to discs, a first for a British series production car.
The suspension is by double A-arms, manganese bronze trunnion, coil springs and tube shocks at the front, optional anti-roll bar, and with worm and peg steering. Unlike MGs of the same period, the steering mechanism and linkage have considerable play and friction, which increase with wear.
The rear is conventional leaf springs, with solid axle and lever arm dampers, except that the (box) frame rails are slung under the axle. The wheels are 15 inches in diameter and 4.5 inches wide (increased from 4 inches after the first few TR2s), with 48-spoke wire wheels optional. Wire wheels were usually painted, either body colour or argent (silver), but matte chrome and bright chrome were also available.
The TR3's weight is significantly more than the Morgan +4 and the Porsche 356, but not much more than the MGA and MGB. All except the Morgan, which shares the same engine, are substantially less powerful, as is the Sunbeam Alpine.
Under most conditions the car is very responsive and forgiving, but it has some handling issues. The chassis, which is shared by the TR2, TR3, TR3A and TR4 has limited wheel travel. As a result, on very hard cornering, the inside rear wheel can lift, causing sudden over-steer due to the increased load on the outside rear tyre. This is particularly true with radial tyres; the original TR2/3/3A suspension was built for crossply tyres. The wheel lifting is more sudden than that of other cars, because it is caused by coming to the end of the suspension travel while there is still load on the tyre, so the load on the other (outside) rear wheel is a discontinuous function of cornering load, rather than just changing slope.
The TR3 is a true roadster, designed for sunny weather but with removable rain protection. It has a convertible hood (US top) that snaps on and off and removable side curtains, allowing very low doors with padding for the driver's arm to rest on. There are holes in the floor, with rubber plugs, so that the originally supplied jack might be used from inside the car, as did the Jaguar XK120. The optional heater is poor, and the shut-off valve is under the bonnet (US hood). There is room for a third person or child sitting sideways behind the seats, but no accommodation for them.
Some 13,377 examples of the original "pre-facelift" TR3 were produced, of which 1,286 were sold within the UK; the rest were exported mainly to the USA. As of Q1 2011 there were approximately 826 licensed and 115 SORN TR3/3as registered with the DVLA.
Specifications
Production period – October 1955 to Summer 1957
Original price (basic model) – £950
Suspension – Front: independent by unequal-length double wishbones, coil springs and telescopic dampers. Rear: live axle, half-elliptic springs, lever arm dampers.
Brakes – First 4408 models (1955–56): drums all around. Remaining 9000 (1956–57): front discs; rear drums
Factory options and extras – Triumph offered a wide range of optional parts and accessories for both the competition-minded enthusiast and those simply wishing to personalize their vehicle. While many of these items were factory fitments, local dealers supplied some as well. Among these were: overdrive, wire wheels (48-spoke, 60-spoke available from 1959), steel hardtop kit (part No. 900711), occasional rear seat (No. 801264), push-button radio, interior heater, leather upholstery, windscreen washer (No. 553729), cast aluminium sump (No. 502126), engine (from 1959), aluminum ‘Al-fin’ brake drums (No. 202267 or No. 301590 (9- and 10-inch respectively)), spot and fog lamps (Nos. 501703, 501702), and a continental touring kit (No. 502022, spares for travels in remote regions).
Tyres - 5.50-15 crossply or 155HR15 Pirelli Cinturato CA67
Performance
A hardtop car with overdrive tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1956 had a top speed of and could accelerate from 0– in 10.8 seconds. A fuel consumption of was recorded. The test car cost £1,103 including taxes.
Other figures recorded included:
From standing to mile 18.1 secs
TR3A
In 1957 the TR3 was updated with various changes including a full width radiator grille and this facelifted model was commonly referred to as the Triumph "TR3A". However the cars were not badged as such and the "TR3A" name was not used officially, as is evident from contemporary sales brochures.
The "TR3A" was built between 1957 and 1962.
The "TR3A" was a minor update from the TR3. The updates included the new wide front grill, exterior door handles, lockable boot handle and came with a full tool kit as standard (this was an option on the TR3). The total production run of the "TR3A" was 58,236. This makes it the third best-selling TR after the TR6 and TR7. The TR3A was so successful that the original panel moulds eventually wore out and had to be replaced. In 1959 a slightly modified version came out that had raised stampings under the bonnet and boot hinges and under the door handles, as well as a redesigned rear floor section. In addition, the windscreen was attached with bolts rather than the Dzus connectors used on the early "A" models. It is estimated that only 9,500 of the original 58,000 built survive today.
The Triumph TR3 is the first production car to include standard disc brakes, which were continued on the "TR3A" facelift. The car was known for its superior braking ability with its larger tyres (5.90-15 crossply or 165HR15 Pirelli Cinturato), making it an autocross favorite.
The "TR3A" is often seen in vintage and production racing today. The "TR3A", despite being over 50 years old, is still competitive in the E-production class of SCCA (Sports Car Club of America).
In June 1977, Road & Track magazine published an article titled "Driving Impressions: TR3A & TR250" in its 30th anniversary issue. It published a 0– time of 12.0 seconds, power output of at 4800 rpm, observed kerb weight of and fuel consumption of .
TR3B
The "Triumph TR3B" is an unofficial name given to the final version of the TR3, which was produced in 1962. It was offered concurrent with the TR4, which started production in 1961. The "TR3B" was a special short-production run in response to dealer concerns that the buying public might not welcome the TR4.
It had the body of the later "TR3A". Two series were produced: one with a commission number preceded by TSF of which 530 were produced. Of these 530 the last 29 were built as Triumph Italia's; one with commission numbers preceded by TCF of which 2804 were produced. Both series were partly produced in parallel. The TSF series were identical to the last run of TR3As, so with a two-litre engine and non-synchronized 1st gear transmission. The TCF series has the 2.138-litre TR4 engine. The engine is a straight-four, push rod, three-bearing, with wet liners. It has 9:1 compression and is very rigid. It was fitted with two H6 SU carburetors. It has at 4,650 rpm and of torque at 3,350 rpm. It gets around to . The top speed is limited to about by the gear ratio, unless it has overdrive. Electrically triggered overdrive (Laycock-de-Normanville Type A) was available as an option and operates on second, third, and fourth gears. Appearance is identical to the late US-version of the "TR3A", with the same wider head light rims, for the rest very similar to the TR3, except for a wider grille and door handles. It weighs .
TR3 in motorsport competition
Building on the enviable legacy of the Triumph TR2, the TR3 enjoyed much success in international motorsport competition.
After the events of the 1955 ‘24 Heures du Mans’ , the French government moved to prohibit sports car rallying in that country, rallies then little more than long distance road races. In response, Triumph competition manager Ken Richardson had steel hard tops bolted to 100 TR3's, homologating the new sports car as a "grand touring" coupe, the GT class still permitted to race on French public roadways. A ‘grand touring kit’ was made available to customers as an optional extra (part No. 554313).
TR3s were campaigned in the RAC, Monte Carlo, Circuit of Ireland, Alpine, Liege-Rome-Liege, International Tulip, Scheveningen-Luxembourg, Tour de France, Douze Heures de Huy, Lyon-Charbonnieres, Acropolis, Chimay National, and Corsica rallies, among others, achieving numerous outright, team, and class victories including six "Coupes des Alpes" awards. With its robust engine and rugged reliability, the TR was a popular competitor in continental hill climbs, such as the Ollon Villars and Eberbach Bergrennen, and endurance races like the 12 Hours of Sebring and the Mille Miglia.
In 1959, three extensively modified TR3s, referred to as ‘TR3S’ models, were run at the 24H du Mans. Resembling the production TR3, the Le Mans cars employed glass fibre body shells, were six inches longer than the production vehicle, and powered by the prototype twin-cam ‘Sabrina’ engine. The Jopp/Stoop TR3S reached as high as seventh place overall before being forced to retire for mechanical difficulties with just over an hour remaining in the race.
References
External links
Informational website dedicated to the Triumph TR3
TR3
Cars introduced in 1955
Cars discontinued in 1962
Sports racing cars
Roadsters
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
24 Hours of Le Mans race cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph%20TR3 |
The Kunsthalle Bremen is an art museum in Bremen, Germany. It is located close to the Bremen Old Town on the "Culture Mile" (). The Kunsthalle was built in 1849, enlarged in 1902 by architect Eduard Gildemeister, and expanded several more times, most notably in 2011. Since 1977, the building has been designated a Kulturdenkmal on Germany's buildings heritage list.
The museum houses a collection of European paintings from the 14th century to the present day, sculptures from the 16th to 21st century and a New Media collection. Among its highlights are French and German paintings from the 19th and 20th centuries, including important works by Claude Monet, Édouard Manet and Paul Cézanne, along with major paintings by Lovis Corinth, Max Liebermann, Max Beckmann and Paula Modersohn-Becker. The New Media section features works by John Cage, Otto Piene, Peter Campus, Olafur Eliasson, and Nam June Paik. The Department of Prints and Drawings has 220,000 sheets from the 15th to 20th century, one of largest collections of its kind in Europe.
The Kunsthalle Bremen is operated by the non-profit Bremen Art Society (), making it the only German museum with an extensive art collection from the 14th to 21st century which is still in private ownership.
History
History of the Art Society
In 1823, a group of 34 businessmen interested in art founded an Art Society () in Bremen with the aim of "spreading a sense of beauty and form." It is one of the oldest such societies in Germany. The first years of the association's activities were focused on private art exhibitions, with the acquisition of works backed financially from ticket proceeds and business donations. Ten years after its founding, the Society owned 13 paintings, 585 drawings and 3917 leaf prints. The majority of the paintings were Old Masters, including the famous Madonna of Masolino and a series of paintings of Dutch painters of the 17th century, such as Jan van Goyen and Pieter Wouwerman. After 1843, large public exhibitions were organized in association with similar associations in Hannover, Lübeck, Greifswald, Rostock and Stuttgart. By 1846 the society had grown to 575 members. The Kunstverein Bremen is still the exclusive owner of the Kunsthalle Bremen and today has over 8000 members. The society is funded from foundations, private donations, bequests, and grants from the city of Bremen.
History of the Kunsthalle
The building of 1849
Supported by numerous foundations and patrons, the Art Society put out a competitive bid for a new museum building. A then very young Lueder Rutenberg—himself a member of the Art Association—won against prominent competitors. The Society broke ground on the Kunsthalle on 1 July 1847, becoming the first Society in Germany with its own building. The construction project was located on a former rubbish dump in the vicinity of the old city ramparts and the building was finished in 1849. Rutenberg's design was of a dignified but understated two-story building with a three-axis central projection of round arches. While the collections were largely owned by the Kunstverein, the property itself was owned by the city. Four stone figures over the entrance are of Raphael, Michelangelo, Dürer, and Rubens, created by the sculptor Adolph Steinhäuser (1825-1858).
Expansion in 1902
After another competition among Bremen architects, a much-needed enlargement was commissioned in 1898. Albert Dunkel was selected to design the interiors, Eduard Gildemeister for the monumental sandstone facade, and decoration by renowned sculptors Georg Roemer and Georg Wrba. The foundation work was begun in 1899 and on 15 February 1902 the opening ceremony took place. The facade was under construction until 1904. The expansion was funded by foundations and businessmen in Bremen.
Consequences of World War II
The art gallery was closed shortly after the outbreak of war and the collection was initially stored in the basement. In the night of 5 September 1942, a fire bomb destroyed the central staircase and six rooms upstairs. It also burned the painting Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze, which because of its size could not be removed. Today a second version hangs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
After this damage, large parts of the collection were moved to protected areas underneath the Bremer Landesbank and Norddeutschen Kreditbank. As the severity of air raids on Bremen increased, Mayor Böhmcker finally decreed that the collection should be housed outside the city in safety. The removal of the artworks began in 1943 to four different places: the paintings, drawings and graphic sheets were divided between Karnzow Castle of Count Königsmarck near Kyritz, Neumühle Castle of Count von der Schulenburg in Salzwedel, and Schwöbber Castle near Hameln. The sculptures were taken to the princely crypt at Bückeburg Castle.
Karnzow Castle was located in Margraviate of Brandenburg closer to Berlin and it held 50 paintings, 1715 drawings and about 3000 prints from the collection. The castle was taken in May 1945 by Soviet troops and on their return home it was plundered. The Soviets also left the hiding place open, with the result that works of art were within the reach of everyone. Berlin sculptor Kurt Reutti, head of a unit of the Berlin City Council, was able to find several items by extensive research and reclamation from the local black market. However, the losses of the Kunsthalle Bremen stand alongside those of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation and the Dresden art collections as the largest and most devastating of any German museum from the war. In all over 1,500 works from the Kunsthalle remain missing today.
Reconstruction after 1945
In the immediate postwar period, the conditions of the museum and the activities of the Art Society were extremely difficult. Between 1947 and 1948, soldiers of the US Army were billeted in the art gallery, Print Room and Board Room. Because of war damage the building was unusable for displaying art, although exhibitions were organized at other locations starting in 1946. In 1948, ten rooms upstairs were again opened to the public for the 125th anniversary of the Art Society. After further repairs, all rooms on the upper floor were usable again by the end of 1951. In 1961 an extensive restoration was carried out which repaired the heavy war damage. The staircase and the front entrance were modernized in the style of the time.
Expansion in 1982
An extension to the building was completed in 1982 by architect Werner Düttmann and caused a scandal. Contrary to the plans which had been approved in sandstone red brick facade was built instead.
Renovations 1990–1999
In 1990 the Art Society secured financing for the renovation of the workshops, storage areas and the main Print Room of the now structurally and functionally obsolete building. Between 1996 and 1998, more renovations of the Art Gallery continued under the chairman Georg Abegg and director Wulf Herzogenrath. These were urgent because the exhibition halls were in poor condition, the lighting did not meet the requirements and climate conditions did not meet international standards.
In 1995 the Art Society's board of trustees began a "Save the Art Gallery" capital campaign under the leadership of the merchant and deputy chairman Dieter Harald Berghöfer, which reached out to patrons. Within one year it had received 7 million marks, a third of the calculated construction costs (in a city with fewer than 600,000 inhabitants). The state of Bremen and the Federal Republic then provided the other two thirds. Due to unexpected difficulties with the building, construction costs rose to almost 25 million DM, and these additional costs were raised solely by donors who wanted to support the efforts of the Art Society and the board of trustees.
As a result of the renovation, golden oak parquet replaced the linoleum, while the 24 halls and intimate cabinets in which the permanent collection is grouped are bathed in color.
Extension 2011
Between 2009 and 2011, the older constructions of 1961 and 1982 were demolished and two modernist, cubic wings with of gross floor area were added to the old main building according to the plans by architects Hufnagel, Putz and Rafaelian. The main building with of gross floor area was completely renovated and portions modernized. The project cost around €30 million. The families of Friedrich and Peter Lürßen of Lürssen shipyard fame and the Karin and Uwe Hollweg Foundation contributed a third, and the city of Bremen and the Federal Government each one-third of these costs. Additional costs of €3.5 million for among other things geothermal heating were covered by the art society. The new Art Gallery opened on 20 August 2011 and held its first major exhibition at the on 15 October 2011. [3]
Collections
Paintings
The museum's paintings span the 14th century to the present day and are primarily West European. Among the collection's highlights are French and German works from the 19th and 20th centuries, including important pieces by Paul Cézanne, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Vincent van Gogh. It holds major paintings by Max Beckmann, Lovis Corinth, Max Liebermann, and Paula Modersohn-Becker. The museum also houses early modernist works by artists from the nearby art colony of Worpswede. Other represented artists include:
Andreas Achenbach
Albrecht Altdorfer
Arnold Boecklin
Carl Blechen
Merry-Joseph Blondel
Willy von Beckerath
Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
Gustave Courbet
Camille Corot
Lucas Cranach the Elder
Eugène Delacroix
Albrecht Dürer
Adam Elsheimer
Heinrich Jakob Fried
Joseph von Führich
Otto Gildemeister
Eva Gonzalès
Franz Krüger
Johann Liss
August Macke
Franz Marc
Hans von Marées
Anton Raphael Mengs
Edvard Munch
Friedrich Paul Nerly
Jules Pascin
Camille Pissarro
Odilon Redon
Théo van Rysselberghe
Otto Scholderer
Carl Schuch
Alfred Sisley
Max Slevogt
Sébastien Stoskopff
Hans Thoma
Carl Wagner
Prints and drawings
The Department of Prints and Drawings has 220,000 sheets from the 15th to 20th century, including hand drawings, aquarelles, copperplate prints, and printed graphs. It is one of largest and most important collections of its kind in Europe. Artists include:
Edgar Degas
Albrecht Dürer
Berthe Morisot
New Media
The New Media section features works by John Cage, Otto Piene, Peter Campus, Olafur Eliasson, Nam June Paik and others. The Kunstverein promotes current art trends by awarding the Böttcherstrasse Art Prize and organizing exhibitions of the Förderkreis für Gegenwartskunst (association for the support of contemporary art).
Baldin Collection
In 1945 Soviet Army officer Viktor Baldin discovered the stored works from the Kunsthalle in the basement of Karnzow Castle. In order to protect them from complete destruction, he grabbed drawings by Rembrandt, Titian, Rubens, Goya, Van Gogh and Édouard Manet and brought them to the Soviet Union in a suitcase. In 1963 Baldin became Director of the Moscow Architecture Museum. In the autumn of 1989 he visited the Bremen Kunsthalle and reported to the chairman of the Art Society that he had the time to get two paintings and 362 drawings out of Castle Karnzow and had handed them over to the Schtschusev State Research and Science Museum for safekeeping. In the following years he tried repeatedly to return the artwork to the Bremen Art Society by appealing to the highest authorities of the USSR, but without success. The whole issue of "looted art" from Germany was still taboo at that time. In 1995, a show named after him was held in the Hermitage collection in St. Petersburg. In February 2003, the then Russian Minister of Culture, after a formal request of the Kunstverein in 2000, provided a written commitment that the Baldin Collection should be returned to Bremen. Although the collection is not covered by the Plundered Art Laws, the Russian State Duma has so far refused to return it. In 2005 Russia's Culture Minister Alexander Sokolov said that returning the collection to Germany was "out of the question."
See also
List of art museums
List of museums in Germany
Schlachterladen in Schäftlarn an der Isar
References
External links
Repatriation of artworks stolen from the museum during WWII
Virtual tour of the Kunsthalle Bremen provided by Google Arts & Culture
Museums in Bremen (city)
Art museums and galleries in Germany
Art and cultural repatriation
Art museums established in 1849
1849 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthalle%20Bremen |
Computers for Schools may refer to:
Computers for Schools (Canada), a Canadian program founded in 1993
Computers for Schools, a scheme operated by the British retailer Tesco
See also
Computers for African Schools (UK)
Computer technology for developing areas
Computers in the classroom
Educational technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers%20for%20Schools |
The Brazilian Naval Revolts, or the Revoltas da Armada (in Portuguese), were armed mutinies promoted mainly by admirals Custódio José de Melo and Saldanha da Gama and their fleet of rebel Brazilian navy ships against the claimed unconstitutional staying in power of president Floriano Peixoto.
First revolt
In November 1891, President Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, amid a political crisis compounded by the effects of an economic crisis, in flagrant violation of the new constitution, decided to "solve" the political crisis by ordering the closure of Congress, supported mainly by the Paulista oligarchy. The Navy, still resentful of the circumstances and outcomes of the coup that had put an end to the monarchy in Brazil, under the leadership of admiral Custódio José de Melo, rose up and threatened to bombard the city of Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of Brazil. To avoid a civil war, marshal Deodoro resigned the presidency in 23 November.
With the resignation of Deodoro, after just nine months from the beginning of his administration, vice president Floriano Peixoto took office. The 1891 Constitution, however, provided for a new election if the presidency or vice-presidency became vacant sooner than two years in office. The opposition then accused Floriano of staying as head of the nation illegally.
Second revolt
The second revolt started in March 1892, when thirteen generals sent a letter and manifesto to the President Marshal Floriano Peixoto. This document demanded new elections be called to fulfill the constitutional provision and ensure internal tranquility in the nation. Floriano harshly suppressed the movement, ordering the arrest of their leaders. Thus, not legally solved, the political tensions increased. The revolt broke out in September 1893 at Rio de Janeiro, and was suppressed only in March 1894 after a long blockade of the city.
With many of the Brazilian Navy's most powerful ships either in the hands of the rebels or under repair, the Brazilian government had to improvise a new fleet to battle the rebel fleet. The "paper fleet", as it was called, had to face off against a mutiny that had overtaken most of the powerful ships of the original navy. Local bloody conflicts in some regions of Brazil ensued. The navy's mutiny off Rio de Janeiro, in the Guanabara Bay, was also a challenge, and became linked to the Federalist Revolution in southern Brazil.
The revolt included the powerful battleship Aquidabã and a collection of small ironclads, modern cruisers and older wood "cruiser" or steam frigate type ships. Two of the navy's major ships were overseas and supposedly away from the conflict: the battleship Riachuelo was under repairs in France, and the corvette Barrozo was on a round-the world training voyage (during which she sank). This did not leave the government with much left to challenge the mutineers, who could have controlled the seas and influenced the concurrent conflicts on land.
The government basically bought itself a new naval force on the open markets, of small and sometimes unusual ships including torpedo gunboats, various medium and small torpedo boats, small armed yachts, and a transport converted to carry a Zalinski dynamite gun (a pneumatic gun launching a dynamite charge of massive explosive force and marginal accuracy). Such improvised stocking up was common at that time: the US pressed a similar mix of ships into action to supplement its fleet in the 1898 war with Spain (or to buy them before Spain could), and Japan also scrambled to purchase available ships for its conflict with Russia in 1904-5. In this case, however, the new fleet was dedicated to confronting the original navy of the same country.
Details of conflict
On 13 September, the fortresses in Rio de Janeiro, held by the Army, began to be bombarded. The rebel forces' fleet consisted of navy vessels and civilian vessels of Brazilian and foreign companies.
The rebels were the majority in the Navy, but faced strong opposition in the Army, where thousands of young soldiers joined the battalions that supported president Floriano Peixoto. State elites, especially in São Paulo, were also in favor of Floriano.
At the same time, in southern Brazil, the Federalist Revolution against the government was taking place, a dispute between the federalists (nicknamed maragatos) and republicans (nicknamed pica-paus), the latter supported by president Floriano. The city of Desterro, as the capital of Santa Catarina state was then called, was dominated by the rebels. At dawn on 1 December, admiral Custódio de Melo, in the Aquidabã, followed by the República and auxiliary cruisers, went south to join forces with the federalists.
On 7 December, rear admiral Luis Filipe Saldanha da Gama, then director of the Naval School, joined the movement, taking over the rebels in Rio de Janeiro, beginning the second phase of the Navy Revolt. By this time, the rebels had little ammunition and no food. The São José Fortress, on Cobras Island, was practically destroyed by the loyalist troops. On 9 February 1894, the rebels, under the command of Saldanha da Gama, landed at Ponta da Armação, in the city of Niterói, but were defeated. They were also defeated in Governador Island.
Niterói, which was the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, had its seven forts bombed. On 20 February 1894, the seat of government was then moved to Petrópolis, a mountain town beyond the reach of the Navy guns. Niterói would not return to host the capital in 1903.
The federal government had acquired warships, which were dubbed the "paper fleet". The command of this squadron was given to admiral Jerônimo Gonçalves, a veteran of the Paraguayan War. In March 1894, with the support of the Army and the Paulista Republican Party (PRP), the Navy Revolt was stifled. The rebels took refuge in the Portuguese ships Mindelo and Afonso de Albuquerque, ending the second phase of the revolt.
The Federalist Revolution continued in the south, where Saldanha da Gama and his men were still leading troops against the government. Custódio de Melo had taken the port of Paranaguá and was united with the federalist leader Gumercindo Saraiva. They took the city of Lapa and the government troops moved south. On 16 April 1894, the rebel battleship Aquidabã was torpedoed in Santa Catarina by the torpedo-boat destroyer Gustavo Sampaio, which was commanded by lieutenant Altino Flávio de Miranda Correia.
In the República cruiser, Custódio de Melo, commanding four merchant ships and two thousand men, unsuccessfully tried to land in the city of Rio Grande. He was defeated by troops loyal to the state governor Júlio de Castilhos. The navy rebels were defeated. Custódio took refuge in Argentina, where he delivered the ships. According to historian Helio Silva, the end of the third and final phase of the Armada Revolt happened with the death of Saldanha da Gama, on 25 June 1895, in the Battle of Campo Osório, in Rio Grande do Sul.
Photo gallery
Main ships involved in the conflict
Rebel Squad
Battleship Aquidabã - Seriously damaged (disabled until the end of the conflict) by torpedo attack in combat against destroyer Gustavo de Sampaio in the Battle of Anhatomirim.
Armored frigate Sete de Setembro - Sunk and burned during the Battle of Guanabara Bay.
Protected cruiser Tamandaré
Protected cruiser República
Cruiser Trajano
Gunboat Marajó - Sunk after fire during the Battle of Guanabara Bay.
Monitor Alagoas
Monitor Javary - Sunk by coastal artillery (Fortress São João) during the Battle of Guanabara Bay.
Torpedoboat Marcílio Dias
Torpedoboat Iguatemi
Torpedoboat Araguari
Auxiliary cruiser Pereira da Cunha - Sunk by coastal artillery (Fort Gragoatá) after explosion of its ammunition stockpile, killing all crew, Battle of Ponta da Armação (Niterói).
Transport Ship Madeira - Sunk by coastal artillery (Fort Gragoatá) during the Battle of Ponta da Armação (Niterói).
Transport Ship Palas - Sunk after collision with a rock in Battle of Anhatomirim.
Loyalist Squad
Cruiser Tiradentes
Cruiser Parnaiba
Destroyer Gustavo Sampaio
Monitor Solimões
Gunboat Cananéia - Sunk by rebel Cruiser República in combat, southern Brazil.
Gunboat Piratini - Sunk in combat against Rebel Squad in Salvador, Bahia.
Auxiliary cruiser Nichteroy
Torpedoboat Pedro Ivo
Torpedoboat Pedro Affonso
Torpedoboat Silvado
Torpedoboat Bento Gonçalves - Seriously damaged in combat against the rebel battleship Aquidabã in Battle of Anhatomirim.
Torpedoboat Sabino Vieira
Torpedoboat Tamborim
Transport ship Itaipu
See also
Brazilian Navy
Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil
References
External links
First Brazilian Republic
Military history of Brazil
Naval mutinies
1893 in Brazil
1894 in Brazil
Blockades
Rebellions in Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta%20da%20Armada |
Conolly Canal, sometimes spelled as Canoly Canal, is the part of the West coast canal (WCC) network of Kerala and the canal was constructed by combining the rivers and streams along the coast with the intention of creating a vast waterway from Kozhikode to Kochi. It was constructed in the year 1848 under the orders of then collector of Malabar, H.V. Conolly, initially to facilitate movement of goods to Kallayi Port from hinter lands of Malabar through Kuttiyadi and Korapuzha river systems.
The construction was from 1848–50. The canal was built almost entirely by human labour at a time when no machinery was in place. The Canoly Canal connects various rivers and streams including the Korapuzha river in the north and the Kallai River in the south thus forming part of the line of water communication from Vadakara to Beypore. The width of the canal varies between 6 and 20 metres (20 to 65 ft), and the water depth during the monsoon ranges between 0.5 and 2 metres (1.5 to 6 ft).
This was the main waterway for the cargo movement between Kochi and Calicut, trade was the definition of the Canolly canal for more than a century. Major coastal towns such as Chavakkad, Ponnani and Kandassankadavu developed because of the freight trade along the canal. The main products of the coastal line, coconut oil and coconut fibre (Chakiri), were transported to Cochin by using "kettuvallam" (old house boat) through this canal. Many of the things in the once popular Chavakkadu Kuttakkunnu weekly market came through the Canolly Canal. Even the lives of ordinary people were associated with the canal. They used the water of cannoli for all purposes except drinking. The main dependence of the coastal settlers was for bathing and washing clothes. Fishing was also active in small ponds. The sides of most of the canal are lined with dimension stone, but at some locations the lining has collapsed. In a number of places along the canal, trees and bushes and water plants have grown, causing the water flow in the middle stretch of the canal to become weaker.
The Canoly Canal Development Samithi in Kozhikode had decided to start speedboat service on the canal from Karaparamba to the Sarovaram park site in September 2009.
Course
The course of Canoly Canal from Kozhikkode to Kodungallur (Kottapuram) of around 170 km is today part of National Waterway 3 through the National Waterways Act, 2016. It's a part of 630 km long Western Coastal canal (WCC) project in Malabar Coast.
The Northern extend of Canoly Canal is Vatakara near the mouth of Kuttiady river.
From there it takes the course of Kuttiyadi river upstream till Thurayur or Payyoli Cherppu. (5 km further upstream on Kuttiady river at Cherandathur, the Vadakara- Mahe canal projects starts. Once that project materialises, Canoli Canal will have navigable access further north up to Mahé, India)
At Thurayur the canal takes a man made course up till Akalappuzha backwaters. From Akalapuzha through east of Koyilandy town the Canoli Canal take the course of various channels of Korapuzha river system.
Canoli canal leaves the Korapuzha system and enters its man-made urban stretch at Eranhikkal near Elathur, Kozhikode. From there the canal travels next 11.5-km through Kozhikode city till it reaches Kallayi River. During its course through this stretch the canal is severely encroached and polluted. There had been lot of revival projects around 2017. The famous Sarovaram Bio Park is along this stretch. In city Canoli canal travel through areas such as Kunduparamba, Karaparamba, Eranhipalam, Arayidathupalam Junction, Puthiyara, Mooriyad and Mankavu.The Mini Bypass road of Kozhikode city traverse nearly parallel to the Canoli Canal.
From Kallayi river near Mankavu canal begins its southward extension. This man made stretch of canal joining Chaliyar and Kallai River passes through Olavanna Cheruvannur Nallalam and at Kolathara the canal meets Chaliyar river.
In Chaliyar river the canal travels downstream till Chaliyam-Beypore port through Feroke and then from Beypore it takes upstream of another channel on Chaliyar river drainage system through Karuvanthuruthy and Mannoor tiil Kallaampara.
From Kallaampara, Canoli canal then takes a man made channel of 2 km into Kadalundi River system by joining it near Athanickal which is 1.5 km upstream of Kottakadavu bridge (This bridge is an important landmark it connects Parappanangadi with Chaliyam and Feroke. Before this bridge coming into being water transport was the easiest way to get to Beypore from Parappanangadi. Down stream of this bridge comes the famous mangrove system that houses Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary.
The canal then continues for the next 25 km of its course through Kadalundi River till Poorapuzha that's 3 km north of Tanur. In this journey the initial 19 km is upstream till Chuzhali through the main distributary of Kadalundi river that forms river mouth near Kadalundi town. From Chuzhali the next 6 km of the course is through down stream in another distributary of Kadalundi river that form river mouth near Ottumpuram bridge.
Next 18 km is one of the most longest man-made stretch of the canal. It begins from near Pariyapuram on Kadalundi River and ends at Tirur puzha near Koottayi, Tirur. This stretch passes through western side of Tanur. There's heavy siltation, waste dumping, encroachments and presence of numerous low lying cross structures along this reach of the canal.
The canal then goes southwards through Tirur puzha from Koottayi for the next 8 km till it meets the mouth of Bharathappuzha at Ponnani At this area the course of Canoli canal meets the course of TS Canal. From Ponnani to Kodungallur they both along with National Waterway 3 share the same course.
From Ponnani the canal travel through an artificial channel for 4.5 km till it meets Biyyam Kayal near Puthuponnani.
After travelling 1 km through Biyyam Kayal, the canal again starts its man-made stretch, the longest stretch of all for a length of 29 km until it meets Chettuva Backwater. In this stretch the canal pass through Chavakkad. In past access to the canal brought huge trade and allied developments for Chavakkad market.
South of Chavakkad the canal begins to enter the Northern Kole Wetlands region. Kole Wetlands is a Ramsar site, that is one of the rice bowls of Kerala along with Kuttanad and Palakkad.
Kole Wetlands are fed primarily by Karuvannur River (also called as Puzhakkal River, Thannikudam river etc.) and Keecheri River. The Biyyam kayal and Kanjiramukku rivers forms its northern boundary, Chalakudy River forms its southern boundaries and Canoli canal flows through its western boundary
From Chettuva Backwater the canal enters into a series of natural courses through the Kole region of Thrissur. The initial stretch is it travels for 6 km through upstream of Northern distributary of Karuvannur River from Chettuva Backwater till it reaches Enamakkal Lake.
From Enamakkal Lake the canal travels down stream of the Southern distributary of Karuvannur River and other rivulets through Kole region for almost 45 km until it meets Periyar (river) near Kodungallur.
In this stretch 4 km south of Enamakkal Lake the canal reaches Kandassankadavu. This area was also economically benefitted a lot because of trade and freight movement that happened through Canoli canal in the past.
Almost 25 km south of Kandassankadavu near Padiyoor, there is a small canal from Canoli canal towards Irinjalakuda town.
The southern extend of Canoly Canal is Kodungallur where it meets the Periyar (river) system and Kottapuram - Kollam stretch of National Waterway 3.
See also
Waterways transport in Kerala
National Waterway 3
TS Canal
References
Canals in Kerala
Buildings and structures in Kozhikode
Canals opened in 1848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conolly%20Canal |
Military College Jhelum (MCJ) is a feeder college to Pakistan Military Academy kakul, Pakistan. Though it is physically located in Gujrat District, due to its very close proximity, it is still associated with the City of Jhelum, and is considered to be in the cantonment limit of Jhelum. The institution feeds the Pakistan Military Academy, Kakul. Military College Jhelum is one of three military colleges in Pakistan; the others being Military College Murree and Military College Sui.
History
The college's foundation stone was laid on 25th February 1922 by the Prince of Wales at Jalandhar Cantonment for the King George Royal Indian Military Schools (KGRIMS) at the Jallandhar and Jhelum in Punjab. Regular classes at the college began on 15 September 1925. Jallandhar is now in the Indian state of Punjab but the school was relocated to the state of Himachal Pradesh after being renamed as the Chail Military School.
Location
Military College Jhelum is located in the district of Gujrat in the town of Sarai Alamgir. Due to its proximity to city of Jhelum and because original Jhelum was on Sarai Alamgir side plus the inclusion of Sarai Alamgir in district Jhelum before 1998, it is widely known as Military College Jhelum (MCJ).
List of Commandants
Commandants and their tenure start dates are:
Notable alumni
The college has produced five four-star generals of Pakistan Army, Air Force and Navy, namely former Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff General Muhammad Iqbal Khan (Late), former Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Zulfiqar Ali Khan (late), former Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Abdul Aziz Mirza, former Vice Chief of Army Staff General Yusaf Khan, and former Chief of Army Staff General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani.
College has 40 Swords of Honour, and many gallantry medals including one Nishan-e-Haider Major Muhammad Akram.
The senior notable military officers of the College Alumni include;
Lt Gen (R) Muhammad Safdar, SBt, Governor of Punjab and Chief of General Staff, GHQ
Lt General (R) Nazar Hussain, HI (M), Commander Army Air Defence Command
Maj Gen (R) Muhammad Akram,
Maj Gen (R) Ghazanfar Ali Khan, GOC 41st Infantry Division, Quetta and Vice Chief of General Staff, GHQ
Lt Gen (R) Raza Muhammad Khan, Commander XXXI Corps, Bahawalpur
Maj Gen Tariq Mehmood, Deputy DG ISI, Islamabad
Maj Gen Zahir Shah, Director General Survey of Pakistan
Lt Gen Javed Iqbal, AG GHQ
Masood Ashraf Raja, English Professor, University of North Texas
Maj Gen Obaidullah Khan
Gen Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, Ex-Chief Of Army Staff Pakistan
Maj Gen Kamal Anwar Chaudry, IG FC South Balochistan
9184 DC Rayan
See also
Army Burn Hall College
List of cadet colleges in Pakistan
Military College Sui
References
External links
Schools in Punjab, Pakistan
Cadet colleges in Pakistan
Military schools in India
Jhelum
Education in Jhelum
Intermediate colleges in Pakistan
1922 establishments in India
Pakistan Military Academy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20College%20Jhelum |
Greg D. Burns (born 21 February 1958) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for St Kilda.
Burns was a tough and uncompromising centreman, who won St Kilda best and fairest twice, in 1984 and again in 1986. He was often one of the few shining lights for the Saints during the club's run of four wooden spoons from 1983 until 1986. His fierce determination to win the ball out of the middle became a trademark and would often stand out in physical contests among opposition of a higher calibre, especially in games at Moorabbin among the often muddy and wet conditions.
He made only one appearance - his first in the VFL - in 1978, before playing a further 59 games over the next four years for just 12 wins. In 1983, Burns established himself as the Saints best midfielder, racking up 20 games and 492 possessions (average of 24.6 per game) - an increase on his 261 possessions the season before. Only in 1987, aged 29, did Burns collect more touches of the football in his career during a 21-game, 506 disposals season. He utilised the handball more in this, his tenth seasons in the VFL, handpassing it 202 times, 68 more than any other season.
Burns, who shunned the limelight to bigger names at St Kilda, retired in 1989. It coincided with good teammate and fellow Ballarat product, Geoff Cunningham's retirement, the pair starting and ending their careers at St Kilda during the same time. Burns had been a harness racing driver in the 1970s.
References
Sources
Bio at Saints.com.au
Trevor Barker Award winners
St Kilda Football Club players
1958 births
Living people
North Ballarat Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Burns%20%28Australian%20rules%20footballer%29 |
Tønsberg Gressbane is a football stadium in Tønsberg, Norway. It is the home ground of FK Tønsberg and Tønsberg FK. It was the home ground of Eik-Tønsberg until 2001, when FK Tønsberg was formed.
References
Tønsberg Gressbane - Nordic Stadiums
Football venues in Norway
Norwegian Cup Final venues
Eliteserien venues
Sports venues in Vestfold og Telemark
Tønsberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg%20Gressbane |
A tree shelter, tree guard or tree tube (sometimes also Tuley tube) is a structure that protects planted tree saplings from browsing animals and other dangers as the trees grow.
The purpose of tree shelters is to protect young trees from browsing by herbivores by forming a physical barrier along with providing a barrier to chemical spray applications. Additionally, tree tubes accelerate growth by providing a mini-greenhouse environment that reduces moisture stress, channels growth into the main stem and roots and allows efficient control of weeds that can rob young seedlings of soil moisture and sunlight. Young trees protected in this way have a survival rate of around 85%, but without a tree guard only about half of all planted trees grow to adulthood.
Wrought iron, wire and wooden tree guards were used in Victorian England since the 1820s, but not always because of their cost. Plastic tube tree shelters were invented in Scotland in 1979 by Graham Tuley. They are particularly popular in the UK in landscape-scale planting schemes and their use has been established in the United States since 2000. About 1 million shelters were in use in the United Kingdom in 1983–1984, and 10 million were produced in 1991.
Many variations of tree shelters exist. There is considerable debate among tree shelter manufacturers as to the ideal colour, size, shape and texture for optimal plant growth. One style used in northern climates of North America has a height of 5 feet to offer the best protection from deer browse, with vent holes in the upper portion of the tube to allow for hardening off of hardwood trees going into the winter months and no vent holes in the lower portion to shield seedlings from herbicide spray and rodent damage.
The use of plastic tube tree shelters leads to the contamination of the environment with microplastics as the tubes, which are normally not collected, degrade over time. Alternatives include wooden or metal fencing to keep animals out.
References
Potter, M. J. (1991) Treeshelters - Forestry Commission Handbook 7 HMSO
External links
Forestry tools
Habitat management equipment and methods
Reforestation
Scottish inventions
Plastics applications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20shelter |
The business activity statement is a form submitted to the Australian Taxation Office by registered business entities to report their tax obligations, including goods and services tax, pay as you go withholding, pay as you go instalments, fringe benefits tax, wine equalisation tax and luxury car tax. Pay as you go withholding is sometimes known as income tax withholding, pay as you go instalments is sometimes known as income tax instalments".
The Australian Taxation Office forwards a business activity statement tailor made for each registered business entity before the end of each reporting period. It may be delivered to the business as a paper form, electronically, or via the business’s registered tax agent. Parts of the form may be pre-filled.
Related to the business activity statement is the instalment activity statement, which is used by taxpayers who are not registered for the goods and services tax, but have other tax obligations. An instalment activity statement is also used by entities that prepare a quarterly business activity statement but are required to remit their pay as you go withholding tax on a monthly basis.
The business activity statement reporting system was introduced in 2000 as a part of a major tax reform, which also included the introduction of the goods and services tax. The various forms and reporting methods have changed considerably since the initial introduction of the business activity statement.
Types
There are a number of different business activity statement forms which an organisation can complete. The form which a business receives depends on what tax liabilities it has, referred to as roles. Forms are usually issued quarterly, some roles can be reported at different frequencies depending on the business structure and income. Some roles such as goods and services tax can be reported annually, subject to eligibility criteria being met. The business activity statement forms are required.
Frequency
Activity statements are usually required to be submitted quarterly, but some entities may be required to report obligations on a more frequent basis.
Some entities may be required to report pay as you go withholding liabilities or goods and services tax on a monthly basis.
Operations
Every activity statement carries a unique document identification number. Activity statements can be submitted to the tax office on paper (mail), by phone, electronically (via a tax agent's electronic lodgment system), or through the Australian Taxation Office business portal.
Activity statements are processed by the Australian Taxation Office through its operations sub-plan. Any errors which occur with activity statements are usually handled by a department known as activity statement product (exceptions). This department operates under the operations sub-plan, client account services business service line. Errors may occur when a business client reports figures incorrectly, where a client includes cent figures (only dollar figures are allowable), where an arithmetic error occurs, when a statement is submitted when no roles are active for the client, or when the handwriting on a paper statement is illegible.
Methods of preparation
The primary methods that businesses use to prepare and submit their business activity statement include:
Accountant
Bookkeeper
Tax software
Australian Taxation Office website
Manually, by themselves
Standard business reporting
See also
Taxation in Australia
References
Statements (law)
Taxation in Australia
Tax forms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20activity%20statement |
The Triumph TR2 is a sports car produced by the Standard Motor Company in the United Kingdom between 1953 and 1955. It was only available in roadster form.
The car had a 121 cid (1991 cc) four-cylinder Standard wet liner inline-four engine from the Vanguard, fitted with twin H4 type SU Carburettors and tuned to increase its output to . The body was mounted on a substantial separate chassis with coil-sprung independent suspension at the front and a leaf spring live axle at the rear. Either wire or disc wheels could be supplied. The transmission was a four-speed manual unit, with optional top gear overdrive. Lockheed drum brakes were fitted all round.
A total of 8,636 TR2s were produced. It was replaced by the TR3 in 1955.
History
Standard's Triumph Roadster was out-dated and under-powered. Company boss Sir John Black tried to acquire the Morgan Motor Company but failed. He still wanted an affordable sports car, so a prototype two-seater was built on a shortened version of the Standard Eight's chassis and powered by the Standard Vanguard's 2-litre straight-4. The resulting Triumph 20TS prototype was revealed at the 1952 London Motor Show.
Black asked BRM development engineer and test driver Ken Richardson to assess the 20TS. After he declared it to be a "death trap" a project was undertaken to improve on the design; a year later the TR2 was revealed. It had better looks; a simple ladder-type chassis; a longer body; and a bigger boot. It was loved by American buyers, and became the best earner for Triumph. In 1955 the more powerful TR3 was released, with a re-designed grille and a GT package that included a factory hard-top.
"TR" stands for "Triumph Roadster". Period advertising name the car T.R.2. The periods were replaced by a single hyphen when the TR-3 was introduced.
As of 2011 there were approximately 377 licensed and 52 SORN TR2s of the 8,636 TR2s produced registered with the DVLA in the UK; in the United States 1,800 were known to survive.
Performance
A car with overdrive tested by The Motor magazine in 1954 had a top speed of , and could accelerate from 0– in 12.0 seconds. A fuel consumption of was recorded. The test car cost £900 including taxes and £56 for overdrive.
The magazine also commented that the TR2 was the lowest price British car able to exceed .
In motorsport
Concentrating on rapid entry into the lucrative US sports car market, Standard-Triumph had given little thought to the competitive potential of their new TR2 roadster. Two events would highlight this omission: the Jabbeke Tests, and early privateer rally victories.
Employing a production TR2 with optional streamlining equipment (Under-shield (Part #502122), Rear-wing spats, Metal cockpit cover), Triumph attained a speed of 124.889 mph on the closed Jabbeke motorway in Belgium in May 1953. The following March, customer TR2s took 1st, 2nd, and 5th places in the prestigious RAC Rally. The publicity derived from these accomplishments led the factory to establish a Competition Department under the leadership of Ken Richardson, supporting both works and customer cars.
Between 1954 and 1955, the TR2 was campaigned in the Mille Miglia, the Ulster TT at Dundrod, the Grand Prix of Macao, Lockbourne Races (USA), the Alpine, Monte Carlo, RAC, Thousand Island (Canada), Liege-Rome-Liege, Nigeria 24-Hour, 3rd ADAG Gruenewaldfahrt, Circuit of Ireland, Soleil-Cannes, RSAC, and Tulip rallies, among others, earning numerous Outright, Team, and Class awards including the coveted Coupe des Alpes.
In 1955, a Triumph works team of three modified TR2s (disc brakes, larger carburetors, Jabbeke windscreens) were entered in the 24 Heures du Mans. Reaching speeds of up to 120 mph on the Mulsanne Straight, the team would complete the legendary endurance race in 14th, 15th, and 19th positions. Some of the modifications on these cars (Girling disc brakes, carburetors) would subsequently appear on the Triumph TR3.
