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The New Zealand National Basketball League (NZNBL) is a men's semi-professional basketball league in New Zealand.
In 1981, a group of club and provincial teams came together to create a men's national basketball league. The following year, the league was brought under the management of the New Zealand Basketball Federation. The league quickly grew in size and popularity due to the influx of sponsors and American import players. The early 1990s held dwindling fortunes for New Zealand basketball, with reduced TV coverage, sponsorships, and crowd numbers. The sport's popularity increased in the 2000s with the success of the Tall Blacks and the introduction of the New Zealand Breakers in the Australian NBL.
In the early days, Auckland, Canterbury and Wellington were the benchmark teams of the league. During the 1990s, Auckland and Nelson were the teams to beat, before Waikato joined Auckland as the dominant sides during the 2000s. During the 2010s, Wellington and Southland became the league's premier teams.
History
The 1980s ushered in a period of exceptional growth and popularity for basketball in New Zealand. Late in 1981, six men's teams – a mixture of club and provincial representative sides – went out alone and created an inaugural national league. It was enough of a success to come under the control of the New Zealand Basketball Federation the following year, when it grew in size and secured a naming sponsor. An allowance of two imported players (invariably Americans with college basketball experience) per team, and the fact that games were played in the evening indoors, helped turn the league into a new family entertainment option. Spectators filled gymnasiums and media coverage reached unprecedented levels. The early 1990s held dwindling fortunes for New Zealand basketball and many teams in the NZNBL, with reduced TV coverage, sponsorships, and crowd numbers. With the success of the Tall Blacks at the 2002 FIBA World Championship and the introduction of the New Zealand Breakers in the Australian NBL in 2003, basketball in New Zealand rose in popularity again.
The number of teams each season has constantly changed since the league's inception, with many promotions and relegations between the first division and second division during the 1980s and 1990s, as well as many withdrawals due to financial reasons. The league began with 8 teams in 1982, then peaked at 13 teams in 1995, before dropping to a low of 7 in 2016. In 2019, the Southern Huskies from Tasmania became the first ever Australian team to join a New Zealand competition. The league returned to 7 teams in 2020 following a revised small-scale format due to the coronavirus pandemic. In 2022, the league was hailed for reaching competitive balance after years of unbalanced competition, with evenly spread talent and resources across the ten teams.
Current teams
Expansion teams
Former and defunct teams
Auckland Pirates (2011–2012)
Auckland Stars (1982–2009)
Centrals (1982–1985)
Christchurch Cougars (2009–2010)
Harbour Heat (1986–2010, 2012)
Hutt Valley Lakers (1990–1996)
Northland Suns (1995–1998)
Ponsonby (1984–1988)
Porirua (1982–1983)
Super City Rangers (1990–1995, 2013–2019)
Waikato Pistons (1982, 1984–2011, 2013–2014)
Waitemata Dolphins (1982–1983, 1988–1989)
League eligibility rules
There are two categories of players in the NZNBL:
Non-Restricted Player – players eligible to play for New Zealand in FIBA competitions
Restricted Player – a player who is not eligible to play for New Zealand
Broadcasting details
In 2016 and 2017, the NZNBL began to more freely livestream and broadcast their games. In 2020, the league had all 75 games broadcast by Sky Sport, marking the first time in the league's four-decade history that every game would be made available to viewers across the nation. That same year, the league secured a deal to broadcast live in the United States through ESPN.
In 2022, the NZNBL and Sky Sport signed a five-year commercial deal estimated to be worth $7.5 million for the teams.
Honours
List of Champions
Awards
Current
Most Valuable Player
Finals MVP
Most Outstanding Guard
Most Outstanding NZ Guard
Most Outstanding Forward
Most Outstanding NZ Forward/Centre
Scoring Champion
Rebounding Champion
Assist Champion
Most Improved Player
Defensive Player of the Year
Youth Player of the Year
Coach of the Year
All-Star Five
Best Team Free Throws
Past
NZ Most Valuable Player
See also
Conference Basketball League
List of National Basketball League (New Zealand) awards
National Basketball League (Australia)
New Zealand men's national basketball team
Tauihi Basketball Aotearoa
References
External links
New Zealand NBL official website
New Zealand NBL 2003 to 2006
NZBL website 2001
NZBL archive 2000/01
New Zealand NBL career points leaders (as of 2009)
Basketball New Zealand Results Archive
Basketball: Several changes on the agenda for NZ NBL
State of the NBL: National Basketball League at critical juncture
Basketball: Tasmania's Southern Huskies set to join New Zealand National Basketball League
Tasmanian franchise eyeing place in New Zealand's National Basketball League
Basketball leagues in New Zealand
1982 establishments in New Zealand
Sports leagues established in 1982
Professional sports leagues in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Basketball%20League%20%28New%20Zealand%29 |
is a Japanese visual kei rock band from Sendai. Formed on January 1, 2000, it has consisted of Yomi (lead vocals), Sakito (lead guitar and backing vocals), Hitsugi (rhythm guitar), Ni~ya (bass guitar and backing vocals) and Ruka (drums and percussion) for the majority of their career. They enjoyed mainstream success with the inclusion of their songs "The World" and "Alumina" in the Death Note anime and are considered a major act in the visual kei scene.
History
Founding and Ultimate Circus (2000–2003)
Nightmare started on January 1, 2000 by Sakito and Hitsugi while most of the members were still in high school. The band name was suggested by Hitsugi, saying he wanted a band name that would scare people to match their visual styles. Soon, Ni~ya was invited by Sakito, Yomi by Hitsugi, and Zannin joined after he heard his classmates were forming a band. They were all influenced by either X Japan or Luna Sea, therefore they started out as a cover band, before they began to write their own material.
Just as the band began getting more recognition at live houses and small concerts in the Sendai region, Zannin left the band for unknown reasons. Eventually, Ruka (formerly of Luinspear) joined the band as a support member at first, but became the permanent drummer after a short time. Since Ruka joined Nightmare officially, their line-up hasn't changed. Shortly after, the band began short tours around the region with other supporting bands.
In 2003, Nightmare signed with Nippon Crown and released their first single "Believe". Three months after their debut, they released a triple A-side single, "Akane/Hate/Over", a first time for any band to release any single with three A-side tracks. Nightmare's song "Over" was used as the ending theme for the anime television series Croket!. Later that year, they released their first studio album, Ultimate Circus and went on their first tour.
Livid and Anima (2004–2006)
In 2004 Nightmare released three singles; "Varuna", "Tokyo Shounen", and "Cyan", as well as another full album, Livid. Nightmare once more toured around Japan under the name Tour CPU 2004. From 2005 to 2006, Nightmare continued working, releasing more singles and their third full-length album in 2006, Anima, for which the support tour, [Anima]lism, completely sold out. In 2006 they recorded a live record at NHK Hall titled Gianism Tsu. With three albums and several tours under their belt, Nightmare released a series of "greatest hits" albums.
The World Ruler and Killer Show (2007–2008)
In October 2006, Nightmare released "The World/Alumina", the first single to be released under their new label, VAP. These two songs were used as the first opening and ending themes respectively of the first nineteen episodes of the Death Note anime adaptation. On 27 February 2007, they released their fourth album, "The World Ruler" and toured for three months around Japan. They released their next single, "Raison d'Etre", barely a month after finishing their tour (which was used as the opening theme song for the anime Claymore). In June 2007, they had a three-day concert event titled"The World Ruler Encore.
On September 23, 2007, they performed at Nippon Budokan for the very first time. The concert was called Kyokuto Symphony ~The Five Stars Night~ and tickets were all sold out within two weeks. They released two more singles, "Konoha" on October 3, 2007 and "Dirty", (which was the opening theme of Majin Tantei Nougami Neuro) released on November 7. They ended 2007 with the Dirty Influence Tour in selected cities in Japan in December.
2008 began with the release of two more albums. The first, Nightmare 2003-2005 Single Collection, was released under their old label, Nippon Crown and was the latest installment of their greatest hits. The second, Kyokuto Symphony ~The Five Stars Night~ @Budokan, was their first live album, recorded during their tour the previous year. In March, they toured with their 2008 Zepp Tour Six Point Killer Show and released a single titled "White Room". White Room was available only as a limited internet download. On May 21, 2008, they released their fifth original studio album titled "Killer Show", their third album release that year. Following the release, they toured Japan. Another single, "Lost in Blue" was released on September 17. It was used as the opening theme song to the anime adaptation of Mōryō no Hako and another of their songs, "Naked Love", was used as the end theme. This was also released as a single on December 3.
Majestical Parade and 10th anniversary (2009–2010)
Nightmare started 2009 with a short two-day tour titled "the 9th new departure" and announced the release of their album Majestical Parade. One of the songs from the album, "Melody", was available for a limited internet download on April 29, 2009 through Dwango. Majestical Parade was released in Japan on May 13, 2009 and the band performed the Nightmare Live House Tour 2009 Parade of Nine, a nine-stop tour ending with a show in Toyama on May 31, 2009. During this time, Nightmare collaborated with the internet video company Nico Nico in streaming a live concert on May 17 via Nico Nico Live. The concert lasted for 19 minutes and 34 seconds. Their next tour, titled Nightmare Tour 2009 Parade ~ Start of [X]pest Eve~ began in June. The summer tour was topped off by the band's second appearance at Nippon Budokan on August 29, 2009, in the "Parade Tour Finale "Majestic"". They released their 20th single, "Rem", on September 22, with the B-side track "Love Addict". To finish up 2009, they did a six-show, fan club only live house tour in December.
2010 marked the band's 10th anniversary. To celebrate, Nightmare held a New Year's Eve Countdown show at Zepp Sendai and released Gianizm the next day. This was followed by their very first performance at Saitama Super Arena on January 9. The show was called Nightmare 10th Anniversary Special Act. Vol.1 [Gianizm] and the set list contained 27 songs, including all of the songs on the new album. The promotional tour Request of Gianizm the Tour began in April and on June 23, they released their 21st single, A:Fantasia. As part of their celebrations, they toured several times. In July, they began the Nightmare 10th Anniversary Special Act. Vol.2: Re:Start of Tell(All)ism tour, beginning in Saitama and ending in Sendai. The final show of the tour was held at Nippon Budokan, marking their third time at the prestigious venue. In between Vol. 2 and Vol. 3 of the tour, they released another best-of album titled Historical ~The Highest Nightmare~, with several re-recorded tracks and one new song. The last part of the tour was titled Nightmare 10th Anniversary Special Act. Vol.3 Historical ~The Highest Nightmare~. They performed at Makuhari Messe for the very first time on December 25.
Nightmare and Scums (2011–2016)
After a countdown clock appeared on their website, Nightmare announced an unexpected live called Publish! at Shinkiba Studio Coast. However, because of the Sendai earthquake and tsunami on March 11, the show was postponed until March 30 and renamed Publish & Recover!. They also announced a new single would be released on May 18, titled "Vermilion" under Avex Entertainment. They started their Time Rewind to Zero tour on April 15, 2011. Their last show of the tour was on June 27 at Tokyo Kokusai Forum Hall A. On August 1, Nightmare played with Kishidan in a Battle of the Bands show to celebrate Kishidan's 10th anniversary. "Sleeper" was released as a single on September 7, as a collaboration with luxury jewellery brand GemCerey. Following the release of the single was a new tour called Zeppelin, where the band toured through Zepp live houses nationwide in Japan. For Halloween, Hitsugi participated in Hyde's Halloween Junky Orchestra along with several other musicians to produce the song "Halloween Party" and an untitled instrumental track. The single was released October 17, 2012 and followed by a short tour at Kobe World Memorial Hall.
Their self-titled album Nightmare was released on November 23, 2011, following which, they began a three-month tour titled Nightmare Tour 2011–2012 Nightmarish Reality. After the tour, they released "Mimic" on February 29, 2012. In July and August 2012, Nightmare participated in a two-man tour with visual kei band Baroque in Natural Born Errors: Nightmare vs. Baroque. They also participated in Little.Hearts 4-year Anniversary show, My Little Hearts. Special Edition Vol.4 with several other visual kei bands. Their 24th single "Deus ex Machina" was released on November 28, 2012.
On January 30, 2013, the band released a new album titled Scums. The album contained the singles "Mimic" and "Deus ex Machina" alongside 12 other songs. Following the release, they began a 19-show nationwide tour from February 10 titled Beautiful Scums. The tour ended on April 20, 2013 at Hibiya Kokaido theatre. Nightmare also had their very first overseas show at Anime Expo 2013 in Paris, France. They performed alongside May'n, Una, and Urbangarde July 6 and had their solo show on July 7 along with a signing session. Their first overseas debut ended successfully. Their next single "Dizzy", released on August 21, 2013, marks their 10th anniversary since becoming a major label band. Alongside the single release, the band will also release a DVD and Blu-ray of their Beautiful Scums final at Nakano Sun Plaza with a tour documentary.
The band abruptly announced an end-of-year hiatus on April 3, 2016, due to Yomi's functional dysphonia.
Return from hiatus (2020)
After a 4 year hiatus, the band officially resumed activities on February 11, 2020, with its "20th Anniversary SPECIAL LIVE GIANIZM ~Sai Aku~" at Yokohama Arena.
On October 7, 2020, they released their first single in 4 years, titled "ink".
On March 3, 2021, they released their 2° Single after the hiatus, Cry for the moon, and shortly thereafter went on tour, NIGHTMARE TOUR 2021, Cry for the moon
On November 17, 2021, they released another Single that same year, Sinners, which was used as the second opening theme for the anime Duel Masters King!
Musical style and Influences
Nightmare's band concept is Gianizm and this word occurs in many of their song titles. Gianizm is derived from the Doraemon character Gian. Gian's motto is . Incidentally, this also forms the name of the two 'best of' albums on which Nightmare re-released their indie songs. The band has often ventured into new genres or styles, such as on their 2013 album "Scums" where they experiment with electronica and dubstep or "Masquerade" and "Konoha" where they experiment with ska and reggae also in their album To Be or Not to Be they experimented with elements from metalcore like breakdowns. They usually combine these styles with gothic/hard rock and often pop or jazz.
X Japan's album "Dahlia" and Luna Sea's album "Style" got Yomi into music, and Yomi covered Luna Sea, X Japan, Laputa, Rouage and La'cryma Christi in his high school days. Sakito cited Sugizo and Steve Vai as his main influences.
Radio, webisodes and personal columns
Radio
Nightmare had a radio show on NACK5 called Jack in the Box!.Yomi and Hitsugi usually host the show, but other band members occasionally make appearances alongside them. Just recently announced on March 13, 2013, Jack in the Box! had its final airing on March 27, where all five members were on the show. The show is succeeded by Yomi's younger brother, Igaguri Chiba's "Chiba to Issho!"
Until December 2009, they also hosted a show on CBC Radio called Hyper Nightmare, where they featured tongue twisters, adult stories and phone-in sessions with listeners who could mimic interesting sound effects, TV personalities, anime characters, etc. Sakito was also a DJ for InterFM's show, UP's Beat, every Monday night in early January 2008.
On April 8, 2010, a radio-drama began to air. It featured special guests and the opportunity for fans to communicate with the band. The first series ended on October 14, 2010 and was already billed for a second season. The theme for season 2 was "to come in contact with the users/viewers," by which the members are able to call viewers via telephone in Japan.
Webisodes
Nightmare hosted a 6-episode monthly web show on Nico Nico, called Nightmare in Nightwear, in which the members wore pajamas, chatted, shared photos and anecdotes and interacted with web viewers. The show ended on January 21, 2010.
A new show titled began in March 2010 and featured a different punishment game every monthly episode.
Magazines
For a time, the band members took turns writing a monthly column called "Zozzy" which appeared in Shoxx Magazine. Since then, they have each had their own articles in various music magazines.
Yomi's articles in Pati Pati, titled , focussed on him trying new things suggested by fans, like kick-boxing and sound production mixing. It debuted on September 9, 2008 and continued until March 2011. A collection of his past articles compiled into a book was released on March 25, 2011, along with a DVD that followed him sky-diving.
Hitsugi had his in Shoxx titled until December 2008.
Sakito's was in B-Pass titled . He released a compilation of his travel articles that were published in B-Pass as a book that goes up to . The book also had an extra article on his trip to Taiwan, along with a short DVD documentary of the trip. The book went on sale June 29, 2009. His recent articles talked about him getting his drivers' license and going to various places around Japan. His last article was printed in the June 2011 issue of B-Pass, with his trip to Sendai in a 2 part series. The second volume of his travel articles began from . The second volume included a special article on his trip to India, with a DVD documentary included. He also had a free paper column called . He is currently writing a new short story in KERA! Magazine and will be releasing another book titled "Tabisite Vol. 1 Cambodia."
Ni~ya's was in Zy Magazine titled "Just Freak Out Let It Go." It has since ended.
Ruka's was featured in Duet Magazine titled . The last article was published in the September 2009 issue.
Solo projects
RUKA: The LEGENDARY SIX NINE
The LEGENDARY SIX NINE (L69) is the solo project of Nightmare's RUKA. Each new release, the lineup will change with the exception of RUKA. He started this solo project to experiment with new sounds he is not able to make with Nightmare. The first lineup of artists consisted of HAKUEI from Penicillin on vocals, rapper TWIGGY on vocals, with SHINOBU and Takayama on guitars, Ni~ya on bass as support members, and RUKA on drums. The band debuted on March 24, 2010 with the single "CRUEL." Announced on Nightmare's homepage in July 2013, LSN will be restarting band activities for the little HEARTS.5th Anniversary "MY little HEARTS. Extra Edition Vol.1."
The first lineup was:
Vocals: Hakuei (PENICILLIN)
Vocals/Rapper: TWIGY
Support Guitarists: SHINOBU (Creature Creature), Takayama
Support Bassist: Ni~ya
Drums: RUKA
The second lineup is:
Vocals: Yuusa (THE KIDDIE)
Guitar: Kei (baroque/ kannivalism)
Guitar: SHINOBU (Creature Creature)
Bass: Sugiya (Moi dix Mois)
Drums: RUKA
The LEGENDARY SIX NINE will be releasing a mini-album titled "BELIAL" on October 16. It will come in two versions; Type A will come with 5 tracks and a DVD. Type B will be the CD only with 6 tracks. It will cost 2,100 yen.
Hitsugi: GREMLINS
This is Hitsugi's first solo project. Announced on Nightmare's homepage in July 2013, GREMLINS will be making their debut at the little HEARTS.5th Anniversary "MY little HEARTS. Extra Edition Vol.1."
The members of GREMLINS are:
Vocals and Guitar: Hitsugi
Drums: Kenzo (ex: AYABIE)
Support Bassist: Chiyu (SuG)
Support Guitarist: Mizuki (Sadie)
GREMLINS will be releasing its debut single titled "the Carnival." It will also come out on October 16. This single will also come in two versions: Type A will come with 3 tracks with a DVD. Type B will the CD only with 4 tracks.
Sendai Kamotsu
Sendai Kamotsu is a side project of Nightmare formed in September 2001. It consists of entirely the same members, but they are different compared to their usual image, so much so that one may think them a different assemblage of musicians altogether. Sendai Kamotsu was formed in 2001 before Nightmare became successful. The story goes that Chiba is actually the "younger brother" of Nightmare's vocalist, Yomi. They were first featured in Nightmare's "Jishou -Shounen Terrorist-" PV, minus Chiba. Sendai Kamotsu have released several albums and singles and have toured independently from Nightmare.
Charity and other work
In the summer of 2008, the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake hit Nightmare's hometown of Sendai. When they heard about the tragedy, the band held a charity concert on September 26, 2008 at Zepp Sendai. Proceeds of the concert were donated to the victims. During their live house tour and arena tour ("Nightmare Live House Tour 2008 Killer Show" and "Nightmare Tour 2008 Grand Killer Show", respectively), they set up a donation box for proceeds to the earthquake and made a quick appearance on 24 Hour Television. They raised a total of 304,048 yen. They also invited victims of the earthquake to their show in Zepp Sendai as their guests of honour.
In light of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Nightmare held a fund-raising event for the victims called "publish and recover!" at Shinkiba Studio Coast on March 30, 2011.
Other work
In the 2008 live action film adaptation of the 20th Century Boys manga, the band made a short cameo as the visual kei band playing at Friend's concert.
Sakito had a small voice acting role in Majin Tantei Nōgami Neuro episode 17, as an electronically controlled bystander bicyclist in the chase scene.
The band provided the opening theme "Raison d'être" (レゾンデートル, lit. Reason for being) for the anime Claymore.
Ni~ya was a support bassist for Penicillin's single "Rainbow/Scream" that was released on August 20, 2008. He was also a support musician for Gackt in singles "Setsugekka" and "Ever".
Hitsugi was a support guitarist for T.M. Revolution in a NHK Japan event, alongside Kenzo from Ayabie and other artists.
Discography
Studio albums
Ultimate Circus (December 25, 2003)
Livid (November 25, 2004)
Anima (February 22, 2006)
The World Ruler (February 28, 2007)
Killer Show (May 21, 2008)
Majestical Parade (May 13, 2009)
Nightmare (November 23, 2011)
Scums (January 30, 2013)
To Be or Not to Be (March 19, 2014)
Carpe Diem (March 25, 2015)
Nox:Lux (March 16, 2022)
Tours
References
Bibliography
External links
by Avex Group
Official MySpace
Gan-Shin artists
Avex Group artists
Visual kei musical groups
Japanese alternative rock groups
Japanese progressive rock groups
Japanese hard rock musical groups
Japanese pop rock music groups
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups from Miyagi Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare%20%28Japanese%20band%29 |
USAR or U.S.A.R. may refer to:
United Speed Alliance Racing (now Rev-Oil Pro Cup Series), a car racing series in the United States
United States Army Rangers, the elite light infantry of the United States Army
United States Army Reserve, the reserve component forces of the United States Army
University School of Automation & Robotics, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, India
Urban search and rescue, rescue operations inside structures or other confined spaces
USA Rugby, the governing body of rugby union in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAR |
Chandraketugarh is a 2,500 years old archaeological site located near the Bidyadhari river, about north-east of Kolkata, India, in the district of North 24 parganas, near the township of Berachampa and the Harua Road railhead. Once it was an important hub of international maritime trade. A museum has been built near the site depicting largely collections of Dilip Kumar Maity, a retired school teacher and amateur archaeologist.
Asutosh Museum of Indian Art conducted excavation between 1957 and 1968, which revealed relics of several historical periods, although the chronological classification of the relics remains incomplete. Many of the Chandraketugarh items and terracottas are now in collections of museums in India and abroad; and many of them are a part of private collections.
According to some historians, the Chandraketugarh site and surrounding area could be the place known to ancient Greek and Roman writers as having the same name as the river Ganges (Γάγγης).
According to the List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal (serial no. N-WB-1), Chandraketu's Fort is an ASI listed monument.
Location
It is in West Bengal.
Legend
The name of this site is derived from the mythical Hindu king of the medieval period, Chandraketu. A mound at the Berachampa village (Deuliya), off the Barasat-Basirhat Road, used to be called Chandraketur Garh (fort of Chandraketu), which was later compounded as Chandraketugarh. The legend of Khana (A medieval Bengali language poet and legendary astrologer between the ninth and 12th centuries AD, also named Lilavati elsewhere) centers around her association with Chandraketugarh (here, a mound has been discovered amongst ruins with the names of Khana and Mihir associated with it) and that she was the daughter-in-law of the famous astronomer and mathematician, Varāhamihira (505 – 587), also called Varaha or Mihira, a jewel among Chandragupta II Vikramaditya's famed Navaratna sabha.
It is widely believed that Khana was Varahamihira's daughter-in-law, and an accomplished astrologer, becoming thereby a potential threat to Varahamihira's scientific career. However, she exceeded him in the accuracy of her predictions, and at some point, either her husband (or father-in-law) or a hired hand (or possibly Khana herself under great duress) cut off her tongue to silence her prodigious talent.
There is another heritage mosque in the name of Pir Gorachand (an Arab missionary of 14th century named Syed Abbas Ali).
History
Chandraketugarh is thought to be a part of the ancient kingdom Gangaridai that was first described by Ptolemy in his famous work Geographica (150 CE). A recent archaeological study being conducted by a team from IIT Kharagpur, believes that King Sandrocottus (mentioned by Greek explorer Megasthenes) was Chandraketu, whose fort Chandraketugarh is. Megasthenes visited India in the third century BCE, after Alexander's invasion of India, and gives a detailed account of what he saw in Indica. He mentions king Sandrocottus as one of the most powerful kings of Gangaridai, the Gangetic delta that spread over the five mouths of the river and was a continuum of a landmass comprising Anga, Banga and Kalinga. The history of Chandraketugarh dates back to almost the 3rd century BCE, during the pre-Mauryan era. Artefacts suggest that the site was continuously inhabited and flourished through the Shunga-Kushana period, onwards through the Gupta period and finally into the Pala-Sena period. Archaeological studies suggest that Chandraketugarh was an important town and a port city. It had a high encircling wall complete with a rampart and moat. The residents were involved in various crafts and mercantile activities. Although the religious inclinations of the people are unclear, hints of the beginning of some future cults can be seen in the artefacts. Some of the potteries carry inscriptions in Kharoshthi and Brahmi scripts.
After these periods, there was no such example of any other civilization on the ruin of Chandraketugarh.
Excavated archeological objects
Brahmi inscriptions with Megalithic Graffiti Symbols read "yojanani setuvandhat arddhasatah dvipa tamraparni", meaning "The island of Tamraparni (ancient Sri Lanka) is at a distance of 50 yojanas from Setuvandha (Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu). The mast of a ship with Vijayasinha's seal, describing Vijayasinha, the son of the king of Sinhapura of Vanga's marriage to Kuveni – the indigenous "Yakkha queen of Tamraparni". Chandraketugarh features many examples of terracotta art, displaying an unusual degree of precision and craftsmanship. These plaques are comparable to those found at other better-known sites such as Kaushambi and Ahichhatra. The terracotta plaques from these sites often carry similar motifs executed in nearly identical fashion. This similarity suggests an established communication link and common cultural heritage among these sites.
Finds include Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) relics, later wares dated from about 400 BC to 100 BC and approximately contemporary with the Maurya period, as well as from the more recent Kushanas and Gupta periods.
Many silver punch-marked coins and a few gold coins have been unearthed from Chandraketugarh, including a gold coin of Chandragupta-Kumardevi. Many semi-precious stone beads were also found here, along with items made of ivory and bone. Even a few wooden objects have survived.
See also
Wari-Bateshwar ruins
Shunga Empire
Gangaridai
Berachampa
References
Further reading
Chandraketugarh : A Treasure House of Bengal Terracottas – Enamul Haque. Dhaka, The International Centre for Study of Bengal Art, 2001, 416 p., 678 illustrations including 400 in colour, figures, plates, maps, .
Chandraketugarh : A Lost Civilization – Gourishankar De and Shubhradip De. Kolkata, Sagnik Books, 2004, 109 p., 34 photos,
External links
Banglapedia article
Website concerning Chandraketugarh
Chandraketugarh
A plaque of Chandraketugarh
A travel article on Chandraketugarh by Rangan Datta
A Travel Article on Archeological Sites near Calcutta by Rangan Datta
Rangan Datta's Home Page
Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal
Former populated places in India
Archaeological sites in West Bengal
North 24 Parganas district
Indo-Aryan archaeological sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandraketugarh |
Zenda is an unincorporated community in the Town of Linn, Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located south of Geneva Lake and just north of the Illinois border. Its ZIP code is 53195.
History
In 1955, a meteorite (the Zenda meteorite) was found in Zenda by farmer Allyn Palmer. His oldest son later sold the meteorite to his high school science club for a few dollars.
Amtrak's Lake Country Limited stopped here in 2000–2001.
Economy
The headquarters of Melges Performance Sailboats is located in Zenda.
Notable people
Buddy Melges, Olympic gold medalist in sailing and co-skipper of 1992 America's Cup winner America³, lived in Zenda.
Harry Melges III, world champion sailor, and son of Buddy Melges, lives in Zenda.
References
Unincorporated communities in Walworth County, Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenda%2C%20Wisconsin |
Dakshinamurti () is an aspect of the Hindu god Shiva as a guru (teacher). He is regarded to be the personification of the supreme or the ultimate awareness, understanding, and knowledge. Dakshinamurti represents Shiva as a teacher of yoga, music, and wisdom, offering an exposition of the Shastras. He is worshipped as the god of wisdom and meditation.
Meaning
Dakshinamurti literally means 'one who is facing south ()' in Sanskrit. According to another school of thought 'Dakshinya' means Karuna in Sanskrit or kindness (benevolence). So this manifestation of Shiva is a benevolent teacher who accords wisdom to seekers of salvation.
In most of the Shiva temples, the stone image of Dakshinamurti is installed, facing south, on the southern circumambulatory path around the sanctum sanctorum.
Depiction
In his aspect as Jnana Dakshinamurti, Shiva is generally shown with four arms. He is depicted seated under a banyan tree, facing the south. Shiva is seated upon a deer-throne and surrounded by sages who are receiving his instruction. He is shown as seated with his right foot on mythical apasmara (a demon which in Hindu mythology, is the personification of ignorance) and his left foot lies folded on his lap. Wild animals are sometimes depicted surrounding him. In his upper arms, he holds a snake or rosary or both in one hand and a flame in the other; while in his lower right hand is shown in vyakhyanamudra, his lower left hand holds a bundle of kusha grass or the scriptures. The index finger of his right hand is bent and touches the tip of his thumb. The other three fingers are stretched apart. This symbolic hand gesture or mudra is the Gnana Mudra (or Jnana Mudra or Jana Mudra), a symbol of knowledge and wisdom. Sometimes, this hand is in the Abhaya Mudra, a posture of assurance and blessing. In Melakadambur the statue of the Dakshinamurti appears seated on a bull under a banyan tree with a hole extending from one ear to the other.
Dakshinamurti is portrayed as a powerful form brimming with ever-flowing bliss and supreme joy while being in the yogic state of abstract meditation. Variations of this iconic representation include Veenadhara Dakshinamurti (holding a Veena) and Rishabharooda Dakshinamurti (mounted on a Rishabha - the bull).
Significance
Indian tradition accords a special reverence to the guru or the spiritual teacher. Dakshinamurti is regarded as the ultimate guru, the embodiment of knowledge and the destroyer of ignorance (as represented by the demon being crushed under the feet of the deity). The Jnana Mudra is interpreted in this way:- The thumb denotes the god and the index finger denotes the man. The other three fingers stand for the three congenital impurities of man viz. arrogance, illusion and bad deeds of the past births. When man detaches himself from these impurities, he reaches God. Another interpretation is that the other three fingers denote the three states of life: Jagruti (Fully awake through senses and mind), Swapna (Sleep state - When the mind is awake) and Sushupti (True-self - When the senses and mind go into soul - Atma). The Abhaya Mudra, a gesture with the hand lifted above thigh with palm facing out, fingers pointing, is interpreted as his grace upon his students. The rosary or the snake signifies tantric knowledge. The fire represents illumination, removing the darkness of ignorance.
Temples
Even though the icon of Dakshinamurti is installed in every Shiva temple, there are only a few temples where Dakshinamurti is the chief deity.
Only one of the twelve Jyotirlingas is Dakshinamurti, the Mahakaleshwar in Ujjain. Being the only Dakshinmurthy Jyotirlinga, It holds special importance for Shaivites as a site of learning.
Sree Dakshinamurti Temple at Sukapuram, Edapal Taluk in Malappuram District, Kerala. Pratishtha was done by Suka Maharshi. It is estimated to be 1500 years old.
Sree Medha Dakshinamurti Temple in gujrathipeta, Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh.
Sree Medha Dakshina Murthy Temple, Sri Neelakanteswara Swamy Temple Complex, Makavaram, Kuddigam village, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, consecrated in June 2022
The deity at the famous Shiva temple in Vaikom town in Kottayam district of Kerala is worshipped as Dakshinamurti in the morning, Kirathamurthy in the afternoon and as Umamaheshwara in the evening.
Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple in Kerala, where the deity enshrined in the form of a Shivalingam is considered as Dakshinamurti
Alangudi, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu
Sree Dakshinamurti Temple at Pattamangalam village, in Sivagangai District, Tamil Nadu. It is estimated that this temple is nearly 500 years old.
In the Sivanandeswarar temple in Thirupanthurai, Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, He is depicted in the Ardhanari form.
In Thirupulivanam, we can find Dakshinamurti in the form of Ardhanariswara. This temple is on the Uthiramerur-Kanchipuram road, 5 km from Uthiramerur, near Chennai.
In March 2007, a big temple of Dakshinamurti (the first in Maharashtra) was created in the Shrutisagar Ashram, about 30 km from Pune
Pragya Dakshinamoorthy at Chibavananda Ashram in Theni, western Tamil Nadu
In Suchindram Thanumalaya temple (5 km from Nagercoil, Kanyakumari Dist.), contrary to tradition, Dakshinamurti is worshipped instead of Ganesh/Vinayaka. Ganesha statue comes last in the worship line.
In Thiruvotriyur, Chennai a dedicated temple to Dakshinamurti exists. It is unique as the deity faces north and is aptly called Vadagurusthalam (the guru's place of north).
The oldest Dakshnimurthy temple is situated in Poonthottam village in Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu. It is estimated that this temple is nearly 1000 years old and the idol of the deity was fixed on the day of mahakumbamela that took place 1000 years ago
Dakshinamurti temple at Vellave near Taliparambu (Kannur District, Kerala), This is a swayambhoo temple (self evolved) of Dakshinamurthi. This temple is situated 4 km away from the famous Rajarajeshwara Temple, Taliparamba
Panaickal Sree Dakshinamurti temple at Kadakkarappally, Cherthala Thaluk in Alappuzha District, Kerala
Since 2002, Mauritius has seen its one and only Dakshinamurti Temple located on the east coast at Palmar on the Indian Ocean, in the compound of Arsha Vidya Ashram. The deity has occupied a place in the Ashram since 1994 but in 2002, a temple was built according to the rules of shahastra nama to give an altar to the Lord.
One of the temples in the United States dedicated to Dakshinamurti is located at Arsha Vidya Gurukulam in Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania.
Adiyogi The Abode of Yoga is a 30,000 square foot space located at the Isha Institute of Inner-sciences, Tennessee, USA. It houses a 21 feet statue of Adiyogi Shiva (which is seen as representation of Dakshinamurti), along with a Shivalinga.
Gurusthalam at Thiruvallur, Tamil Nad Shree Yoga Gnana Dhakshanamoorthy Peetam
A 112 feet, South-facing Adiyogi Shiva statue (Adiyogi The Source of Yoga) along with a linga called "Yogeshwar Linga". It is located at the Isha Yoga Center in Coimbatore, India. The South-facing Adiyogi is seen as a representation of Dakshinamurti, and is considered the Adi Guru or the first Guru.
Mantras and hymns
Many mantras are dedicated to Dakshinamurti. Dakshinamurti is prayed to for protection and overall wellbeing, and for success in education.
Dakshinamurti Gayatri Mantra
Om Vrishabha-dhvajaaya Vidmahe
Ghruni-Hasthaaa Dheemahi
Thanno Dakshinamoorthy Prachodayaath
ॐ वृषभध्वजाय विद्महे घृणिहस्ताय धीमहि |
तन्नो दक्षिणामूर्ति प्रचोदयात् ||
DakShinamoorthy Stótram by Adi Shankārachārya is a laudatory hymn for this form of Siva.
ॐ मौनव्याख्या प्रकटितपरब्रह्मतत्वंयुवानं
वर्शिष्ठान्तेवसदृषिगणैरावृतं ब्रह्मनिष्ठैः |
आचार्येन्द्रं करकलित चिन्मुद्रमानन्दमूर्तिं
स्वात्मरामं मुदितवदनं दक्षिणामूर्तिमीडे ‖
oṃ maunavyākhyā prakaṭita parabrahmatatvaṃ yuvānaṃ
varśiṣṭhānte vasad ṛṣigaṇair āvṛtaṃ brahmaniṣṭhaiḥ |
ācāryendraṃ karakalita cinmudram ānandamūrtiṃ
svātmarāmaṃ muditavadanaṃ dakṣiṇāmūrtimīḍe ‖
I salute Śrī Dakṣiṇāmūrti, the Young Guru, who teaches the knowledge of Brahman through silence, who is surrounded by disciples, who are themselves ṛṣis and scholars in the Vedas. (I worship Śrī Dakṣiṇāmūrti), who is the teacher of teachers, whose hand is held in the sign of knowledge (cin-mudrā), whose nature is fullness, who reveals in himself, and who is ever silent.
Yogadakshinamurti
Yoga Dakshinamurti is an aspect of Shiva as a guru (teacher) of yoga.
Representation
In his aspect as Yoga Dakshinamurti, Shiva is generally represented in any of the two styles described as under: -
He is represented sitting in padmasana posture and engrossed in meditation. He is shown as having four arms. His four arms are depicted in different ways. In the upper right hand he holds his trident (trishula); he carries a bowl of human skull in his upper left hand; the lower right hand is shown in chinmudra; and the lower left hand is raised to his chest.
In another representation, he is shown as sitting under a banyan tree. His one leg rests on the ground, while the other is on his thigh, with the help of a Yogapatta. His four arms are shown in different ways. He carries an akshamala in his upper right hand; the upper left hand is shown as carrying fire; the lower right hand is depicted in dyanamudra; and the lower left hand is shown in abhayamudra. Below his seat, two deer are shown squatting, and a cobra wound around his right arm looks towards him.
References
External links
Dakshinamurti Stotram
Forms of Shiva
Knowledge gods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshinamurti |
Forbes magazine annually lists the world's wealthiest individuals – "The World's Richest People". What follows is the list of billionaires (in U.S. dollars) in Southeast Asia, issued for 2023.
2023
Top ten richest identified to a Southeast Asian country, according to Forbes magazine. Family members of royals or politicians are not included.
Number of billionaires by country
As of 2023, limited to countries in Southeast Asia.
See also
List of wealthiest families
Lists of people by nationality
The World's Billionaires
References
Economy of Southeast Asia-related lists
Lists of people by wealth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Southeast%20Asian%20people%20by%20net%20worth |
Electroelution is a method used to extract a nucleic acid or a protein sample from an electrophoresis gel by applying a negative current in the plane of the smallest dimension of the gel, drawing the macromolecule to the surface for extraction and subsequent analysis. Electroblotting is based upon the same principle.
DNA extraction
Using this method, DNA fragments can be recovered from a particular region of agarose or polyacrylamide gels. The gel piece containing the fragment is excised (cut out from the whole gel) and placed in a dialysis bag with buffer. Electrophoresis causes the DNA to migrate out of the gel into the dialysis bag buffer. The DNA fragments are recovered from this buffer and purified, using phenol–chloroform extraction followed by ethanol precipitation. This method is simple, rapid and yields high (75%) recovery of DNA fragments from gel pieces.
References
Genetics experiments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroelution |
Junior football may refer to:
Association football played at the junior level, such as under the auspices of the Scottish Junior Football Association
Association football played in the Scottish Junior Football League (1892-1947)
Canadian football played at the junior level in Canada, such as in the Canadian Junior Football League
Gaelic football played at junior national level, such as the All-Ireland Junior Football Championship
Gaelic football played at junior local level, such as the East Kerry Junior Football Championship
See also
Senior football (disambiguation)
Junior (footballer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior%20football |
The Battle of Salamis was a decisive naval battle between the Greek city-states and Persia in 480 BC at Salamis island off Athens, that stopped the second Persian invasion of Greece.
