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Fraser River Pile & Dredge Ltd v Can-Dive Services Ltd, [1999] 3 SCR 108 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision where the court re-affirmed and expanded on the exception to the doctrine of privity first established in London Drugs Ltd v Kuehne & Nagel International Ltd, [1992] SCR 299.
Background
Fraser River Pile & Dredge Ltd. ("Fraser River") owned a derrick barge "Sceptre Squamish", that it chartered to Can-Dive Services Ltd. ("Can-Dive"). Can-Dive accidentally sank the barge while it was chartered. Fraser River collected on a $1.1 million insurance policy for the barge. The original policy between Fraser River and its insurer contained a subrogation clause which waived the insurer's right of subrogation against any third parties. Fraser River and its insurer entered an agreement which waived the original subrogation waiver, intending to allow the insurance company and Fraser River to sue Can-Dive.
In its defence, Can-Dive claimed the insurer already waived its subrogation rights and so could not unwaive them.
The question before the Supreme Court was whether Can-Dive could rely on the waiver of subrogation in the original insurance policy.
Reasons of the court
Justice Iacobucci, writing for a unanimous court, held in favour of Can-Dive on the basis it was able to rely on the subrogation clause. The case turned on the existence of any exceptions to privity. Iacobucci first affirmed the existence of an agency exception to privity, and then expanded on the "principled exception to the privity of contract doctrine" established in London Drugs Ltd v Kuehne & Nagel International Ltd.
He noted that in cases where the agency exception did not apply, as in this case, courts "may nonetheless undertake the appropriate analysis, bounded by both common sense and commercial reality, in order to determine whether the doctrine of privity with respect to third-party beneficiaries should be relaxed". This principled approached, he believed, was preferable to having "yet another ad hoc exception".
A two-stage test was devised to determine if the exception could be applied: "(a) Did the parties to the contract intend to extend the benefit in question to the third party seeking to rely on the contractual provision? and (b) Are the activities performed by the third party seeking to rely on the contractual provision the very activities contemplated as coming within the scope of the contract in general, or the provision in particular, again as determined by reference to the intentions of the parties?" (see decision at para 31)
Iacobucci acknowledged this exception was a departure from the doctrine of privity. However, it was only "incremental" in nature and did not abdicate any existing principles. Since the exception was dependent on the intention within the contract, it would not frustrate the expectations of the parties to the contract.
On the facts, Iacobucci found the policy was clearly intending to extend a benefit to Can-Dive satisfying the first stage. It was noted that parties to a contract cannot unilaterally revoke the rights of a third party once they have received an actual benefit. On the second stage, the requirements were easily satisfied since Can-Dive was acting in accordance with the charter agreement.
External links
Supreme Court of Canada cases
1999 in Canadian case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser%20River%20Pile%20%26%20Dredge%20Ltd%20v%20Can-Dive%20Services%20Ltd |
In mathematics, and more specifically in ring theory, Krull's theorem, named after Wolfgang Krull, asserts that a nonzero ring has at least one maximal ideal. The theorem was proved in 1929 by Krull, who used transfinite induction. The theorem admits a simple proof using Zorn's lemma, and in fact is equivalent to Zorn's lemma, which in turn is equivalent to the axiom of choice.
Variants
For noncommutative rings, the analogues for maximal left ideals and maximal right ideals also hold.
For pseudo-rings, the theorem holds for regular ideals.
A slightly stronger (but equivalent) result, which can be proved in a similar fashion, is as follows:
Let R be a ring, and let I be a proper ideal of R. Then there is a maximal ideal of R containing I.
This result implies the original theorem, by taking I to be the zero ideal (0). Conversely, applying the original theorem to R/I leads to this result.
To prove the stronger result directly, consider the set S of all proper ideals of R containing I. The set S is nonempty since I ∈ S. Furthermore, for any chain T of S, the union of the ideals in T is an ideal J, and a union of ideals not containing 1 does not contain 1, so J ∈ S. By Zorn's lemma, S has a maximal element M. This M is a maximal ideal containing I.