Doug Whiteford won the 1955 Moomba TT at the Albert Park Circuit in Victoria, Australia driving a Triumph TR2.
References
TR2
Cars introduced in 1953
Roadsters
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
24 Hours of Le Mans race cars
Cars discontinued in 1955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph%20TR2 |
Cornelis Bloemaert II (1603 – 28 September 1692), was a Dutch Golden Age painter and engraver.
Biography
Bloemaert was born at Utrecht. He studied with his father, Abraham Bloemaert, his brothers Hendrick and Adriaan, and his father's pupil, Gerard van Honthorst. Though originally trained as a painter, he devoted himself primarily to printmaking, which he learned from Crispijn van de Passe. He went to Paris in 1630, where he made engravings from among others, Michel de Marolles's Temple des Muses, before going to Rome in 1633. His chisel can be recognised by the colours' richness and the smoothness of their transitions. Amongst his pupils were Michel Natalis and Gilles Rousselet. Some of his better known engravings are of Annibale Carracci's The Holy Family, Pietro da Cortona's Adoration of the Shepherds, and Rubens' Meleager.
According to Houbraken he traveled to Rome, where he made prints of many Italian paintings. During 1664-1677, working with Charles de la Haye, he completed engraving of the Pietro da Cortona frescoes in the Palazzo Pitti, published as Heroicae Virtutes Imagines quas eques Petrus Beretinus pinxit Florentiae (1677).
In 1659 and 1667 he did frontispiece engravings for Daniello Bartoli's Istoria della Compagnia di Gesu. He was so successful that he stayed there until receiving word that his father wished to see him once more before he died. He delayed his return so long, that his father died, so he remained in Rome until his own death. He was a member of the Bentvueghels with the nickname Winter.
References
External links
Vermeer and The Delft School, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Cornelis Bloemaert
1603 births
1692 deaths
17th-century engravers
Dutch engravers
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Artists from Utrecht
Members of the Bentvueghels
Bloemaert family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis%20Bloemaert |
Białołęka (, from biały - white and łąka - meadow) is one of 18 districts of Warsaw, located in the northern part of the city. Until October 27, 2002 Białołęka was a gmina.
According to the Central Statistical Office data, the district's area is and 92 768 people inhabit Białołęka.
History
On the fields of Białołęka, one of the battles with the Swedish on July 28–30, 1656 took place. On February 25, 1831 one of the battles of the November Uprising - Battle of Białołęka - took place.
In 1425, the Białołęka village came into being and belonged to the Gołyński family.
During the interwar period, only the Różopol subdivision was part of Warsaw.
In 1938 Białołęka had 900 inhabitants and belonged to the Bródno municipality.
In 1951 a group of villages (including Białołęka) joined Warsaw as result of the new administrative divisions of Warsaw.
In 1976, during the next border changes, more villages joined Warsaw and the north-eastern border of Warsaw reached the point where it remains today.
In 1994, the Białołęka subdivision gave its name to the new gmina Warsaw-Białołęka. The gmina was the third largest out of eleven Warsaw gminas - 15% of the city's area.
In 2002, the territorial division of Warsaw changed, and gminas were replaced with dzielnicas.
In 2012, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge was opened, connecting Białołęka with another district Bielany.
Division
The area of the division is subdivided into following parts:
industrial, where many industries are located in central, southern and southern-western parts: Żerań CHP Station (Elektrociepłownia Żerań), Polfa Tarchomin (a pharmaceutical company), Czajka sludgeworks, printing site of Agora SA publisher, factories of L'Oréal and the Coca-Cola Company, PKP rail sites, and many building companies
housing estates with high density housing located in the central-western part (Nowy Tarchomin, Nowodwory and Nowe Świdry)
housing estates with prevalent detached housing - northern and central-northern parts (Choszczówka, Białołęka Dworska, Płudy, Henryków and others)
housing estates in village areas and arable lands (Brzeziny, Lewandów, Kobiałka, Białołęka Szlachecka, Mańki-Wojdy and others)
Subdivisions of Białołęka
Białołęka is divided into smaller subdivisions (osiedles). Below is a list of them (the italic names are the ones which are not taken into account by the TERYT).
Other subdivisions:
Szylówek
Green Białołęka
Parks:
Henrykowski Park – 30 056 m²
"Picassa" Park – 36 700 m²
Squares
By Botewa/Talarowa streets – 5088 m²
Next to Picassa housing estate – 32 900 m²
Around the town hall – 4560 m²
By Światowida street – 4600 m²
Flowerbeds
Area of flowerbeds – 250 m²
Area of rose-gardens – 177 m²
Surface waters
Vistula river – 10 123 m
Henrykowski canal – 9638 m
Żerański canal – 9240 m
Długa river + Markowski canal – 5450 m
Bródnowski canal – 3600 m
Dyke B – 3270 m
Dyke A – 2640 m
Jabłonna stream – 1838 m
Natural reserves
Ławice Kiełpińskie natural reserve – fauna natural reserve near the border of Warsaw, which function is to protect places where water-mud birds make nests. Area - 803 hectares.
Łęgi Czarnej Strugi natural reserve – situated in the north-west part of Nieporęt gmina. Area - 39,53 hectares.
There are also many different-sized forests in Białołęka.
Monuments of Białołęka
Court on Mehoffera Street
This consists of a court from the 18th century, a palace from the beginning of the 18th century, once occupied by the statesman, Tadeusz Mostowski, and a park.
Church of St James the Great
2 Mehoffera Street
The Church of St James the Great on Mehoffera Street is the only Gothic temple in Warsaw which still looks nearly the same today as when it was built. The architectural details from 16th century are still visible. The church is built from brick and it dates from the beginning of 16th century.
Church of Birth of the Blessed Virgin Lady
21 Klasyków Street
A church built from 1908 to 1913 in Vistula Neo-Gothic style. It was consecrated on September 8, 1913, and on September 16, 1949 it was given its name by Stefan Wyszyński.
Church of Michelangelo
119 Głębocka Street
One of the oldest wooden churches in Warsaw, probably founded by Bona Sforza in 1534.
Transport in Białołęka
The main route where all transport goes is Modlińska Street (an extension of Jagiellońska), which is a part of trunk road 61 to Gdańsk and Masuria; and the Toruńska route, part of trunk road 8 to Białystok. Płochocińska Street is also an important transport route as a fragment of the 633 voivodeship road to Nieporęt.
There are also plans of creating whole-city-long routes including Białołęka's routes:
Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge route
Vistula route
Olszynka Grochowska route
extension of Marywilska Street to the borders of Warsaw
A railroad to Działdowo goes through the district. There are three stops on the railroad, on which Koleje Mazowieckie passenger trains, going from Warszawa Gdańska and Warszawa Wola (now Warszawa Zachodnia's eighth platform) stations, going to Legionowo, Nasielsk, Ciechanów and Działdowo, stop.
In 2013, the first stage of a tram line extension brought the Warsaw tram network to Białołęka with line 2 connecting the area to the Młociny metro station across the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge.
Borders
Białołęka borders:
Targówek to the south along the Toruńska Route
Bielany and Łomianki to the west across the Vistula
Jabłonna and Nieporęt to the north
Marki to the east
Notable people
Piotr Szulczewski (born 1981), entrepreneur and founder and CEO of e-commerce site Wish.
See also
Żerań
References
External links
Website of the Office of Białołęka District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82o%C5%82%C4%99ka |
Andrew Nicol may refer to:
Andy Nicol (born 1971), Scottish rugby union player
Andrew Nicol (judge) (born 1951), British judge
Andrew Niccol (born 1964), New Zealand screenwriter
Andrew Nicholl (1804–1886), New Zealand screenwriter
Andy Nicholls (born 1962), English football hooligan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Nicol |
Piedigrotta (; ; "at the foot of the grotto") is a section of the Chiaia quarter of Naples, Italy, so-called for the presence of the Church of the Madonna of Piedigrotta near the entrance to the Crypta Neapolitana. The area was also well known for an annual festival, which gave rise to a song writing competition leading to the commercial birth of the popular Neapolitan song.
References
Zones of Naples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedigrotta |
"Pure Morning" is a song by British alternative rock band Placebo, released as the lead single from their second album, Without You I'm Nothing (1998), in August 1998. Along with "Nancy Boy", it is Placebo's highest-charting single on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number four. It was also successful in the United States, reaching number 19 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. Elsewhere, the song reached the top 50 in Australia, Canada, Iceland, Ireland and New Zealand. In October 2017, the song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).
Writing and recording
"Pure Morning" was a last-minute addition to Without You I'm Nothing, being recorded as the band prepared B sides for the album in May, under "Nancy Boy" producer Phil Vinall. After playing with a guitar loop, they decided to develop it into a full song. Brian Molko said the lyrics were written "off the top of my head", so he only noticed their significance after recording.
Molko said that overall it was "a song about friendship", starting from the situation of "coming down when the rest of the world is waking up", such as when clubgoers get home as the sun rises and everyone else is going to work. The feeling of dislocation, "that point you feel like your life is the least sorted ever", would be solved by someone to "slip their arm around you and make slumber easier."
Molko summed up as "All you really crave is for a friend to put their arms around you and make you feel better. That's the pure morning, when that happens."
Music video
The music video, directed by Nick Gordon, and shot in slow motion at the junction of Savoy Street and Savoy Hill in London, features Brian Molko as a suicidal person. Police and authorities attempt to stop him from jumping from a building to end his life. Shots of the other band members consist of them being arrested for unseen crimes. News crews report on the scene and a single police officer runs through the building to attempt to dissuade Molko from jumping. Molko eventually jumps immediately before the officer reaches him, briefly falls, then is seen landing in a standing position on the side of the building, facing the street below him. He then walks down the side of the building, astonishing everyone.
Live performances
The song was a staple of the band's setlist from 1998 through to 2005. After playing it on a number of shows during the band's stint on the Projekt Revolution tour of 2007, it was not performed between 2008 and 2016. In November 2013, in an interview, Brian Molko stated that although he still likes the music, the lyrics of the song nauseate him. In October 2016, the song returned to the setlist and has opened almost every Placebo live set since.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Pure Morning" (radio edit)
"Mars Landing Party"
"Leeloo"
UK CD2
"Pure Morning" (album version)
"Needledick"
"The Innocence of Sleep"
Personnel
Placebo
Brian Molko – vocals, guitar
Stefan Olsdal – bass, guitar
Steve Hewitt – drums, percussion
Technical personnel
Phil Vinall – production
Paul Corkett – additional engineering
Jake Davies – mixing assistant
Phelan Kane – programming
Teo Miller – engineering
Bunt Stafford-Clark – mastering (at Townhouse Studios, London)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
In popular culture
"Pure Morning" has been featured often in British television advertisements. The song was included on the soundtrack to the film The Chumscrubber (2005). The song was covered by the project of Johnathon Sharp, Biotek, on their album Punishment for Decadence. The intro is featured in an episode of Daria, and it was also used in the Top Gear 2001 J.D. Power Survey, revealing the Lexus LS400.
References
1998 singles
1998 songs
Hut Records singles
Placebo (band) songs
Songs written by Brian Molko
Songs written by Stefan Olsdal
Songs written by Steve Hewitt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure%20Morning |
Spalirisos, also spelled Spalirises, (Greek: , (epigraphic); Kharosthi: , ) was an Iranian king who ruled Arachosia in the 1st century BCE.
Name
Spalarisos's name is attested on his coins in the Greek form () and in the Kharosthi form (), which are derived from the Saka name , meaning "in command of army".
Career
Before his rise to kingship, he served as a commander of Vonones of Sakastan, who had minted coins with his name and that of another commander, Spalahores, who are both referred to as "brother of the king". Scholars such as R.C. Senior and Khodadad Rezakhani consider Spalirisos and Spalahores to indeed be Vonones' brothers, while others such as K.W. Dobbins argue that it was an honorific title given to them, whom he considered to be Saka satraps.
A major argument against the proposal of a blood relationship between Vonones and the two commanders was due to both of them having Saka names, contrary to Vonones' Parthian name. Saghi Gazerani has suggested that after the Arsacid re-conquest of Sakastan (sometime between 124–115 BC), which was given as a fiefdom to the Surenid general that led the expedition, the Surenids (who became independent after 88 BC) and Sakas became closely connected, presumably through alliances and intermarriages. Indeed, Parthians and Sakas are often mixed up in Indian literature. The mythological Iranian hero Rostam (who was from Sakastan), is mentioned in Iranian traditions as both Parthian and Saka, thus supporting this dual-identity.
Notes
References
Sources
Indo-Scythian kings
1st-century BC Iranian monarchs
1st-century BC Iranian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalirisos |
The Reserve Bank of Malawi is the central bank of Malawi established in the year 1964 located in Lilongwe. The current governor is Wilson Banda.
The Bank is active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. It is also one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration during the 2011 Global Policy Forum held in Mexico.
The Reserve Bank of Malawi is the only institution permitted to issue the Malawian kwacha, which replaced the Malawian pound in 1971.
Governors
Alan G. Perrin, 1964-1968
D. E. Thomson, 1968-1971
John Tembo, 1971-1984
Chakakala Chaziya, 1984-1986
Stephen Chimwemwe Hara, 1986-1988
Hans Joachim Lesshafft, 1988-1992
Francis Perekamoya, 1992-1995
Mathews Chikaonda, 1995-2000
Elias Ngalande, 2000-2005
Victor Mbewe, 2005-2009
Perks Ligoya, 2009-2012
Charles Chuka, 2012-2017
Dalitso Kabambe, 2017-2020
Wilson Banda, 2020-
See also
Economy of Malawi
List of central banks of Africa
List of central banks
References
External links
Reserve Bank of Malawi
Malawi
Banks of Malawi
Buildings and structures in Lilongwe
Banks established in 1964
1964 establishments in Malawi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve%20Bank%20of%20Malawi |
The Barrett Report is a 400-page report created by special prosecutor David Barrett. Initially tasked with investigating allegations of lying to the FBI against Henry Cisneros, Secretary of the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development under U.S. President Bill Clinton, the investigation eventually delved into allegations that President Clinton had used the U.S. Department of Justice and the Internal Revenue Service as political tools against American citizens. The investigation lasted ten years and cost nearly $21 million. It resulted in one misdemeanor conviction against Cisneros and developed information that led to a prison term for his former mistress, Linda Medlar Jones, on an unrelated bank fraud charge.
Before the release of the report, three Democratic U.S. Senators, John Kerry, Dick Durbin and Byron Dorgan, forced the redaction of certain pages by attaching a rider to an unrelated appropriations bill.
Cisneros, a former San Antonio mayor, eventually pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of lying to the FBI. He paid a US$10,000 fine and was pardoned by President Clinton on Clinton's final day in office.
See also
Henry Cisneros payments controversy
References
External links
Final Report: Office of Independent Counsel David M. Barrett In Re Henry G. Cisneros
1995 in American politics
Cisneros, Henry
Reports of the United States government
Special prosecutors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett%20Report |
Alexander King may refer to:
Alexander Campbell King (1856–1926), U.S. Solicitor General and federal judge
Alexander King (footballer) (1871–1957), Scottish footballer
Alexander King (author) (1899–1965), U.S. humorist, memoirist, and TV personality
Alexander King (scientist) (1909–2007), British sustainable development pioneer
Alexander King (MP) (fl. 1588–1601), British MP for Bishop's Castle
Alex King (rugby union) (born 1975), English footballer
Alex King (basketball) (born 1985), German basketball player
Alex King (referee), Australian soccer referee
See also
King Alexander (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20King |
The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) is the professional body for general practitioners (GPs) in Australia. The RACGP is responsible for maintaining standards for quality clinical practice, education and training, and research in Australian general practice. The RACGP represents over 40,000 members across metropolitan, urban, rural and remote Australia.
The RACGP develops resources and guidelines, advocates for GPs on issues that affect their practice, and develop standards that general practices use to ensure high quality healthcare.
Organisation
The President and Board
The RACGP is governed by the RACGP Board. The RACGP Broad comprises:
Chair
President
Vice President
Censor-in-Chief
The Chair of each state/territory Council
Chair of RACGP Rural
Chair of RACGP Specific Interests
Chair of RACGP Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health
Chair of the Finance Audit and Risk Management Committee
General Practice Registrar Representative
Any additional Board members co-opted by RACGP Board permitted under the RACGP Constitution.
Faculties
There are nine faculties within the RACGP, representing different geographical regions and special interest groups.
Six geographical faculties serve the needs of members practising in their respective regions; Western Australia, Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, South Australia & Northern Territory, and New South Wales & Australian Capital Territory.
RACGP Rural supports and advocates for GPs working in rural and remote communities across Australia.
RACGP Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health was formed as part of the RACGP's commitment to raising awareness of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health needs, and therefore to help 'close the gap'.
RACGP Specific Interests was established in 2008 to recognise the additional interest and expertise held by GPs in selected areas of general practice. RACGP Specific Interests facilitates GP members practising in these areas to promote the area of specific interest and to share and develop related knowledge and materials.
Membership
The RACGP has more than 40,000 members working in or towards a career in general practice across Australia and internationally.
Categories of membership
The categories of membership are:
Fellow - GPs who have successfully completed all RACGP Fellowship assessment requirements, have satisfied the RACGP Board of their competence through training and/or experience, and who hold current Australian medical registration.
Member - medical practitioners who have five years specialist registration with AHPRA, five years consecutive participation in the QI&CPD program and two referees, both of whom must be a financial Fellow or Member of the RACGP.
Associate - registered medical practitioners who are not Fellows or 'full' Members.
Registrar Associate - general practice registrars who are participating in general practice vocational training.
Student - medical students who are currently enrolled in an undergraduate or graduate course approved by an Australian medical school, including a Bachelor of Medicine or a Bachelor of Biomedical Science.
Fellowship and examinations
Fellowship of the RACGP
RACGP Fellowship is the admission to the specialty of general practice. It is an important recognition from the RACGP and the profession of general practice, and represents excellence in general practice.
In 1996, the Australian Government adopted Fellowship of the RACGP (FRACGP) as the standard for certifying competence to deliver unsupervised general practice services in any general practice setting in Australia – urban, regional, rural or remote.
Fellowship of the RACGP allows GPs to:
Work unsupervised in general practice
Claim A1 Medicare rebates
Use the post nominal 'FRACGP'
FRACGP exams
The RACGP Fellowship exam consists of three segments; applied knowledge test (AKT), key feature problems (KFP) and objective structured clinical exam (OSCE). The exams are delivered in various locations across Australia and the conjoint Fellowship is delivered in Hong Kong and Malaysia. Passing of each component of the RACGP Fellowship exam is the usual way GPs become eligible to apply for their FRACGP.
Practice Experience Program
The RACGP's Practice Experience Program (PEP) is a self-directed education program designed to support non-vocationally registered (non-VR) doctors on their pathway to RACGP Fellowship.
The PEP aims to provide targeted educational support for non-VR doctors (primarily international medical graduates (IMGs)) to help them to prepare for the RACGP exams and to deliver quality general practice care to their patients.
Continued Professional Development
CPD program
The RACGP Continued Professional Development (CPD) program supports Australian GPs to provide the best possible care for patients. It does this by recognising ongoing education and promoting the development and maintenance of general practice skills and lifelong learning.
Medicare Australia requires all GPs who access any Medicare program or service to participate and complete all requirements of a recognised CPD program.
In the absence of fellowship of any of the specialty colleges, a GP will typically take up participation of the QI&CPD program in order to satisfy medical registration requirements with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), the national medical registration body. Participation in the QI&CPD program is not equivalent to Fellowship of the RACGP.
Advocacy
The RACGP advocates for GPs and general practice, promoting the importance of patient safety, quality care, coordination of care, whole patient care, better recognition and reward for GPs, and investment into primary healthcare infrastructure, teams, training, and technology. The breadth of the RACGP's work is reflected by its various advocacy efforts.
Publications and events
Australian Journal of General Practice
The RACGP publishes the Australian Journal of General Practice (AJGP), Australia's only peer-reviewed scholarly journal for GPs. All articles are subject to a peer-review process before they are accepted for publication. The journal is indexed in MEDLINE, Index Medicus and Science Citation Index Expanded.
Standards
The RACGP has developed and published the Standards for general practice since July 1996. The current edition is the RACGP Standards for general practice (5th edition), which launched in October 2017.
The Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care administers the National General Practice Accreditation (NGPA) Scheme, which supports the consistent accreditation assessment of Australian general practices against the RACGP Standards for general practices.
newsGP
newsGP combines clinical articles directly relating to the treatment of patients with professional articles on policy, procedures or managing a practice. newsGP covers news from the RACGP, explaining position statements and advocacy efforts.
newsGP features articles, profiles and opinion pieces.
Guidelines and resources
The RACGP develops guidelines and resources on health issues and topics to support GPs and general practices in delivering patient care.
Events
Each year the RACGP holds an annual conference in a different location around Australia. The 2018 conference was held on the Gold Coast from 11–13 October under the theme General Practice: The centre of health in Australia and was attended by over 2000 delegates'''.
The RACGP annual conference is an opportunity for GPs and other healthcare professionals to discuss various educational themes, attend clinical workshops and research presentations, and network with one another to support their professional development.
The various faculties and departments of the RACGP host many educational and collegial events throughout the year, including fellowship ceremonies, awards nights, workshops and seminars.
History of general practice in Australia and beyond
Prior to the mid 20th century, upon graduation Australian doctors spent time in general practice. A medical career usually included completing an intern year immediately after graduation as a resident in a major teaching hospital. After a period of time in general practice, some doctors would seek specialist qualifications. Possibly reflecting the historical origins of Australia as a series of British colonies, these doctors would travel overseas, most often to the UK, to specialise and then return to establish practice.
As the Australian population grew post World War II, the public hospital system also grew demanding an increasing number of specialists. Local training program emerged and therefore the ability of a doctor to enter specialist training directly following the mandatory intern year post graduation without entering general practice. This increasing number of specialists made it increasingly difficult for general practitioners in Australia to hold and retain public hospital appointments, especially in procedural areas such as surgery or obstetrics.
This was not a uniquely Australian phenomenon. Worldwide, medical practice was shifting focus onto hospitals with the expansion of pharmaceuticals and medical and surgical interventions. In the United States, the number of doctors identifying as general practitioners fell markedly between 1931 and 1974 from 83% to 18%. This process began as specialisation increased prior to the War. US GPs increasingly felt that health care was becoming fragmented and weakening doctor patient relationships.
"There are 57 different varieties of specialist to diagnose and treat 57 different varieties of disease but no physician to take care of the patient."
Development of professional colleges
In 1950, an Australian Graduate, Dr Joseph Collings, conducted a review of general practice in the UK. This 30-page report was published in the Lancet in 1950.
"There are no real standards for general practice. What a doctor does and how he does it depends entirely on his own conscience" Dr Collings, 1950.
Dr Collings' report was scathing and generated immediate and heated interest. It was undoubtedly a key event in the definition of general practice as a "speciality."
He identified that general practice has no academic underpinning, no evidence upon which to base practice and no consistency of practice. The report did not pull punches. He described rural practice is "an anachronism", suburban practice is a "casualty-clearing" service and Inner city practice is "at best… very unsatisfactory and at worst a positive source of public danger".
There is a direct link between the public criticism of general practice and the move to create a College. Dr Rose and Dr Hunt in the BMJ 1950 write:
"There is a College of Physicians, a College of Surgeons, a College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, a College of Nursing, a College of Midwives and a college of Veterinary Surgeons, all of them Royal Colleges; there is a College of Speech Therapists and a College of Physical Education, but there is no college or academic body to represent primarily the interests of the largest group of medical personnel in this country – the 20,000 general practitioners".
There was opposition in the UK to the creation of a College by the existing three Medical Colleges – Colleges of Surgeons, Physicians and Obstetricians and Gynaecologists – who held the belief that general practice should be a joint faculty of general practice linked to the existing Colleges. However, put into perspective, in the same document Hunt describes the two original British Colleges sought to stop the creation of the College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists via legal action in 1929.
The development of the Australian College of General Practitioners
The British College of General Practitioners was formed in 1953 with many Australian doctors amongst the founding members including the RACGP's first president Dr William Conolly, again reflecting the origins of Australia as a series of British colonies, established a New South Wales faculty of the BCGP. This was followed by the creation of other state based faculties of the British College of General Practitioners in Queensland, Western Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and South Australia over the next 5 years.
In keeping with the process for creating Medical Colleges under the British system, a group of Australian General Practitioners met in 1957 at the first Annual Scientific Convention in Sydney to declare an intention to form the Australian College of General Practitioners (ACGP) which was formally founded in 1958. This new College joined the state based faculties. State based faculties remain a key part of the modern day function of the RACGP.
Recognition of general practice as a medical specialty
In modern Australia, general practice is listed by the AMC as a medical specialty and the RACGP as the specialist college responsible for assessment, as endorsed by the Medical Board of Australia inaugurated in 2010. Yet, on further examination of how general practice is considered across the nation, some of the now-defunct state-based Medical Practitioners' Boards such as Victoria, Queensland and South Australia, did not consider general practice a medical specialty and general practice qualifications, such as the Fellowship of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (FRACGP) were not registerable qualifications. The practical implication of the nationalisation of medical registration on the status of general practice as a medical specialty may be unclear.
The oddity of general practice in Australia is a lingering and arguably outdated perception that the decision to practise as a GP has low or no standing and status. Comments heard by many GPs including; 'You are just a GP' or 'What do you intend on specialising in?’ reflect something of the community understanding of the general practitioner.
This is not without precedent. The history of the general practitioner shows that GPs in early Australia through to GPs in mid and late 20th century, 'defaulted' into general practice having disliked surgical or physician training or having failed exit exams too often.
Also, while Australian general practitioners were part of the creation of the Royal College of General Practitioners and instrumental in highlighting the need for professional and practice standards, Australia was one of the last developed countries to recognise general practice as a specialty. It was 1978 before the National Specialist Qualification Advisory Committee (the predecessor to the Australian Medical Council) recognised general practice as a specialty. In contrast, the United Kingdom had a powerful case for recognition by the late 1960s, and the United States recognised general practice in 1969.
Strengthening general practice
The standing of general practice within academic faculties of universities and professionally has undergone a marked increase in recent decades. The RACGP has been a key driver of this shift. The development and consolidation of training programs, standards for training, standards for practice, curriculum of general practice and various evidence based guidelines and publications have occurred internally within the RACGP.
Academic general practice
Demonstrating again the slow shift towards recognition, Australia was late in accepting that general practice should be taught or regarded as a discipline in its own right. The Whitlam government's Karmel committee into 'Expansion of Medical Education in Australia' compromised with departments of 'community medicine' – a confusing anachronism that persisted for many years in Australia's tertiary institutions. The RACGP sought strongly but unsuccessfully that this committee accept general practice into the universities.
Today, general practice is listed or has been added alongside community medicine, highlighting the shift since the early 1970s (e.g. Department of General Practice and Community Medicine Monash University)
Nine foundation professors of 'Community Practice' were appointed between 1974 and 1976. Again, Australia lagged behind the US and the UK who appointed their first professors and chairs of general practice and family medicine in 1967 and 1963 respectively.
The foundation professors were:
Charles Bridges Webb MD FRACGP, Sydney University. Professor of Community Medicine
Max Kamien MD FRACP, MRCP, FRACGP, DPM, DCH University of Western Australia, Professor of General Practice
Professor Neil Edwin Carson FRACGP FRACP Professor of Community Medicine Monash University
Jean Norella Lickliss MD MRACP, FRCP BMedSc DTM&H Professor of Community Medicine University of Tasmania
Timothy George Murrell MD FRACGP DTM&H CLJ Professor of Community Medicine
Anthony James Radford FRCP MRCP FRACP MFCM SM DTM&H Professor of Primary Health care Flinders University
James Geoffrey Ryan BSc FRACGP Professor of community practice University of Queensland
Ian William Webster MD FRACP Professor of Community Medicine University of New South Wales
Ross Wharton Webster FRACGP MRACP Professor of Community Health University of Melbourne
Notably, many did not hold general practice qualifications either from Australia or international.
Arms
See also
Australian Medical Association
Accreditation process for International Medical Graduates
References
External links
History of The RACGP
RACGP online education
College of General Practitioners
Medical education in Australia
Australian General Practitioners
Medical associations based in Australia
Specialist medical colleges in Australia
Organisations based in Australia with royal patronage
1958 establishments in Australia
National Rural Health Alliance organisations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Australian%20College%20of%20General%20Practitioners |
The Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity (ISIC) is an independent non-profit academic institute which looks at the study of Islam, Christianity and Muslim-Christian relations.
Founded in 1989 ISIC's director is Patrick Sookhdeo who gained a Ph.D. from the Department of Languages of the Near and Middle East at London University's School of Oriental and African Studies and is a commentator on jihadist ideology.
The institute was said to have ceased to operate in June 2009 however sometime in 2013 a new website emerged.
See also
Barnabas Fund
References
Christianity and Islam
Faith and theology think tanks based in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Islam%20and%20Christianity |
Béla Bugár (born 7 July 1958) is a Slovak politician of Hungarian ethnicity. He was a member of the Slovak parliament from 1992 to 2020, briefly serving as its acting Speaker in 2006. He was the former leader of the political party Most–Híd.
Life and career
He was the leader of Party of the Hungarian Coalition from 1998 until 2007, with Pál Csáky as his successor. Before the formation of the Party of the Hungarian Coalition in 1998, Bugár was the chairman of the Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement. Bugár has been an MP of the National Council of the Slovak Republic since 1992. He was its acting speaker from 7 February 2006 to 4 July 2006. Béla Bugár announced that he was going to retire from politics by 2010. However, on 30 June 2009 he founded a new political party, Most–Híd, whose goal is to stand for the Hungarians' interests in Slovakia while striving to work together with Slovaks.
References
External links
Béla Bugár's English language profile at Presseurop
1958 births
Hungarians in Slovakia
Living people
Party of the Hungarian Community politicians
Politicians from Bratislava
Most–Híd politicians
Speakers of the National Council (Slovakia)
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 1992-1994
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 1994-1998
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 1998-2002
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2002-2006
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2006-2010
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2010-2012
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2012-2016
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2016–2020
Candidates for President of Slovakia
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la%20Bug%C3%A1r |
The GHP formalism (or Geroch–Held–Penrose formalism) is a technique used in the mathematics of general relativity that involves singling out a pair of null directions at each point of spacetime. It is a rewriting of the Newman–Penrose formalism which respects the covariance of Lorentz transformations preserving two null directions. This is desirable for Petrov Type D spacetimes, where the pair is made up of degenerate principal null directions, and spatial surfaces, where the null vectors are the natural null orthogonal vectors to the surface.
The New Covariance
The GHP formalism notices that given a spin-frame with the complex rescaling does not change normalization. The magnitude of this transformation is a boost, and the phase tells one how much to rotate. A quantity of weight is one that transforms like One then defines derivative operators which take tensors under these transformations to tensors. This simplifies many NP equations, and allows one to define scalars on 2-surfaces in a natural way.
See also
General relativity
NP formalism
References
Mathematical methods in general relativity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHP%20formalism |
Creative Writer is a word processor released by Microsoft Kids in 1993. Using this program, which is specifically targeted at children, it is possible to create documents such as letters, posters, flyers and stories complete with different fonts, Clip art, WordArt and effects. The interface and environment is especially targeted towards children and is set in Imaginopolis with the main helper being a character known as McZee. A sequel, Creative Writer 2, was released in 1996. Both are now discontinued, but can still be acquired from online stores and auction websites such as eBay.
The original Creative Writer was announced by Microsoft on 7 December 1993 and was released in 1994. It ran on both MS-DOS 3.2 and the
Windows 3.1 operating system. A version was also released for the Apple Macintosh, compatible with computers running the classic Mac OS from the System 6 version up to Mac OS 9.
The program took place in McZee's home of Imaginopolis and had several levels of a building each with a different topic (e.g. one for plain writing, one for story templates, one for poster templates). The design of the program was very similar to that of its sister program Fine Artist. The program runs full screen and creates an all-inclusive environment. The interface was similar to a later product called Microsoft Bob.
Creative Writer featured many of the features found on Microsoft's Word for Windows product, including the WordArt feature used to create titles and headlines and the ability to add clip art. Creative Writer also used sounds heavily where each tool would make a different noise. Examples of this include a vacuum cleaner suction to delete and an explosion to denote deleting everything from a page.
File formats
Creative Writer and its sequel Creative Writer 2 both use different versions of the proprietary .max file format. This file format does not open in other word processors such as Word. Files created in Creative Writer can be viewed in Creative Writer 2 but files saved using Creative Writer 2 will not open correctly in Creative Writer. Creative Writer was also able to open .doc files kept in a location known as "Outside Of Imaginopolis".
Expansion pack
An expansion pack, titled Ghostwriter Mysteries for Creative Writer, was released in 1994 by Microsoft Kids. It featured elements from the Ghostwriter TV series, including the show's team members and ten different mysteries to solve. It requires Creative Writer.
See also
Creative Writer 2
Fine Artist
Microsoft Home
References
Discontinued Microsoft software
Microsoft franchises
Classic Mac OS software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative%20Writer |
The English cricket team in the West Indies in 1953–54 played five Test matches, five other first-class matches and seven other games, three of them on a two-week stop-over in Bermuda that included Christmas.
Ultimately the tour could be considered a success for England in cricketing terms, as they came back from 2–0 down to draw the series 2–2 against strong opposition. However the tour had its problems, both on and off the field. The West Indians were disappointed by the English party's reluctance to socialise and the defensive nature of much of their cricket. The English players were dissatisfied with the quality of some of the umpiring. There was crowd trouble at two of the Tests. Tony Lock was called for throwing in the first Test.
English team
The team of 16 selected by MCC for the tour was arguably the strongest available. It was the first England touring team in modern times to be led by a professional captain.
The team was:
Leonard Hutton, captain
Charles Palmer, player/manager
Trevor Bailey
Denis Compton
Godfrey Evans, wicketkeeper
Tom Graveney
Jim Laker
Tony Lock
Peter May
Alan Moss
Dick Spooner, wicketkeeper
Brian Statham
Ken Suttle
Fred Trueman
Johnny Wardle
Willie Watson
Only Palmer, Moss and Suttle had not played Test cricket before the tour, and only Suttle did not play in any of the Tests on the tour.
West Indian team
The West Indies had played a home five-Test series against the Indians early in 1953, winning the series by 1–0 with four matches drawn. Of the team that played India, Allan Rae had retired and wicketkeeper Ralph Legall was not chosen for any of the Tests against England. The following existing Test players were selected in the sides to play England:
Jeff Stollmeyer, captain
Robert Christiani
Gerry Gomez
Frank King
Bruce Pairaudeau
Sonny Ramadhin
Alf Valentine
Clyde Walcott
Everton Weekes
Frank Worrell
In addition, four players who had played in earlier Test series were recalled:
Denis Atkinson
Wilfred Ferguson
George Headley
Esmond Kentish
The West Indies introduced four players new to Test cricket during the series:
Michael Frederick
John Holt (Jr)
Cliff McWatt, wicketkeeper
Garfield Sobers
Test series summary
Five Test matches were played. The West Indies won the first two, England the third. The fourth match was left drawn after six days and England won the fifth and final match to draw the series.
First Test
The West Indies introduced three new players – Frederick, Holt and McWatt – and recalled Headley and Kentish. In so doing, Headley became the oldest cricketer to play for West Indies. With consistent batting, West Indies made 417, with five players reaching 50 and Holt top-scoring with 94. After Holt was out, adjudged lbw, the wife and son of the umpire, Perry Burke, were attacked in the crowd, though they were not seriously hurt. England's reply was woeful, Ramadhin and Valentine taking seven wickets in a total of 170 all out. West Indies captain Stollmeyer was booed by the crowd for not enforcing the follow-on, and he declared at 209 for six wickets, setting England 457 to win. At 277 for two, with Watson making a century, the game looked even. But England lost seven wickets for eight runs and were all out for 316, Kentish taking five wickets for 49 runs. Lock was no-balled for throwing, the first such instance in a Test match since Ernie Jones at Melbourne for Australia against England in 1897–98.
Second Test
Walcott scored 220 out of a first-innings total of 383. England then batted painfully slowly, taking 150 overs to make 181 runs. Stollmeyer again did not enforce the follow-on: Holt made a maiden Test century, 166 out of a total of 292 for two declared. Needing 495 to win, England reached 258 for three before another collapse left them all out for 313.
Third Test
England batted first and made 435 through Hutton's 169 and consistent batting from the others. Though Weekes made 94 and McWatt and the injured Holt added 99 for the eighth wicket, West Indies were all out for 251. The crowd threw bottles and other objects when McWatt was adjudged run out, but Hutton refused to take his players from the pitch. Following on, West Indies fared little better, scoring 256 and leaving England just 73 to win. Moss, who made his debut in the first Test, took five wickets.
Fourth Test
On a batsman's wicket, the sides took the first five days to complete the first two innings. West Indies' 681 for eight declared was the highest score by a West Indies cricket team: Weekes made 206, Worrell 167 and Walcott 124. England made 537 in reply, with centuries from May and Compton and 92 from Graveney. The game petered out on the sixth day.
Fifth Test
West Indies, winning the toss, were bowled out for 139 on what had appeared to be a perfect pitch for batting. Bailey took seven wickets for 34 runs, his best Test return. England's reply of 414 was based on a double century for Hutton and some later hitting by Wardle. Facing arrears of 275, West Indies lost wickets consistently, and though Walcott made his third century of the series, England needed just 72 to win. The match was the Test debut of Sobers, aged 17: he scored 14 not out and 26 and took four wickets.
Other matches
The MCC team played five first-class matches, winning against Jamaica, Barbados, British Guiana (Guyana) and Trinidad and drawing a second match against Jamaica.
In the match against Barbados, in which MCC recorded their first victory for 50 years, Suttle top-scored in both MCC innings, but still failed to be picked for the Tests. He never played for England.
In the match against British Guiana, Watson scored 257 and Graveney 231 as MCC made 607. Their fourth wicket stand of 402 is, as of 2012, the 14th highest of all fourth wicket partnerships in first-class cricket.
In minor matches, MCC won one and drew two in Bermuda, won one and drew one in Jamaica, beat the Leeward Islands and drew with the Windward Islands, the latter two teams not being first-class in 1954.
Issues arising from the tour
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1955 edition reported that the tour was beset by controversy. Billed as a kind of world championship, the Test series was subject to much partisanship on the part of both West Indians and English expatriates; umpiring decisions added to the controversy, with the MCC team feeling hard done by over several decisions by local umpires and the crowds reacting with violence over two decisions that went England's way in the First and Third Tests. Wisden recommended that the West Indies draw up a panel of umpires from all the countries rather than using local umpires in each match. But it also had harsh words for England players whose dissent was made public, and also for the excessive caution of the England team in the Second Test. The experiment of using a player-manager on a controversial tour, Wisden said, was also "not to be commended".
References
Further reading
David Woodhouse, Who Only Cricket Know: Hutton's Men in the West Indies 1953–54, Fairfield Books, London, 2021
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1955, pages 762 to 785
External sources
England in West Indies, 1953-54 at Cricinfo
CricketArchive – tour itinerary
The second-most controversial tour in history
1953-54
International cricket competitions from 1945–46 to 1960
West Indian cricket seasons from 1945–46 to 1969–70
Cricket controversies
1954 in English cricket
1954 in West Indian cricket | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20cricket%20team%20in%20the%20West%20Indies%20in%201953%E2%80%9354 |
Sandycove Island (Cnoc an Rois in Irish) is a small island and townland at the mouth of Ardkilly Creek on the south coast of Ireland, just to the west of the Castlepark peninsula, which forms the western side of the entrance to Kinsale harbour in County Cork.
It is located directly opposite the tiny hamlet of Sandycove (population around 100) and no more than off the shore.
The island is uninhabited except for a herd of feral goats which has grazed on the island for generations, an indication that there is probably a reliable source of fresh water on the island.
Over the centuries a number of ships have foundered on the rocks off the island, including the 147-ton brig Eliza which went aground on the island in 1826.
The Sandycove Island Challenge is an open-water swimming race. It has been held annually since 1994.
The course is from the slipway at Sandycove on the mainland, around Sandycove Island and back to the slipway. The total distance is approximately 1,600m. If sea conditions are unsuitable on the day, a more sheltered course is followed.
References
Islands of County Cork | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandycove%20Island |
Mary Talbot may refer to:
Mary Talbot, Countess of Northumberland, courtier who married Anne Boleyn's former suitor, Henry Percy
Mary Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury (1556–1632), daughter of Bess of Hardwick
Mary Talbot Herbert, Countess of Pembroke, (c. 1594 – 1649), daughter of the above
Mary Anne Talbot (1778–1808), English woman who posed as male during the French Revolutionary Wars
Mary M. Talbot, scholar and author of Dotter of Her Father's Eyes
Mary Armine, née Talbot, benefactress
Mary Talbot (entomologist) (1903–1990), American entomologist
Mary Talbot (WRNS officer) (1922–2012), British naval officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Talbot |
DRG London is a Digital Audio Broadcasting multiplex available in the London area that has been broadcasting since January 2002. It is also referred to as the Greater London 3 multiplex. The station operates from ten transmitters: Croydon, Alexandra Palace, Blue Bell Hill, Reigate, Guildford, Brookmans Park, Zouches Farm, BT Bedmont, High Wycombe and Kemsing.
The Kemsing site (2 kW) was replaced in 2010 by the more powerful Wrotham site (5 kW) in Kent.
Stations available
See also
CE London
Switch London
References
External links
Technical information
Coverage map
DRG's website
Digital audio broadcasting multiplexes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRG%20London |
Estácio de Sá (1520 – February 20, 1567) was a Portuguese soldier and officer. Sá travelled to the colony of Brazil on the orders of the Portuguese crown to wage war on the French colonists commanded by Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. These French colonists had established themselves in 1555 at Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro, in a settlement known as France Antarctique. He was the founder of Rio de Janeiro, now the second largest city in Brazil.
Biography
Born in Santarém, Portugal in 1520, Estácio de Sá was the nephew of the Governor General of the colony of Brazil, Mem de Sá.
He arrived with two galleons at Salvador, Bahia, in 1564. In 1565, after extensive preparations and the help of Jesuits, such as Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta, he departed by sea from São Vicente, São Paulo, the first Portuguese settlement in Brazil, with an attack force. On March 1, he founded the city of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro near the Sugarloaf Mountain and established the basis of his military operations against the French and their Aboriginal allies.
After receiving reinforcements sent by sea by his uncle from Salvador, Sá commanded a definitive and successful attack on the fortification of Uruçú-mirim on 20 January 1567. He died on 20 February 1567 of wounds inflicted by an arrow which had perforated his eye.
Sá was interred in the church of Saint Sebastian in the encampment he had founded. As the city of Rio de Janeiro grew, his remains were relocated to a new church of Saint Sebastian in the Castelo. His remains were rediscovered in 1839 by several scholars working for Emperor Pedro II, and, in 1862, when the church was being rebuilt, some of his bones were exhumed in the presence of the emperor and placed in a "worthy urn".
Legacy
As the founder of Rio de Janeiro, Estácio de Sá is honored by the names of many locations and institutions in Brazil. A brief list follows:
the Estácio neighborhood in the city of Rio de Janeiro;
the Rio samba school, Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Estácio de Sá, usually referred to as simply Estácio de Sá. Rio is one of the cradles of samba, the popular music of Brazil;
the Universidade Estácio de Sá, one of the three largest private universities of Brazil;
the Universidade Estácio de Sá Futebol Clube, a football club owned by the above university.
References
1520 births
1567 deaths
People from Santarém, Portugal
Portuguese military personnel killed in action
Portuguese soldiers
Colonial Brazil
Deaths by arrow wounds
Brazilian city founders
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Portuguese colonial governors and administrators
16th-century Portuguese people
France Antarctique
Portuguese city founders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1cio%20de%20S%C3%A1 |
Bo Vesterdorf (born 1945) was a Danish judge who has been President of the European Court of First Instance.
Since late 2008 Vesterdorf has been a Consultant in the Competition practice at Herbert Smith Freehills.
Vesterdorf began his career as a lawyer-linguist at the European Court of Justice before becoming Administrator in the Danish Ministry of Justice, examining magistrate, and Legal Attaché in the Permanent Representation of Denmark to the European Communities.
He was a Temporary Judge at the Østre Landsret (Danish Court of Appeal), Head of the Constitutional and Administrative Law Division in the Ministry of Justice, Director of the Administration Department in the Ministry of Justice, and a university lecturer. He also served as a member of the Steering Committee on Human Rights at the Council of Europe, and subsequently as a member of its Bureau. In 2004 he became a member of the "Ad hoc committee on judicial training" at the Academy of European Law, Trier, Germany. He was a judge at the European Court of First Instance from 25 September 1989 and its president from 4 March 1998 to 17 September 2007.
Vesterdorf has been Commander 1st Degree of the Danish Royal Order of the Dannebrog since 20 June 2006. On 1 November 2007 he was appointed Senior Legal Consultant at Plesner Law Firm in Copenhagen. He is an external fellow at University College London's Faculty of Law and is attached to St Gallen University, Switzerland and Fordham Law School, New York. In May 2008 he was made Doctor of Laws honoris causa by St Gallen University.
External links
BusinessWeek profile
Bo Vesterdorf CV
1945 births
Living people
Presidents of the General Court (European Union)
Danish jurists
Danish expatriates in the United Kingdom
Danish judges of international courts and tribunals
Danish officials of the European Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%20Vesterdorf |
Club Baloncesto Gran Canaria – Claret, S.A.D., currently known as Dreamland Gran Canaria due to sponsorship, is a professional basketball club based in Las Palmas, Spain. The team plays in the Liga ACB. Their home venue is the Gran Canaria Arena.