The term may also refer to one of several battles fought at or near the city of Salamis, Cyprus:
Battle of Salamis (497 BC), a simultaneous land and sea battle during the Ionian Revolt
Battle of Salamis (450 BC), a simultaneous land and sea battle of the Greco-Persian Wars in Cyprus
Battle of Salamis (306 BC), naval battle in Cyprus between the fleets of Ptolemy I of Egypt and Demetrius Poliorcetes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Salamis%20%28disambiguation%29 |
UFC 57: Liddell vs. Couture 3 was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on February 4, 2006. It was held at the Mandalay Bay Events Center on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, and broadcast live on pay-per-view in the United States.
Headlining the card was an anticipated rubber match between top UFC stars and former coaches of The Ultimate Fighter Chuck Liddell and Randy Couture, widely touted and marketed as MMA's first major trilogy.
It was the UFC's largest grossing gate to date, $3.3 million, in addition to an estimate of over 400,000 pay-per-view buys. The disclosed fighter payroll for the event was $667,000.
Results
Reported payout
Chuck Liddell: $250,000
Randy Couture: $225,000
Renato "Babalu" Sobral: $32,000
Frank Mir: $26,000
Paul Buentello: $22,000
Joe Riggs: $20,000
Mike Van Arsdale: $16,000
Keith Jardine: $10,000
Nick Diaz: $10,000
Alessio Sakara: $10,000
Brandon Vera: $10,000
Marcio Cruz: $8,000
Elvis Sinosic: $6,000
Jeff Monson: $6,000
Mike Whitehead: $5,000
Justin Eilers: $5,000
Branden Lee Hinkle: $4,000
Gilbert Aldana: $2,000
Disclosed Fighter Payroll: $667,000
See also
List of UFC champions
List of UFC events
2006 in UFC
References
External links
"Liddell’s KO Outshone Only by Couture’s Retirement" by Josh Gross, Sherdog, February 5, 2006, retrieved February 19, 2006
Mixed martial arts show results, Mandalay Bay, February 4, 2006 (PDF), Nevada State Athletic Commission, retrieved February 23, 2006
Top MMA Gates, Nevada State Athletic Commission, retrieved February 19, 2006
UFC PPV Buys Explode in 2006
UFC Fighter Salaries for 2006 (includes fighter salaries for UFC 57)
Ultimate Fighting Championship events
2006 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Las Vegas
2006 in sports in Nevada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC%2057 |
Pietro Sambi (27 June 1938 – 27 July 2011) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who served in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1969 until his death in 2011. He had the rank of archbishop and the title of nuncio from 1985, fulfilling assignments in Burundi, Indonesia, Cyprus, Israel, Jerusalem and Palestine, and the United States.
Biography
Sambi was born in Sogliano al Rubicone (Forlì-Cesena), Italy, on 27 June 1938. He spoke Italian, English, French and Spanish.
He was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro on 14 March 1964 and earned degrees in theology and canon law. At the Diocesan Seminary in Pennabilli he was responsible for priestly formation and then became Vice Rector.
He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1969, serving first at the nunciature in Cameroon. He moved to the Apostolic Nunciature in Jerusalem on 19 July 1971, and then to the Apostolic Nunciatures in Cuba in 1974, Algeria in 1978, Nicaragua in 1979, Belgium in 1981, and India in May 1984 with the rank of counselor. In Nicaragua, he was named charge d'affaires just after the leftist Sandinistas under Daniel Ortega came to power and mediated between the Catholic bishops who opposed priests' participation in the government and priests who held prominent government offices in the socialist government.
On 10 October 1985, Pope John Paul II named him pro-nuncio to Burundi and titular archbishop of Bellicastrum. In 1991 he was made pro-nuncio to Indonesia. On 6 June 1998 he was named to several positions concurrently: Nuncio to Israel and to Cyprus and Apostolic Delegate in Jerusalem and Palestine. In 2002, faced with problems constructing a statue in front of the Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth, he was assisted by Cardinal Theodore McCarrick, Archbishop of Washington, and they became friends. When the Basilica of the Nativity in Bethlehem became the center of a stalemate between Palestinian Israeli forces, he negotiated a peaceful resolution. He also criticized Israel's construction of a wall to separate the Palestinian territories from Israel. In March 2003 he warned that Palestinian plans for self-government made no allowance for the practice of religions other than Islam. He also criticized the anti-Semitism found in Palestinian schoolbooks and successfully campaigned for Italy to discontinue support for educational initiatives that used such works. He campaigned for a special status for Jerusalem that would allow it to serve as the center of several major religions. In 2005, he complained that Israel was failing to implement agreements reached with the Holy See over church properties and the treatment of Catholic Arabs in Jerusalem more than a decade earlier.
Pope Benedict XVI named Sambi the Apostolic Nuncio to the United States and Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the Organization of American States on 17 December 2005. He was installed in early 2006. He toured the damage left by Hurricane Katrina during the summer of 2006, shortly after his appointment. During Pope Benedict's April 2008 visit to the U.S., Sambi accompanied the Pope and hosted him at the apostolic nunciature, where the Pope held a historic private meeting with five victims of clergy sexual abuse.
As nuncio, beginning in 2007, he was tasked with and had little success in enforcing restrictions that Pope Benedict XVI placed on Cardinal Theodore McCarrick, now Archbishop emeritus of Washington, because of reports of inappropriate sexual behavior.
Sambi received an honorary doctorate from Regis University in Denver, Colorado, on 8 May 2011. He was the 2009 Living Stones Solidarity Award of the Holy Land Christian Ecumenical Foundation for his work in the Middle East.
On 22 July 2011, Sambi underwent lung surgery and developed complications that required the use of assisted ventilation. On 27 July, he died at Johns Hopkins Medical Center in Baltimore, apparently from complications relating to that surgery.
References
1938 births
2011 deaths
People from Sogliano al Rubicone
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Apostolic Nuncios to Burundi
Apostolic Nuncios to Israel
Apostolic Nuncios to Indonesia
Apostolic Nuncios to the United States
Permanent Observers of the Holy See to the Organization of American States
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni
21st-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro%20Sambi |
The following are partial lists of the Forbes list of Chinese billionaires (converted into USD) and is based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by Forbes magazine in 2022. In 2022 China had 607 billionaires which put the country second in the world, after the United States (735).
Current richest Chinese billionaire is Zhong Shanshan, ranked as the eighth wealthiest man in the world as of March 11, 2022.
2022 Chinese billionaires top 100 list
The hundred entrepreneurs billionaires are listed as follows, including their China rank (S#) and world rank (W#), citizenship, age, net worth, and source of wealth:
See also
Forbes list of billionaires
Hurun Report
List of countries by the number of billionaires
List of wealthiest families
References
External links
China Rich List
Hurun Rich List – China's richest people (2020) by the Hurun Report
People by net worth
New worth
Chinese
Net worth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chinese%20by%20net%20worth |
Theodore Sedgwick III (January 27, 1811 – December 9, 1859) was an American attorney and author on legal topics.
He was born in Albany, New York, the son of Theodore Sedgwick II (1780–1839) and Susan Anne Ridley Sedgwick (1788–1867). He was a grandson of Theodore Sedgwick (1746–1813).
He graduated from Columbia College in 1829. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in May, 1833.
Sedgwick spent 15 months in Europe, primarily as a member of Edward Livingston's legation when Livingston served as U.S. Minister to France. On his return home in May 1835, he joined his uncle Robert Sedgwick's law practice in New York. He took over the practice when Robert was debilitated by a stroke in 1838, and remained active until 1850.
Ill health forced Sedgwick to retire in 1850. He spent the next several years traveling in Europe, including visits to Italy, Switzerland, France, and England. In 1852, he became president of the Crystal Palace Association, organizing the construction of the building for the New York World's Fair.
In 1857, Sedgwick declined President James Buchanan's offers to become Minister to the Netherlands and assistant secretary of state. In 1858, he became United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York.
Sedgwick died in Stockbridge on December 9, 1859. He was buried at Stockbridge Cemetery.
His writings include his edition of the political writings of William Leggett (two volumes, 1840); Treatise on the Measure of Damages (1847; eighth edition, 1891); Treatise on the Rules which Govern the Interpretation and Application of Statutory and Constitutional Law (1857; second edition, 1874); and Thoughts on the Proposed Annexation of Texas (1844, originally published 1843 as letters to the New York Evening Post), which declared the annexation of Texas unconstitutional.
References
External links
Theodore SEDGWICK III / Sarah Morgan ASHBURNER
1811 births
1859 deaths
American legal writers
American people of English descent
Columbia College (New York) alumni
United States Attorneys for the Southern District of New York
Writers from Albany, New York
Sedgwick family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Sedgwick%20%28writer%29 |
PicMaster is a bitmap graphics editor which is distributed as shareware. The software combines several fields of application and therefore is also referred to as a multi talented image editor. One can not only find the standard image editing functions (draw with pen, remove red eye, add text, etc.) but also extended functions such as displaying anaglyph images, morphing and an integrated webcam support.
An anaglyph image can be constructed by shooting two slightly displaced pictures with a digital camera. An illusion of a three-dimensional picture is created by using the software and a pair of 3D glasses. Objects seem to emerge from the computer monitor.
The morphing function can transform photos from one person to another. To do so, the persons must be photographed in similar postures and their shapes need to be cut out with the help of the software. After doing so, points of support are set on noticeable spots (eyes, nose, mouth, etc.). Finally, the software calculates the intermediate images and creates a video of the transformation.
PicMaster supports multiple possibilities for capturing images from a camera. The image can be placed into the Internet by uploading them on a server with the FTP protocol. Alternatively, the software can turn the computer into a web server using the HTTP protocol. The system can also be run as an alarm system which sends an E-mail containing the image as soon as a movement is detected.
The software already includes 300 filter effects which can be described by using mathematical formulas. The integrated formula editor and parser allows a quick creation of image effects (e.g. r=r+20 increases the red portion of the image). Photoshop Plugins can be included as well. More Plugins are available in the Internet.
A large image containing many small images (frames) can be created with the mosaic function. From a set of frames, the software can choose the one that fits best the spot in the large image. When viewed from a distance, the frames convert to the large image.
The software offers several helpful functions for scanning pictures. Multiple pictures can be put on a scanner and by pressing a button they will be automatically:
separated into frames
straightened
removed from the background border
saved without any dialog (scan & save)
photocopied (scan & print)
All working steps can be recorded in a macro and replayed later in order to reduce the amount of work. The actions are saved in a simple text file that can be run on multiple pictures at a later time. This makes it possible to shrink all pictures in a folder without the need to process each one individually.
Other functions include:
Creation of slideshows with transition effects and voice comments. (as a runnable CD, screen saver, website, background switcher)
Image viewer (thumbnail preview)
Digital camera (copy pictures, renumber files, correct pixel errors)
Creation of photographic albums
Taking screenshots
Video filters
External links
Raster graphics editors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PicMaster |
The Hazy Moon Zen Center is a Soto Zen center in Los Angeles, California.
History
Hazy Moon Zen Center was founded in 1996 by William Nyogen Yeo Roshi through the honorary founder Taizan Maezumi Roshi. Nyogen Roshi practiced 27 years with Maezumi Roshi and was the last of the successors in the Maezumi Roshi Lineage.
As an active Zen temple, the Hazy Moon offers daily zazen practice that allows the public to practice with the temple monks, and Dharma talks are given by Nyogen Roshi on a weekly basis. As with most Zen temples, intensive retreats (sesshin) and regular classes that aid practitioners in strengthening their Zen practice are offered throughout the year.
See also
Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States
References
External links
Hazy Moon Zen Center
Hazy Moon Zen Center videos
Buddhist temples in Los Angeles
Zen centers in California
1996 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazy%20Moon%20Zen%20Center |
Brookstone is a chain of retail stores in the United States and China. It was founded as a mail-order business in 1965, when it started selling items, such as dental clamps and other specialty tools. Its first physical location opened in 1973 in Peterborough, New Hampshire. The company's headquarters are currently located in Merrimack, New Hampshire.
Brookstone now sells a wide assortment of products, including remote control helicopters and drones, alarm clocks and smartwatches, massage chairs, speakers, iPads and tablet accessories, blankets, pillows, and many other lifestyle items. Most of the products sold at Brookstone stores are designed by the company and sold under its own brand (white brand). Brookstone stores are generally found in airports and also operates an online webstore. The company is distinctive in that it allows customers to play with any product in the store before making a purchase.
On April 3, 2014, the company filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware; in its first-day motions on April 4, the company sought permission to be acquired by the parent of Spencer Gifts. The company's stores were to remain open and running as usual during the bankruptcy process.
In June 2014, Brookstone was purchased by the Chinese investment firm, Sailing Capital, and Chinese conglomerate, Sanpower, for more than $173 million. The company emerged from bankruptcy in July 2014.
On August 2, 2018, Brookstone announced the closing of all their mall locations to focus on their website and airport locations, days after the company was considering filing for bankruptcy. On August 6, 2018, Brookstone filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and announced the closure of all 101 U.S. store locations.
History
Founding
Pierre de Beaumont and his wife, Mary, began Brookstone in 1965, for $500. After learning accounting by correspondence, they began mailing catalogs to thousands of hobbyists. It was based in their Berkshires farmhouse, and they named the company after their farm.
Pierre de Beaumont was known as a tinkerer, and Brookstone's start and initial product base was driven around the purpose of making hard-to-find and useful items/tools. Brookstone started out as a catalog company, with local and long-distance catalog circulations that initially were introduced from a classified ad in a Popular Mechanics magazine in 1965. The demand for the unique products that Brookstone offered developed into a strong consumer, demand-based system that led to a need for specific Brookstone retail stores.
1970s and 80s
Brookstone opened its first store in 1973 in New Hampshire. Due to the growing success of this store, many more followed during the next decade; however the customer-base for Brookstone stores were almost exclusively limited to those who received their distributed catalogs.
In March 1980, the Quaker Oats Company bought Brookstone with a $9 million stock exchange.
Brookstone fixed their customer base issue in the 1980s by introducing products in their stores that were not available in their catalogs; however, they still focused on unique tools and household goods. New items included products focused on travel, leisure, technology, audio, and games, and even developed a hands-on experience for almost all of their products. Due to the introduction of these new products, more customers developed an interest and sales gradually increased through the 1980s.
Looking to reduce debt, Quaker announced in August 1986 they would sell off their specialty retailing group, which included Brookstone as well as Jos. A. Bank Clothiers and Eyelab. Brookstone was purchased by an investment group including Greylock Management, Duncan, Cook and Co. and Fidelity Ventures, as well as Brookstone management.
In 1987, sales were posted at $93 million, which Brookstone considered a record. Their income, though, was at a loss of $9.7 million, and this situation continued through the late 1980s. Even though sales were increasing, Brookstone decided to focus on ideas of creating products catered towards women, and converting their stores' overall look driven towards a "men's clubhouse" feeling. Store arrangements were also changed to provide a less crowded, and more comfortable atmosphere. These efforts proved to be successful as an annual positive income was made at $4.9 million, with sales at $104.6 million in the early '90s.
Even with this success, Brookstone wanted more improvements, and decided to sack its computer programming staff that worked on their retail computer system. With needs in the retail scene changing, their initial, already developed retail software systems became useful, which ended up making Brookstone's remaining staffed programmers unnecessary, which developed into strong annual savings for Brookstone.
1990s
In 1992, Brookstone opened kiosks that offered Brookstone items, but contained a limited selection of items. The kiosks were separated from the Brookstone stores, but were contained in the same mall. These kiosks also proved to be a successful business venture with an overall sales jump to $143.7 million.
By 1993, Brookstone operated around 100 stores in the US. Sales in these stores accounted for 85 percent of their annual revenue, with their still existing magazine, and kiosk sales contributing to the remaining 15 percent.
At this time, Brookstone only had two distribution centers, and decided to add a brand-new one in 1994 in Missouri, which resulted in faster shipments of their products to customers at no cost. By the late 1990s, Brookestone had 150 stores in 32 states, more than 100 kiosks, and an online retail store. Brookstone evolved into a multimillion-dollar company while retaining a strong grip on their original theme of offering unique and interesting products.
Over the course of the 1990s, Brookstone moved away from selling tools and similar items, and began to focus more on electronics.
21st century
In the mid-2000s, Brookstone stores were redesigned with tile floors and track lighting.
In January 2014, Brookstone missed an interest payment to bondholders on their debt of $125 million from the original Osim/Childs/Temasek buyout. As a result, Brookstone began to consult with firms including Hilco Global and Tiger Capital Group LLC about buying or investing in the company. On March 26, 2014, it was reported that the mall retailer Spencer Spirit Holdings, the parent of Spencer Gifts, would look to acquire Brookstone out of Bankruptcy for $120 million. On April 3, 2014, Brookstone filed for bankruptcy as expected.
In June 2014, Brookstone was purchased by the Chinese investment firm Sailing Capital and Chinese conglomerate Sanpower for more than $173 million. The company emerged from Bankruptcy in July 2014.
In August 2018, Brookstone filed for its second bankruptcy in 4 years, subsequently announcing the closure of all storefronts in shopping malls. Airport stores and their website will stay.
Competition
Brookstone is in competition with The Sharper Image, a similar company that filed for bankruptcy in 2008, but continues to run its online storefront and catalog. Another competitor was Hammacher Schlemmer, which began as a New York hardware store with a catalog.
Controversy
Employment
In November 2009, Brookstone received media coverage over the firing of Massachusetts man Peter Vadala. Vadala allegedly disagreed with a co-worker's homosexuality in a Boston store, after she made references to her same-sex fiancee, seeking Vadala's congratulations. Brookstone asserts it has a zero-tolerance policy on discriminatory harassment. Vadala asserted that Christians are "obviously" excluded from that discriminatory harassment policy in a Fox & Friends interview.
Frog-O-Sphere
The treatment of animals in Brookstone's Frog-O-Sphere, an aquarium-like self-cleaning tank which contains two African dwarf frogs, has caused an animal rights controversy. In November 2009, PETA released an undercover video investigation allegedly depicting inhumane treatment of frogs prior to their use in Frog-O-Spheres at their supplier, Wild Creations. PETA alleges that frogs are raised in unfiltered water, infrequently fed, and suffering from fungal infections. Brookstone has denied these charges.
See also
Retail apocalypse
List of retailers affected by the retail apocalypse
References
Retail companies based in New Hampshire
Private equity portfolio companies
Privately held companies based in New Hampshire
Bain Capital companies
Companies based in Merrimack, New Hampshire
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2014
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2018
Retail companies established in 1965
1965 establishments in New Hampshire
2014 mergers and acquisitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookstone |
Randall C. Pfund (born December 29, 1951) is an American former National Basketball Association (NBA) head coach and executive. He was an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Lakers under Pat Riley and Mike Dunleavy, and was the team's head coach during the 1992–93 and 1993–94 seasons, although he was let go near the end of his second season, being replaced for the remainder of the year by Magic Johnson.
He was the general manager for the Miami Heat from 1995 until September 29, 2008. However, he served mostly in an advisory role to Riley, who as team president (and also head coach from 1995 to 2003 and from 2005 to 2008) had the final say in basketball matters.
Pfund played college basketball at Wheaton College, where he amassed a cumulative scoring averaged double figures, averaging nearly 25 points per game in his senior season.
His father, Lee Pfund, pitched for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1945 and was his college coach at Wheaton.
References
External links
BasketballReference: Randy Pfund
1951 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Illinois
Basketball players from Illinois
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Los Angeles Lakers assistant coaches
Los Angeles Lakers head coaches
Miami Heat executives
National Basketball Association general managers
Sportspeople from Miami Beach, Florida
Sportspeople from Oak Park, Illinois
Sportspeople from Wheaton, Illinois
Wheaton Thunder men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Pfund |
The olfactory tubercle (OT), also known as the tuberculum olfactorium, is a multi-sensory processing center that is contained within the olfactory cortex and ventral striatum and plays a role in reward cognition. The OT has also been shown to play a role in locomotor and attentional behaviors, particularly in relation to social and sensory responsiveness, and it may be necessary for behavioral flexibility. The OT is interconnected with numerous brain regions, especially the sensory, arousal, and reward centers, thus making it a potentially critical interface between processing of sensory information and the subsequent behavioral responses.
The OT is a composite structure that receives direct input from the olfactory bulb and contains the morphological and histochemical characteristics of the ventral pallidum and the striatum of the forebrain. The dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic pathway project onto the GABAergic medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle (receptor D3 is abundant in these two areas ). In addition, the OT contains tightly packed cell clusters known as the islands of Calleja, which consist of granule cells. Even though it is part of the olfactory cortex and receives direct input from the olfactory bulb, it has not been shown to play a role in processing of odors.
Structure
The olfactory tubercle differs in location and relative size between humans, other primates, rodents, birds, and other animals. In most cases, the olfactory tubercle is identified as a round bulge along the basal forebrain anterior to the optic chiasm and posterior to the olfactory peduncle. In humans and other primates, visual identification of the olfactory tubercle is not easy because the basal forebrain bulge is small in these animals. With regard to functional anatomy, the olfactory tubercle can be considered to be a part of three larger networks. First, it is considered to be part of the basal forebrain, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdaloid nuclei because of its location along the rostral ventral region of the brain, that is, the front-bottom part. Second, it is considered to be part of the olfactory cortex because it receives direct input from the olfactory bulb. Third, it is also considered to be part of the ventral striatum based on anatomy, neurochemical, and embryology data.
One of the most striking features of the olfactory tubercle is the closely packed crescent-shape cell clusters, which are located mostly in layer III and sometimes in layer II. These cell clusters, called the islands of Calleja, are innervated by dopaminergic projections from the nucleus accumbens and the substantia nigra, suggesting the role that the olfactory tubercle plays in the reward system.
The olfactory tubercle is a multi-sensory processing center due to the number of innervations going to and from other brain regions such as the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, brain stem, auditory and visual sensory fibers, and a number of structures in the reward–arousal system, as well as the olfactory cortex. Due to its many innervations from other brain regions, the olfactory tubercle is involved in merging information across the senses, such as olfactory/audition and olfactory/visual integrations, possibly in a behaviorally relevant manner. Thus, damage to the olfactory tubercle is likely to affect the functionality of all these areas of the brain. Examples of such disruption include changes in normal odor-guided behavior, and impairments in modulating state and motivational behavior, which are common in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, dementia and depression.
The olfactory tubercle has been shown to play a large role in behavior. Unilateral lesions in the olfactory tubercle have been shown to alter attention, social and sensory responsiveness, and even locomotor behavior. Bilateral lesions have been shown to reduce copulatory behavior in male rats. The olfactory tubercle has also been shown to be especially involved in reward and addictive behaviors. Rats have been shown to administer cocaine into the olfactory tubercle more than the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum, other reward centers in the brain. In fact, they will administer cocaine into the olfactory tubercle at about 200 times per hour and even till death.
Functional contributions of the olfactory tubercle to olfaction are currently unclear; however, there is evidence of a perceptual role that it may play. Work from Zelano, et al. suggest that the olfactory tubercle may be crucial in sorting out the sources of olfactory information. This suggests that it may also play a role in odor guided behavior. Thus, it may link perception of odor with action through its connections with attention, reward, and motivation systems of the basal forebrain. Functional imaging data from this same group also shows that the olfactory tubercle is highly activated during tasks that engage attention, thus playing a large role in arousal-related systems.
Because the olfactory tubercle is a component of the ventral striatum, it is heavily interconnected with several affective-, reward-, and motivation-related centers of the brain. It also sits at the interface between the olfactory sensory input and state-dependent behavioral modulatory circuits, that is the area that modulates behavior during certain physiological and mental states. Thus, the olfactory tubercle may also play an important role in the mediation of odor approach and odor avoidance behavior, probably in a state-dependent manner.
Anatomy
In general, the olfactory tubercle is located at the basal forebrain of the animal within the medial temporal lobe. Specifically, parts of the tubercle are included in the olfactory cortex and nested between the optic chiasm and olfactory tract and ventral to the nucleus accumbens. The olfactory tubercle consists of three layers, a molecular layer (layer I), the dense cell layer (layer II), and the multiform layer (layer III). Other than the islands of Calleja, which are characteristic of the tubercle, it is also noted for the being innervated by dopaminergic neurons from the ventral tegmental area. The olfactory tubercle also consists of heterogeneous elements, such as medial forebrain bundle, and has a ventral extension of the striatal complex. During the 1970s, the tubercle was found to contain a striatal component which is composed of GABAergic medium spiny neurons. The GABAergic neurons project to the ventral pallidum and receive glutamatergic inputs from cortical regions and dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area.
Morphological and neurochemical features
The ventral portion of the olfactory tubercle consists of three layers, whereas the dorsal portion contains dense cell clusters and adjoins the ventral pallidum (within the basal ganglia). The structure of the most ventral and anterior parts of the tubercle can be defined as anatomically defined hills (consisting of gyri and sulci) and clusters of cells.
The most common cell types in the olfactory tubercle are medium-size dense spine cells found predominantly in layer II (dense cell layer). The dendrites of these cells are covered by substance p immunoreactive (S.P.I) axons up into layer III (multiform layer). These cells also project into the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen, thus linking the olfactory tubercle with the pallidum. Other medium-size cells reside in layers II and III of the olfactory tubercle as well. These include the spine-poor neurons and spindle cells and they differ from the medium-size dense spine cells because they have sparse dendritic trees. The largest cells, and most striking feature of the olfactory tubercle, are densely packed crescent-shape cell clusters, Islands of Calleja that reside mostly in the dorsal portion of the olfactory tubercle, layer III, and can also be found in layer II. The olfactory tubercle also contains three classes of small cells found mostly in layers I and II. The first are pial cells (named as such because of location near pial surface), which look like miniature medium-size dense spine cells. The second are radiate cells and are easily identified by numerous multi-directional spineless dendrites. The third, small spine cells, are similar to the pial cells in that they also look like medium-size spine cells except they are not located near the pial surface.
Development
Migrating cells from several developmental sites come together to form the olfactory tubercle. This includes the ventral ganglionic eminence (found in ventral part of telencephalon, where they form bulges in the ventricles that later become the basal ganglia, present only in embryonic stages) and the rostromedial telencephalic wall (of the forebrain). Olfactory tubercle neurons originate as early as embryonic day 13 (E13), and the cell development occurs in a layer specific manner. The emergence of the three main layers of the olfactory tubercle begins almost simultaneously. The large neurons in layer III originate from E13 to E16, while the small and medium originate between E15 and E20. Like the small and medium cells in layer III, the cells of layer II and the striatal bridges also originate between E15 and E20 and develop in a lateral to medial gradient. The granule cells of the islands of calleja originate between E19 and E22 and continue to migrate into the islands until long after birth.
Fibers from the lateral olfactory tract begin branching into the olfactory tubercle around E17. The lateral portion of the olfactory tubercle (which adjoins the olfactory tract) receives the densest fiber input and the medial portion receives light fiber projections. This branching continues until completion about the end of the first week after birth.
Function
Multi-sensory processes
The olfactory tubercle plays a functional role in the multisensory integration of olfactory information with extra modal senses. Auditory sensory information may arrive at the olfactory tubercle via networks involving the hippocampus and ventral pallidum or directly from the olfactory cortex, thus showing a possible role of the olfactory tubercle in olfactory auditory sensory integration. This convergence has been shown to cause the perception of sound, caused by the interaction between smell and sound. This possibility has been supported by work from where olfactory tubercle displayed olfactory–auditory convergence.
Retinal projections have also been found in layer II of the olfactory tubercle, suggesting that it constitutes a region of olfactory and visual convergence. These visual sensory fibers arrive from the retinal ganglion cells. Thus, the olfactory tubercle may play a role in the perception of odors when a visual source is identified.
As far as olfaction is concerned, in vitro data from some studies suggest that the olfactory tubercle units have the functional capability of other olfactory center neurons in processing odor. It has been suggested that the olfactory tubercle may be crucial in determining the source of olfactory information and responds to odor inhalations that are attended to.
Role in behavior
The olfactory tubercle has been shown to be concerned primarily with the reception of sensory impulses from olfactory receptors. Because of its connections to regions like the amygdala and hippocampus, the olfactory tubercle may play a role in behavior. Rats rely heavily on olfactory sensory input from olfactory receptors for behavioral attitudes. Studies show that bilateral lesions in the olfactory tubercle significantly reduce stereotyped behavior such as copulatory behavior in male rats and a reduction in sniffing and chewing behaviors. These stereotyped inhibitions may have been caused by the removal of central neuronal processes other than the dopaminergic cells in the olfactory tubercle. Unilateral lesions have been shown to alter attention, social and sensory responsiveness, and even locomotor behavior in rats.
Arousal and reward
The dopaminergic neurons from the ventral tegmental area that innervate the olfactory tubercle enable the tubercle to play roles in reward and arousal and appears to partially mediate cocaine reinforcement. The anteromedial portions of the tubercle have been shown to mediate some of the rewarding effects of drugs like cocaine and amphetamine. This has been shown in studies where rats learn to self-administer cocaine at significantly high rates into the tubercle. Injections of cocaine into the tubercle induce robust locomotion and rearing behavior in rats.
Clinical significance
The multi-sensory nature of the olfactory tubercle and the many innervations it receives from other brain regions, especially the direct input from the olfactory bulb and innervations from the ventral tegmental area, makes it likely to be involved in several psychiatric disorders in which olfaction and dopamine receptors are affected. Many studies have found reduced olfactory sensitivity in patients with major depressive disorders (MDD) and dementia and schizophrenia. Patients with MDD have been shown to have reduced olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex as compared to normal people. In dementias, especially of the Alzheimer's disease type, the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, and orbitofrontal cortex, all areas of the brain that process olfaction are affected. The deficits observed in dementia include decrease in odor threshold sensitivity, odor identification and odor memory. Patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in olfactory discrimination that are not seen in patients with other psychiatric disorders not mentioned here. Rupp, et al. found that in patients with schizophrenia olfactory sensitivity and discrimination as well as higher order identification abilities are reduced. As mentioned earlier, the olfactory tubercle may be involved in the perception of odors due to the inputs received from the bulb and thus, by extension, may play a role in these psychiatric disorders.
History
The olfactory tubercle was first described by Albert von Kölliker in 1896, who studied them in rats. Since then, there have been several histological and histochemical studies; done in this area to identify it in other rodents, cats, humans, non-human primates, and other species. Similar studies were done by several authors to find the cell composition and innervations to and from other regions in the OT. Over the years, several other methods have been employed to find the possible functions and role of the OT in the brain. These began with lesion studies and early electrophysiological recordings. Improvements in technology have made it possible to now place multiple electrodes in the olfactory tubercle and record from anesthetized and even awake animals participating in behavioral tasks.
See also
Mesolimbic pathway
References
Further reading
External links
http://brainmaps.org/ajax-viewer.php?datid=1&sname=1201&hname=olfactory%20tubercle&hlabel=OLT
The Enigmatic Olfactory Tubercle Overview on current research of the Olfactory tubercle at NIDCD.
Brain Regions: Olfactory Tubercle Basic info about the tubercle at NeuroLex.
Sections Containing Olfactory Tubercle Illustrated sections of all types showing exact location of tubercle in the brain at BrainMaps.
Olfactory system
Neurophysiology
Cerebral cortex | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory%20tubercle |
Midway Arcade Treasures Deluxe Edition is an arcade compilation released exclusively for Microsoft Windows on February 15, 2006 in North America, and on March 17, 2006 in PAL regions. It is a compilation of Midway Arcade Treasures 2 and Midway Arcade Treasures 3, which had both been previously released on consoles only. Unlike the previous two volumes, it includes the original Mortal Kombat. In the two months after its release, two official patches were released for the collection, one to fix missing music for half of the games that was accidentally left out of the shipped version, and a second one to correct a button function oversight that prevented Random Select and Smoke battle easter eggs in Mortal Kombat II (these were bugs that plagued the console versions of Midway Arcade Treasures 2). A few pieces of additional artwork for Wizard of Wor and Primal Rage were made available as supplements on the Midway website. Like the previous release, the Deluxe Edition's Primal Rage content suffered from emulation issues.
Games
Reception
Midway Arcade Treasures Deluxe Edition received mixed to slightly positive reviews with an average score 70.71% on GameRankings. Major criticisms include the installation procedure as not user-friendly (mostly due to the inclusion of the mandatory additional installation of a third party DRM software package for the purpose of copy protection), misleading information about the set being a "Deluxe" set, when in actuality, the Deluxe Edition set is really a repackaged bundle that consists of volumes 2 and 3 of Midway Arcade Treasures in one set, missing audio on most games, for the control setup being a "hassle", "blurry" graphics and emulation issues with Primal Rage.
See also
Mortal Kombat Arcade Kollection
References
External links
Midway Arcade Treasures: Deluxe Edition media and information archive at Total Mortal Kombat
2006 video games
Midway video game compilations
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Digital Eclipse games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Midway Studios San Diego games
fr:Midway Arcade Treasures#Midway Arcade Treasures: Deluxe Edition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway%20Arcade%20Treasures%20Deluxe%20Edition |
Manila Broadcasting Company (MBC) is a radio and television network in the Philippines. MBC is currently owned by the FJE Group of Companies of Fred J. Elizalde, which also operates hotels and Pasay-based amusement park Star City. Its AM flagship network, DZRH is the oldest radio station in the country while its FM flagship network, Love Radio is the top station in FM radio ratings in Metro Manila (from 2002 until 2017, and again in 2020) and several key cities.
MBC's corporate headquarters and studios are located at the MBC Building, Star City, Vicente Sotto St., CCP Complex, Pasay, Metro Manila.
MBC forms its own network group with six national brands, specifically, DZRH radio and DZRH News Television, Aksyon Radyo, Love Radio, Yes The Best, Easy Rock, and Radyo Natin; operated either directly by MBC, or through its affiliate-licensees Pacific Broadcasting Systems, Cebu Broadcasting Company, Radyo Natin Network, and Philippine Broadcasting Corporation.
DZRH News Television, which is an extension of the DZRH brand into an audio-visual platform, is carried by some 1,000 cable providers throughout the Philippine archipelago.
The current president of MBC is Ruperto Nicdao Jr.
History
The Heacock era
The origins of MBC can be traced to DZRH, which first went on air as KZRH on the morning of July 15, 1939, by the Heacock Company, a prominent department store based in Escolta Street, Binondo, Manila. Years later, it bought KZRC (now DYRC) from Isaac Beck in Cebu City. The Japanese took over the stations and KZRH became PIAM (Philippine Islands AM) for their propaganda use.
The birth of MBC and DZRH
After World War II, the Elizalde brothers (Federico "Fred", Joaquin Miguel "Mike" and Manuel "Manolo") took over KZRH and KYRC. With the help of station manager Bertrand Silen, KZRH transferred its operations to the Insular Life Building in Plaza Cervantes. In June 1946, the Elizaldes established the network under the Manila Broadcasting Company (incorporated on September 30, 1947).
KZRH returned to the airwaves on July 1, 1946. On July 4, 1946, it aired the live coverage of the Philippine independence from the United States and the inauguration of the third Philippine Republic.
In 1948, after the international telecommunications conference in the United States where the Philippines changed its first letter to "D", KZRH changed its callsign to DZRH, and has been expanded to over 30 stations nationwide. The same year, MBC launched its sister station in Manila, DZMB (thru the establishment of Cebu Broadcasting Company) and DZPI (thru Philippine Broadcasting Corporation that the Elizaldes acquired from the Soriano family).
In 1949, DZRH began airing the first radio drama, Gulong ng Palad.
Ben Aniceto began his long media career, working with DZRH, DZMB, and DZPI as a radio talent.
In 1956, MBC moved to its own Radio Center along Taft Avenue in Ermita, Manila. In the same year, Philippine radio gained popularity and AM radio became lucrative in what was considered as the golden years.
1960s to Marcos dictatorship
When then-president Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law in 1972, MBC was temporarily closed for a few months.
In 1975, MBC ventured into the FM band when its stations DZMB and other MBC music AM stations (such as DYBU in Cebu) moved to FM radio. This would become the nucleus of MBC's Love Radio Network.
The expansion of MBC
In 1985, Manolo Elizalde retired. His son, Fred J. Elizalde, became chairman and CEO.
After the People Power Revolution ended the Marcos dictatorship in 1986, MBC began to expand its FM stations (Love Radio Network) while DZRH continued to broadcast nationwide. Ruperto Nicdao, Jr. became a board member of MBC in 1988 before he became president of MBC.
In January 1992, the application of MBC and Springs Foundation's Channel 11 (DWXI-TV) to operate was denied by the National Telecommunications Commission, stating that it is "not legally, technically, and financially qualified". The channel was later acquired by Eddie Villanueva's ZOE Broadcasting Network and renamed DZOE-TV in 1998.
In 1994, DZRH relaunched itself as "One Nation, One Station" by launching the first nationwide satellite broadcast.
In July 2002, MBC studios were transferred from FJE Building in Makati to CCP Complex in Pasay.
MBC co-hosted the Aliwan Fiesta since 2003, in partnership with Cultural Center of the Philippines, and the cities of Manila and Pasay. Aliwan Fiesta is an annual event that gathers different cultural festivals of the Philippines in Star City in Pasay wherein contingents compete in dance parade and float competitions, as well as in a beauty pageant.
After 35 years, MBC returned to television with the launch of DZRH News Television on October 1, 2007.
Acquisitions, new networks, and changes
In 1995, MBC acquired DWKS-FM and changed its callsign to DWST as 101.1 Showbiz Tsismis. It lasts until 1998 and relaunched as Yes FM. During the 1990s, DYRC was spun off into Aksyon Radyo, established in 11 provincial AM stations.
On December 16, 1997, MBC launched Radyo Natin. Composed of 100 FM stations strategically across the nation by using state of the art satellite technology, Radyo Natin is able to reach audiences that has never been reached before by another radio station.
In January 1999, Hot FM was launched in Dagupan, Cebu City, General Santos and Zamboanga City, with more than 50 minor provincial radio stations (under the consortium with Radyo Natin).
In October 2008, MBC acquired DWRK from ACWS-United Broadcasting Network. Seven months later in May 2009, DWRK was relaunched as Easy Rock.
In 2017, Hot FM was unofficially ceased itself as most of the remaining Hot FM stations were rebranded and switched to Radyo Natin.
In 2018, MBC began to test broadcast its TV channel DZRH News Television on digital free TV using ISDB-T in Cebu, Bacolod and Iloilo.
2019 fire
MBC main offices and studios were affected by a major fire that originated in the nearby theme park and sister company Star City on October 2, 2019. While regular programming for its AM station DZRH was suspended as a result of the fire, MBC Manila radio stations transferred its operations and broadcasts, in interim, at BSA Twin Towers, in Ortigas Center, Mandaluyong, where its FM transmitters are located. One month later on November 11, the MBC studios and offices transferred again at the Design Center of the Philippines, which is near the MBC Building.
On November 15, 2021, after a two-year hiatus, MBC studios and offices returned to the newly renovated MBC Building at the Star City complex (which was still under rehabilitation and reconstruction), except for DZRH which would later be relocated on December 17. On the same day, MBC relaunched its new corporate slogan, Sama-Sama Tayo, Pilipino! () along with the new logos of all MBC radio stations.
Franchise renewal
On October 30, 2018, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11109 which renewed MBC's license for another 25 years. The law grants MBC a franchise to construct, install, operate, and maintain, for commercial purposes, radio broadcasting stations and television stations, including digital television system, with the corresponding facilities such as relay stations, throughout the Philippines.
MBC Media Group
Radio networks
Defunct networks
DZRH News Television
Subsidiaries / Affiliates
Cebu Broadcasting Company
Pacific Broadcasting System
Philippine Broadcasting Corporation
Operation Tulong - MBC's corporate social responsibility program.