History
CB Gran Canaria was founded inside Claret School and for many years played under that denomination. Following a successful period in school competitions, a senior team was created and integrated on the Spanish Second Division. The team played in that division until 1984, when the team adopted the decision of having a statute of its own, therefore becoming an independent institution. The new statute was approved on May 22, 1985 and the team became Claret Club de Baloncesto.
The following years, the team moved many times between Liga ACB and 1st Division B. On the 1987–88 season the club changed its name to CB Gran Canaria, paying homage to the place where its social mass came from. On 30 June 1992 the team became a sports public limited company (Sociedad Anónima Deportiva, SAD in Spanish) in order to fulfil with the requirements of the then-new Spanish sports legislation.
After three seasons in the Spanish silver division the team won the first Liga EBA in the 1994–95 season and was promoted to Liga ACB. From that season on, CB Gran Canaria has stayed in the top level of the Spanish basketball. The 2012–13 represents the team's eighteenth consecutive season in Liga ACB.
In April 2015, Gran Canaria played the Eurocup Finals. The team was defeated by BC Khimki in the two legs. Ten months later, the club qualified for the first time to a final of a national trophy. In the 2016 Copa del Rey defeated Valencia Basket in the quarterfinals and Dominion Bilbao Basket in the semifinals, but could not beat Real Madrid in the final, where it lost by 81–85.
On 24 September 2016, Gran Canaria won its first national title after beating FC Barcelona 79–59 in the Final of the 2016 Supercopa played in Vitoria-Gasteiz.
One season later, in June 2018, Gran Canaria qualified for the second time to the league semifinals and also achieved qualification to the EuroLeague for the first time ever.
Sponsorship naming
Through the years CB Gran Canaria has had several denominations due to its sponsorship:
Logos
Home arenas
Centro Insular de Deportes: (until 2014)
Gran Canaria Arena: (2014–present)
Players
Retired numbers
Current roster
Depth chart
Head coaches
Joaquín Costa: 1985–90
Manolo Hussein: 1990–92, 1995–2002
Trifón Poch: 1992–94
Roberto Orellana: 1994–95
Salva Maldonado: 2005–09, 2018
Pedro Martínez: 2002–05, 2009–2014, 2019
Aíto García Reneses: 2014–2016
Luis Casimiro: 2016–2018
Víctor García: 2018
Fotios Katsikaris: 2019–2020
Porfirio Fisac: 2020–2022
Jaka Lakovič: 2022–present
Season by season
Trophies and awards
Trophies
Supercopa de España: (1)
2016
EuroCup Basketball: (1)
2023
Copa del Rey:
Runners-up (1): 2016
2nd division championships: (2)
1ª División B: (1) 1991
Liga EBA: (1) 1995
Copa Toyota: (7)
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2013
Trofeo Gobierno de Canarias: (4)
2006, 2007, 2008, 2010
Runners-up (4): 2002, 2005, 2009, 2011
Rome, Italy Invitational Game: (1)
2009
Individual awards
All-ACB Team
Jaycee Carroll – 2011
Supercup MVP
Kyle Kuric – 2016
EuroCup Finals MVP
John Shurna – 2023
All-EuroCup First Team
Walter Tavares – 2015
Alen Omić – 2016
John Shurna – 2023
All-EuroCup Second Team
James Augustine – 2010
Kyle Kuric – 2015
Kevin Pangos – 2016
Notable players
Berdi Pérez
Roberto Íñiguez
Xavi Rabaseda
Fran Vázquez
Jorge Racca
Brad Newley
Carl English
Walter Tavares
Siim-Sander Vene
Michael Bramos
Joel Freeland
Kornél Dávid
Vincenzo Esposito
- Jim Moran
- Jay Larrañaga
- Pat Burke
Gal Mekel
Anžejs Pasečņiks
- Bo McCalebb
Kirk Penney
- Sitapha Savané
Willie 'Hutch' Jones
Tom Scheffler
Shaun Vandiver
Albert Burditt
John Morton
Bernard Hopkins
Kenny Miller
Rex Walters
Marcus Goree
- Ime Udoka
Will McDonald
Billy Keys
Kennedy Winston
Harper Williams
- Marcus Norris
- Jackson Vroman
- Nik Caner-Medley
James Augustine
- CJ Wallace
- Jaycee Carroll
References
External links
Official website
CB Gran Canaria at ACB.com
Basketball teams in the Canary Islands
Basketball teams established in 1963
Liga ACB teams
Sport in Las Palmas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB%20Gran%20Canaria |
The park Fælledparken in Copenhagen, Denmark, was created 1906–1914 by landscape architect Edvard Glæsel in cooperation with the Copenhagen Municipality on the commons (Danish: fælled) previously named Nørrefælled and Østerfælled. Fælledparken is located in the eastern part of Copenhagen called Østerbro.
Fælledparken is used for activities such as:
Walking
Sunbathing
Running
Playgrounds
Soccer training and matches on the courts marked on the grass
The cafe Pavillonen
Copenhagen Historic Grand Prix (auto racing with old cars)
1 May: Labour Day demonstration, with speeches by politicians
Concerts and celebrations such as carnival
Fælledparken lies adjacent to Parken, the Danish national stadium.
The southern part of Fælledparken was sometimes used by rescue helicopters from the Danish Air Force when transporting patients to Rigshospitalet. This practice was abandoned in the year 2006 with the construction of a helicopter platform on the roof of Rigshospitalet.
A path runs along the southern edge of Fælledparken past the Niels Bohr Institute where Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger and other famous physicists of the 20th century would walk and discuss their theories on space and quantum physics. These strolls in Fælledparken were essential in their thought process and theorising so soon acquired the name Filosofgangen, one of many with the same name where great thinkers gathered their thoughts.
Skateboarding and street sports
In 2009, and older skatepark from 1988 in the southeast of Fælledparken was rebuilt as Fælledparken Skatepark. The skatepark opened in 2011, and is designed for all levels of skateboarders (beginners, advanced, and professional), and includes bowls, verts, ramps and street skating facilities. Apart from skateboarding, the park is also open for BMX and rollerskating. The skatepark is unique in its diversity design and is also one of the largest in Northern Europe at 4,500 m2 of skateboarding facilities.
It is prohibited to use Fælledparken Skatepark for scooting, but a smaller park (Løbehjulsparken') has been built specifically for freestyle scooting near the southwest corner of Fælledparken.
Football
Boldklubben Heimdal football club, founded in 1919, play their home matches in Fælledparken.
References
External links
Café Pavillonen
Source
1914 establishments in Denmark
Parks in Copenhagen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6lledparken |
Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke ( Talbot; c. 1580 – March 1649) was the wife of William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke.
Mary was the daughter of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, by his wife Mary, and was thus a granddaughter of Bess of Hardwick. She had two sisters, both of whom also married into the nobility: Alethea Howard, Countess of Arundel, and Elizabeth Grey, Countess of Kent.
In June 1600 she was appointed as gentlewoman of the privy chamber of Queen Elizabeth and her sister Elizabeth was a maid of honour.
She married William Herbert on 4 November 1604 at Wilton, Wiltshire, and had one child, Henry, who died in infancy.
Mary Herbert and her sister the Countess of Arundel were asked to "grace the court" during the visit of a French aristocrat, the Count of Vaudémont, in October 1606. Rowland Whyte mentioned a dance at Hampton Court held in the presence chamber of Anne of Denmark. Mary Herbert, described as "Lady Pembroke", danced with a member of the count's entourage, Prince Henry, and the Earl of Perth. Whyte wrote "No lady there did dance near so well as she did that day". Whyte added that the sisters were reluctant to write to their parents themselves. They were joined at Hampton Court by Lady Mary Wroth and Lady Montgomery.
The Talbot Papers, held in Lambeth Palace Library, include several references to Mary. It appears from Thomas Crewe's letter of September 1603 that Sir Thomas Edmondes was instrumental in persuading her father of the advantages of her marrying Pembroke.
Following her husband's death in 1630, the dowager countess sometimes stayed at Baynard's Castle. She died at Ramsbury Manor, Wiltshire, and was buried at Salisbury Cathedral.
References
1580s births
1649 deaths
English countesses
Daughters of British earls
Wives of knights
Mary
Mary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Herbert%2C%20Countess%20of%20Pembroke%20%28d.%201649%29 |
Mozambique competed in the Olympic Games for the first time at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR.
Athletics
Men
Track & road events
Field events
Women
Track & road events
Field events
Swimming
Men
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1980 Summer Olympics
1980
Oly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique%20at%20the%201980%20Summer%20Olympics |
The Trans Europe Foot Race is a multiday long-distance ultramarathon that consists of running across Europe.
2003 race
The 2003 Trans Europe Foot Race was organized by Ingo Schultze. It ran from Lisbon to Moscow in 64 days and covered approximately . Out of 44 starters, there were 22 finishers including one wheelchair athlete, with Mariko Sakamoto the only woman to finish. The event was won by Robert Wimmer from Germany.
2009 race
The 2009 Trans Europe Foot Race was also organized by Ingo Schultze.
The route started in Bari, Italy and finished in North Cape, Norway. It mostly avoided big cities and passed for example Foggia, Fano, Schlanders, Seeg, Waldkappel before using the ferry Kiel-Gothenburg, and then passing for example Kristinehamn, Sveg, Storuman, Jokkmokk, Enontekiö and Alta. Again this was a 64-day race. The total distance was . The race began on April 19, 2009 and ended on June 21, 2009.
The male winner was Rainer Koch from Germany with a running time of 378 hours and 12 minutes. The female winner was Takako Furuyama from Japan, with a running time of 529 hours and 6 minutes. 45 runners finished the race.
List of competitors for 2009 race
From Germany:
Hermann Böhm (Weiherhammer)
Hans Damm (Neu-Isenburg)
Sigrid Eichner (Berlin) Female
Dagmar Großheim (Gräfenberg) Female
Joachim Hauser (Dettenhausen)
Martina Hausmann (Würzburg) Female
Marcel Heinig (Cottbus)
Achim Heukemes (Gräfenberg)
Richard Hofbauer (Rosenheim)
Theo Huhnholt (Waldkraiburg)
Heinz Jäckel (Hennef)
Rainer Koch (Dettelbach)
Jörg Koenig (Stade)
Klaus Neumann (Stuttgart)
Heike Pawzik (Rostock) Female
Hans-Jürgen Schlotter (Horb-Bittelbronn)
Werner Selch (Amberg)
Elke Streicher (Gerlingen) Female
René Strosny (Filderstadt)
Bernd Wagner (Duisburg)
Klaus Wanner (Holzgerlingen)
Robert Wimmer (Nürnberg / Bayern)
Tom Wolter-Roessler (Ulm-Böfingen)
Ullrich Zach (Rödental)
Jürgen Zuth (Siegelsbach)
From Finland:
Janne Kankaansyrjä (Järvenpää)
From France:
Gèrard Denis (Fouesnant)
Jean-Herve Duchesne (Saint-Germain)
Alain Lemarchand (Neuric sur I'Isle)
Christophe Midelet (Gizy / Aisne)
Stephane Pelissier (Lanta)
Fabrice Viaud (Rezè)
Roger Warenghem (Le Touvet)
From Japan:
Kenji Hara (Utsunomiya, Tochigi)
Kazuhiko Horiguchi (Kitakata, Fukushima)
Kazuko Kaihata (Kurashiki, Okayama) Female
Yasuo Kanai (Yokohama, Kanagawa)
Saeko Kishimoto (Gunma) Female
Shoji Konoeda (Osaka)
Shigeru Mitsuhashi (Sapporo, Hokkaido)
Koji Nakamura (Higashi Yodagawa)
Yasumasa Namikoshi (Osaka)
Hiroko Okiyama (Fussa, Tokio) Female
Takasumi Senoo (Yokohama)
Tsuyoshi Sugawara (Hasuda, Saitama)
Furuyama Takako (Tokyo) Female
Okuno Tomoko (Tokyo) Female
From Korea:
Ahn Byeung Sik (Seogwipo)
From Netherlands:
Ria Buiten (Biddinghuize) Female
Theo Cloosterman (Veldhoven)
Jenni De Groot (Leeuwarden) Female
Ubel Dijk (Drachten)
Theo Kuijpers (Westerbeek)
Jan Nabuurs (Westerbeck)
Cor Westhuis (Dalfsen)
From Norway:
Eiolf Eivindsen (Mosjøen)
Trond Sjavik (Mosjøen)
Henry Wehder (Nordre Toten/Nordli)
From Sweden:
Matthias Bramstång (Halmstad)
Andreas Falk (Sollentuna)
From Switzerland:
Markus Bernhard (Thunstetten)
Christian Fatton (Noiraigue)
Christian Marti (Zürich)
Martin Wagen (Biel-Benke)
From Taiwan:
Ching-Hui Chen (Taipei)
From Turkey:
Mike Friedl (Istanbul)
From USA:
Russell Secker (Austin,Texas)
2012 race
The race was run again in 2012. It went from Skagen, Denmark to Gibraltar, passing e.g. Haderslev, Ahrensburg, Waldkappel, Frankenbach, Valdoie, Bourganeuf, St-Pons-de-Thomieres, Berga, Teruel and Puente Genil. The total distance was 4175 km and the race took 64 days. The male winner was Peter Bartel from Germany with 354:25:21, and the female winner was Ria Buiten from the Netherlands with 504:18:29.
2025 race
In 2025 a new edition of the Transeuropalauf, is being planned. The event is organised by Thomas Dornburg and is 41 stages from Flensburg to San Marino. The route is 2,247 km and is a daily average of 54 km.
See also
Transcontinental walk
References
External links
Transeuropalauf 2025
Multiday News
depasseur-de-bornes
ULTRAmarathonRunning.com Global Ultramarathon Races & Events Calendar
Multiday races
Cross-border races | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans%20Europe%20Foot%20Race |
Markus Gandler (born 20 August 1966 in Kitzbühel) is an Austrian former cross-country skier who competed from the late 1980s to the late 1990s.
At the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti, his team ranked 11th in the 4 × 10 km relay. In the winter of 1989/1990 he had his best World Cup finish with a third in Canmore, Canada.
He won an Olympic silver medal in the men's 10 km at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.
At the 1999 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Ramsau, he won gold in 4 × 10 km relay with his relay teammates Alois Stadlober, Mikhail Botwinov, and Christian Hoffmann.
Since 2003, and also at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy he has been director of the Austrian biathlon and cross-country teams.
He received a life ban from the Austrian Olympic Committee in 2007 as one of 14 team officials who were implicated in doping activity at the 2006 Winter Olympics. The bans on Gandler and 11 others were subsequently rescinded in 2009, after the International Ski Federation dropped doping charges against Gandler, biathlon coach Alfred Eder and cross-country ski coach Gerald Heigl.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
1 medal – (1 silver)
World Championships
1 medal – (1 gold)
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
1 podium
Team podiums
2 victories
2 podiums
Note: Until the 1999 World Championships, World Championship races were included in the World Cup scoring system.
References
External links
Personal Website
Markus Gandler at Database Olympics
1966 births
Living people
People from Kitzbühel
Austrian male cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers for Austria
Olympic silver medalists for Austria
Cross-country skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Skiers from Tyrol (state)
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus%20Gandler |
Robert Fico (; born 15 September 1964) is a Slovak politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Slovakia since 2023, having served previously from 2006 to 2010 and from 2012 to 2018. He has been the first leader of the Direction – Social Democracy (Smer) party since 1999. First elected to Parliament in 1992 (whilst within Czechoslovakia), he was later appointed to the Council of Europe. Following his party's victory in the 2006 parliamentary election, he formed the first Fico Cabinet.
After the 2010 parliamentary election, Fico sat as an opposition member of parliament, effectively as leader of the opposition. Following a motion of confidence against the Iveta Radičová cabinet, Fico was re-appointed as Prime Minister after leading Smer to a landslide election victory in the 2012 parliamentary election, winning 83 seats and forming a government with an absolute majority in Parliament, the first such since 1989. In 2013, Fico officially declared his candidacy for the 2014 presidential election. Fico lost the election to his political rival Andrej Kiska in the second round of voting on 29 March 2014.
On 15 March 2018, in the wake of the political crisis following the murder of Ján Kuciak, Fico delivered his resignation to President Andrej Kiska, who then formally charged Deputy Prime Minister Peter Pellegrini with the formation of a new government.
During the 2023 parliamentary election, Fico ran on a campaign to cease military support to Ukraine in the Russo-Ukrainian War and expressed interest in beginning peace talks. His party Direction - Social Democracy (Smer), won the most votes in the election, with 22.95% of the vote and winning 42 seats. Fico formed a coalition with Voice – Social Democracy (Hlas) and the Slovak National Party, and began his fourth term as prime minister on 25 October.
Early life
Fico was born on 15 September 1964, in the town of Topoľčany in the southwestern Nitra Region. His father, Ľudovit Fico, was a forklift operator, and his mother, Emilie Ficová, worked in a shoe store. He has two siblings; his brother Ladislav is a construction entrepreneur, and his sister Lucia Chabadová, who is fourteen years younger, is a prosecutor. Fico grew up and lived with his family in the village of Hrušovany, until the age of six, when they moved to the nearby town of Topoľčany.
Education
Fico has described his childhood ambitions as wanting to become either a politician, a sports reporter, or an archeologist. After completing elementary school, he enrolled in the local Gymnasium of Topoľčany, graduating in the summer of 1982. Later the same year he enrolled in the Law Faculty of the Comenius University in Bratislava, in what was then Czechoslovakia. His teachers were impressed with him, and one of his teachers from university, the future prime minister Jozef Moravčík, described him as "ambitious, very confident and very involved in discussions." He graduated as juris doctor in 1986 specializing in criminal law.
After graduating from university, Fico completed his mandatory military service as an assistant military investigator, stationed in the (now-Czech) town of Janovice between 1986 and 1987. He later worked for the Institute of State and Law of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, as well as with the Justice Ministry until 1992. During this period he wrote and completed his PhD degree, with a thesis on "The death penalty in Czechoslovakia" and, in the early 1990s, undertook studies at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies in London under a Masaryk scholarship. In 2002 he completed his postgraduate study, earning him the title of associate professor.
Early career (1992–2006)
Fico joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in 1986, having applied in 1984. After the Velvet Revolution of 1989, and the collapse of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia, Fico joined the Party of the Democratic Left (SDĽ), a successor of the Communist Party of Slovakia. He was first elected as a Member of Parliament in 1992. From 1994 to 2000 Fico represented Slovakia as its legal counsel at the European Court of Human Rights but lost all 14 cases which he handled. In 1998 he was elected deputy chairman of the party. Later the same year, Fico ran for the post of general prosecutor, but his party endorsed another candidate instead, arguing Fico was too young.
In the 1998 elections that saw the fall of the government of Vladimír Mečiar, Fico received the biggest number of preferential votes among his party colleagues. A year later, when support for the SDĽ dropped below the threshold required to get into parliament, he left the party, saying he was disappointed with the way the government worked. Fico acted as an independent MP until the 2002 elections.
As early as in the autumn of 1998, a four-person group consisting of Fico, his associate Frantisek Határ, political strategist Fedor Flašík, and media executive Monika Flašíková-Beňová had begun to discuss and lay plans for launching a new political party on the left. These plans were driven by the falling popularity of the existing parties, and the rising popularity of Fico.
Almost immediately after leaving SDĽ, the group founded Direction – Social Democracy (SMER), which Fico first labelled a party of the third way, with himself as leader. Fico established himself as an opposition politician criticizing the unpopular reforms of the right-wing government of Mikuláš Dzurinda. In order to keep SMER from repeating the fate of his previous party, Fico introduced a strict set of regulations for his new party, called the "clean hands" policy. The rules stipulated that no one with ties from the previous communist regime or people who had background with other political parties was allowed to hold party office. This created a new generation of politicians uninvolved in previous corruption scandals; among them was Monika Flašíková-Beňová, Robert Kaliňák and Pavol Paška. Another rule was that all party chapters on the regional and local levels were to be 100% financially self-sufficient, and all financial donations were to be made public to the media.
Between 2002 and 2006 Smer was the main opposition party in the Slovak parliament. In 2004, it merged with nearly all the leftist parties active on the Slovak political scene, including its parent party SDĽ, becoming the dominant single political party in Slovakia.
First premiership (2006–2010)
In the elections in 2006 SMER won with 29.1% of the votes. The election victory came after a campaign focused on reversing the deeply un-popular austerity reforms within the healthcare and education sectors, reforms which were pushed through by then ministers Rudolf Zajac and Martin Fronc. They subsequently formed a coalition government with Vladimír Mečiar's People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) and Ján Slota's Slovak National Party (SNS). SNS is a right-wing populist party which has been known for making anti-Roma and anti-Hungarian comments, including a drunken public speech of Ján Slota, in which he threatened to "get in tanks and level Budapest to the ground."
One reaction to the coalition came from the EU-wide Party of European Socialists (PES), who suspended SMER's application to join the PES. In late February 2008, however, the Assembly of PES conditionally reinstated the application after both SMER and SNS signed a letter committing themselves to respect minority rights.
Fico has never publicly condemned SNS's remarks and speeches, and government-level relations between Slovakia and Hungary deteriorated in his first term in office. Several meetings between the two countries' prime ministers were abruptly cancelled, and those few that did take place resulted in little improvement of relations.
On 10 April 2007 the Deputy Director of the Slovak Land Fund and HZDS nominee Branislav Bríza signed a contract on the basis of which restitutors from eastern Slovakia became the owners of lucrative land in the Tatra village of Veľký Slavkov. These restritutors then quickly sold the land to the company GVM for 13 million Slovak crowns (Slovak currency prior to Euro). The figurehead of the company was a friend of Mečiar Milan Bališ. Bríza did so while his boss Hideghéty was on vacation. April 10 was the last day when Bríza had full power acting on behalf of his boss in the absence of his boss. This was the seventh suspicious contract he had signed up to that point. Such practices were previously criticized by Fico as they were common during the tenure of his Coalition partner HDZS leader Mečiar. This scandal almost led to the collapse of the Coalition. It led to the Minister of Agriculture for HDZS Miroslav Jureňa resigning. Fico demanded Bríza to resign. Estimated damange to the state was half a billion Slovak crowns. Justice was delivered on 8 September 2015 when Bríza was deemed guilty and sentenced to 2 years probation.
In May 2008 the Opposition party SDKÚ claimed that the liquidation balance in the amount of 650 million crowns of the state-owned joint-stock company Veriteľ, which in the past paid off the health sector's debt, was misused. The Vice-Chairman of SDKÚ Ivan Mikloš, referring to Trend's information, also drew attention to the fact that people and companies close to the Speaker of the Parliament Pavlo Pašek were doing business at exorbitant prices. The Opposition reacted with accusations to the report on the activities of Veriteľ from the Ministry of Finance, according to which the Veriteľ may have operated in a corrupt environment. The parliament postponed the discussion about it. The 22-million balance after the liquidation of the state-owned enterprise was apparently wasted in dubious ways at companies close to the government.
In August 2008 the Government decided which social ventures would receive millions of crown from the eurofunds Slovakia was getting. It turned out that 4 of them were under control of a friend of one of Smer's parliamentary Deputies. Juraj Thomka (the friend) denied that he had any connection to the business anymore at that point. The Minister of Labour also denied any accusation of clientelism.
Leader of the Opposition (2010–2012)
Before the 2010 elections, Fico's party was in a relatively strong position according to several polls. However, just before the election a political scandal broke out, described as one of the gravest in the country's 17-year history. A voice recording surfaced in which a voice strongly resembling that of Fico claims that he raised several million euros in undeclared funds for the 2002 election as well as calling for a "parallel financial structure" to be created for the financing of Smer's election campaign. Slovak media sources such as SME carried the news about the recording in great detail; however, Fico dismissed it as a forgery.
Fico also attacked the media sources that published information about the recording, saying "Should I go over there and give you a smack because you are scoundrels? What you are doing is unheard of. You are masturbating on the prime minister every day." Fico has since been questioned on the matter, SME announced. Former Minister of Justice Daniel Lipšic told the press he has "handed the recording to the general attorney office." In the election, Fico's SMER remained the biggest party in Parliament, with 62 seats. However, his coalition partners were decimated, with the HZDS being completely shut out. Unable to find a partner willing to give him the 14 seats he needed to stay in office, Fico resigned. He said he "respects the election result" and expressed his desire to lead a resolute opposition after his narrow loss.
Second premiership (2012–2018)
2012 parliamentary election
Following the fall of the centre-right coalition government that replaced his, Fico's Smer-SD returned to power being the first party since the breakup of Czechoslovakia to win an absolute majority of seats. Fico initially sought to form a national unity government with SDKU or KDH, but when this failed he formed the first one-party government in Slovakia since 1993.
2014 presidential election
On 18 December 2013, Fico officially announced his candidacy for the upcoming presidential election in 2014. "I understand my candidacy as a service to Slovakia," Fico said on December 18. He argued that he did not see his candidacy as an adventure, an escape or an attempt to culminate his political career.
His campaign ran under the motto "Ready for Slovakia." On 9 January 2014, the Slovak Parliament, under Speaker Pavol Paška, officially approved the candidatures of Fico and 14 other candidates.
However, Fico was defeated by the independent candidate Andrej Kiska, whose support from the right wing of Slovak politics led him to victory by a wide margin (approximately 59%–41%) in the second round of voting on 29 March 2014.
2016 parliamentary election
Fico's party won the 2016 parliamentary elections, amassing a plurality of seats, but failed to win a majority. On 7 March 2016, President of Slovakia Andrej Kiska invited each elected party, with the exception of Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia, for post-election talks. Fico was given the first opportunity by the President to form a stable coalition. On 17 March, incumbent Fico informed president Andrej Kiska that he would form a four-party government coalition, including Smer–SD, the Slovak National Party, Most–Híd and Network, which together held 85 of the 150 seats.
Resignation
On 14 March 2018, Fico publicly stated that he was ready to tender his resignation as prime minister in order to avoid an early election as well as to "solve the political crisis" involving the murder of investigative journalist Ján Kuciak. Kuciak also examined the work of the Italian mafia 'Ndrangheta in Slovakia. According to the police, Mária Trošková, who is an assistant to Robert Fico, could have ties to 'Ndrangheta. Fico's announcement came after a meeting with President Kiska. In that meeting, Fico laid out a number of specific conditions that needed to be met by the president in order for him to resign. Those conditions were amongst others; that the result of the 2016 Slovak parliamentary election be respected, that the current ruling government coalition must continue, and lastly, that Smer-SD as the largest party currently in parliament name the next prime minister. Fico stated that he already had a candidate in mind; Slovak media widely reported that the next prime minister would be Deputy Prime Minister Peter Pellegrini. On 15 March, President Kiska formally accepted the resignation of prime minister Fico and his cabinet, and thereby tasked Pellegrini with forming a new government.
Third premiership (2023–present)
Fico will attend a two-day EU summit that begins on 26 October 2023.
Domestic policy
A large part of Fico's election victory in 2006 was attributed to his loud criticism of the previous right-wing government's economic, tax, social, pension and legislative reforms. The reforms were generally perceived as very positive and successful by such international bodies as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank or the OECD. However, the reforms negatively affected large segments of the population, particularly low wage earners, the unemployed, and welfare and other social assistance recipients. While in opposition, and more vocally during the election campaign, Fico vowed to reverse and cancel the majority of these reforms. However, upon taking office Fico adopted a more cautious approach, as he wanted to ensure Slovakia could fulfill the Maastricht criteria required for Euro currency adoption. This was successful, and Slovakia adopted the Euro on 1 January 2009.
Labour policies
Among the reforms Fico introduced, several established standards as to how many times employees could be kept on as temporary workers instead of being given permanent contracts. Under legislation of the Mikuláš Dzurinda government, an employer could keep new staff as temps and create a two-tier workforce, which many did. Slovakia's labor policies are now generally in tune with most other EU states.
At the start of his second term as Prime Minister in 2012, Fico introduced a new "Labour Code," which granted entitlement to a lay-off notice period as well as severance pay, reduced overtime, making layoffs more expensive for employers, shorter temporary work contracts and more power for trade unions. In addition, it curbed the ‘chaining’ of fixed-term employment contracts, whereby currently it is possible to extend a fixed-term employment contract three times over three years. The Code was revised in 2014 when it introduced severe restrictions of the work on agreement performed outside regular employment. Under the latest revision, employers will be able to conclude agreements with employees for 12 months only.
In 2010, Fico faced large-scale protests and a blockade of major cities by truckers upset about what they considered to be badly implemented tolls on the highways. Truckers demanded that fuel prices be lowered to compensate for the tolls. Fico initially refused to speak with representatives of the truckers, saying he would not "be blackmailed", but a few days later capitulated. The cuts given to truckers will amount to about €100,000,000.
Finance
One of few modifications Fico's government did implement was a slight modification to the unusual flat tax system introduced by the previous government, in a way that slightly decreased or eradicated a tax-free part of income for higher income earners. A lower value added tax was imposed on medications and books, though in spite of his election promises Fico failed to extend this onto a wider group of products such as groceries. Among the measures were controversial legislative changes which effectively banned private health insurance companies from generating profit. As a result, Slovakia is being sued by several foreign shareholders of local health insurers through international arbitrations. In 2007, Fico unsuccessfully tried to regulate retail food prices, an unprecedented effort in a generally free market European Union.
In August 2008, Fico threatened the foreign shareholders of a local gas distributor SPP, the French Gaz de France and the German E.ON, with nationalization and seizure of their ownership shares in a dispute over retail gas prices.
Foreign policy
European Union
In foreign relations with Europe, Fico's government faced controversies due to its affiliation with the internationally isolated parties of Vladimír Mečiar and Ján Slota. Under his leadership however, Slovakia entered the Eurozone in 2009, and Fico himself in a speech to the Oxford Union praised Slovakia's entry into the European Union as a "success story." Fico opposed Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia, which he called a "major mistake," as a result of which Slovakia has not recognised Kosovo as a sovereign state. None of Fico's three cabinets have recognised Kosovo and he continued to iterate his opposition towards recognition afterwards.
Responding to the 2013 Euromaidan protests in Ukraine, Fico declared that the "EU is no religious obligation" as well as that the EU was "so in love with itself" that it is convinced there is no better alternative to it in the world. He subsequently condemned the use of violence, but said that the protests were an internal affair in Ukraine.
Commenting on Brexit in November 2016, he stated that it wasn't clear what the United Kingdom wanted, adding that it "must suffer" more than the 27 countries who will remain in the bloc. He also stated that the UK will not be allowed to make EU workers "second-class citizens" while still receiving the benefits of the single market. In light of election of Donald Trump, he commented that it might spur Europe to bolster its military.
In August 2017, Fico said: "The fundamentals of my policy are being close to the (EU) core, close to France, to Germany. I am very much interested in regional cooperation within the Visegrad Four but Slovakia's vital interest is the EU."
In 2022 and 2023, Fico was a loud critic of the Von der Leyen Commission and her foreign and military policies in relation to Russian invasion of Ukraine. He also expressed disagreements with the Commission in questions of immigration. Simultaneously, he continued to applaud and support his party's former presidential candidate and European Commissioner Maroš Šefčovič.
Immigration and Islam
Fico rejected European Commission's plan to distribute refugees and economic migrants from the Middle East and Africa among EU member states, saying: "As long as I am prime minister, mandatory quotas will not be implemented on Slovak territory." He has subsequently sought to associate refugees and Muslims with terrorism, claiming that "thousands of terrorists and Islamic State fighters are entering Europe with migrants" and stating that "We monitor every single Muslim in Slovakia." In May 2016, he stated that Slovakia will not accept "one single Muslim" migrant into the country, weeks before the country was scheduled to take over the presidency of EU. He further stated "When I say something now, maybe it will seem strange, but I'm sorry, Islam has no place in Slovakia. I think it is the duty of politicians to talk about these things very clearly and openly. I do not wish there were tens of thousands of Muslims."
On 30 November 2016, the Slovak parliament under Fico government passed a bill that requires all religious movements and organizations to have a minimum of 50,000 verified practicing members in order to become state-recognized up from 20,000.
Russia
Compensating for his lack of close political allies within the EU (the former head of the Czech Social Democratic Party, Jiří Paroubek, being a notable exception), Fico sought to strengthen relations with several non-EU countries such as Serbia and Russia. This broke with a pro-NATO, Western-focused trend established after the 1998 Slovak election.
After coming to power in 2006, Fico declared that Slovakia's relations with Russia would improve after eight years of "neglect." Fico referred to "Slavonic solidarity," which was a central theme of the Slovak National Awakening in the 1850s. On April 4, 2008, during a visit by Russian Prime Minister Viktor Zubkov, Fico said: "In Slovakia, there have been efforts to deliberately ignore Slavonic solidarity." Slovakia modernised Russian MiG fighters in Russia and did not buy new jets from the West. Additionally, Fico accused Georgia of provoking Russia when attacking South Ossetia in the 2008 Russia–Georgia war. Under his premiership, the Slovak foreign ministry rejected the Crimean referendum which incorporated Crimea into Russia. Fico himself, however, remained silent on the issue. In 2023, Fico iterated the stance that Crimean annexation was done in violation of international law. Simultaneously, he stated that the Ukrainian recapture of Crimea would not solve the Russo-Ukrainian War. Regarding the EU sanctions against Russia in 2014, Fico denounced them as "senseless," and a "threat to the Slovak economy." He condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, but was also critical towards European sanctions against Russia, arguing that the sanctions improve Russian autarky, practically only harm the Russian population and not the regime, and that they harm European people.
On 29 August 2022, during the celebration of the Slovak National Uprising, Fico invited the Russian diplomat Igor Bratchikov to speak on the stage. This was done despite the fact that Russia has put Slovakia on its unfriendly countries list during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Hungary
Tension between Slovakia and Hungary, unstable from the past, was inflamed in 2006 following the parliamentary election and Fico's decision to include nationalist Ján Slota and his Slovak National Party into his governing coalition. Slota was known for his fierce anti-Hungarian rhetoric, including that "Hungarians are a tumor on the Slovak nation that needs to be immediately removed." In the wake of the election several incidents occurred which further inflamed nationalist sentiment on both sides, including the alleged beating of a Hungarian woman in South Slovakia. Fico reacted by condemning the extremism, but rebuked the Hungarian government by declaring "The Slovak government doesn't need to be called on to strike against extremism." The row heated up again in September 2007, when Fico's government introduced a law making the Beneš decrees inviolable. This was in response to demands from ethnic Hungarian politicians that compensations should be made to persons affected by the decrees.
In May 2008, Fico labelled Hungary a potential threat during a speech commemorating the 161st anniversary of the day that Slovaks demanded national equality with other nations within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Fico used the anniversary to openly criticise the political situation in Hungary and warn about the influence it might have on Slovakia. Especially he warned against the Hungarian right-wing politician Viktor Orbán, and his party Fidesz, which he called an "extreme nationalist party." Since then, however, relations between the two countries have slightly improved.
By 2022, Fico's relationship with Orbán's government in Hungary had warmed considerably. In 2022, Fico welcomed Orbán's re-election in Hungary, praising his nationalistic approach and stance on the Russo-Ukrainian war. Similarly, Hungarian Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó welcomed Fico's return to office in 2023, noting "Robert Fico has the same views on the war, migration and gender issues as us".
Ukraine
In response to Russian invasion of Ukraine, Fico was opposed to supplying arms and ammunitions through Slovak territory. He also opposed Ukrainian membership in NATO and argued that accession of Ukraine to the European Union by 2025 was an unrealistic scenario.
Fico said that sending more and more weapons to Ukraine has only encouraged more killings and endless war, and instead efforts should be made to reach a cease-fire and push Russia and Ukraine toward peace talks. In September 2023, he stated in an interview: "Why don't we force the warring parties, use the weight of the EU and the U.S. to make them sit down and find some sort of compromise that would guarantee security for Ukraine?" He praised the peace plans to end the war put forward by the Vatican, Brazil and China. Fico said Slovakia will continue to help Ukraine in a humanitarian way and his government will do everything possible to start peace talks.
Fico said that Ukraine's Azov Battalion was a "clearly a fascist regiment". During a rally on 30 August 2023, Fico said that the War in Donbas started in 2014 when "Ukrainian Nazis and fascists started murdering the Russian population of Donbas".
United States
Fico was a vocal opponent of the one-time planned construction of new U.S. anti-ballistic missile and radar systems in military bases in neighbouring Czech Republic and Poland and one of his first steps upon taking office was a military pullout from Iraq. Fico described the Iraq War as "unjust and wrong" and said that the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 "caused huge tensions. To speak about any democracy in Iraq is a fantasy." In November 2013, Fico visited the U.S. President Barack Obama in Washington D.C., where they spoke about the US-Slovak partnership, which Fico's spokesperson said is "based on shared democratic values and principles," after which he affirmed the strategic partnership between the two countries.
Fico and SMER-SD were vocal opponents of the Slovak–American Defence Cooperation Agreement as disadvantageous to Slovakia, attacking Cabinet of Eduard Heger, especially Minister of Defence Jaroslav Naď, as well as President Zuzana Čaputová, accusing the latter of being an "American servant", in reference to promotion of American military and political interests in Slovakia.
Relationship with the media
In 2022, Fico repeatedly stated that journalists were an "organized criminal group with the aim of breaking Slovak statehood" and called on the Slovak Police Force to investigate them. In November 2021, he described journalists as "Soros's corrupt gang of swines for whom water is already boiling." He says that the media is "obsessed" with him and his party, they want to "destroy" it and are "waging a jihad against it."
During his press conferences he often verbally attacks, belittles and taunts the present journalists, often accusing them of bias and attacks on his government. On several occasions he has openly and on record used profanities against specific journalists ("idiots," "pricks, "prostitutes", "snakes", "hyenas"). He has also been recorded ridiculing journalists' physical appearance. In 2009, Fico repeatedly described the Slovak press as a "new opposition force" that was biased and was harming national and state interests. Fico also accused the press of failing to "stand behind the common people." In November 2016, he termed journalists questioning him about allegations of public procurement rules during Slovakia's EU presidency, as "dirty, anti-Slovak prostitutes." He also stated the accusations were a targeted attack to smear the country's presidency of EU.
In July 2012 Fico declared "Eternal Peace" between him and the Slovak press. He also stated his desire to change his attitude towards the media, saying "I think it is enough" and that he does not plan any further lawsuits against media outlets except in extraordinary situations. Fico further said: "You have to spend an incredible amount of energy on it [lawsuits], it means several years of conflict, one conflict takes usually five or six years [to resolve]," adding that lawsuits involve "legal fees, paying a lawyer, everything around that."
In June 2023, Reporters Without Borders asked Fico to stop legitimizing harassment of journalists. This occurred after Fico participated in a discussion with Daniel Bombic, a Slovak YouTuber known as Danny Kollar, for whose arrest three international warrants had been issued due to alleged online harassment and extremist crimes. Matej Príbelský, a journalist of Aktuality.sk who reported on the discussion, received multiple hateful messages and comments, including calls for violence, after Bombic asked his followers to "transmit their comments and impressions" to Príbelský, saying that "the score-settling will follow". RDF reasoned that Fico was legitimizing harassment of journalists by participating in the discussion and not denouncing the calls for violence against Príbelský.
Personal life
Fico is married to Svetlana Ficová (née Svobodová), a lawyer and associate professor from Žilina. They were classmates while both were studying law at the Comenius University in Bratislava, and they married in 1988. They have one son together, Michal, who studied at the University of Economics in Bratislava. In addition to his native Slovak, Fico speaks fluent Czech, English and Russian.
Religion
Fico has rarely discussed his religious life in public. In his application to join the Communist Party in 1984, Fico stated that he was "strictly atheistic," as was required in order to be accepted. According to the testimonial from college added to the application, he held a "scientific Marxist-Leninist worldview" and "no problems with regards to religion."
In a promotional video during presidential election campaign in 2014, Fico said he grew up in a Roman Catholic family and that he considers himself a Catholic. He discussed his baptism, holy communion, confirmation and how the Catholic faith had impacted his childhood. He stated: "Perhaps if I am to do my profile in relation to the Catholic Church, I would end up better off than any MP of the KDH." He also described growing up with his grandfather, a man who "very strictly respected the rules of standard Christian life," stating that it profoundly impacted him. However, historian and former researcher of the National Memory Institute Patrik Dubovský consider it being an attempt to manipulate public opinion, because "confirmation was in direct conflict with Communist Party membership, which political programme was based on atheism." As Dubovský stated, religiously active people were severely persecuted, especially after the Charta 77 incident.
During televised debate Fico refused to answer a television presenter's question about whether he is a Christian (Catholic) or an Atheist, and said that he considered it a private matter. Regarding his baptism, holy communion and confirmation, Fico said that he was baptised as an infant and the holy communion with confirmation followed afterwards, as it was with every child who grew up in his home village, according to him.
Alleged extramarital affairs
In August 2010, Fico was photographed around midnight in a gay bar in downtown Bratislava together with a woman, who was later revealed to be 25-year-old Jana Halászová, a secretary at the Smer-SD party headquarters. It was later revealed that Halászová had been given extensive privileges, including her own parking space in the Parliament car park, without being a member. Halászová had also bought a luxurious car worth around €30,000 and bought a new flat without a mortgage in August 2012 in a neighbourhood where a one-room flat costs approximately €100,000, despite being a secretary. In addition, both her sister and step-mother had recently been given jobs within various ministries.
In August 2013, Fico was photographed while embracing and kissing his now-secretary Halászová, after taking her for a private dinner at a chateau in Čereňany, 160 kilometres from Bratislava. The photos created another round of speculation about the true nature of their relationship as well as whether or not he had used public funds to pay for the dinner. A month later, the tabloid 7 Plus reported that Fico and Halászová had been photographed together in a luxury restaurant while vacationing together in the Croatian town of Opatija. In response to this latest story, Fico filed a defamation lawsuit against 7 Plus magazine.
In March 2018, after murder of Jan Kuciak, Slovak investigative journalist Eugen Korda in interview for public Czech Television TV alleged that Mária Trošková, Fico's assistant, is also his lover. Trošková escorted Fico on multiple high-level diplomatic meetings, including a summit with Angela Merkel.
Subsequently, direct connection between Mária Trošková and convicted 'Ndrangheta member Antonino Vadala was revealed by the press. While her romantic connection to Fico was not confirmed, her former relationship with Vadala was. Despite the evidence Fico was publicly supporting Trošková and the secretary of the Security Council Viliam Jasaň. After the public outrage, Trošková abandoned her position as State Counsellor and Fico's assistant and disappeared from the public eye.
In 2020, Slovak daily newspaper Denník N identified Katarína Szalayová as Fico's lover. She used a luxury car worth around €40,000, even though her net monthly salary of the prosecution office employee was around €600. After leaving the prosecution office, Szalayová gained employment in the law firm of Robert Kaliňák, former deputy prime minister during Fico's cabinets and incumbent member of SMER –SD party presidium.
References
External links
The Fico Threat, by Martin M. Simecka (March 2009 essay)
Fico profile
|-
1964 births
Living people
Comenius University alumni
Academic staff of Comenius University
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia politicians
Direction – Social Democracy politicians
Slovak Roman Catholics
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 1992-1994
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 1994-1998
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 1998-2002
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2002-2006
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2010-2012
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2016–2020
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2020–2023
Party of the Democratic Left (Slovakia) politicians
People from Topoľčany
Prime Ministers of Slovakia
Slovak communists
Candidates for President of Slovakia
Leaders of political parties in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Fico |
The Silent World () is a 1956 French documentary film co-directed by Jacques Cousteau and Louis Malle. One of the first films to use underwater cinematography to show the ocean depths in color, its title derives from Cousteau's 1953 book The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure.
Film
The film was shot aboard the ship Calypso. Cousteau and his team of divers shot 25 kilometers of film over two years in the Mediterranean Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, of which 2.5 kilometers were included in the finished documentary.
The film later faced criticism for environmental damage done during the filmmaking. In one scene, the crew of the Calypso massacre a school of sharks that were drawn to the carcass of a baby whale for some reason, which itself had been mortally injured by the crew, albeit accidentally (Cousteau had the ship driven into a pod of whales to get a close-up view, striking one whale in the process before the baby was lacerated by the prop). In another, Cousteau uses dynamite near a coral reef in order to make a more complete census of the marine life in its vicinity. Cousteau later became more environmentally conscious, involved in marine conservation, and was even called "the father of the environmental movement" by Ted Turner.
Reception
The Silent World opened at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival and won the Palme d'Or award; it was the only documentary film to win the award until Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11 repeated the feat in 2004.
The film was released in the United States on September 24, 1956 by Columbia Pictures and earned theatrical rentals of over $3 million.
It was the first of Cousteau's documentary films to win an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
See also
References
External links
Jacques Cousteau's The Silent World by Greg Rubinson at salon.com, July 15, 2002, retrieved June 14, 2011
1956 films
Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Palme d'Or winners
Documentary films about nature
Films directed by Jacques Cousteau
Films directed by Louis Malle
Documentary films about underwater diving
French documentary films
1956 documentary films
1950s French films
1950s French-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Silent%20World |
Pavol Rusko is retired Slovak politician, television magnate and convicted fraudster. He served as the Minister of Economy of Slovakia between 2003 and 2005 and Managing Director of TV Markíza, at the time Slovakia's most viewed private TV station, between 1996 and 2000. He currently serves a 19-year prison sentence for forging promissory notes in a conspiracy to defraud TV Markíza.
Early life
Pavol Rusko studied Journalism at the Comenius University, graduating in 1987. Already as a student, he worked as Sports anchor at the Slovak public TV broadcaster and was active in the Czechoslovak Socialist Youth Union. In 1994 he left journalism to become a businessman, co-founding and since 1995 acting as the CEO of TV Markíza.
CEO of Markíza
In mid 1990s, Rusko planned to start the first private television broadcaster in Slovakia. The starting capital was provided by a Slovak entrepreneur living in Germany Silvia Volzová an American-owned media conglomerate [Central European Media Enterprises]. TV Markíza started broadcasting on the 31st August 1996, quickly gaining massive viewership. From the beginning, Markíza was critical of the government of Slovakia's autocratic prime minister Vladimír Mečiar, despite the amicable personal relationship between Mečiar and Rusko.
In the late summer 1998, the private security hired by Rusko's former university classmate Marián Kočner and his business partner Štefan Agh, supported by Volzová who had grown hostile to Rusko's conduct, took control of TV Markíza premises, claiming Kočner's company Gamatex was entitled to take over the broadcaster due to an unpaid debt by Rusko. Markíza's own security personnel along with station's employees attempted to resist the hostile takeover but were powerless against described by Rusko's Deputy Pavlík as "the most ruthless thugs in the underworld".
The takeover of Markíza caused popular uproar, being perceived by the public as an attempt to silence the popular opposition-supporting broadcaster. Thousands of people attended spontaneous rallies protesting the takeover nearby TV Markíza's premises as well as in other cities around Slovakia. The rallies were supported by many popular artists as well as opposition politicians, including future prime ministers Mikuláš Dzurinda and Robert Fico. The crisis ended when Kočner agreed to end his occupation of Markíza and settle the matter in court. The conflict between Kočner and Rusko lasted until 2000, when Markíza paid off Kočner.
Rusko remained the CEO of Markíza until 2000. Even though he was no longer the CEO, Rusko likely retained a degree of control over Markíza, which strongly supported his new political project Alliance of the New Citizen (ANO). The extent of the support was such, that Markíza got repeatedly fined by the regulator for failing to objectively inform about political developments and even its broadcasting license got in danger. This situation lasted until 2005, when [Central European Media Enterprises] paid off Rusko and took over almost all outstanding shares of TV Markíza.
Political career
Rusko got elected to the National Council in 2002, on the top of the ANO party election list, which received 8% in the 2002 Slovak parliamentary election. After the election, he served as a deputy speaker of parliament. In 2003, he became the Minister of Economy. In 2005 he was fired by the prime minister Mikuláš Dzurinda, after it became public knowledge that Rusko borrowed a substantial sum of money from a controversial businessman.
Following his sacking, Rusko returned to the parliament. In response to the sacking, Rusko attempted to take his party out of the governing coalition, however a majority of ANO's MPs rebelled against his leadership and continued supporting the government. Rusko attributed the rebellion to bribery of the individual MPs, releasing multiple secret recordings of them admitting receiving bribes in a private conversation with Rusko. The allegations of bribery of MPs nonetheless did not result in a collapse of the government, which stayed in power for another year.
Rusko served as an MP until 2006, when ANO failed to pass the 5% representation threshold in the 2006 Slovak parliamentary election. In 2007 he resigned as the chairman of ANO and retired from politics.
Promissory notes scandal and sentencing
After leaving politics, Rusko maintained low profile and largely stayed out of the news. In 2018, he surprised the public by announcing that the actual way how he settled the dispute with Marián Kočner over the debt back in 2000 was by issuing promissory notes in the total value of 70 million EUR. Rusko claimed that he issued the promissory notes as a private individual but since he was the CEO of TV Markíza, the broadcaster was responsible for paying the debt as Rusko had previously lost all his property. On the basis of this promisory note, Kočner demanded millions of euros of payments from TV Markíza. His claimed was initially backed by a local court.
In response to the lawsuit, TV Markíza filled a counter-suit, alleging Kočner and Rusko conspired to defraud the company by forging and backdating the promissory note. The broadcaster argued that there was no mention of the promissory notes in the accounting of the company and Rusko himself had never previously mentioned their existence. Rusko denied the claim, insisting the promissory notes were genuine and TV Markíza accounting was lacking also other important docments.
On 27 February 2020, the court sentenced Kočner and Rusko to 19 years in prison for falsifying the promissory notes and attempting to fraudulently extort millions from TV Markíza. The sentencing was confirmed by the appellate court on 12 January 2021.
Other criminal allegations
Plot to murder Silvia Volzová
Mikuláš Černák, a former Mafia boss serving life sentence since 2007, accused Rusko of ordering a murder of TV Markíza's co-owner Silvia Volzová. Černák made the accusation in 2019, claiming that he met Rusko secretly in 1997 in Banská Bystrica and accepted the task to kidnap Volzová, force her to turn her equity in TV Markíza over to Rusko and then murder her. Rusko admitted to the meeting but claimed he went there only to find out if anybody had order his own killing and not to order a murder. The court case is still ongoing, Černák made a sworn testimony that he had Volzová followed and was preparing to kidnap and murder her, but he was unable to finish the deed because he was taken into custody for other killings. Černák also made an emotional apology at the court to Volzová for accepting the task. As of 2022 the court case is still ongoing.
The Beacon of Hope scandal
The Beacon of Hope was a common project between the Foundation of TV Markíza and Bratislava Old Town district. The Foundation ran a shelter for abused women and their children in a house that the district sold it for a symbolic amount. In spite of the provision that prevented the Foundation from selling the house, Rusko attempted to exchange it for another property with Marian Kočner when he became the head of the Foundation in 2015. The district eventually managed to stop the transaction and regain ownership of the house, although the Beacon of Hope ceased functioning in the meantime and the inhabitants had to leave the shelter. Rusko is accused of defrauding the district. As of 2022 the court case is still ongoing.
Personal life
Rusko married his collage sweetheart Viera in 1991. The wedding was attended by the future prime minister Vladimír Mečiar. From this marriage, Rusko has two children, daughter Lívia and son Pavol. In 2011, Rusko divorced his wife due to his new relationship with a modeling agent Henriett Heger. Ruko married Heger 2019, shortly before the start of his prison term. Heger applied for divorce in 2022.
In 2005, he was hospitalized due to a leg injury, which was originally attributed to Rusko accidentally shooting himself in the leg during a hunting trip. In his 2019 book, Rusko eventually admitted he had deliberately caused the injury to avoid having to testify in a criminal case.
External links
Leaders.sk
Government.gov.sk
References
1963 births
Living people
People from Liptovský Hrádok
Idea (political party) politicians
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2002-2006
Politicians convicted of fraud
Economy ministers of Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavol%20Rusko |
Markíza (also known as Televízia Markíza) is a Slovak television channel launched on August 31, 1996. The channel was founded by a later politician Pavol Rusko, and is now part of the Central European Media Enterprises (CME). It also operates television channels Doma (since 2009), Dajto (since 2012), Markíza International (since 2016), Markíza KRIMI (since 2022) and Markíza Klasik (planned 2024).
TV Markíza has built its programming strategy around family entertainment to reflect Slovakia's culture. Reaching more than 92% of Slovak households, TV Markíza is the clear leader on the national TV landscape.
Broadcasting 24 hours a day, TV Markíza is the flagship television channel encompassing all TV genres. Its program structure is composed of premium products such as Markíza's locally produced shows that are incredibly popular.
In addition to its high-quality news and local programs, TV Markíza has secured exclusive broadcast rights to a variety of popular American and European films and series produced by major international studios including Warner Bros., Sony Pictures, Disney, NBCUniversal, and ViacomCBS.
The Markíza Plus free video archive offers popular series and programs for a limited period of time after they are broadcast, as well as a wide range of exclusive bonus content. TV Markíza's attractive programming is also available through the most popular Slovak streaming service Voyo, mobile applications and HbbTV.
The General Director of CME's operations in the Slovakia is Peter Gažík.
Programming
Shows
2 na 1 (2 vs. 1)
Bez servítky (Celebrity Come Dine With Me)
Dobre vedieť!(Who Knew?)
Extrémne premeny Slovensko (Extreme Makeover Slovakia)
Farma (Slovakia) (The Farm)
Hlas Česko Slovenska / The Voice Česko Slovensko (The Voice of Czechia and Slovakia)
Chart Show (Die Ultimative Chartshow)
Lego Masters
Let's Dance (Strictly Come Dancing)
Love Island
MasterChef Česko Slovensko (MasterChef Czech & Slovak)
MasterChef Slovensko (MasterChef Slovakia)
Milionár (Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?)
Na love (The Chase)
Na nože (Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares)
Pestúnka (Supernanny)
Pokušenie (Jeopardy!)
Ste chytrejší ako piatak? (Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?)
SuperStar (Czech and Slovak Pop Idol)
Slovensko hľádá SuperStar (Slovak Pop Idol)
Slovensko má talent (Slovakia's got talent)
Tvoja tvár znie povedome (Your Face Sounds Familiar)
Utajený šéf (Undercover Boss)
Zámena manželiek (Wife Swap)
Local series
Búrlivé víno (Taste of Love)
Červené pásky (Red Band Society)
Druhá šanca(DOC)
Druhý dych (One Love)
Horná Dolná(Middle of Nowhere)
Horúca krv (Hot Blood)
Chlapi neplačú (Blind Love)
Medzi nami (Between us)
Najhorší týždeň môjho života (The Worst Week of My Life)
Ordinácia v ružovej záhrade (Rose Garden Clinic)
Oteckovia (Dear Daddies)
Pán profesor (The Teacher)
Policajné prípady (Police Cases)
Rodinné prípady (Family Affairs)
Sestričky (Nurses)
Susedia (Neighbours)
Susedské prípady (Neighbour Affairs)
Svätý Max (Sankt Maik)
Šťastní vs. Šťastní (Ivanovy-Ivanovy)
Sport events
1998 IIHF World Championship
1999 IIHF World Championship
2000 IIHF World Championship
2014 Winter Olympics (Men's ice hockey only)
2016 World Cup of Hockey
Formula One
NHL
UEFA Champions League
UEFA Euro 2024
UEFA Euro 2028
Television series
Sestričky
Oteckovia
2 Broke Girls
7th Heaven
According to Jim
Alarm für Cobra 11
Ally McBeal
Baywatch
Beverly Hills, 90210
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Close to Home
Cold Case
Hunter
Columbo
Criminal Minds
Dallas
Don Matteo
Early Edition
Everybody Hates Chris
Felicity
Flashpoint
Frasier
Friends
Gossip Girl
Gotham
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
House
Charmed
Chicago Hope
Inspector Rex
Invasion
JAG
Joan of Arcadia
Joey
Kyle XY
Married... with Children
Medical Investigation
M*A*S*H
Melrose Place
Mesto tieňov
Mike & Molly
Mission Hill
Monk
Mr. Bean
Murder, She Wrote
NCIS
NCIS: Los Angeles
NCIS: New Orleans
Normálna rodinka
NUMB3RS
Parker Lewis Can't Lose
Perfect Strangers
Person of Interest
Providence
Revolution (TV series)
Rex
Rizzoli & Isles
Sabrina, the Teenage Witch
Sledge Hammer!
Smallville
Space: Above and Beyond
Step by Step
Sue Thomas: F.B.Eye
Summerland
The Big Bang Theory
The Bill Cosby Show
The Mentalist
The Naked Chef
The O.C.
The Vampire Diaries
The War at Home
The X-Files
Tom Stone
Two and a Half Men
Veronica Mars
World's Most Amazing Videos
Telenovelas broadcast in past
Amor real Binbir Gece Cabecita Cuando seas mia Daniela Destilando Amor El cuerpo del deseo El manantial El privilegio de amar Entre el amor y el odio Esmeralda Gitanas Inima de tigan La Madrastra La Tormenta La Venganza Laberintos de pasión Las Vías del Amor Maria de Nadie Mariana de la Noche Milady, la historia continúa Mujer Secreta Pasión De Gavilanes Perla Negra Rebeca Rosalinda Sos mi vida Te Voy a Enseñar a Querer Yago, pasión MorenaChildren series
BoBoiBoy DuckTales Firehouse Tales Jackie Chan Adventures Maya the Honey Bee Oggy and the Cockroaches TaleSpin Tayo the Little Bus The Flintstones The Mézga Family The Powerpuff Girls''
Periodical shows
Notable television presenters
Miroslava Almásy (2001–present)
Lukáš Adamec (2016, 2020)
Michal Arpáš (1996–1999)
Erika Barkolová (1999–2007)
Peter Batthyany (1996–1997)
Andrej Bičan (2016–present)
Kyla Cole (2003–2004)
Peter Čambor (1999–2014)
Daniel Dangl (2009–present)
Jozef Dúbravský (2003–2006)
Marianna Ďurianová (2001–2014)
Michal Ďuriš (1996–2003)
Ľudmila Farkašovská (2000–2003)
Karol Farkašovský (2007–2012)
Michal Farkašovský (2005–2008)
Peter Gecík (2003–2005)
Patrik Herman (1996–2022)
Jana Hospodárová (1996–present)
Ivan Janda (1996–2003)
Erika Judínyová (1998–2000, 2005–present)
Miriam Kalisová (2007–present)
Ľubomír Karásek (1999–2005)
Mário Klein (1996–2002)
Michal Kovačič (2008–present)
Maroš Kramár (1996–present)
Branislav Kríž (1997–2003)
Jarmila Lajčáková-Hargašová (1996–2002)
Milan Lasica (1996–1999)
Iveta Malachovská (1996–2005)
Gregor Mareš (2004–2008)
Róbert Mikla (2005–2006)
Juraj Mokrý (2001–2012)
Danica Nejedlá (1998–present)
Martin Nikodým (1996–2007, 2017–present)
Daniela Nízlová (2002–2005)
Veronika Nízlová (2002–2005)
Petr Novotný (2001–2003)
Branislav Ondruš (1996–1999)
Aneta Parišková (1996–2006)
Mária Pietrová (2002–2003, 2012–present)
Magda Paveleková (1997–2001)
Martin Rausch (2006–2018)
Vladimír Repčík (1996–2006)
Viliam Rozboril (1996–2014)
Pavol Rusko (1996–2000)
Július Satinský (1996–1999)
Rastislav Sokol (2016–present)
Martina Šimkovičová (1998–2015)
Patrik Švajda (1997–present)
Zlatica Švajdová-Puškárová (1999–present)
Ján Tribula (1998–present)
Elena Vacvalová (1998–2008)
Andrea Vadkerti (1996–2001)
Peter Varinský (2007–present)
Lenka Vavrinčíková (2007–present)
Viktor Vincze (2013–present)
Adela Vinczeová (1998–present)
Jaroslav Zápala (2000–present)
Rastislav Žitný (2005–2008)
CME Content Academy
In 2022 Markíza and TV Nova in cooperation with The Television Institute Brno, launched CME Content Academy. The scholarship program is funded by Central European Media Enterprises, to which both TV Nova and Markíza belong. Academy's two-year course is designed to provide participants with a grounding across various film-making disciplines, enabling students to become TV professionals.
The practice is divided according to the production scheme of TV Nova and Markíza and takes place in Brno, Prague and Bratislava.
References
External links
Central European Media Enterprises
Mass media in Slovakia
Television channels in Slovakia
Television channels and stations established in 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%C3%ADza |
AgFirst, part of the US Farm Credit System, serves as a wholesale lender and business-service provider to a network of local farm credit associations in 15 southern and eastern states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. It was formed in 1995 by the merger of the Farm Credit Bank of Baltimore and the Farm Credit Bank of Columbia. The lender is cooperatively owned by 16 local associations. These associations, operating as Farm Credit and Ag Credit associations, provide real estate and production financing to about 80,000 farmers, agribusinesses, and rural homeowners.
AgFirst is headquartered in Columbia, South Carolina in the former Bank of America Plaza.
References
External links
Hoovers Report on Agfirst
Farm Credit Administration in the Federal Register
Farm Credit System
Companies based in South Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgFirst |
The European Union Civil Service Tribunal was a specialised court within the Court of Justice of the European Union. It was established on 2 December 2005. It ceased to exist on 1 September 2016.
Legal basis
The Treaty of Nice provides for the creation of judicial panels in certain specific areas. This provision is later amended and codified in Article 257 ("specialised courts") of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union by the Treaty of Lisbon:
The Council of the European Union on 2 November 2004, adopted on that basis a decision establishing the European Union Civil Service Tribunal. The new specialised court, composed of seven judges, was called upon to adjudicate in disputes between the European Union and its civil service, a jurisdiction until 2005 was exercised by the General Court. Its decisions was subject to appeal on questions of law only to the General Court and, in exceptional cases, to review by the European Court of Justice. It was established on 2 December 2005. It was dissolved on 1 September 2016, despite the success in its mandate, in favour of doubling the size of the General Court.
Presidents of the Civil Service Tribunal
Judges on the Civil Service Tribunal in 2016
Source:
References
Further reading
External links
European Union Civil Service Tribunal: official website
2005 establishments in the European Union
2016 disestablishments in the European Union
Courts and tribunals established in 2005
Civil Service Tribunal, European Union
Civil Service Tribunal, European Union
Tribunals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Union%20Civil%20Service%20Tribunal |
University Hospital of Brooklyn at Long Island College Hospital (or LICH) was a 506-bed teaching hospital located in the Brooklyn Heights and Cobble Hill neighborhoods of Brooklyn, New York. The hospital was founded in 1858 as Long Island College Hospital and following years-long attempts to save it through mergers and property development, it ceased operations on August 30, 2014.
History
Long Island College Hospital introduced the practice of bedside teaching in 1860, and it later became the first U.S. hospital to use stethoscopes and anesthesia. In 1873 it introduced the first emergency ambulance service in Brooklyn. Its collegiate division would later form the Downstate Medical Center, an academic unit of the State University of New York in 1948.
The Polhemus Memorial Clinic, an eight-story 1897 tower that was part LICH until July 2008, is considered to be the first example of skyscraper hospital, anywhere in the world.
Merger and closure
The facility had years-long financial issues, and had it been privately-run, it would have been able to file bankruptcy. That was not an option as it was a public hospital. By 2008, the hospital was affiliated with the Continuum Health Partners and had been in financial trouble due, in part, to capital debt. On May 27, 2011, Long Island College Hospital became part of SUNY Downstate's University Hospital of Brooklyn, renamed as University Hospital of Brooklyn at Long Island College Hospital, serving as a clinical campus for medical students in the Downstate College of Medicine. This merger made sense, in part, due to the existing partnership with SUNY Downstate that dated back fifty years. The state helped facilitate the merger to help avoid the closures that were facing other New York City hospitals.
Closure
On February 8, 2013, the Trustees of the State University of New York voted to close the hospital, which met with immediate protest from the public and the unions. A re-vote by the State University of New York board of trustees was taken on March 19, 2013, who again voted to close down the hospital. On April 1, 2013, for a second time the closing of the hospital was stalled in court and patient census fell to 18 from 375.
It was losing $15 million per month as of July 2013. As a way of maintaining the hospital, SUNY issued an RFP on July 17, 2013 to seek bids from developers who could turn the property into a profitable venture through mixed use real estate projects while maintaining medical services for the community. Three days prior to the bids being due, a NY State judge invalidated the effort to sell the property. On July 19, 2013, the New York State Department of Health approved SUNY Downstate Medical Center's plan to close the hospital, which called for all remaining patients to be transferred or discharged on or before July 28. The plan also called for the hospital to stop admitting patients from its emergency department on July 22, and for the hospital's elective surgery schedule to be canceled, effective the same day. According to the plan, LICH continued to operate its emergency department until July 29. A state supreme court justice upheld a temporary restraining order preventing SUNY Downstate from shutting it down, and ordered both sides back to court on July 31 to decide its future.
On August 20, 2013, Brooklyn Supreme Court Justice Carolyn Demarest ordered the closure of the hospital to be stalled, citing a breach in the agreement by SUNY Downstate, concluding that SUNY "didn't buy the 18-building complex in the heart of downtown Brooklyn in good faith.". Among those involved with the protests against the facility's closure were then public advocate and future mayor, Bill de Blasio. His subsequent role in the property's sale came under further criticism.
While protests and lawsuits continued following the facility's closure in August 2014, NYU operated a walk in emergency room by October of that same year.
Sale and development plans
Once the lawsuits were settled and the hospital closed, bidding ensued, Louis Kestenbaum's Fortis Property Group won the bid. The initial Fortis proposal offered SUNY about half of the estimated $500 million value—for the 200,000-square-foot complex, of which 15,000 square feet would be made into a facility with an urgent care center, physical therapy center, dental and other surgery space, but no emergency room and no full-use hospital. At the time, mayoral candidate Bill de Blasio opposed the Fortis plan because it did not contain a full hospital and had too much luxury housing compared to what the neighborhood could accommodate. Community organizations and SUNY decided to withdraw the bids and reopen the process to capture bids that would give the "community what it wanted". As a result, Brooklyn Hospital made a bid for the property that included 1,000 housing units, 1/3 of them to be "affordable", an outpatient medical facility and a 24-hour emergency services department.
In January 2014, SUNY called for revamped bids to reflect the wants of the community and expectations of SUNY. The winning bidder of the 2014 bidding process was Brooklyn Health Partners, which said it would operate a 300- to 400-bed hospital on the site. One of BHP's former partners claimed that BHP miscalculated "the cost of renovations needed at the site, in order to accommodate a facility with up to 400 beds." On May 5, SUNY issued a notice stating that Brooklyn Health Partners failed to complete the terms of the agreement and had decided to move on to the next highest bidder. BHP suggested that it would sue SUNY to prevent it from negotiating with the runner-up. The following day, SUNY began negotiating with The Peebles Corporation. BHP had gone to court to stop that process and asked the judge, New York State Supreme Court justice Johnny Lee Baynes, to give them more time. Then, another lawsuit was filed by Brooklyn-based six community groups, represented by activist lawyer Jim Walden of Gibson Dunn & Crutcher; Walden asked Baynes to disallow the scores given by six individuals on the LICH scoring committee. On May 15, Justice Baynes returned a ruling declaring that SUNY negotiate with the four bidders, but that his ruling does not impact SUNY's ability to continue finalizing the agreement with Peebles's team, to which the New York Post called the actions of the judge, "lunacy".
New development
A new development of seven towers was revealed in 2015. The development was to be constructed by Fortis Property Group and known as River Park. It was initially controversial because its high-rise design would have clashed with the mostly low-rise nature of the surrounding neighborhood, and residents were concerned that there would not be sufficient replacement medical facilities. Construction started in 2017 with expected completion through 2023. In 2018, renderings of the towers were released. The tallest tower, the 475-foot 2 River Park, would be one of the tallest buildings in Brooklyn when finished.
In March 2020, the property was sold to NYU Langone and as of July 2021, the property was slated to be an ambulatory care facility.
References
Further reading
Raymond, Joseph Howard. (1899). History of the Long Island College Hospital and Its Graduates. Together with the Hoagland Laboratory and Polhemus Memorial Clinic. Brooklyn, New York: Association of the Alumni. (Available on Google Books.)
External links
Skyscrapers in Brooklyn
Hospitals established in 1858
Defunct hospitals in Brooklyn
Teaching hospitals in New York City
1858 establishments in New York (state)
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Continuum Health Partners
Brooklyn Heights
Cobble Hill, Brooklyn
2014 disestablishments in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20Hospital%20of%20Brooklyn%20at%20Long%20Island%20College%20Hospital |
The 14th/20th King's Hussars was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was created by the amalgamation of the 14th King's Hussars and the 20th Hussars in 1922 and, after service in the Second World War, it amalgamated with the Royal Hussars to become the King's Royal Hussars in 1992.
History
The regiment, which was initially styled the 14th/20th Hussars, was created by the amalgamation of the 14th King's Hussars and the 20th Hussars in 1922. It was re-titled the 14th/20th King's Hussars in December 1936. The regiment, which was based in India at the start of the Second World War, dispatched a cadre of personnel to form the 26th Hussars in February 1941. The remainder of the regiment was deployed to Iraq and Persia later that year to guard the oil fields. It landed in Italy in 1944 and then took part in the capture of Medicina in April 1945.
After the war the regiment remained in Germany until 1946 when it moved to Cambrai Lines at Catterick Garrison as RAC Training Regiment. It moved to Haig Lines in Church Crookham in January 1951 and then deployed to Libya in November 1952. The regiment joined 20th Armoured Brigade and moved to Portsmouth Barracks in Münster in March 1956 and then transferred to 11th Infantry Brigade and re-located to Haig Barracks in Hohne in November 1960.
The regiment deployed to Wavell Barracks in Benghazi in 1962 from where it sent units to Cyprus in December 1963 and again in May 1965. It returned home in January 1966 but joined 6th Infantry Brigade and moved to Barker Barracks in Paderborn in December 1966. In June 1970 it returned home to join 5th Infantry Brigade with its base at Aliwal Barracks in Tidworth Camp from where it deployed units to Northern Ireland at the height of the Troubles. It returned to West Germany in a new role as a recce regiment based at Harewood Barracks in Herford in May 1973 from where it continued to deploy units to Northern Ireland. It moved to Bovington Camp as RAC Centre Regiment in May 1976 and then joined 1st Armoured Division with its new base at Caen Barracks in Hohne in December 1977.
The regiment re-roled as RAC Centre Regiment at Cambrai Barracks at Catterick Garrison in May 1985 and then returned to West Germany to join 4th Infantry Brigade based at York Barracks at Münster in March 1988. It was amalgamated with the Royal Hussars to become the King's Royal Hussars on 4 December 1992.
Regimental museum
The Museum of the 14th/20th King's Hussars was in the Museum of Lancashire in Preston until it closed in 2016.
Battle honours
The combined battle honours of the 14th King's Hussars and the 20th Hussars, plus:
Second World War: Bologna, Medicina, Italy 1945
Later wars: Wadi al Batin, Gulf 1991
Commanding Officers
The Commanding Officers have been:
1959–1961: Lt.-Col. Edward G.W.T. Walsh
1961–1964: Lt.-Col. Gilbert A.L.C. Talbot
1964–1966: Lt.-Col. Simon R.M. Frazer
1966–1969: Lt.-Col. Peter B. Cavendish
1969–1972: Lt.-Col. J. Michael Palmer
1972–1974: Lt.-Col. Thomas G. Williams
1974–1977: Lt.-Col. William J. Stockton
1977–1979: Lt.-Col. John A. Pharo-Tomlin
1979–1982: Lt.-Col. Daniel L. De Beaujeu
1982–1984: Lt.-Col. Peter Harman
1984–1987: Lt.-Col. John R. Smales
1987–1989: Lt.-Col. Christopher K. Price
1989–1992: Lt.-Col. Michael J.H. Vickery
1992: Lt.-Col. David J.B. Woodd
Colonel-in-Chief
1969: Princess Anne, The Princess Royal, KG, KT, GCVO
Regimental Colonels
Colonels of the Regiment were:
1920–1930: (14th Hussars): Maj-Gen. Sir Henry West Hodgson, KCMG, CB, CVO
1920–1937: (20th Hussars): Gen. Sir George de Symons Barrow, GCB, KCMG
1937–1947: Brig. Frank Brereton Hurndall, MC
1947–1957: Gen. Sir Richard Loudon McCreery, GCB, KBE, DSO, MC
1957–1966: Col. Robert James Stephen, MBE
1966–1972: Col. Basil Bethune Neville Woodd
1972–1976: Lt.-Col. Ralph Percy David Fortescue Allen, MBE
1976–1981: Maj-Gen. Peter Boucher Cavendish, OBE
1981–1992: Maj-Gen. Sir Joseph Michael Palmer, KCVO.
1992: Regiment amalgamated with The Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own), to form The King's Royal Hussars
Former officers
References
Further reading
External links
Noahs Arc – National Old & Ancient Hawks Annual Reunion Club The Club of the 14th/20th King's Hussars
14 King's Hussars
Armoured regiments of the British Army in World War II
1922 establishments in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations established in 1922
Military units and formations disestablished in 1992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th/20th%20King%27s%20Hussars |
Dean Eric Yeagle (born July 27, 1947) is an American animator and cartoonist, born in the United States, known for his character Mandy, which has appeared in the pages of Playboy magazine.
Early life
As a young Disney fan, Yeagle set his sights on becoming an animator for Disney around the age of 10. During this time he often drew Disney characters, but later began to develop his own. After graduating from high school, Yeagle went to art school, leaving after a year.
Career
Yeagle began his animation career in a small studio in Philadelphia with a summer job, giving him his first taste of the industry. He served four years in the Navy during the Vietnam era, and later worked for Jack Zander (who once animated Tom and Jerry cartoons for MGM) in Zander's Animation Parlour, New York.
Seven years after starting at Zander's Animation Parlour, Yeagle began freelancing, working for most of the New York animation studios before starting his own, Caged Beagle Productions, in 1986 with Nancy Beiman. Caged Beagle produces TV commercials, CD-ROMs, sub-contracts or consults on features and character design.
Yeagle has worked as a designer, animator and director, and he was nominated by the National Cartoonist Society (NCS) for the 2003 Gag Award for his work in Playboy Magazine.
Yeagle's clients have included Blue Sky Studios, Broderbund, Dannon, Grey Advertising, Hanna-Barbera, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, ImaginEngine, Kraft, Marvel Comics, Nestle, Playboy Enterprises, Procter & Gamble, Random House, Saatchi & Saatchi, Walt Disney Productions, Warner Bros. and Western Publishing.
Notes
References
External links
Lambiek Comiclopedia article.
American illustrators
American animators
American comics artists
1947 births
Living people
Playboy cartoonists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Yeagle |
a
U.S. AgBank, Farm Credit Bank based in Wichita, Kansas, was a financial institution, part of the Farm Credit System lending to Farm Credit Services organizations serving Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, eastern Idaho, Kansas, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and western Wyoming.
Like other Farm Credit Banks, U.S. AgBank generated funds from selling bonds backed by the federal government. It did not lend directly to borrowers, but to 29 local Agricultural Credit Associations.
In 2010, the company announced plans for a merger with CoBank. The merger was completed in 2012.
External links
U.S. AgBank website
Farm Credit System
Companies based in Wichita, Kansas
Agriculture in Kansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20AgBank |
The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) is a branch of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that regulates the manufacture and distribution of food, food additives, and drugs that will be given to animals. These include animals from which human foods are derived, as well as food additives and drugs for pets or companion animals. CVM is responsible for regulating drugs, devices, and food additives given to, or used on, over one hundred million companion animals, plus millions of poultry, cattle, swine, and minor animal species. Minor animal species include animals other than cattle, swine, chickens, turkeys, horses, dogs, and cats.
CVM monitors the safety of animal foods and medications. Much of the center's work focuses on animal medications used in food animals to ensure that significant drug residues are not present in the meat or other products from these animals.
CVM does not regulate vaccines for animals; these are handled by the United States Department of Agriculture
History
In 1953, a Veterinary Medical Branch of the FDA was created within the Bureau of Medicine. A separate Bureau of Veterinary Medicine (BVM) was established in 1965. At this time, the BVM included a Division of Veterinary Medical Review, Division of Veterinary New Drugs, and a Division of Veterinary Research. In 1970, the Division of Compliance and Division of Nutritional Sciences were added. The Bureau underwent reorganization in 1976 and in 1984, it was renamed the Center for Veterinary Medicine.
Dr. Steven Solomon, DVM became the Director of the Center in 2017. He received his Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree from The Ohio State University and a Master's in Public Health from Johns Hopkins University. He succeeded Tracey Forfa, who had been acting director for a few months. The previous director was Dr. Bernadette Dunham; she served as Director from 2008 to 2016.
Mission and vision
The mission of the center is "protecting human and animal health" and the vision of the organization is "Excellence. Innovation. Leadership." The organization works across multiple disciplines to promote public health.
Office structure
The Center for Veterinary Medicine is divided into six key offices.
The Office of the Director coordinates activities for the center and establishes policy in a wide variety of areas, including management, research, and compliance. It directs the planning, programming, budgeting, and administrative support for the center. The Office of the Director is also responsible for approving New Animal Drug Applications and Abbreviated New Animal Drug Applications, approving the use of animal food additives, and reviewing submitted New Animal Drug Applications for effects on human health. The Director serves as the spokesperson for the center's activities and is in contact with the public, industry, other government agencies, national organizations, and international organizations.
The Office of Management provides customer service, guidance, and education on the activities of the center. Individuals in this office are in charge of managing strategic planning of the center's goals and priorities and serve as liaisons for specific facilities, programs, and services provided by the center. This office is also in charge of managing billing, information management and technology, talent development, and budget planning for the center.
The Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation reviews information submitted by drug sponsors who are working to gain approval to manufacture and market animal drugs. This office determines if an animal drug should be approved and ensures that the new drug meets four pillars: the drug product must be safe for both animals and humans, must be effective for its intended use, must be a quality manufactured product, and must be properly labeled with how to safely use, store, and handle the drug. This office also ensures that these standards are maintained after the drug enters the marketplace. The office has eight divisions which each evaluate a different part of the drug review process.
The Office of Surveillance and Compliance is in charge of regulating animal drugs and devices for their safety and effectiveness and also oversees animal food safety programs. Members of this office include veterinarians, animal scientists, toxicologists, consumer safety officers, and other scientists. The Office helps inspect products, analyze samples of products, and reviews products that may be imported into the United States. The Office conducts education and outreach about compliance, helps monitor adverse events and identify safety issues with animal drugs, animal food, and animal devices. The Office works to prevent and address any animal food hazards. If any safety concerns are found, this Office can issue product safety alerts, packaging label changes, recalls, or can withdrawal a product's approval.
The Office of Research helps to develop new procedures for analyzing drugs, food additives, and contaminants. The Office works to investigate how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted, and how different drugs impact the immunology or physiology of animals. This office also helps develop screening tests for foodborne diseases and screens for drug residues in food products. The Office is involved in many scientific areas of research including veterinary medicine, animal science, biology, chemistry, microbiology, epidemiology, and pharmacology. The building that houses this Office is equipped with laboratories, animal facilities, and has specialized experimental equipment to conduct research.
The Office of Minor Use and Minor Species is the smallest office within the Center and handles "minor use" drugs, which are those that are intended for use in horses, dogs, cats, cattle, pigs, turkey, and chickens but are for diseases that do not occur very frequently, only impact a small geographic area, or are only impacted a small number of animals each year. This Office also handles issues pertaining to "minor species" which include animals such as zoo animals, parrots, ferrets, guinea pigs, sheep, goats, and honeybees. This Office establishes and maintains the Index of Legally Marketed Unapproved New Animal Drugs for Minor Species. Outreach and education is also a significant part of this Office's activities.
Sources
References
Veterinary medicine in the United States
Food and Drug Administration
National agencies for veterinary drug regulation
Drug safety
Experimental drugs
United States federal health legislation
Biotechnology products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Veterinary%20Medicine |
Farm Credit Bank of Texas, part of the US Farm Credit System, serves as a wholesale lender and business-service provider to 14 local borrower-owned Farm Credit associations in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico and Texas.
Farm Credit Bank of Texas is a federated cooperative owned by the local Farm Credit association cooperatives, which directly finance rural real estate, agricultural production, country homes and agribusiness firms. Together with the other three banks of the Farm Credit System (AgFirst Farm Credit Bank, Columbia, South Carolina; AgriBank FCB, St. Paul, Minnesota; and CoBank, ACB, Denver, Colorado), the bank generates funds from the issuance of debt securities in the national and international financial markets through the Federal Farm Credit Banks Funding Corporation, a joint subsidiary of the banks of the Farm Credit System. These debt securities are the joint and several liabilities of the banks of the Farm Credit System and are neither guaranteed by the federal government nor backed by the full faith and credit of the federal government. The Farm Credit Insurance Fund is available to protect investors in Farm Credit System debt securities.
As of September 2008, the long-term debt of the Farm Credit System carries the ratings of AAA from Standard & Poor's Rating Service and Fitch Ratings and AAA from Moody's Investors Service. As of the same date, the Farm Credit System's short-term debt carries the ratings of A-1+, F1+ and P-1, respectively, from the three rating agencies.
History
Farm Credit Bank of Texas is the product of the 1988 merger of the Federal Land Bank of Texas and Federal Intermediate Credit Bank of Texas. These banks were known as the Federal Land Bank of Houston and the Federal Intermediate Credit Bank of Houston prior to changing their names in 1979, and were located in Houston from their respective founding dates of 1916 and 1923 until they relocated to Austin in 1982.
See also
Farm Credit of New Mexico, ACA
References
External links
Farm Credit System
Companies based in Austin, Texas
Agriculture in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm%20Credit%20Bank%20of%20Texas |
In mathematics, a Hermitian symmetric space is a Hermitian manifold which at every point has an inversion symmetry preserving the Hermitian structure. First studied by Élie Cartan, they form a natural generalization of the notion of Riemannian symmetric space from real manifolds to complex manifolds.
Every Hermitian symmetric space is a homogeneous space for its isometry group and has a unique decomposition as a product of irreducible spaces and a Euclidean space. The irreducible spaces arise in pairs as a non-compact space that, as Borel showed, can be embedded as an open subspace of its compact dual space. Harish Chandra showed that each non-compact space can be realized as a bounded symmetric domain in a complex vector space. The simplest case involves the groups SU(2), SU(1,1) and their common complexification SL(2,C). In this case the non-compact space is the unit disk, a homogeneous space for SU(1,1). It is a bounded domain in the complex plane C. The one-point compactification of C, the Riemann sphere, is the dual space, a homogeneous space for SU(2) and SL(2,C).
Irreducible compact Hermitian symmetric spaces are exactly the homogeneous spaces of simple compact Lie groups by maximal closed connected subgroups which contain a maximal torus and have center isomorphic to the circle group. There is a complete classification of irreducible spaces, with four classical series, studied by Cartan, and two exceptional cases; the classification can be deduced from Borel–de Siebenthal theory, which classifies closed connected subgroups containing a maximal torus. Hermitian symmetric spaces appear in the theory of Jordan triple systems, several complex variables, complex geometry, automorphic forms and group representations, in particular permitting the construction of the holomorphic discrete series representations of semisimple Lie groups.
Hermitian symmetric spaces of compact type
Definition
Let H be a connected compact semisimple Lie group, σ an automorphism of H of order 2 and Hσ the fixed point subgroup of σ. Let K be a closed subgroup of H lying between Hσ and its identity component. The compact homogeneous space H / K is called a symmetric space of compact type. The Lie algebra admits a decomposition
where , the Lie algebra of K, is the +1 eigenspace of σ and the –1 eigenspace. If contains no simple summand of , the pair (, σ) is called an orthogonal symmetric Lie algebra of compact type.
Any inner product on , invariant under the adjoint representation and σ, induces a Riemannian structure on H / K, with H acting by isometries. A canonical example is given by minus the Killing form. Under such an inner product, and are orthogonal. H / K is then a Riemannian symmetric space of compact type.
The symmetric space H / K is called a Hermitian symmetric space if it has an almost complex structure preserving the Riemannian metric. This is equivalent to the existence of a linear map J with J2 = −I on which preserves the inner product and commutes with the action of K.
Symmetry and center of isotropy subgroup
If (,σ) is Hermitian, K has non-trivial center and the symmetry σ is inner, implemented by an element of the center of K.
In fact J lies in and exp tJ forms a one-parameter group in the center of K. This follows because if A, B, C, D lie in , then by the invariance of the inner product on
Replacing A and B by JA and JB, it follows that
Define a linear map δ on by extending J to be 0 on . The last relation shows that δ is a derivation of . Since is semisimple, δ must be an inner derivation, so that
with T in and A in . Taking X in , it follows that A = 0 and T lies in the center of and hence that K is non-semisimple. The symmetry σ is implemented by z = exp πT and the almost complex structure by exp π/2 T.
The innerness of σ implies that K contains a maximal torus of H, so has maximal rank. On the other hand, the centralizer of the subgroup generated by the torus S of elements exp tT is connected, since if x is any element in K there is a maximal torus containing x and S, which lies in the centralizer. On the other hand, it contains K since S is central in K and is contained in K since z lies in S. So K is the centralizer of S and hence connected. In particular K contains the center of H.
Irreducible decomposition
The symmetric space or the pair (, σ) is said to be irreducible if the adjoint action of (or equivalently the identity component of Hσ or K) is irreducible on . This is equivalent to the maximality of as a subalgebra.
In fact there is a one-one correspondence between intermediate subalgebras and K-invariant subspaces
of given by
Any orthogonal symmetric algebra (, σ) of Hermitian type can be decomposed as an (orthogonal) direct sum of irreducible orthogonal symmetric algebras of Hermitian type.
In fact can be written as a direct sum of simple algebras
each of which is left invariant by the automorphism σ and the complex structure J, since they are both inner. The eigenspace decomposition of coincides with its intersections with and . So the restriction of σ to is irreducible.
This decomposition of the orthogonal symmetric Lie algebra yields a direct product decomposition of the corresponding compact symmetric space H / K when H is simply connected. In this case the fixed point subgroup Hσ is automatically connected. For simply connected H, the symmetric space H / K is the direct product of Hi / Ki with Hi simply connected and simple. In the irreducible case, K is a maximal connected subgroup of H. Since K acts irreducibly on (regarded as a complex space for the complex structure defined by J), the center of K is a one-dimensional torus T, given by the operators exp tT. Since each H is simply connected and K connected, the quotient H/K is simply connected.
Complex structure
if H / K is irreducible with K non-semisimple, the compact group H must be simple and K of maximal rank. From Borel-de Siebenthal theory, the involution σ is inner and K is the centralizer of its center, which is isomorphic to T. In particular K is connected. It follows that H / K is simply connected and there is a parabolic subgroup P in the complexification G of H such that H / K = G / P. In particular there is a complex structure on H / K and the action of H is holomorphic. Since any Hermitian symmetric space is a product of irreducible spaces, the same is true in general.
At the Lie algebra level, there is a symmetric decomposition
where is a real vector space with a complex structure J, whose complex dimension is given in the table. Correspondingly, there is a graded Lie algebra decomposition
where is the decomposition into +i and −i eigenspaces of J and . The Lie algebra of P is the semidirect product . The complex Lie algebras are Abelian. Indeed, if U and V lie in , [U,V] = J[U,V] = [JU,JV] = [±iU,±iV] = –[U,V], so the Lie bracket must vanish.
The complex subspaces of are irreducible for the action of K, since J commutes with K so that each is isomorphic to with complex structure ±J. Equivalently the centre T of K acts on by the identity representation and on by its conjugate.
The realization of H/K as a generalized flag variety G/P is obtained by taking G as in the table (the complexification of H) and P to be the parabolic subgroup equal to the semidirect product of L, the complexification of K, with the complex Abelian subgroup exp . (In the language of algebraic groups, L is the Levi factor of P.)
Classification
Any Hermitian symmetric space of compact type is simply connected and can be written as a direct product of irreducible hermitian symmetric spaces Hi / Ki with Hi simple, Ki connected of maximal rank with center T. The irreducible ones are therefore exactly the non-semisimple cases classified by Borel–de Siebenthal theory.
Accordingly, the irreducible compact Hermitian symmetric spaces H/K are classified as follows.
In terms of the classification of compact Riemannian symmetric spaces, the Hermitian symmetric spaces are the four infinite series AIII, DIII, CI and BDI with p = 2 or q = 2, and two exceptional spaces, namely EIII and EVII.
Classical examples
The irreducible Hermitian symmetric spaces of compact type are all simply connected. The corresponding symmetry σ of the simply connected simple compact Lie group is inner, given by conjugation by the unique element S in Z(K) / Z(H) of period 2. For the classical groups, as in the table above, these symmetries are as follows:
AIII: in S(U(p)×U(q)), where αp+q=(−1)p.
DIII: S = iI in U(n) ⊂ SO(2n); this choice is equivalent to .
CI: S=iI in U(n) ⊂ Sp(n) = Sp(n,C) ∩ U(2n); this choice is equivalent to Jn.
BDI: in SO(p)×SO(2).
The maximal parabolic subgroup P can be described explicitly in these classical cases. For AIII
in SL(p+q,C). P(p,q) is the stabilizer of a subspace of dimension p in Cp+q.
The other groups arise as fixed points of involutions. Let J be the n × n matrix with 1's on the antidiagonal and 0's elsewhere and set
Then Sp(n,C) is the fixed point subgroup of the involution θ(g) = A (gt)−1 A−1 of SL(2n,C). SO(n,C) can be realised as the fixed points of ψ(g) = B (gt)−1 B−1 in SL(n,C) where B = J. These involutions leave invariant P(n,n) in the cases DIII and CI and P(p,2) in the case BDI. The corresponding parabolic subgroups P are obtained by taking the fixed points. The compact group H acts transitively on G / P, so that G / P = H / K.
Hermitian symmetric spaces of noncompact type
Definition
As with symmetric spaces in general, each compact Hermitian symmetric space H/K has a noncompact dual H*/K obtained by replacing H with the closed real Lie subgroup H* of the complex Lie group G with Lie algebra
Borel embedding
Whereas the natural map from H/K to G/P is an isomorphism, the natural map from H*/K to G/P is only an inclusion onto an open subset. This inclusion is called the Borel embedding after Armand Borel. In fact P ∩ H = K = P ∩ H*. The images of H and H* have the same dimension so are open. Since the image of H is compact, so closed, it follows that H/K = G/P.
Cartan decomposition
The polar decomposition in the complex linear group G implies the Cartan decomposition H* = K ⋅ exp in H*.
Moreover, given a maximal Abelian subalgebra in t, A = exp is a toral subgroup such that σ(a) = a−1 on A; and any two such 's are conjugate by an element of K. A similar statement holds for . Morevoer if A* = exp , then
These results are special cases of the Cartan decomposition in any Riemannian symmetric space and its dual. The geodesics emanating from the origin in the homogeneous spaces can be identified with one parameter groups with generators in or . Similar results hold for in the compact case: H= K ⋅ exp and H = KAK.