Elizalde Hotels and Resorts (80%)
365 Talent Management - MBC's talent management unit
External links
Media Ownership Monitor Philippines - Media Companies: A Duopoly Rules by VERA Files and Reporters Without Borders
References
1946 establishments in the Philippines
Companies based in Pasay
Companies listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange
Mass media companies established in 1946
Mass media companies of the Philippines
Philippine radio networks
Radio stations in the Philippines
Television networks in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila%20Broadcasting%20Company |
Sembawang Bus Interchange is a bus interchange located in Sembawang, Singapore. Opened on 20 November 2005, it provides hassle-free transfer to the nearby Sembawang MRT station.
This is one of the interchanges in a residential estate to not have any feeder services.
History
Before the opening of Sembawang Bus Interchange, various bus services terminated at scattered parts of Sembawang town. These include Admiralty Road West Bus Terminal for Service 980, Sembawang Road End Bus Terminal (near Sembawang Park) for Service 167 and the pair of bus stops outside Sembawang MRT station for Service 981.
When the bus interchange opened, these bus services, along with Service 859, which operated from Yishun Bus Interchange, were amended to terminate at the newly opened bus interchange. A replacement bus service, Service 882, was created to replace the lost link between Sembawang and Sembawang Park along Sembawang Road End via Wellington Circle and Montreal Link. Services to the former Admiralty Road West Bus Terminal from Sembawang were covered by Service 856, which passes by both places along its route between Yishun Bus Interchange and Woodlands Regional Bus Interchange, and bus Service 981, which passes by both place on its route to Senoko Industrial Estate. There are only two new bus services in Sembawang after that, which is service 117 to Punggol and 883 to Yishun.
Management
Since 3 October 2021, Sembawang Bus Interchange is managed by Tower Transit on a five year term.
Bus Contracting Model
Under the new bus contracting model, with the exception of Service 117 under Sengkang-Hougang Bus Package, the rest of the services are under Sembawang-Yishun Bus Package.
References
External links
Interchange/Terminal (SMRT Buses)
Sembawang Town Map & Services Guide
2005 establishments in Singapore
Bus stations in Singapore
Sembawang | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sembawang%20Bus%20Interchange |
Antonino Zichichi (; born 15 October 1929) is an Italian physicist who has worked in the field of nuclear physics. He has served as President of the World Federation of Scientists and as a professor at the University of Bologna.
Biography
Zichichi was born in Trapani, Sicily, in 1929. He has collaborated on several discoveries in the field of sub-nuclear physics and has worked in numerous research laboratories such as Fermilab in Chicago and CERN in Geneva. In 1963, he founded the Centro Ettore Majorana of Erice, dedicated to scientific culture. The Ettore Majorana centre sponsors the International School of Subnuclear Physics, where Zichichi serves as director.
He was president of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare from 1977 up to 1982 and in 1980 he strongly backed the creation of the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. Currently, he is an emeritus professor of physics at the University of Bologna. He is president of the World Federation of Scientists, an organization concerned with the fight against planetary emergencies. In 1982, with P. A. M. Dirac and Pyotr Kapitsa, he drafted the Erice statement. Zichichi gave the opening talk at the 4-day international symposium Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future held in 2011 in Vatican City.
Honors and assignments
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
President of European Physical Society (1978-1980)
President of Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (1977-1982)
President of the NATO Commission for Technologies for Disarmament
Representative of EEC in the Scientific Committee of the International Centre for Science and Technology in Moscow
President of Historical Museum of Physics and Research Centre "E. Fermi"
Laurea Honoris Causa from Peking University, Buenos Aires, Malta, Bucharest, Arizona, Torino
Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Ukraine
Member of the Academy of Sciences of Georgia
Member of Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Enrico Fermi Award (Italian Physical Society)
Asteroid 3951 Zichichi is named after Zichichi.
Publications
L'infinito, Lausanne, G. Galilei, 1988; Milano, Rizzoli, 1994 ; Milano, Nuova Pratiche Editrice, 1998.
Scienza ed emergenze planetarie. Il paradosso dell'era moderna, Milano, Rizzoli, 1993.
'Perché io credo in Colui che ha fatto il mondo, Milano, Il Saggiatore, 1999, L'irresistibile fascino del Tempo. Dalla resurrezione di Cristo all'universo subnucleare, Milano, Il Saggiatore, 2000, Subnuclear Physics. The first 50 years highlights from Erice to ELN, Singapore, World Scientific, 2000.Galilei divin uomo, Milano, Il Saggiatore, 2001, Il vero e il falso. Passeggiando tra le stelle e a casa nostra, Milano, Il Saggiatore, 2003, Galilei. Dall'Ipse Dixit al processo di oggi. 100 risposte, Milano, Il Saggiatore, 2004, Tra Fede e Scienza. Da Giovanni Paolo II a Benedetto XVI, Milano, Il Saggiatore, 2005,
Creativity in Science: 6th International Zermatt Symposium Creativity in Economics, Arts and Science, Zermatt, Switzerland, 12-16 January 1996, World Scientific, 1999; Giovanni Paolo II. Il Papa Amico della Scienza'', Marco Tropea Editore, 2011,
Zichichi, A.,"Bruno Pontecorvo and his vision"; the content of the paper is a part of the special volume published by the Italian Physical Society (2013) to celebrate the Hundredth Anniversary of Bruno Pontecorvo.
See also
Erice
Galileo Galilei
References
External links
, Professor of the History of Science at the University of Padova.
Official Biography of Zichichi at the Ettore Majorana Foundation
Galilei Divin Uomo: Book review by Elio Fabri, professor of physics at the University of Pisa. Part I and Part II
of Piergiorgio Odifreddi (Book review)
Scientific publications of Antonino Zichichi on INSPIRE-HEP
1929 births
Living people
People associated with CERN
People from Trapani
Italian nuclear physicists
20th-century Italian physicists
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian science writers
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Sicily
Academic staff of the University of Bologna
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Presidents of the European Physical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino%20Zichichi |
Harry Mullan was an Irish boxing writer and journalist. He died on 21 May 1999 at the age of 53 after suffering from cancer for four years. Born Patrick Henry Pearse Mullan in Portstewart, Northern Ireland, on 22 April 1946, Mullan was educated at St Patrick's College, Armagh and University College Dublin. He edited the British trade paper, Boxing News for 19 years, from 1977 until 1996. Only Gilbert Odd, Mullan's mentor, had a longer tenure. Mullan was an authoritative and principled writer, never afraid to highlight perceived injustice, and conveyed an innate understanding of the sport's political structure.
He wrote many books on boxing and was held in high regard in the United States, where he covered many bouts and was posthumously inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2005. Mullan also contributed regularly to television and radio coverage of the sport. In the 1990s, Mullan worked as the boxing correspondent for the Sunday Times and later for the Independent on Sunday.
He was buried in Glenullin, beside his father, according to his wish to come home to Ireland in death. He has since been exhumed and reburied in England.
Bibliography
In addition to a vast output for daily and weekly newspapers, and editorship (1977–87) of Boxing News Annual and (1988–92) News of the World Boxing Annual, Mullan's books include:
The Illustrated History of Boxing (Hamlyn, 1987)
The Book of Boxing Quotations (Stanley Paul, 1988)
Heroes and Hard Men (Stanley Paul, 1989)
(with Barry McGuigan and Gerry Callan) Barry McGuigan: The Untold Story (Robson, 1991) - a biography suppressed by a libel action
Boxing: The Last 25 Years (W.H. Smith, 1991)
(with Peter Arnold) A Boxing Companion (W.H. Smith, 1992)
Fighting Words (Canterbury: Colebridge Associates, 1993)
The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Boxing (London: Carlton, 1996), subsequently updated in various editions by Bob Mee, 2007 ed. , 2010 ed.
Ring Wars: Pictorial History of Boxing (Paragon, 1997)
Boxing: Inside the Game (Cambridge: Icon Books, 1998)
Boxing: The Complete Illustrated Guide
The World Encyclopedia of Boxing
References
1946 births
1999 deaths
Sports journalists from Northern Ireland
Boxing writers
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Alumni of University College Dublin
People from Portstewart
People educated at St Patrick's Grammar School, Armagh
Male non-fiction writers from Northern Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Mullan |
Ampara (, ) is the main town of Ampara District, governed by an Urban Council.
It is located in the Eastern Province, Sri Lanka, about east of Colombo and approximately south of Batticaloa.
History
This was a hunters' resting place during British colonial days (late 1890s and early 1900). During the development of the Gal Oya scheme from 1949 by the Prime Minister D. S. Senanayake, Ampara was transformed into a town. Initially it was the residence for the construction workers of Inginiyagala Dam. Later it became the main administrative town of the Gal Oya Valley.
References
Towns in Ampara District
Ampara DS Division | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampara |
Wayne Handley (born March 26, 1939 in Carmel, California) is an American airshow performer, former naval aviator, agricultural pilot, Aerobatic Competency Evaluator (ACE), and coach for upcoming and current airshow stars. Handley and his wife Karen are former residents of the Salinas Valley of California, who currently reside in Groveland, California.
Handley's father wouldn't allow him to fly while living under his roof, but in 1957, while attending Hartnell College in Salinas, Handley got in touch with the campus flying club, and took his first lesson in an Aeronca 7AC Champion. Two years later, he had 70 hours in his logbook, left College and enlisted in the US Navy. He trained through propeller-driven aircraft up into the Grumman F9F Cougar and F-11 Tiger carrier-based fighters. In 1963, when faced with the choice of either transitioning into the F-4 Phantom or taking an aerial application job back at home, he chose to be with his family, and started flying agricultural operations in fixed wing aircraft and rotorcraft. Handley began flying aerobatics after taking ownership of a Pitts S-1C in the early 1980s, and entered his first International Aerobatic Club contest in 1983.
In 2015, with over 27,000 hours of flight time logged, Handley is a highly respected, record-setting aviator who received the California Agricultural Aircraft Association's Outstanding Airman Award in 1985; the International Aerobatic Club named him the California Unlimited Aerobatic Champion also in 1985, the Bill Barber Award for Showmanship in 1996, the Art Scholl Memorial Showmanship Award in 1997, the Crystal Eagle Award in 2000, and the International Council of Airshows Sword of Excellence in 2001, and induction into the International Council of Airshows Airshow Hall of Fame. In 1989, he set the world records for inverted flat spins, with 67 consecutive revolutions. In April 1999, he beat his own record, with 78 rotations flying a Giles G-202. In 1999, he also set multiple time-to-climb records in his Turbo Raven.
On the airshow circuit, he initially flew a Pitts Special biplane in an act that he called Agrobatics in which he merged some of the techniques that an agricultural pilot might employ while applying chemicals to crops with his own graceful style of aerobatic flying. He would fly under a ribbon stretched between two poles which simulated power lines; afterwards he performed an inverted cut of that ribbon using his propeller. After a few years in the Pitts, he started work on a one-of-a-kind aircraft which would be known as the Raven.
The Raven is a composite monoplane with a unique paint scheme that paid tribute to the bird species Corvus corax, which has been observed performing aerobatics apparently for fun. Registered as a Kraska Rebel 2300 homebuilt aircraft (N711WH), Handley modified the design with a wing designed for the Zivko Edge 540, and many other custom details such that the Raven was a one-of-a-kind aircraft of Handley's design. The Raven was capable of +/-16G, over 380 degrees per second roll rate, a per minute rate of climb, stunning tumbles, torque rolls, tailslides, and any other maneuver Handley could create. This aircraft performed for airshow crowds for over a decade up until August 2005, when it was retired to the Evergreen Aviation Museum.
In 1998, with sponsorship by Oracle, he set out to create the Oracle Turbo Raven, which was the world's only aerobatic aircraft with a thrust-to-weight ratio higher than one (more thrust than weight). He teamed up with Richard Giles of AkroTech Aviation, and AgAir Systems, and the Oracle Turbo Raven was built and registered as a Giles G-750 (N17HE). The composite airframe was based on the Giles G-202 design, with an empty weight of 1,600 pounds (725 kg). It was fitted with a Pratt & Whitney PT6A-25C turboprop that generated 2,800 pounds (12,500 N) of thrust, which gave the aircraft a power loading of less than 2.7 lb/hp at ready-to-fly weights. With this power loading, the Oracle Turbo Raven could fly straight up, hover in mid-air, back up, stop, and then accelerate straight up out of the hover. The aircraft also had enough power that it could recover from flat spins simply by flying out of them with the nose still on the horizon. The aircraft had a maximum speed of and a roll rate of 450 degrees per second.
On January 20, 1999, Handley once again got into the record books by flying the Turbo Raven from brake release to 3,000 meters in one minute and nine seconds. In July 1999 at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh, the Turbo Raven took three minutes, six seconds to get to 6,000 meters, and established the Turbo Raven as the fastest-climbing propeller-driven aircraft in the world. This aircraft was also able to reverse the pitch of its propeller blades in flight, and could actually slow down while diving towards the ground; Handley used this ability to make very steep approaches to land, as well as for unique maneuvers where he could slow below stall speed while diving. On October 3, 1999, exactly one year to the day after its debut, the Turbo Raven was destroyed after the engine failed to deliver power during one such approach at the California International Airshow at Salinas Municipal Airport, and Handley was unable to accelerate above stall speed with the propeller in reverse pitch. He was seriously injured, but made a full recovery, and was flying within a month after the accident.
Handley continues to train, coach, and evaluate aerobatic students and airshow pilots from the ground and in flight as well as presenting safety seminars on spins and unusual attitudes.
Notes
External links
International Council of Airshows
Extra Aircraft
Turbo Raven video from Moffett Field Airshow
Turbo Raven Vertical take-off video
Turbo Raven Crash video from Salinas Airshow
1939 births
Aerobatic pilots
Aviators from California
Living people
People from Carmel Valley Village, California
American aviation record holders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Handley |
This is a list of broadcast television stations that are licensed in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
Full-Service stations
VC refers to the station's PSIP virtual channel while RF refers to the station's physical RF channel.
Defunct full-service stations
Channel 14: WPSJ - Ponce (1970s)
Channel 14: WMEI - Arecibo (2007-2017)
Channel 16: WMGZ - Mayagüez (1970s)
Channel 16: WTRA - Mayagüez (1986-1999?)
Channel 18: WTSJ - San Juan (10/1/1964-1970s)
Channel 30: WITA-TV - San Juan (late 1960s)
Channel 31: WSJU-TV - San Juan (1984-2018)
Channel 34: WFNN - Fajardo
Channel 36: WOTE - Bayamón
Channel 42: WUIA-TV - San Germán
Channel 46: WCNT - Cidra
Channel 62: WFEC - San Juan
LPTV stations
Defunct/Inactive LPTV stations
Channel 8: W08AB (CDM Internacional) - Guayama
Channel 14: W14BM - Rio Piedras
Channel 17 (RF channel 17): W17CZ-D - San Juan
Channel 17 (RF channel 17): W17DK-D (TV RED) - Salinas
Channel 20: WPRU-LP - (ABC) - Aguadilla
Channel 22: W22AB - (Telemundo) - Mayagüez
Channel 24: WSJX-LP - (LATV) - Aguadilla
Channel 26 (RF channel 26): W26DO-D - (PBS) - Mayagüez
Channel 30 (RF channel 30): W30CQ-D - Ponce
Channel 31 (RF channel 31): W31DE-D - Mayagüez
Channel 32: W32AA - (Telemundo) - Aguadilla
Channel 33: W33BE - (Religious) - Arecibo
Channel 36 (RF channel 31): W31DL-D - (Newsmax TV/Rev'n/SonLife/Retro TV) - Ponce
Channel 38: W38AB - (Ponce Television Corporation) - San Sebastián
Channel 39 (RF channel 39): W39DE-D - (Liberty Junior College TV) - Cayey
Channel 41 (RF channel 42): W42DZ-D - (TV RED) - Adjuntas
Channel 42: W42AA - (Telemundo) - Yauco
Channel 43: W43AA - (WAPA) - Utuado
Channel 43: W43AW - (Signal Broadcasting) - San Juan
Channel 44 (RF channel 44): W44CV-D - (TV RED) - Utuado
Channel 45 (RF channel 45): W45DI-D - (TV RED) - Juana Diaz
Channel 45 (RF channel 46): W46EO-D - (TV RED) - Culebra
Channel 46 (RF channel 46): W46ES-D - (TV RED) - Ponce
Channel 46: W46AZ - San Juan
Channel 47 (RF channel 47): W47DX-D - (TV RED) - Canovanas
Channel 47 (RF channel 48): W48DT-D - (TV RED) - Guayanilla
Channel 49: W49AC - (WAPA) - Adjuntas
Channel 50: W50AV - San Germán
Channel 56: W56AA - (WAPA) - Orocovis
Channel 56: W56BC - (Canal 13) - Fajardo
Channel 58: W58AA - (Ponce Television Corporation) -Caguas
Channel 59: W59BQ - Ponce
Channel 60: W60AA (Western Broadcasting Corporation) - San Germán
Channel 60: W60AW (Canal 13) - Arecibo
Channel 65: W65BQ - Mayagüez
Channel 65: W65CJ - Guayama
Channel 66: W66AY - Mayagüez
Channel 67: W67BN - Mayagüez
Channel 69: W69BR - Mayagüez
Channel 72: W72AO - Maricao
Channel 82: W82AM - Maricao
Channel 83: W83AO - Jayuya
Translators
Stations leased for Construction Permit
Channel 10 (RF channel 10): W10CZ-D - San Juan
Channel 31 (RF channel 31): W31DK-D - Mayagüez
Channel 36 (RF channel 36): W36DU-D - Mayagüez
Channel 38 (RF channel 38): W38EN-D - San Juan
Channel 51 (RF channel 51): W51EH-D - Ponce
See also
List of Spanish-language television networks in the United States
Media of Puerto Rico
Bibliography
Television stations
Puerto Rico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20television%20stations%20in%20Puerto%20Rico |
The Bank of Hamilton was established in 1872 by local businessmen in the city of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada under the leadership of Donald McInnes, the bank's first President. Like the other Canadian chartered banks, it issued its own paper money. The bank issued notes from 1872 to 1922. The end dates are the final dates appearing on notes, which may have circulated for some time after.
Beginnings
The bank had a rough start, including near bankruptcy during the summer of 1879 when six banks in the area had to suspend activities due to financial difficulties. On August 1, 1879, the bank would run into further difficulties when its headquarters burned down; however, the bank would go on to thrive.
On July 29, 1896 the Bank of Hamilton's first Winnipeg branch opened. By December 1898, six more branches were opened in Manitoba. This marked the beginning of two decades of explosive growth in the West. In total, between 1898 and 1910, the Bank of Hamilton would go on to open 128 branches throughout Ontario and Western Canada. By 1928, this number had grown to 152 branches.
Like the other Canadian chartered banks, it issued its own paper money. The Bank of Canada was established through the Bank of Canada Act of 1934 and the banks relinquished their right to issue their own currency.
Expansion
By 1905 the bank was doing so well that it decided to expand its head office, adding on an additional 8 storeys. This is significant because the bank headquarters became Hamilton's first skyscraper on the corner of King and James Street. This tall building attracted the attention of Harry H. Gardiner of Washington, known as the Human Fly. He climbed the Bank of Hamilton building on November 11, 1918, to celebrate the end of World War I.
The Bank of Hamilton operated an ice hockey team in the Winnipeg Bankers' League, which included its local employees and was coached by branch manager H. J. Sterling.
Architecture
The Bank of Hamilton in Winnipeg, Manitoba, built 1916 to 1918 is on the Registry of Historical Places of Canada.
Merger
The Bank of Hamilton merged with Canadian Bank of Commerce (later to become the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, or CIBC) on January 2, 1924. It was one of the last surviving banks in Canada that was not headquartered in Toronto or Montreal.
Thirty-five members of the Bank of Hamilton from branches across Canada died as a result of their World War I service. Their names were listed on a bronze memorial plaque which is currently displayed at the former Bank of Montreal (1928) building in Hamilton, Ontario.
Photo gallery
See also
Canadian chartered bank notes
References
External links
Defunct banks of Canada
Bank of Hamilton
Bank of Hamilton Headquarters
History of Hamilton, Ontario
Banks established in 1872
Banks disestablished in 1924
1872 establishments in Ontario
1924 disestablishments in Ontario
Canadian companies established in 1872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20Hamilton |
Conklin Shows was the largest traveling amusement corporation in North America. The 75-year-old company operated traveling carnivals at various summer agricultural shows across North America and is based in Brantford, Ontario and formerly also in West Palm Beach, Florida. The company has a long history in Canada, providing entertainment for generations of children and adults. The organization used to operate the midway services for some of Canada's largest summer fairs including the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto, the Calgary Stampede, and Edmonton's K-Days. In 2004, Conklin Shows International route and equipment were sold to North American Midway Entertainment.
Two of the remaining companies, World's Finest Shows and Conklin Super Shows, still are part of the Conklin Group of Carnival Companies. World's Finest Shows route includes more than 60 fairs, all in Ontario, Canada. They are both based in Ontario, Canada.
Conklin Shows, as it was known in Canada and the US, now operates under North American Midway Entertainment (NAME). The carnival provides the midway at fairs and exhibitions, including, Miami, Florida's Miami-Dade County Fair, Edmonton, Alberta's K-Days Calgary, Alberta's Calgary Stampede and Toronto, Ontario's CNE, The Canadian National Exhibition.
History
Conklin Shows was founded by James Wesley "Patty" Conklin, who was born Joseph Renker in 1892 in Brooklyn, New York, and died in 1970. He was brought up by foster parents. By 1906 he had begun selling peanuts without a permit at Madison Square Gardens whenever a circus was in town, and newspapers on the streets of New York, before becoming a sideshow host at Coney Island. When he was 21 his father dropped dead and ended up landing $3300 CAD ($54,000 2020). By 1915 he was running his own gambling games at various midways across the southern United States. After meeting James Wesley Conklin (1861–1920) around 1916, he adopted his surname, Conklin, as his own.
In 1916 Patty and J. W. Conklin established Clark & Conklin Shows. Lasting four seasons playing at various shows around the mid west, the company folded after the death of the father. In 1921 Patty moved the show north to play at the Winnipeg Exhibition. Due to a problem with the fair, their participation was canceled. While returning to the United States with a train car full of prize merchandise, Patty stumbled upon a show just outside Winnipeg. They joined up with the operator of the fair, International Amusement Company and worked all of the remaining Canadian shows that year.
War years
After working the road hosting small fairs coast to coast for 20 years, Conklin Shows bid on and won the midway contract for the 1937 Toronto Canadian National Exhibition. The fair, one of the largest in the world, was a prized show. By 1941 the company played at 98% of all the major fairs across Canada. To accommodate travel to the various shows they ran a 45-car specialized train cars. Specialized boxcars painted bright orange long were fitted with custom doors to accommodate speedy loading and unloading of gear. The train carried 15 feature attractions & 21 rides and 700 people including performers and crews. Patty Conklin himself traveled in style with his $65,000 CAD ($1 million 2020) Mexican stylized 5-room 'mansion on wheels' private car.
Having the CNE contract helped turn it into a profitable company in the early 1950s Conklin Shows borrowed over half a million dollars and began to build permanent attractions on the CNE fairgrounds of Exhibition Place. In 1953 they constructed the Mighty Flyer, a wooden rollercoaster, that lasted until the early 1990s.
The early 1970s saw the company begin to diversify, including establishing Maple Leaf Village (now Casino Niagara) in Niagara Falls Ontario along with running a venue at the base of the CN Tower in Toronto.
In 1975 Conklin Shows' biggest rival, Royal American Shows, declined to return to fair dates in Canada due to later disproved charges of tax evasion, charges that several Canadian carnivals aided and encouraged. In 1976 Conklin was awarded the contracts previously held by RAS - including the Calgary Stampede and Vancouver Pacific Exhibition, largely due to Conklin being a Canadian business.
The 80s and 90s were a time of growth for Conklin as it operated across the prairies with stops in Winnipeg, Edmonton, Calgary, Regina and Saskatoon. It also opened up a number of smaller fairs as well as provided a schedule and route for many smaller independent shows such as Lauther Amusements and Billy Truax Amusements. These companies, although bound by contracts to the larger Conklin Shows, operated as separate shows.
Conklin also became known for its very large and quite unique collection of rides, many of which were large, European built rides rarely seen in North America, and some never even traveled north of the border. One of the most of famous attractions in Conklin's line up was the "Doppel Looping", North America's first and only traveling double loop roller coaster which was imported in from Germany in the mid 80s. This mammoth coaster, which took 28 trailers to move, only made the trip as far north as Toronto, as even this was not financially feasible after the late 90s. The coaster was eventually sold off in 2008. Some of the other Conklin rides that were one of a kind in an American traveling carnival included the "Drop of Fear" and the "G-Force".
As time progressed, Conklin began to show signs of financial strain that was synonymous with the entire traveling carnival industry. Favorites such as the Zipper and the Octopus, as well as The Kamikaze and The Rainbow were phased out and sold as cost-cutting measures. Independents that had long traveled as a part of Conklin Shows were also phased out. Finally other rides such as the Drop of Fear, G-Force, Enterprise, Gravitron, Starship 2000, Flying Bobs, Aladin, Break Dance, Crazy Flip, Hi-Roller, Rotor, Devastator, Swiss Bob, Hully Gully, Tip Top, Flic Flac, Tango, Evolution, Spin Out, 1001 Nacht, Chaos, Inverter, Flipper, Touchdown, Cobra, Scorpion, Double Sky Wheels, Paratrooper, Hurricane and the Mark 1 & Wildcat roller coaster were sold to competing companies and shelved in West Palm Beach.
Finally, Conklin Shows joined with the former Farrow Shows from Jackson, Mississippi, Thebault-Blomsness (Astro Amusements and All Star Amusements), and former president and CEO of Ticketmaster Group, Frederic Rosen, to form the newly minted North American Midway Entertainment Co. or N.A.M.E. N.A.M.E. Website. This became official in Columbia South Carolina in 2004. In January 2006, N.A.M.E. also acquired Mid America Shows Press Release, and several contracts and rides from Cumberland Valley Shows.
N.A.M.E. provides rides at over 145 fairs and events yearly. Now included are Cinco de Mayo in New Orleans as well as the Dade Co. Fair, The Illinois State Fair, the Kentucky State Fair, the Indiana State Fair, and the Big E Eastern States Exposition. New and more expensive rides have been added to its line-up but at the cost of many of the old favorites. Frank Conklin, while owning part of N.A.M.E., has left the management of the combined company to others.
In 1984, Jim Conklin donated many antique midway rides from his collection to Calgary's Heritage Park historical village. These restored rides now make up the majority of the rides at Heritage Park's Conklin Lakeview Amusement Park. https://www.heritagepark.ca/park-information/attractions-and-exhibits/conklin-lakeview-amusement-park.html
Current operations
Conklin Group is made up of two operating units: World's Finest Shows and Conklin Supershows.
This is a list of some of the venues they provided midway services for in the past:
Edmonton: K-Days
Toronto: Canadian National Exhibition
Ottawa: Ottawa SuperEX
Regina: Regina Exhibition Association
Vancouver: Pacific National Exhibition
West Palm Beach: South Florida Fair
Miami: Miami-Dade County Fair
Calgary: Calgary Stampede
Conklin Supershows
Conklin Supershows is one of Conklin Shows' smaller sub-companies. It currently owns 13 game trailers, and 17 rides.
Current games
Duck Pond
Basketball
Cork Guns
Skee-Ball
Chicken Ring Toss
Punk Rack
Water Racer
Current rides
Chilly Willys
Carousel
Safari Carousel
911-Fire Brigade
Super Tilt-A-Whirl
Heavy Haulers
The Great Western Train
Fire Trucks
fun house
Dragon castle glass house
Former rides
Sea Dragon
Dragon Castle Maze
Super Scooter (Bumper cars)
Emergency 911
Victory Lap Slide
Super Space Sled
Super Silver Streak
Super Bumper Cars
Jolly Roger
The Round Up
The Hard Rock and Roll
The Himilaya
The Super Loop
The Gravitron
Gee Whiz
The Rainbow
The Zipper
The Holiday Bounce
Toboggan
the Love Bug
Conko Inc
Conko Inc still continues various operations today, among them is a traveling show train, permanent show train and carousel in Chinguacousy Park, various games and rides, and ice cream waffle stands at Canadian National Exhibition.
World's Finest Shows
One of Conklin Shows' more successful sub-companies is the World's Finest Shows, which travels throughout Ontario, Canada. The company owns more than 40 rides and concessions.
See also
Maple Leaf Village - A now defunct small amusement park in Niagara Falls Ontario.
Canadian National Exhibition -former client (now operated by North American Midway Entertainment
Exhibition Place - Toronto, site of one of the world's largest fairs
Lake Ontario Park- Kingston, Ontario - rides removed after 2005
References
External links
Conklin Shows Official Web Site - Conklin Shows Official Web Site.
CBC Archives Patty Conklin gives a tour of the CNE with CBC Radio (1958)
CBC Archives CBC Television story about Patty Conklin (1971).
CBC Television - Life and Times special - CBC Television special, The Life and Times of Patty Conklin.
Entertainment companies of Canada
Traveling carnivals
1916 establishments in Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conklin%20Shows |
Yang Zhongjian, also Yang Chung-chien (; 1 June 1897 – 15 January 1979), courtesy name Keqiang (), also known as C.C. (Chung Chien) Young, was a Chinese paleontologist and zoologist. He was one of China's foremost vertebrate paleontologists. He has been called the "Father of Chinese Vertebrate Paleontology".
Biography
Yang was born in Hua County, Shaanxi, China. He graduated from the Department of Geology of Peking University in 1923, and in 1927 received his doctorate from the University of Munich in Germany. In 1928 he worked for the Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Geological Survey of China and took charge of excavations at the Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian.
He held professorial posts at the Geological Survey of China, Peking University, and Northwest University in Xi'an. Yang's scientific work was instrumental in the creation of China's Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, which today houses one of the most important collections of fossil vertebrates in the world. He was director of both the IVPP and the Beijing Natural History Museum.
He supervised the collection of fossil remains of and research on dinosaurs in China from 1933 until the 1970s. He presided over some of the most important fossil discoveries in history, such as those of the prosauropods Lufengosaurus and Yunnanosaurus, the ornithopod Tsintaosaurus, and the gigantic sauropod Mamenchisaurus, as well as China's first stegosaur, Chialingosaurus.
Legacy
Yang's cremated remains are interred behind the museum at the Zhoukoudian site alongside those of his colleagues, Pei Wenzhong and Jia Lanpo.
In 2007, when Lü Junchang and colleagues described a second species of Yunnanosaurus, they named it Yunnanosaurus youngi in Yang's honour.
References
Further reading
1897 births
1979 deaths
20th-century Chinese zoologists
Chinese paleontologists
Academic staff of Beijing Normal University
Biologists from Shaanxi
Academic staff of Chongqing University
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Members of Academia Sinica
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of the Northwest University (China)
Paleontology in Shaanxi
National University of Peking alumni
Academic staff of Peking University
People from Weinan
Victims of the Cultural Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%20Zhongjian |
Pyramids and Stars is the third album, and first live recording, released by the progressive rock group The Tangent. Recorded during the band's first mini-tour, this album is the only live record of the band's original core line-up.
Track listing
References
The Tangent albums
2005 live albums
Inside Out Music live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramids%20and%20Stars |
John Matthew MacLeod (October 3, 1937 – April 14, 2019) was an American basketball coach in the NCAA and the National Basketball Association, most notably with the Phoenix Suns. After coaching for the University of Oklahoma, MacLeod was hired to coach the Suns in 1973. In 1976, he led them to their second postseason in team history, which culminated with an appearance in the 1976 NBA Finals; he would lead the team to eight further postseason appearances in his tenure. In fourteen years, MacLeod led them to 579 wins, which is the most in franchise history.
Career
MacLeod was a star high school basketball player before playing at Bellarmine College.
MacLeod coached the Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team for six years before being hired to coach the Phoenix Suns in 1973, a position he held until 1987. During this stint, MacLeod was named the head coach of the Western Conference All-Star Team in 1981. After his departure from Phoenix, MacLeod went on to coach the Dallas Mavericks and New York Knicks. In 1991, he was hired to be the head coach of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, where he won Big East Coach of the Year in 1997. In 1999, MacLeod resigned from his position and returned to Phoenix for one season as an assistant coach. MacLeod spent three seasons as an assistant coach for the Denver Nuggets before ending his coaching career as an assistant for the Golden State Warriors.
MacLeod was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame in 2005 and to the Arizona Sports Hall of Fame in 2016.
MacLeod was inducted into the Phoenix Suns Ring of Honor on April 18, 2012, as the winningest coach in franchise history.
Head coaching record
NBA
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||30||52|||| align="center" |4th in Pacific||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||32||50|||| align="center" |2nd in Pacific||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||42||40|||| align="center" |3rd in Pacific||19||10||9||
| align="center" |Lost in NBA Finals
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||34||48|||| align="center" |5th in Pacific||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||49||33|||| align="center" |2nd in Pacific||2||0||2||
| align="center" |Lost in First Round
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||50||32|||| align="center" |2nd in Pacific||15||9||6||
| align="center" |Lost in Conf. Finals
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||55||27|||| align="center" |3rd in Pacific||8||3||5||
| align="center" |Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||57||25|||| align="center" |1st in Pacific||7||3||4||
| align="center" |Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||46||36|||| align="center" |3rd in Pacific||7||2||5||
| align="center" |Lost in Conf. Semifinals
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||53||29|||| align="center" |2nd in Pacific||3||1||2||
| align="center" |Lost in First Round
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||41||41|||| align="center" |4th in Pacific||17||9||8||
| align="center" |Lost in Conf. Finals
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||36||46|||| align="center" |4th in Pacific||3||0||3||
| align="center" |Lost in First Round
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|82||32||50|||| align="center" |5th in Pacific||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Phoenix
| align="left" |
|56||22||34|||| align="center" |(fired)||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |—
|-
| align="left" |Dallas
| align="left" |
|82||53||29|||| align="center" |2nd in Pacific||17||10||7||
| align="center" |Lost in Conf. Finals
|-
| align="left" |Dallas
| align="left" |
|82||38||44|||| align="center" |4th in Pacific||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Dallas
| align="left" |
|11||5||6|||| align="center" |(fired)||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |—
|-
| align="left" |New York
| align="left" |
|67||32||35|||| align="center" |4th in Atlantic||3||0||3||
| align="center" |Lost in First Round
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left" |Career
| ||1364||707||657|||| ||101||47||54||
College
Personal
On April 14, 2019, McLeod died of complications from Alzheimer's disease.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: John MacLeod
Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame Page
1937 births
2019 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Indiana
Basketball players from Indiana
Bellarmine Knights men's basketball players
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Dallas Mavericks head coaches
Detroit Pistons announcers
High school basketball coaches in the United States
New York Knicks head coaches
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball coaches
Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball coaches
People from Clarksville, Indiana
People from New Albany, Indiana
Phoenix Suns assistant coaches
Phoenix Suns head coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20MacLeod%20%28basketball%29 |
The British Rail Class 151 was a prototype class of diesel multiple unit (DMU) developed and constructed by the British railway equipment manufacturer Metro Cammell. It was designed primarily to serve as a successor to the earlier first-generation "Heritage" DMUs operated by the British Rail (BR).
Development of the Class 151 commenced during 1983 in response to a specification issued by BR calling for a new generation of DMU with which to equip its fleet. Both Metro Cammell and British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL) were selected to produce prototypes of their design submissions. Accordingly, a pair of 3-car units were constructed, which entered trial service with BR during 1985. If it had emerged successful, the Class 151 would have likely become the basis of Sprinter family of DMUs that were produced during the 1980s. However, following a competitive evaluation against the rival Class 150, the type did not secure a production contract, having lost out to its BREL-built rival. Both units were withdrawn during 1989 and, despite multiple vendors planning to restore them for service, they were ultimately scrapped.
Background
By the beginning of the 1980s, British Rail (BR) operated a large fleet of first generation DMUs, which had been constructed in prior decades to various designs. While formulating its long-term strategy for this sector of its operations, British Rail planners recognised that there would be considerable costs incurred by undertaking refurbishment programmes necessary for the continued use of these aging multiple units, particularly due to the necessity of handling and removing hazardous materials such as asbestos. In light of the high costs involved in retention, planners examined the prospects for the development and introduction of a new generation of DMUs to succeed the first generation.
In the concept stage, two separate approaches were devised, one involving a so-called railbus that prioritised the minimisation of both initial (procurement) and ongoing (maintenance & operational) costs, while the second was a more substantial DMU that could deliver superior performance than the existing fleet, particularly when it came to long-distance services. The initial specification developed for the latter type was relatively ambitious for the era, calling for a maximum speed of 90 MPH (145 km/h), a rate of acceleration compatible to contemporary EMUs, the ability to couple/work in multiple with existing EMUs, facilitate through-access for passengers, feature pressure ventilation, the ability to assist another failed unit, and to comprise either a three or four-car consist.
This specification led to the development of the experimental British Rail Class 210 diesel-electric multiple unit. However, to deliver the performance specified, it was found that relatively expensive equipment had to be used, particularly to provide sufficient speed, acceleration, and through-passenger access; it also had maintainability problems due to space limitations. Despite these shortcomings, it was recognised that a production fleet that was assembled from proven components would possess both a greater reliability level and lower maintenance costs; it was forecast to achieve an availability rate of 85 per cent. As such, the type had sufficiently demonstrated a promising reduction in maintenance costs was achievable, especially once initial teething problems were dealt with, as well as the wider value represented by a new generation of DMUs in the reduction of ongoing costs for BR.
By 1983, experiences with the Class 210 had influenced planners to favour the procurement of a new generation of DMUs, but to also adopt a new set of specifications that were somewhat less demanding than the prior set. Specifically, it was decided to drop the top speed from 90 MPH to 75 MPH, as testing had revealed the higher rate to deliver no perceivable improvement in journey times due to the typically short spacing of the stations the type was intended to serve. Furthermore, it was determined that a propulsion system delivering 7 hp per tonne would deliver sufficient acceleration. The requests for compatibility with other rolling stock were eliminated, although auto-coupling and auto-connecting functionality was added. In addition to a good ride quality, the specification included a sound level of 90 dB when at full speed, an operational range of 1,000 miles, and an interval between major overhauls of five years or 350,000 miles.
In comparison to the prior generation of DMUs, which typically used a pair of engines for each power car, the new generation DMU would only use a single engine per car; sufficient cooling was also provided that even with one failed engine, a two-car unit could continue to perform typical services without incurring a major performance deficient. For an operational perspective, it was intended that the DMU could be assembled akin to building blocks, comprising between two and four cars that may or may not be outfitted with various passenger amenities such as toilets and luggage spaces.
Initially formalised as a business specification, these requirements were transferred into a relatively broad technical specification that avoided any specifics other than those that were deemed essential for compatibility purposes. Thereafter, it was issued to various rolling stock manufacturers for a competitive tender. As a part of this process, these manufacturers submitted bids to construct an initial series of three-car prototypes as demonstration units. A relatively constrained timetable of only 18 months between the date of order to delivery of these prototypes was also specified; this has been attributed as having restricted manufacturers to overwhelming lean towards existing industrial practices for their submissions.
In response to the specification, several submissions were received by BR. The railway engineering company Metro-Cammell opted to bid its own design to meet the requirement. A rival bid was also submitted by British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL) that was heavily based on its successful Class 455 EMU, sharing its body and the majority of its running gear. BR officials quickly opted to proceed with a pair of prototypes from both BREL and Metro-Cammell, issuing orders to these manufacturers henceforth.