The properties of the totally geodesic subspace A can be shown directly. A is closed because the closure of A is a toral subgroup satisfying σ(a) = a−1, so its Lie algebra lies in and hence equals by maximality. A can be generated topologically by a single element exp X, so is the centralizer of X in . In the K-orbit of any element of there is an element Y such that (X,Ad k Y) is minimized at k = 1. Setting k = exp tT with T in , it follows that (X,[T,Y]) = 0 and hence [X,Y] = 0, so that Y must lie in . Thus is the union of the conjugates of . In particular some conjugate of X lies in any other choice of , which centralizes that conjugate; so by maximality the only possibilities are conjugates of .
The decompositions
can be proved directly by applying the slice theorem for compact transformation groups to the action of K on H / K. In fact the space H / K can be identified with
a closed submanifold of H, and the Cartan decomposition follows by showing that M is the union of the kAk−1 for k in K. Since this union is the continuous image of K × A, it is compact and connected. So it suffices to show that the union is open in M and for this it is enough to show each a in A has an open neighbourhood in this union. Now by computing derivatives at 0, the union contains an open neighbourhood of 1. If a is central the union is invariant under multiplication by a, so contains an open neighbourhood of a. If a is not central, write a = b2 with b in A. Then τ = Ad b − Ad b−1 is a skew-adjoint operator on anticommuting with σ, which can be regarded as a Z2-grading operator σ on . By an Euler–Poincaré characteristic argument it follows that the superdimension of coincides with the superdimension of the kernel of τ. In other words,
where and are the subspaces fixed by Ad a. Let the orthogonal complement of in be . Computing derivatives, it follows that Ad eX (a eY), where X lies in and Y in , is an open neighbourhood of a in the union. Here the terms a eY lie in the union by the argument for central a: indeed a is in the center of the identity component of the centralizer of a which is invariant under σ and contains A.
The dimension of is called the rank of the Hermitian symmetric space.
Strongly orthogonal roots
In the case of Hermitian symmetric spaces, Harish-Chandra gave a canonical choice for .
This choice of is determined by taking a maximal torus T of H in K with Lie algebra . Since the symmetry σ is implemented by an element of T lying in the centre of H, the root spaces in are left invariant by σ. It acts as the identity on those contained in and minus the identity on those in .
The roots with root spaces in
are called compact roots and those with root spaces in are called noncompact roots. (This terminology originates from the symmetric space of noncompact type.) If H is simple, the generator Z of the centre of K can be used to define a set of positive roots, according to the sign of α(Z). With this choice of roots and are the direct sum of the root spaces over positive and negative noncompact roots α. Root vectors Eα can be chosen so that
lie in . The simple roots α1, ...., αn are the indecomposable positive roots. These can be numbered so that αi vanishes on the center of for i, whereas α1 does not. Thus α1 is the unique noncompact simple root and the other simple roots are compact. Any positive noncompact root then has the form β = α1 + c2 α2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + cn αn with non-negative coefficients ci. These coefficients lead to a lexicographic order on positive roots. The coefficient of α1 is always one because is irreducible for K so is spanned by vectors obtained by successively applying the lowering operators E–α for simple compact roots α.
Two roots α and β are said to be strongly orthogonal if ±α ±β are not roots or zero, written α ≐ β. The highest positive root ψ1 is noncompact. Take ψ2 to be the highest noncompact positive root strongly orthogonal to ψ1 (for the lexicographic order). Then continue in this way taking ψi + 1 to be the highest noncompact positive root strongly orthogonal to ψ1, ..., ψi until the process terminates. The corresponding vectors
lie in and commute by strong orthogonality. Their span is Harish-Chandra's canonical maximal Abelian subalgebra. (As Sugiura later showed, having fixed T, the set of strongly orthogonal roots is uniquely determined up to applying an element in the Weyl group of K.)
Maximality can be checked by showing that if
for all i, then cα = 0 for all positive noncompact roots α different from the ψj's. This follows by showing inductively that if cα ≠ 0, then α is strongly orthogonal to ψ1, ψ2, ... a contradiction. Indeed, the above relation shows ψi + α cannot be a root; and that if ψi – α is a root, then it would necessarily have the form β – ψi. If ψi – α were negative, then α would be a higher positive root than ψi, strongly orthogonal to the ψj with j < i, which is not possible; similarly if β – ψi were positive.
Polysphere and polydisk theorem
Harish-Chandra's canonical choice of leads to a polydisk and polysphere theorem in H*/K and H/K. This result reduces the geometry to products of the prototypic example involving SL(2,C), SU(1,1) and SU(2), namely the unit disk inside the Riemann sphere.
In the case of H = SU(2) the symmetry σ is given by conjugation by the diagonal matrix with entries ±i so that
The fixed point subgroup is the maximal torus T, the diagonal matrices with entries e ±it. SU(2) acts on the Riemann sphere transitively by Möbius transformations and T is the stabilizer of 0. SL(2,C), the complexification of SU(2), also acts by Möbius transformations and the stabiliser of 0 is the subgroup B of lower triangular matrices. The noncompact subgroup SU(1,1) acts with precisely three orbits: the open unit disk |z| < 1; the unit circle z = 1; and its exterior |z| > 1. Thus
where B+ and TC denote the subgroups of upper triangular and diagonal matrices in SL(2,C). The middle term is the orbit of 0 under the upper unitriangular matrices
Now for each root ψi there is a homomorphism of πi of SU(2) into H which is compatible with the symmetries. It extends uniquely to a homomorphism of SL(2,C) into G. The images of the Lie algebras for different ψi's commute since they are strongly orthogonal. Thus there is a homomorphism π of the direct product SU(2)r into H compatible with the symmetries. It extends to a homomorphism of SL(2,C)r into G. The kernel of π is contained in the center (±1)r of SU(2)r which is fixed pointwise by the symmetry. So the image of the center under π lies in K. Thus there is an embedding of the polysphere (SU(2)/T)r into H / K = G / P and the polysphere contains the polydisk (SU(1,1)/T)r. The polysphere and polydisk are the direct product of r copies of the Riemann sphere and the unit disk. By the Cartan decompositions in SU(2) and SU(1,1),
the polysphere is the orbit of TrA in H / K and the polydisk is the orbit of TrA*, where Tr = π(Tr) ⊆ K. On the other hand, H = KAK and H* = K A* K.
Hence every element in the compact Hermitian symmetric space H / K is in the K-orbit of a point in the polysphere; and every element in the image under the Borel embedding of the noncompact Hermitian symmetric space H* / K is in the K-orbit of a point in the polydisk.
Harish-Chandra embedding
H* / K, the Hermitian symmetric space of noncompact type, lies in the image of , a dense open subset of H / K biholomorphic to . The corresponding domain in is bounded. This is the Harish-Chandra embedding named after Harish-Chandra.
In fact Harish-Chandra showed the following properties of the space :
As a space, X is the direct product of the three factors.
X is open in G.
X is dense in G.
X contains H*.
The closure of H* / K in X / P = is compact.
In fact are complex Abelian groups normalised by KC. Moreover, since .
This implies P ∩ M+ = {1}. For if x = eX with X in
lies in P, it must normalize M− and hence . But if Y lies in , then
so that X commutes with . But if X commutes with every noncompact root space, it must be 0, so x = 1. It follows that the multiplication map μ on M+ × P is injective so (1) follows. Similarly the derivative of μ at (x,p) is
which is injective, so (2) follows. For the special case H = SU(2), H* = SU(1,1) and G = SL(2,C) the remaining assertions are consequences of the identification with the Riemann sphere, C and unit disk. They can be applied to the groups defined for each root ψi. By the polysphere and polydisk theorem H*/K, X/P and H/K are the union of the K-translates of the polydisk, Cr and the polysphere. So H* lies in X, the closure of H*/K is compact in X/P, which is in turn dense in H/K.
Note that (2) and (3) are also consequences of the fact that the image of X in G/P is that of the big cell B+B in the Gauss decomposition of G.
Using results on the restricted root system of the symmetric spaces H/K and H*/K,
Hermann showed that the image of H*/K in is a generalized unit disk. In fact it is the convex set of X for which the operator norm of ad Im X is less than one.
Bounded symmetric domains
A bounded domain Ω in a complex vector space is said to be a bounded symmetric domain if for every x in Ω, there is an involutive biholomorphism σx of Ω for which x is an isolated fixed point. The Harish-Chandra embedding exhibits every Hermitian symmetric space of noncompact type H* / K as a bounded symmetric domain. The biholomorphism group of H* / K is equal to its isometry group H*.
Conversely every bounded symmetric domain arises in this way. Indeed, given a bounded symmetric domain Ω, the Bergman kernel defines a metric on Ω, the Bergman metric, for which every biholomorphism is an isometry. This realizes Ω as a Hermitian symmetric space of noncompact type.
Classification
The irreducible bounded symmetric domains are called Cartan domains and are classified as follows.
Classical domains
In the classical cases (I–IV), the noncompact group can be realized by 2 × 2 block matrices
acting by generalized Möbius transformations
The polydisk theorem takes the following concrete form in the classical cases:
Type Ipq (p ≤ q): for every p × q matrix M there are unitary matrices such that UMV is diagonal. In fact this follows from the polar decomposition for p × p matrices.
Type IIIn: for every complex symmetric n × n matrix M there is a unitary matrix U such that UMUt is diagonal. This is proved by a classical argument of Siegel. Take V unitary so that V*M*MV is diagonal. Then VtMV is symmetric and its real and imaginary parts commute. Since they are real symmetric matrices they can be simultaneously diagonalized by a real orthogonal matrix W. So UMUt is diagonal if U = WVt.
Type IIn: for every complex skew symmetric n × n matrix M there is a unitary matrix such that UMUt is made up of diagonal blocks and one zero if n is odd. As in Siegel's argument, this can be reduced to case where the real and imaginary parts of M commute. Any real skew-symmetric matrix can be reduced to the given canonical form by an orthogonal matrix and this can be done simultaneously for commuting matrices.
Type IVn: by a transformation in SO(n) × SO(2) any vector can be transformed so that all but the first two coordinates are non-zero.
Boundary components
The noncompact group H* acts on the complex Hermitian symmetric space H/K = G/P with only finitely many orbits. The orbit structure is described in detail in . In particular the closure of the bounded domain H*/K has a unique closed orbit, which is the Shilov boundary of the domain. In general the orbits are unions of Hermitian symmetric spaces of lower dimension. The complex function theory of the domains, in particular the analogue of the Cauchy integral formulas, are described for the Cartan domains in . The closure of the bounded domain is the Baily–Borel compactification of H*/K.
The boundary structure can be described using Cayley transforms. For each copy of SU(2) defined by one of the noncompact roots ψi, there is a Cayley transform ci which as a Möbius transformation maps the unit disk onto the upper half plane. Given a subset I of indices of the strongly orthogonal family ψ1, ..., ψr, the partial Cayley transform cI is defined as the product of the ci's with i in I in the product of the groups πi. Let G(I) be the centralizer of this product in G and H*(I) = H* ∩ G(I). Since σ leaves H*(I) invariant, there is a corresponding Hermitian symmetric space MI H*(I)/H*(I)∩K ⊂ H*/K = M . The boundary component for the subset I is the union of the K-translates of cI MI. When I is the set of all indices, MI is a single point and the boundary component is the Shilov boundary. Moreover, MI is in the closure of MJ if and only if I ⊇ J.
Geometric properties
Every Hermitian symmetric space is a Kähler manifold. They can be defined equivalently as Riemannian symmetric spaces with a parallel complex structure with respect to which the Riemannian metric is Hermitian. The complex structure is automatically preserved by the isometry group H of the metric, and so any Hermitian symmetric space M is a homogeneous complex manifold. Some examples are complex vector spaces and complex projective spaces, with their usual Hermitian metrics and Fubini–Study metrics, and the complex unit balls with suitable metrics so that they become complete and Riemannian symmetric. The compact Hermitian symmetric spaces are projective varieties, and admit a strictly larger Lie group G of biholomorphisms with respect to which they are homogeneous: in fact, they are generalized flag manifolds, i.e., G is semisimple and the stabilizer of a point is a parabolic subgroup P of G. Among (complex) generalized flag manifolds G/P, they are characterized as those for which the nilradical of the Lie algebra of P is abelian. Thus they are contained within the family of symmetric R-spaces which conversely comprises Hermitian symmetric spaces and their real forms. The non-compact Hermitian symmetric spaces can be realized as bounded domains in complex vector spaces.
Jordan algebras
Although the classical Hermitian symmetric spaces can be constructed by ad hoc methods, Jordan triple systems, or equivalently Jordan pairs, provide a uniform algebraic means of describing all the basic properties connected with a Hermitian symmetric space of compact type and its non-compact dual. This theory is described in detail in and and summarized in . The development is in the reverse order from that using the structure theory of compact Lie groups. It starting point is the Hermitian symmetric space of noncompact type realized as a bounded symmetric domain. It can be described in terms of a Jordan pair or hermitian Jordan triple system. This Jordan algebra structure can be used to reconstruct the dual Hermitian symmetric space of compact type, including in particular all the associated Lie algebras and Lie groups.
The theory is easiest to describe when the irreducible compact Hermitian symmetric space is of tube type. In that case the space is determined by a simple real Lie algebra
with negative definite Killing form. It must admit an action of SU(2) which only acts via the trivial and adjoint representation, both types occurring. Since is simple, this action is inner, so implemented by an inclusion of the Lie algebra of SU(2) in . The complexification of decomposes as a direct sum of three eigenspaces for the diagonal matrices in SU(2). It is a three-graded complex Lie algebra, with the Weyl group element of SU(2) providing the involution. Each of the ±1 eigenspaces has the structure of a unital complex Jordan algebra explicitly arising as the complexification of a Euclidean Jordan algebra. It can be identified with the multiplicity space of the adjoint representation of SU(2) in .
The description of irreducible Hermitian symmetric spaces of tube type starts from a simple Euclidean Jordan algebra E. It admits Jordan frames, i.e. sets of orthogonal minimal idempotents e1, ..., em. Any two are related by an automorphism of E, so that the integer m is an invariant called the rank of E. Moreover, if A is the complexification of E, it has a unitary structure group. It is a subgroup of GL(A) preserving the natural complex inner product on A. Any element a in A has a polar decomposition with . The spectral norm is defined by ||a|| = sup αi. The associated bounded symmetric domain is just the open unit ball D in A. There is a biholomorphism between D and the tube domain T = E + iC where C is the open self-dual convex cone of elements in E of the form with u an automorphism of E and αi > 0. This gives two descriptions of the Hermitian symmetric space of noncompact type. There is a natural way of using mutations of the Jordan algebra A to compactify the space A. The compactification X is a complex manifold and the finite-dimensional Lie algebra of holomorphic vector fields on X can be determined explicitly. One parameter groups of biholomorphisms can be defined such that the corresponding holomorphic vector fields span . This includes the group of all complex Möbius transformations corresponding to matrices in SL(2,C). The subgroup SU(1,1) leaves invariant the unit ball and its closure. The subgroup SL(2,R) leaves invariant the tube domain and its closure. The usual Cayley transform and its inverse, mapping the unit disk in C to the upper half plane, establishes analogous maps between D and T. The polydisk corresponds to the real and complex Jordan subalgebras generated by a fixed Jordan frame. It admits a transitive action of SU(2)m and this action extends to X. The group G generated by the one-parameter groups of biholomorphisms acts faithfully on . The subgroup generated by the identity component K of the unitary structure group and the operators in SU(2)m. It defines a compact Lie group H which acts transitively on X. Thus H / K is the corresponding Hermitian symmetric space of compact type. The group G can be identified with the complexification of H. The subgroup H* leaving D invariant is a noncompact real form of G. It acts transitively on D so that H* / K is the dual Hermitian symmetric space of noncompact type. The inclusions D ⊂ A ⊂ X reproduce the Borel and Harish-Chandra embeddings. The classification of Hermitian symmetric spaces of tube type reduces to that of simple Euclidean Jordan algebras. These were classified by in terms of Euclidean Hurwitz algebras, a special type of composition algebra.
In general a Hermitian symmetric space gives rise to a 3-graded Lie algebra with a period 2 conjugate linear automorphism switching the parts of degree ±1 and preserving the degree 0 part. This gives rise to the structure of a Jordan pair or hermitian Jordan triple system, to which extended the theory of Jordan algebras. All irreducible Hermitian symmetric spaces can be constructed uniformly within this framework. constructed the irreducible Hermitian symmetric space of non-tube type from a simple Euclidean Jordan algebra together with a period 2 automorphism. The −1 eigenspace of the automorphism has the structure of a Jordan pair, which can be deduced from that of the larger Jordan algebra. In the non-tube type case corresponding to a Siegel domain of type II, there is no distinguished subgroup of real or complex Möbius transformations. For irreducible Hermitian symmetric spaces, tube type is characterized by the real dimension of the Shilov boundary being equal to the complex dimension of .
See also
Invariant convex cone
Notes
References
The standard book on Riemannian symmetric spaces.
. Chapter 8 contains a self-contained account of Hermitian symmetric spaces of compact type.
. This contains a detailed account of Hermitian symmetric spaces of noncompact type.
Differential geometry
Complex manifolds
Riemannian geometry
Lie groups
Homogeneous spaces | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian%20symmetric%20space |
Plusquellec (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany, in northwestern France.
Population
Inhabitants of Plusquellec are called plusquellecois in French.
See also
Brittany (administrative region)
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department
Listing of the works of the atelier of the Maître de Tronoën
References
External links
Website of Joseph Lohou on Plusquellec
Callac-Argoat website
Communes of Côtes-d'Armor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plusquellec |
Viacheslav Vasilyevich Ragozin (; 8 October 1908 – 11 March 1962) was a Soviet chess player, writer and editor. He was world champion in correspondence chess and held the title of Grandmaster in both over-the-board and correspondence chess.
Chess career
Born in St. Petersburg, Ragozin's chess career first came to the fore with a series of excellent results in the 1930s. In the earliest of these, he defeated the respected master Alexander Ilyin-Zhenevsky in a 1930 match and was himself awarded the title of Soviet master. At Moscow 1935, he won the best game prize for his victory against Andor Lilienthal. At the very strong Moscow tournament of 1936, he beat Salo Flohr and Emanuel Lasker and came very close to defeating José Raúl Capablanca, the ever-resourceful ex-world champion scrambling to find a draw by perpetual check at the game's frantic conclusion. There followed a victory at the Leningrad championship of 1936 and second place shared with Alexander Konstantinopolsky (behind Grigory Levenfish) at the Soviet Championship of 1937. At the 1939 Leningrad-Moscow tournament, he finished third equal, behind Flohr and Samuel Reshevsky, but ahead of Paul Keres.
Success continued into the 1940s with first prize at Sverdlovsk in 1942 and a repeat triumph at the Leningrad Championship of 1945. In 1946, he finished outright first at Helsinki and beat Igor Bondarevsky in a match. His greatest achievement in over-the-board chess then followed at the Mikhail Chigorin Memorial tournament of 1947, held in Moscow, where he placed second, half a point behind Mikhail Botvinnik and ahead of Vasily Smyslov, Isaac Boleslavsky and Keres.
By the 1950s, he and most of his generation had been overtaken by the new wave of players emerging from the Soviet chess schools, but Ragozin continued his patronage of the Soviet Championship, competing a total of eleven times, from 1934 to 1956. Of his rare post-1950 international tournament appearances, his best result came at the 1956 Wilhelm Steinitz Memorial tournament in Mariánské Lázně, where he finished second behind Miroslav Filip, ahead of Flohr, Ludek Pachman, Gideon Ståhlberg and a young Wolfgang Uhlmann.
Throughout his life, he displayed an interest and talent for almost every aspect of the game of chess. For his over-the-board play, he was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 1950 and in 1951 he obtained that of International Arbiter. From 1956–1958, his main focus switched to correspondence chess, where he showed that he was also an expert analyst and theoretician by becoming the second ICCF World Correspondence Chess Champion in 1959 (winning 9 games, drawing 4 games, and losing 1 game). His correspondence chess grandmaster title was awarded the same year.
Second to Botvinnik
Ragozin's achievements and creative playing style attracted the attention of then world champion Mikhail Botvinnik. He recognized that Ragozin would make an ideal sparring partner and they played many secret training matches, as Botvinnik prepared for important world championship encounters. Ragozin's style had always been experimental and risky, particularly with regard to the sacrifice of pawns for the initiative. As Botvinnik was attempting to put together a repertoire of solid, reliable openings, it was vital that they were rigorously tested against any latent sacrificial play. Accordingly, many historians attribute Ragozin's contribution as a significant factor in Botvinnik's success.
Ragozin and Botvinnik also teamed up to train for the 1944 Soviet championship. To simulate the noise that would be present in the tournament hall, they practiced with the radio blasting at high volume. Botvinnik won the tournament, whilst Ragozin, placing 13th out of 17, blamed his defeats on the unusual quietness of his surroundings.
Later career
From 1946 to 1955, Ragozin edited the magazine publication Shakhmaty v SSSR as well as maintaining a career as a civil engineer. He was vice-president of FIDE from 1950 through 1961.
He died in Moscow while putting together a collection of his best games, which his friends completed for publication in 1964, under the title Izbrannye Partii Ragozina (Ragozin's Selected Games). It contains 74 games spanning his career.
Contributions to opening theory
His contributions to opening theory mainly concerned the development of systems by which Black could achieve equality in the Queen's Gambit and Nimzo-Indian complexes.
The Queen's Gambit Declined Ragozin Defence, typically arrived at via the moves 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 Bb4 (or by transposition) offering Black active play from the start, has enjoyed a resurgence in recent times.
Notable chess games
Viacheslav Ragozin vs P Noskov, Moscow-Leningrad Match 1930, Sicilian Defense: French Variation. Normal (B40), 1-0 An exchange sacrifice for the sake of attack
Andre Lilienthal vs Viacheslav Ragozin, 1935, Nimzo-Indian, Samisch (E24), 0-1 The power of advanced pawns
Emanuel Lasker vs Viacheslav Ragozin, It 1936, Sicilian, Dragon, Classical (B73), 0-1 Lasker is lost in tactical complications
Petar Trifunovic vs Vacheslav Ragozin, Moscow 1947, Dutch Defence, 0-1 White's obsession with achieving the e4 break makes him susceptible to a neat tactic.
Volf Bergraser vs Viacheslav Ragozin, corr-2 1956, King's Indian, Fianchetto, Yugoslav Panno (E66), 0-1 A very complicated game ending with a queen sacrifice – and white is not able to keep an advanced pawn
Ragozin vs Tal, Riga 1951, Semi Slav Noteboom (D31), 0-1 40 year old Ragozin loses to 15 year old Tal who displays characteristic panache and ability to grab and hold the initiative.
Notes
References
External links
1908 births
1962 deaths
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Chess grandmasters
World Correspondence Chess Champions
Correspondence chess grandmasters
Chess double grandmasters
Russian chess players
Soviet chess players
Russian chess writers
Chess arbiters
Chess coaches
Chess theoreticians
20th-century chess players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacheslav%20Ragozin |
The Atlantic in palaeoclimatology was the warmest and moistest Blytt–Sernander period, pollen zone and chronozone of Holocene northern Europe. The climate was generally warmer than today. It was preceded by the Boreal, with a climate similar to today's, and was followed by the Subboreal, a transition to the modern. Because it was the warmest period of the Holocene, the Atlantic is often referenced more directly as the Holocene climatic optimum, or just climatic optimum.
Subdividing the Atlantic
The Atlantic is equivalent to pollen zone VII. Sometimes a Pre-atlantic or early Atlantic is distinguished, on the basis of an early dividing cold snap. Other scientists place the Atlantic entirely after the cold snap, assigning the latter to the Boreal. The period is still in the process of definition.
Dating
Beginning of the Atlantic period
It is a question of definition and the criteria:
Beginning with the temperatures, as derivable from Greenland ice core data, it is possible to define an 'Early' or 'Pre-Atlantic' period at around 8040 BC, where the 18O isotope line remains above 33 ppm in the combined curve after Rasmussen et al. (2006), which then would end at the well-known 6.2 ka BC (8.2 ka calBP)-cold-event.
Or one single Atlantic period is defined, starting at that just mentioned cold-event.
After a lake-level criterion, Kul’kova and others define the Atlantic as running from 8000 to 5000 (cal?) BP. Early Atlantic, or AT1, was a time of high lake levels, 8000–7000 BP; in Middle Atlantic, AT2, lakes were at a lower level, 7000–6500 BP; and in Late Atlantic I, 6500–6000 BP, and II, 6000–5700 BP, levels were on the rise. Each period has its distinctive ratios of species.
End of the Atlantic period
According to the ice-core criterion it is extremely difficult to find a clear boundary, because the measurements still differ too much and alignments are still under construction. Many find a decline of temperature significant enough after 4800 BC.
Another criterion comes from bio-stratigraphy: the elm-decline. However, this appears in different regions between 4300 and 3100 BC.
Description
The Atlantic was a time of rising temperature and marine transgression on the islands of Denmark and elsewhere. The sea rose to 3 m above its present level by the end of the period. The oysters found there required lower salinity. Tides of up to 1 m were present. Inland, lake levels in all north Europe were generally higher, with fluctuations.
The temperature rise had the effect of extending southern climates northward in a relatively short period. Thermophilous ("heat-loving") species migrated northward. They did not replace the species that were there, but shifted the percentages in their favor. Across middle Europe, the boreal forests were replaced by climax or "old growth" deciduous ones, which, though providing a denser canopy, were more open at the base.
The dense canopy theory, however, has been questioned by F. Vera. Oak and hazel require more light than is allowed by the dense canopy. Vera hypothesizes that the lowlands were more open and that the low frequency of grass pollen was caused by the browsing of large herbivores, such as aurochs and wild horses, a thesis referred to as the wood-pastury hypothesis.
Flora
During the Atlantic period the deciduous temperate zone forests of south and central Europe extended northward to replace the boreal mixed forest, which found refugia on the mountain slopes. Mistletoe, Water Chestnut (Trapa natans) and Ivy (Hedera helix) were present in Denmark. Grass pollen decreased. Softwood forests were replaced by hardwood. Birch and pine were replaced by oak, linden (lime, both small and large leaf species), beech, oak, hazel, elm, alder, and ash, spreading to the north from further south. The period is sometimes called "the alder-elm-lime period".
In northeast Europe, the Early Atlantic forest was but slightly affected by the rise in temperature. The forest had been pine with an underbrush of hazel, alder, birch, and willow. Only about 7% of the forest became broad-leaved deciduous, dropping to Boreal levels in the cooling of the Middle Atlantic. In the warmer Late Atlantic, the broad-leaved trees became 34% of the forest.
Along the line of the Danube and the Rhine, extending northward in tributary drainage systems, a new factor entered the forest country: the Linear Pottery culture, clearing the arable land by slash and burn methods. It flourished about 5500–4500 BC, falling entirely within the Atlantic. By the end of the Atlantic, agricultural and pasture lands extended over much of Europe and the once virgin forests were contained within refugia. The end of the Atlantic is signaled by the "Elm decline", a sharp drop in Elm pollen, thought to be the result of climate, disease or
human food-producing activities. In the subsequent cooler Sub-Boreal, forested country gave way to open range once more.
Fauna
The best picture of Atlantic Period fauna comes from the kitchen middens of the Ertebølle culture of Denmark and others like it. Denmark was more of an archipelago. Humans lived on the shorelines, exploiting waters rich in marine life, marshes teeming with birds, and forests where deer and boars as well as numerous small species were plentiful.
The higher water levels offset the effects of the submarine toxic zone in the Baltic Sea. It contained fish now rare there, such as the anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, and the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Also available were pike, whitefish, cod, and ling. Three kinds of seals were found there, the ringed, harp and grey. Mesolithic man hunted them and whales in the estuaries.
The main birds were maritime: the red-throated diver, the black-throated diver, and the gannet. The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), which is now found only as far north as south-eastern Europe, has been found in Denmark. The capercaillie, as is the case now, was found in forested areas.
In the lofty canopy could be found a continuous zone of smaller animals, such as the ubiquitous squirrel (Sciuris vulgaris). Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii) was common. In and around the big trees hunted the wildcat, pine marten, polecat (Mustela putorius), and wolf.
The forest floor was prolific with larger browsers and rooters such as the red deer, roe deer, and wild boar. Not all the former plains mammals had abandoned the country. They remained in the open forest and meadows. These include the aurochs, ancestor of cattle, and the wild horse which, as a discovery, was something of a revelation. The horses were not entirely hunted out, were not confined to the plains further east, and were not entirely the property of the Indo-European cultures there. The Mesolithic Ertebølle people were hunting them in Denmark.
Human cultures
Human cultures of Northern Europe were primarily Mesolithic. The Kongemose culture (6400–5400 BC) settled on the coastline and lake margins of Denmark. Late in the Atlantic, Kongemose culture settlements were abandoned because of the rising water of the Littorina Sea; and the succeeding Ertebølle culture (5400–3900 BC) settled more densely on the new shorelines.
Northeastern Europe was uninhabited in the Early Atlantic. When the Mesolithic Sertuan Culture appeared there in the Middle Atlantic, around 7000 BP, it already had pottery and was more sedentary than earlier hunter-gatherers, depending on the great abundance of wildlife. Pottery was being used around the lower Don and Volga from about 8000 BP.
In the Late Atlantic, Sertuan culture evolved into Rudnya culture, which used pottery like that of the Narva and Dnieper-Donets cultures. That use of pottery upsets the idea that pottery belongs to the Neolithic. Further to the south, the Linear Pottery culture had already spread into the riverlands of Central Europe and was working a great transformation of the land. On the steppe to the east, the Samara culture was deeply involved with large numbers of horses, but it is not yet clear in what capacity.
See also
Mediterranean Basin
Notes
Bibliography
External links
.03
Geological ages
Paleoclimatology
Blytt–Sernander system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20%28period%29 |
Boy Meets Girl may refer to:
Film, television and theatre
Boy Meets Girl (play), a 1935 Broadway play by Bella and Samuel Spewack, basis for the 1938 film
Boy Meets Girl (1938 film), an American film starring James Cagney
Boy Meets Girl (1982 film), an Israeli film directed by Michal Bat-Adam
Boy Meets Girl (1984 film), a French film directed by Leos Carax
Boy Meets Girl (1993 film), an American TV movie starring Jasmine Guy
Boy Meets Girl (1998 film), a Canadian-American romantic comedy directed by Jerry Ciccoritti, starring Sean Astin
Boy Meets Girl (2009 TV series), a 2009 UK 4-part TV miniseries (fantasy comedy-drama) starring Rachael Stirling and Martin Freeman
Boy Meets Girl (2014 film), an American film about a transgender woman, written and directed by Eric Schaeffer
Boy Meets Girl (2015 TV series), a UK TV series starring Rebecca Root, Harry Hepple and Denise Welch, and featuring a transgender main character played by a transgender actress.
Literature
Boy Meets Girl: Say Hello to Courtship, a 2000 book by Joshua Harris
Boy Meets Girl (novel), a 2004 novel by Meg Cabot
Music
Boy Meets Girl (band), an American pop duo
Boy Meets Girl (Boy Meets Girl album), 1985
Boy Meets Girl (Sammy Davis, Jr. and Carmen McRae album), 1957
Boy Meets Girl (Stroke 9 album), 1993
Boy Meets Girl (EP), a 2003 EP by Junior Senior
"Boy Meets Girl" (song), a 1994 song by TRF
"Boy Meets Girl", a song by Evan Taubenfeld from Welcome to the Blacklist Club
"Favourite Shirts (Boy Meets Girl)", a song by Haircut 100
See also
Boy Meets Girls, a 1950s UK popular music TV show
Boy Meets Boy (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy%20Meets%20Girl |
The Hollywood Vampires was a celebrity drinking club formed by Alice Cooper in the 1970s. The hazing to get into the club was to outdrink all the members. According to Cooper in the documentary Prime Cuts: "The Speakeasy and Tramps were the place to be in London. There was a little loft at the Rainbow Bar and Grill in LA (W. Hollywood), they only had that for the club."
Members
Cooper listed himself, Keith Moon, Ringo Starr, Micky Dolenz and Harry Nilsson as the club's principal members: "It was that crowd, every night those same people. Every once in a while John Lennon would come into town or Keith Emerson and they would be honorable members of the night. They still have a plaque there at the Rainbow, where it says 'The Lair of the Hollywood Vampires'."
Although Brian Wilson and Iggy Pop often fraternized with members of the club, it remains unclear if they were formally inducted.
Additional members
Supergroup
In 2015, Cooper formed a supergroup named after the club with Johnny Depp and Joe Perry. They released their debut studio album, Hollywood Vampires, on September 11.
See also
Son of Dracula
References
Clubs and societies in the United States
History of Hollywood, Los Angeles
1970s in California
1970s in music
1970s in American music
Alice Cooper | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hollywood%20Vampires |
The 2000 British Academy Television Awards were held on Sunday 14 May 2000. The ceremony was hosted by sportscaster Des Lynam, aired on ITV and took place at the Grosvenor House Hotel in Park Lane, London.
Winners and nominees
Programmes with multiple nominations
See also
2000 British Academy Television Craft Awards
External links
Archive of winners on official BAFTA website (retrieved February 19, 2006).
British Academy Television Awards 2000 at the Internet Movie Database.
2000
2000 awards in the United Kingdom
2000 television awards
2000 in British television
May 2000 events in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20British%20Academy%20Television%20Awards |
Montagu Denis Wyatt Don (born George Montagu Don; 8 July 1955) is a British horticulturist, broadcaster, and writer who is best known as the lead presenter of the BBC gardening television series Gardeners' World.
Born in Germany and raised in England, Don studied at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he met his future wife. They ran a successful costume jewellery business through the 1980s until the stock market crash of 1987 resulted in almost complete bankruptcy. In 1989, Don made his television debut as a regular on This Morning with a gardening segment, which led to further television work across the decade including his own shows for BBC Television and Channel 4. Don began his writing career at this time and published his first of over 25 books, in 1990. Between 1994 and 2006, Don wrote a weekly gardening column in The Observer.
In 2003, Don replaced Alan Titchmarsh as the lead presenter of Gardeners' World, only leaving the show between 2008 and 2011 owing to illness. Since then he has written and produced several garden series of his own, the most recent being Monty Don's Adriatic Gardens which aired in 2022.
Early life and education
George Montagu Don was born on 8 July 1955 in Iserlohn, West Germany. He is the youngest of five children to British parents Denis Thomas Keiller Don, a career soldier stationed in Germany at the time of his birth, and Janet Montagu (née Wyatt). Soon after Don's birth, his parents changed the name on his birth certificate to Montagu Denis Don because of a family spat over the name. When Don was 10, he added his mother's maiden name, becoming Montagu Denis Wyatt Don. Don is a descendant of botanist George Don and the Keiller family, best known as the inventors of Keiller's marmalade. On his maternal side, he is descended from the Wyatt family of architects. Don has a twin sister, Alison, who at the age of 19 was nearly killed in a car accident, suffering a broken neck and blindness.
When Don was one, the family moved to Hampshire, England. He described his parents as "very strict". He attended three independent schools: Quidhampton School in Basingstoke, followed by Bigshotte School in Wokingham, where at seven, he was asked to leave school for being too boisterous. He then attended Malvern College in Malvern, which he hated, followed by a state comprehensive school, the Vyne School, also in Basingstoke. He failed his A-levels and while studying for retakes at night school, worked on a building site and a pig farm by day. During his childhood he had become an avid gardener and farmer. In his late teens, Don spent several months in Aix-en-Provence, France where he worked as a gardener and played rugby in local teams. He returned to England, determined to attend Cambridge University out of "sheer bloody-mindedness", and passed the entrance exams. He studied English at Magdalene College, during which time he met his future wife Sarah Erskine, a trained jeweller and architect. Don took up boxing to impress his father, a former heavyweight boxing champion in the army, becoming a Cambridge Half Blue for boxing. He gave up after getting knocked out and suffering concussion.
Career
Jewellery business
In 1981, Don and Erskine started Monty Don Jewellery, a London-based business that designed, made, and sold costume jewellery. The company became a success and in five years, operated from a shop on Beauchamp Place in Knightsbridge with hundreds of outworkers and had secured as many as 60 outlets across the UK, including Harrods, Harvey Nichols, and Liberty. Among their customers were Boy George, Michael Jackson, and Princess Diana. However, the 1987 stock market crash caused an almost complete bankruptcy as it cut off American sales, their biggest market. The situation prompted Don to embark on a career in writing and broadcasting. Reflecting on the experience, he wrote: "We were lambs to the slaughter and we lost everything, [...] we lost our house, our business. We sold every stick of furniture we had at Leominster market". He was unemployed from 1991 to 1993, and spent all of 1992 on the dole. Some of their jewellery is kept at the V&A Museum.
Television
Early career
By mid-1989, Don had written several gardening articles and his home garden was featured in various publications. The increased exposure opened doors: soon Don was writing a gardening column for the Mail on Sunday, had a book deal, and an invitation to screen test for a proposed weekly live gardening segment on the ITV television breakfast show This Morning. Don landed the spot and his first segment aired in October 1989, receiving £100 a show. After 26 spots on This Morning, Don landed additional television work as presenter on the BBC Television shows Holiday and Tomorrow's World. Though he had some doubts about being a presenter, he took the jobs as he felt desperate for work. In November 1999, Channel 4 started to air the gardening series Fork to Fork, in which Don and his wife presented segments on growing and cooking organic vegetables. This was followed by three other series hosted by Don between 1999 and 2003: Real Gardens, Lost Gardens, and Don Roaming.
Gardeners' World
In September 2002, the BBC announced Don as the new lead presenter of its long-running series Gardeners' World from 2003, succeeding Alan Titchmarsh. Don is the first self-taught horticulturist presenter in the show's history. Don hosted the show until he put his career on hold to recover from his minor stroke in 2008, and the show continued with Toby Buckland filling in as host. During Don's initial stint, viewing figures fell from 5 million to 2 million, this fall being most frequently blamed on the BBC's decision to change the show's format soon after Don's arrival. After viewing figures fell below two million for the first time in 2009, the BBC announced further changes to the programme to entice viewers back. In December 2010, Don announced his return as host for the 2011 series. Reaction to the announcement was divided on the programme's blog.
Initially Don filmed episodes of Gardeners' World in Berryfields, a rented garden in Stratford-upon-Avon. When he returned as host in 2011, Don began to present from his own garden, Longmeadow, in Ivington, Herefordshire. He was frequently seen on screen with his Golden Retriever Nigel until the dog died in May 2020, shortly before its 12th birthday. In 2016, Don introduced viewers to his new golden retriever, Nell. This was followed by the addition of Patti, a Yorkshire Terrier, in April 2020. In 2020, Don signed a contract with the BBC to continue presenting Gardeners' World for three years.
Own series
Don is also known for writing and presenting his own series. In 2005, he set up a smallholding in Herefordshire so a group of young drug offenders could work the land. The project was documented for the BBC series Growing Out of Trouble, airing in 2006. This was followed by the ambitious BBC series Around the World in 80 Gardens in 2008, where Don visited 80 gardens of a variety of styles worldwide. In 2010, Don presented My Dream Farm, a Channel 4 series which helped people learn to become successful smallholders, and Mastercrafts, a BBC series which celebrated six traditional British crafts. Monty Don's Italian Gardens aired on the BBC in 2011, which was followed by Monty Don's French Gardens, in 2013. Later that year, Don presented an episode of Great British Garden Revival. In 2014, Don became the lead presenter for the BBC's flagship Chelsea Flower Show coverage, again replacing Titchmarsh. In 2023 he presented alongside with Joe Swift and Sophie Raworth.
Since 2014, Don has presented three series of Big Dreams, Small Spaces, where he helps amateur gardeners in creating their own "dream spaces" at home. In 2015, Don presented the four-part BBC series The Secret History of the British Garden, charting the development of British gardens from the 17th to the 20th century. Don's next series was Monty Don's Paradise Gardens in 2018, travelling across the Islamic world and beyond in search of paradise gardens and considering their place in the Quran. This was followed by Monty Don's Japanese Gardens in 2019, Monty Don's American Gardens in 2020, and Monty Don's Adriatic Gardens in 2022.
Writer
Don has described himself primarily as a writer, "who happens to have lots of television work." By the early 1990s, Don had written two unpublished novels, The Clematis Affair and An Afternoon in Padua. He later described them as "excruciatingly bad". In January 1994, Allan Jenkins, then editor of The Observer, invited Don to write a weekly gardening column for the newspaper. The column began in February of that year and lasted until May 2006; Jenkins was his editor for seven years. In a piece from 2004 to commemorate the tenth year of the column, Don wrote: "It has been more life-changing than any other work I have done in my adult life." Don has written articles for the Daily Mail and Mail Online since 2004.
In 2005, Routledge published The Jewel Garden: A Story of Despair and Redemption, a joint autobiography and the story of Don and his wife Sarah's home and gardens at Longmeadow.
In 2016 Hodder Books published an audiobook of Don's Nigel: My Family and Other Dogs, read by the author.
Style and reception
Between 2008 and 2016 Don was President of the Soil Association. He is currently a patron of Bees for Development Trust and the Pope's Grotto Preservation Trust.
Don had never received formal training as a gardener. In 2006 he commented, "I was – am – an amateur gardener and a professional writer. My only authority came from a lifetime of gardening and a passion amounting to an obsession for my own garden."
Don is a keen proponent of organic gardening, becoming "officially" organic in his own garden in 1997. The practice of organic techniques often features in his published and broadcast work. The organic approach is most prominent in his 2003 book The Complete Gardener. This has led him into some controversy with those advocating non-organic techniques, with some criticising his position of influence presenting Gardeners' World and exclusion of non-organic solutions to pests and diseases in the garden.
Don's sartorial style in the garden has been the subject of some critical attention, with Richard D. North commenting, in 2013:
In 2005, Don himself dedicated a whole column to this subject, commenting:
Don wears a collar and tie when presenting the Chelsea Flower Show.
In June 2020 Prospect magazine declared Don "the nation's gardener". Comedian Joe Lycett has described Monty Don as a gay icon.
Personal life
Family
Don married Sarah Erskine in 1983. They have two sons, Adam and Tom, and daughter Freya. The couple lived in Islington, north London, while Don pursued postgraduate study at the London School of Economics and worked as a waiter at Joe Allen restaurant in Covent Garden and later as a binman. The couple then moved to the De Beauvoir Town area of Hackney where they made their first garden. In 1989, they relocated to The Hanburies, a country house in Herefordshire. The making of the garden there, and the subsequent loss of the house in the aftermath of the crash of their jewellery business, was the subject of Don's first book, The Prickotty Bush. In 1991, the Dons bought a home in Ivington, Herefordshire where they started to create a new garden named Longmeadow. The home was unfit to live in at the time of purchase, so while they refurbished it they rented a home in Leominster that was infested with rats and had no heating. They moved into their Ivington home at the end of 1992.
Nigel and other dogs
Don has owned many dogs throughout his adult life. Two that he currently own are Ned, Golden Retrievers, and Patti, a Yorkshire terrier; which are seen on camera with Don on Gardeners' World. Nellie, another Golden Retriever died in October 2023. He also owns dogs that are not featured on the show. The coppice at Longmeadow holds the graves of Dons' other pets, including dogs Beaufort, Red, Poppy and Barry, and cats Stimpy and Blue. Don also has a sheep farm, on which he keeps 500 ewes.
Nigel was a male Golden Retriever dog owned by Don. Nigel made many appearances on Gardeners' World, sometimes with Nellie. The dog was chosen as a seven-week-old puppy from a litter in the Forest of Dean on 1 July 2008 and was popular with viewers who were concerned when he disappeared from the programme in September 2012. He had injured himself after twisting sideways when jumping to catch a tennis ball and had ruptured an intervertebral disc in his spine. Nigel recovered and resumed his television appearances.
Don said that he had chosen Nigel because the domestic dog signifies the good and bad in human relationships with nature; humans can prioritise fluffy animals over others. In September 2016 an autobiographical book entitled Nigel: my family and other dogs was published, telling the story of Nigel and the other dogs in Don's life, including the female golden retriever, Nellie. On 11 May 2020 Don announced, through his Twitter and Instagram pages, that Nigel had died, six days before his 12th birthday. Don told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme that Nigel had been more than a companion and had helped him with his struggles with depression. He said, "He was a bear of slightly limited brain, what he had was this absolute sense of purity. He exuded a kind of unsullied innocence and we all love our dogs, everybody thinks their dog is special, I've had lots of dogs and there was something special about Nigel." As with Don's other dogs, Nigel and Nellie are buried in the garden at Longmeadow.
Health
Don has suffered with depression since his mid-twenties. He first wrote about his experiences with it, and its effect on his personal life, in a piece for The Observer in 2000. His editor recalled that it "changed the way that people saw him" and Don himself said the article generated "a very immediate response" from readers. Don recalled "great spans of muddy time" in his life and realised that gardening "heals me better than any medicine". This quote served as the inspiration for William Doyle's 2021 album Great Spans of Muddy Time.
At one point, Don's wife threatened to leave with their children if he did not seek help. After receiving cognitive behavioural therapy and taking Prozac for a short time, Don quit both when he realised his depression was mostly seasonal, which he attributed to seasonal affective disorder, and found relief with a light box.
In August 2007, Don suffered from a bout of peritonitis, an abdominal infection. His wife had found him unconscious on the floor and he was rushed to hospital for emergency surgery.