Design
The Class 151 comprised an aluminium-body that was principally rivetted together; this feature was attributed as enabling a meaningful reduction in weight of 3.7 tonnes over conventional construction methods. The type was designed to achieve a maximum speed of 75 mph (120 km/h), and was capable of attaining a relatively high rate of acceleration, being aided in this latter aspect by their lightweight construction.
Each car was furnished with a single Cummins NT855-R5 turbo-diesel engine that produced . Each engine drove a hot-shift Twin Disc transmission, which in turn powered the axles of one bogie on each car via a Cardan shaft and Gmeinder final drive units. Gear changes were controlled by a microprocessor, the software of which being adjustable to change or improve its behaviour and characteristics. Unusually, the torque converter was attached to the engine rather than the gearbox itself. Overall, the transmission system was observed to be particularly unique for the time. During testing, the gearboxes proved to have some issues, with the clutch itself being identified as being the primary source of these issues. While the performance was greatly improved with modifications, particularly the installation of a clutch composed of different materials, the noticeably rough gearshift process was never entirely resolved.
Other uncommon features of the Class 151 include its use of hydraulically-driven alternators and cooling fans. The main cooler group and radiators were fitted in a pod on the roof of each vehicle. The bogies were of a non-standard design; they exhibited a relatively high pitch frequency of 12 Hz, which opposed the BR convention of lower bogie frequencies and higher body frequencies, causing concern amongst BR staff. As a consequence of their non-standard nature, it was difficult to acquire support and spares for the bogies and several other unique features present on the units, a factor which allegedly heavily contributed to their withdrawal in 1989. There were proposals to fit standard Class 150 bogies; however, this refit ultimately proved to be impractical.
Operations
In accordance with BR's order, a pair of 3-car units were constructed and entered trial service with the operator during 1985. These trials were not an isolated affair but performed as a competitive evaluation against the rival BREL-built Class 150; this evaluation was particularly important to the future of either type as whichever proved to possess superior qualities would therefore be likely receive a production contract.
During the trial, members of the public praised the Class 151 for its favourable ride quality; although some vibration was experienced on older sections of jointed track. The noise levels of both the Class 151 and its Class 150 rival were determined to be adequate for its intended service sector, but noted to likely pose an issue if directed towards the higher end of the market. Concerns regarding the body bending frequency of the Class 151 did not prove to have major substance to them throughout the trials. One shortcoming that was observed of the type was the frequent occurrence of rough/jerky shifts by the transmission, which often sent violent shocks throughout the train. While some modifications were made to improve the gearbox, the shifting issue were not fully rectified until a modified version of the transmission appeared some years later on the Class 154; however, interest in the Class 151 or the hot-shift gearbox had evaporated by that point.
Ultimately, the production contract was awarded to the rival Class 150, which accordingly went into quantity production throughout the mid-1980s. Both of the Class 151 prototypes continued in revenue service with BR for a number of years before being permanently withdrawn during 1989. For a time, these units were temporarily stored at Llandudno Junction carriage sheds until they were both purchased by Railtest (later Serco Railtest) who had planned to convert them into test units. However, for the same reasons which saw their withdrawal from service, Railtest did not go ahead with any conversions and the units were again stored out in the open in the sidings of the Railway Technical Centre, Derby.
In March 2000, the units were acquired by a company called Endeavour Rail, who planned to refurbish both for spot hire to train operating companies. They were transferred to LNWR at Crewe, but again the proposed refurbishment did not happen and the units remained in the open next to the West Coast Main Line where they would remain until scrapped on site in 2004, by which point their condition had rapidly degenerated in part due to vandalism.
Formation
References
External links
151
Metropolitan Cammell multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20151 |
Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha () is a 1989 Indian Malayalam-language epic historical drama film directed by Hariharan, written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair, and starring Mammootty, Suresh Gopi, Balan K. Nair, Captain Raju and Madhavi. The film won four National Film Awards (1989) including Best Actor (Mammootty), Best Screenplay (M. T. Vasudevan Nair), Best Production Design and Best Costume Design (P. Krishnamoorthy) and eight Kerala State Film Awards.
This film is based on a subplot of Vadakkan Pattukal, a medieval ballad from North Malabar and is often regarded as a classic of Malayalam cinema. The story is a reinterpretation of the life of the legendary Chandu Chekavar and depicts him as an unlucky and misunderstood but ultimately honourable man rather than the traitorous character that earned him the sobriquet of Chathiyan Chandu (literally 'Chandu the Betrayer') in folklore.
Plot
The film is set in 16th-century northern Kerala. The plot unfolds at Puthooram, the house of the great Kannappan Chekavar. The Chekavar clan provide martial services to their lords by training and providing fighters to help settle feudal disputes through trial by combat. Kannappan Chekavar adopts the son of his estranged sister when the boy loses both his parents and brings him to Puthooram to live and learn with his cousins. The orphan boy, Chandu, a quick learner, earns the love and admiration of his uncle, while he is loathed by his cousin Aromal.
As they grow up, Chandu is betrothed to Chekavar's daughter, Unniyarcha. Chandu is constantly mocked and made to feel like an outsider by the jealous Aromal. He even ends his sister's budding romance with Chandu by marrying her off to his unmanly but better-off friend Kunjiraman. The lack of protest on Unniyarcha's part breaks Chandu's heart. He attempts to move on by proposing to Kunjinooli, another girl who professed her love for him. Aromal preempts his proposal by breaking off his own bethrotal and proposing to Kunjinooli himself. Disappointed, Chandu leaves to study Kalaripayattu under the tutelage of Tulunadan expert and master Chekavar, Aringodar.
On Aromal's wedding day, Unniyarcha invites Chandu to her room. When Kunjiraman unexpectedly arrives and finds them alone together, Unniyarcha convinces her husband that Chandu broke into her room by pretending to be him. A dejected Chandu, now with the reputation of being a womaniser, finds solace in Kunji, Aringodar’s daughter.
Feudal lord Unnichandror arrives at the footsteps of Aringodar and asks him to represent his cause in an angam (duel unto death) against his brother Unnikonar. Unnikonar, in turn, asks Aromal to represent him. Chandu is caught in a dilemma when his uncle requests him to play the second hand to Aromal in the angam against his teacher Aringodar. Unniyarcha approaches Chandu and offers to live with him if he helps Aromal win. Chandu is tempted and decides to second Aromal. He takes on the task of revitalising Aromal's swords by giving them for treatment to a blacksmith. However, Kunji, Aringodar’s daughter, bribes the blacksmith to make them brittle.
On the day of the duel, Aromal, though highly skilled, is no match for the master Aringodar. To add to the misery, Aromal's sword breaks in two. Chandu placates an attacking Aringodar, seeking time to replace the weapon and he obliges. Aromal takes advantage of the momentarily unguarded Aringodar and throws his broken sword at him, killing him.
As the victorious Aromal retires to his resting place, Chandu follows him to tend to his injuries. Aromal accuses Chandu of sabotage by treating the swords to make them brittle, and attacks him. In their scuffle, Aromal accidentally stabs himself by falling over a lamp. As people gather, the mortally wounded Aromal accuses Chandu of betraying him with his last breath.
The ill-fated Chandu escapes the mob and finds the blacksmith, who informs him about Kunji's bribe. Fighting his way through an entire contingent of guards, the furious Chandu storms into Aringodar's household seeking Kunji. To add to his list of regrets, he finds Kunji has committed suicide by hanging herself. Chandu returns to Puthooram and is greeted by a raging Unniyarcha, who vows that her unborn sons will avenge her brother’s death.
Years later, Aromal Unni and Kannapan Unni (sons of Unniyarcha and Aromal Chekavar, respectively) come to Arangodar's kalari seeking revenge. Chandu refuses to fight them. However, after being repeatedly challenged, Chandu easily beats them both, once again showing his mastery. Hoping that they will leave before bloodshed is inevitable, he attempts to retire his weapons. The two young warriors are in no mood to leave in defeat and insist on a duel to the death. Aromal Unni announces that he will either return with Chandu's head or die himself. Chandu realises the madness in the youngsters and appears to relent to their provocations, turning his back to them as if to pray in preparation for the duel. But knowing that no one will ever be able to win against him, and reminded that Aromal is Kannappan Chekavar's grandson, he commits one final act of valour: Chandu stabs himself with his sword. Reminiscing bitterly on what could have been, he addresses Aromal Unni as his unborn son and hopes that he will earn renown for being the one to defeat Chandu and avenge his uncle. He reaches out to the statue of his deity and dies. There ends the life of a valiant but misunderstood man, the greatest warrior of his age.
Cast
Mammootty as Chandu Chekavar
Vineeth Kumar as young Chandu
Suresh Gopi as Aromal Chekavar
Balan K. Nair as Kannappan Chekavar
Captain Raju as Aringodar
Madhavi as Unniyarcha
Jomol as young Unniyarcha
Geetha as Kunji
Rajalakshmi as Kuttimani
Biyon as Child Artist
Ramu as Unnichandror
Devan as Unnikonnar
Oduvil Unnikrishnan as the King
Chithra as Kunjinooli
Soorya as the blacksmith's daughter
Sanjay Mitra as Aromal Unni
Rasheed Ummer as Kanappan Unni
Sukumari as Kannappan Chekavar's wife
V. K. Sreeraman as Kunjiraman
Vishal Menon as young Kunjiraman
Sanoop Sajeendran as Master Thanku
Kundara Johny as Aringodar's student
Bheeman Raghu as Aringodar's student
Tony as Unnikannan
Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack contains 5 songs, composed by Bombay Ravi. Lyrics by Kaithapram and K. Jayakumar.
Reception
Critical reception
The film received commercial and critical acclaim upon its release. In a retrospect review Neelima Menon of The News Minute states that, "While Mammootty aces Chandu, delivering the verbose dialogues with finesse and precision, and bringing a sense of drama in his body language, Madhavi lives up to the picturisation of Unniyarcha—with her luminous eyes, grace and a bearing that’s regal and confident, making it easier to forgive her character’s treachery. Captain Raju as the formidable Aringoder, Suresh Gopi as the cocky Aromal and Balan K Nair as the generous Kannappan Chekavar are all perfectly cast.
Box office
The film was a commercial success. It was the highest grossing Malayalam film of the year. It ran for 375 days at Sangham theatre (Calicut) in Kerala. Outside Kerala, it ran for more than 100 days in Madras and Coimbatore.
Awards
National Film Awards
Best Screenplay – M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Best Actor – Mammootty (also for Mathilukal)
Best Art Direction – P. Krishnamoorthy
Best Costume Design – P. Krishnamoorthy
Kerala State Film Awards
Best Popular Film
Best Screen Play – M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Best Actor – Mammootty
Second Best Actress – Geetha
Best Cinematography – K. Ramachandra Babu
Best Female Play Back Singer – K. S. Chithra
Best Child Artist - Vineeth Kumar
Best Art Director - P. Krishnamoorthy
Kerala Film Critics Association Awards
Second Best Film
Best Actor – Mammootty
Second Best Actor – Suresh Gopi
Best Art Director – P. Krishnamoorthy
Best Lyricist – K. Jayakumar
Special Jury Award for Direction – Hariharan
Filmfare Awards South
Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam – P. V. Gangadharan
Legacy
Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha is regarded to be one of the greatest Malayalam films ever made and is considered a landmark film in Malayalam film history. Following its release, Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha has attained cult status in Malayalam cinema and receives re-runs on television channels. The film is only the third Malayalam film after Swayamvaram and Mukhamukham to receive four National Awards.
The character Mammootty portrays, Chandu is one of the most iconic characters in Malayalam cinema. The phrase "Chathiyan Chandu" is now very popular among Malayalis, It is used to refer to a person who betrays or cheats others. Chandu's final speech is also iconic among Malayali moviegoers. He is now subject to many Internet memes. The title of the film Chathikkatha Chanthu was inspired from this phrase.
The Times of India included the film in its list of "10 Malayalam films to watch before you die" Sify.com included it in its list of "Ten Outstanding Performances From Mammootty."
References
External links
movieraga.indulekha.com – വീണ്ടും ഒരു വടക്കന്വീരഗാഥ
Indian martial arts films
1980s Malayalam-language films
Films scored by Ravi
Kalarippayattu films
Films with screenplays by M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Films directed by Hariharan
Indian epic films
Films shot in Thrissur
Films featuring a Best Actor National Award-winning performance
Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award
Films that won the Best Costume Design National Film Award
Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award
1989 martial arts films
1989 films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru%20Vadakkan%20Veeragatha |
OFC Vihren () is a Bulgarian football club from the town of Sandanski, currently playing in the South-West Third League. Sandanski's home ground is the Sandanski Stadium in Sandanski with a capacity of 6,000. Vihren Sandanski's team colours are green and white.
Vihren was founded in 1925, changing its name several times during its early existence. Up until the early 2000s, Vihren played mostly in either the second or third tiers of Bulgarian football. Season 2004-05 is arguably the most important in the club's history, as the team managed to promote to the A PFG, or first tier of Bulgarian football, for the first time. Vihren managed to play four consecutive seasons in the elite, before suffering relegation after the 2008-09 season. Since then, the Gladiators have played mostly in the third regional tier.
Equipment
Currently the team's home kit is green and the away kit is white. Various combinations of green and white have been used through the years, but green remains the basic colour of the team.
History
The club was founded on 24 May 1925. It has carried the names Ustrem, Gotse Delchev, Yane Sandanski and Cherveno zname throughout its history.
For a very long period of its existence, Vihren was considered a minor club from southwest Bulgaria. It always stood in the shadows of the other more successful clubs from the region, such as Pirin Blagoevgrad, and Belasitsa Petrich, who regularly competed in the A Group.
In 1977, Vihren first promoted to the B Group, remaining there 13 consecutive seasons before falling back to the V Group. In 1993, Vihren returned to the B Group, but only for one season, after which relegation again followed.
In 2003, Vihren again returned to the second level. In the 2004–05 season, Vihren finished first and gained promotion to the A Group for the 2005–06 season, marking the team's debut in the top tier. Before their first year of playing in A PFG, Vihren's owner decided to bring players from other countries to bolster the team's chances of surviving in the top flight. His first signing was the ex-FC Porto player Jose Furtado. He was from the Portuguese side G.D. Tourizense for free. Brazilian player Serginio Dias, and Portuguese players Mauro Alexandre and Nuno Almeida were just a few other players who signed for Vihren after Furtado. The team coach was named Petar Zhekov. Vihren finished season 2005–06 on 9th place in A PFG with 30 points.
The next season, 2006-07, Vihren managed to gain 37 points, finishing in 9th place once again.
In season 2007–08, Vihren's owner, Konstantin Dinev decided to bring Portuguese coach Rui Dias. The club signed eight Portuguese and two Brazilian players. But three months later, Rui Dias was discharged for poor results. At the end of the season, the team finished in 10th place.
Season 2008–09 started excellent with a 1–0 win against Bulgarian vice-champion Levski Sofia. In the 4th round, the club defeated Lokomotov Sofia. In January 2008, Vihren signed notable Greek players Christos Maladenis and Dimitrios Zografakis. In the end of the season, however, the team finished in 14th place and were relegated to B Group, ending a four-year stint in the elite.
The following two seasons were spent in the second tier, but financial problems overwhelmed the club, forcing its folding in 2011 and withdrawal from the B Group. The next season, Vihren was refounded from the fourth level, the A RFG. The team then promoted to the V Group in 2013.
League positions
Honours
Bulgarian A PFG:
9th place: 2005–06 and 2006–07
Bulgarian Cup:
quarter finalist Cup of the Soviet Army: 1985/86
Current squad
As of 1 August 2020
Managerial history
This is a list of the last ten Vihren managers:
As of December 31, 2009.
Notable players
Former foreign players
External links
Official website
OFC Vihren Sandanski at bgclubs.eu
Association football clubs established in 1925
Vihren
Sandanski
1925 establishments in Bulgaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFC%20Vihren%20Sandanski |
Otto Martins Glória (9 January 1917 – 4 September 1986) was a Brazilian football coach.
Career
Glória was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, but had his greatest successes with Benfica in Portugal, guiding the club to nine national trophies. With the Nigeria national team he won the 1980 African Cup of Nations.
In his first period with Benfica, the club was transformed to professional standards. Supported by president Joaquim Ferreira Bogalho, Glória founded a home for the players and focused on recruiting players from the periphery of the Portuguese capital and also from the African overseas provinces. In these years between 1954 and 1959 the club won two leagues and three Portuguese Cup.
In February 1962 he took on the reins of Olympique Marseille. The club was then stuck in the second division and saw its aspirations to return to the first division endangered. In his four months with the club he did not lose a single match and achieved its objective.
In his second tenure with Benfica he had continuous success on the national level, winning two more championships and cups. He also led the club into the 1968 final of the European Cup of Champions in London against Manchester United, which was lost 1–4.
At the 1966 FIFA World Cup in England he led the Portugal national team, with Eusébio, who became the tournament's top scorer, to the third place. In the process Portugal inflicted a 1–3 defeat on Glória's home country Brazil. The official head coach of the Portuguese team was then Manuel da Luz Afonso.
In 1979, he became with CR Vasco da Gama of Rio de Janeiro runner-up in the Brazilian championship, losing in the final 1–2 against SC Internacional Porto Alegre, which remained undefeated throughout the competition.
In the year thereafter he guided Nigeria through the 1980 African Nations Cup, which the team won in the final in Lagos with 3–0 against Algeria, and the Olympics in 1980 in Moscow. He left this position after poor performances at the 1982 campaign in Libya.
Glória coached Portugal, in 1982, in qualifying matches for UEFA Euro 1984, but resigned after a 0–4 defeat in a friendly match with Brazil, the following year.
Managerial honours
Club
Benfica
Primeira Liga: 1954–55, 1956–57, 1967–68, 1968–69
Taça de Portugal: 1954–55, 1956–57, 1968–69
Sporting CP
Primeira Liga: 1961–62, 1965–66
Belenenses
Taça de Portugal: 1959–60
Portuguesa
Campeonato Paulista: 1973
International
Portugal
FIFA World Cup: Third place 1966
Nigeria
African Nations Cup: 1980
References
External links
1917 births
1986 deaths
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian football managers
CR Vasco da Gama managers
S.L. Benfica managers
C.F. Os Belenenses managers
Sporting CP managers
Olympique de Marseille managers
FC Porto managers
Portugal national football team managers
Atlético Madrid managers
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense managers
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos managers
Santos FC managers
C.F. Monterrey managers
Nigeria national football team managers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers
Primeira Liga managers
Ligue 1 managers
La Liga managers
Liga MX managers
1966 FIFA World Cup managers
1980 African Cup of Nations managers
1982 African Cup of Nations managers
Brazilian expatriate football managers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Expatriate football managers in France
Expatriate football managers in Portugal
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Expatriate football managers in Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Gl%C3%B3ria |
Jean-Luc Raharimanana (born June 26, 1967, Antananarivo, Madagascar) is a Malagasy novelist, essayist, poet, and playwright.
Personal life
He wrote his first book in his native country, but he was unable to publish it because of the political situation. He went to France to study ethnolinguistics at the University of Paris and the Institut National des langues et civilisations orientales following his graduation from the University of Antananarivo in 1989, due to a stipendium he received from the RFI.
After completing his studies in France, Raharimanana went on to work as a journalist and French teacher.
In his works, Raharimanana often describes the situation of poverty and corruption and the history in his homeland in a violent and lyrical style. Several of his screenplays have been adapted for theatre and he is the subject of the 2004 documentary Gouttes d’encre sur l’île rouge.
Raharimanana's works have been translated into German, English, Italian, and Spanish. Raharimanana currently lives in Paris.
Selected works
His first play "Le prophète et le président" won the Tchicaya-U'Tamsi Prize in 1990, awarded by the Inter-African theatre competition, but the theatre performance was banned by Madagascar's government owing to the political nature of the play.
In June 2002, Raharimana's father Vénance Raharimanana, a history professor at the University of Antananarivo, was tortured and subsequently arrested following a radio program he hosted that dealt with the pre-colonial tension in Madagascar. He writes about the experience in his short story collection L'arbre anthropophage.
Bibliography
Novellas
Le lépreux et dix-neuf autres nouvelles. Paris: Hatier, 1992.
Lucarne. Paris: Le Serpent à plumes, 1996.
Rêves sous le linceul. Paris: Le Serpent à plumes, 1998.
Children's books
Landisoa and the three pebbles. Illustrations by Jean A. Ravelona. Vanves: Édicef / Hachette, 2001.
Novels
Za. Paris: Philippe Rey, 2008.
Nour, 1947. Paris: Le Serpent à Plumes, 2001; La Roque d’Anthéron: Vents d’Ailleurs, 2017.
Revenir. Paris: Rivages, 2018.
Stories
Collections
L’Arbre anthropophage. Paris: Gallimard/Joëlle Losfeld, 2004.
Tsiaron’ny nofo. Îlle-sur-Tête: K’A, 2008.
Stories contributed to collections
"Anja" in Une enfance outremer. Paris: Seuil, 2001.
"Prosper" in Dernières nouvelles de la Françafrique. La Roque d’Anthéron: Vents d’Ailleurs, 2003.
"Corps en jachère" in Nul n’est une île: Solidarité Haïti. Montréal: Mémoire d’encrier, 2004.
"Sortir des bois" in Africultures 59 (Second Trimester 2004)
"Le vol de La Tempête" in Enfances. Bertoua (Cameroun): Ndzé, 2006; Paris: Ndzé (Pocket), 2008.
"Za" in Le huitième péché, collectif coordonné par Kangni Alem. Bertoua (Cameroun): Éditions Ndzé, 2006.
"Pacification" in Dernières nouvelles du colonialisme (Collectif). La Roque d’Anthéron: Vents d’Ailleurs, 2006.
"Le creuset des possibles" in Pour une littérature-monde, sous la direction de Michel Le Bris et Jean Rouaud. Paris: Gallimard, 2007.
"Sur le bord des lèvres" in Riveneuve Continents 5 (Autumn 2007)
"De là où j’écris" in Riveneuve Continents 10 (Winter 2009-2010)
Poetry
Les cauchemars du gecko. La Roque d’Anthéron: Vents d’Ailleurs, 2011.
Enlacement(s). Coffret de trois livres: Des Ruines, Obscena et Il n’y a plus de pays. La Roque d’Anthéron: Vents d’Ailleurs, 2012.
Empreintes. La Roque d’Anthéron: Vents d’Ailleurs, 2015.
Academic publications
La littérature malgache. Interculturel Francophonies (Lecce, Italie) 1 (June–July 2001)
Identités, langues et imaginaires dans l’Océan Indien. Interculturel Francophonies 4 (November–December 2003)
Jacques Rabemananjara. Interculturel Francophonies 11 (June–July 2007)
Les Comores, une littérature en archipel (co-authored with Magali Nirina Marson). Interculturel Francophonies 19 (June–July 2011)
Theatre adaptations
Film adaptations
Awards
1987 - Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo Award for Poetry
1989 - Tardivat International Award For Best French Language Fiction
1990 - Tchicaya-U'Tamsi Prize for African Poetry
1998 - Great Fiction Prize of Madagascar (ADELF), for Rêves sous le linceul.
2011 - Salon du Livre insulaire de Ouessant Poetry Award, for Les cauchemars du gecko.
2018 - Prix Jacques Lacarrière for Revenir.
External links
Raharimanana, biography by Magali Compan-Barnard (in French) and bibliography, with audio recording ("île en île").
Extrait (Revue Noire).
La pièce sur PARIS!!!!
Association soutenant Raharimanana
References
1967 births
Living people
Malagasy writers
Malagasy male writers
20th-century male writers
21st-century male writers
People from Antananarivo
Malagasy expatriates in France
French-language writers from Madagascar
University of Paris alumni
University of Antananarivo alumni
Malagasy-language writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc%20Raharimanana |
The British Rail Class 210 was a type of diesel-electric multiple unit (DEMU) passenger train designed and constructed by British Rail Engineering Limited's Derby Litchurch Lane Works.
The Class 210 was developed during the early 1980s to be a modern replacement for the ageing 'first generation' DMUs in use on the Southern Region of British Railways, such as the Class 201 and Class 207. It was designed around a particularly ambitious set of requirements defined in a specification produced by British Rail (BR), construction of the first unit commenced during 1982. While several prototypes were built and subject to extensive testing during the 1980s, the process did not result in a production run for the type. It can be considered an alternative to, or spiritual precursor of, the highly successful Sprinter family of DMUs that were produced during the 1980s.
The handful of Class 210s that were built were only operated for a few years before being withdrawn in the 1980s. Carriages from both units were used for the experimental Class 457/Class 316; a majority of the carriages have now been scrapped.
Background
By the beginning of the 1980s, British Rail (BR) operated a large fleet of first generation DMUs, which had been constructed in prior decades to various designs. While formulating its long-term strategy for this sector of its operations, British Rail planners recognised that there would be considerable costs incurred by undertaking refurbishment programmes necessary for the continued use of these aging multiple units, particularly due to the necessity of handling and removing hazardous materials such as asbestos. In light of the high costs involved in retention, planners examined the prospects for the development and introduction of a new generation of DMUs to succeed the first generation.
In the concept stage, two separate approaches were devised, one involving a so-called railbus that prioritised the minimisation of both initial (procurement) and ongoing (maintenance & operational) costs, while the second was a more substantial DMU that could deliver superior performance than the existing fleet, particularly when it came to long-distance services. The initial specification developed for the latter type was relatively ambitious for the era, calling for a maximum speed of , a rate of acceleration compatible to contemporary EMUs, the ability to couple/work in multiple with existing EMUs, facilitate through-access for passengers, feature pressure ventilation, the ability to assist another failed unit, and to comprise either a three or four-car consist. It was this specification that served as the basis for the Class 210, and as such defined many of the type's key performance attributes.
Design
The Class 210 was externally very similar to the first batch of Class 317 EMUs, but half of the forward carriage was taken up by the engine room. Power was provided by an above-floor diesel engine driving a generator to power traction motors on the axles. A single engine was fitted at one end of the train, and the trains operated in a push-pull configuration. As part of the testing, each unit was fitted with a different diesel engine - the three-car unit received a Paxman RP type engine, while the four-car set had a MTU TC type.
In order to deliver the performance levels that had been specified by BR, particularly in regards to maximum speed, rate of acceleration, and the desired through-passenger access, it was determined to be necessary to adopt relatively expensive equipment. The propulsion system was particularly affected; a total of four traction motors were necessary to achieve the acceleration and assistance goals; furthermore, extensive and heavy soundproofing was needed between the engine compartment and the passenger space, which proved an obstacle for maintenance tasks in this area. There were also maintainability problems in general, often due to space limitations.
The ambitious performance characteristics for the class has been attributed with not only a rise in cost but also in weight. The higher weight, in turn, incurred increased fuel consumption. The placement of engine cooling equipment also led to elevated power consumption for this subsystem. These issues, although individually relatively minor, cumulatively served to undermine the economic arguments being considered around the prospective procurement of the Class 210 by BR, and decreased the likelihood of a large production run.
Despite the identification of several shortcomings, BR officials recognised the performance of the prototype Class 210s would not be as high as a subsequent production fleet. For production, it is highly likely that numerous refinements would have been introduced, such as its assembly from more proven components, and that such a fleet would possess both a greater reliability level and lower maintenance costs. Official forecasts saw a tentative Class 210 fleet as being capable of achieving an availability rate of 85per cent.
A total of seven individual vehicles were built, which were formed into two trains, 210 001 (four-car set) and 210 002 (three-car set). Set 210 001 was an outer-suburban version, with first- and second-class seating, toilets and a luggage van. Set 210 002 was an inner-suburban version provided with high-density second-class seating only. The vehicles were initially given numbers in the DMU range (5xxxx), before being renumbered into the DEMU range (6xxxx).
Operations
Sets 210 001 and 210 002 operated in various parts of the country on trial (as did the prototype railbuses, both the single cars and the Class 140 set). Crew training on the Reading-Taunton line commenced in April 1982 with a press demonstration held in May, before entering service on 5 July 1982.
They operated in the London area of the Western Region: 210 001 was based at Reading TMD and operated between , , Newbury and , while 210 002 was based at Southall Depot and operated between Paddington and .
Testing of the Class 210 greatly influenced planners within BR. It was felt that the type had sufficiently demonstrated that a new generation of DMUs would realistically deliver a meaningful reduction in ongoing maintenance costs. While the Class 210 has shown some maintainability issues, these had lessened considerably once the initial teething stage had been passed. Planners also recognised that the role of their ambitious specification in these issues and that, in order to reduce costs and increase maintainability, a less demanding specification would need to be drawn up to get greater value out of the tentative next generation DMUs for BR.
Specifically, it was decided to drop the top speed from , as testing had revealed the higher rate to deliver no perceivable improvement in journey times due to the typically short spacing of the stations the type was intended to serve. Furthermore, it was determined that a propulsion system delivering per tonne would deliver sufficient acceleration. The requests for compatibility with other rolling stock were eliminated, although auto-coupling and auto-connecting functionality was added. With these changes, although inspired by experiences gained through operating the Class 210, the type was no longer aligned with the organisation's present requirements.
As such, the remit that the Class 210 was once intended to fulfil was instead satisfied by the Class 150 DMU, the first model of BR's Sprinter family, which, like the Class 210 (and the Class 317, Class 318 and Class 455 EMUs), were based on the Mark 3 coach bodyshell. The cars led different lives after being withdrawn. The two driving trailers (and the intermediate trailer of the three-car set together with one trailer from the four-car set) were used by Network SouthEast as part of the Class 457 Networker development train. Both the driving cars subsequently passed to the Electric Railway Museum, Warwickshire, one being resold in 2004 to the Eversholt Rail Group. There was a plan for a driving motor to be saved also but, after being stored at Eastleigh Works for many years (still in blue and grey livery), both driving vehicles of 002 and one of 001 were scrapped in May 2003.
One of the TSOs (67400, formerly 60400) is currently in Class 455 set 455 912, indirectly replacing a Class 455 trailer whose structure had been weakened by experimental doors; the other two have been scrapped. A DTSO from set 210 002 was inserted into set 455 913, in 2013, after being rebuilt at Wolverton railway works to replace a carriage destroyed in an accident. The vehicle (67301, formerly 60301) was converted to a 455 MSO.
Technical details
Individual vehicles are as follows:
See also
NIR Class 450a class of three-car DMU built to a similar configuration for Northern Ireland Railways
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading
External links
Paxman Valenta engine
210
Diesel electric multiple units
210
Train-related introductions in 1982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20210 |
Windows Meeting Space (codenamed Windows Shared View and formerly Windows Collaboration) was a peer-to-peer collaboration program developed by Microsoft for Windows Vista as a replacement for Windows NetMeeting and it enables application sharing, collaborative editing, desktop sharing, file sharing, projecting, and simple text-based or ink-based instant messaging across up to 10 users connected to the same network or across the Internet. Meeting Space has the ability to automatically set up an ad hoc wireless network if a connection to a network or the Internet are not available and also enables participants to invite other people to meeting sessions. It is the first application for the new peer-to-peer framework in Windows Vista and hence requires IPv6.
NetMeeting features such as microphone support and the ability to set up audio or video conferences are not available. Meeting Space is included in all editions of Windows Vista, but its functionality is unavailable in the Starter edition; in the Home Basic edition, it only allows users to join—but not create—sessions. With the release of Windows 7, Microsoft discontinued Meeting Space and recommended Microsoft Office Live Meeting as a replacement.
History
Meeting Space is a result of Microsoft's peer-to-peer collaboration efforts—with an emphasis on mobile computing—discussed during WinHEC 2004 when Windows Vista was codenamed "Longhorn." At that time, it was reported that Windows Vista would enable users to create "ad hoc wireless networks for file sharing and to discover people who are connected nearby." Meeting Space relies on this functionality for its services.
Meeting Space was later demonstrated by Jim Allchin and Darryn Dieken at PDC 2005 where it projected a shared PowerPoint presentation. Allchin said this demonstration was not to illustrate functions of the application itself—development of which was not complete—but to illustrate select capabilities of the peer-to-peer framework in Windows Vista. In a later interview with Paul Thurrott, Allchin expressed desire for developers to create applications supporting peer-to-peer capabilities.
With the release of Windows 7, Microsoft discontinued Windows Meeting Space and recommended Microsoft Office Live Meeting as a replacement.
Overview and features
On starting a session, a workspace, which contains a presentation area, is displayed. A list of notes are also shown. A list of users in the local subnet, with whom a collaboration session can be started, are automatically detected by using the People Near Me functionality, based on WS-Discovery in the peer-to-peer networking implementation in Windows Vista. Users outside the local subnet must be sent an e-mail or file invitation to participate. Applications can be shared in the session, which will be local to that session only. When an application is shared, Windows Meeting Space switches into presentation mode so that participants can see what the presenter is working on and collaboratively edit or review the shared application instance.
See also
Microsoft SharePoint Workspace
Microsoft SharedView
MSN Messenger
Windows Live Messenger
Windows Vista networking technologies
References
2006 software
Discontinued Windows components
Meeting Space
Windows Vista | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Meeting%20Space |
A language observatory is something which is built or implemented to observe and measure language activities in society.
The need for observatories
According to the UNESCO report "Atlas of the World Languages in Danger of Disappearing", between 6,000 and 7,000 languages are spoken throughout the world and, that many more have become extinct. Concerns regarding content online have been expressed. Another UNESCO document, "Recommendation concerning the Promotion and Use of Multilingualism and Universal Access to Cyberspace" noted in its preamble that "linguistic diversity in the global information networks and universal access to information in cyberspace are at the core of contemporary debates and can be a determining factor in the development of a knowledge-based society", and recommended that UNESCO establish "a collaborative online observatory on existing policies, regulations, technical recommendations, and best practices relating to multilingualism and multilingual resources and applications, including innovations in language computerization." In 2018, was created the UNESCO Chair Language Policies for Multilingualism as a research network to generate knowledge on the different contexts of multilingualism so to help the development of UNESCO policies, such as the Promotion of Multilingualism in Cyberspace, and the development of the UNESCO Atlas of the World Languages.
Language observatories in the world
Several language observatory activities and projects have already emerged in various parts of the world, such as Language Observatory, and UNESCO Observatory on the Information Society, which has a section focusing on Cultural Diversity and Multilingualism. One observatory which is dedicated to produce indicators of the presence of languages in the Internet, "The Observatory of linguistic and cultural diversity on the Internet " was active between 1998 and 2009 and regained activity in 2017, updating since then and yearly indicators for 329 languages and providing a data base access to those indicators .
References
Measuring Linguistic Diversity on the Internet, edited with an introduction by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Montreal Canada, UNESCO, 2005. French version is also available.
The Language Observatory Project, Mikami, Y., Zavarsky Pavol, Mohd Zaidi Abd Rozan, Izumi Suzuki, Masayuki Takahashi, Tomohide Maki, Irwan Nizan Ayob, Massimo Santini, Paolo Boldi, Sebastiano Vigna, In Poster Proceedings of the Fourteenth International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2005). pp. 990–991,10–14 May 2005, Chiba, JAPAN.
Twelve years of measuring linguistic diversity in the Internet: balance and perspectives, Pimienta D., Prado D., Blanco A., UNESCO Publications for the World Summit on the Information Society, 2009. French version is also available.
Resource: Indicators on the Presence of Languages in Internet, Pimienta D., Proceedings of the 1st Annual Meeting of the ELRA/ISCA Special Interest Group on Under-Resourced Languages, 2022. French, Spanish and Portuguese versions are also available.
Linguistic research
Endangered languages
Sociolinguistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language%20observatory |
This is a family tree of the Sasanian emperors, their ancestors, and Sasanian princes/princesses.
History
The Sasanian dynasty was named after Sasan, the eponymous ancestor of the dynasty. It was founded by Ardashir I in 224, who defeated the last Parthian (Arsacid) king, Artabanus IV ( Ardavan) and ended when the last Sasanian monarch, Yazdegerd III (632–651), lost a 19-year struggle to drive out the early Arab Caliphate, which was the first of the Islamic empires.
It is believed that the following dynasties and noble families have ancestors among the Sasanian rulers:
The Dabuyid dynasty (642–760), descendants of Jamasp.
The Paduspanids (665–1598) of Mazandaran, descendants of Jamasp.
The Shahs of Shirwan (1100–1382), from Hormizd IV's line.
The Banu Munajjim (9th–10th century), from Mihr Gushnasp, a Sasanian prince.
The Kamkarian family (9th–10th century), a dehqan family descended from Yazdegerd III.
The Mikalids (9th–11th century), a family descended from the Sogdian ruler Divashtich, who was, in turn, a descendant of Bahram V Gur.
Sasanian family tree
The solid lines indicate parent-to-child lineage and the dotted lines indicate questionable blood relationships.
See also
List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire
Bavandid family tree
Notes
References
External links
The Sasanid rulers of Persia (detailed genealogy)
D Gershon Lewental, ‘The Death of Rostam: Literary Representations of Iranian Identity in Early Islam’, Iranian Studies 50.2 (March 2017), 223–45. DOI 10.1080/00210862.2016.1248813.
Family trees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian%20family%20tree |
David López-Zubero Purcell (born 11 February 1959), also known as David Zubero, is a former competitive swimmer who represented Spain at three Summer Olympics and won an Olympic bronze medal in 1980. Zubero was born in the United States, swam in international competition for Spain, and holds dual Spanish-American citizenship.
Zubero was born in Syracuse, New York. He attended the Bolles School in Jacksonville, Florida, where he swam for the Bolles high school swim team. He graduated from the Bolles School in 1977.
Zubero attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he swam for coach Randy Reese's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) competition from 1977 to 1981. He competed in the championship finals of the 200-yard individual medley all four years. Zubero swam on the Gators 800-yard freestyle relay team that set an American record and tied the NCAA record, while winning the national title in that event in 1979. He also swam on another national championship 800-yard freestyle relay in 1981. During his four years as a Gator swimmer, Zubero received fourteen All-American honors.
Zubero graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in microbiology and cell science in 1983, and was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 2002.
David Zubero is the older brother of the 1992 Olympic champion in the 200-meter backstroke, Martin López-Zubero. The younger Zubero also attended the University of Florida and competed for Spain internationally.
Zubero represented Spain in three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1976. At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, he place third in the 100-meter butterfly. He also swam in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, tying for twelfth in the 100-meter butterfly and also swimming for the eleventh-place Spanish men's team in the 4x100-meter freestyle relay.
Zubero served as an assistant coach under Ralph Crocker and Gary Butts for the Pine Crest School in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in the 1990s. He earned a master's degree in science education from Nova Southeastern University in Broward County, Florida.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
List of Spanish records in swimming
List of University of Florida alumni
List of University of Florida Olympians
List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Florida Gators men's swimmers
Spanish male butterfly swimmers
Spanish male freestyle swimmers
Spanish male medley swimmers
Olympic bronze medalists for Spain
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Olympic swimmers for Spain
Spanish people of American descent
Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Florida
Swimmers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Bolles School alumni
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain
Swimmers at the 1979 Mediterranean Games
Swimmers at the 1983 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming
American people of Spanish descent
American male freestyle swimmers
Swimmers from Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20L%C3%B3pez-Zubero |
Kock is a town in eastern Poland, about north of Lublin and south-east of Warsaw. It lies in Lublin Voivodeship, in Lubartów County. It is the capital of the administrative district Gmina Kock. Historically Kock belongs to the Polish province of Lesser Poland and is located in its northeastern corner. , its population numbered 3,509.