In February 2008, Don suffered a minor stroke at home. He had been feeling unwell since the previous Christmas, owing mostly to exhaustion from travelling to film Around the World in 80 Gardens. When his symptoms did not improve, a brain scan weeks later revealed a temporary blockage in one of the arteries to his brain. In May 2008 he put his career on hold to recover.
In 2015 Don said that years of gardening had left him with sore knees, one of which causes constant pain and needs replacing.
In May 2022 it was reported that Don had COVID-19 and had been bedridden for four days. He contracted COVID-19 again in May 2023.
Other
In July 2006 he appeared on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs, choosing an eclectic mix of pop and classical records; the Beatles' "A Hard Day's Night" was his favourite disc, his book choice was Collected Poems by Henry Vaughan and his luxury item the painting Hendrikje Bathing by Rembrandt.
In 2012, shortly before he fell ill with his stroke, Don had launched the Monty Don Project, a charity to help persistent offenders and drug addicts heal themselves by working the land.
Honours
Don was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to horticulture, to broadcasting and to charity.
In May 2022 he was awarded the Victoria Medal of Honour by the council of the Royal Horticultural Society.
Publications
Books
DVDs
Around the World in 80 Gardens (2008)
Monty Don's Italian Gardens (2011)
Monty Don's French Gardens (2013)
Monty Don's Real Craft (2014)
The Secret History of the British Garden (2015)
Monty Don's Paradise Gardens (2018)
Monty Don's Japanese Gardens (2019)
Monty Don's American Gardens (2020)
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
People from Iserlohn
20th-century English non-fiction writers
21st-century English writers
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
English garden writers
English people of Scottish descent
English television presenters
English gardeners
People educated at Malvern College
People from Herefordshire
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Organic gardeners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty%20Don |
Lobsang Tenzin, better known by the titles Professor Venerable Samdhong Rinpoche (zam gdong rin po che) and to Tibetans as the 5th Samdhong Rinpoche (born 5 November 1937), is a Tibetan Buddhist monk and politician who served as the Prime Minister (then officially called the Kalon Tripa or chairman) of the cabinet of the Central Tibetan Administration, the Tibetan government-in-exile based in Dharamshala, India.
Early life
Samdhong Rinpoche was born in Jol, in eastern Tibet. At the age of five, he was recognised, according to Tibetan tradition, as the reincarnation of the 4th Samdhong Rinpoche and enthroned in Gaden Dechenling Monastery at Jol. Two years later he took vows as a monk, started his religious training at Drepung Monastery in Lhasa and completed it at the Madhyamika School of Buddhism.
Exile to India and life as an educationist
After his training in Lhasa, he fled to India in 1959, after the Tibet Rebellion, along with many Tibetans who followed the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso into exile. From October 1961, he served as the religious teacher of Tibetan School in Shimla and in 1963 served as the acting Principal. In 1964 he worked as religious teacher of Darjeeling Tibetan School and in 1965 at the age of 26, he was appointed as the Principal of Central School for Tibetans, Dalhousie and served there till 1970. He received his Lharampa degree in the year 1968 and Ngagrimpa degree in 1969. In 1971 he became Principal of Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies (CIHTS) at Varanasi (Benares), and from 1988 to 2001 he was the director.
From 1994 to 1995, he was awarded National Lectureship from Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR), New Delhi. He assumed many important responsibilities including President of the Association of Indian Universities (AIU), a strong academic group of more than 250 Vice-Chancellors of Indian Universities, Chancellor of Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies and Chairman of various Trust and Foundations. He is regarded as one of the leading Tibetan scholars of Buddhism and is also an authority on the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. He is fluent in Hindi and English, Tibetan being his mother tongue.
Rinpoche is one of the very few Buddhist scholars in the world with this depth, experience and clarity in Buddhist philosophy and he also spent many years exploring directly with J. Krishnamurti, who was one of the great educationists in India. Rinpoche has been an honored guest at many forums in India. He has spoken on challenges India faces today, and has stressed on inclusion of the poor masses in development of the country.
Political activities
In 1991 Lobsang Tenzin was appointed by the Dalai Lama as a member of the Assembly of Tibetan People's Deputies, and later was unanimously elected as its chairman. Rinpoche served twice as the Speaker of the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile from 1991 to 2001. Between 1996 and 2001, he was an elected member of the Assembly representing exiled Tibetans from Kham province and also its chairman. Rinpoche contributed to drafting the new constitution of the Tibetan Government in Exile, introduced educational and economic reforms, and ensured a policy of non-violence, transparency, environmental sustainability, and organic farming.
In 2000 the Dalai Lama decided that the Tibetan people in exile should elect their own Prime Minister, and in July 2001 Lobsang Tenzin was elected with about 29,000 votes, or about 84% of those cast, which is about 25% of the exile Tibetan population. Juchen Thubten Namgyal, the other candidate, won the remainder. Since 2001 he has travelled extensively to gain support for the cause of Tibetan autonomy and raise awareness of the Dalai Lama's proposals for negotiating autonomy with the Chinese government.
During his Prime Ministership, Rinpoche negotiated many times with the Chinese officials to bring a suitable solution to the Tibetan cause. However no meaningful development could be made in this direction.
Advocacy and teachings
Samdhong Rinpoche is an advocate of Gandhian philosophy, is a lifelong campaigner of non violence and is on the board of trustees of Swaraj Peeth Trust, a Gandhian centre for non violence and peace. He has held lectures and talks with exchange groups in Germany, Switzerland and USA where he spoke extensively on Buddhist ideology and its importance in contemporary politics and economy. A large score of his lectures on general subjects like peace, happiness and compassion, electoral reforms, modern ethics, the environment, Swaraj and non violence are available in audio and video on his website and Soundcloud.
Stance on "Middle Way Approach"
Rinpoche is a staunch supporter of the middle path and in sync with the views of the Dalai Lama. He is of the opinion that the Tibet issue is alive on the international forum and has received widespread support due to its right direction and commitment to non violence.
In his own words
“Tibet cause is a just cause and not a power struggle. It is neither a political struggle nor a battle against the system. It is the struggle between truth and falsehood; justice and injustice.”
A lifelong campaigner of Gandhian principles, he seeks not only political freedom for the Tibetan people but also to preserve the Tibetan Culture. In an interview he said,
“Our ultimate goal is not just political freedom but the preservation of Tibetan culture. What will we gain if we win political freedom but lose what gives value to our lives? It is why we reject the option of violence. For respect for life is an inseparable aspect of the Tibetan culture we are fighting for."
Note on his name
Lobsang Tenzin is his given Tibetan name. His legal name in India is Samdhong Rinpoche, although in fact this is a Tibetan religious title, like the Dalai Lama. In English he is commonly called Professor Rinpoche, and accepts this although it is incorrect. Tibetans address him as Rinpoche, which literally means "the precious one", used to be styled tulkus (incarnate lamas).
Publications
Buddhist Meditation
Zam-gdoṅ Rin-po-cheʼi gsuṅ bśad daṅ gsuṅ rtsom phyogs bsgrigs
Samdhong Rinpoche Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World
Bod kyi da ltaʼi dza drag gnas bab daṅ ṅa tshoʼi las ʼgan
References
Citations
Sources
Samdhong Rinpoche: Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World (World Wisdom, 2006)
External links
Interview of Prof Samdhong Rinpoche - The Tibetan Prime Minister in Exile with Saransh Sehgal
News of his election
Central Tibetan Administration
/ Chancellor Sanchi Buddhist-Indic Studies University Sam Dong Rimpoche http://www.sanchiuniv.org.in
Australia-Tibet Council: Interview with Samdhong Rinpoche
Author Page
1937 births
People from Dharamshala
Living people
Gandhians
Tibetan pacifists
Prime Ministers of Tibet
Rinpoches
Tibetan diaspora
Central Tibetan Administration
Tibetan Buddhist monks
Tibetan politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobsang%20Tenzin |
Émile Augustin Cyprien Driant (11 September 1855 – 22 February 1916) was a French writer, politician, and army officer. He was the first high-ranking casualty of the Battle of Verdun during World War I.
Biography
Born at Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne in the Picardy region, Driant graduated from the Saint-Cyr military academy and became an Army officer in 1877. Appointed to infantry, he joined the 4th Regiment of Zouaves in North Africa as a Captain in 1886. In 1888 Driant married the daughter of nationalist General Boulanger. He spent the years 1892–1896 as an instructor at the Saint-Cyr military academy, and from 1899–1905 commanded the 1st Battalion of Chasseurs.
He resigned his commission in 1906, as he was banned from achieving higher rank due to his controversial father-in-law and by his strong nationalist and Catholic sentiments. He devoted his time to journalism and politics and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a representative for Nancy in 1910. Driant devoted his efforts to strengthening France's defenses.
Writing
In 1888 Driant began writing his first guerre imaginaire ("imaginary war") novel, which he was to publish using the pseudonym "Capitaine Danrit". This was ("The War of Tomorrow"), comprising three stories which told the tale of: ("Fortress Warfare"), ("War in Open Country"), and ("Balloon Warfare"). The action begins with , as reports arrive of a surprise German attack upon France.
Driant gave his readers heroic episodes, great victories over the Germans, and in the 1192 pages of his ("The Fatal War: France-England", 1902), the total defeat of the British by the French.
Driant possibly wrote more future-war novels than any other writer before 1914. He published so much fiction, and his stories were so long, that half a century later Pierre Versins said in his (1972) that the hundred pages of Chesney's Battle of Dorking were much more important and revealing "than the thousands of white pages soiled day after day by a national hero of France" (Driant had a postage stamp dedicated to him in 1956, Scott #788, Yvert et Tellier #1052).
World War I
Soon after the beginning of World War I in 1914, Driant was recalled to the Army as a captain. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel and given command of two infantry battalions, the 56th and 59th chasseurs reservists battalions. He still kept his seat in Parliament and was, among other things, involved in the drafting of the legislation to create the Croix de Guerre.
In December 1915, he criticised Joseph Joffre for removing artillery guns and infantry from fortresses around Toul and Verdun in order to strengthen other areas of the now-deadlocked Western Front. Despite the support of the Minister for War Joseph Gallieni, no troops or guns were returned. What were supposed to be formidable defences were reduced to a small number of guns and soldiers to man them. Driant claimed that the area was threatened; Joffre denied this.
Driant was proved right on 21 February 1916, when the German Army initiated a massive attack on French forces in the Verdun sector. As the French defences crumbled all around them, Driant's two battalions – 1,200 men in total – began a desperate defence of the Bois des Caures in Flabas. Under his command, the battalions managed to resist the German onslaught until the afternoon of the next day, helping to gain the time that the French High Command needed to rush troops to the threatened sector. When his battalions were outflanked and the position was untenable, Driant ordered the survivors to withdraw. During the withdrawal, he was killed. He was regarded as a hero among the French at the time, and he and his men are still commemorated at a ceremony on 21 February every year.
He was buried initially by the Germans, who also wrote to his widow (via Switzerland) to assure her that he had been accorded full military honours. He was re-interred by the French where he fell in the Bois des Caures, where a memorial now stands to him and his men.
Bibliography
A selection of books by the author:
Notes
References
, in French
Angeletti Ferdinando, (2016) Emile Driant/CapitaineDanrit – Tra futurologia e politica militare in Future Wars Quaderno della Società Italiana di Storia Militare
External links
http://www.webmatters.net/france/ww1_verdun_driant.htm
France at War – Emile Driant: First Hero of Verdun at www.worldwar1.com
1855 births
1916 deaths
People from Aisne
Politicians from Hauts-de-France
Popular Liberal Action politicians
Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
French nationalists
Driant, Emile Augustin Cyprien
French male novelists
French military personnel killed in World War I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile%20Driant |
Club Baloncesto Granada, S.A.D. was a professional basketball team based in Granada, Andalusia. The team was founded in 1994 and has had notable players during its history, including Curtis Borchardt, Darvin Ham, Giorgos Sigalas, Scott Padgett, Pops Mensah-Bonsu, Richard Hendrix, and Joe Ingles.
Team history
The origins
The current club has its origins in the old Club Asociación Baloncesto Granada, which in turn was the continuation of the Club de Amigos del Baloncesto de Loja, who covered during some time the vacuum left by the late CD Oximesa.
On June 28, 1994, the lawyer José Luis Lopez Cantal form, with the company of a board, the Club Asociación Baloncesto Granada, which campaigned for a year on the newly created Liga Española de Baloncesto Amateur (Liga EBA). The team did not achieve the desired rise in its first season, but in the 1995-96 season, after an exceptional competition, it was proclaimed champion in the final eight disputed in Lugo. Although during that year it had been agreed that there would be no promotions, the CB Granada, in a joint operation with the city, bought the spot of Baloncesto Salamanca (agreement closed on June 14 by 400 million pesetas plus VAT), which allow for first time play in the ACB, which demanded their transformation into joint stock company sports. Thus, the club became Club Baloncesto Granada SAD.
The arrival in the elite
In the first incursion into the elite (96-97), José Alberto Pesquera as coach, 'Cebé' also disputed the Korać Cup (right acquired with the purchase of Salamanca), which reached the sweet sixteen: eliminated by the Banco di Roma (88-70 at the Palacio de los Deportes and 94-65 at the Palasport). In the domestic competition concluded in the thirteenth place.
The next season (1997–98) began with Pedro Martínez as a coach, but the results were not accompanied and he ended up being replaced by Antonio Gomez Nieto before the start of play off for the relegation. In the final series before the Ciudad de Huelva, the excitement would persist until the last meeting, which was held in the Palacio de los Deportes, where John Williams score a 'coast to coast' winning basket. The chairman and was then Carlos Marsá, which had acquired almost all the shares of the entity.
For the new financial year (1998–99) the club hired Miguel Angel Martin, although he ended resigning because of his disagreements with the president and the administration of the club. The team was plunged into a desperate situation. The coordinator of quarry, David Cardenas, went to the bench, while his stock of 0 wins and 6 defeats forced to seek, to the desperate, a coach with experience: Iñaki Iriarte. However, the team did not lift his head and fell, along with Murcia, the LEB.
Climb on the court
Subsequently, the CB Granada tried nurtured players top level, but the season (1999–2000) again prove baleful: Iriarte, personal problems, presented his resignation, which caused the interim Enrique Gutierrez and the subsequent hiring of José Alberto Pesquera, nor would finish its work (dismissal after a pitiful defeat in Córdoba, against Cajasur). So, the leaders opted again by Antonio Gomez Nieto to reach port as dignified as possible: eliminated in the elite eight by the CB Murcia.
For the attempt to climb back (2000–01), it appeared that Gomez Nieto (coach) and Gutierrez (sports director) had succeeded in forming a template guarantees (the first regional title in the history of the club, the Andalusian League, winning Caja San Fernando in the semifinals and Unicaja in the final), but the economic problems crossed the road. But, the survivors found-in a display of effort, confidence and unity-qualify for the playoffs as a fourth classified. They beat Inca and faced in semifinals with Menorca, which had beaten the big favorite (León), and the stadium factor favouring the Andalusians. And again in a final and dramatic party the team promoted.
Gomez Nieto remained as coach in the return and, with a staff of some level and right mix of youth and vets, materialized stay comfortably (since the fourteenth), with victories at FC Barcelona, Pamesa Valencia, Caja San Fernando or Real Madrid and the individual records of Nacho Ordín (98.2% shooting, with a series of 53/54) and Oriol Junyent (Spanish first in the history of averaging double figures in rebounds: 10.5) for the memory.
Unfortunately that any change in a few months. In the 2002-03 campaign team was not as effective as in the past and various changes in the team destabilized it further. The coach stopped in office and Sergio Valdeolmillos replaced him, inadequate measure despite the visible improvement in play and attitude. The team got their first victory against Adecco Estudiantes, but couldn't avoid relegation.
New challenge, then, in the LEB, with Sergio Valdeolmillos as coach and Oriol Humet in the office. Despite a track record with some ups and downs, the key-arrive at the best time to play-off was achieved, and once left by the wayside the UB La Palma, occurred the great grief of templates and hobbies (Granada - Zaragoza) whose denouement, in the crash tiebreaker again ended in a joy throughout the city.
2004–2011: The consolidation in ACB
The new era in ACB, starts with the definition of a medium-term project that will lead the club to settle permanently in the national basketball elite. Since then, great players have been part of this project of consolidation with one in particular: Curtis Borchardt. CB Granada starts every season with renewed hopes ant the same strengths in its objectives: To continue to grow with firm steps.
But on 2010–11 season, the huge debts and a poor planning of the team led to the relegation of CB Granada to the relegation to LEB Oro after seven years at Liga ACB.
Comeback to LEB and dissolution
After the 2011 relegation, CB Granada played on LEB Oro with several economic problems, and despite a good start, the lack of budget caused the march of several players and several losses. In December 2011, the Board of the club announced CB Granada will be dissolved after the end of the season.
CB Granada finished the 2011-12 league in the last position and was relegated to LEB Plata after being defeated in the last game by Clínicas Rincón Benahavís 71–61. Days later, the club officially required the stoppage. Finally, on May 5, the club was officially dissolved.
Despite the dissolution of the team, the Fundación CB Granada, which previously worked with CB Granada, started to play in Regional leagues.
Sponsorship naming
CB Granada had several denominations through the years due to its sponsorship:
SPAR Granada: 1994–96
Covirán Sierra Nevada: 1996–98
Covirán Cervezas Alhambra: 1998–99
Players
Coaches
Antonio Gómez Nieto 1994–1996, 1998, 2000–2003
José Alberto Pesquera 1996–1997, 2000
Pedro Martínez 1997–1998
Miguel Ángel Martín 1998–1999
David Cárdenas 1999
Iñaki Irirarte 1999–2000
Kike Gutiérrez 2000
Sergio Valdeolmillos 2003–2008
Trifón Poch 2008–2011
Curro Segura 2011–12
Miguel Ángel Zapata 2012
Season by season
Accomplishments and awards
Honours
2nd division championships: (1)
Liga EBA: (1) 1996
Supercopa: (0)
runner-up 2005
Andalusia Cup: (3)
2000, 2004, 2006
Individual awards
ACB Rising Star
Richard Hendrix – 2010
ACB Slam Dunk Champion
Jerod Ward – 2003
References
External links
CB Granada Official Website
Roster on ACB.com
Former Liga ACB teams
Basketball teams established in 1994
Defunct basketball teams in Spain
Sport in Granada
Basketball teams disestablished in 2012
Former LEB Oro teams
Former Liga EBA teams
1994 establishments in Spain
2012 disestablishments in Spain
Basketball teams in Andalusia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB%20Granada |
White Door may refer to
The White Door, a videogame
White Door (band), 1980s band Clay Records discography
"White Door", song (performed by A. Pugacheva) composed by Yury Chernavsky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Door |
In Ghana and neighboring countries, tro tro are privately owned minibus share taxis that travel fixed routes leaving when filled to capacity. While there are tro tro stations, these vehicles for hire can also be boarded anywhere along the route.
Operated by a driver and a conductor (who collects money, shouts out the destination, and can also be called a "mate"), many are decorated with slogans and religious sayings. Fewer tro tros operate on Sundays.
The term is believed to derive from the Ga word tro, "threepence", because the conductors usually asked for "three three pence", which was the standard bus fare in the 1940s, when Ghana still uses the British West African pound and later the Ghanaian pound.
Alternatively, its origin is not "three times three pence" but rather "threepence [thruhpnce, tro] each": doubling a coin's name in the vernacular means "that coin for each person (or item)". Three pence was the price per passenger in the early 1960s, when pounds/shillings/pence were still in use, including threepence coins, before decimalization of the currency into cedi and pesewa in 1965.
Ghana
Used by 70% of Ghanaian commuters, tro tro is the most popular form of transport for work and shopping in the country as of 2010. Large buses also provide public transport in Accra, Ghana, as of 2008 and are patronized by people of different social classes.
Regulation
In Ghana, tro tro are licensed by the government, but the industry is self-regulated. There was no independent transport authority as of 2008 in the capital, Accra.
In the absence of a regulatory environment, groups called syndicates oversee minibus share taxis like tro tro in Africa. These may collect dues, set routes, manage terminals, and fix fares. In Accra as of 2008, such syndicates include GPRTU and PROTOA.
Despite the regulatory challenges, the service would lend itself to some regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana. This allowed it to record significant levels (98%) of compliance to guidelines on physical distancing, although guidelines on individual use of face masks were more difficult to enforce.
See also
Dala dala of Tanzania
Matatu of Kenya
Further reading
Transport in Ghana
Ministry of Transport (Ghana)
Ghana Private Road Transport Union
References
External links
Share taxis
Road transport in Ghana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tro%20tro |
Agios Antonios (, ), also known as Aghios Antonios on signage, is a subway (metro) station of the Athens Metro. It started operating in August 2004.
It took its name from a nearby Christian Orthodox church dedicated to Saint Anthony. This station is in the Peristeri, the biggest municipality of west Athens area. It was the first station in the area and has reduced traffic problems in Peristeri.
Layout
The station of Agios Antonios has two exits, one to the right side of Panagi Tsaldari Ave and the other to the left side.
Surrounding landmarks
In front of the station is Panagi Tsaldari Avenue, one of the important avenues of Peristeri, which links west Athens with Kifissou Avenue (to Piraeus harbor, southern and northern suburbs of city and National Road 1 to Lamia, Larisa, Thessaloniki, generally North Greece and Balkans) and city center. Buses, trolleybuses and taxis pass regularly toward Athens center, Agioi Anargyroi, Ilion, Petroupolis, Chaidari, Egaleo etc.
References
External links
Official Website
Railway stations in Greece opened in the 2000s
Railway stations opened in 2004
2004 establishments in Greece
Athens Metro stations
Peristeri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios%20Antonios%20metro%20station |
The common switch interface (CSIX) is a physical interface specification between a traffic manager (network processor) and a switching fabric. It was developed by the Network Processing Forum to:
promote development and deployment of highly scalable network switches
permit hardware and software interoperability
References
Data transmission | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIX |
Shahar, (also as , ) is a village in the sub-governorate of Bariq in the province of Asir, Saudi Arabia. It is located at an elevation of and has a population of about 1,000 to 2,000 Shahar is located on both sides of Wadi Shahar, south of Al-Ajmeh, west of Jabal Al-Adha, north of Saaban villages, and east of Thaaib villages..
See also
List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia
Regions of Saudi Arabia
References
Populated places in 'Asir Province
Populated coastal places in Saudi Arabia
Populated places in Bareq | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahar%2C%20Saudi%20Arabia |
Sotnia (Ukrainian and , ) was a military unit and administrative division in some Slavic countries.
Sotnia, deriving back to 1948, has been used in a variety of contexts in both Ukraine and Russia to this day. It is a helpful word to create short names for groups including the Nebesna Sotnia and Terek Wolf Sotnia, stating that these groups do include 100-150 persons.
The military unit analog and most meaningful translation for the English-speaking world would be a company.
Its significance can be notice its nationalist impact within the 16th-18th century Cossacks Ukrainian People’s Republic, Ukrainian National Army, and during Euromaidan.
Sotnia can also be referred to as half-sotnia which is a more diminutive unit of people. This typically consists of around 50 people.
In Russian history, was also a unit of some other (civil) organizations, see Сотня.
History and application
Cossacks
As a unit of the Cossack regiments, it is known from the earliest records of the Zaporizhian Sich.
During the Cossack service in the Imperial Russian Armies the typical regiment had five or squadrons. The term was used in the context of Cossack foot or cavalry regiments. The unit term was retained until the establishment of Soviet Union in 1922 and termination of the Ukrainian People's Republic and Free Don Cossack Oblast.
Established by the Cossacks the word Kurin was being associated in their military dictionary. By the Second World War the word burin was commonly used alongside Sotnia. It was a term referring to the basic combat unit of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), the world Kurin means a village. These villages were equivalent to a battalion around four to eight hundred member each divided into three to four sotnias.
Cossacks: Don Cossacks
In 1906, Russia faced eighteen months of revolutionary turmoil. The Cossacks played a large role in becoming one of the most feared defenders. Discontent steadily merged late that summer, causing an increase in unrest for workers and peasants within the Russian Empire. Between May and August, fifteen Don Cossacks units mutinied.
Cossacks of the second Sotnia carried out a large group of numbers in meetings to avoid dispersing the mob. Several meetings were made and a report was made listing other incidents of the same regiment. Concluding that all the Cossacks of the Taganrog have been seen as unreliable.
Cossacks started an internal police service. They depicted themselves a heroic warriors and defender of the fatherland. The group carried out many terrorist operations. Cossacks would break up in smaller units, referring to half-sotnias. They used campaigns that were unparalleled in its brutality and scope, the morale of the Cossacks became to decrease.
Sotnia Cavalry
In the mid-1980s, Russia, Germany, Austria, and France worked together to create peace, with 1,772 squadrons and sotnias of Cavalry. They increased the numbers higher. A large amount of numbers of cavalry, became the most expensive if all arms, and the weighty on the badgers of each country. Sotnia cavalry can also refer to the animals the soldiers who rode horseback, in military context.
Ukrainian National Army
In the Ukrainian National Army (fighting as part of the armed forces of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II), each contained three or four (singular , ) and each comprised three (singular [Ukrainian], literally "a swarm"; a section or reinforced squad of 10 to 12 men). Every usually had one light machine gun, two or three other special weapons, and at least seven assault rifles.
Nebesna Sotnia (Heavenly Hundred)
In the wake of the 2014 invasion of Ukraine by Russia, which killed around 20,000 Ukrainians, the Ukrainian heroes became known as the “Heavenly Hundred” (Ukrainian: Nebesna Sotnia). Nebesna being defined as heavenly, in the sense that there is a link with Heaven or God. Sotnia defined as hundreds, refers back to the military units established by Cossacks. Heavenly Hundred can be understood as the “legion of those who went to heaven” or “the legion of those who went to God”.
Fall of 2013, Ukraine marked the day 20 February around the world, the Day of Commemoration of the Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred. Ukrainians protested on the streets against the corrupt authoritarian regime of Viktor Yanukovych, who was the former president. This was a movement that soon became names as the Revolution of Dignity. Ukrainians in all cities and town came together to ruse up in defence of their inalienable rights. Wanting a new rule of law and democracy for the country/ Demanding the government to produce them with both dignity and human rights that they all deserve
Throughout the years, everyone from around the world are reminded of the principles and values which the Ukrainians had to pay for and continue to pay with their own lives, dignity, democracy, equality and rule of the law. The Revolution of Dignity, has become a turning point in modern Ukraine history, it has now become recognised throughout the world as expression of the ideal of national freedom.
Zhinocha Sotnia (Women's Squad)
Between 2013 and 2014 Ukrainian women and males were able to both equally participate at Kyiv's Maidan Nezalezhnosti protesting for their rights. However, women were excluded from the more violent activities, where their contributions became largely unknowable. By 2014, Nadia Parfan organised and created a “Night of Women’s Solidarity” leading a group of feminists to Maidan. Dissatisfaction grew amongst the women protest and the continued exclusion for the Maiden square grew a new phenomenon known as the “Women's Squad” (Zhinocha Sotnia), an all-women self-defense brigade. The translation is “Women's Hundred”, this use of “hundred” is referred to a common grouping of soldiers into squads of hundred.
Women would protest feminist initiatives and discussions about their role in Ukraine’s past and future, which explored both nationalism and military contexts. The Maidan created a place where women were able to protest and be heard in a public space. Provided Ukraine’s feminists with brand new opportunities to articulate divergent and familiar outlooks on women's lives through activism, social change and national sovereignty.
Terek Wolf Sotnia
Russian nationalism and Russian Monarchism has been increasing since the fall of the Soviet Union. By April 2014, Russian Special Forces were operating in Ukraine to destabilise the country. These were known as the Terek Wolf Sotnia, is a group of members who have been identified as mysterious and ideologically questionable. Their profiles can be identified seen as V shape insignia of black green and red tricolor. Including ahead of a wolf in front. The disguised men appear to be Russian citizens, however others claim to be natives of Crimea or from Eastern Ukraine. These men all share similar commonalities, claiming to be Fascist and ultra-nationalist, claiming to defend Eastern Ukraine from Fascist operating in the Ukraine.
Tikhon karetniy is a Russian member of the Belorechensk Cossack community. Photos were posted to the community showing his involvement in the seizures in Solviansk also known as the “Terek Wolf Sotnia”.
Croatia
During Second World War and the Croatian War of Independence, many Croatian units bore the name satnija, and their members were called satnici (singular: satnik). This rank still exists in the Croatian army and is equivalent to a captain.
References
Military of the Russian Empire
Zaporizhian Sich
Cossack military units and formations
Military of Croatia
Military units and formations of Ukraine
Military history of Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotnia |
Thomas Henry Fitzgerald (1 December 1824 – 10 November 1888) was an Irish pioneer in sugar cane farming in the early days of the colony of Queensland, Australia. He was a politician, first in New Zealand, then in Queensland. His descendants went on to become notable names in Queensland politics, business and law. He is best remembered for founding the town of Innisfail.
Over a varied and interesting life, Fitzgerald was a surveyor, sugar cane farmer, Superintendent, Colonial Treasurer and pioneer.
Early life
Thomas Henry Fitzgerald was born in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, Ireland in December 1824. Fitzgerald qualified as an engineer, but like many of his compatriots of the time, he left Ireland to seek fortune elsewhere (see Irish diaspora).
New Zealand
Fitzgerald and one of his sisters went to New Zealand in 1842 on the George Fyfe, following their brother John, who was a medical doctor. There, he trained and worked as a surveyor and achieved additional qualifications as an engineer and architect. In 1844, he purchased in Khandallah, now a suburb of Wellington. On 2 July 1851, he married Jessie Wilson at Wellington, the oldest daughter of James Wilson of that city.
Fitzgerald designed St Joseph's Providence, a Catholic charity school for Māori girls on the grounds of the new St Mary's College in the Wellington suburb of Thorndon. The building had two storeys, 18 bedrooms, and was opened in September 1852. The building was demolished in the 1970s, and only a porch from an 1869 extension remains, which is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category II heritage item.
In 1853, the Fitzgeralds moved to the Hawke's Bay Region, where he surveyed the area. He had two general stores, one of them in Napier's Waghorne Street, and he built a steam flour mill in that town. Other business activities were him acting as an agent for a shipping company, for an insurance company, and buying wool.
Fitzgerald took a very active part in Hawke's Bay politics. He represented the Ahuriri electorate (Ahuriri is the Māori name for Napier) on the Wellington Provincial Council from November 1857 to November 1858. His father-in-law, James Wilson, had previously represented the Wanganui and Rangitikei electorate from October 1856 to August 1857 on the Provincial Council. Fitzgerald was instrumental in the separation of Hawke's Bay Province fromm Wellington Province in November 1858, and he represented the Town of Napier electorate on the first Hawke's Bay Provincial Council from February 1859 to November 1861.
At its inaugural meeting on 23 April 1859, the Hawke's Bay provincial council unanimously elected Fitzgerald as the province's first Superintendent, a role he held until March 1861, when he resigned. Fitzgerald's selection surprised many observers, who had expected a close contest between John Chilton Lambton Carter and Alfred Newman. Carter and Newman, however, withdrew after soundings showed the ten-member council to be deadlocked five-all. Donald McLean, the first person approached to be a compromise candidate, declined the offer; Fitzgerald accepted. Although he initially accepted the superintendency in an honorary capacity, he was later voted an annual salary, but his term was marked by bitterness between his "town" faction from Napier and a "country" faction. Future premier Alfred Domett mockingly nicknamed him "Silky Tom".
He represented the electorate in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament in 1860, from 26 April to 5 November, when he apparently retired. This was the only period during which this electorate existed. In 1862, he was declared bankrupt, which led to his move to Queensland.
Queensland
In 1862, Fitzgerald moved to the colony of Queensland, Australia. He settled in Brisbane and, through his work, saw early experiments in growing sugar cane in Queensland's sub-tropical climate. In 1866, while surveying in Mackay, Queensland he established the Alexandra sugar cane plantation. Over time, he developed a further four plantations in the region. The Alexandra mill was notable as it introduced new efficiencies into sugar cane milling, making the farming of sugar cane more accessible to the small farmers who, until that point, had mainly farmed cotton and maize. Between 1865 and 1871 the land under sugar cultivation had increased from to . By 1876, this had increased to and by 1884 it had reached .
Like many pioneers, Fitzgerald juggled active interests in business, politics and professional life (as a surveyor, Fitzgerald laid out the original town survey for what would become the city of Mackay).
At the 1867 Queensland colonial election, Fitzgerald stood as a candidate in two seats: Rockhampton (election held on 27 June) and Kennedy (election held 19 July). Having won Rockhampton, he resigned Rockhampton on 30 June as he preferred to win in Kennedy. On 19 July, he won in Kennedy.
Fitzgerald was appointed Colonial Treasurer in November 1868 in the government of Charles Lilley, a post he held for three months until he resigned from that role. In June 1869, he resigned from the seat of Kennedy.
Between 1873 and 1875, Fitzgerald represented the seat of Bowen between 1873 and 1875. One of his agendas through his term was to legislate for the introduction of cheap South Sea Islander indentured labour for the cane fields (many of were blackbirded). Fitzgerald had a direct financial interest in this: times were difficult in the industry and cheap labour was seen as an answer to the many problems in founding sugar cane plantations. He and his fellow farmers in the region experienced further difficulties in the following years, mainly from torrential rains that brought about widespread cane rust. Fitzgerald was declared bankrupt in 1876 and had to resign his seat from Parliament, this time for good.
Fitzgerald returned to Brisbane and to surveying, although his dreams of establishing settlements in far north Queensland had not died. With some backing from the Catholic Church (Fitzgerald was a devout Catholic), he established, in 1880, a sugarcane plantation known as Innisfail Estate (now a locality of the same name) and accompanying settlement, which later became the town of Innisfail in far north Queensland. However, despite the eventual success of the town, the early years were very trying for Fitzgerald. Weather conditions (flooding in particular) made farming difficult, sugar prices were not good (competition against bigger milling operations did not make this easier) and ultimately managing the diseases that came with new settlements in sub-tropical regions proved too much for Fitzgerald.
Later life
Fitzgerald retired to Teneriffe in Brisbane in poor health and died there on 10 November 1888 at the age of 64. Fitzgerald was buried in Nudgee Cemetery.
Legacy
While having varying financial success in his life (more down than up), Fitzgerald is remarked upon for his pioneering spirit – the desire to establish something greater than personal fortune despite all the failures and disappointments. For many Irish people deciding upon Australia as their new home in the world the result was often similar. Fitzgerald anticipated rich and fertile far north Queensland that could house many people and feed even more. The areas he surveyed, from the Daintree down to Tully, are now popular tourist destinations and productive farm lands.
He took the first difficult steps in establishing this region's modern agricultural industry. The rush that ensued, particularly encouraged by the successful methods of Fitzgerald's Alexandra mill, established an entire industry and contributed to the growth of a strong economy in North Queensland.
Innisfail was originally the name for Fitzgerald's own property. The Surveyor-General called the town Geraldton, in Fitzgerald's honour, in 1882. However, a Russian ship bound for Geraldton in Western Australia arrived at the port to collect a load of Jarrah wood. This would be the equivalent of a ship sailing up the Potomac River to Washington, D.C. to collect trees from the forests of Washington state. A public meeting was held in 1910 and the name of the town was officially changed to Innisfail. A school in North Mackay is also named in his honour.
Other successes that Fitzgerald did not live to see were those of his children and their descendants. In his immediate family of 11, most notable was Charles Borromeo Fitzgerald, who held the seat of Mitchell from 1896 to 1902 and was appointed Attorney-General in the short-lived Labour ministry of Anderson Dawson—the first labour government in the world. Ironically, the Australian Labor Party was one of the primary drivers of the White Australia policy, looking to stop the influx of foreign labour into the Australian economy (in particular the sugar cane farms of North Queensland). In subsequent generations, the scions of the Thomas Henry Fitzgerald family would establish themselves in business, law (the succeeding generations of lawyers named James Francis Fitzgerald), education, the clergy and the military.
Additional legacies of Fitzgerald exist. The place name of Te Kowai in Queensland was named by Fitzgerald after the flower of the same name he first saw in New Zealand as a younger man.
Notes
References
External links
— the history of Fitzgerald's involvement in sugar growing in Innisfail
|-
|-
|-
1824 births
1888 deaths
19th-century Irish people
New Zealand Roman Catholics
Politicians from County Monaghan
Settlers of Australia
People from Central Queensland
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Superintendents of New Zealand provincial councils
History of sugar
People from Innisfail, Queensland
Treasurers of Queensland
Irish expatriates in Australia
Irish emigrants to New Zealand
Australian people of Irish descent
Burials at Nudgee Cemetery
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
19th-century Australian politicians
19th-century New Zealand politicians
Australian Roman Catholics
People from Carrickmacross
Businesspeople from County Monaghan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Henry%20Fitzgerald |
Another Place and Time is the fourteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Donna Summer, released on March 20, 1989 by Atlantic Records and Warner Records. The album was produced by Stock Aitken Waterman and featured Summer's top-10 hit "This Time I Know It's for Real", which reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was her last top 40 hit on the chart.
Production and background
After enjoying immense stardom during the disco era in the 1970s, Summer had experimented with different styles of music during the 1980s and had released several albums with Geffen Records with varied results; Geffen had refused to release much of her material including her biggest post-1970s success, the 1983 album She Works Hard for the Money, which had only been released by virtue of being given to another label – Mercury Records – to satisfy a legal obligation between Summer and her 1970s label Casablanca Records. Summer's 1987 album All Systems Go would prove to be her final release on Geffen, although she recorded Another Place and Time while contracted to Geffen Records.
In 1987, while Summer and her husband Bruce Sudano were visiting the south of France, Sudano heard a Rick Astley track and was moved to suggest that Summer would be well-served by a collaboration with Stock Aitken Waterman (aka S/A/W), the songwriting and production team behind Astley. S/A/W had in the mid-1980s established themselves as the undisputed masters of the UK Singles Chart, with the signature S/A/W "hit factory" sound—basically their own brand of 1980s synthpop/dance—translating into post-disco dance hits for such acts as Astley, Bananarama, and Kylie Minogue. Sudano evidently shared the opinion of Record Mirror critic Edward J Bernard, who reviewing Donna Summer's All Systems Go album in October 1987 , opined: "Now disco's back in vogue, Donna would be better served teaming up with S/A/W – her powerhouse lungs were made for just that kind of [over-the-top] production, and not the wimp rock she now chooses to make." Although Summer herself became a fan of Astley's, the idea of a Donna Summer/ S/A/W collaboration apparently remained dormant until 1989, when Sudano and Pete Waterman of S/A/W crossed paths at the Pool Bar & Café at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel, Waterman being on an American promo junket with Astley. Waterman was receptive to Sudano's suggestion of S/A/W teaming with Donna Summer: (Pete Waterman quote:)"I was a fan [who had] bought her records". also in 1974 Waterman had met Summer in Munich when he was an Magnet Records a&r man and she was a session singer who passed on Waterman's invitation to become a vocalist for Silver Convention, opting instead to record with Giorgio Moroder.
Summer would say of the Another Place and Time album, recorded between September 1988 and January 1989 with S/A/W at PWL Studios in London, "There was no real themes we were looking for, except for dancing, love and relationships. The rest was the result of the collaboration between the producers and myself. The results were exactly what we were hoping for." After some initial tensions over the direction of the recording sessions, the singer agreed to let SAW take the lead in the studio when Waterman convinced her the team knew what they were doing and would deliver her a hit.
Summer would refer to S/A/W as ""very commercial-minded, much more than I am. [But] there's a time you need to be commercial...: to sell records, enough to be on a label. You need somebody to kind of monitor your sense of creativity." "Maybe [S/A/W are] formularized in terms of what works in the marketplace, but I feel that everyone has a formula...I've never seen producers who work harder than these three guys". Mike Stock of S/A/W would recall of working with Summer: "I was excited to work with Donna Summer simply because of her superb vocal ability...She had a magic to her that few artists have. I’d sing her my song, she’d learn it, then she’d sing it back with whistles and bells and all sorts of things going on. She had that skill and feel for music."
The S/A/W team wrote all ten of the tracks for their collaboration with Summer, with the singer having co-writing credit on three tracks. The lead single from the S/A/W Donna Summer album, "This Time I Know It's for Real", was released in the United Kingdom—the focal point of S/A/W's success—on 13 February 1989, its release being not on Geffen Records but rather on Warner Bros. Records, which was Summer's label outside of the US. Debuting on the UK Singles Chart dated 25 February 1989 at number 42, "This Time I Know It's for Real" reached number three in March 1989, in the same month that Another Place and Time was released in Britain and continental Europe, where its lead single also became a top-ten hit. However Summer's international success came too late and/or failed to impress her American label Geffen Records, as Summer explained: "David [Geffen] said he didn't like the album. He said he wasn't going to put it out and I could sue him if I wanted to. I thought...great, then I'll go [elsewhere]." (According to Summer, she had asked to Geffen several years earlier to cancel her contract and the label had refused.) Reportedly Another Place and Time began selling as an import in the US where record companies began bidding for the album's American distribution rights: Summer at the time had no management and had to herself (with an attorney's assistance) negotiate for a US label deal for the release of Another Place and Time, with Atlantic finally releasing the album in the US in April 1989.
Critical and commercial reception
The 1989 release was sometimes well-received. For example, it was lauded by Barry Walters of the San Francisco Examiner as "easily [Summer's] best LP of new work since 1979's Bad Girls. Every track... sounds like a hit," Similarly, Bill Coleman of Billboard considered Another Place and Time as "one of Summer's most satisfying and consistent [album] in a very long time", adding that "the delicious dance/pop numbers do serve as nice vehicles for the songstress' vocal charm", and that Summer "sounds very comfortable with the material and all of the tracks are easily programmable for clubs and radio".
However, Another Place and Time generally underwhelmed critics at the time of its release, <ref>Morning Call''' 5 August 1989 "Records" by Valerie Hildebeitel p.68</ref> the reaction of Robin Smith of Record Mirror: "Donna's latest album comes across rather like a selection of reheated Kylie [Minogue] out-takes. Her voice has been over-diluted for mass radio-friendly appeal, and she's lost the fire of her early days", and Gary Graff of the Detroit Free Press: "Once sultry and soulful, Summer has been whitewashed to sound like any other female hit-maker, a disturbing fate for one of America's dance-music trendsetters," being echoed by Steve Simels of Stereo Review:
Retrospective assessments of Another Place and Time have been more positive. Alex Henderson of AllMusic.com praises the album, stating that it was "an excellent CD" and "one of the best albums that Summer provided in the '80s", rating "Whatever Your Heart Desires," "I Don't Wanna Get Hurt" and "This Time I Know It's for Real" as "exuberant, club-friendly Euro-dance/Hi-NRG gems". In July 2018, Mark Elliot of Classic Pop underlined "Summer's impeccable delivery", considered Another Place and Time as "a pop masterpiece" which he ranked as the best album ever produced by Stock Aitken Waterman.
The UK chart success of the album's lead single "This Time I Know It's for Real"—Summer's first UK top-ten hit since 1979 when her Barbra Streisand duet "No More Tears" reached number three—was paralleled by similar chart success in France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The single's success afforded its parent album a UK chart debut of number 17 the week ending 25 March 1989, although Another Place and Time would be unable best its debut position the album would set a longevity record for the UK chart tenure of any Donna Summer album at 28 weeks, 17 of them in the top 50. The UK chart tenure of Another Place and Time would occur in two segments, as after dropping from the top 100 album chart in July 1989 after 18 charting weeks the album re-entered in September 1989 to again rise as high as number 17. Reportedly Another Place and Time became Summer's first gold-certified album since 1979.
In its US release Another Place and Time was certified gold and also yielded a top-ten hit single, Summer's first since "She Works Hard for the Money" in 1983, in "This Time I Know It's for Real". While Another Place and Time'' yielded a second top-ten hit, "I Don't Wanna Get Hurt", in the UK—where a third single, "Love's About to Change My Heart", would reach number 20—"This Time I Know It's for Real" would be the album's only major hit single in the US. "I Don't Wanna Get Hurt" was passed over for single release there in favor of "Love's About to Change My Heart", whose Hot 100 peak would be number 85 and reflected a lack of sustained interest in the album.
Planned follow-up album and re-release
A second album was planned with Stock Aitken Waterman, however Summer never found the time to get back to the UK, and the tracks were later recorded by singer Lonnie Gordon.
In 2014, the album was re-released in the UK in a 3-CD deluxe edition as well as digital downloads, containing a remastered original album, plus extended versions, original versions and remixes.
In 2019, the album was reissued for its 30th anniversary as a 3-CD deluxe edition, a 2LP red/silver vinyl edition as well as digital downloads, containing the original studio album and a large selection of extra singles mixes, 6 unreleased mixes and 2 anniversary megamixes.
Track listing
Standard edition
CD+Graphics Edition CD+G
In 1989 an enhanced CD+Graphics version of the album was also released. Identified with the word graphics under the compact disc logo printed on the CD and a distinctive long case compared to the standard CD case. CD+Graphics, often shortened to CD+G or CDG featured additional coding within the CD data that played as a normal CD but could also be read by CD based computer systems such as the Philips CD-i. When played back additional 8-bit graphic based visual media could then be displayed on a connected TV screen sequenced with the music being played. Although several artists released CDG versions of their albums including Fleetwood Mac and Anita Baker the CDG format never took off. It found popularity as the basis for karaoke systems and is still used today. The CDG versions were made in relatively small numbers which makes them very rare and they have become collectibles as a result.
3xCD Deluxe Edition (2014)
Disc one retains the same track listing as the original release.
3xCD 30th Anniversary Deluxe Edition • Unreleased Mixes • Anniversary Megamixes (2019)
Disc one retains the same track listing as the original release.