Name and location
Kock is located a few kilometers north of the Wieprz river, approximately 150 meters above sea level, near the Łuków Lowland (Równina Łukowska). In 1952–1954 it was the seat of Gmina Białobrzegi. The town first appears in chronicles in 1258 as Cocsk. In the 15th century, it was called Kocsko or Koczsko, and in 1787, its name was spelled Kocko. Current form has been in use since the 19th century, and the word Kock either comes from the last name or a nickname Kot (a person named so founded the town), or from a plant called kocanka (Helichrysum arenarium), which grows abundantly in the area.
History
Kock has been recognized as an established community since the 12th century. It received its city charter in 1417, by King Władysław II Jagiełło, who granted the charter upon request of Jakub, the Bishop of Płock. From 1512 Kock was shortly a royal town of Poland, and afterwards it was a private town, administratively located in the Lublin Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. In 1518 the town belonged to Mikolaj Firlej, Crown Hetman and the Voivode of Sandomierz. The Firlej family owned Kock until the second half of the 18th century, and at that time the town became an important center of the Protestant Reformation in Lesser Poland. Around the year 1750 Kock passed into the hands of Princess Anna Jabłonowska of the Sapieha family, who invested a lot of money and energy into the town, ordering the construction of a town hall, a palace and a church. Furthermore, she established the market square (or rynek). Polish King Stanisław August Poniatowski visited Kock several times. Kock was annexed by Austria in the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. It was regained by Poles in 1809 and included in the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and in 1815 it became part of so-called Congress Poland in the Russian Partition of Poland. The residents of the town participated in the January Uprising, for which the Russians deprived Kock of its town rights (1870, recovered in 1915). Several important battles took place at Kock in the 19th and early 20th centuries:
Battle of Kock (1809), May 5, 1809, during the Polish–Austrian War,
17–20 June 1831, and September 12, 1831, during the November Uprising,
December 25, 1863, during the January Uprising,
Battle of Kock (1920), August 14–16, 1920, during the Polish–Soviet War,
Battle of Kock (1939), October 2–6, 1939, during the Polish September Campaign,
August 1944, during the Operation Tempest.
After World War I, Poland regained independence and Kock administratively belonged to the Lublin Voivodeship of Poland. In 1927 large parts of it burned in a fire. The town, located away from rail connections, stagnated.
On October 2–5, 1939, Kock was the site of the last battle between Poland and Germany during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II. Afterwards it fell under German occupation, and already in October 1939, the Germans carried out executions of Poles at the local cemetery. During the occupation, the Jewish half of the Kock population, about 2,200 of the town's 4,600 population, was murdered or died of disease and starvation in the ghetto set up by the Germans in Kock. Kock was one of centers of the Home Army, whose units (27th Volhynian Home Army Infantry Division) freed the town on July 22, 1944. Afterwards, the advancing Soviets disbanded Polish soldiers. However, Kock was re-captured by Polish anti-Communist resistance (May 1, 1945).
Points of interest
Jabłonowski Palace, a classicist palace erected by of Princess Anna Jabłonowska (1770), with an adjacent park
Parish Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (1779–82)
The House of Józef Morgensztern (see Menachem Mendel of Kotzk)
Military cemetery with the grave of General Franciszek Kleeberg and Polish soldiers fallen in the Battle of Kock (1939)
Jewish cemetery (18th century)
Jews of Kock
In the 17th century, a Jewish community was established in the town. In Yiddish, the community is known as Kotzk or Kotsk. Polish colonel of Jewish origin, Berek Joselewicz, leader of one of the first solely ethnic Jewish military units since ancient times, and the first such unit in Poland, was killed in the Battle of Kock (1809) between Poles and Austrians. In the 19th century, the town became an important centre of Hasidism as the longtime home of Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Kotzk, the Kotzker rebbe who established the Kotsk dynasty. During World War II, Jews were brutalized by the German occupiers. They along with deportees from other villages, were confined to a ghetto. Though the pre-war Kock Jewish community was only about 2200, by late 1939, the ghetto contained 8000 Jews. Sometimes several dozen people resided in a single room. The overcrowding and lack of adequate sanitation led to a typhus epidemic. In turn, local Christian villagers would not allow Jews to leave the ghetto, so lack of food caused some children to starve.
Conditions improved somewhat in 1940 as Jews were resettled in a different neighborhood. Nonetheless, there were epidemics of typhus and tuberculosis from what was still overcrowding and lack of adequate sanitation. By 1941, many Jews were conscripted for forced labor. In 1942, Kock's Jews were deported. In August, some were sent to Parszew and then on to Treblinka where they were immediately murdered. In September, able men were sent to labor camps, and in October, hundreds were sent to Lukow's ghetto where a few weeks later they too were sent to Treblinka to be murdered. During these months, there were several mass killings of Jews in Kock. Only about 30 of Kock's Jews are thought to have survived The Holocaust during the war. Several were saved by Polish Christian villagers. One survivor was murdered in Kock after liberation. The Jewish community was not reestablished after the war. The brief discussion of the experience of the Jewish population of Kock is described in the Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos.
References
External links
Rootsweb: Kock Gmina Page
Jewish cemetery in Kock
Cities and towns in Lublin Voivodeship
Lubartów County
Lesser Poland
Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795)
Siedlce Governorate
Lublin Governorate
Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Historic Jewish communities in Poland
Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kock |
Lars Vågberg (born 30 June 1967 in Sollefteå, Sweden) is a Norwegian curler from Bærum.
Vågberg began his international curling career in Sweden. In his first international tournament, he was the second Mikael Hasselborg's 1990 European Curling Championships winning team. With Hasselborg, he would finish 7th at the World Curling Championships in 1992 and won a bronze medal at the 1994 European Championships.
By 1997 Vågberg had moved to Norway. The 1997 World Championships would be the first for Vågberg as a Norwegian, and he played third for Pål Trulsen. While they finished 7th that year, the team would later go on to win two bronze medals (2001, 2003) and a silver (2002) at the Worlds. Most notably however was their victory at the 2002 Winter Olympics when they defeated Canadas' Kevin Martin in the final. The team added to their success with their first gold medal at the European Championships in 2005.
In 2010 (and before), Lars works at Belset Skole in Bærum, as a physical education teacher and advisor.
In 1995 he was inducted into the Swedish Curling Hall of Fame.
External links
http://sports123.com/cur/mw.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20100820043301/http://www.curling.se/CurlHome/Statistik/SM/SmLagHerrar.asp
1967 births
Living people
Olympic curlers for Norway
Curlers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
Norwegian male curlers
Swedish male curlers
Swedish curling champions
Swedish emigrants to Norway
Olympic medalists in curling
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Continental Cup of Curling participants
European curling champions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20V%C3%A5gberg |
David Wilson (born 4 January 1967) is a former Australian rugby union footballer who played on the openside flank 79 times, and who captained the Wallabies 9 times.
Through his career he won every international trophy available to an Australian test player (Bledisloe Cup series wins in 1992, 94, 98, 99 & 2000 including the 1999 win as Captain), a world cup in 1999 & finally a Tri Nations series win in 2000.
Wilson was born in Brisbane, Australia. He first came to prominence in 1985 when he was selected in the 1985 all conquering Australian Schoolboys team as Vice Captain. Before making his grade debut for Easts Tigers (Brisbane) in 1987. After making his debut for Queensland in 1989, David was selected later the same year to tour with the Wallabies to Canada and France but it was not until 1992 when he made his debut with the Wallaby side in the home test against Scotland and was a regular starter in the national side from then on, when fit.
David was a vital part of what many consider to be the best Wallaby side of all time throughout those 1998,1999 & 2000 seasons where the team won everything on offer.
The 1999 World Cup win was followed up by Australia's first ever tri nations series win in 2000, following which he retired from test rugby. David moved to the UK to play for NEC Harlequins in the Zurich Premiership. A serious knee injury in the 2001 European Shield Final (Harlequins won the game 42–33 in extra time) ended Wilson's playing career at the age of 35 and he was forced to retire from the game.
External links
Scrum.com player statistics
Motivational Speaker's Profile
Sporting Heroes Profile
1967 births
Living people
Australian rugby union players
Australia international rugby union players
Australian rugby union captains
People educated at Brisbane State High School
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union players from Brisbane
1995 Rugby World Cup players
1999 Rugby World Cup players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Wilson%20%28rugby%20union%2C%20born%201967%29 |
Cheshunt is a small rural village situated in the Upper King Valley in north-east Victoria, Australia. It is located about 50 km from Wangaratta and is close to the Alpine National Park.
Cheshunt Post Office opened on 2 August 1886.
The Cheshunt post office now operates out of the general store/ takeaway food shop.
Golfers play at the course of the Whitfield and District Golf Club.
Following the merger of the small local primary school in 1993 with Whitfield Primary School, primary aged children must now travel to the renamed Whitfield District Primary school a short distance up the road.
Cheshunt also has a local public/ memorial hall and several wineries in the immediate area.
A popular local recreational and fishing area is Lake William Hovel further up the valley.
Population
At the , Cheshunt and the surrounding area had a population of 256, while in the the number had dropped to 231. By the the population had reduced further, to 213.
References
External links
Australian Places - Cheshunt
Towns in Victoria (state)
Rural City of Wangaratta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshunt%2C%20Victoria |
Stuart Wayne Jackson (born December 11, 1955) is an American basketball executive and former basketball coach. He currently serves as the director of basketball operations for the French professional club Élan Béarnais based in Pau. Jackson has coached the New York Knicks from 1989 to 1990, and the Vancouver Grizzlies in 1997, and has also served as the Grizzlies' general manager. He is the former executive vice president of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
Career
Jackson played basketball at the University of Oregon and Seattle University. He worked as an associate coach and head recruiting coordinator under Rick Pitino at Providence College from 1985 to 1987. He also worked as an assistant coach at Washington State University from 1983 to 1985 and at the University of Oregon from 1981 through 1983. Jackson was named the head coach of the New York Knicks in 1989 at the age of 33, becoming the then second-youngest head coach in NBA history. The Knicks went 52–45 during his tenure, upsetting the Boston Celtics in the 1990 playoffs before losing to the eventual NBA champions Detroit Pistons.
He was head coach of the Wisconsin Badgers in the 1992–93 and 1993–94 seasons, leading the Badgers to the 1994 NCAA tournament. He was general manager of the NBA's Vancouver Grizzlies for the franchise's first five seasons, during which the Grizzlies lost 300 of 378 games. In June 2007, he became the executive vice president of basketball operations for the NBA, a league official whose duties included penalizing players for on-court misconduct. His duties included being in charge of on-the-court operations, scheduling, game rules, conduct, discipline and serving as the chair of the Competition Committee. Jackson holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from Seattle University. Jackson resides in New York with his four daughters.
College head coaching record
NBA head coaching record
|-
| align="left"|New York
| align="left"|
| 82 || 45 || 37 || || align="center"|3rd in Atlantic || 10 || 4 || 6 ||
| align="center"|Lost in Conference semifinals
|-
| align="left"|New York
| align="left"|
| 15 || 7 || 8 || || align="center"|(resigned) || — || — || — || —
| align="center"|–
|-
| align="left"|Vancouver
| align="left"|
| 39 || 6 || 33 || || align="center"|7th in Midwest || — || — || — || —
| align="center"|Missed playoffs
|- class="sortbottom"
| align="left" colspan="2"|Career
| 136 || 58 || 78 || || || 10 || 4 || 6 || ||
References
External links
Stu Jackson profile at NBA.com
BasketballReference.com: Stu Jackson
Image of USC's John Lambert going up for a basket as Oregon's Stu Jackson watches during game in Los Angeles, California, 1975. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
Living people
1955 births
African-American basketball coaches
African-American sports executives and administrators
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American men's basketball players
American sports executives and administrators
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania
Basketball players from Pennsylvania
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
National Basketball Association league office executives
New York Knicks head coaches
Oregon Ducks men's basketball coaches
Oregon Ducks men's basketball players
Providence Friars men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Reading, Pennsylvania
Vancouver Grizzlies head coaches
Washington State Cougars men's basketball coaches
Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball coaches
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu%20Jackson |
"A Sorta Fairytale" is a song written and performed by singer-songwriter Tori Amos. It was released as the first single from her 2002 album Scarlet's Walk. The song reached number 14 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, and number two on the Triple A (adult album alternative) chart. The song has since been featured in episodes of the television shows Nip/Tuck and The L Word. There are three commercially released versions of the song: the album version (5:30), the 101 Mix (4:00) and the original single version (4:01). It was released as a CD single (UK/Canada) with "Operation Peter Pan" as the B-side (which marked her final B-side to date), and as a DVD single (US) with the music video, co-starring Adrien Brody.
Song information
From the promotional CD Scarlet Stories:
In a 2009 interview, Amos was asked about the meaning of one of the lines:
Reception
"A Sorta Fairytale" is widely regarded as one of Amos's best songs. In 2014, Stereogum ranked the song number five on their list of the 10 greatest Tori Amos songs, and in 2023, The Guardian ranked the song number six on their list of the 20 greatest Tori Amos songs.
Music video
The music video, directed by Sanji, features Amos, as a head attached to a disembodied leg, falling in love with another head attached to a disembodied arm (played by Adrien Brody). The two creatures show signs of romantic interest in one another, until the arm accidentally hurts the leg's feelings by laughing at her crooked fifth toe. The leg then flees by jumping onto a passing skateboard, and ends up alone on a deserted beach. The arm finds her and they consummate their love with a deep kiss. The act of kissing causes the arm and leg to suddenly start swelling up and grow their extra body parts—they finally become complete, "whole" humans by realizing their love.
Track listing
Maxi-CD single (UK and Canada)
"A Sorta Fairytale" (101 Mix)
"Operation Peter Pan"
"A Sorta Fairytale" (original single version)*
"A Scarlet Story" (Enhanced CD multimedia)
7" single (US)
"A Sorta Fairytale" (single version)* (on both sides)
*The "single version" and "original single version" are identical though titled differently. Issued with a picture sleeve. Disc has small center hole
DVD single (US)
"A Sorta Fairytale" music video (digitally mastered)
Tori Amos biography
Making of "A Sorta Fairytale"
Interview segment (with Amos)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Tori Amos songs
Tori Amos video albums
Songs written by Tori Amos
2002 singles
2002 songs
2003 video albums
Music videos directed by Sanji (director)
Epic Records singles
2000s ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Sorta%20Fairytale |
Vienna Conservatory may refer to:
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, which incorporates the older Vienna Conservatory dating back to 1817, established by the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde
Konservatorium Wien University, established in 1938 as Musikschule der Stadt Wien, as of November 2015 Music and Arts University of the City of Vienna
Other music education establishments in Vienna with similar names include:
Neues Wiener Konservatorium, established in 1909
Wiener Volkskonservatorium, established in 1923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna%20Conservatory |
Charles McMoran Wilson, 1st Baron Moran, MC, PRCP (10 November 1882 – 12 April 1977) was personal doctor to Winston Churchill from 1940 until the latter's death in 1965. His book The Struggle for Survival revealed much about Churchill's physical and psychological state, possibly including clinical depression, while coping with the strain of high office. It was not, however, the strict historical record that it appeared to be, as it lacked any accredited sources, such as diary-entries or confirmed reporting of conversations. Some people also felt that it breached patient–doctor confidentiality.
Background
Moran was born in Skipton, Yorkshire, younger son and youngest of three children of John Forsythe Wilson, a physician and general practitioner from Northern Ireland, and his wife Mary Jane, daughter of the Reverend John Julius Hannah, a Presbyterian minister of Clogher.
He was educated at Pocklington Grammar School then studied medicine at St Mary's Hospital Medical School, now the Imperial College School of Medicine, graduating with a MBBS in 1908. He took his MD degree in 1913 at the same medical school. As a student he played in the college rugby fifteen as well as at county level for Middlesex.
He enlisted in the Royal Army Medical Corps in the First World War, rising to major. He was medical officer to the 1st Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers from 1914 to 1917 and medical officer in charge of the medical facilities at the British 7th Stationary Hospital in Boulogne from 1917 to 1918. He won the Military Cross in 1916 for services during the Battle of the Somme, and the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valour in 1917 and was twice mentioned in despatches. After the war, he conducted research into mustard gas poisoning.
Later medical career
Longer term, based on his frontline experience, he developed his study into the effects of wartime conditions on the resilience of troops which was published in the 1930s as a series of lectures titled The Mind in War and culminated in a book The Anatomy of Courage, published in 1945 at the end of the Second World War. He lectured on courage to officer students at the Staff College in Camberley.
He was the dean of St Mary's Hospital Medical School between 1920 and 1945, where he oversaw the rebuilding of the premises, while also maintaining a private practice in London at Number 129, Harley Street. In 1938 he chaired a Home Office committee to plan the organization of London's hospitals to receive casualties expected in the then anticipated Second World War. He was a prominent scientist in his day, and was elected president of the Royal College of Physicians in April 1941 and was re-elected each year until 1950, when he resigned in favour of Russell Brain.
He was knighted in 1938 and was created Baron Moran, of Manton in the County of Wilts on 8 March 1943 and made his maiden speech in the House of Lords the same year, on the Beveridge Report. He was also involved in many other debates on the National Health Service. His skilfulness in negotiations with the British Medical Association and the Ministry of Health gave him the nickname "Corkscrew Charlie".
He helped set up the Spens Committee which laid down the remuneration of general practitioners and dentists, and chaired the government standing committee setting the payment of specialists from 1949 to 1961. He declined the appointment as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) offered at the end of the chairmanship.
Churchill's physician and The Struggle for Survival
During his time as Winston Churchill's private physician, which began in May 1940, two weeks into Churchill's first term as Prime Minister, Moran accompanied Churchill on most of his travels, and met several prominent figures, including Anthony Eden, Field-Marshal Montgomery (later the 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein), Louis Mountbatten and Lord Beaverbrook. He also selected appropriate consulting specialists for Churchill when necessary. Although Moran found the travels frustrating when they conflicted with business planning the NHS in London, according to one biographer, Professor Richard Lovell, Moran saw his patient as "the greatest Englishman since Chatham and regarded his care of him as his wartime duty".
In mid-1964, Clementine Churchill learned that Moran was planning to publish a book detailing his personal relationship with Churchill. Lady Churchill criticised his intentions, "I had always supposed that the relationship between a doctor and his patient was one of complete confidence…". Moran's book, The Struggle for Survival, is about Churchill during and after the war. It was published in 1966, fifteen months after Churchill's death, and aroused much controversy, as its detailed descriptions of Churchill's failing health appeared to constitute a breach of patient-doctor confidentiality. Moran maintained that he had compiled the book with Churchill's knowledge, although he had sought no permission to include conversations made in his professional capacity with the Cabinet Secretary, other officials and medical colleagues.
The book revealed that "Black Dog" was the name Churchill gave to "the prolonged fits of depression from which he suffered", leading many later authors to suggest that throughout his life Churchill was a victim of, or at risk from, clinical depression. Formulated in this way, Churchill's mental health history contains unmistakable echoes of the seminal interpretation of Lord Moran's Black Dog revelations made in an essay by Dr Joseph Storr. In drawing so heavily on Moran for what he took to be the latter's totally reliable, first-hand clinical evidence of Churchill's lifelong struggle with "prolonged and recurrent depression" and its associated "despair", Storr produced a seemingly authoritative and persuasive diagnostic essay that, in the words of John Ramsden, "strongly influenced all later accounts".
However, Storr was not aware that, as Professor Lovell has shown, Moran, contrary to the impression created in his book, kept no actual diary during his years as Churchill's doctor. Nor was Storr aware that Moran's book as published was a much rewritten account which mixed together Moran's contemporaneous jottings with later material acquired from other sources. Wilfred Attenborough has demonstrated the key Black Dog "diary" entry for 14 August 1944 was an arbitrarily dated pastiche in which the explicit reference to Black Dog—the first of the few in the book (with an associated footnote definition of the term)—was taken, not from anything Churchill had said to Moran, but from much later claims made to Moran by Brendan Bracken (a non-clinician and wartime Minister of Information) in 1958. Although seemingly unnoticed by Storr and those he influenced, Moran later on in his book retracts his earlier suggestion, also derived from Bracken, that, towards the end of the Second World War, Churchill was succumbing to "the inborn melancholia of the Churchill blood". Also unnoticed by Storr and others is Moran's statement in his final chapter that Churchill had managed before the start of the First World War "to extirpate bouts of depression from his system".
Despite the difficulties with Moran's book, the many illustrations it provides of a Churchill understandably plunged into temporary low moods by military defeats and other severely adverse developments make a compelling portrait of a great man reacting to, but not significantly impeded by, worry and overstrain, consistent with the portraits of others who worked closely with Churchill. Moreover, it can be deduced from Moran's book that Churchill did not receive medication for depression—the amphetamine that Moran prescribed for special occasions, especially for big speeches from the autumn of 1953 onwards, was to combat the effects of Churchill's stroke of that year.
Besides medical observations, Moran also recounted personal political comments made by Churchill in conversation. Visiting Churchill on the afternoon following the announcement of the 1945 General Election results, Moran commiserated with him on the "ingratitude" of the British public for voting in a Labour government, to which Churchill, referring to the recent wartime hardships, replied "I wouldn't call it that. They have had a very hard time". He also recalled Churchill suggesting in 1946—the year before he put the idea (unsuccessfully) in a memo to President Truman—that the United States make a pre-emptive atomic bomb attack on Moscow while the Soviet Union did not yet possess nuclear weapons. The motivations behind the publication of Moran's book, The Struggle for Survival, and his criticisms of Churchill, may have been due to Moran's personal grievances against Churchill's staunch imperialist attitudes. He once stated: "Winston thinks only of the colour of their skin."
Family and later life
Moran married in 1919 Dorothy Dufton, daughter of Samuel Felix Dufton, HM Inspector of Schools for Yorkshire. She was a research physiologist, who had been appointed MBE for work with the Ministry of Munitions in World War I. They had two sons, John (the second Baron) and Geoffrey. He died in 1977 aged 94 at the latter son's home in Newton Valence, Hampshire, and was buried in the churchyard there. He was survived by his wife, who died in 1983.
Moran said he was a descendant of essayist William Hazlitt, whose surname was given as a middle name to his own second son. Richard Lovell notes the ancestor was surnamed Haslett.
Publications
The Anatomy of Courage (1945), London: Constable,
Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival (1966) London: Constable,
Churchill taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965 (1966 – 1st American ed.) Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Churchill at War 1940 to 1945: the memoirs of Churchill's doctor, with an introduction by Lord Moran's son, John, the second Lord Moran, who held the title at the time. This diary paints an intimate portrait of Churchill by Sir Charles Wilson, his personal physician (Lord Moran), who spent the war years with the Prime Minister. In his diary, Moran recorded insights into Churchill's character, and moments when he let his guard down. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2002. Reissue
References
Bibliography
External links
Wellcome Library blurb on Lord Moran
1882 births
1977 deaths
People from Skipton
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
Wilson, Charles
Winston Churchill
British Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Military Cross
20th-century English medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
People educated at Pocklington School
Presidents of the Royal College of Physicians
Harley Street
Barons created by George VI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Wilson%2C%201st%20Baron%20Moran |
The Auckland Pirates were a New Zealand basketball team based in Auckland. The Pirates competed in the National Basketball League (NBL) and played their home games at ASB Stadium.
Team history
In March 2011, the franchise was unveiled by Basketball Auckland ahead of the 2011 NBL season, marking the return of an Auckland presence to the NBL, a year after the Auckland Stars folded. The inaugural squad included imports Raheim Brown and Kevin Mickens alongside Dillon Boucher, Luke Martin and Brook Ruscoe. The Pirates finished their first season in seventh place with a 5–11 record.
For the 2012 season, the Pirates retained Boucher and Ruscoe, and acquired Lindsay Tait, Alex Pledger, Hayden Allen, Duane Bailey and Ron Dorsey. They subsequently helped the Pirates finish the regular season in second place with a 13–3 record. After defeating the Manawatu Jets in the semi-finals, they faced the Wellington Saints in the final, where they won 89–83 to claim the NBL championship. Pledger was named Finals MVP, while Tait was named Most Outstanding Guard, Most Outstanding Kiwi Guard and All-Star Five for the 2012 season.
On 2 November 2012, the Pirates withdrew from the NBL, with Basketball Auckland revealing their financial model was unsustainable.
References
External links
Official team website
2011 establishments in New Zealand
Basketball teams established in 2011
Basketball teams in Auckland
Basketball teams in New Zealand
National Basketball League (New Zealand) teams
Sport in Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland%20Pirates |
The Wellington Saints are a New Zealand basketball team based in Wellington. The Saints compete in the National Basketball League (NBL) and play their home games at TSB Bank Arena.
Team history
The Wellington Saints were founded in 1981. In 1982, the Exchequer Saints won the second division title, which promoted them to the first division for the 1983 season. The Saints went on to play in six straight championship games upon joining the NBL, winning titles in 1984, 1985, 1987 and 1988. They played in their seventh final in 1991, where they lost to the Hutt Valley Lakers.
At the end of the 1996 season, both the Saints and the Lakers were struggling to survive. They amalgamated for the 1997 season, becoming TransAlta Wellington. With fans wanting a 'real' name, for the 1998 season, they became the TransAlta Wizards. For the 1999 season, they returned to the original identity of Saints. The Saints returned to title contenders in the 2000s, as they finished runners-up in 2001 and 2008, and won their fifth title in 2003.
The 2010s were dominated by the Saints, as they played in every championship game between 2010 and 2019, except 2013. They claimed back-to-back championships in 2010 and 2011, before claiming their eighth title in 2014. With their ninth title in 2016, the Saints matched the Auckland Stars for most championships in NBL history. In 2017, the Saints made NBL history by becoming the first team to complete a perfect regular season, going 18–0. They went on to defeat the Canterbury Rams in the semi-finals before becoming the first team to complete an unbeaten season, capping off a perfect 20–0 campaign by beating the Southland Sharks 108–75 in the final. Their tenth championship set a new record for most in NBL history. The Saints returned to the final in 2018, but missed the chance at their first three-peat with a 98–96 loss to the Sharks. In 2019, the Saints completed their second undefeated regular season in three years, going 18–0, before completing another perfect 20–0 campaign by defeating the Hawke's Bay Hawks 78–68 in the final to win their 11th title.
The Saints sat out the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They returned in 2021 and won their 12th championship.
Honour roll
Current roster
Notable players
Steven Adams
Xavier Cooks
Torrey Craig
CBL team
The Saints began in the second-tiered Conference Basketball League (CBL), winning the CBL title in 1982. In 1997, Wellington's second division team finished as runners-up in the CBL, and in 2001, the Wellington College Saints finished as CBL runners-up. In 2008, the Saints' second division team won the CBL championship with a 90–84 win over the Waikato Titans in the final.
References
External links
Basketball teams in New Zealand
National Basketball League (New Zealand) teams
Sport in Wellington City
Basketball teams established in 1981
1981 establishments in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington%20Saints |
True Story is the second and final studio album by the hip-hop group Terror Squad. It includes the single "Lean Back", which reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. The group's line up at recording was Fat Joe, Remy Ma, Armageddon, Prospect and Tony Sunshine.
The late rappers Big L and Big Pun appear together on the song titled "Bring 'Em Back". Big Pun was originally a member of the group and some of his verses are reprised on this track. The album reached number 7 on the US Billboard 200, selling 90,000 units in its first week.
Jessy Terrero and Raul Conde directed the music video for "Take Me Home" and filmed it at a mansion in Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles.
Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
Sample credits
"Nothing's Gonna Stop Me" contains excerpts from "Nothing Can Stop Me", written by Anthony Hester, as performed by Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr.
"Yeah, Yeah, Yeah" contains excerpts from "Burning Bridges", written by Lalo Schifrin and Mike Curb, as performed by The Mike Curb Congregation.
"Hum Drum" contains excerpts from "The Dean and I", written by Laurence Creme and Kevin Godley, as performed by 10cc.
"Take Me Home" contains excerpts from "If Only for One Night", written by Brenda Russell, as performed by Roberta Flack and Peabo Bryson.
"Streets of NY" contains interpolations of "The Hardest Thing I've Ever Had to Do", written by Walter Marks.
"Streets of NY" contains excerpts from "Take Me to Baltimore", written by Ruth Copeland and Dick Wagner, as performed by Ruth Copeland.
"Bring 'Em Back" contains excerpts from "Ask Billy (They Tell Me)", written by LeRoy Bell and Casey James, as performed by Bell and James.
"Yes Them to Def" contains interpolations from "Soul Saga", written by Tom Bahler, Ray Brown, and Quincy Jones.
References
2004 albums
Terror Squad (group) albums
Albums produced by Scott Storch
Albums produced by Buckwild
Albums produced by Cool & Dre
Albums produced by Lord Finesse
Albums produced by Scram Jones
Albums produced by DJ Khaled | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%20Story%20%28Terror%20Squad%20album%29 |
Beroe or Beroë may refer to :
Places and jurisdictions
a city and former archbishopric of Ancient Thrace, now Stara Zagora in Bulgaria and a Latin Catholic titular see, which was founded under the name Beroe (meaning iron) and renamed to Augusta Trajana
Battle of Beroe, fought at Beroe in 250 between the Romans and the Goths
Battle of Beroia, fought at Beroe in 1122 between the Pechenegs and the Byzantine Empire
PFC Beroe Stara Zagora, commonly known as PFC Beroe, a football club from Stara Zagora
Beroe Stadium, PFC Beroe's multi-use stadium
BC Beroe, a basketball club from Stara Zagora
Beroea, also called Berea, an ancient (Biblical) city in Greece, now known as Veria
Beroeans, the inhabitants of that city, also called Bereans
a Roman fortified frontier post at the lower Danube, now Ostrov, Tulcea, Tulcea County, Romania
Other uses
Beroe (ctenophore), a genus of the Nuda class of comb jellies (ctenophore phylum)
In Greek mythology:
Beroe (Greek myth)
Beroe Hill, a hill in Livingston Island, West Antarctica
See also
Beroea (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beroe |
The Otago Nuggets are a New Zealand men's basketball team based in Dunedin. The Nuggets compete in the National Basketball League (NBL) and play their home games at the Edgar Centre. For sponsorship reasons, they are known as the Night 'n Day Otago Nuggets.
Team history
The Nuggets entered the National Basketball League (NBL) for the first time in 1990. After finishing in the top six in five of their first eight seasons, and making the semi-finals three times in that span, the Nuggets finished in the bottom four in their next 14 seasons, including being perennial wooden spooners. Following a tumultuous 2008 season, where the Nuggets collected their fourth consecutive wooden spoon and had mass player turnover throughout the year, Basketball Otago withdrew the Nuggets from the 2009 season, citing financial concerns. They returned to the league in 2010 and subsequently finished with a winless record (0–18), becoming just the third team in NBL history to finish a season without a win (joining the 1998 Northland Suns and the 2009 Taranaki Mountainairs). The Nuggets also had a 33-game losing streak that spanned April 2008 to May 2011.
In 2013, the Nuggets made it to the post-season for the first time since 1997. They finished the regular season in second place with a 12–4 record, before losing 87–72 to the Nelson Giants in the semifinal. In 2014, the Nuggets missed the finals with a 7–11 record.
In November 2014, Basketball Otago withdrew the Nuggets from the NBL for a second time. In September 2015, Basketball Otago announced their decision to keep the Nuggets out of the NBL in 2016, looking instead to bringing them back in 2017. However, in September 2016, they opted not to apply for a position in the 2017 competition. In February 2018, plans to resurrect the Nuggets were further put on hold.
In April 2019, Basketball Otago were granted approval to make an NBL bid for the 2020 season. The Nuggets were granted provisional entry back into the NBL in July 2019, but the following month, their formal entry was deferred to the 2021 season, with both the league and the organisation feeling an additional 12 months would help the team to better lay the foundations needed for success. However, in May 2020, the Nuggets formally returned to the league in a 2020 competition that was revised and modified due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Nuggets had a successful return to the NBL in 2020 as they finished the regular season in first place with a 9–5 record behind Coach of the Year winner Brent Matehaere. They went on to reach their first ever NBL final behind the likes of Jordan Hunt, Jarrod Kenny and Jordan Ngatai, where they defeated the Manawatu Jets 79–77 to win their maiden NBL championship.
In November 2021, the Nuggets were purchased by Sports Entertainment Network New Zealand (SENZ), a subsidiary of Australia's Sports Entertainment Group (SEG).
In 2022, the Nuggets finished the regular season in third place with a 10–8 record and went on to reach the NBL final behind the likes of Tray Boyd III, Keith Williams, Todd Withers and Sam Timmins. In the final, they won their second championship in three years with an 81–73 victory over the Auckland Tuatara.
Current roster
References
External links
"Greatest moments in Otago sport - Number 28" at odt.co.nz
"Passion here for Nuggets impresses" at odt.co.nz
National Basketball League (New Zealand) teams
Basketball teams in New Zealand
Basketball teams established in 1990
1990 establishments in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago%20Nuggets |
Lokomotiv Sofia () is a sports club from Sofia, Bulgaria, founded in 1929. Its football team, PFC Lokomotiv Sofia, is its most renowned sports branch.
References
Multi-sport clubs in Bulgaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokomotiv%20Sofia%20%28sports%20club%29 |
The Nelson Giants are a New Zealand basketball team based in Nelson. The Giants compete in the National Basketball League (NBL) and play their home games at the Trafalgar Centre. For sponsorship reasons, they are known as the NBS Nelson Giants. The Giants are the only remaining original team from the league's inaugural season, as all other teams have spent at least one year out of the league, for various reasons.
Team history
The Nelson Giants were a foundation member of the National Basketball League (NBL) in 1982. The Giants made their first NBL final in 1990, where they lost to the Canterbury Rams in what was the NBL's first all-South Island final. In 1994, the Giants won their maiden championship with a 67–66 win over the Rams in the final. In 1996 and 1997, the Giants lost back-to-back championship series, before winning their second NBL championship in 1998 with an 81–73 win over the North Harbour Kings in the final. In 2000, 2002, and 2004, the Giants were runners-up. In 2007, the Giants won their third championship with a 2–0 series win over the Hawke's Bay Hawks. In 2009 and 2013, the Giants were runners-up.
The Trafalgar Centre was Nelson's home stadium from 1982 until being closed because of its earthquake risk in December 2013. As a result, the Giants played out of Saxton Stadium in 2014 and 2015. The team returned to the Trafalgar Centre in 2016 after the venue completed earthquake strengthening.
Current roster
References
External links
Official team website
"Nelson Giants throw back to 1997 for final game of National Basketball League season" at stuff.co.nz
National Basketball League (New Zealand) teams
Basketball teams in New Zealand
Basketball teams established in 1982
1982 establishments in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Giants |
The Holden Rodeo is a utility vehicle (pickup truck) that was sold in Australasia (Australia and New Zealand) by Holden. Introduced in 1980, the Rodeo was built by Isuzu over three generations.
Prior to the launch of the Holden Rodeo, Holden had imported the first generation Japanese market Isuzu Faster into Australasia under the names Chevrolet LUV (1972–1977) and Isuzu LUV (1977–1980). At the Australasian release of the second generation Faster in December 1980, Holden once again introduced a new name—Holden Rodeo—assigning it the model code KB and thus becoming the first generation Holden Rodeo.
Isuzu in Japan released the redesigned Faster in May 1988, adopted and issued by Holden in August 1988 as the second generation TF series Rodeo. The TF had several designations over its lifespan. The R7 was the first major facelift, introduced in 1997, featuring a completely new bonnet, front quarter panels, and grille. This was the last Rodeo to have chrome bumpers. The R9 arrived later in 1998, which replaced the chrome bumper with plastic bumpers on all models. A V6 engine became available for the first time, which proved very popular. An optional driver's airbag became available for the first time in 2000. In 2001, Rodeos received updated tail lights with clear indicators, replacing the previous orange-coloured ones. Larger composite headlights replaced the previous rectangular sealed beams. A final update in 2002 saw the circular Holden logo appear on the grille, replacing the "Holden" lettering. The 4JB1T turbo diesel engine proved popular in 4x4 models despite its rough idling characteristics. 4JB1T in the 4x4 models was fuel efficient even with 4.55:1 differential ratios giving higher engine RPM at highway speeds. By the end of its use in the R9 the 4JB1T reached Euro 2 emission standards. Later in the R9 lifespan the 4JH1 was available as an option with more power (96KW) and higher gearing before it became the only diesel available in the all new RA due to the 4J1BT's inability to meet emission standards.
Although Japanese sales of the Isuzu Faster ceased in October 1994, it remained in production until general exports began in June 2003 of its Thai-produced replacement, the Isuzu D-Max which launched in its home market of Thailand in May 2002. Australasian sales began in March 2003, earlier than other export markets, as the third generation RA series Holden Rodeo. At this point Holden retired the long-running TF model. Holden maintained sales of the RA generation until rebranding the Rodeo as Holden Colorado in July 2008. This was a result of Holden losing the rights to the Rodeo name following General Motors split with Isuzu.
References
Bibliography
Rodeo
Cars introduced in 1980
Cars discontinued in 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden%20Rodeo |
Pyrophytes are plants which have adapted to tolerate fire.
Fire acts favourably for some species. "Passive pyrophytes" resist the effects of fire, particularly when it passes over quickly, and hence can out-compete less resistant plants, which are damaged. "Active pyrophytes" have a similar competing advantage to passive pyrophytes, but they also contain volatile oils and hence encourage the incidence of fires which are beneficial to them. "Pyrophile" plants are plants which require fire in order to complete their cycle of reproduction.
Passive pyrophytes
These resist fire with adaptations including thick bark, tissue with high moisture content, or underground storage structures. Examples include:
Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)
Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)
Cork oak (Quercus suber)
Niaouli (Melaleuca quinquenervia) which is extending in areas where bush fires are a mode of clearing (e.g. New Caledonia).
Venus fly trap (Dionaea muscipula) – this grows low to the ground in acid marshes in North Carolina, and resists fires passing over due to being close to the moist soil; fire suppression threatens the species in its natural environment.
White asphodel (Asphodelus albus)
For some species of pine, such as Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), European black pine (Pinus nigra) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), the effects of fire can be antagonistic: if moderate, it helps pine cone bursting, seed dispersion and the cleaning of the underwoods; if intense, it destroys these resinous trees.
Active pyrophytes
Some trees and shrubs such as the Eucalyptus of Australia actually encourage the spread of fires by producing inflammable oils, and are dependent on their resistance to the fire which keeps other species of tree from invading their habitat.
Pyrophile plants
Other plants which need fire for their reproduction are called pyrophilic. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) is a pyrophile, depending on fire to clear the ground for seed germination.
The passage of fire, by increasing temperature and releasing smoke, is necessary to raise seeds dormancy of pyrophile plants such as Cistus and Byblis an Australian passive carnivorous plant.
Imperata cylindrica is a plant of Papua New Guinea. Even green, it ignites easily and causes fires on the hills.
Evolution
99 million-year-old amber-preserved fossils of Phylica piloburmensis, belonging to the modern pyrophytic genus Phylica, show clear adaptations to fire including pubescent, needle-like leaves, further affirmed by the presence of burned plant remains from other Burmese amber specimens. These indicate that frequent fires have exerted an evolutionary pressure on flowering plants ever since their origins in the Cretaceous, and that adaptation to fire has been present in the family Rhamnaceae for over 99 million years.
See also
Fire ecology
Serotiny
References
Plant physiology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophyte |
The Honda R engine is an inline-four engine launched in 2006 for the Honda Civic (non-Si). It is fuel injected, has an aluminum-alloy cylinder block and cylinder head, is a SOHC 16-valve design (four valves per cylinder) and utilizes Honda's i-VTEC system. The R series engine has a compression ratio of 10.5:1, features a "drive by wire" throttle system which is computer controlled to reduce pumping losses and create a smooth torque curve.
The engine uses many advanced technologies to improve fuel economy and reduce friction. Piston rings are given an ion plating and weight is reduced with plastic and aluminum parts and variable length intake manifolds that maintain ram air at a wide RPM range. The engine also features piston cooling jets, previously available only on high performance engines, and in the ninth-generation 1.8L Civic (2012-2015) the pistons are treated with molybdenum disulfide applied in a polka-dot pattern. The automatic transmission model is rated at California Air Resources Board (CARB) ULEV-2 (Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle) with fuel economy city, and highway. It also uses the same computer (engine control unit) controlled distributorless coil-on-plug ignition as the Honda K-series engines. As of September 2019, the R series engines were only offered outside of Japan.
R16
R16A
Found in:
2006 Honda Civic (Singapore, Egypt, Turkey Market – FA1/FD series)
2012 Honda Civic (Singapore, Egypt, Turkey Market – FB series)
Displacement:
SOHC iVTEC (Chain driven cam)
Compression: 10.5:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
Transmission: 5-speed
Redline: 6800 rpm
R16B
Found in:
2016 Honda Civic (Mauritius, Singapore, Egypt, Turkey, Cyprus, South Africa, Ukraine and Brunei – FC series)
Displacement:
SOHC iVTEC (Chain driven cam)
Compression: 10.7:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
Transmission: CVT-7
Redline: 6700 rpm
R18
R18A1
Found in:
2006–2011 Honda Civic (South Africa/Thailand/Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines/Taiwan/Japan/Indian-market FD1, Brazil, American/Canadian-market FA1 & FG1)
2007–2009 Honda FR-V (European-market BE1)
2008-2015 Honda City
2007-2014 Honda Stream
Displacement:
SOHC iVTEC (Chain driven cam)
Compression: 10.5:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6300 rpm (Japanese Spec)
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
Fuel Cut Off: 6900 rpm
Redline: 6800 rpm
R18A2
Found in:
2006–2011 Honda Civic (European-market FN1 & FK2)
Displacement:
Compression: 10.5:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,300 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
cruising/economy happens during VTEC under cruising load only.
Redline: 6800 rpm
Fuel Cutoff : 7150 rpm
R18A6
Found in:
2006–2011 Honda Civic (Brazil)
Local Fuel optimization (Flex)
Power: 140HP
SOHC iVTEC (ECO Version)
Redline: 6800 rpm
R18Z1
Found in:
2012–2015 Honda Civic (FB2, FG3)
2016–2020 Honda Civic (FC6, FK5)
Displacement:
SOHC iVTEC (Chain driven cam)
Compression: 10.6:1 (performance benefits from higher octane fuel)
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
Redline: 6800
Fuel cut off: 7100
Single valve mode at low RPMs
iVTEC engages economy cam profile from 1000 rpm to 3500 rpm, under light engine load. Engine runs on low power cam profile by default.
R18Z4
Found in:
2012-2016 – Honda Civic (European-market FK2)
Displacement:
Compression: 10.6:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
Redline: 6800 rpm
Fuel cut off : 7100 rpm
cruising/economy happens during VTEC under cruising load only.
Balancer Shaft on this R18.
R18Z6
Found in:
2013-2017 – Honda Jade
Displacement:
SOHC iVTEC (Chain driven cam)
Compression: 10.6:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
R18Z9
Found in:
2016 – Honda HR-V
Displacement:
Compression: 10.6:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
R18ZF
Found in:
2014 – Honda HR-V (Thailand)
Displacement:
Compression: 10.6:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
R20
R20A1
Found in:
2007–2011 Honda CR-V (RE1, RE2)
2008 – Honda Stream (RSZ)
2013-2015 Acura ILX (DE1)
Displacement:
Compression: 10.5:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,200 rpm
Torque: at 4,200 rpm
Redline: 6800 rpm
Fuel cut off: 7100 rpm
SOHC run by timing chain
iVTEC engages economy cam profile from 1000 rpm to 3500 rpm, under light engine load. Engine runs on power cam profile by default
R20A2
Found in:
2007–2011 Honda CR-V (RE5)
Displacement:
Compression: 10.5:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,200 rpm
Torque: at 4,200 rpm
R20A3
Found in:
2008–2012 Honda Accord (CP1) (156 hp)
2008–2015 Honda Accord (CU1/CN1/CW1) (156 hp)
2013–2020 Proton Perdana (CP3) (156 hp)
Displacement:
Compression: 10.5:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,300 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
R20A5
Found in:
2012–2015 Honda Civic (Southeast Asian FB3)
Displacement:
Compression: 10.6:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
R20A6
Found in:
2012-2016 – Honda CR-V (RM1, RM2)
Displacement:
Compression: 10.6:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
R20A9
Found in:
2012-2016 – Honda CR-V (RE6)
Displacement:
Compression: 10.6:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
R20Z1
Found in:
2012–2015 Honda Civic (FB3)
Displacement:
SOHC iVTEC (Chain driven cam)
Compression: 10.6:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: at 4,300 rpm
R20Z2/R20Z3
Found in:
2013–2017 Honda Accord (CR1)
Displacement:
Compression: 10.6:1
Bore & stroke:
Power: at 6,500 rpm
Torque: a
LF (R20-based hybrid engine)
LFA1 (i-VTEC + Sport Hybrid i-MMD)
This version includes i-MMD ("Intelligent Multi Mode Drive").
DOHC 16 valve
Displacement:
Bore x Stroke:
Power (Engine): / 6,200 rpm
Torque (Engine): / 3,500 rpm
Power (Motor): / 5,000-6,000 rpm
Torque (Motor): / 0–2,000 rpm
Power (Combined): / 6,200 rpm
Honda Odyssey Hybrid/e:HEV (Japan, RC4)
Honda Stepwgn Hybrid/e:HEV (Japan, RP5)
LFB1 (i-VTEC + Sport Hybrid i-MMD
This version includes i-MMD ("Intelligent Multi Mode Drive").
DOHC 16 valve
Displacement:
Bore x Stroke:
Power (Engine): / 6,200 rpm
Torque (Engine): / 3,500 rpm
Power (Motor): / 5,000-6,000 rpm
Torque (Motor): / 0–2,000 rpm
Power (Combined): / 6,200 rpm
Honda Accord Hybrid (Thailand, CV3)
Honda Odyssey e:HEV Absolute (International, RC4)
LFB-13 (i-VTEC + Sport Hybrid i-MMD, e:PHEV)
This version includes i-MMD ("Intelligent Multi Mode Drive").
DOHC 16 valve
Displacement:
Bore x Stroke:
Power (Engine): / 6,200 rpm
Torque (Engine): / 3,500 rpm
Power (Motor): / 5,000-6,000 rpm
Torque (Motor): / 0–2,000 rpm
Power (Combined): / 6,200 rpm
Honda CR-V Sport Hybrid e+ (China)
LFB-H4 (i-VTEC + Sport Hybrid i-MMD)
This version includes i-MMD ("Intelligent Multi Mode Drive").
DOHC 16 valve
Displacement:
Bore x Stroke:
Power (Engine): / 6,200 rpm
Torque (Engine): / 3,500 rpm
Power (Motor): / 5,000–6,000 rpm
Torque (Motor): / 0–2,000 rpm
Power (Combined): / 6,200 rpm
Honda Accord Hybrid/e:HEV (Japan, CV3)
Honda CR-V Hybrid/e:HEV (Japan, RT5–RT6)
Honda Odyssey Hybrid/e:HEV (Japan, RC4)
LFC-H4
DOHC 16 valve
Displacement:
Bore x Stroke:
Power (Engine): / 6,000 rpm
Torque (Engine): / 4,500 rpm
Power (Motor): / 5,000–6,000 rpm
Torque (Motor): / 0–2,000 rpm
Honda Civic e:HEV (Japan/Europe, FL4/Thailand, FE4)
Honda ZR-V e:HEV (Australia, RZ4/6)
See also
Honda Engines
References
External links
Honda Worldwide, Honda Develops New 1.8l i-VTEC Engine
Honda Worldwide, New 1.8l i-VTEC Engine (Video)
Discussion and testing of higher octane fuel with Honda R18 engine
R
2006 introductions
Straight-four engines
Gasoline engines by model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20R%20engine |
The Mayor of the City of Richmond, Virginia is head of the executive branch of Richmond, Virginia's city government. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city, state and federal laws within Richmond, Virginia.
The mayor looks over a city budget at roughly $765 million a year.
Current mayor
The current mayor is Democrat Levar Stoney, who was elected on November 8, 2016. Stoney took office on December 31, 2016. Stoney was reelected to a second term in 2020, and will be ineligible to run in the 2024 election due to term limits.
Cabinet
The mayor of Richmond contains a multi-member cabinet of advisers that assist the mayor on city policy decisions. The following individuals are part of Stoney's cabinet.
History of the office
In May 1782, the Virginia General Assembly expressed desire to move inland, to a place less exposed to British incursions than Williamsburg. Richmond had been made the temporary capital after urging from Thomas Jefferson years earlier, and it was soon decided to make the move permanent.
Two months later, on July 2, a charter was written up, and the city was incorporated. Twelve men were to be elected from the City at-large and were to select one of their own to act as Mayor, another to serve as Recorder and four to serve as Aldermen. The remaining six were to serve as members of the Common Council. All positions had term limits of three years, with the exception of the mayor who could only serve one year consecutively. A vote was held at a meeting the following day, and Dr. William Foushee, Sr. was chosen as the first mayor.
In March 1851, the decision was made to replace the original Richmond City Charter. It was decided that all city officials were to be popularly elected. After the 12-year tenure of William Lambert and his short-term replacement by recorder Samuel C. Pulliam, elections were held, with Joseph C. Mayo coming out on top.
Mayo was deposed in April 1865, weeks before the end of the American Civil War, when Union forces captured the city.
The system set forth by the Second City Charter worked as long as the City was small and most voters knew personally, the qualifications of the men for whom they were voting and the requirements for the jobs to which they were elected.
Beginning in 1948, Richmond eliminated the popularly elected mayor's office, and instituted a council-manager form of government. This lasted until 2004, when the City Charter was changed once again, bringing back the popularly elected mayor. Former Virginia Gov. L. Douglas Wilder was elected mayor that year. Of Virginia's 38 cities, only Richmond does not have a council-manager form of government.
Offices appointed
The mayor has the power to appoint the directors and administrative leaders of the following city offices and departments:
Chief Administrative Officer
Department of Economic and Community Development
Department of Finance
Department of Public Works
Department of Human Resources
Department of Human Services
Department of Information Technology
Department of Justice Services
Departments of Parks, Recreation and Community Facilities
Department of Planning and Zoning Review
Department of Procurement Services
Department of Public Utilities
Department of Public Works
Department of Social Services
Office of Budget and Strategic Planning
Office of Minority Business Development
Office of the Chief Administrative Officer
Office of the Mayor
Office of the Press Secretary
Richmond Fire Department
Richmond Police Department
Richmond Public Library
Richmond Public Schools
See also
Government of Richmond, Virginia
References
External links
Official Website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor%20of%20Richmond%2C%20Virginia |
The Taranaki Airs are a New Zealand basketball team based in New Plymouth. The Airs compete in the National Basketball League (NBL) and play their home games at TSB Stadium. For sponsorship reasons, they are known as the Steelformers Airs.
Team history
A New Plymouth team played in the inaugural season of the Conference Basketball League (CBL) in 1981 and earned runners-up honours. The team went on to finish as runners-up in the CBL Northern Conference in 1983, before winning the CBL championship in 1984.
The team was promoted to the National Basketball League (NBL) for the 1985 season. In 1992, New Plymouth were crowned regular season winners for the first time. In 1994, the team was rebranded as Taranaki. Following the 1999 season, the franchise withdrew from the NBL.
In 2001, a Taranaki team known as the Stormers were the winners of the CBL Central Conference. The following year, the Stormers were once again winners of the CBL Central Conference, earning an 18–0 season record before going on to win the CBL championship with an 85–81 victory over the Kaikoura Whale Riders in the final led by point guard Willie Banks and import forward Link Abrams.
In 2003, Taranaki's bid for renewed NBL status was successful, re-entering the top-flight league as the Mountainairs. In 2009 and 2015, the team had winless seasons. They won just 10 of 54 games between 2017 and 2019.
In September 2019, it was revealed that the team had significant debt that could cause them to withdraw from the 2020 NBL season. The following month, naming rights partner Steelformers stepped in to save the team from collapse.
In December 2021, the team name was changed from Mountainairs to Airs. In 2022, the Airs finished on top of the regular-season standings with a 12–6 record to be crowned minor premiers for just the second time in franchise history and first since 1992.
In September 2023, the team was acquired by Media8 Sports, an Australian sports media company.
Current roster
References
External links
Official team website
Mountain Airs' triple threat
Taranaki Mountain Airs look to finish NBL season strong
National Basketball League (New Zealand) teams
Basketball teams in New Zealand
Basketball teams established in 1981
1981 establishments in New Zealand
Sport in Taranaki | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki%20Airs |
Henry James (3 July 1952 – 19 December 2015), better known as Peter Broggs, was a Jamaican roots reggae vocalist and songwriter.
Life
Born in 1952 in Hanover Parish, Jamaica, in the early 1970s, Broggs moved to Kingston to seek out business opportunities.
Broggs' debut album Progressive Youth, was released in 1979 on the UK Greensleeves label. The song "Jah Golden Throne" was recorded at the Channel One Studios and King Tubby studios then released in the UK on the short-lived Selena imprint in 1980. His Rastafari Liveth! album was the first release on RAS Records in 1982. On his 1990 album Reasoning, Broggs was backed by The Wailers and Roots Radics. In 2000 he released Jah Golden Throne, a collaboration with Jah Warrior.
Broggs suffered a stroke on 27 August 2004 which left him paralyzed on the right side and hardly able to speak. The album Igzabihir Yakal released in 2005 was recorded with Dubcreator at the DC studio for sound system team King Shiloh in Amsterdam in 2002 where the profit helped to cover Broggs' medical expenses.
Peter Broggs died on 19 December 2015, aged 63.
Discography
Progressive Youth (1979), Greensleeves
Rastafari Liveth (1982), RAS
Rise and Shine (1985), RAS
Cease the War (1987), RAS
Reasoning (1990), RAS
Reggae In Blues (1993), Déclic
Peter Broggs Sings for the Children (1993), Golden Harvest
Rejoice (1997), RAS
Jah Golden Throne (2000), Jah Warrior
Jah Golden Throne Dubwise (2000), Jah Warrior
Igzabihir Yakal (2005), King Shiloh
Fire Fe Lucifer (2009), Jah Warrior
Never Give Up (2009), Jah Warrior
Compilations
RAS Portraits: Peter Broggs (1997), RAS
Never Forget Jah - The Early Years 1976-1986 (2001), Nocturne
This Is Crucial Reggae (2005), Sabctuary
References
External links
1954 births
Jamaican reggae musicians
2015 deaths
People from Hanover Parish | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Broggs |
The Hawke's Bay Hawks are a New Zealand professional basketball team based in Napier. The Hawks compete in the National Basketball League (NBL) and play their home games at Pettigrew Green Arena. For sponsorship reasons, they are known as the Taylor Hawks.
Team history
The Hawke's Bay Hawks, then known as the Napier Sunhawks, started in the second-tiered Conference Basketball League (CBL). After winning the CBL Invitation championship in 1982, the team was promoted to the National Basketball League (NBL) for the 1983 season. They made the semi-finals in 1983, before going on a nine-year playoff hiatus. The Hawks made the semi-finals every year between 1993 and 1997, including playing in their first NBL championship series in 1995, where they lost 2–0 to the Auckland Stars.
In 1998, the Hawks finished tenth in the 11-team competition. They subsequently withdrew from the NBL and joined the CBL for the 1999 season. After finishing as CBL runners-up in 1999, the Hawks returned to the NBL in 2000.
In 2004, the Hawks made their first NBL playoff appearance since 1997. They went on to reach the championship round three years in a row between 2005 and 2007, which included them winning their maiden NBL championship in 2006 with an 84–69 victory over the Auckland Stars in the final. The Hawks continued to play in the post-season every year between 2008 and 2012, including making the final in 2011 and winning their first minor premiership in 2012. After missing the playoffs in 2013, the Hawks' 2014 season saw them win second minor premiership and reach the championship round for the sixth time.
Between 2015 and 2017, the Hawks had a three-year playoff hiatus, including a winless campaign in 2016. They returned to the playoffs in 2018, before reaching the NBL final in 2019, where they lost 78–68 to the Wellington Saints despite leading 59–38 midway through the third quarter.
The Hawks sat out the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They returned in 2021 and reached their eighth NBL final, where they once again lost to the Wellington Saints.
Honour roll
Source: Hawks NBL Role of Honour
Players
Current roster
Notable past players
Marco Alexander
Zack Atkinson
Kerry Boagni
Brandon Bowman
/ Suleiman Braimoh
/ Willie Burton
/ Clifton Bush
Troy Coleman
Aidan Daly
Thomas DeMarcus
Jamie Dixon
Terry Giles
Paul Henare
Darryl Johnson
Jeremy Kench
Daniel Kickert
/ Adrian Majstrovich
Shaun McCreedy
Scott McGregor
Chris Porter
/ Dion Prewster
/ Dusty Rychart
Dustin Scott
E. J. Singler
Byron Vaetoe
Robert Wilson
Paora Winitana
References
External links
Official team website
Basketball teams established in 1982
1982 establishments in New Zealand
Basketball teams in New Zealand
National Basketball League (New Zealand) teams
Sport in the Hawke's Bay Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke%27s%20Bay%20Hawks |
Live from Dakota is the first live album by Welsh rock band Stereophonics. It is a 2-disc compilation featuring 20 tracks spanning the first five of the band's albums and capturing the best of their 2005 world tour. Rather than being a recording of single show, every night of the tour was recorded and the band picked out the best version of each song individually. The album title is therefore not literal, but references the name of their first UK number one single. In the UK it was released on V2, whereas the American release it was released on Vox Populi Records, the band's own imprint label. The album was rereleased on 13 April 2019 as part of Record Store Day.
Track listing
All lyrics by Kelly Jones.
Personnel
Stereophonics
Kelly Jones – vocals, guitar
Richard Jones – bass guitar
Javier Weyler – drums
Touring musicians
Tony Kirkham – keyboard
Technical
Recording – Steve McNichol
Production – Kelly Jones, Jim Lowe
Engineering – Steve McNichol
Mixing – Jim Lowe, Stereophonics
Mastering – Dick Beetham
Charts and certifications
Charts
Certifications
References
External links
Live from Dakota at Stereophonics.com
Stereophonics albums
2006 live albums
V2 Records live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20from%20Dakota |
NGC 2915 is a blue dwarf galaxy located 12 million light-years away in the southern constellation Chamaeleon, right on the edge of the Local Group. The optical galaxy corresponds to the core of a much larger spiral galaxy traced by radio observation of neutral hydrogen.
The galaxy has a short central bar, much like the Milky Way and very extended spiral arms. The central disk appears to be rotating in the opposite direction to the extended spiral arms.
The reason for the spiral arms and majority of the galaxy's disk to be still neutral hydrogen (as opposed to have formed stars) is not well understood but is thought to be related to the galaxy's isolation, in that it has no nearby satellite galaxies and no nearby major galaxies to force star formation.
Notes
References
External links
2915
26761
Dwarf irregular galaxies
Chamaeleon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202915 |
The Manawatu Jets are a New Zealand basketball team based in Palmerston North. The Jets compete in the National Basketball League (NBL) and play their home games at Central Energy Trust Arena. For sponsorship reasons, they are known as the Property Brokers Manawatu Jets.
Team history
The Palmerston North Jets were a foundation member of the National Basketball League (NBL) in 1982. After finishing eighth in the eight-team competition, the Jets were relegated to the second-tiered Conference Basketball League (CBL) in 1983. After finishing as CBL runners-up in 1984, they were promoted back into the NBL in 1985. They finished fifth in both 1985 and 1986, but after finishing tenth in the ten-team competition in 1987, the Jets were relegated to the CBL in 1988. The 1988 season saw the Jets win the CBL championship, which saw them promoted back into the NBL in 1989. The Jets were regular season winners in 1989, but despite being the top seed at the finals weekend, they were defeated 92–84 in the semifinal by the Canterbury Rams. In 1992, the Jets reached the NBL final, where they were defeated 79–71 by the Rams. In 2002, the team became known as the Manawatu Jets.
In November 2015, the Jets withdrew from the NBL due to reduced funding and an unsustainable business model. In April 2017, the Jets lodged their application to Basketball New Zealand to compete in the 2018 NBL season. Their application was successful, and on 29 August 2017, the Jets were readmitted into the league.
In 2020, the Jets reached the NBL final for the second time in their history, where they lost 79–77 to the Otago Nuggets.
Players
Current roster
Notable past players
/ Ed Book
/ Tony Brown
/ Tyrone Brown
/ Willie Burton
David Cooper
Brad Davidson
Chris Hagan
Kaine Hokianga
/ Nick Horvath
/ James Hunter
/ Marcel Jones
/ Luke Martin
DeWayne McCray
Kent Mori
Mika Vukona
Josh Pace
Miles Pearce
Brendon Polyblank
Dylan Rigdon
Jamil Terrell
Jeremiah Trueman
Rob Tuilave
References
External links
Official team website
Manawatu Jets could return to NBL in 2018
Basketball teams established in 1982
Basketball teams in New Zealand
National Basketball League (New Zealand) teams
Sport in Palmerston North
1982 establishments in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manawatu%20Jets |
Marc-André Moreau (born January 22, 1982 in Chambly, Quebec) is a Canadian freestyle skier.
Moreau, a mogulist has placed in the top-3 in World Cup events on three occasions. In 2004, he won a World Cup event in Mont-Tremblant, Quebec and he picked up a silver medal at the 2005 moguls world championships in Ruka, Finland.
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Moreau placed fourth in the Moguls event.
External links
FIS-Ski.com Biography/Results
Canadian male freestyle skiers
Sportspeople from Quebec
People from Chambly, Quebec
Sportspeople from Montérégie
Living people
1982 births
Olympic freestyle skiers for Canada
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
French Quebecers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9%20Moreau |
Morasko is a part of the Stare Miasto district of Poznań, in western Poland. It covers a fairly large but little-urbanised area in the north of the city. To the west and north it borders on the village and municipality of Suchy Las, a developing area of suburban housing. To the east of Morasko are the neighbourhoods of Umultowo and Radojewo, and to the south is the densely built residential area of Piątkowo.
For governmental purposes, Morasko is part of the osiedle of Morasko-Radojewo.
History
Morasko is first mentioned in 1388, as belonging to the parish of Chojnica, although there was probably a settlement there as early as the 11th century. A wooden church was built in the village (then known as Morawsko) in 1403, and it functioned as a separate parish for a time, but in 1507 it was reincorporated into Chojnica parish.
A mansion was built in Morasko in 1783–1786, in late Baroque style. Between 1857 and 1887 (with the region now under Prussian rule) this was extended, in eclectic style, and a park was laid out around it. At the beginning of the 20th century Morasko was given the German name Nordheim. A Protestant church was built there in 1907, and in 1930–1931 (with the region again part of Poland) a Catholic church was built.
In 1945 the village of Chojnica ceased to exist, being part of the Biedrusko military area, and Morasko became the Catholic parish seat (the parish also including Radojewo to the east). The former Protestant church became the parish church, the Church of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist. The former Catholic church is disused and in disrepair. The west part of the mansion is also in disrepair, while the east part is used as a convent by the Missionary Sisters of Christ the King (Siostry Misjonarki Chrystusa Króla).
Geography
The village of Morasko and surrounding areas (particularly those of Huby Moraskie to the south) were incorporated into the city of Poznań in 1987. The village now lies near the city's northern boundary. In the south-east of the wider Morasko area is a complex of buildings belonging to Adam Mickiewicz University, used mainly for natural science teaching.
West of Morasko village is the Morasko meteorite nature reserve, a forest area containing a group of depressions believed to be meteorite craters. Also within this reserve is Góra Moraska (Morasko Hill), whose summit is Poznań's highest point, with an altitude of . An avenue of trees along the road leading from the village to the reserve is designated as a natural monument.
A stream called Strumień Różany or Różany Potok ("Rose Stream") flows eastwards, south of Huby Moraskie, in the direction of the Warta river. It gives its name to the large housing estate Osiedle Różany Potok, which lies to the east of the university complex.
Gallery
References
Poznań od A do Z. Leksykon krajoznawczy, Poznań 1998,
Neighbourhoods of Poznań | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morasko |
Liebeskonzil is a 1982 film by Werner Schroeter, based on an 1894 play by Oskar Panizza. It was banned by the Austrian government in 1985, on the grounds that it insulted the Christian religion. In 1994, in the case of Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria, the European Court of Human Rights held by 6 votes to 3 that the banning of the film was a justifiable limitation on the freedom of expression, because the film would offend Austrian Roman Catholics.
External links
ECHR judgement
1982 films
1980s avant-garde and experimental films
German avant-garde and experimental films
West German films
1980s German-language films
German films based on plays
Films critical of the Catholic Church
Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Austria
1980s German films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebeskonzil |
Rugby union in Scotland () is a popular team sport. Scotland's national side today competes in the annual Six Nations Championship and the Rugby World Cup. The first ever international rugby match was played on 27 March 1871, at Raeburn Place in Edinburgh, when Scotland defeated England in front of 4,000 people. Professional clubs compete in the United Rugby Championship, European Rugby Champions Cup and European Rugby Challenge Cup, while the Scottish League Championship exists for over 200 amateur and semi-professional clubs, as does a knock-out competition, the Scottish Cup. The governing body, the Scottish Rugby Union (SRU), is one of the ten first-tier member nations of World Rugby.
Governing body
The governing body of the game in Scotland is the Scottish Rugby Union (SRU), who operate the Scottish national team.
History
Early history
There is a long tradition of "football" games in Scotland, and many of these such as Jeddart Ball bear more resemblance to rugby than association football, since passing and carrying by hand play a large part in them. The Kirkwall Ba game still takes place, and involves scrummaging. Scottish soccer enthusiasts also cite these games as ancestral to their sport.
There is evidence for schoolboys playing a "football" ball game in Aberdeen in 1633 (some references cite 1636) which is notable as an early allusion to what some have considered to be passing the ball. The word "pass" in the most recent translation is derived from "huc percute" (strike it here) and later (strike the ball again) in the original Latin. It is not certain that the ball was being struck between members of the same team. The original word translated as "goal" is , literally meaning the "pillar at each end of the circus course" in a Roman chariot race. There is a reference to "get hold of the ball before [another player] does" (Praeripe illi pilam si possis agere) suggesting that handling of the ball was allowed. One sentence states in the original 1930 translation "Throw yourself against him" (). It is clear that the game was rough and tackles allowed included the "charging" and pushing/holding of opposing players ("drive that man back" in the original translation, "repelle eum" in original Latin). It has been suggested that this game bears similarities to rugby football.
Contrary to media reports in 2006 there is no reference to forward passing, game rules, marking players or team formation. These reports described it as "an amazing new discovery" but has actually been well documented in football history literature since the early 20th century and available on the internet since at least 2000.
1800s–present
The world's oldest continual rugby fixture was first played in 1858 between Merchiston Castle School and the former pupils of The Edinburgh Academy.
Scotland was responsible for organising the very first rugby International when a side representing England met the Scottish national side on the cricket field of the Edinburgh Academy at their Raeburn Place ground on 27 March 1871; Scotland won by one goal. The Scottish Football Union (SFU) - later named SRU - was founded in 1873 (in the Staff Common Room at The Glasgow Academy) and was a founding member of the International Rugby Board in 1886 with Ireland and Wales. (England refused to join until 1890).
Since that time, Scotland have been regular winners of the Calcutta Cup, the five nations championship (discontinued), and have been participants of (having never actually won) the Six Nations Championship, and every Rugby World Cup.
Scotland has played a seminal role in the development of rugby, notably in rugby sevens, which were initially conceived by Ned Haig, a butcher from Melrose as a fundraising event for his local club in 1883. The first ever officially sanctioned international tournament of rugby occurred at Murrayfield as part of the "Scottish Rugby Union's celebration of rugby" centenary celebrations in 1973. Due to the success of the format, the ongoing Hong Kong Sevens was launched three years later. In 1993, the Rugby World Cup Sevens was launched and the trophy is known as the Melrose Cup in memory of Ned Haig's invention.
In 1924 the SFU changed its name to the Scottish Rugby Union. International games were played at Inverleith from 1899 to 1925 when Murrayfield was opened.
Competitions
See also Scottish rugby union system
Historically rugby union was an amateur sport, but the dawn of professionalism changed the way in which the game was structured. The game is divided into professional and non-professional spheres.
Previously there had been a domestic league that covered the country, the top division of which was essentially the elite of club rugby in Scotland. This league was established in the early 1970s to replace the complicated "unofficial championship" that had been competed for previously. Starting in the 1973–74 season, the clubs were organised into a league of six divisions - what today comprises the Scottish Premiership and National League elements of the League Championship. Originally, below the six divisions (but not connected by promotion or relegation) were a series of District Leagues, covering smaller geographical areas, organised by District Unions and sometimes involving second XVs. Over a period of time, these District divisions have been reformed and integrated into the Scottish rugby union system meaning that today, only four clubs do not have their first XVs in the interconnected league structure.
The entire system is sponsored by the Royal Bank of Scotland (or RBS), making it known as the RBS League Championship. This league contains Scottish rugby union's traditional big name clubs, such as Melrose and Hawick, as well as major city clubs such as Boroughmuir, Heriots and Watsonians from Edinburgh, and Glasgow Hawks who were formed from an amalgamation of clubs in the 1990s.
Clubs
Traditionally, rugby clubs were often formed by universities, ex-pupils of independent schools and large state schools, and many clubs names still to this day include abbreviations such as:
'High School Former Pupils' (for instance, Dundee HSFP RFC)
'Former Pupils' (for instance, Stewart's Melville FP RFC)
'Grammar School Former Pupils' (for instance, Aberdeen GSFP RFC)
'University' (Aberdeen University Rugby Football Club AURFC)
However, with the introduction of the league system in the 1970s and the resulting increase in competitiveness and standard of play, most of these clubs have had to loosen their participation criteria to include non ex-pupils. In most cases though the clubs squads do still comprise a large proportion of individuals with connections to the schools. Often the clubs will be part-financed, and their grounds maintained or even owned, by the schools themselves. In recent years the success of traditional 'Borders' league clubs such as Gala, Hawick etc were superimposed by the new breed of clubs such as Ayr RFC, Glasgow Hawks and Stirling County with Ayr securing three Premiership and Cup wins since 2008.
Amalgamations of clubs are also reasonably frequent, and when this occurs the clubs often combine names, as in Hillhead Jordanhill RFC or Waysiders/Drumpellier RFC.
Other leagues
Scotland is also home to the oldest organised rugby union league in the world, the Border League, which was formed in 1901. The Border League does not take part in the pyramid structure of the National League, but all its clubs participate in it (and thus the Border League is now effectively a supplementary competition). Two small 'independent' leagues remain outside the system, the Highland Alliance League and the Grampian Alliance League but they have only four clubs between them (the remaining membership being second XVs of clubs in the League Championship) and are not likely to remain in existence for much longer.
Aside from the schools, the other 'traditional powerhouse' of rugby in Scotland was the universities, and to this day the Scottish universities have their own league system independent of the BUCS system which covers the rest of Great Britain. However, the BUCS Scottish Conference comprises divisions of four or five teams, and therefore not many fixtures each season, so unofficial Saturday University Leagues are organised (somewhat informally) between the universities. As well as having their own leagues the universities often compete in the SRU league structure and cup competitions to a high standard, most notably in 2007–08 Aberdeen University became the first university side to make the SHE SRU finals day winning the Plate competition. The significance of the universities to the history of the SRU is evident when it is noted that four of the oldest 17 SRU affiliated clubs are university teams.
Due to the social and amateur nature of the game, most clubs try to run as many teams as possible so that players get games on most weekends, and therefore a large system of what are effectively reserve leagues operate. Known as second XV, third XV, fourth XV, etc. depending on the quality of the players making up each team, their competitive activities were formally all supervised by The Scottish 2nd XV League - however in recent years disputes and breakaways have led to the formation of independent 2nd XV leagues in the Scottish Borders and in and around Edinburgh.
See University Leagues in Scotland and 2nd XV Leagues in Scotland for details. For schools rugby see Brewin Dolphin Scottish Schools Cup.
Changes for the professional era
When professionalism was introduced into rugby union in the 1990s, and the Heineken Cup created for clubs across Europe, the SRU decided that the existing clubs operating in the Scottish leagues were not competitive enough. They were predominantly amateur, or at best paid small wages; they had low supports and small old-fashioned venues; and the quality of their play was, by the nature of these factors, comparatively low versus new professional clubs, provinces and regions in other countries. As a rule their players trained only two nights a week.
Scotland has the oldest District provincial rugby sides in the world. The Glasgow - Edinburgh district derby was first played in 1872, hence the 1872 Cup played today. The District sides traditionally drew together the best amateur players from clubs in a given area; and the Scottish Inter-District Championship was founded in 1953. There were four standard districts – Glasgow District; Edinburgh District; North and Midlands; and South – they occasionally competed with an Anglo-Scots or Exile side as a fifth district in the Championship.
The SRU decided to turn these standard Districts into four professional teams based roughly on the old districts: the Border Reivers based in Galashiels (with occasional matches elsewhere), the Caledonia Reds based in Aberdeen and Perth, Edinburgh and Glasgow.
The aim of creating these 'pro-teams' or 'super-teams' was ensure that Scotland had fairly competitive sides operating in the European competitions, the Heineken Cup and European Challenge Cup (as well as the European Shield during its short existence), and to drive up standards of rugby in the country including developing players for the national side.
Initially the 'pro-teams' were still competing in the Scottish Inter-District Championship, but a Welsh-Scottish League later developed, and from that development came the Celtic League with Ireland's introduction (and for a time there was also a cup competition, the Celtic Cup). The Celtic League has further expanded and is now known as the Pro14 and consists of Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Italian and South African sides.
From four teams to two
The four professional teams struggled in European competition and were a heavy financial burden for the union and for the formation of the Celtic League they were amalgamated into Edinburgh Reivers and Glasgow Caledonian Reds playing in Edinburgh and Glasgow respectively, and later renamed simply Edinburgh and Glasgow.
After a few seasons with two teams, the SRU then reformed a Borders team, initially known as Border Reivers, then renamed The Borders, before reverting to Border Reivers again. At the time of this last change the other two sides were renamed Edinburgh Gunners and Glasgow Warriors. However, the SRU's extreme financial difficulties (they were over £20M in debt) forced yet another re-think (especially when the Border Reivers were rooted to the bottom of the Celtic League season after season) – at the end of season 2005–06, Edinburgh Gunners were sold to a private consortium led by Alex Carruthers, and renamed Edinburgh Rugby.
Continuing difficulties
However, even with the running costs of two instead of three teams, the SRU were still struggling. Attempts were made to find private backers for Glasgow or the Borders (although the only investors interested in the latter wanted to move it to Falkirk, Stirling or Aberdeen) but in the end neither of the teams could be sold. As a result, at the end of 2006–07 the SRU yet again disbanded the Border Reivers, leaving Scotland with two pro-teams, one under private and one under SRU control.
The relationship with Alex Carruthers and his ERC Group which owned Edinburgh Rugby proved to be very uncomfortable. The SRU defaulted on payments of competition prize money to ERC, requiring the consortium to invest their own additional funds, and the SRU refused to share bar takings from Edinburgh Rugby matches at Murrayfield with ERC - at the same time, the SRU was unhappy about the signing policy and the unavailability of players for international team training.
Following a bitter dispute in the press and media during 2007, in which legal action was started, and for a time Edinburgh Rugby was banned from participating in matches, the SRU agreed to buy back Edinburgh Rugby from Alex Carruthers. This caused much unrest in the Scottish Borders, as their team had been wound up only months before, when the SRU insisted it could not finance two pro-teams on its own.
The SRU announced shortly after its buy-back that it intended to rename Edinburgh Rugby as Edinburgh RFC in the future.
From 2014–15. the Heineken Cup and original European Challenge Cup were respectively replaced by the European Rugby Champions Cup and European Rugby Challenge Cup. Scotland was guaranteed one place in the Champions Cup, awarded to the Scottish team that finished higher in the previous Pro12 season. The other Scottish team could qualify for the Champions Cup if it was one of the three Pro12 clubs with the best record, outside of the top team from each Pro12 nation (Ireland, Italy, Scotland, Wales). Additionally, starting in 2015–16, the second Scottish team could potentially qualify through a play-off involving another Pro12 side and one each from the English Premiership and France's Top 14. Otherwise, that team will participate in the Challenge Cup.
With Pro12 adding two South African teams in 2017–18, leading to that competition adopting its current name of Pro14, the qualification system for the Champions Cup was changed. Effective with the 2017–18 Pro14 season, the top three teams from each of Pro14's two conferences, excluding the South African sides, automatically qualify for the following season's Champions Cup. The previous requirement that each Celtic nation and Italy be represented in the Champions Cup was eliminated. A seventh place in the Champions Cup is awarded to the winner of a play-off between the next best-placed eligible team (again excluding South African sides) from each conference. As in the past, Scottish sides that do not qualify for the Champions Cup receive a place in the Challenge Cup.
Most recently, the SRU has invested in Major League Rugby, a fledgling professional league based in the United States. MLR launched in 2018 with seven teams in the United States, and expanded to nine in 2019 with the addition of single teams in the U.S. and Canada. The SRU purchased a minority stake in Washington, D.C.-based Old Glory DC, one of three U.S. teams set to join MLR in 2020.
Popularity
Rugby union is one of the national sports of Scotland. It is most popular in the Borders region where it is played widely, although even here ground is being lost to football, with professionalism and migration contributing to the challenges facing the game . In the rest of the country rugby tends to be played mainly by private schools.
Whilst attendances at club matches in Scotland are fairly poor, the national team draws a sizeable crowd to Murrayfield for Six Nations matches. Some traditionalists claim that in recent years the national rugby union team has become a focal point for football-type sporting nationalism.
Aside from Murrayfield, there are few major rugby stadiums in Scotland. Many clubs in the Scottish Borders have grandstands and city sides in Edinburgh and Glasgow also have seated, covered stands.
Statistics
According to the International Rugby Board as of September 2010, Scotland has 241 rugby union clubs; 343 referees; 7,556 pre-teen male players; 13,402 teen male players; 10,556 senior male players (total male players 31,514) as well as 1,303 (total) female players. However, many pre teen players are not registered with the SRU.
Demographics
Rugby union is particularly popular in the Borders region. The towns of Hawick, Galashiels, Jedburgh and Selkirk have produced many international players.
National team
The first international rugby union match in the world was played between England and Scotland in Edinburgh in 1871. Scotland won 4–1. The national side is considered by the IRB to belong in the top tier of nations, although they are not as competitive as the elite sides such as New Zealand or South Africa. They usually play their home matches at Murrayfield Stadium in the West End of Edinburgh.
Scotland contest the Calcutta Cup with England as part of the Six Nations Championship. The Calcutta Cup was last won by Scotland in the 2021 Six Nations Championship beating England 11-6.
Every four years the British and Irish Lions go on tour with players from Scotland as well as England, Ireland and Wales. Scottish players are also regularly selected to represent The Barbarians.