2xLP Red/Silver Vinyl 30th Anniversary Deluxe Edition (2019)
LP one retains the same track listing as the original release.
Personnel
Donna Summer – vocals
Mike Stock – keyboards, backing vocals
Matt Aitken – keyboards, guitars
George De Angelis – keyboards
A. Linn – drums
Dee Lewis – backing vocals
Mae McKenna – backing vocals
Production
Stock, Aitken & Waterman – producers, arrangements
Karen Hewitt – engineer
Boyowa "Yoyo" Olugbo – engineer
"Mixmaster" Pete Hammond – mixing
Recorded at PWL Studios (London)
Donna's vocals were recorded using the Calrec Soundfield Microphone.
Lawrence Lawry – photography, front cover concept
David Howells – design
Donna Summer – front cover concept
Andrene (at Vidal Sassoon) – hair
Richard Sharpes – makeup
Kelly Cooper – styling
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
References
1989 albums
Donna Summer albums
Albums produced by Stock Aitken Waterman
Eurodance albums
Europop albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another%20Place%20and%20Time |
Maryland Route 342 (MD 342) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as St. Augustine Road, the highway runs from MD 310 at St. Augustine north to unsigned MD 537 in Chesapeake City in southern Cecil County. MD 342 was constructed in its entirety by 1915.
Route description
MD 342 begins at an intersection with MD 310 (Cayots Corner Road) at the hamlet of St. Augustine. The two-lane undivided highway runs through rural areas and heads northeast, makes a right-angle turn to the northwest, curves to the west, then takes a sharp turn to the north. The state highway enters the town of Chesapeake City and intersects an unnamed road (unsigned MD 537D) that leads west to an interchange with MD 213 at the southern end of the Chesapeake City Bridge over the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal. MD 342 continues to its northern terminus at an oblique junction with George Street, which is unsigned MD 537C and leads north to the western terminus of MD 286 in the South Chesapeake City Historic District.
History
St. Augustine Road was paved as a macadam road from George Street to the right-angle turn by 1910. The remainder of the road to St. Augustine and MD 310 east of St. Augustine were constructed as a macadam road by Cecil County with state aid by 1915. MD 342 was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1988.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 342
MD 342 at AARoads.com
Maryland Roads - MD 342
342
Maryland Route 342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20342 |
CVM may refer to:
Veterinary medicine
California Variegated Mutant, a sheep breed
Center for Veterinary Medicine of U.S. FDA
Cervical Vertebral Malformation or wobbler disease of dogs and horses
Complex vertebral malformation of Holstein cattle
Other uses
Christian Vision for Men, a UK charity
Climate Vulnerability Monitor
Securities Commission (Brazil)
Cooperation and Verification Mechanism of EU applicant state
General Pedro J. Méndez International Airport in Ciudad Victoria, Mexico, IATA code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVM |
Dala dala are minibus share taxis in Tanzania. These converted trucks and minibuses are the primary public transportation system in the country. While the name originates from the English word "dollar", they are also referred to as thumni.
Before minibuses became widely used, a truck with benches placed in the bed was the typical Tanzanian privately owned public transport. Called chai maharagwe, these were popular and also used to transport and deliver goods along the route 1990.
While dala dala may run fixed routes picking up passengers at central locations, they will also stop anywhere along their route to drop someone off or allow a prospective passenger to board.
In contrast to most of these minibuses, in Dar es Salaam some dala dala are publicly operated as of 2008.
History in Dar es Salaam
The dala dala developed as illegal taxis in Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania, due to a deteriorating system of government-run public transport in an environment of rising demand for such services. Between 1975 and 1983, the year dala dala were legalized, the number of buses operating in Dar es Salaam declined by 36% while the population increased by around 80%. In 1983, the government transport company was allowed to sub-contract to private entities, but due to high tariffs, this did little to substantially increase the numbers of licensed dala dala.
Further reforms in the late 1990s caused the amount of legal minibuses to swell, and between 1991 and 1998 their numbers rose by 450%. Large amounts of pirate minibuses continued to exist, however, and in 1998 it was estimated that these comprised nearly half of all dala dala in operation. By 1998 dala dala had almost completely superseded government run public transport; in that year a total of 12 government operated buses plied the streets. Around that time there were somewhere between 7,650 and 6,300 dala dala in operation.
Conductor
Dala dala are often operated by both a driver and a conductor. Called a mpigadebe, the name for dala dala conductors literally means "a person who hits a debe" (a 4-gallon tin container used for transporting gasoline or water) in reference to the fact that conductors will hit the roof and side of the van to attract customers and notify the driver when to leave a station.
Regulation
These vehicles for hire have their routes allocated by a Tanzanian transport regulator, Land Transport Regulatory Authority (LATRA), but syndicates (informal groups that fix fares, collect dues, and manage stations) also exist. Prior to 1983, all forms of privately owned public transport were illegal in Tanzania, and as of 1991 and 1998 at least half of all dala dala continued to operate without a license.
In 2002 it was noted that the dala dala market "seems to remain under conditions close to classical perfect competition."
See also
Boda boda
Matatu
Tro tro
Weyala, share taxi conductors in Ethiopia
References
Share taxis
Public transport in Tanzania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dala%20dala |
Cyprus competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. Ten competitors, all men, took part in nine events in four sports.
Athletics
Men's 10.000 metres
Marios Kassianidis
Qualifying Heat — 29:06.08 (→ did not advance)
Men's Marathon
Marios Kassianidis — 2:32:51 (→ 62nd place)
Filippos Filippou — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Men's 3.000m Steeplechase:
Philippos Philippou
Semifinals — 8:39.47 (→ did not advance)
Men's Long Jump
Dimitrios Araouzos
Qualification — 5.67m (→ did not advance, 30th place)
Cycling
One cyclist represented Cyprus in 1984.
Individual road race
Spyros Agrotis — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Judo
Men's under 78 kg:
Ioannis Kouyallis - Preliminary:Lost to Gueye-Eljdji from Senegal
Men's under 86 kg:
Costas Papacostas - Preliminary:Lost to Nose Seiki from Japan
Shooting
Men's trap:
Anastasios Lordos - 173 (47th position)
Demetrios Papachrysostomou - 176 (35th position)
Men's skeet:
Petros Kyritsis - 192 (13th position)
Michael Tymvios - 85 (abandon)
References
External links
Cyprus at the 1984 Summer Olympics by Cyprus Olympic Committee
Nations at the 1984 Summer Olympics
1984
Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus%20at%20the%201984%20Summer%20Olympics |
George Costakis (, Greek: Γεώργιος Κωστάκης, 5 July 1913 - 9 March 1990) was a Greek-Russian art collector who amassed one of the largest private collections of Russian avant-garde art in the world.
In the years surrounding the 1917 revolution, artists in Russia produced the first non-figurative art, which was to become the defining art of the 20th century. Costakis by chance discovered some constructivist paintings in a Moscow studio in 1946, and he went on to search for the revolutionary art which might otherwise have been lost to the world.
Family history
Born in Moscow of affluent Greek parents, George Costakis had no artistic education but developed an interest in art during his adolescence and as soon as he was able to, he began buying art. At first he worked as a driver for the Greek Embassy until 1939, when relationships between Russia and Greece broke down due to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. After that he took up work as Head of Personnel for the Canadian Embassy.
His work at the Canadian Embassy brought him into contact with many visiting diplomats and he would show them around the Moscow art galleries and antique shops.
The Russian Revolution and art
From the 1860s an art-buying middle class in Moscow had ensured an interest in and a market for Impressionist, Symbolist and Art Nouveau works produced in Russia and the rest of Europe. 'Culture' and collecting paintings had been a long established essential for the wealthy citizen of Moscow (Gray).
In the early years of the 20th century the cultural and political climate of Europe as a whole was in a state of change with a cross-fertilisation of ideas across national boundaries. Many French cubist and Italian futurist works were being brought into Russia and exhibited.
Stalinism
At first the Bolshevik Revolution under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin supported the new abstract art but from 1920 onwards the freedom of artists in Russia was increasingly curtailed. Many artists wanted their work to contribute to the creation of a new society whilst others, for example the Suprematists continued to work independently.
Lenin died in 1924 and Joseph Stalin who succeeded him as leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, brought about another art ideology. In 1932 socialist realism became the official state policy. It was within this political environment that Costakis experienced the development, suppression and final disintegration of the older art culture in Russia.
The Costakis Collection
At first Costakis had collected the Masters of the Dutch School of Landscape Painters but modernist works by Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse soon became his main subject, then in 1946 he came across three paintings in a Moscow studio by Olga Rozanova . He described how, in the dark days after the war these brightly coloured paintings of the lost Avant-Garde:
"... were signals to me. I did not care what it was... but nobody knew what anything was in those days." (Chatwin, 1977)
He was so struck by the powerful visual effect of the strong colour and bold geometric design which spoke directly to the senses, that he was determined to rediscover the Suprematist and Constructivist art which had been lost and forgotten in the attics, studios and basements of Moscow and Leningrad.
He hunted for 'lost' pictures, some that were rolled up and covered with dust. He met Vladimir Tatlin and befriended Varvara Stepanova. He tracked down friends of Kasimir Malevich and bought works by Liubov Popova and Ivan Kliun. He particularly admired Anatoly Zverev, Russian expressionist whom he met in the 1950s. Costakis said about Zverev "it was a source of great happiness for me to come into contact with this wonderful artist, and I believe him to be one of the most talented artists in Soviet Russia."
By the 1960 the apartment of George Costakis in Moscow had become a meeting place for international art collectors and art lovers in general: Russia's unofficial Museum of Modern Art. The 'détente' period following the signing of the Paris Peace Accords in 1973 opened up Russia once again to international cultural exchanges the first of which was the showing of the Costakis Collection in Düsseldorf in 1977.
The same year Costakis, with his family, left the Soviet Union and moved to Greece, but there was an agreement that he should leave 50 per cent of his collection in the State Tretyakov Gallery of Moscow. In 1997 the Greek State bought the remaining 1,275 works. They are now a part of the permanent collection of the State Museum of Contemporary Art, in Thessaloniki, Greece.
External links
Biography
1997 Exhibition
Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki/
George Costakis and His Time exhibition in Moscow, 2003
References
Geurt Imanse and Bart Rutten, ed. Kazimir Malevich and the Russian Avant-garde with selections from Khardzhiev and Costakis collections, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, 2013
Maryanne Stevens, Maria Tsantsanoglou, ed., Building the Revolution, in English, German, Spanish, 2011-2012
John Bowlt, Nicoletta Misler, Maria Tsantsanoglou, ed., Cosmos of the Russian Avant-garde. Art and Space Explorations in Russia, Fondation Botin (English, Spanish), State Museum of Contemporary Art (English, Greek), 2010
Yves Kobry and Maria Tsantsanoglou, Vers de Nouveaux Rivages, Gallimard, Paris, 2008
Maria Tsantsanoglou, ed. Lost Vanguard Found, art & architecture, drawings from the Costakis Collection, photographs by Richard Pare and the Schusev Architectural Museum Archive in Moscow, Thessaloniki, 2008
John Bowlt and Matthew Drutt, Amazons of the Avant-Garde, Guggenheim Museum, 2000
Bruce Chatwin, Moscows Unofficial Art, Sunday Times, 6 May 1973
Mel Gooding, Abstract Art, Movements in Modern Art Series, Tate Publishing, 2000
Camilla Gray, The Russian Experiment in Art 1863-1922, Thames and Hudson, 1976
Anna Kafetsi, ed., The George Costakis Collection, National Gallery, Athens, 1995
Peter Roberts, George Costakis: A Russian Life in Art, Carlton University Press, 1994
Angelica Zander Rudenstein, with a preface by S. Frederick Starr: The George Costakis Collection. "Russian Avant-Garde Art". New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , 1981
1913 births
1990 deaths
Soviet art collectors
Soviet Nonconformist Art
People from Moscow
Soviet people of Greek descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Costakis |
Terpsithea (Τερψιθέα) is the northernmost settlement of the municipality of Glyfada in Athens, Greece. It lies on foot of the mountain Ymittos and has an altitude between 120 and 180 m. The name comes from the Greek words Terpsi+thea (Τέρψη+θέα) and means pleasure, fun, gaze.
Climate
There is at least one automated meteorological station in Terpsithea that gives the following averages (1995-2006):
External links
Live weather data from a weather station in Terpsithea, Glyfada
Populated places in South Athens (regional unit)
Glyfada
el:Γλυφάδα#Τερψιθέα | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpsithea%2C%20Glyfada |
This name should not be confused with the name Aelita.
Aleta may refer to:
Fictional characters
Queen Aleta, wife of Prince Valiant, Queen of the Misty Isles in the comic strip Prince Valiant
Princess Aleta in the television series The Legend of Prince Valiant
Aleta Ogord of the Guardians of the Galaxy
People
Aleta Baun, Indonesian environmental activist
Aleta Fenceroy (1948–2006), American LGBT activist
Aleta Freel (1907–1935), American stage actress
Aleta Mitchell, American film, television and theatre actress
Aleta Arthur Trauger (born 1945), US federal judge
Geographical locations
Aleta Wendo (woreda), one of the 77 woredas in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia
Aleta Wendo, the administrative center of the woreda
Other
West Aleta, a ship of the Western Pipe and Steel Company
See also
Aelita (disambiguation)
Alita (disambiguation)
Elita (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleta |
Real Betis Baloncesto S.A.D., simply known as Real Betis, is a professional basketball team based in Seville, Spain. The team plays in the Liga ACB. It plays its home games at San Pablo.
History
Club Deportivo de Baloncesto Sevilla was founded in 1987 when the team bought the seat of Dribling de Madrid in the second division, in that time called Primera División B. In 1989, the team promoted to Liga ACB for the first time ever.
In 1996 and 1999 the club finished the league as runner-up being defeated both times in the finals 0–3 by FC Barcelona.
In 2011, Sevilla lost the 2010–11 Eurocup final, played in Treviso, Italy, against Unics Kazan.
On 21 July 2016, Baloncesto Sevilla and Real Betis agreed a collaboration agreement for helping the football squad to solve the financial problems of the basketball team. The team would be called Real Betis Energía Plus as a result of the agreement and a new sponsor. On 31 December 2016, Real Betis agreed the buy of the 99.99% of the shares of the club and implemented it on 12 January 2017.
In 2017 the club relegated from Liga ACB for the first time in its history, but remained in the league in application of the precautionary measures issued by the judicial demand of the Andalusian club after the change of the requirements to join the ACB during the pre-season. However, the club was relegated again in the next season after a very poor performance with only seven wins in 34 matches, finishing in the last position of the league table.
On 6 September 2018, the club unanimously approved to take the necessary steps to obtain the pertinent authorization from the Spanish royal house to change its name to Real Betis Baloncesto S.A.D. This change was finally approved on 15 December 2018.
During the 2018–19 season, their first ever in LEB Oro, Real Betis beat the record of biggest winning streak with 17, thus meaning they beat all their league opponents consecutively. The club quickly came back to the top tier after winning the championship with four rounds left.
Sponsorship naming
From 1987 to 2014, the club was sponsored by Caja San Fernando, renamed in 2007 as Cajasol and merged in Banca Cívica years later.
Caja San Fernando (1987–2007)
Cajasol (2007–10)
Cajasol Banca Cívica (2010–2011)
Banca Cívica (2011–2012)
Cajasol (2012–2014)
Baloncesto Sevilla (2014–2016)
Real Betis Energía Plus (2016–2019)
Coosur Real Betis (2019–2022)
Logos
Players
Retired numbers
Current roster
Depth chart
Head coaches
José Alberto Pesquera 1990–1995, 1998
Aleksandar Petrović 1995–1997
Salva Maldonado 1997–1998
Javier Imbroda 1998–2001
Javier Fijo 2001, 2005
Marco Crespi 2001–2002
Gustavo Aranzana 2002–2004
Velimir Perasović 2004–2005
Óscar Quintana 2005
Manel Comas 2005–2007, 2008
Moncho López 2007
Rubén Magnano 2007–2008
Ángel Jareño 2008
Pedro Martínez 2008–2009
Joan Plaza 2009–2012
Aíto García Reneses 2012–2014
Scott Roth 2014–2015
Luis Casimiro 2015–2016
Žan Tabak 2016–2017
Alejandro Martínez 2017
Óscar Quintana 2017–2018
Javier Carrasco 2018
Curro Segura 2018–2020
Joan Plaza 2020–present
Season by season
Records and awards
Records
29 seasons in ACB
3 seasons in the second tier:
2 in Primera División B
1 in LEB Oro
Trophies
LEB Oro: (1)
2018–19
Copa Princesa de Asturias: (1)
2019
Andalusia Cup: (5)
1998, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2009
Individual awards
ACB Most Valuable Player
Michael Anderson – 1996
ACB Three Point Shootout Champion
Raúl Pérez – 2003
ACB Slam Dunk Champion
Tomáš Satoranský – 2010
EuroCup Rising Star Award
Kristaps Porziņģis – 2015
All-EuroCup First Team
Tariq Kirksay – 2011
All-EuroCup Second Team
Paul Davis – 2011
Notable players
References
External links
Official website
CB Sevilla at FEB.es
Basketball teams in Andalusia
Liga ACB teams
Former LEB Oro teams
Basketball teams established in 1987
1987 establishments in Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20Betis%20Baloncesto |
"Today" is a song by British singer-songwriter Melanie Brown, released as the lead and only single of her second studio album, L.A. State of Mind (2005). The song was solely written by Brown and produced by Kevin Malpass. Released on 13 June 2005 in the United Kingdom, it entered and peaked at number 41 on the UK Singles Chart, charting for only two week. The music video was directed by Mark McConnell and filmed in Los Angeles, California. To promote the single, Brown performed the song on GMTV.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Today" – 3:16
"Bad, Bad Girl" – 3:25
UK CD2
"Today" – 3:16
"Music of the Night (Perdido)" – 3:48
"Today"
Charts
References
2005 singles
2005 songs
Mel B songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%20%28Mel%20B%20song%29 |
The Fortingall Yew is an ancient European yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire, Scotland. Considered one of the oldest trees in Britain, modern estimates place its age at an average of 5,000 years.
Age
Some estimates put the tree's age at between 2,000 and 3,000 years; it may also be a remnant of a post-Roman Christian site and around 1,500 years old. Others have suggested an age as great as 5,000 to 9,000 years. Forestry and Land Scotland consider it to be 5,000 years old. This makes it one of the oldest known trees in Europe. (The root system of the Norway spruce Old Tjikko in Sweden is at least 9,500 years old.) The Fortingall Yew is possibly the oldest tree in Britain.
The tree
The tree's once massive trunk ( in girth when it was first recorded in writing, in 1769) with a former head of unknown original height, is split into several separate stems, giving the impression of several smaller trees, with loss of the heartwood rings that would establish its true age. This is a result of the natural decay of the ancient heartwood, which reduced the centre of the trunk down to ground level by 1770. Other than this, the tree is still in good health, and may last for many more centuries. By 1833 it was noted that "large arms had been removed and even masses of the trunk, carried off, to make drinking-cups and other curiosities." It is protected by a low wall, erected in 1785 to preserve it, but can still be easily viewed.
Clippings from the tree have been taken to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, to form part of a mile-long hedge. The purpose of this "Yew Conservation Hedge Project" is to maintain the DNA of Taxus baccata from ancient specimens in the UK as, worldwide, the trees are threatened by felling and disease.
In 2019 concern was expressed by the Tree Warden for Fortingall and the coordinator of the Tayside Biodiversity Community Partnership that tourist activity on and around the tree posed a threat to its survival.
History
The area immediately surrounding Fortingall has a variety of prehistoric archaeological sites including Càrn na Marbh, a Bronze Age tumulus. Place-name and archaeological evidence hint at an Iron Age cult centre at Fortingall, which may have had this tree as its focus. The site was Christianised during the Early Middle Ages, with the yew already full grown, perhaps because it was already a sacred place. A recollection of 1804 noted that "the boys of the village" had damaged the yew "kindling their fire of Bealltuinn at its root."
Rev. James MacGregor, author of the Book of the Dean of Lismore, was a minister in the church during the 16th century.
Sex of the tree
The yew is male; however, in 2015, scientists from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh reported that one small branch on the outer part of the crown had changed sex and begun to bear a small group of berries, an occurrence occasionally noted in some dioecious plant species, including yews. This is possibly as a result of environmental stress. The seeds have been preserved for study and will be used to help maintain genetic diversity in yews.
Legend
According to local legend, Pontius Pilate was born in its shade and played there as a child. Dr Paul S Philippou, honorary research fellow in history at the University of Dundee, has suggested the legend is historically inaccurate and is an embellished myth.
See also
List of individual trees
List of oldest trees
List of Great British Trees
Notes
References
Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins.
Lindsay, John (1884) "On yews—with special reference to the Fortingall Yew". Transactions of the Edinburgh Field Naturalists' and Microscopical Club. 85.
External links
Video tour of the Fortingall Yew
Forestry and Land Scotland page
BBC news "Mapping nature's ancient monuments"
Ancient Yews
Individual yew trees
Tourist attractions in Perth and Kinross
Individual trees in Scotland
Oldest trees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortingall%20Yew |
Rialto, is a commercial television channel in New Zealand. It began broadcasting in November 2002 on SKY Network Television.
The channel screens films, documentaries and general entertainment programming. The channel has at times sponsored the New Zealand Film Awards.
References
New Zealand's Film Commission Press release Jan. 26 2006. Retrieved Feb. 19 2006.
Rialto Channel (2004) Retrieved Feb. 19, 2006
SKY Network Television Limited (2005). Retrieved Feb. 19, 2006
External links
Rialto Channel
Television stations in New Zealand
English-language television stations in New Zealand
Television channels in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto%20Channel |
is a Japanese singer and former member of the J-pop group NEWS, as part of Johnny's Entertainment, Inc., which he joined in February 2001.
Biography
As a Johnny's Jr., Kusano had also been in other Jr. subgroups including J2000, J-support, and K.K.Kity, before he was selected as one of the nine members to debut as NEWS in 2003 along with Tomohisa Yamashita, Takahisa Masuda, Shigeaki Kato, Yuya Tegoshi, Ryo Nishikido, Keiichiro Koyama, Hiroki Uchi and Takahiro Moriuchi.
After recent news that Uchi and Kusano would be performing in "Shounentai Playzone 2007" (少年隊 PLAYZONE 2007) with other Juniors from Johnny's Entertainment, it was shortly thereafter conformed during the press conference for the recently announced Fuji TV drama "Isshun no Kaze ni Nare" (一瞬の風になれ), that Hiroki Uchi, along with Hironori Kusano, had officially graduated from their "trainee" status within Johnny's Entertainment.
Dramas
Gekidan Engimono (劇団演技者) (2005), Ep. 13 Ie ga Tooi (家が遠い) – (A short 4-part series which also starred fellow group members Takahisa Masuda, Yuya Tegoshi, and Shigeaki Kato)
Radio shows
News Kick and Spin Muzik as DJ, (was broadcast Thursdays @ 21:25~21.45)
Television
The Shonen Club
Ya-Ya-yah
Hadaka no Shonen
Stage plays
Playzone 2007 Change2Chance
References
External links
Official blog
1988 births
Living people
Musicians from Yokohama
Japanese male pop singers
Japanese idols
News (band) members
Johnny & Associates
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hironori%20Kusano |
Gonia (Greek: Γωνιά) is a village in the Rethymno regional unit in Crete, Greece, lying at an altitude of ca 222 m amsl, about 10 km southwest of the town of Rethymno. Gonia was the seat of the former municipality Nikiforos Fokas.
References
Populated places in Rethymno (regional unit)
Rethymno (municipality) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonia |
M'saken ( Msākan; also spelled Masakin, Msaken) is a town in north-eastern Tunisia, close to Sousse.
Etymology
The origin of the word comes from "Msaken" masken (plural masken) meaning "habitat", "house" or "dwelling".
This refers to "Houses of honorable people" (Masken el achraf)
Administration
The town is the administrative center of a "delegation" (district) of the same name, which at the 2014 Census had a population of 97,225.
Municipality
M'saken municipality was found in 19 February 1921.
The actual municipal council was elected in the Local elections of Tunisia on 9 May 2018.
Its composition by party is as follows:
Villages and towns of Delegation
The following villages and Towns are part of M'saken delegation
Notable people
Habib Chatti, Politician, Diplomat
Karim Krifa, Politician.
Zied Ladhari, Politician.
Zoubeir Baya, Football player
Saïf Ghezal, Football player.
Ridha Layouni: President of Association of National Olympic Academies of Africa (AANOA) and Former Tunisian National Olympic Committee.
Brahim Babaï, Producer.
Jalila Hafsia, Journalist, Writer.
Chedly Anouar, Musician.
Mohamed Bellalouna, Politician.
Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel (1985-2016), perpetrator of the 2016 Nice truck attack.
Traditional doors
Traditional houses of M'saken have typical traditional doors which are also found in the neighbour villages and towns (Zaouiet Sousse, Ouerdanine, Beni Kalthoum, :fr:Borjine, Moureddine ...).
The door can be double or with single leaf, and has always a small leaf inside called khoukha (literally =pear).
.
.
.
History
According to local tradition, M'saken was founded by a group of descendants of Husayn Ibn Ali, grandson of the prophet Muhammad. They had come to North Africa escaping from the Abbasid rulers of Baghdad, who had been engaged in a cruel fight against Sharifians (descendants of Husayn and his brother Hassan) the sons of Ali.
They founded a Sharifian Emirate in near present-day Tiaret in west-central Algeria. After three generations, following the fall of this Emirate, some of their descendants lived in eastern Morocco near Oujda for some time, before moving to Kairouan in Tunisia. After some decades, they founded the town of M'saken at the time of the Hafsid dynasty which was based in Tunis.
Their town was originally called 'Kousour al Ashraf' (which means "Sharif's houses"), then 'Masakin al Ashraf' (which has the same meaning), and finally Masakin - or 'Msaken' as it is pronounced and spelled in North Africa. The town centre was built around the Jamma al Awsat (which means the central mosque) and was composed of five ksars (great houses).
Ksours of Msaken
The population which founded Msaken is composed of 5 groups (Ksour) having each a common paternal ancestor:
Ksar El Nejejra
Ksar El Menaama
Ksar El Jabliyine
Ksar El Qebliyine
Ksar El Jedidiyine
Historic monuments
The Awsat Mosque of M'saken is among the oldest known monuments of M'saken city. It was founded around the year 1360.
Soufism
M'saken is known to be a religious city. It included the Madrasa of Sidi Ali ben Khalifa and over the centuries has been home to a number of Sufi figures:
Sheikh Mohamed Gazzah
Sheikh Ladharai
Sidi Omar Shatti
Sidi Ali Ben Khalifa
Statistics
Population: 125,694 inhabitants (Whole delegation 2018 census)
Altitude: 112 m
Number of hospitals: (private and public) 3
Traditional dresses
Traditional dresses of M'saken as typical of North Africa and more specifically of the Tunisian Sahel region.
The Melya, traditional dress of women in North Africa, was used in M'saken but today it is no longer used.
In Tunisia, each village or region uses a specific color for its women Houli (Melya).
According to old people it had the color gold for M'saken women.
Dialect
M'saken people speak the Msakni dialect, which is a branch of the Sahli dialect, specific to the Sahel, Tunisia region, and which is a Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialect
and a citadin pre hilalian language
The most characteristic word being the pronoun of the first person singular pronounced 'eni' in the Sahel instead of 'ena': In M'saken it is said 'yeni' by replacing the vowel 'e' by 'y'
M'saken dialect is also recognisable by the strong vowel 'i' at the end of many words (nouns and verbs ) which are pronounced at the end with a soft 'i' in the rest of the Sahel and as 'e' or 'a' in the rest of Tunisia and North Africa.
Examples:
He went: Mshi (M'saken), Mshei (rest of Sahel), Mshe (Tunis), Msha (Central and west Algeria)
He ate : Kli (M'saken), Klei (rest ofSahel), Kle(Tunis), Kla (Central and west Algeria)
Water: Mi (M'saken), Mei (rest of Sahel), Me(Tunis), Ma (Central and West Algeria)
Here: Hni (M'saken), Hnei(Rest of Sahel), Hne or Houni(Tunis), Hna (Central and West Algeria)
Migrations
M'saken has a large population living in foreign countries, mainly in France and more particularly in the Côte d'Azur region, in Nice and neighbouring areas. According to some sources, 40% of the population of M'saken lives outside Tunisia. The town's population increases very significantly in July and August every year following the return of migrants to their hometown for the holidays.
Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies M'saken climate as hot semi-arid (BSh) bordering with hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa).
It is considered to be a local steppe climate.
There is little rainfall throughout the year.
The average annual temperature is 18.3 °C in M'Saken.
In a year, the average rainfall is 347 mm.
Sports
M'saken has many sport teams:
Football / Handball : Croissant Sportif de M'saken founded in 1945.
Rugby : Avenir sportif de M'saken founded in 1991.
See also
List of cities in Tunisia
References
population
Twin cities
weather
Statistics
Msaken Tree
External links
Commune de M'saken
M'saken Climate
Msakenian language (fr)
Msaken DNA group in Facebook
Populated places in Tunisia
Communes of Tunisia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27saken |
is a Japanese actor, voice actor and model. He is part of Stardust Promotion and has appeared several times in music videos, movies, TV series, and magazines. His major breakthrough role was as Ryoma Echizen in the live-action film adaptation of The Prince of Tennis and became even more widely known when he was cast as Shin in Nana 2. In television, his most notable role was as Hinata in Himitsu no Hanazono and he starred in Seigi no Mikata. For the live-action feature film adaptation of Attack on Titan, he portrayed Armin Arlert. He has also been involved in anime voice acting as the lead character Ryōta Sakamoto in Btooom!.
He is occasionally incorrectly credited as Sōta Hongō.
Early life
Hongō was born in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture. When he was in kindergarten, he became active as a child model for Sendai SOS Model Agency (now Morado Company).
He attended Nihon University College of Art, where he studied photography and graduated in 2013. In 2020, he was selected for the 14th Nihon University Awards and appointed as Nihon University Ambassador.
Career
2003–2006: Beginnings as a child actor
Hongō has appeared in several movies, including Moon Child, which also starred Gackt, Hyde, and Leehom Wang. Hongō played the role of Sho as a child, while the adult role was played by Gackt. He appeared in the movie Daiteiden no Yoru ni, released in November 2003.
Hongō starred in the 2005 film Hinokio, which was his first major role. He also appeared in two music videos in 2005, portraying the young boy in the singer YUI's music video for her song "Tomorrow's Way" and in "Zutto Yomikake no Natsu" by Keiichi Tomita featuring the pop duo CHEMISTRY.
In 2006, Hongō was cast as the popular anime character Ryoma Echizen in the live-action adaptation film of The Prince of Tennis. He joined the majority of the Seigaku Regulars of the Prince of Tennis musicals as he was replacing Kotaro Yanagi, who could not play the role due to a car accident he was involved in. Hongō also portrayed the young bassist Shinichi Okazaki in the movie Nana 2, which was released in Japan on December 9, 2006. He had replaced Kenichi Matsuyama, who had previously played Shin in the first Nana film. He also appeared in three episodes of the 2006 TBS series Memories of Matsuko.
2007–2013: Rising popularity
His next feature film was alongside Michael Pitt and Keira Knightley in Silk which was screened at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. This marked Hongō's first appearance in an English language film, where he played a Japanese servant boy. He also starred in another music video, B'zs "Eien no Tsubasa" along with Tsubasa Honda and in GReeeeN's music video of "Namida Sora". In television, Hongō's first major role was as major supporting character Hinata in Himitsu no Hanazono, followed by another major supporting character role in the drama Seito Shokun! as a rebellious student, Kohei Aoki. Later, he appeared as a guest in two other shows, namely Detective School Q and Iryu: Team Medical Dragon 2.
In 2008, he starred as Riku Okamoto in Seigi no Mikata, broadcast by NTV. He said Okamoto was probably his most normal role to date. He was then featured in the music video for The Gospellers' "Sky High", which was the opening to the second season of anime Nodame Cantabile. Moreover, he starred in three films in late 2008, including Aoi Tori, K-20: Legend of the Mask, and Goth. The latter two were released in Japan on the same day, December 20. Goth is based on a Japanese novel of the same name, written by Otsuichi.
In 2011, he portrayed the role of Jōichiro Nishi in Gantz and reprised his role in its sequel film Gantz: Perfect Answer, as well as its sequel series Gantz: Another Gantz. He also appeared in the drama special Saigo no Bansan: Keiji Tono Kazuyuki to Shichinin no Yougisha, playing the character of a suspect among others. Moreover, he was a guest in one episode of Shibuya Deep A, a series broadcast by NHK. He also made his stage debut in June 2011, performing in the Dotto! 25th anniversary play, Kinema no Kami-sama.
In January 2012, Shirato Osamu no Jikenbo was aired at TBS, where Hongō played the role of Kurosaki Hitoshi opposite Yudai Chiba. He also starred in Mirai Nikki Another: World, a drama adaptation of the Japanese series of the same name. In October of the same year, he debuted as a voice actor in the anime Btooom! as the lead character Ryōta Sakamoto. Hongō also starred in the NHK FM Theater radio drama Mayu, which also marked his radio debut. He also performed onstage in the rōdoku geki entitled Fuki no Hatsukoi, Ebina SA in September 2012. In October 2012, he appeared in the third short movie of the web drama Heather LOVE Short Movies entitled Umi Made Nan-kiro, marking his debut in the said platform.
In 2013, Hongō starred in Real Onigokko: The Origin as one of the lead characters, Tsubasa Sato, and in the UULA original web drama Yubikoi: Kimi ni Okuru Message alongside Korean actor Seungri and Japanese actress Miori Takimoto. He also appeared as a guest character in the series Minna! ESPer Dayo! and in the drama special So Long!, which was broadcast by NTV. Hongō also appeared in the WOWOW series KAZEOKE in August 2013 and performed in the radio drama Inanagi in February of the same year.
2014–2018: Transition in roles and success in Japan
Hongō starred in the 2014 drama Nazo no Tenkōsei as the titular character, who came from a parallel world, and he also appeared in the baseball drama Yowakutemo Katemasu as part of its recurring cast. In March 2014, he appeared in a guest role in the drama adaptation of Koibumi Biyori. He played the lead role in the film Tokyo Slaves, which was based on the Japanese novel series Doreiku written by Shinichi Okada. Hongō also voiced Julian Ayers Mackenzie in the science fiction anime Gundam Build Fighters. He starred in the stage adaptation of the series Danganronpa entitled Danganronpa: Kibō no Gakuen to Zetsubō no Kōkōsei THE STAGE. He portrayed the lead character Makoto Naegi throughout its theatrical run from October to November 2014.
In 2015, Hongō portrayed the mahjong prodigy Shigeru Akagi in Akagi, a drama based on the manga of the same name. He also starred in the NHK miniseries Chanpon Tabetaka, the sequel to the 2013 series Castella. By 2014, Hongō was revealed to portray Armin in the 2015 live-action adaptation of the hit series Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama, which was aired in August 2015. He then reprised his role in the film's second part, Attack on Titan: End of the World, which was released in September 2015. He also made a cameo appearance in the film Strayer's Chronicle, which was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, and he starred in the film Cinema Angel opposite Reiko Fujiwara and Mickey Curtis.
Hongō starred in the 2016 drama-comedy film Yamikin Ushijima-kun Part 3 alongside Takayuki Yamada and Gou Ayano. He also starred in the WOWOW series Kakko no Tamago wa Dare no Mono, and reprised his character as Makoto Naegi in Danganronpa: Kibō no Gakuen to Zetsubō no Kōkōsei THE STAGE 2016, which ran from June to July 2016.
In 2017, Hongō played the role of young Jun Sekiya in Hyouka: Forbidden Secrets starring Kento Yamazaki and Alice Hirose, an adaptation of the Japanese mystery novel Hyouka. In December 2017, he portrayed the antagonist Envy in Fullmetal Alchemist, a live-action adaptation of the shōnen series of the same name. He starred in the series Rabuho no Ueno-san based on the seinen manga of the same name, portraying the titular character Ueno, and he later reprised this role for its second season. He also played the lead character in the four-episode late night drama Kaiju Club. Hongō also reprised the role of Shigeru Akagi in Akagi: Ryūzaki·Yagi-hen/Ichikawa-hen, the second part of its eponymous 2015 series. He appeared in the music video in Nano's 5th anniversary album The Crossing, which was released on May 31, 2017. He voiced Sorrel in the Pokémon film Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! and voiced Naoyuki Andō in the anime Inuyashiki, whom he also portrayed in the 2018 live-action adaptation of the same name.
Hongō starred in the 2018 Yomiuri TV–NTV drama Repeat opposite Shihori Kanjiya and Gori. In May 2018, he reprised the character of Shigeru Akagi in the concluding season of its 2015 series entitled Akagi: Washizu Mājan Kanketsu-hen. He also starred in the LINE NEWS original web drama Mirai-san as the brother of the titular character.
2019–present: Career resurgence and continued success in roles
In 2019, Hongō starred in the mystery film Rin alongside Hayato Sano. He also portrayed Seikyou in the live-action adaptation Kingdom based on the 2006 manga of the same name, and played the role of contract killer Kid in the film Diner directed by Mika Ninagawa. He portrayed the character of Isami Kondō in the MBS drama Aozakura: Bōei Daigakukou Monogatari, which was based on the manga of the same name. He also starred in the stage play MONSTER MATES, which ran from February to March 2019, and performed in the Reading·Stage Yubi to Bara on June 15, 2019.
He starred in the 2020 time travel-themed film Sengoku Girl to Kendo Boy opposite Kie Kitano. He also portrayed Makoto Karaki, the protagonist of the adventure game Death Come True written and directed by Kazutaka Kodaka.
Personal life
Hongō is known to be an avid fan of Gundam and Gunpla. In February 2020, during the Gunpla 40th Anniversary Project Presentation, he was invited as a talk show guest, where he stated that he has collected at least a hundred Gunpla kits and that Gunpla is quite useful for communication that "can allow us to connect with older generations".
In November 2020, on his 30th birthday, Hongō launched his own YouTube channel entitled . He has said that he became interested in YouTube through Tokai On Air, whom he is a fan and friend of, and has since appeared in several videos together.
Filmography
Film
Television
Web series
Theatre
Radio
Music videos
Video games
Books/magazines
Boy Actor vol.1 (September 2005 and PIA)
"Nana2" Novelization (2006 and Shueisha Cobalt)
Real G vol.1 (January 2007 and SDP)
Real G vol.2 (May 2007 and SDP)
Junon Magazine (June 2014)
Others
Concert Costarring "Gackt Live Tour 2003 The Month Of The Upper Chord"
The Radio Play "At Night Of A Big Blackout" – Shota Tazawa
References
External links
Official website
Stardust Promotion profile
1990 births
21st-century Japanese male actors
Japanese male film actors
Japanese male models
Japanese male stage actors
Japanese male television actors
Japanese male voice actors
Living people
People from Sendai
Stardust Promotion artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanata%20Hong%C5%8D |
Thiotepa (INN), sold under the brand name Tepadina, is a medication used to treat cancer.
Thiotepa is an organophosphorus compound with the formula (C2H4N)3PS. It is an analog of N,,N-triethylenephosphoramide (TEPA), which contains tetrahedral phosphorus and is structurally akin to phosphate. It is manufactured by heating aziridine with thiophosphoryl chloride.
Medical uses
Thiotepa is indicated for use in combination with other chemotherapy agents to treat cancer. This can be with or without total body irradiation (TBI), as a conditioning treatment prior to allogeneic or autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation (HPCT) in hematological diseases in adults and children. These diseases include Hodgkin's disease and leukaemia. Thiotepa is also used with high-dose chemotherapy with HPCT support to treat certain solid tumors in adult and children.
Thiotepa is used in the palliation of many neoplastic diseases. The best results are found in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the breast, adenocarcinoma of the ovary, papillary thyroid cancer and bladder cancer. Thiotepa is used to control intracavitary effusions caused by serosal neoplastic deposits.
Intravesical use
Thiotepa is used as intravesical chemotherapy in bladder cancer.
It may be used prophylactically to prevent seeding of tumor cells at cystoscopic biopsy; as an adjunctive agent at the time of biopsy; or as a therapeutic agent to prevent recurrence after cystoscopic resection of bladder tumor (transurethral resection of bladder tumor, TURBT). Efficacy in tumor control may reach 55%. The main toxicity of this therapy is bone marrow suppression due to systemic absorption of the drug.
Side effects
The main side effect of thiotepa is bone marrow suppression resulting in leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia. Liver and lung toxicity may also occur.
History
Thiotepa was developed by the American Cyanamid company in the early 1950s and reported to media outlets in 1953. In 1959, thiotepa was registered with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a drug therapy for several solid cancers.
On January 29, 2007, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) designated thiotepa as an orphan drug. On April 2, 2007, the United States FDA designated thiotepa as a conditioning treatment for use prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
References
Alkylating antineoplastic agents
Aziridines
Cancer treatments
IARC Group 1 carcinogens
Organophosphoric amides
Orphan drugs
Thiophosphoryl compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiotepa |
Vântoase are creatures present in Romanian folklore, as a sort of female spirits (iele). Popular beliefs describe them as capable of causing dust storms and powerful winds, similar to harpies. They live in forests, in the air, in deep lakes, and use a special wagon for traveling. The Vântoase are also believed to be capable of attacking children, and the only protection against them is the mysterious "grass of the winds".
References
Romanian legendary creatures
Female legendary creatures
Deities and spirits
Harpies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2ntoase |
Kookaburra is an Australian sounding rocket consisting of a Lupus-rocket as first stage and a Musca rocket as second stage. The Kookaburra was launched 33 times, from Woomera, South Australia, and from Gan, which is an island located in Addu Atoll, the southernmost atoll of the Maldives and also from Kelaa Island, again another island located up in the north of Maldives.
Technical data
Apogee: 75 km
Total Mass: 100 kg
Core Diameter: 0.12 m
Total Length: 3.40 m
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20081015145230/http://astronautix.com/lvs/kooburra.htm
Sounding rockets of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kookaburra%20%28rocket%29 |
The Hospital of the Holy Ghost, Aalborg (), the buildings of which, although now without any religious function, are still known as Aalborg Kloster (lit. Aalborg Monastery), is a former establishment of the Order of the Holy Ghost in Aalborg, Denmark. It was the hospital of Aalborg from 1431 to 1953 and is one of Denmark's best preserved medieval establishments. These are the oldest buildings in north Jutland, and the former hospital is also the oldest social institution in Denmark.
History
Foundation
The hospital was founded in 1431 by the wealthy Lady Maren Hemmingsdatter with the gift of a large house, adjoining land and an endowment as a "House of the Holy Ghost" (), common in Denmark at that period, a charitable institution of a religious nature for the care of the sick, old and poor. In 1434 the house burnt down and the present buildings were built to replace it.
Order of the Holy Ghost
On 20 August 1451 it formally became a part of the Order of the Holy Ghost, a hospitaller order which had originated in Montpellier, France, with the aim of caring for the sick, the old and orphans. The Aalborg hospital specialised in the care of lepers. It was a double house, with provision for both male and female religious. It gained high status within the order, the prior in Aalborg being the grand master's deputy in Scandinavia.
The monastic complex when completed in 1500 consisted of four ranges round a quadrangular garden with the magnificent church on the south side, and separate wings for the male and female religious. It was constructed in late Brick Gothic style.
The work of the hospital was paid for with income-producing farms, mills and fishing rights scattered throughout northern Jutland. It even owned its own brick works. The hospital was also authorized to send out "gatherers" who solicited donations of food, cloth, money or goods for the benefit of the sick poor.
Dissolution and after
During the Reformation in 1536, the Hospital of the Holy Ghost was dissolved. Its important function as a city hospital was still needed, however, and the city just secularized it: most of the religious simply gave up their religious status and continued doing the same work for the poor. Also, the Order of the Holy Ghost made extensive use of lay people in its hospitals, whose status was unaffected. The hospital continued to operate here until 1953.
The church was another matter. After the Reformation, Aalborg had three large churches without religious organisations to provide for their upkeep, and the townspeople did not want the cost of their maintenance. It was therefore decided to demolish the hospital church and the Vor Frue Church, leaving St. Budolfi Church as the city church. (The tower of the hospital church remained standing until 1880).
For 300 years the grammar school of Aalborg was also located in the buildings.
During the Second World War, Denmark's first resistance group, the Churchill Club, was established here.
Present day
Today the buildings contain a retirement home with independent apartments for the elderly, as well as meeting and exhibition rooms. There is also a chapel where services are held by clergy from the Budolfi Church, now the cathedral of Aalborg. The present Aalborg Kloster is directed in its social care functions by a board consisting of the Bishop of Aalborg, a representative of the North Jutland Region, the mayor of Aalborg, the Chief of Police and two other church representatives.
Sources and external links
Aalborg Kloster website
VisitAalborg.com: tourist presentation
Listed buildings and structures in Aalborg Municipality
Hospitals in Denmark
Christian monasteries in Denmark
1431 establishments in Europe
Hospitals established in the 15th century
1953 disestablishments in Denmark
History of Aalborg
Tourist attractions in Aalborg
Defunct hospitals in Denmark
15th-century establishments in Denmark
Former Catholic hospitals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital%20of%20the%20Holy%20Ghost%2C%20Aalborg |
Pietro Piller Cottrer (born 20 December 1974) is an Italian former cross-country skier who won gold medal in the 4 ×10 km relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. He was born at Sappada in the province of Udine.