Scottish Sports Hall of Fame
The following rugby players have been inducted to the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame:
Finlay Calder
Douglas Elliot
Gavin Hastings
Andy Irvine
George MacPherson
Mark Morrison
David Sole
Robert Wilson Shaw
Grahame Budge
At least two other rugby players were inducted primarily for achievements in other sports—Eric Liddell in athletics, and Leslie Balfour-Melville (1854–1937), who played many other sports, as an all-rounder.
See also
Sport in Scotland
Sport in the United Kingdom
Rugby union in the British Isles
Rugby league in Scotland
Bibliography
Bath, Richard (ed.) The Complete Book of Rugby (Seven Oaks Ltd, 1997 )
Richards, Huw A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union (Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 2007, )
References
External links
Scottish Rugby Union Official site of Scottish Rugby
Scotland International Rugby Board
Guinness Pro14
Glasgow Sevens Festival
Rugby Scotsman.com
Rugby Herald Scotland
Rugby Press and Journal
Scottish Rugby BBC Sport
Rugby STV Sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby%20union%20in%20Scotland |
Indian Chinese cuisine, Chinese Indian cuisine, Sino-Indian cuisine, Chindian cuisine, Hakka Chinese or Desi-Chinese cuisine is a distinct style of Chinese cuisine adapted to Indian tastes, combining Chinese foods with Indian flavours and spices. Though Asian cuisines have mixed throughout history throughout Asia, the most popular origin story of the fusion food resides with Chinese labourers of Calcutta (now called Kolkata), who immigrated to British Raj India looking for work. Opening restaurant businesses in the area, these early Chinese food sellers adapted their culinary styles to suit Indian tastes.
Chinese Indian food is generally characterised by its ingredients: Indian vegetables and spices are used, along with a heavy amount of pungent Chinese sauces, thickening agents, and oil. Stir-fried in a wok, Sino-Indian food takes Chinese culinary styles and adds spices and flavours familiar to the Indian palate. This idea of flavourful, saucy Chinese food cooked with Indian spices and vegetables has become integral to the mainstream culinary scenes of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan, and its diffusion to nations like the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Caribbean has shaped and altered the global view of Chinese, Indian, and Asian cuisines.
Origins
Chinese in India
The most popularized theory for the origins of Chinese Indian food was during the British Rule of India deep within Calcutta. Calcutta was the capital of British-ruled India when it was governed by the East India Trading Company (from 1757 to 1858). The city's relation to the British crown made it a great place for material prospects and opportunity, which drew businessmen and immigrant workers from surrounding areas. Located in the Northeastern region of India, Calcutta was the most accessible metropolitan area of the country by land from China; thus, this city harboured the very first Chinese settler, a southern Chinese man named Tong Atchew (also referred to as Yang Dazhao or Yang Tai Chow). In 1778, Atchew settled 20 miles southwest of Kolkata (then Calcutta), founding a sugar mill along with five dozen or so Chinese labourers. Following Atchew's footsteps, waves of immigrants from the Guangdong province of China fled to India due to civil war, famine, poverty, and conflict, searching for safety and prosperity. Hakka Chinese found their niche as cobblers and tanners, while the Cantonese settled mostly as carpenters and the Hubei people as dentists. However, an occupation popular among all groups, especially of wives supporting their labouring husbands, was a restaurateur.
From these first early settlers, communities of Chinese influence sprung up throughout the area, neighbourhoods of immigrants cooking and eating foods from their homeland. These Canton cuisines, known in China to be light and fresh in flavour, began to adapt and evolve into the new area. One reason is due to the availability of ingredients and spices being different from those in Guangdong, therefore forcing the flavour to naturally Indianize; additionally, Chinese businesses began to cater their foods to the tastes of their Indian patrons to increase sales, utilizing more spices and heavier douses of sauce and oil than their traditional techniques required. Recognized as one of the first Indo-Chinese restaurants in the country, the still-standing corner eatery of Eau Chew gained its popularity by using the fashionable pull of exotic Chinese foods combined with non-threatening familiar flavours of chili, curry, and corn starch, to attract and keep-on customers. Kolkata today boasts the only Chinatown in the country, a neighbourhood known as the Tiretti Bazaar. This being said, nearly every city in India has these adapted "Chinese" foods, whether found in restaurants or hawked by roadside vendors, as the greasy, spicy, stir-fried food has become wildly popular throughout the country. It is important also to note those Chinese returning from India to their homelands in China's south, for they often brought their new culinary practices and flavours with them, working to Indianize the taste of Cantonese-style foods in southern coastal cities such as Hong Kong.
Additional Origin Points
As Indian historian Pushpesh Pant once noted, Indian Chinese food is "the result of several isolated encounters." These encounters, in addition to the Kolkata story, include influences of the Silk Road, historical ties, and geography. Each of these aspects has worked in some way to tie the culinary practices and flavours of the two countries together, marking other possible origin points for the Indian Chinese culinary tradition.
Silk Road Cultural Exchange
The Silk Road (or Silk Routes) was a network of trading posts and pathways on land and sea utilized from 130 BCE to 1453 CE spanning from China and the Indonesian islands through India and the Middle East, all the way to northeastern Africa and Italy. The significance of this route to ancient history is undeniable, the exchange of goods, diseases, and ideas from the East to West and vice versa has had a lasting impact upon the human story. Chinese and Indian merchants would carry their goods across the borders separating the two neighbouring countries: silks, rice, and crockery coming from China, with a plethora of influential spices sprouting from India. Another exchange between China and India was religion, with Buddhism coming to China from India via the Silk Road as well; moreover, as aspects of Indian culture, practices, and beliefs melded with Chinese traditions, the Mahayana Buddhist religion was formed. Just as the Chinese adapted Buddhist practices to their own beliefs, the two cultures adopted certain aspects of the other throughout their historical interactions and exchanges. Rice dishes cooked in Indianized Chinese woks can be found in the nation's south, and there are spices of ginger, cinnamon, and black pepper present in various Chinese culinary styles; in this way, it can be seen how the Silk Road was vital in bringing characteristics of the two cultures together. Indian and Chinese food aspects collided hundreds of years ago to form culinary traditions now inextricable with these nations; in this way, the Indo-Chinese fusion cuisine could be said to have appeared long before the first Chinese settlers in Kolkata.
Influences on Southeast Asian Cuisine
Geographically, India and China are neighbours; historically, the two nations are ancient empires. Two of the most populous countries in the world today, both India and China boast lengthy histories. Since the second century CE, Hindu rulers presided over Southeast Asian countries and Chinese regimes ruled the more eastern regions, such as Vietnam. Similarly, Asia's southeast was historically populated by immigrants from both China and India, namely the Han and Tamil ethnic groups who joined scattered aboriginal societies. The influences of China and India can be detected in the cuisines of Southeast Asia, where the two culinary practices have been combined, adapted, and developed by generations of people. For example, the Chinese practice of rice cultivation was introduced to the regions of Southeast Asia and Nepal in the thirtieth century BC, where it has existed as an irreplaceable and undeniable staple ever since. Furthermore, now completely embedded within Southeast Asian culinary practices, Chinese cooking and eating implements such as spoons, chopsticks, and woks were other products which were introduced to the region. Evidence of Indian influence, in addition to religious philosophies and ancient architecture, can be found in the spices and flavours of Southeast Asian cooking. Curries—meat, fish, or vegetables cooked in a spiced sauce accompanied by rice or bread—originated on the Indian subcontinent, but have since diffused throughout Asia. Spices such as turmeric, coriander, pepper, brown mustard, and ginger are present in curries throughout Southeast Asia, though each country has adapted the practice to utilize their own regional ingredients as well; most notably, Indonesian, Malaysian, Thai, Filipino, and Cambodian cuisines all have strong ties to Indian-style curry flavours. These aspects of both Chinese and Indian culinary practices and traditions have combined to create the origins of what is now a rich and diverse culinary scene making up Asia's southeastern region. Thus, with the joined influence of the two cultures, Southeast Asian cuisine itself is another example of Indian Chinese food origins.
Culinary Diffusion Across Borders
In addition to Southeast Asia, China has been influenced by Indian spices as well, especially in the autonomous region of Tibet, with Nepal also possessing culinary practices hailing from both its Chinese and Indian neighbours. Therefore, another origin point of Indian Chinese food can be traced to the cultures of Nepalese and Tibetan peoples, whose lands are mostly encompassed by the two nations (India and China). Although not aligned with the greasy and pungent flavors of the culinary traditions which evolved in Kolkata, the simple foods of Nepal are often accompanied by rice, and consist of curries or spiced vegetables stir-fried or boiled in an Indian-style wok called a karahi. Tibetan food, in addition to high altitude and harsh climates, is geographically influenced by the flavours of the countries surrounding it: notably Nepal, India, and China. Tibet is a nation heavily influenced by Indian Buddhist values (first brought in the fifth century AD), and with beliefs and ideas travels culture and food as well. Noodles and teas from China (vital in making the tsampa eaten with every meal), brown mustard from India, and even a "momo" dumpling dish shared with Nepal are all significant constituents to and dishes of Tibetan cuisine. With the diffusion of ingredients, culinary styles, and flavours across borders, the regions of Nepal and Tibet (as well as Bhutan) which touch both India and China inadvertently developed cuisines mixing both Chinese and Indian styles and tastes, creating yet another Indo-Chinese food origin.
Features
Foods tend to be flavoured with spices such as cumin, coriander seeds, and turmeric, which with a few regional exceptions, such as Xinjiang, are traditionally not associated with much of Chinese cuisine. Hot chilli, ginger, garlic, sesame seeds, dry red chillis, black pepper corns and yoghurt are also frequently used in dishes. This makes Indian Chinese food similar in taste to many ethnic dishes in Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore and Malaysia, which have strong Chinese and Indian cultural influences.
Non-staple dishes are by default served with generous helpings of gravy, although they can also be ordered "dry" or "without gravy". Culinary styles often seen in Indian Chinese fare include "Chilli" (implying batter-fried items cooked with pieces of chilli pepper), "Manchurian" (implying a sweet and salty brown sauce), and "Schezwan" (sic - see below) (implying a spicy red sauce).
Dishes
Appetizers
Chicken lollipop - Chicken hors d'œuvre
Hot and sour soup
Manchow soup - Vegetable/chicken soup
Main dishes
The main ingredient in all these dishes can often be substituted with other meats, vegetables or paneer. Usually the nomenclature is such that the main ingredient is mentioned first, followed by the entree style, for example "Chicken Chilli". Many are available in both "dry" or "gravy" versions, varying the amount of sauce served in the dish.
Chilli chicken, dry or gravy
Garlic chicken
Chilli Paneer
Schezwan - A spicy and pungent sauce made with dry red chillies, garlic, shallots and spices. Dishes with this name in fact usually bear very little resemblance to ones from China's Sichuan Province, although they sometimes contain Sichuan peppercorns.
Ginger chicken
Manchurian, generally consisting of a variety of deep-fried meats, cauliflower (gobi) or paneer with vegetables in a spicy brown sauce. It is basically a creation of Chinese restaurants in India, and bears little resemblance to traditional Manchu cuisine or Chinese cuisine. It is said to have been invented in 1975 by Nelson Wang; Wang described his invention process as starting from the basic ingredients of an Indian dish, namely chopped garlic, ginger, and green chilis, but next, instead of adding garam masala, he put in soy sauce, followed by cornstarch and the chicken itself. A popular vegetarian variant replaces chicken with cauliflower, and is commonly known as gobi manchurian. Other vegetarian variants include mushroom, paneer, baby corn, veg Manchurian.
Chow mein - A popular dish combining noodles, vegetables, scrambled egg, ginger and garlic, soy sauce, green chili sauce, red chili sauce and vinegar
Hong Kong Chicken
Jalfrezi Chicken
Lemon chicken
Hunan chicken
Sweet and Sour Chicken - Different from the American Version of Sweet and Sour, but similar to General Tso's Chicken.
Chop suey American style & Chinese Style - Crispy Noodles with a variety of vegetables, chicken or meat and sauces.
Rice and noodles
Staple base options for an Indian Chinese meal include chicken, shrimp or vegetable variants of "Hakka" or "Schezwan" noodles popularly referred to as chow mein; and regular or "Schezwan" fried rice. American chop suey and sweet and sour dishes can be found at many restaurants. Some South Indian restaurants have also come up with spring rolls and "Schezwan" dosas.
Sweets and desserts
Indian Chinese dessert options include ice cream on honey-fried noodles or date pancakes.
Indian Chinese cuisine of Southeast Asia
In Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia and Singapore, many popular dishes carry influence from both Indian and Chinese cuisine due to cultural syncretism. Malaysian and Singaporean Chinese cuisine is primarily based on Fujian, Cantonese, Teochew, and Hakka cuisines, and Malaysian and Singaporean Indian cuisine is primarily based on South Indian cuisine, especially from Tamil, Telugu, and Malayali cuisine as well as the cuisine of South Indian Muslims. Chinese and Indian cultures have fused in Singapore and Malaysia, with Chinese and Indian relationships being the most common intercultural relationships in both countries. Singaporean and Malaysian dishes that carry influence from both Indian and Chinese cuisines include fish head curry and mee goreng, and popular Indian Chinese dishes such as Manchurian and chili chicken are also popular in Singapore and Malaysia.
Availability
Indian or Calcutta Chinese food is readily available in major metropolitan areas of India such as Kolkata along with other towns and cities in West Bengal, Mumbai, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Delhi and Bangalore. It is also available in a number of towns and at dhabas (roadside stalls), also popularly referred to as "Fast food", adjacent to major Indian roads and highways. Many restaurants have a Chinese section in their menus, and some are even dedicated to serving Indian Chinese food. It can also be found in mobile kitchen carts (lari or rekdi) that ply the streets of cities, prepared in woks over a portable gas burner. Manchurian sauce, Schezwan sauce, soy sauce and Hakka noodles are available in many stores in cities across the country.
As of 2007, Chinese cuisine ranked as India's most favourite cuisine (after local food), growing at 9% annually. It is the most favoured option when young people go out to eat and the second favourite (after south Indian cuisine) when families dine out.
Many overseas Indian restaurants in the West and the Middle East also cater to the overseas Indians' nostalgic taste for Indian Chinese food. The cuisine is also branching out into the mainstream in major cities of North America, such as New York City, San Francisco, Seattle, Philadelphia, Chicago, Toronto, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Montreal, Phoenix and Vancouver. Chinese food in Nairobi, Kenya, also tends to be of this style. It is also available in Australia, especially in Sydney and Melbourne. In many of these places, the restaurants are labelled as Hakka Chinese, when in fact the cuisine itself has very little resemblance to authentic Hakka cuisine. "Hakka" label in these restaurants are usually referring to the owner's origins, and many Chinese restaurant owners in India were of Hakka origin.
See also
Anglo-Indian cuisine
Fusion cuisine
Notes
References
External links
The Hindu Business Line: The Chinese factor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Chinese%20cuisine |
The Ficedula flycatchers are a genus of Old World flycatchers. The genus is the largest in the family, containing around thirty species. They have sometimes been included in the genus Muscicapa. The genus is found in Europe, Asia and Africa. Several species are highly migratory, whereas other species are sedentary.
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus was introduced by the French naturalist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the European pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) as the type species. The genus name is from Latin and refers to a small fig-eating bird (ficus, "fig") supposed to change into the blackcap in winter.
Extant species
The genus contains the following species:
Rusty-tailed flycatcher (Ficedula ruficauda)
European pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca)
Atlas pied flycatcher (Ficedula speculigera)
Collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis)
Semicollared flycatcher (Ficedula semitorquata)
Yellow-rumped flycatcher (Ficedula zanthopygia)
Narcissus flycatcher (Ficedula narcissina)
Ryukyu flycatcher (Ficedula owstoni)
Green-backed flycatcher (Ficedula elisae)
Mugimaki flycatcher (Ficedula mugimaki)
Slaty-backed flycatcher (Ficedula erithacus)
Pygmy flycatcher (Ficedula hodgsoni)
Rufous-chested flycatcher (Ficedula dumetoria)
Tanimbar flycatcher (Ficedula riedeli)
Rufous-gorgeted flycatcher (Ficedula strophiata)
Red-breasted flycatcher (Ficedula parva)
Taiga flycatcher (Ficedula albicilla)
Kashmir flycatcher (Ficedula subrubra)
Snowy-browed flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra)
Little slaty flycatcher (Ficedula basilanica)
Rufous-throated flycatcher (Ficedula rufigula)
Cinnamon-chested flycatcher (Ficedula buruensis)
Damar flycatcher (Ficedula henrici)
Sumba flycatcher (Ficedula harterti)
Palawan flycatcher (Ficedula platenae)
Cryptic flycatcher (Ficedula crypta)
Bundok flycatcher (Ficedula luzoniensis)
Furtive flycatcher (Ficedula disposita)
Lompobattang flycatcher (Ficedula bonthaina)
Little pied flycatcher (Ficedula westermanni)
Ultramarine flycatcher (Ficedula superciliaris)
Slaty-blue flycatcher (Ficedula tricolor)
Sapphire flycatcher (Ficedula sapphira)
Black-and-orange flycatcher (Ficedula nigrorufa)
Black-banded flycatcher (Ficedula timorensis)
Former species
Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Ficedula:
Indian black-naped blue monarch (as Siphia Styani)
Speciation
A 2015 study on genomic pattern of differentiation, also known as islands of speciation by Burri et al., in the Ficedula flycatchers. Islands of differentiation are genomic regions with elevated measures of genetic differentiation. The authors examined island of differentiation within genomes and sought to answer (1) how they are formed and (2) what role they have in speciation. The flycatcher species complex is made up of four sister species and has a broad species range over all of Europe and parts of North Africa. The authors sequenced 200 genomes from 10 populations to an average of 14x coverage.
The authors tested two prominent models for the accumulation of islands of speciation, speciation with gene flow and linkage selection. Some of the expected patterns for islands of differentiation forming accumulating under a gene flow model and reduced sequence divergence outside the islands of differentiation compared to the rest of the genome and expansion of the islands of differentiation as reproductive isolation is reinforced during the speciation process. Based on the genomic data, expectations from the speciation with gene flow model were not well supported. Instead there was more support for the linkage selection model for islands of variation model. Such as an inverse correlation between recombination rate and differentiation, low amounts of ancestral variation in low recombining regions, and a positive relationship with nucleotide diversity and recombination rate.
Some of the main findings from the study were:
The differentiation landscapes were very similar across the four flycatcher species.
Tests using population genetic parameters to test assumptions indicated that differentiation landscape across the genomes were likely not caused by gene flow.
The signatures for background selection highly outweighed selective sweep signatures.
By reinforcement
F. hypoleuca vis-a-vis F. albicollis are speciating from each other by reinforcement, as evidenced by differences between colouration in sympatry versus allopatry. This is evidence for speciation by reinforcement.
Description
The flycatchers in the genus Ficedula are typically small with slender bodies and rounded heads. In many cases they are sexually dimorphic in their plumage, with the males being brightly or strikingly coloured and the females being duller or drabber.
References
Further reading
Lei, X., Lian, Z.-M., Lei F.-M., Yin Z.-H., Zhao H.-F. 2007. Phylogeny of some Muscicapinae birds based on cyt b mitochondrial gene sequences. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 53(1):95 - 105. PDF fulltext
Bird genera
Taxa named by Mathurin Jacques Brisson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficedula |
Offchurch is a village and civil parish on the River Leam, east of Leamington Spa in Warwickshire. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 250.
History
The origin of the name "Offa's Church" suggests a connection to Offa, who was King of Mercia from 757 to 796, and the proximity to the manor house of Offchurch Bury lead William Dugdale to infer there was a fortification of Offa's here deriving from the Saxon word burh or fortified place. William Camden went further and quoted the legend that Offa's son, Fremund, 'a man of great renown', had been murdered and "buried at his Father's Palace, now called Offchurch", the church being built to commemorate his death. The village is not mentioned by name in Leofric's foundation charter of Coventry Priory in 1043 or in the Domesday Book of 1086, but the wording of the confirmation of the charter by Henry III in 1267 implies that the place was in possession of this priory from its foundation. At the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII, the estate was purchased by the Knightley family who possessed it until the First World War.
The estate was then purchased together with other estates by Joseph Watson, a soap manufacturer from Leeds, created 1st Baron Manton in 1922. He died in March of the same year, aged only 49, from a heart-attack, whilst out hunting beside two of his sons with the Warwickshire Foxhounds, at Upper Quinton, close to his new mansion. He had held his title for less than two months and was buried at Offchurch, in his hunting apparel. At this time some development took place in the building of a series of cottages for estate workers during the 1920s (New Cottages, Bridge Cottages, Ford Cottages, Ham Barn Cottages, etc.) to similar designs. After the death of Baron Manton his widow resided at Offchurch Bury manor house, northwest of the village, until her death in 1936. The manor was then purchased by Harry Johnson, a textile manufacturer from Coventry and Macclesfield, whose descendants today retain much of the estate in 2011 and live at Offchurch Bury.
Notable buildings
The parish church of St. Gregory stands on the crest of the hill above the village. It consists of chancel with north vestry, nave with south porch, and west tower, and is built of the local red sandstone. There is no trace of Offa's church, but the church, rebuilt from 12th century onwards, on the supposed site of Offa's church contains Norman elements. and traces of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery were found about 1875 south of the church close to the road to Long Itchington. A stone coffin is on display in the current church, but there is no direct evidence that this dates from Saxon times. A local legend says that if you go to the top of the church and jump off, King Offa will rise from the ground and catch you.
Transport links
Offchurch lies just off the Fosse Way, a Roman Road, and the Welsh Road, an important medieval drovers' road also passes through the village.
Amenities
The local amenities include the Church of England parish church of St. Gregory, a redeveloped village hall (part of the former village school) and the Stag's Head public house, now renamed "The Stag at Offchurch". The trackbed of the former Leamington to Rugby line, the Grand Union Canal and a network of footpaths make Offchurch a focus for walks in this part of rural Warwickshire.
In Popular Culture
It appears as a location in the computer game Assassin's Creed Valhalla, as a small settlement in the region of Ledecestrescire.
References
Sources
External links
Photos of Offchurch and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk
Offchurch Village Website
Villages in Warwickshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offchurch |
Hythe station is the northern terminus of the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway. The station has curved platforms with an overall roof, loco release road, former engine shed (now an independent engineering works), signalbox with 16 lever frame, and a turntable. In terms of passenger bookings Hythe is the busiest station on the railway.
Adjacent to the station the former station master's house is now a private residence. Situated between the station and the Royal Military Canal is The Light Railway Restaurant which was originally built by the railway company but sold before it was even completed. It was finally repurchased by the railway in February 2015.
The station is situated to the south of the town on the A259 road to Folkestone, and follows the same alignment as the Royal Military Canal.
The ancient Cinque Port offers shopping facilities with restaurants, cafes, pubs, banks, supermarkets, antique shops, general shops, swimming baths, gardens, parks and a seafront.
Platforms
Of the three platforms, only numbers 2 and 3 are normally used for arrivals and departures, number 1 being used mainly for stock storage as it has no loco release facility. Prior to the 1970s resignalling it was used for occasional departures, although today this happens very rarely and it is used largely for non-passenger trains.
As originally built the station had a fourth platform to the south with its own loco release road, and platform three had no release facility. It seems the original design (as with the Dymchurch bay platform) assumed trains would arrive and then shunt into a different departure platform to release the loco and turn. In the 1920s the layout was altered to make operation more efficient. Platform 4 disappeared in the resignalling, as platforms were extended and has now been incorporated into the car park.
References
Heritage railway stations in Kent
Transport in Folkestone and Hythe
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hythe%20railway%20station%20%28Romney%2C%20Hythe%20and%20Dymchurch%20Railway%29 |
The Southwick Hill Tunnel is a 490-metre twin-bore road tunnel to the north of Southwick, England.
The tunnel was opened in early 1996 as part of the A27 Brighton bypass and carries the road under Southwick Hill. The border between West Sussex and the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove is close to the eastern entrance of the tunnel. Non-motorised traffic (e.g. pedestrians, cyclists) and mopeds under 50 cc are prohibited from using the tunnel, with a warning sign indicating an alternative route.
Engineering
The tunnel was built through the Newhaven Chalk layer using the New Austrian Tunnelling method. The structure uses shotcrete and untensioned bolts.
See also
List of tunnels in the United Kingdom
References
Road tunnels in England
Adur District
Transport in West Sussex
Buildings and structures in West Sussex
West Sussex | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwick%20Hill%20Tunnel |
Nasinu Rewa Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It was located to the north of Suva.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasinu%20Rewa%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Terror Squad: The Album is the debut recording studio album by Terror Squad. The group's line up at recording was Big Pun, Armageddon, Triple Seis, Prospect, Fat Joe and Cuban Link. Production was contributed by JuJu, The Infinite Arkatechz, Buckwild, and Armageddon as well as The Alchemist. The album is the only Terror Squad release to feature Big Pun before his death five months later. The LP has sold over 250,000 copies to date.
Track listing
References
1999 debut albums
Terror Squad (group) albums
Atlantic Records albums
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician)
Albums produced by the Beatnuts
Albums produced by the Infinite Arkatechz
Albums produced by Buckwild | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror%20Squad%3A%20The%20Album |
Thierhaupten Abbey () was a Benedictine monastery in Thierhaupten near the Lech River and near Augsburg in Bavaria, Germany.
History
The monastery, dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul, was founded in the late 8th century by Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria - the last of the Agilolfings, who was deposed by Charlemagne in 788. Under the Carolingian dynasty, the abbey became a possession of the Augsburg bishops. Its name Thierhaupten, which means "beasts' heads" in German, is supposed to refer to a heathen shrine formerly on the site, possibly the remnants of a pagan cult place.
The abbey was looted by the Hungarians in 910 and again in 955, when they met with East Frankish troops at the nearby Battle of Lechfeld. It was re-established in 1028 at the behest of Bishop Gebhard II of Regensburg and the abbot of St. Emmeram's Abbey. Thierhaupten received further estates from the Wittelsbach emperor Louis IV and was vassalized by the dukes of Bavaria-Landshut upon his death. Devastated by the troops of the Swabian League in the course of the 1504 Landshut War of Succession and again in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47, it was re-built and prospered, although it always remained a small community. Heavily affected by the Thirty Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession, it was finally dissolved in 1803 in the course of the secularisation in the Electorate of Bavaria.
Buildings
The buildings were sold off to a local businessman. The last abbot, Edmund Schmid, remained in Thierhaupten as the parish priest, and succeeded in 1812 in acquiring the former abbey church for use as the parish church. The remaining buildings were preserved, but gradually fell into disrepair, until they were bought by the Thierhaupten municipality administration in 1983 and renovated.
External links
Abbeys of Bavaria, Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria
Christian monasteries established in the 8th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierhaupten%20Abbey |
The New Orthodox Synagogue, Košice () was built in the years 1926–1927 at Puškinova Street near the historic centre of Košice, Slovakia. It superseded the older Orthodox Synagogue in Zvonárska Street, constructed in 1899 to the design of János Balogh.
The building
The synagogue was designed by the Budapest-educated architect . The facade uses both neo-classical and local traditional motifs; and example of the latter is the attic storey in a style often found in renaissance buildings of Eastern Slovakia. The interior, largely constructed in concrete, is in the modernist with a domed central hall and a women's gallery with a metal mechitzah. The central bimah faces a Torah ark made of red marble. A school was built adjoining the synagogue and a mikveh (ritual bath) was planned but not constructed.
Holocaust memorial plate
Transports of Jews from Kosice to Nazi camps were carried out during World War II. A bronze Holocaust memorial plate was installed on the front of the synagogue in 1992. It informs that more than 12,000 Jews of Košice were taken to concentration camps in 1944. It does not mention that more than 2,000 Jews from Košice's surroundings were concentrated here and then also sent to the concentration camps. Only 400 of all transported Jews survived.
See also
History of the Jews in Slovakia
Gallery
References
Notes
Sources
Borský, Maroš (2007).Synagogue Architecture in Slovakia: A Memorial Landscape of a Lost Community. Bratislava: Jewish Heritage foundation. .
External links
Synagogues of Kosice, Synagoga Slovaca.
Ethel Flam (nee Frankfurter) Kosice survivor testimony – video, telling of the roundup in the synagogue yard.
Synagogues in Slovakia
Buildings and structures in Košice
Kosice
Synagogues completed in 1927
1927 establishments in Slovakia
20th-century architecture in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Orthodox%20Synagogue%20%28Ko%C5%A1ice%29 |
Michelfeld Abbey () was a Benedictine monastery in Auerbach in der Oberpfalz in Bavaria, Germany.
History
The monastery, dedicated to Saint Michael and Saint John the Evangelist, was founded in 1119 by Bishop Otto I of Bamberg. It was dissolved in the Reformation, in 1556. Re-opened temporarily in 1661 and permanently in 1684, it was put under the administration of the Electors of Bavaria on 13 March 1802 and finally dissolved in 1803 in the secularisation of Bavaria.
Buildings
The abbey church, refurbished throughout in the Baroque style in the early 18th century by the Asam brothers, became the parish church. Other former monastic buildings now accommodate a care home of the run by the Franciscan Sisters of Dillingen.
External links
Klöster in Bayern: St. Michelfeld in der Oberpfalz
Regens-Wagner-Stiftung website
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria
1110s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1119 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1110s
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelfeld%20Abbey |
Wolfbrook Arena is an indoor arena in Christchurch, New Zealand. It is located in the suburb of Addington. It has gone through a series of name changes, the most recent of which prior to its current name having been Christchurch Arena.
Description
Wolfbrook Arena is New Zealand's second-largest indoor arena with a maximum capacity of 8,888 (depending on event type), it was the largest until the construction of Auckland's Vector Arena in 2007. The indoor stadium is capable of hosting concerts, exhibitions and various sporting events. Provision for international sport and traditional indoor arena events has been integrated into the design requirements.
It has over 6,700 seats for sporting fixtures or, in the concert configuration, the seating can increase to over 7,000.
The Sports and Entertainment complex is located adjacent to the Addington Raceway and Christchurch Stadium and is surrounded by 3,000 car parking spaces. The complex is only 10 minutes from the city centre.
It has been affectionately dubbed 'The Woolshed' by Canterbury Rams basketball fans. Some Christchurch citizens colloquially refer to the arena as the horseshoe, due to its unusual architectural exterior design.
History
Construction company Chas S Luney Ltd built the stadium. The arena opened in September 1998 at a cost of NZ$32 Million. In the first ever sporting match at CBS Canterbury Arena, the Canterbury Rams basketball team suffered a close loss to the Wellington Saints 86–81 in April 1999.
It was built for two main reasons: primarily for the 1999 Netball World Cup in Christchurch, and also because Christchurch was missing out on many concerts and other attractions, because it did not have a suitable indoor arena in the city.
Sporting home teams
Canterbury Rams 1999–2007
Canterbury Flames 2002–2007
Mainland Tactix 2008–present
Events
Entertainment events
Sporting
Since its opening, it has been host to a number of different sporting events. These include home matches for the Canterbury Rams (basketball), New Zealand Breakers (basketball) and Mainland Tactix (netball) teams. It occasionally hosts international basketball and netball fixtures featuring the Tall Blacks and Silver Ferns respectively. It was also the host of the 1999 Netball World Championships.
It has also been host to a lot of non-regular sporting events. These include various celebrity tennis matches, ice shows, disabled games, karate championships and gymnastics competitions.
In 2007 & 2008 the arena hosted WWE professional wrestling tours, featuring the SmackDown and ECW brands. The arena again hosted a WWE event in September 2017, this time a Raw branded event.
Other uses
The arena plays a key role in the Christchurch economy hosting annual trade shows including the Christchurch Home Show, Women's Lifestyle Expo, Armageddon Expo, and the Go Green Expo.
Christchurch Arena is managed by Venues Otautahi, the same venue management company that manages the Christchurch Town Hall, Orangetheory Stadium, Airforce Museum of New Zealand and Hagley Oval Pavilion. The combined facilities regularly host a variety of different events
The venue is also used for big gala dinners, lunches, balls, and cocktail parties.
Name change
On 18 June 2010, Westpac Arena was officially renamed CBS Canterbury Arena.
On 23 July 2014, CBS Canterbury Arena was officially renamed Horncastle Arena.
On 19 September 2020, Horncastle Arena was officially renamed Christchurch Arena.
On 1 June 2023, Christchurch Arena was officially renamed Wolfbrook Arena.
See also
List of indoor arenas in New Zealand
References
External links
Venues Ōtautahi – venue manager for Christchurch Arena. Lists upcoming events and allows to take a virtual tour of the Arena
1998 establishments in New Zealand
Sports venues in Christchurch
Indoor arenas in New Zealand
Music venues in New Zealand
Boxing venues in New Zealand
Netball venues in New Zealand
Basketball venues in New Zealand
Defunct National Basketball League (Australia) venues
1990s architecture in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch%20Arena |
Nicolas Atwood is an American animal rights activist based in West Palm Beach, Florida. He maintains the Malaysia-registered Bite Back direct-action website, which is associated with the Animal Liberation Front.
Background
Originally from Chaska, Minnesota, Atwood is a former arts promoter with a postgraduate degree in business management from New York University. He has a number of animal rights-related convictions, including criminal damage.
SHAC and SPEAK
Atwood is said by The Sunday Times to have traveled to Britain to meet Greg Avery of the Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) campaign, which aims to close Huntingdon Life Sciences, a British and U.S.-based contract animal testing company.
Atwood is also allegedly involved in the SPEAK campaign to stop the construction by Oxford University of a new animal-testing laboratory, believed by animal-rights activists to include plans for a new primate facility. According to The Sunday Times, he has sent out e-mails naming Oxford academics who are targets of the animal rights movement, including Colin Blakemore, former head of the British Medical Research Council.
Notes
External links
Bite Back website
Animal Liberation Front
American male criminals
New York University Stern School of Business alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American animal rights activists
People from Chaska, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Atwood |
Michael Cavendish (c. 1565 – 1628) was an English composer of the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods.
A grandson of the writer George Cavendish and second cousin to Arabella Stuart, he spent much time at court and was for a time composer to the future King Charles I of England. In 1598, he published a set of songs with lute accompaniment, called Ayres in Tabletorie. He also collaborated with Thomas Morley.
References
External links
1560s births
1628 deaths
Michael Cavendish
16th-century English composers
17th-century English composers
English male composers
17th-century male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Cavendish |
The Chut (Vietnamese: Người Chứt, Rục language: Cheut /rocky mountain) are a small ethnic group located in the Minh Hóa and Tuyên Hóa districts of Quảng Bình Province, in Vietnam's North Central Coast.
Chut is not a distinct group but a collective name for five different Vietic-speaking groups in Quảng Bình, namely the Arem, the Rục, the Maliêng/Mã Liêng, the Mày, and the Sách. In 1973, Vietnamese researchers decided to group these peoples into a new crafted ethnic group called Chứt. In accordance with the Resolution of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, #121/TCTK/PPCD of March 2, 1979 List of ethnic groups in Vietnam, the Chut ethnonym was recognized at the state level as the common name for five groups (Arem, Mã Liêng, Mày, Rục, and Sách).
The Chut are one of the 4 main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam, the others being the Kinh, Muong, and Thổ. The nearby speakers of the Nguồn language are related to the Chut, but are classified by the Vietnamese government as Kinh.
Culture
Before 1954, the Chut were ignored by the colonial government. Traditionally, they were nomadic, living in temporary villages. However, they have now adopted a sedentary lifestyle. The name "Chut" refers to the cave and rock dwellings they once lived in. Originally, the Chut hunted small animals with crossbows and gathered fruit and fungi. They also use different traps to catch monkeys, civets, foxes, porcupines, birds and mice. Now, they grow rice, corn and tobacco, sowing the seeds with a stick. They also raise buffalo and cattle for plowing. Collective hunting is still done with dogs. When a large animal is caught, the hunter gets the back meat and the rest is divided equally among the others. They also catch fish using fishing rods, fishing nets and poisonous leaves. The Chut do not traditionally grow and weave cotton. In the past, traditional clothing was made from bark and consisted of simple loin-cloths and skirts, but now they wear modern clothing. Often, they barter with the Lao and Viet for goods such as farming equipment.
Sub-groups
There are multiple sub-ethnic groups within the Chut designation including the Rục, Mày, Arem, Mã Liêng people, and Sách.
Language
Chut sub-groups all speak the Chut language with dialects, except the Arem, which speaks the Arem language. Both languages are included in the Vietic branch of the Austroasiatic family.
Geographic distribution
The population of Chứt people in Vietnam was 7,513 according to the 2019 census. They mostly live in Quảng Bình Province (6,572 people, comprising 87.5% of all Chứt in Vietnam).
References
External links
Profile at Highland Education Development Organization
Profile at Uy Ban Dan Toc
Vietic peoples
Ethnic groups in Vietnam
Ethnic groups in Laos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A9t%20people |
Fabian Schönheim (born 14 February 1987) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defender. He is a free agent.
Early career
After spending the first part of his youth career with local side Rehborn, Schönheim signed for Kaiserslautern and played in their youth team for a further four years. He then, in 2005, began in the first team aged 18. He went on to make nearly 50 league appearances for the club and the reserves. He was at the club when they were relegated from the Bundesliga in the 2005–06 season.
Club career
SV Wehen Wiesbaden
He joined newly relegated 3. Liga side Wehen Wiesbaden. He played a big role at the club for two seasons, played in 74 league games and scored 4 times.
Mainz 05
The defender then moved to 1. FSV Mainz 05 in 2011 but struggled to break into the first team and only played ten games for the reserve side.
Union Berlin
The following season Schönheim joined 2. Bundesliga outfit Union Berlin. He has been involved in many unsuccessful promotion pushes since joining and has now played more than 100 games for the club. He has also spent the majority of his professional career at Union and scored 5 goals.
International career
Schönheim made six appearances at U-19 level for Germany. He also played ten times at U-21 level.
External links
1987 births
Living people
People from Bad Kreuznach (district)
German men's footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
1. FC Kaiserslautern players
1. FC Kaiserslautern II players
SV Wehen Wiesbaden players
SV Wehen Wiesbaden II players
1. FSV Mainz 05 players
1. FSV Mainz 05 II players
1. FC Union Berlin players
Footballers from Rhineland-Palatinate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian%20Sch%C3%B6nheim |
Indra Lesmana (born in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28 March 1966) is an Indonesian arranger, composer, songwriter and jazz musician of mixed Dutch, Javanese, Minangkabau and Madurese descent. He is the father of Indonesian actress and singer-songwriter, Eva Celia Lesmana.
Biography
Lesmana grew up in a house of music and musicians. His father was jazz guitarist and his mother was a singer. He began playing piano when he was nine. A year later, he played in his father's band. He attended the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music in Australia.
In 1981, he and his father formed the Jack and Indra Lesmana Quartet with Karim Suweileh and James Morrison. The album Children of Fantasy was recorded in Indonesia and released by Queen Records. When he returned to Australia, he formed the Latin jazz fusion band Children of Fantasy with Jack Lesmana, Steve Brien, Dale Barlow, Tony Thijssen, and Harry Rivers. In 1982 he started Nebula with Andy Evans, Vince Genova, Carlinhos Goncalves, Steve Hunter, and Ken James. The album No Standing, with four compositions by Lesmana, was released in Australia by Jasmine and in Indonesia by Jackson. In 1983, he joined Tony Buck, Sandy Evans, and Steve Elphick to form the modern jazz band Women and Children First and recorded their first album in 1983.