Career
Piller Cottrer's first relevant success in the cross-country skiing world cup came in 1997, when he won the 50 km race at the Holmenkollen Ski Festival. In the same year he won the bronze medal with the Italian relay at the 1997 World Championships in Trondheim. Thanks to Piller Cottrer's presence, the Italian relay confirmed as one of the best in the world winning silver medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics and, better, to gold medal in the home Olympics of Turin. He also won an Olympic bronze medal in the 15 + 15 km pursuit.
His successes include a World Championship gold medal in the 15 km freestyle pursuit at the 2005 World Championships, and a total of seven victories in the World Cup. The latest in Vancouver 2009.
Piller Cottrer won a bronze medal in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit at the 2007 World Championships in Sapporo.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver Piller Cottrer skied a 34:00.9 in the 15 km freestyle event and won the silver medal. In February 2013, Piller Cottrer announced his retirement.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
4 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze)
World Championships
3 medals – (1 gold, 2 bronze)
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
6 victories – (5 , 1 )
21 podiums – (20 , 1 )
Team podiums
4 victories – (4 )
20 podiums – (19 , 1 )
Note: Until the 1999 World Championships, World Championship races were included in the World Cup scoring system.
References
External links
Holmenkollen winners since 1892 - click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file
Piller Cottrer retires
1974 births
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
Italian male cross-country skiers
Living people
Olympic cross-country skiers for Italy
Olympic gold medalists for Italy
Olympic silver medalists for Italy
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Sportspeople from the Province of Belluno
Skiers from Veneto
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
Tour de Ski skiers
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers of Centro Sportivo Carabinieri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro%20Piller%20Cottrer |
Baloncesto Fuenlabrada, S.A.D., known as Carplus Fuenlabrada because of sponsorship reasons, or just as Fuenlabrada, is a professional basketball team based in Fuenlabrada, Spain. The team plays in the Liga ACB and plays their home games at Fernando Martín.
History
Founded in 1983, Fuenlabrada started to compete at a local level. The club joined national competitions two years later and worked its way up, reaching the first regional division in the late 1980s. By 1991, it already became Baloncesto Fuenlabrada and a year later, it merged with CB Torrejón de Ardoz to compete in the Spanish second division.
Fuenlabrada acquired Club Peñas Recreativas de Huesca's rights to earn the right to compete in the Spanish first division in the 1996–97 season. The club went down to the second division, but inked scoring machine Velimir Perasović and returned to the elite level a year later. With Perasović, Carlos Cazorla, Ferran Lopez and Salvador Guardia as its main pillars, the addition of Nate Huffman allowed Fuenlabrada to make it to the Spanish League playoffs in 1999 and their debut in the Korać Cup. Perasović kept filling the baskets for several seasons, leading Fuenlabrada to two more playoffs appearances in 2001 and 2002, helped by David Wood, Chuck Kornegay and a young José Manuel Calderón and coached by Óscar Quintana.
Fuenlabrada made its ULEB Cup debut in the 2002–03 season, in which Herrmann was chosen as the Spanish League MVP. The club returned to the Spanish second division in 2004 but came back, for good, a year later. Players like Saúl Blanco, Jorge García, Kristaps Valters and Brad Oleson kept Fuenlabrada in the first division for years without much trouble. The club returned to the Spanish League playoffs in the 2010–11 season with Salva Maldonado as head coach and a young Gustavo Ayón as its star center.
One year later, the club would be eliminated in the quarterfinals of the EuroChallenge by Triumph Lyubertsy. Despite this European achievement, Fuenlabrada would continue fighting to avoid relegation, finally being relegated to LEB Oro in 2015. However, the club continued in Liga ACB as Ford Burgos and Club Ourense Baloncesto would not fulfill the requirements for promoting.
Fuenlabrada took advantage and led by Marko Popović, Jonathan Tabu and Ivan Paunić, Fuenlabrada made it to the Spanish League playoffs, earning the right to return to the EuroCup 13 years later. In the 2016-2017 season, Fuenlabrada played well and qualified to the EuroCup Top16. However, they only finished 12th in the ACB. After a 9th-place finish in the 2017-2018 ACB season, Fuenlabrada earned the right to compete in the FIBA Basketball Champions League. Fuenlabrada won the first 3 games, before suffering a complete fiasco and finishing the tournament with 11 consecutive losses.
Sponsorship naming
Baloncesto Fuenlabrada has had several denominations through the years due to its sponsorship:
Team logos
Home arenas
San Esteban Public High School Court (1983–88).
Miguel Hernández Public High School Gymnasium (1988–91).
Pabellón Fernando Martín (1991–present).
Players
Retired numbers
Source:
Other notable players
Kyle Alexander
Anthony Brown
Maurice Kemp
James Feldeine
Mareks Mejeris
Rolands Šmits
Siim-Sander Vene
Egidijus Mockevičius
Current roster
Depth chart
Head coaches
Managers since 1993:
Óscar Quintana 1993–1995, 1997–2004
Martín Fariñas 1995–1996
Andreu Casadevall 1996–1997
Luis Casimiro 2004–2008, 2014–2015
Luis Guil 2008–2009
Chus Mateo 2009, 2013-14
Salva Maldonado 2009–2011
Porfirio Fisac 2011–2012
Trifón Poch 2012–2013
Hugo López 2015
Jesús Sala 2015
Žan Tabak 2015
Jota Cuspinera 2015–2017, 2019–2020
Che García 2017–2018, 2018–2019
Agustí Julbe 2018
Paco García 2020
Javier Juárez 2020–present
Season by season
Team records and awards
Records
20 seasons in ACB
2 seasons in LEB
2 seasons in EBA
2 seasons in Primera División B
Trophies
LEB Oro: (1)
2005
Copa Príncipe de Asturias: (2)
1998, 2005
Torneo Comunidad de Madrid: (1)
1998
Individual awards
ACB Most Valuable Player
Wálter Herrmann – 2003
EuroCup Basketball Rising Star
Rolands Šmits – 2017
ACB Rising Star
Brad Oleson – 2009
Gustavo Ayón – 2011
All-ACB Second Team
Marko Popović – 2016
ACB Three Point Shootout Champion
Sergiy Gladyr – 2012
Baloncesto Fuenlabrada B
Baloncesto Fuenlabrada B, also known as Fundación Baloncesto Fuenlabrada, is the reserve team of Fuenlabrada. Originally created in 1995, it was re-opened in 2013 by achieving a vacant berth in LEB Plata.
In its first season after the re-opening, Fundación Baloncesto Fuenlabrada finished as champion of the 2013–14 LEB Plata and runner-up of the Copa LEB Plata. Despite promoting to LEB Oro, the club decided to continue playing in the same league of the previous season, but in Getafe as a result of a collaboration agreement with the town and CB Getafe, the main club in that city.
Naming
Maná Fuenlabrada 1996–2001
Reybol Fuenlabrada 2001–2002
Maná Fuenlabrada 2002–2003
Fuenlabrada-Getafe 2009–2011
Fuenlabrada-Illescas 2011–2012
Fundación Baloncesto Fuenlabrada 2013–2014
Viten Getafe (see CB Getafe) 2014–2016
Fundación Baloncesto Fuenlabrada 2016–
Season by season
Trophies
LEB Plata: (1)
2014
References
External links
Baloncesto Fuenlabrada Official Website
Liga ACB teams
Basketball teams in the Community of Madrid
Basketball teams established in 1983
Former Liga EBA teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloncesto%20Fuenlabrada |
Disney's Stitch: Experiment 626 is a 2002 action-adventure video game developed by High Voltage Software and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2. The game serves as a prequel to the 2002 Disney film Lilo & Stitch. The game has Chris Sanders, David Ogden Stiers and Kevin Michael Richardson reprise their voice roles from the film. The game was released on June 19, 2002, two days before the theatrical release of the Lilo & Stitch film.
Gameplay
Disney's Stitch: Experiment 626 is a basic platform game, with an environment for exploring, item finding, and fighting enemies. Plasma guns are the standard armaments. With his four arms, Stitch, known during the game's events as Experiment 626, can equip up to four at once, but only two when climbing or holding an object. There are two special weapons: a "Big Gun" that fires guided rockets that do massive damage and a Freeze Ray which coats enemies in ice. The game includes collectibles that the player must equip and find to progress throughout the game. Stitch is under the control of Jumba at the time of the game, and he orders Stitch to find DNA samples, which assist him in performing more experiments. Blue DNA count as one sample, while red DNA count as five samples. Squid bots allow the player to try and garner a "movie reel"; these 105 reels are used to buy various scenes from the film as well as previews. Stitch also can find gadgets to assist him in navigating the environment. Grapple guns are provided to allow Stitch to swing over hazardous substances or to reach difficult spots. A jet pack is also featured which can allow Stitch limited flight time.
The game has many enemies in Stitch's dangerous quest for DNA. These include United Galactic Federation soldiers, frogbots, heavy soldiers, Gantu's elite frogbots, mutant "greemas", and buzzers. Bosses include Dr. Habbitrale in his giant robot, Experiment 621 (after being mutated), and Gantu.
Plot
The game is set before the events of Lilo & Stitch, with 626 being known as a galactic fugitive before he was put on trial.
The game begins with Jumba Jookiba showcasing his latest experiment: 626, who is proven to be superior compared to other experiments such as 621. Jumba assigned 626 to collect enough DNA from the world of the Greemas to create his 700 series of experiments. This caught the attention of the evil Dr. Habbitrale, a rival of Jumba who's been mutating Greemas. Dr. Habbitrale used a gigantic mech to squish 626 before he was sent out through the airlock inside a hamster ball.
Now that the 700 experiments are complete, 626 decides to get more DNA to power teleportation devices and get the United Galactic Federation soldiers out of Jumba's lab. As 626 felt that his quest for collecting DNA is complete, he and Jumba saw 621 putting himself and the DNA in the mutator to prove his superiority. As a result, it enlarged 621 with a deformed body. After 626 defeats 621, Captain Gantu arrives and arrests the three.
Inside the prison, 626 was hired by Jumba to rescue his creator and get inside Captain Gantu's ship. Inside the shaft of the ship, he encountered Gantu and defeated him.
Characters
Stitch (then named Experiment 626) serves as the main protagonist and playable character of the video game.
The game is notable for introducing another experiment: 621, who is jealous over 626 being the superior experiment. The character's name that either Lilo or another character would later give him (Chopsuey) was later revealed in Leroy & Stitch (2006). However, this game remains the character's only physical appearance in the Lilo & Stitch franchise.
Voice cast
Chris Sanders as Experiment 626 / Stitch
David Ogden Stiers as Jumba Jookiba
Kevin Michael Richardson as Captain Gantu
James Arnold Taylor as Dr. Habbitrale
Frank Welker as Experiment 621 and Mutant Greema
Jennifer Hale as Additional Voices
Zoe Caldwell is also credited in the game as a voice talent, but her role as the Grand Councilwoman was not featured in the final game.
Reception
The game was met with mixed reception upon release; GameRankings gave it an aggregated review score of 63.59%, while Metacritic gave it 59 out of 100.
References
External links
2002 video games
Disney video games
High Voltage Software games
Lilo & Stitch (franchise) video games
Platformers
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Single-player video games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
3D platform games
Video game prequels
Video games about genetic engineering
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set on fictional planets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%27s%20Stitch%3A%20Experiment%20626 |
Caroline Georgiana Blakiston (born 13 February 1933) is an English actress. She is best known in her native United Kingdom for her role in the television comedy series Brass, to international audiences as Mon Mothma in the Star Wars film Return of the Jedi, and Aunt Agatha in Poldark.
Early life
Blakiston was born in London, the younger daughter of archivist"the most widely known archivist of his generation in England" and author Hugh Noel Blakiston (1905–1984), and (Rachel) Georgiana (1903–1995), daughter of barrister Harold John Hastings Russell (a descendant of the 6th Duke of Bedford) and Lady Victoria Alberta Leveson-Gower, whose father was the statesman Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville. The Blakiston family originated in County Durham, and were related to the Blakiston baronets.
Blakiston attended RADA.
Career
In the 1960s, Blakiston appeared in three episodes of The Avengers as well a number of ITC productions such as The Saint, Department S and the 1969 Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) episode "Never Trust a Ghost". She appeared to great acclaim as Marjorie Ferrar in the BBC Television adaptation of Galsworthy's The Forsyte Saga in 1967. In 1977 she appeared in Raffles as Lady Paulton, and also in Murder Most English as Helen Carobleat. In 1980/81, she starred in the BBC/Australian TV World War II comedy series Private Schulz as The Countess.
In 1983, Blakiston played the wayward character of Lady Patience Hardacre in the satirical Granada television series Brass, which ran for three series. She portrayed Mon Mothma, the primary political leader of the Rebel Alliance in the 1983 Star Wars film, Return of the Jedi. The 1980s saw Blakiston in a lead role as head of a special unit within British intelligence, opposite Alec McCowen in Mr. Palfrey of Westminster.
In 1986, Blakiston played the villain Bess Sedgwick opposite Joan Hickson's Miss Marple, in the episode "At Bertram's Hotel" of the BBC's Miss Marple series. She also appeared as Lionel Hardcastle's ex-wife in an episode of As Time Goes By. She and Geoffrey Palmer (Lionel) had previously played estranged spouses a decade earlier in Carla Lane's series The Last Song.
From 2015 to 2018, Blakiston played Aunt Agatha in the BBC adaptation Poldark.
Personal life
In 1970, Blakiston married the actor Russell Hunter after they had played together in A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park. They had a son and a daughter together, but later divorced.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1933 births
English television actresses
English film actresses
Living people
Actors from Chelsea, London
Actresses from London
Alumni of RADA
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Blakiston |
Alexander King (1899–1965), born Alexander Rosenfeld in Vienna, was a bestselling humorist, memoirist, and media personality of the early television era, based in the United States. Alexander changed his last name from Rosenfeld to King around the time he married his first wife Nettie.
In his late fifties, after becoming a frequent guest on the Tonight Show hosted by Jack Paar, King emerged as a presence in the realm of national celebrity: Elegant mannerisms and trademark bow tie, who spoke frankly and disarmingly about his bohemian lifestyle, multiple marriages, and years-long struggle with drug addiction. His checkered past led Time magazine to describe him as:
an ex-illustrator, ex-cartoonist, ex-adman, ex-editor, ex-playwright, and ex-dope addict. For a quarter-century, he was an ex-painter, and by his own bizarre account qualifies as an ex-midwife. He is also an ex-husband to three wives and an ex-Viennese of sufficient age (60) to remember muttonchopped Emperor Franz Joseph. When doctors told him a few years ago that he might soon be an ex-patient (two strokes, serious kidney disease, peptic ulcer, high blood pressure), he sat down to tell gay stories of the life of all these earlier Kings.
He was also the author of several books, including May This House Be Safe from Tigers, Mine Enemy Grows Older, (an account of his addiction to morphine, and his recovery), I Should Have Kissed Her More, and Is There Life After Birth. He illustrated and/or translated numerous editions of classics in the early 20th century as well as a book by Peter Altenberg released as Alexander King Presents Peter Altenberg's, Evocations of Love (a collection of sweet memories of the heart from another place and time in history). King's easy conversational recollections of the first part of the 20th century are informative and often funny.
External links
Alexander King A register of his papers in the Library of Congress
May This House Be Safe from Tigers review from Time magazine
Alexander King on the Jack Paar Tonight Show – YouTube
20th-century American memoirists
1899 births
1965 deaths
Austrian emigrants to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20King%20%28author%29 |
Gardnar Putnam "Gar" Mulloy (November 22, 1913 – November 14, 2016) was a U.S. No. 1 tennis player primarily known for playing in doubles matches with partner Billy Talbert. He was born in Washington, D.C., and turned 100 in November 2013. During his career he won five Grand Slam doubles tournaments and was a member of the winning Davis Cup team on three occasions.
Mulloy played collegiate tennis for the Miami Hurricanes at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida.
Tennis career
While he was the tennis coach at the University of Miami, Mulloy recruited Pancho Segura for the tennis team. Segura won three straight NCAA singles titles in 1943, 1944, and 1945. Segura went on to enjoy a successful professional tennis career, competing against the top touring professional players from 1947 until his retirement in 1962.
Mulloy was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame in 1967 as part of its inaugural class of inductees.
Mulloy won the Newport Casino Championships in 1946 defeating Ted Schroeder in the final in four sets.
Mulloy reached the U.S. Championships men's singles final in 1952, losing to second-seeded Frank Sedgman in three straight sets. He reached the U.S. No. 1 ranking the same year and was ranked world No. 6 by Harry Hopman in 1947 and world No. 7 by American Lawn Tennis Magazine in 1949.
The pair of Mulloy and Talbert won the U.S. men's doubles title in 1942, 1945, 1946, and 1948. He also won the Wimbledon doubles with Budge Patty in 1957, at age 43.
Mulloy was a Davis Cup team member in 1946, 1948–1950, 1952–53 and 1957, winning the Cup on three occasions against Australia. His Davis Cup record stands at 11 wins and 3 losses. Mulloy, who served as the commanding officer of USS LST-32 during World War II in the Mediterranean Theater, was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1972.
In 2015 Mulloy was awarded a French Legion of Honor knighthood for his service in the US Navy in relation to operations in Italy and Provence. As such he became the oldest first time recipient of the order ever since it was created by Napoleon.
Mulloy was a 1936 graduate of the University of Miami, and tennis coach at the school. He also was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. He recruited to Miami and played doubles with George Toley, who went on to win 10 NCAA team titles at the University of Southern California. Probably Mulloy's greatest contribution to tennis was advancing the popularity of senior tennis. He played the senior circuit around the world into his nineties, and established the Mulloy Cup for international competition between men tennis players 80 years of age and over. He won over 127 national championships and 25 international titles in 75 years of playing competitive tennis.
As of 2006, Mulloy was still participating in and winning senior matches.
Personal life
In 1938, Mulloy married Madeleine L. Cheney (1917–1993), with whom he had two daughters, Diane Mulloy Mazzone and Janice Mulloy Poindexter. He married his second wife, Jacqueline Mayer, in 2008, when he was 95 years old. Mulloy was a vegetarian and avoided alcohol, coffee, sugary drinks and tea.
Mulloy died in Miami on November 14, 2016, from stroke complications, aged 102, survived by his second wife, his daughters, four grandchildren, and nine great-grandchildren.
Grand Slam finals
Singles (1 runner-up)
Doubles (5 titles, 9 runners-up)
Mixed doubles (2 runner-ups)
Book
Mulloy wrote an autobiography, The Will To Win, that was published in 1960. In 2009, he released an update to his autobiography, titled As It Was, with an introduction by Billie Jean King. According to the book, Mulloy is enshrined in a record nine Halls of Fame.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Mulloy, Gardnar. The Will To Win. An insider view of the world of tennis. New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, Inc., 1960.
Mulloy, Gardnar. Advantage Striker. London: Allan Wingate, 1959.
Mulloy, Gardnar P. As It Was. Flexigroup, 2009. . A print-on-demand paperback book.
Toley, George "The Golden Age of College Tennis" 2009
External links
1913 births
2016 deaths
American centenarians
American male non-fiction writers
American male tennis players
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
Men centenarians
Tennis players from Washington, D.C.
United States National champions (tennis)
University of Miami alumni
Miami Hurricanes men's tennis players
Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardnar%20Mulloy |
Henry Ward ARIBA ( – 9 September 1927) was a British architect who designed many large public buildings in and around Hastings, East Sussex, some of which are listed buildings.
Biography
Henry Ward was born in Peckham, London, the son of tailor Edward John Ward and Susannah Ward. He arrived in Hastings in his late twenties after being articled at architectural practices in London and Paris. Ward briefly worked for and under the guidance of architect Walter Liberty Vernon and during the 50 years he worked in the town he designed buildings from his architectural practice at 8 Bank Buildings.
Designs
One of his first designs was the listed Gothic Revival Hastings Town Hall (1881) in Queens Road, which originally included the Police Court with cells. He also designed Bexhill Town Hall (1898). He was responsible for a number of churches in Hastings and around Sussex including the United Reformed Church in Robertson Street, Hastings, St Johns, Bexhill, St Stephens, Bexhill, and The Chapel in Priory Road. In 1907 he added the Lady Chapel to the Holy Trinity Church, Hastings.
The commercial buildings he designed include the print-works and offices for Observer Building, Hastings, with its unique for the area terracotta-glazed frontage produced by the brick company Ibstock Hathernware. As of December 2019, the building is being brought back into use under the stewardship of Jess Steele. Besides this, he designed a number of stores around South East England for the Plummer Roddis chain of department stores, the Buchanan Hospital women's wing at St Leonards-on-Sea, the listed tiles and bar at the Havelock Public House, the Buccaneer Public House in Eastbourne, as well as changes to the front of the Queen Victoria Hotel in St Leonards-on-Sea.
Legacy
A few days after his death in 1927, the Plummer Roddis department store (now Debenhams) was opened and was regarded as the finest design he had produced and remains as the largest and most imposing building in the Town Centre of Hastings near to his original offices. In his home town and often working with awkward sites, Ward created a range of architectural styles of innovative construction, and in the words of the Obituary published by RIBA: "Many monuments to the ability and artistic skill of the late Mr Ward remain to keep alive the memory of a man who was widely known and respected throughout Hastings and in professional circles throughout the country." He died on 9 September 1927. His architectural practice was continued until at least 1960 by his son Mr Henry D Ward.
List of works
Sedlescombe Congregational Chapel, Sedlescombe (1879 – attributed)
Hastings Town Hall, Queens Road - Police Court & cells (1881)
Robertson Street United Reformed Church, Hastings (1884)
St John's Congregational Church, Bexhill-on-Sea (1897)
St Stephen's Church, Bexhill-on-Sea (1898)
Bexhill Town Hall, Bexhill-on-Sea (1898)
South Street Free Church, Eastbourne (1903)
Redlake Congregational Church, Ore (1903; demolished 1978)
Buchanan Hospital (Elizabeth Mason Wing), St Leonards-on-Sea (1907)
Lady chapel at Holy Trinity Church, Hastings (1907)
Brightling Mission Church, Hollingrove (1909)
F.J. Parsons Printworks (Observer Building), Hastings
Buccaneer public house, Eastbourne
Changes to frontage of Queen Victoria Hotel, St Leonards-on-Sea
Refit of the bar and the tile murals at Havelock public house
Plummer Roddis (Debenhams) department store, Hastings (1927)
Alterations to The Gothic House, Western Road, Brighton for Plummer Roddis ( 1920)
References
External links
Images of buildings designed by Henry Ward
Campaign website to save the Observer Building in Hastings
1854 births
1927 deaths
Date of birth missing
Associates of the Royal Institute of British Architects
19th-century English architects
20th-century English architects
People from Peckham
Architects from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ward%20%28architect%29 |
I Want What I Want by Geoff Brown was first published in 1966 by Great Britain's Weidenfeld & Nicolson. It was made into a film by the same title starring Anne Heywood.
References
1966 British novels
Weidenfeld & Nicolson books
British LGBT novels
Novels with transgender themes
British novels adapted into films
1960s LGBT novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Want%20What%20I%20Want |
Left Luggage is a 1998 Dutch film directed by Jeroen Krabbé.
Plot
While escaping Nazis during World War II, a Jewish man buries in the ground two suitcases full of things dear to his heart. The war deprived him of his family and afterwards he endlessly turns over the soil of Antwerp to find the suitcases. It's an obsessive compulsion. He keeps checking old maps and keeps digging, trying to find what he lost.
His daughter Chaya is a beautiful, modern girl looking for a part-time job. She finds a place as a nanny in a strictly observant Hasidic family with many children, although her secular manners clearly fly in the face of their beliefs. One of the reasons she is accepted is that the mother of the family is absolutely overburdened by the household, so Chaya stays despite the resistance of the father, who is normally the indisputable authority in the family.
She develops a special bond with the youngest of the boys, four-year-old Simcha, who seems incapable of speaking. While walking in the park she encourages him to speak and it appears that, after some coaching from Chaya (who needs coaching herself), during the upcoming Passover Seder Simcha will be able to chant the section of the Haggadah usually reserved for the youngest speaking participant - the Four Questions.
At first, Simcha's nerves prevent him from chanting, and his brothers begin to chant instead. Simcha finally lifts his voice. The entire family, including Chaya, applauds his efforts, but his judgmental father does not recognize this great step but, instead, criticizes the boy for a mistake. Chaya confronts the father and, in the process, discovers his own pain as a Holocaust survivor and begins to understand her own parents' grief.
The anti-Semitic superintendent of the building is a constant problem for the entire family and now for Chaya. However, as opposed to the observant Jews, she refuses to be a victim and does not put up with his anti-Semitic tricks. She fights him, thus exciting the children's admiration and father's wrath.
Unfortunately, walks with Simcha end in a tragedy: after sneaking to the park, he drowns in the pond while chasing the ducks he loved so much. Some in the community hold Chaya responsible for his death. However, in a scene where Chaya goes to the family's mourning service, the mother feels compassion for Chaya and realizes that Chaya felt a deep connection with Simcha. As an act of acceptance, his mother rips Chaya's shirt, which is a sign of a mourner (a sibling, parent, child or spouse of the deceased) in Jewish tradition.
The boy's father finally, albeit silently, acknowledges Chaya's connection with Simcha when she observes the graveside service.
Chaya's experience allows her to finally accept her parents' past and to embrace her own Jewishness.
The film is a commentary not only on external (gentile) anti-Semitism, but also on the lack of connection and self-acceptance of assimilated Jews.
Cast
Laura Fraser - Chaya Silberschmidt
Adam Monty - Simcha Kalman
Isabella Rossellini - Mrs. Kalman
Jeroen Krabbé - Mr. Kalman
Chaim Topol - Yacov Apfelschnitt
Marianne Sägebrecht - Mrs. Silberschmidt
Maximilian Schell - Mr. Silberschmidt
Koen De Bouw - Mr. Silberschmidt (at age of 20)
David Bradley - Concierge
Heather Weeks - Sofie
Miriam Margolyes - Mrs. Goldman
Lex Goudsmit - Mr. Goldman
Awards
The film was entered into the 48th Berlin International Film Festival, where the film won the Blue Angel Award and Isabella Rossellini won an Honourable Mention.
See also
List of Holocaust films
References
External links
Left Luggage (full film, available to watch free in United Kingdom with login) at Clubcard TV
Left Luggage review from The Jewish Channel
1998 films
1998 drama films
Dutch drama films
Films about Orthodox and Hasidic Jews
Films about religion
Films directed by Jeroen Krabbé
Holocaust films
1990s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left%20Luggage%20%28film%29 |
Shawn Sawyer (born January 14, 1985 in Edmundston, New Brunswick) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater. He is the 2011 Canadian national silver medallist and a three-time (2005-2006 & 2008) Canadian national bronze medallist. He represented Canada in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy finishing 12th overall. Unlike most skaters, Sawyer is a clockwise spinner.
Personal life
Shawn Sawyer was born in Edmundston, New Brunswick.
Career
Early career
He started skating at age nine. Even as a young skater, he was known for his artistry and his spirals. This attracted the attention of Olympic bronze medallist Toller Cranston. Cranston was about to retire from show skating and he envisioned a final tribute show in which he and other skaters passed down their knowledge of skating and life lessons to a young skater. This skater was Shawn Sawyer. Cranston remains a mentor to Sawyer.
In 1999, Sawyer won the bronze medal on the novice level at the Canada Winter Games, skating with a bad cold. The following year, he won the national novice title. He skated on the Junior Grand Prix the following season and won the bronze medal at his first event. His fifth-place finish at his second event prevented him from qualifying for the JGP Final. At Nationals, he placed 4th in the junior level. On the JGP the following season, he qualified for the Junior Grand Prix Final, where he placed fifth, and then won the national Junior title. This earned him a trip to the 2002 Junior Worlds, where he placed 11th after performing an entirely new long program.
Sawyer, already very flexible, had been working on a Biellmann spin. As a junior skater, Sawyer trained at the Minto Skating Club in Ottawa under coach Alexei Tchetveroukin. He had been training the Biellmann since learning in New Brunswick at age twelve, and he performed it in exhibition at Nationals in 2002 after winning the junior title.
Later, Sawyer changed coaches to Gordon Forbes. In his third season as a junior internationally, he won his second JGP event, but an 8th-place finish prevented him from returning to the Final. In his senior debut at Nationals, he placed 6th, a promising finish, and then repeated that placement at the World Junior Championships.
The 2003-2004 season would be Sawyer's last as a junior. He dropped to ninth place at nationals and tenth at Junior Worlds. Sawyer then went senior internationally. Following this season, he changed coaches to Annie Barabe and Sophie Richard and moved to Drummondville, Quebec.
Senior career
At the 2004 Cup of Russia, Sawyer's first senior international event, he placed just off the podium. He placed ninth at the 2004 NHK Trophy. At nationals, he won the bronze medal, earning him a trip to the 2005 Four Continents. His podium finish did not earn him a spot to Worlds because Canada had only two spots to the 2005 World Championships.
In the 2005-2006 season, the Olympic season, Sawyer placed in the middle of the fields in his two Grand Prix events. But he held on to the bronze position at Nationals, earning him a spot to the Olympics and to Worlds. He placed 12th at the Olympics and 21st at Worlds, held in Calgary.
In the 2006-2007 season, Sawyer placed just off the podium at the Skate Canada competition. Sawyer then placed 8th at the Grand Prix event in Paris. At Nationals, he was ahead after the short program, but a charismatic comeback performance by Emanuel Sandhu pushed Sawyer down to 4th, depriving him of a spot to Four Continents and Worlds.
In the 2007-2008 season, Sawyer placed 7th at his first event, the 2007 Cup of China. At his second event, the 2007 NHK Trophy, he placed 9th. At the 2008 Canadian Championships, he won his third bronze medal at that competition. This earned him a trip to the 2008 Four Continents, where he placed 9th.
The 2008-2009 season started off with two back to back competitions for Sawyer. He opened the season at 2008 Skate America where he placed fifth and then continued to 2008 Skate Canada International where he again placed fifth. Even though his overall placement was fifth, he did win the free skate with a score of 142.36.
In 2009-2010, Sawyer was awarded the silver medal at Skate America, but placed fourth at Canadian Nationals, narrowly missing a trip to the 2010 Olympic Games by two spots.
In 2010-2011, he won the silver at the 2011 Canadian Championships and was named to the team for the World Championships. After the Japan earthquake, the event was postponed by a month and now coincided with his commitment to Stars on Ice. Sawyer decided to withdraw from the World Championships and was replaced by Kevin Reynolds. He decided to end his competitive career. He continued to perform in ice shows, such as Art on Ice.
Signature moves
Sawyer is well known for his spins and his spiral positions, which show great flexibility. Sawyer is one of few male skaters to perform spirals in their programs, because under Code of Points, men do not get any credit for spiral sequences. Sawyer's arabesque, I and Y positions in spins and spirals are his trademark moves.
Programs
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Skate Canada Profile
1985 births
Canadian male single skaters
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
Sportspeople from New Brunswick
Olympic figure skaters for Canada
People from Edmundston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn%20Sawyer |
A pronunciation respelling for English is a notation used to convey the pronunciation of words in the English language, which do not have a phonemic orthography (i.e. the spelling does not reliably indicate pronunciation).
There are two basic types of pronunciation respelling:
"Phonemic" systems, as commonly found in American dictionaries, consistently use one symbol per English phoneme. These systems are conceptually equivalent to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) commonly used in bilingual dictionaries and scholarly writings but tend to use symbols based on English rather than Romance-language spelling conventions (e.g. ē for IPA ) and avoid non-alphabetic symbols (e.g. sh for IPA ).
On the other hand, "non-phonemic" or "newspaper" systems, commonly used in newspapers and other non-technical writings, avoid diacritics and literally "respell" words making use of well-known English words and spelling conventions, even though the resulting system may not have a one-to-one mapping between symbols and sounds.
As an example, one pronunciation of Arkansas, transcribed in the IPA, could be respelled är′kən-sô′ or in a phonemic system and ar-kuhn-saw in a non-phonemic system.
Development and use
Pronunciation respelling systems for English have been developed primarily for use in dictionaries. They are used there because it is not possible to predict with certainty the sound of a written English word from its spelling or the spelling of a spoken English word from its sound. So readers looking up an unfamiliar word in a dictionary may find, on seeing the pronunciation respelling, that the word is in fact already known to them orally. By the same token, those who hear an unfamiliar spoken word may see several possible matches in a dictionary and must rely on the pronunciation respellings to find the correct match.
Traditional respelling systems for English use only the 26 ordinary letters of the Latin alphabet with diacritics, and are meant to be easy for native readers to understand. English dictionaries have used various such respelling systems to convey phonemic representations of the spoken word since Samuel Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language in 1755, the earliest being devised by James Buchanan us be featured in his 1757 dictionary Linguæ Britannicæ Vera Pronunciatio, although most words therein were not respelled but given diacritics; since the language described by Buchanan was that of Scotland, William Kenrick responded in 1773 with A New Dictionary of the English Language, wherein the pronunciation of Southern England was covered and numbers rather than diacritics used to represent vowel sounds; Thomas Sheridan devised a simpler scheme, which he employed in his successful 1780 General Dictionary of the English Language, a much larger work consisting of two volumes; in 1791 John Walker produced A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, which achieved a great reputation and ran into some forty editions. Today, such systems remain in use in American dictionaries for native English speakers, but they have been replaced by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in linguistics references and many bilingual dictionaries published outside the United States.
The pronunciation which dictionaries refer to is some chosen "normal" one, thereby excluding other regional accents or dialect pronunciation. In England this standard is normally the Received Pronunciation, based upon the educated speech of southern England. The standard for American English is known as General American (GA).
Sophisticated phonetic systems have been developed, such as James Murray's scheme for the original Oxford English Dictionary, and the IPA, which replaced it in later editions and has been adopted by many British and international dictionaries. The IPA system is not a respelling system, because it uses symbols not in the English alphabet, such as ð and θ. Most current British dictionaries use IPA for this purpose.
Traditional respelling systems
The following chart matches the IPA symbols used to represent the sounds of the English language with the phonetic symbols used in several dictionaries, a majority of which transcribe American English.
These works adhere (for the most part) to the one-symbol-per-sound principle. Other works not included here, such as Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language (unabridged, 2nd ), do not adhere and thus have several different symbols for the same sound (partly to allow for different phonemic mergers and splits).
Title abbreviations
IPA – Compromise dialect-neutral English pronunciation using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as used in Wikipedia.
K&K – General American pronunciation using symbols largely corresponding to those of the IPA in A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English (also referred to as Kenyon and Knott) (1944 [1953]), John S. Kenyon, Thomas A. Knott. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster.
APA – Americanist phonetic notation, used primarily in linguistics literature in the U.S.
NOAD – New Oxford American Dictionary (2001, 2005, 2010). New York: Oxford University Press. (Diacritical transcription).
AHD – American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000). Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Also used by the Columbia Encyclopedia.
RHD – Random House Dictionary of the English Language (1966).
WBO – World Book Online (1998).
MECD – Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary.
DPL – Dictionary of Pronunciation, Abraham Lass and Betty Lass.
DPN – Dictionary of Pronunciation, Samuel Noory.
TBD – Thorndike Barnhart Dictionary.
NBC – NBC Handbook of Pronunciation.
MWCD – Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary.
OED – Oxford English Dictionary.
COD – The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1964 [1974]), 5th edition, E. McIntosh, ed. Oxford: OUP. (This notation was used up to the 7th edition; newer editions use the IPA.)
POD – The Pocket Oxford Dictionary (2006), 2nd edition, E. Jewell, Oxford: OUP.
Cham – The Chambers Dictionary (2003).
CPD – The Chambers Paperback Dictionary (2012).
SD – Scholastic Dictionary.
AB – ARPABET, a commonly used computerized encoding of English pronunciation. It is used by the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary.
Dictcom – Dictionary.com uses a custom phonetic alphabet.
BBC – BBC Phonetic Respelling.
Google – Google's pronunciation dictionary.
Mac - Macquarie Dictionary's "say" respelling system.
Wikipedia – Wikipedia Pronunciation Respelling Key, used in some Wikipedia articles to spell out the pronunciations of English words.
Notes
Pronunciation without respelling
Some dictionaries indicate hyphenation and syllabic stress in the headword. A few have even used diacritics to show pronunciation "without respelling" in the headwords.
The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1st through 4th edition, used a mix of two systems. Some editions of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary have offered a method for teachers to indicate pronunciation without respelling as a supplement to the respelling scheme used in the dictionary. Pronunciation without respelling is also sometimes used in texts with many unusual words, such as Bibles, when it is desirable to show the received pronunciation. These will often be more exhaustive than dictionary respelling keys because all possible digraphs or readings need to have a unique spelling.
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin-left: 4em"
|+ Concise Oxford Dictionary'''s system without respelling
|-
! COD variant || IPA
|-
| ph ||
|-
| kn (initial) ||
|-
| wr (initial) ||
|-
| g, dg || (before e, i, y) otherwise
|-
| c || (before e, i, y) otherwise
|-
| ai, ay ||
|-
| air ||
|-
| ae, ea, ee, ie ||
|-
| ė, ie (final), ey ||
|-
| ear, eer, ier ||
|-
| aw ||
|-
| oy ||
|-
| ou ||
|-
| i͡r, u͡r ||
|-
| eu, ew ||
|}
International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet is a standardized method of phonetic transcription developed by a group of English and French language teachers in 1888. In the beginning, only specialized pronunciation dictionaries for linguists used it, for example, the English Pronouncing Dictionary edited by Daniel Jones (EPD, 1917). The IPA, used by English teachers as well, started to appear in popular dictionaries for learners of English as a foreign language such as the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1948) and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978).
IPA is very flexible and allows for a wide variety of transcriptions between broad phonemic transcriptions which describe the significant units of meaning in language and phonetic transcriptions which may indicate every nuance of sound in detail.
The IPA transcription conventions used in the first twelve editions of the was relatively simple, using a quantitative system indicating vowel length using a colon, and requiring the reader to infer other vowel qualities. Many phoneticians preferred a qualitative system, which used different symbols to indicate vowel timbre and colour. A. C. Gimson introduced a quantitative-qualitative IPA notation system when he took over editorship of the EPD (13th edition, 1967); and by the 1990s, the Gimson system had become the de facto standard for phonetic notation of British Received Pronunciation (RP).
The first native (not learner's) English dictionary using IPA may have been the Collins English Dictionary (1979), and others followed suit. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (OED2, 1989) used IPA, transcribed letter-for-letter from entries in the first edition, which had been noted in a scheme by the original editor, James Murray.
While IPA has not been adopted by popular dictionaries in the United States, there is a demand for learner's dictionaries which provide both British and American English pronunciation. Some dictionaries, such as the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English provide a separate transcription for each.
British and American English dialects have a similar set of phonemes, but some are pronounced differently; in technical parlance, they consist of different phones. Although developed for RP, the Gimson system being phonemic, it is not far from much of General American pronunciation as well. A number of recent dictionaries, such as the Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary, add a few non-phonemic symbols to represent both RP and General American pronunciation in a single IPA transcription.
Clive Upton updated the Gimson scheme, changing the symbols used for five vowels. He served as pronunciation consultant for the influential Concise Oxford English Dictionary, which adopted this scheme in its ninth edition (1995). Upton's reform is controversial: it reflects changing pronunciation, but critics say it represents a narrower regional accent, and abandons parallelism with American and Australian English. In addition, the phonetician John C Wells said that he could not understand why Upton had altered the presentation of price to .
Upton outlined his reasons for the transcription in a chapter of A Handbook of Varieties of English. He said that the -vowel represented how the starting point could be anything from centralised front to centralised back. The change in the NURSE vowel was intended as a simplification as well as a reflection that was not the only possible realisation in RP. The other alterations were intended to reflect changes that have occurred over time.
The in-progress 3rd edition of the Oxford English Dictionary uses Upton's scheme for representing British pronunciations. For American pronunciations it uses an IPA-based scheme devised by William Kretzschmar of the University of Georgia.
Comparison
Dictionaries for English-language learners
For many English language learners, particularly learners without easy Internet access, dictionary pronunciation respelling are the only source of pronunciation information for most new words. Which respelling systems are best for such learners has been a matter of debate.
In countries where the local languages are written in non-Latin, phonemic orthographies, various other respelling systems have been used. In India, for example, many English bilingual dictionaries provide pronunciation respellings in the local orthography. This is the case for several Indian languages, including Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, and Tamil. To reduce the potential distortions of bilingual phonemic transcription, some dictionaries add English letters to the local-script respellings to represent sounds not specified in the local script. For example, in English-Tamil dictionaries, the sounds /b/ and /z/ need to be specified, as in this respelling of busy: "bz".
Because these respellings primarily use symbols already known to anyone with minimal literacy in the local language, they are more practical to use in such contexts than the IPA or the Latin respelling systems with diacritics. Another advantage of local-script respellings for English learners is that they retain the "flavour" of local English speech, allowing learners to make connections between their spoken and written English experiences. However, these systems also have limitations. One limitation is that they do not illuminate the English writing system. Like the IPA, they represent phonemes differently from the ways in which the phonemes are normally spelled. So these notations do not guide readers to infer the regularities of English spelling. Also, the practicality of these systems for learning English locally may be offset by difficulties in communication with people used to different norms such as General American or Received Pronunciation.
Children's dictionaries
Most beginner dictionaries are picture dictionaries, or word books. For preliterate native speakers of a language, the pictures in these dictionaries both define the entry words and are the "keys" to their pronunciation. Respellings for English begin to appear in dictionaries for novice readers. Generally, US-based dictionaries contain pronunciation information for all headwords, while UK-based dictionaries provide pronunciation information only for unusual (e.g., ache) or ambiguously spelled (e.g., bow) words.
As the normal age of literacy acquisition varies among languages, so do the age-range designations of children's books. Generally, age ranges for young children's books in English lag behind those of languages with phonemic orthographies by about a year. This corresponds to the slow pace of literacy acquisition among English speakers as compared to speakers of languages with phonemic orthographies, such as Italian. Italian children are expected to learn to read within the first year of elementary school, whereas English-speaking children are expected to read by the end of third grade. Pronunciation respellings begin to appear in dictionaries for children in third grade and up.
There seems to be very little research on which respelling systems are most useful for children, apart from two small studies done in the 1980s and 1990s. Both studies were limited to traditional respelling systems without diacritics (setting aside both the IPA and the Webster-based systems used in American dictionaries). Both studies found that in such systems, word respellings may be cumbersome and ambiguous, as in this respelling of psychology: "suy-kol-uh-jee".
The authors of the two studies proposed alternative systems, though there were no follow-up studies. Yule's "cut system" leaves out extra letters, adds specific spellings for sounds with variable spellings, and adds accents to show long vowels, as in this respelling of occasion: o-cà-zhon. Fraser advocated a "non-phonemic" approach using a small set of common spelling patterns in which words would be respelled chunk by chunk, rather than phoneme by phoneme, as in this respelling of persiflage (IPA: ): per-sif-large. According to both authors, the reduced vowel (schwa) does not need to be shown in a respelling so long as syllabification and syllable stress are shown.
The following overlapping issues concerning pronunciation respelling in children's dictionaries were directly raised by Yule and Fraser: the level of difficulty, the type of notation, the degree of divergence from regular spelling, and pronunciation norms. Yule also raised the question of the types of impact respelling systems could have on children's literacy acquisition. These issues could be usefully addressed in studies that include American respelling systems as well as the IPA.
An issue that has arisen since the Yule and Fraser studies concerns the utility of pronunciation respellings given the availability of audio pronunciations in online dictionaries. Currently, the advantage of written respellings is that they may be read phoneme by phoneme, in parallel to the way novice readers are taught to "stretch out" words to hear all the sounds they contain, while the audio pronunciations are given only as whole words spoken in real time. When audio pronunciations are made flexible, it will become possible to study and compare the utility of different combinations of pronunciation features in the online children's dictionaries.
Other uses
Anglophone press agencies, such as the Voice of America, periodically release lists of respelled given names of internationally relevant people, in order to help news TV and radio announcers and spokespersons to pronounce them as closely as possible to their original languages.
See also
English spelling reform
International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
SAMPA
ARPABET
English pronunciation of Greek letters
Help:IPA/English
Help:Pronunciation respelling key
Help:IPA/Conventions for English
References
Sources
Wells, John (2001). "IPA transcription systems for English", at University College London Department of Phonetics and Linguistics site. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
Antimoon.com. "Introduction to phonetic transcription", at Antimoon.com''. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
Oxford English Dictionary. "Pronunciation", from the Preface to the Third Edition. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
Oxford English Dictionary. "Key for Second Edition Entries", from the OED website. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
Oxford English Dictionary. "Key to New Edition Entries", from the OED website. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
Merriam-Webster Online, n.d. "Pronunciation Overview", Retrieved 2011-07-23.
External links
Merriam-Webster Online, Pronunciation Overview, Pronunciation Guide, Guide to Pronunciation
Pronunciation Guides in Children's Dictionaries
Key to the Pronunciation, Oxford English Dictionary
The use of Phonetic and other Symbols in Dictionaries: A brief survey
Pronunciation key, the Free Dictionary
PhoTransEdit – English Phonetic Transcription Editor : PhoTransEdit is a free tool created to make typing phonetic transcriptions easier. It includes automatic phonemic transcription (in RP and General American) of English texts and an IPA phonetic keyboard to edit them. The transcription can be pasted into other editors (e.g. Microsoft Word) or exported to use it in HTML pages.
IPA Phonetic Transcription of English text: Online converter of English text into its phonetic transcription using International Phonetic Alphabet (British and American dialects).
Phonetic alphabets
English phonology
American English
Phonetic guides
English orthography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation%20respelling%20for%20English |
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