Zebra, an affiliate of MCA signed him to a contract and released No Standing as his solo album. The album was remastered by Bernie Grundman before being released in the U.S.
Lesmana moved to California in 1985 and recorded For Earth and Heaven (1986) with Vinnie Colaiuta, Charlie Haden, Jimmy Haslip, Tootie Heath, Michael Landau, Airto Moreira, and Bobby Shew. His singles "No Standing" (No Standing) and "Stephanie" (For Earth and Heaven) entered the Billboard magazine jazz chart. He formed a 17-piece big band in March 2002. He wrote his first big band arrangement for the soundtrack to the film Rumah Ke Tujuh produced by his sister, Mira Lesmana.
Audio engineering
Lesmana has deep interest in audio technology. His album Tragedi (1984) was first as a sound designer. In 1998 he produced Sabda Prana album by Java Jazz. In 1999 he decided to establish a mixing and mastering house specializing in jazz. He has mixed and mastered more than 20 albums by Indonesian acts such as Andien, Dewa Budjana, Chlorophyl, Delon, Simak Dialog, The Groove, Humania, Ermy Kullit, Maliq & D'Essentials, Rieka Roeslan, Donny Suhendra. He was nominated for Best Mixing Engineer for the album Rumah Ke Tujuh at AMI Awards 2003.
Other work
In early 2004, with his wife Hanny Trihandojo Lesmana and Aksan Syuman, organized a weekly program in South Jakarta to encourage young people to explore music and dance. In March 2004, Lesmana was hired by Fremantle Media and RCTI to be a judge on Indonesian Idol. He was a judge in the first Asian Idol held in Indonesia.
Discography
1978 Ayahku Sahabatku
1981 Children of Fantasy
1982 No Standing
1982 Nostalgia
1982 Latin Jazz Fusion (Special Edition)
1983 Women and Children First
1984 Tragedi
1984 Yang Pertama Yang Bahagia
1986 For Earth and Heaven
1986 Karina
1986 Gemilang
1986 Jack & Indra Lesmana Various
1987 La Samba Primadona
1987 Semakin Menawan
1988 Ekspresi
1989 Titi DJ 1989
1989 Kau Datang
1990 Aku Ingin
1990 Dunia Boleh Tertawa
1991 Adegan
1991 Cerita Lalu
1992 Selangkah Di Depan
1992 Hanya Untukmu
1993 Biarkan Aku Kembali
1994 Tiada Kata
1994 Waktu Berjalan
1994 Kehadiran
1994 Bulan Di Atas Asia
1994 Ayah
1995 Kabut Di Kaki Langit
1995 Jalan Yang Hilang
1996 Romantic Piano
1996 Jalan Hidupmu
1996 Menari-Nari
1997 Lost Forest
1997 Selamat Tinggal
1998 Kedua
1998 Sabda Prana
1999 Saat Yang Terindah
2000 Interaksi
2000 Reborn
2001 The Birds
2002 Kinanti
2002 Rumah Ke Tujuh
2003 Gelatik
2005 Silver
2006 Jalinan Kasih
2007 Kayon – Tree of life
2008 Kembali Satu
2009 Dream Hope and Faith
2010 Joy Joy Joy
2011 Love Life Wisdom – featuring LLW (Indra Lesmana, Barry Likumahuwa & Sandy Winarta)
2012 Indra Lesmana 11:11 ( iOS app album )
2013 Loose Loud Whiz – featuring LLW (Lesmana Likumahuwa Works)
2013 Adriana OST
2014 Stars
2014 Ring P.I.G Tone ( P.I.G)
2015 Mutual Affection
2015 Change
2015 Frangipani
2015 Eclipse
2016 About Jack
2017 Chapter One (Krakatau Reunion)
2017 "Distance" (single)
2018 Surya Sewana
2018 Sacred Geometry
Awards
Best Jazz/Pop Keyboards Instrumentalist – Gadis [1989]
Best Pop Selling Album: Aku Ingin – BASF Awards [1990]
Diamond Achievement Awards – De Beers Diamond [1995]
Best Jazz/Fusion Album – producer: Ermi Kullit – Saat Yang Terindah – 4th AMI Awards [2000]
Best Jazz Vocalist – News Music Awards [2001]
Best Keyboardist – News Music Awards [2001]
Best Instrumental Song: "Reborn" – 5th AMI Awards [2001]
Best Jazz/Contemporary Jazz Album – producer: Andien – Kinanti – 6th AMI Awards [2002]
Best Score/Soundtrack: Rumah Ke Tujuh – Festival Film Bandung [2003]
Best Jazz/Contemporary Jazz Artist – 7th AMI Awards [2003]
Best Jazz Song: "Mimpi & Rumah ke Tujuh" – 7th AMI Awards [2003]
Best Jazz Arranger: "Mimpi & Rumah ke Tujuh" – 7th AMI Awards [2003]
Best Jazz Producer: "OST Rumah ke Tujuh" – 7th AMI Awards [2003]
Most Radical Musician: Nokia 7600 [2004]
Rolling Stone magazine Indonesia – 41st Best Indonesian Album of All Time: Reborn [2007]
Most Favorite Jazz Player: JAK JAZZ [2008]
Rolling Stone magazine Indonesia – 68th Best Indonesian Song (1950–2008): "Aku Ingin" [2009]
Most Prominent Jazz Musician: 33rd Jazz Goes to Campus – 4th JGTC Award [2010]
Australian Alumni Award for Cultural & Art [2010]
Best Jazz Artist Instrumental Performance: 14th AMI Awards [2011]
Most Influential Indonesian Musician on Twitter: [2011]
Brand Personality Award – Contribution to the World of Jazz Music: Asia Pacific Brand Foundation at Kuala Lumpur International Jazz Festival [2012]
References
External links
Official site
1966 births
Anugerah Musik Indonesia winners
Indo people
Indonesian jazz musicians
Indonesian jazz singers
21st-century Indonesian male singers
Indonesian people of Dutch descent
Indonesian record producers
Indonesian singer-songwriters
20th-century Indonesian male singers
Living people
Maya Award winners
Minangkabau people
Madurese people
Javanese people
Musicians from Jakarta
Singers from Jakarta
Sydney Conservatorium of Music alumni
Male jazz musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra%20Lesmana |
The Rapateaceae are a family of flowering plants. The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists.
The APG II system of 2003 also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots. This represents a slight change from the APG system, 1998, which left the family unplaced as to order, but placed it in the same clade (although it used the spelling "commelinoids"). The family is divided into 16 genera with a total of about 94 known species, found in tropical South America and tropical west Africa.
The Cronquist system of 1981 also recognized this family and placed it in the order Commelinales in the subclass Commelinidae in class Liliopsida in division Magnoliophyta.
Genera
References
External links
Links at CSDL
Poales families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapateaceae |
Dymchurch railway station is on the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway in Kent, England. It is five miles (eight km) south of Hythe, and surrounded by flat countryside.
The station opened on 16 July 1927 as Dymchurch (Marshlands), to distinguish it from a nearby station called Burmarsh for East Dymchurch and later as Dymchurch Bay.
The station has two platforms connected by a footbridge. On the 'up' platform there is a shelter and a station master's house. On the 'down' platform is a station building incorporating a booking office and staff room, a shop selling souvenirs and refreshments, and a women's toilet. The men's toilets are in the supporting pillars of the footbridge, although only that on the 'down' platform is in use.
The station is a tourist destination, largely for the sandy beaches nearby, the holiday arcades and an amusement park. It has three staff during the summer (one only, out of season). It is a block station for train control purposes.
History
Originally larger, the 1920s station had three platforms (two through platforms and a bay platform) with an overall roof, a signal box, a turntable, and a mainline crossover to allow shuttle trains from New Romney. These never happened, and the turntable was removed in the 1930s. A second crossover was installed before the war and shuttles worked between Dymchurch and Hythe via Burmarsh Road. The signalbox was removed in the 1960s, and the remaining four switches bolted in the normal position, primitive colour-light signals being worked by domestic light switches from the booking office for normal block operations. They were not interlocked with the points, or each other. These signals were subsequently removed.
Heritage railway stations in Kent
Transport in Folkestone and Hythe
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymchurch%20railway%20station |
Susanne Schultz Nielsson (born 8 July 1960 in Århus) is a former swimmer from Denmark, who won the bronze medal in the women's 100 metres breaststroke competition at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. She represented the club AGF Aarhus.
External links
Sports-Reference profile
References
1960 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers for Denmark
Olympic bronze medalists for Denmark
Swimmers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Aarhus
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Danish female breaststroke swimmers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne%20Nielsson |
Ra Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It is located in the northern part of the main island of Vanua Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
The Invincibles may refer to:
Sport
The Invincibles (Australian rules football), the 1914 Port Adelaide team
The Invincibles (cricket), the 1948 Australian team
The Invincibles (English football), the 1888–89 Preston North End and 2003–04 Arsenal teams
The Invincibles (rugby league), the 1982 Australian team
The Invincibles (rugby union), the 1924–25 New Zealand team
Other uses
Les Invincibles, a French-Canadian TV series
Irish National Invincibles, a group of extremist Irish Republicans in the 1880s
The Invincibles with Arbaaz Khan, an internet talk show hosted by Indian actor Arbaaz Khan
See also
Invincible (disambiguation)
The Incredibles (disambiguation)
The Invisibles (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Invincibles |
Avigdor Eskin (born 26 April 1960) is a Russian-Israeli conservative journalist and political activist. Born in Moscow in the Soviet Union, Eskin emigrated to Israel where he became involved in right-wing politics. He currently resides in Jerusalem.
Early life
Avigdor Eskin was born as Victor Valeryevich Eskin in Moscow in 1960. His father was from an assimilated Jewish family. His mother was a Ukrainian who was not considered a Jew under Jewish law, but may have had Jewish roots. When he was 11 years old, he began taking an interest in his Jewish identity after his grandmother told him about the Holocaust, and was further inspired by a religious Catholic friend. He began illicitly listening to Western radio stations such as Voice of America, Kol Israel, and the BBC Russian Service, and attending synagogue. He converted to Judaism soon afterward. He became an Orthodox Jew and committed Zionist.
Despite harassment by the KGB, Eskin participated in Zionist activities. He became the youngest underground Hebrew teacher in the Soviet Union (which was illegal at the time), and translated right-wing radical Meir Kahane's Never Again manifesto into Russian. Eskin also became determined to emigrate to Israel, and was granted an exit visa in 1978. He emigrated to Israel in January 1979 at the age of 18. Years later, Eskin's mother and sisters immigrated to Israel. In Israel, Eskin did military service in the Israel Defense Forces as part of the Hesder program, which combines regular military service with religious studies.
Political activities
Eskin was a founder of Israeli New Right movement together with the former MK Michael Kleiner and was behind the alliance between the Israeli right and American conservatives, led by senator Jesse Helms. Additionally, he organised the arms supply to the anti-communist guerrillas in Nicaragua. The most controversial of his activities was his support of the White regime in South Africa due to its staunch anti-communist politics, until its collapse in the early 1990s.
Eskin lead many demonstrations against Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin in 1995, in response to the Oslo Accords. He was among the most vocal protesters against the Oslo accords.
In May 2005, Eskin won a slander case that he filed against Barry Chamish. He later described Chamish as "heavy drinking person, who sucked his theories from the bottle".
On the 2nd of February, 2017, Eskin put out an article stating that he knew employees of a private intelligence firm Jellyfish formed by former Blackwater employees having had made contact with Michael Flynn.
Feud with Avigdor Lieberman
Eskin was actively involved in public criticism against the leader of Israel Beteynu party and later Finance Minister Avigdor Lieberman. This was part of a long-running feud between Avigdor Eskin and Avigdor Lieberman - with Eskin describing Lieberman as a "leftist".
Russia and Ukraine
Since 2014 Eskin has actively promulgated the Russian propaganda against the Euromaidan revolution, and attempted to rally Knesset against supporting it. Since the start of the War In Donbass he continued to make false claims of antisemitism in Ukraine.
Eskin frequently lectures in Israel, in Europe and in Russia on political science and theological matters. He is liked within the conservative circles around the world, due to his staunch support of right-wing causes, and pro-life agenda. Eskin has close ties to leading Israeli conservatives such as the Likud's Michael Kleiner and Otzma Yehudit MK Itamar Ben-Gvir.
Eskin has close ties to Russian political analyst Aleksandr Dugin, having previously served on the central committee of Dugin's Eurasia Party.
In May 2018 Ukraine has forbidden entry for three years with blocking of the right to dispose of assets and the belonging property.
South Africa
Eskin is active in South African politics, frequently visiting the country, and working as an activist for Afrikaner separatists' rights. In this role, he has caused diplomatic incidents, notably when describing Desmond Tutu as a fascist who is oppressing the Afrikaner people. The statement released in this regard was put out jointly with Dan Roodt, who is separately documented as having associations with the Swedish Resistance Movement.
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Russian Jews
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Israeli people of Russian-Jewish descent
Israeli activists
Israeli Orthodox Jews
Converts to Orthodox Judaism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avigdor%20Eskin |
St. Mary's Bay railway station is a small station in St Mary's Bay, Kent, England, between the larger stations of New Romney and Dymchurch, on the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway.
Situated off Jefferstone Lane the station has two platforms, one of which (the 'down' platform) is without station buildings. The other (the 'up' platform) has three buildings. The first is a booking office and when the station is staffed, a passenger waiting room, which also houses the control equipment for the adjacent level crossing. This building is joined to an open-fronted platform shelter with passenger seating. The third building is a toilet block, although this has been out of use for some years.
The station is currently used largely by local residents and passengers alighting here for the sandy beach.
Also in St Mary's Bay, about a quarter of a mile further north down Dunstall Lane is the now-closed Golden Sands Halt railway station, formerly used by the Maddieson's Golden Sands holiday camp.
History
When first opened this station was named "Holiday Camp" after a nearby camp run by Allnatt Limited - later to become 'The School Journey Centre'. It has also been known as "Jesson" (Jesson Lane being the former name for Jefferstone Lane) and "Holiday Camp Jesson". Since 1946 it has been known as "St Mary's Bay" apart from a period from the early 1980s until the end of 2000 when it was renamed "Jefferstone Lane". In 2000/2001 the station was refurbished in the current colour scheme of green and cream. A small garden was also established by the booking office.
Until the end of the 1990s this station was fully staffed during the summer period. Since then it has been staffed only on special event days or when surplus staff have been available. Generally passengers are now expected to purchase their tickets at their destination.
Although no longer a block post for train control purposes, it was able to be used as such until 2000. The station had a single-aspect signal installation in the 'starter signal' position on the 'down' platform. The one displayable aspect was 'danger' (red). This was unusual in a non-block station. This signal had the outward appearance of being two-aspect, but this was an illusion, as one apparent signal aspect was in fact the repeater flashing light to indicate to train drivers that the adjacent level crossing (with Jefferstone Lane) signals had operated correctly to stop road traffic.
A short distance south of St Mary's Bay station a signal box was originally erected to control movements in and out of sidings provided to serve Allnatt's holiday camp, and is marked as such on the title deeds for this part of the station site. When it fell into disuse (and in fact whether it was actually used at all) is unknown. No trace of it can be found today.
The station was refurbished and repainted in 2009 by a small group of volunteers, helped by the railway's paid staff, with the aim of the station being opened on special events with small, but appropriate, photographic displays within the booking office. This has already happened during the 2008 and 2009 "Home Guard" weekends.
Once the upgrading work on the level crossing has been completed, which involves the installation of level crossing barriers, there are plans to establish the station as a 'Haven for wildlife'. This will include the building of a dead hedge on the up platform, from the end of the toilet block to the Dymchurch end of the platform. Also the garden area will be replanted to encourage local wildlife along with the current assortment of bird feeders and bird boxes that are already present.
The station became a request stop in the early 2010s.
References
Transport in Folkestone and Hythe
Heritage railway stations in Kent
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Bay%20railway%20station |
Dichroic glass is glass which can display multiple different colors depending on lighting conditions.
One dichroic material is a modern composite non-translucent glass that is produced by stacking layers of metal oxides which give the glass shifting colors depending on the angle of view, causing an array of colors to be displayed as an example of thin-film optics. The resulting glass is used for decorative purposes such as stained glass, jewelry and other forms of glass art. The commercial title of "dichroic" can also display three or more colors (trichroic or pleochroic) and even iridescence in some cases. The term dichroic is used more precisely when labelling interference filters for laboratory use.
Another dichroic glass material first appeared in a few pieces of Roman glass from the 4th century and consists of a translucent glass containing colloidal gold and silver particles dispersed in the glass matrix in certain proportions so that the glass has the property of displaying a particular transmitted color and a completely different reflected color, as certain wavelengths of light either pass through or are reflected. In ancient dichroic glass, as seen in the most famous piece, the 4th-century Lycurgus cup in the British Museum, the glass has a green color when lit from in front in reflected light, and another, purple-ish red, when lit from inside or behind the cup so that the light passes through the glass. This is not due to alternating thin metal films but colloidal silver and gold particles dispersed throughout the glass, in an effect similar to that seen in gold ruby glass, though that has only one color whatever the lighting.
Invention
Modern dichroic glass is available as a result of materials research carried out by NASA and its contractors, who developed it for use in dichroic filters. However, color changing glass dates back to at least the 4th century AD, though only very few pieces, mostly fragments, survive. It was also made in the Renaissance in Venice and by imitators elsewhere; these pieces are also rare.
Manufacture of modern dichroic glass
Multiple ultra-thin layers of transparent oxides of such metals as titanium, chromium, aluminium, zirconium, or magnesium; or silica are vaporised by an electron beam in a vacuum chamber. The vapor then condenses on the surface of the glass in the form of a crystal structure. A protective layer of quartz crystal is sometimes added. Other variants of such physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings are also possible. The finished glass can have as many as 30 to 50 layers of these materials, yet the thickness of the total coating is approximately 30 to 35 millionths of an inch (about 760 to 890 nm). The coating that is created is very similar to a gemstone and, by careful control of thickness, different colors may be obtained.
The total light that hits the dichroic layer equals the wavelengths reflected plus the wavelengths passing through the dichroic layer.
A plate of dichroic glass can be fused with other glass in multiple firings. Due to variations in the firing process, individual results can never be exactly predicted, so each piece of fused dichroic glass is unique.
Over 45 colours of dichroic coatings are available to be placed on any glass substrate.
Uses
Optics
Dichroic glass is used in various dichroic optical filters to select narrow bands of spectral colors, for example in fluorescence microscopy, LCD projectors, or 3D movies.
Artists
Dichroic glass is now available to artists through dichroic coating manufacturers. Glass artists often refer to dichroic glass as "dichro".
Images can be formed by removing the dichroic coating from parts of the glass, creating everything from abstract patterns to letters, animals, or faces. The standard method for precision removal of the coating involves a laser.
Dichroic glass is specifically designed to be hotworked but can also be used in its raw form. Sculpted glass elements that have been shaped by extreme heat and then fused together may also be coated with dichroic afterwards to make them reflect an array of colors.
Architecture
The corporate headquarters of Amazon.com in Seattle, Washington, incorporates dichroic glass into the exterior of its high-rise building, reflecting light into various colors that depend on the time of day.
The Museum at Prairiefire in Overland Park, Kansas, which opened in May 2014, is devoted primarily to natural history. It borrows displays from larger museums and hosts at least two major traveling exhibits per year. Its striking glass exterior was designed to reference the intentional prairie fires that were an integral part of farming life in Kansas. The glass is dichroic, which means that its color changes with the light of the day. The museum is itself a work of art.
References
External links
Thesis – University of Neufchatel (Switzerland), PDF in English and French
Optical materials
Glass compositions
Glass physics
Thin-film optics
es:Vidrio dicroico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichroic%20glass |
Jalynn H. Bennett, (12 March 1943 – 23 January 2015) was a Canadian consultant and corporate director.
Over the course of her career, she was a member of the Board of Directors of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Nortel Networks, Teck Cominco, Sears Canada, Cadillac Fairview, Bombardier, Rexel Canada Electrical, CanWest Global Communications Corporation, Ontario Power Generation, Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation, the Ontario government's Public Accountants Council, and the Hospital for Sick Children Foundation.
Biography
Born in Toronto, Ontario, she attended Wellesley College from 1962 to 1963, before receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from University of Trinity College in 1965.
She joined the Manufacturers Life Insurance Company eventually becoming the Vice President of Corporate Development from 1985 to 1989. In 1989, she founded her own consulting firm called Jalynn H. Bennett and Associates Limited which specializes in strategic planning and organizational development.
From 1989 to 1994, she was a Director of the Bank of Canada. From 1989 to 1994, she was a Commissioner of the Ontario Securities Commission. From 1994 to 1999, she was the Chair of the Trent University Board of Governors.
In 2000, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada for her "impressive financial career". In 1999, she was made a Fellow of the Institute of Corporate Directors. In 2004, she was awarded an honorary degree from University of Trinity College.
References
Sources
1943 births
2015 deaths
Businesspeople from Toronto
Directors of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
Members of the Order of Canada
Trinity College (Canada) alumni
Wellesley College alumni
Canadian women in business
Canadian corporate directors
Directors of Nortel
Canadian telecommunications industry businesspeople
Women corporate directors
Technology corporate directors
id:Jalynn Bennett
min:Jalynn Bennett
su:Jalynn Bennett | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalynn%20Bennett |
BA School of Business and Finance () is one of the leading, self-financing business schools in Latvia. It was founded in 1992 as a Banking College under the Bank of Latvia and received accreditation in 1997
In 2007 BA School of Business and Finance celebrated its 15th anniversary. It supports United Nations initiative and follows the Principles for Responsible Management Education. On December 11 BA School of Business and Finance announced its decision to achieve Investors in Excellence Standard (a national standard which is based on the concepts of Excellence and the nine criteria of the widely used European Excellence Model (EFQM)).
Today it offers undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate programmes in Economics and Entrepreneurship, Business Administration and Finance. The study processes have gained an explicit international dimension. Graduates are nationally and internationally recognized entrepreneurs, managers, consultants, experts and professionals.
Studies
The school offers the following study programmes:
First level professional education programmes
Entrepreneurship
Banking Operations
Accountancy and Finance
Bachelor's degree study programmes
Business administration
Finance
Risk management and Insurance
Innovation and Product Development in Business
Master's degree study programmes
Business Administration
Finance
International finance and Banking (double degree programme with the Swiss Business School based in Zürich)
Creative Industries Management
Innovative Entrepreneurship
Financial Management
Cybersecurity ManagementDoctor's study programme (3 years)'''
Joint Doctoral Programme in Business Administration
Membership in international organizations
Network of International Business Schools
Professional Inter-University Management for Educational Networking
European Association of Institutions in Higher Education
Baltic Management Development Association
Central and East European Management Development Association
European Network for Business Studies and Languages
European Foundation for Management Development
Midlands Excellence/Investor in Excellence
References
Business schools in Latvia
Education in Riga
Educational institutions established in 1992
1992 establishments in Latvia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA%20School%20of%20Business%20and%20Finance |
The Naval School (, EN) is a higher education military academy which aims to train officers for the Brazilian Navy. It is located in Rio de Janeiro, on Villegagnon Island just inside of Guanabara Bay.
History
The Brazilian Naval School has its direct origins in the Portuguese Royal Naval Academy created in Lisbon, Portugal in the 18th century.
In 1782, the Company of Midshipmen (Companhia dos Guardas-Marinhas) was created to frame and train the midshipmen (naval officer candidates) of the Portuguese Navy. The Company of Midshipmen was installed in the building of the Naval Arsenal of Lisbon.
The Royal Academy of the Midshipmen (Academia Real dos Guardas-Marinhas) was created in 1792, as a university-level naval academy. This Academy integrated the already existing Company of Midshipmen as its student corps.
In 1807, the Army of Napoleon invaded Portugal. In order not to be captured by the Napoleonic forces and maintain the independence of the Kingdom, the Portuguese Royal Court and government are transferred to the Portuguese colony of Brazil, continuing to rule from there. The Royal Academy of the Midshipmen and its Company of Midshipmen also embark in the naval fleet that carries the Royal Court to Brazil and are installed in Rio de Janeiro, in 1808.
In 1823, one year following the independence of Brazil, the faculty and the students of the Academy of the Midshipmen had to choose either the Brazilian or the Portuguese nationality. Those that chose the Portuguese nationality returned to Portugal and the others remained in Brazil. Then, two academies come into existence: the Imperial Academy of Midshipmen (Academia Imperial dos Guardas-Marinhas) in the Empire of Brazil and the Royal Academy of Midshipmen in the Kingdom of Portugal (that would become the present Portuguese Naval School).
The Brazilian Imperial Academy of Midshipmen become the School of Navy (Escola de Marinha), in 1858. In 1887, it became the Naval School (Escola Naval).
Regatta
To celebrate its foundation, every year the Navy promotes the traditional Naval Academy Regatta, the largest sailing race in Latin America.
Academics
Naval
1-Mechanics
2-Weapons Systems
3-Electronics
Marine Corps
1-Mechanics
2-Weapons Systems
3-Electronics
Others
1- Administration.
Gallery
References
External links
Official website
Brazilian Navy
Undergraduate military academies of Brazil
Naval academies
Universities and colleges in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Guanabara Bay
Educational institutions established in 1823
1823 establishments in Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval%20School%20%28Brazil%29 |
A Master of Arts ( or Artium Magister; abbreviated MA, M.A., AM, or A.M.) is the holder of a master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with that of Master of Science. Those admitted to the degree have typically studied subjects within the scope of the humanities and social sciences, such as history, literature, languages, linguistics, public administration, political science, communication studies, law or diplomacy; however, different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the natural sciences and mathematics. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, research, or a combination of the two.
The degree of Master of Arts traces its origins to the teaching license or of the University of Paris, designed to produce "masters" who were graduate teachers of their subjects.
Europe
Czech Republic and Slovakia
Like all EU member states, Czech Republic and Slovakia follow the Bologna Process. Czech Republic and Slovakia both award two different types of master's degrees; both award a title of Mgr. or Ing. to be used before the name.
Prior to reforms for compliance with the Bologna process, a master's degree could only be obtained after five years of uninterrupted study. Under the new system, it takes only two years but requires a previously completed three-year bachelor's program (a Bc. title). Writing a thesis (in both master's and bachelor's programs) and passing final exams are necessary to obtain the degree. It is mostly the case that the final exams cover the main study areas of the whole study program, i.e. a student is required to prove their knowledge in the subjects they attended during the two resp. three years of their study. Exams also include the defence of a thesis before an academic board.
Ing. (Engineer) degrees are usually awarded for master's degrees achieved in the natural sciences or mathematics-heavy study programmes, whereas an Mgr. (Magister) is generally awarded for master's studies in social sciences, humanities and MgA. (Magister of the Arts) in the arts.
Germany
In Germany, the Master of Arts degree was called in Latin Magister Artium. This degree, which usually required five years of studies, existed in the Holy Roman Empire and its successors, including the German Empire and the Federal Republic of Germany, but not in the former East Germany, where all degree courses led to a Diplom. Traditional Magister degrees are granted in social sciences and most of the humanities (international business, European studies and economics included), with the exception of visual and performing arts such as music and theatre.
The Magister Artium held either a double major degree or a combination of one major and two minors. German postgraduate Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees were introduced in 2001. Therefore, the new Master of Arts and the old Magister Artium degrees have existed side by side, since 2010; Magister Artium degrees are still awarded by some universities, as of 2020. The new Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees together also require five years of studies, which is the reason the new Master of Arts and the old Magister Artium degrees are considered equivalent.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, the Master of Arts and the Master of Science degrees were introduced in 2002. Until that time, a single program that led to the doctorandus degree (or the ingenieur degree in the case of technical subjects) was in effect, which comprised the same course-load as the bachelor's and master's programs put together. Those who had already started the doctorandus program could, upon completing it, opt for the doctorandus degree, which gave the title "Doctorandus" before their name, abbreviated to 'drs.'; in the case of ingenieur, this would be 'ir.'), or else opt for a master's degree as postnominals behind their name, in accordance with the new standard ('MA' or 'MSc'). A master's degree can take one or two years to complete.
Poland
The Polish equivalent of Master of Arts is "magister" (its abbreviation "mgr" is placed before one's name, like the title Dr). At the technical universities, a student is awarded with inżynier (engineer) after three years and then with "magister" after completing another two years of study and graduating. Such persons use titles "mgr inż". In the 1990s, the MA programs usually lasting five years were replaced by separate three-year bachelor's and two-year master's programs. The degree is awarded in the arts (visual arts, literature, foreign languages, filmmaking, theatre etc.), natural sciences, mathematics, computer science fields, and economics. The completion of a research thesis is required. All master's degrees in Poland qualify for a doctorate program.
Nordic countries
In Finland, Denmark and Norway, the master's degree is a combined taught/research degree, awarded after two years of studies after completing the bachelor's degree. The student is required to write a scientific thesis.
In Finland, this master's degree is called a filosofian maisteri (in Finnish) or filosofie magister (in Swedish), and it is abbreviated as FM or "fil.mag.".
In Sweden, there is still an intermediate degree between the bachelor's (kandidat) and master's called magister which only requires one year of studies, including a scientific thesis after completing the bachelor's degree. This fourth year typically constitutes the first half of a master's programme. If not, it may be supplemented by a fifth year and a master's thesis to obtain a master's degree in the field of study.
United Kingdom and Ireland
Most universities
Except at Oxford, Cambridge, and Trinity College Dublin (see below) the MA is typically a "taught" postgraduate degree, involving lectures, examination, and a dissertation based on independent research. Taught master's programs involve one or two years of full-time study. Many can be done part-time as well. Until recently, both the undergraduate and postgraduate master's degrees were awarded without grade or class (like the class of an honours degree). Nowadays, however, master's degrees are normally classified into the categories of Fail, Pass, Pass with Merit, or Pass with Distinction. This education pattern in the United Kingdom is followed in India and many Commonwealth Nations.
The Master of Laws (LLM) is the standard degree taught for law, but certain courses may lead to MA, MLitt, Master of Studies (MSt), and the Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) at Oxford. All of these degrees are considered substitutes to one another and are thus generally equivalent.
Scotland
In the ancient universities of Scotland, the degree of Master of Arts is awarded in universities as a four-year undergraduate degree, see Master of Arts (Scotland).
The degree of Master of Arts is the first degree awarded in arts, humanities, theology, and social sciences. However, some universities in Scotland award the degree of Master of Letters (MLitt) to students in the arts, humanities, divinity, and social sciences.
Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin (conferred)
At Oxford, Cambridge and the University of Dublin, the title of Master of Arts is conferred after a certain number of years, without further examination, to those who have graduated as Bachelor of Arts and who have the requisite years' standing as members of the university or as graduates. This happens, in England, only at the universities of Oxford, four years after completing a bachelor's degree, and Cambridge, six years after the first term of study. It is also the case at the University of Dublin. The abbreviated name of the university (Oxon, Cantab or Dubl) is therefore almost always appended in parentheses to the initials "MA" in the same way that it is to higher degrees, e.g. "John Smith, MA (Cantab), PhD (Lond)", principally so that it is clear (to those who are aware of the system) that these are nominal and unexamined degrees.
The MLitt is a research degree at the University of Cambridge, where the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) is the name given to the standard one-year taught degree with a unique research element, in contrast to the use of MPhil at other institutions for a research degree.
Confusion
Research in 2000 by the universities watchdog, the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education, showed that two-thirds of employers were unaware that the Oxford and Cambridge MA did not represent any kind of post-graduate achievement.
In February 2011, the Labour Member of Parliament Chris Leslie sponsored a private member's bill in Parliament, the master's degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill, to "prohibit universities awarding master's degrees unless certain standards of study and assessment are met". The bill's supporters described the practice as a "historical anachronism" and argued that "unearned qualifications" should be discontinued to preserve the academic integrity of the taught MA. Further, they warned that the title gave Oxbridge graduates an unfair advantage in the job market. On 21 October 2011, the bill received its second reading, but it failed to complete its passage through Parliament before the end of the session, meaning it fell.
Oxford, Cambridge (earned)
A number of different master's degrees may be earned at Oxford and Cambridge. The most common, the Master of Philosophy degree (MPhil), is a two-year research degree. To prepare to graduate as a Master of Science (MSc) or a Master of Studies (MSt) takes only one year, both courses often combining some coursework with research. A Master of Letters (MLitt) is the holder of a pure research master's degree. In comparison to the LLM at Cambridge, Oxford offers two master's degrees in law depending on the jurisdictional background of the student. The degree of Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) is for those from a common law background, whilst the more recent Magister Juris is for those from civil law jurisdictions. More recently, Oxford and Cambridge offer the degree of Master of Business Administration. Master's degrees are generally offered without classification, although the top five percent may be deemed worthy of Distinction. Both universities also offer a variety of four-year undergraduate integrated master's degrees such as MEng or MMath.
North America
In Canada and the United States, the Master of Arts (Magister Artium) and Master of Science (Magister Scientiæ) are the basic graduate-level degrees in most subjects and may be course-based, research-based, or, more typically, a combination of the two.
Admission to a master's program is normally contingent upon holding a bachelor's degree. Some programs provide for a joint bachelor's and master's after about five years. Some universities use the Latin degree names, such as Artium Magister (AM) or Scientiæ Magister (SM). For example, Harvard University, Dartmouth College, the University of Chicago, MIT, the University of Pennsylvania, and Brown University use the abbreviations AM and SM for some of their master's degrees. A Master of Arts may be given in a scientific discipline, common at Ivy League universities.
Many universities offer Master of Arts programs, which are differentiated either as Thesis or Non-Thesis programs. Usually, the duration for a Non-Thesis option is one to two years of full-time study. The period for a Thesis option may last longer, depending also on the required level of courses and complexity of the thesis. Sometimes, qualified students who are admitted to a "very high research" Master of Arts might have to earn credits also at the PhD level, and they may need to complete their program in about three years of full-time candidature, e.g. at Harvard in the United States and McGill in Canada.
A thesis must be a distinct contribution to knowledge. It must demonstrate ability to plan and carry out research, organize results, and defend the approach and conclusions in a scholarly manner. The research presented must meet current standards of the discipline. Finally, the thesis must clearly demonstrate how the research advances knowledge in the field.
References
Arts (postgraduate) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20Arts |
Imperial Armour is a series of rules supplements to the Warhammer 40,000 table-top game, along with an associated range of vehicle-size resin model kits. Both are produced by Forge World, a subsidiary company of Games Workshop.
The Imperial Armour range and rules supplements are designed to incorporate vehicles referred to in the fiction and background material produced for the Warhammer 40,000 fictional universe, but not included in the Codexes due to a variety of reasons. These include super-heavy vehicles (such as the Imperial Baneblade), specialised variants of standard vehicles (such as Tau Empire Hammerhead Gunships modified to carry different turret weapon configurations), aircraft, immobile defenses, and non-combatant vehicles. Vehicles that are featured in the Imperial Armour books are available from Forge World as multi-part resin model kits, or as a series of resin components that can be used to convert existing plastic and metal models. The Imperial Armour range is not limited to conventional vehicles, as the Orks are known to use massive creatures called Squiggoths, and the Tyranids do not possess any vehicles, instead using extremely large bioformed creatures.
List of Imperial Armour books
Early Imperial Armour rules supplements are written by Warwick Kinrade, later ones by Warwick Kinrade and/or Alan Bligh.
Starting in 2015, Forgeworld stopped using the `Volume X' notation, using just Imperial Armour and the title of the book.
Currently valid books
Imperial Armour Compendium
Outdated books
The rules contained in the following books are no longer valid, having been superseded by later editions of the Warhammer 40,000 game and other Imperial Armour books.
Imperial Armour (2000)
Imperial Armour II (Ork, Eldar, and Dark Eldar) (2001)
Imperial Armour Update (models for all races, stopgap measure until the release of the "Imperial Armour Volume x" books). (2002)
Imperial Armour Volume One - Imperial Guard & Imperial Navy (2003)
Imperial Armour Update 2004 (rules for Forge World models not covered by the other volumes)
Imperial Armour Volume Two - Space Marines & Forces of the Inquisition (2004)
Imperial Armour Update 2005 (same as above)
Imperial Armour Volume Three - The Taros Campaign (Tau, Imperial Guard and Space Marines) (2005)
Imperial Armour Update 2006 (same as above)
Imperial Armour Volume Four - The Anphelion Project (Tyranids, Imperial Guard and Space Marines) (2006)
Imperial Armour Apocalypse (Companion volume to Warhammer 40,000 Apocalypse, containing new battle formations as well as new Apocalypse-compatible game statistics for several Forge World models) (2007)
Imperial Armour Volume Five - The Siege of Vraks Part One (Death Korps of Krieg, Dark Angels & Chaos Renegades) (2007)
Imperial Armour Volume Six - The Siege of Vraks Part Two (Death Korps of Krieg & Chaos Renegades) (2008)
Imperial Armour Volume Seven - The Siege of Vraks Part Three (Space Marines & Chaos Renegades) (2009)
Imperial Armour Volume Eight - Raid on Kastorel-Novem (Orks, Elysian Drop Troopers & Raven Guard) (2010)
Imperial Armour Volume Nine - The Badab War Part One (Focusing on renegade and loyal Space Marine Chapters) (2010)
Imperial Armour Volume Ten - The Badab War Part Two (Focusing on renegade and loyal Space Marine Chapters) (2010)
Imperial Armour Apocalypse II (Another companion volume to Warhammer 40,000 Apocalypse, featuring numerous new units for Imperial armies and a few other alien armies. Notable for inclusion of new battle formations for all races, as well as large apocalypse-scale scenarios. (2010)
Imperial Armour Apocalypse Second Edition (update that combines parts of the two previous Imperial Armour Apocalypse books and adds new units and formations) (2011)
Imperial Armour Volume Eleven - The Doom of Mymeara (Eldar vs Imperial Guard, Space Wolves) (2011)
Imperial Armour Volume One (Second Edition) - Imperial Guard (2012)
Imperial Armour Volume Two (Second Edition) - War Machines of the Adeptus Astartes (2013)
Imperial Armour Volume Three (Second Edition) - The Taros Campaign (Tau, Imperial Guard and Space Marines) (2013)
Imperial Armour Volume Four - The Anphelion Project (Second Edition) (Tyranids, Imperial Guard and Space Marines) (2014)
Imperial Armour - The Siege of Vraks (Death Korps of Krieg, Dark Angels, Space Marines & Chaos Renegades) (2015)
Imperial Armour - The Doom of Mymeara (Eldar vs Imperial Guard, Space Wolves) (2015)
Imperial Armour Volume Twelve - The Fall of Orpheus ( Necrons, Death Korps of Krieg & Space Marines) (2013)
Imperial Armour Volume Thirteen - War Machines of the Lost and the Damned (Chaos Renegades) (2014)
Imperial Armour Aeronautica (Update and compilation of fliers and anti-aircraft units) (2012)
Imperial Armour Apocalypse (Updates Apocalypse material for 6th and 7th edition Warhammer 40,000. Not to be confused with the identically named first version) (2013)
Imperial Armour - Index: Forces of Chaos
Imperial Armour - Index: Forces of the Adeptus Astartes
Imperial Armour - Index: Forces of the Astra Militarum
Imperial Armour - Index: Xenos
Model Masterclass
Forge World has also published two Model Masterclass books, which focus on painting the often very large and extensive models they produce:
Imperial Armour Model Masterclass - Volume One (2008)
Imperial Armour Model Masterclass - Volume Two (2012)
References
Handbooks and manuals
Warhammer 40,000 rule books and supplements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20Armour |
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