Krull's Hauptidealsatz
Another theorem commonly referred to as Krull's theorem:
Let be a Noetherian ring and an element of which is neither a zero divisor nor a unit. Then every minimal prime ideal containing has height 1.
Notes
References
Ideals (ring theory) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krull%27s%20theorem |
Valencia Basket Club S.A.D., commonly known as Valencia Basket (), is a professional basketball team based in Valencia, Spain. The team plays in the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague, with home games played at the Font de Sant Lluís. The club is owned by retail tycoon Juan Roig.
History
1986–1997
Valencia Basket was founded on 27 September 1986, after Valencia CF decided to fold its basketball section.
On 4 May 1988, while in its second season in the Primera División B, which was the second tier league of Spanish basketball at that time, the team won its first promotion to the Spanish top-tier level ACB, where the team remained until the 1994–95 season. In 1995, Valencia was relegated to the Spanish 2nd-tier level EBA League, after falling in the league's relegation playoff against Somontano Huesca. In the next season, after being the runner-up in Liga EBA, in a non-promoting season, Valencia BC bought Amway Zaragoza's ACB place to join the top league, where it has remained until nowadays.
1998–2014
On 2 February 1998, Pamesa Valencia won its first Spanish national title, after beating Pinturas Bruguer Badalona, by a score of 89–75, in the final of the 1998 Copa del Rey, which was played in Valladolid. One year later, on 13 April 1999, the club played in the final of the 1998–99 FIBA Saporta Cup, but was defeated by Benetton Treviso, 64–60, in the final played in Zaragoza. Three years later, the club repeated the same success, but Montepaschi Siena won the final of the 2001–02 FIBA Saporta Cup, by a score of 81–71, in Lyon, France.
Continuing on with some of the club's best years, the 2001–02 ACB season was historic for the club, as it reached the Spanish ACB League finals, where they could not win any games in their series against FC Barcelona. Before this first success in reaching the finals of the Spanish league's playoffs, Pamesa Valencia won its first European-wide title, by defeating Krka Novo Mesto in the 2002–03 ULEB Cup, which would then also allow the club to make its debut in the European top-tier level EuroLeague.
In its first EuroLeague participation, Pamesa Valencia qualified for the Top 16, but was eliminated there, after not contesting its game at Nokia Arena against Maccabi Tel Aviv, adducing security issues in Israel.
On 18 April 2010, Power Electronics Valencia won its second European title, by beating Alba Berlin, 67–44, in the 2010 EuroCup Finals, which was played in Vitoria-Gasteiz. This allowed the club to come back to the top level EuroLeague, seven years after its first participation in the tournament. This time, Valencia reached the EuroLeague quarterfinals, where it was eliminated by Real Madrid, who won the playoff series by a 3–2 margin.
The club's third European-wide 2nd-tier level EuroCup title arrived on 7 May 2014, when Valencia beat UNICS Kazan, in the double-legged finals.
2015–present
On 5 June 2017, Valencia Basket qualified for its second Spanish Liga ACB Finals series, after defeating Baskonia in the semifinals of the 2017 national league playoffs. This time, the club won its first ever Spanish national domestic league championship, on 16 June 2017, by defeating Real Madrid with a 3–1 series score in the ACB league's finals. In the same season, the club also reached the finals of both the Copa del Rey (Spanish Cup), and the EuroCup, but they lost those finals to Real Madrid, and fellow Spanish side, Unicaja, respectively. By winning the Spanish League championship, Valencia also sealed their return to the next season's top-tier level EuroLeague competition, for the 2017–18 season.
The club's fourth European-wide 2nd-tier level EuroCup title arrived on 16 April 2019, when Valencia beat Alba Berlin, in the double-legged finals.
Arena
During its first season of existence, the team played its home games at the La Canaleta Sports Complex in the municipality of Mislata.
Since 1987 Valencia Basket plays its home games at the 8,500 seat Font de Sant Lluís arena. The arena is better known as La Fonteta.
The club is expected to move to a new 15,600 seat arena called Roig Arena (previously proposed as Casal España Arena), with the inauguration scheduled for 2024.
Sponsorship naming
Valencia Basket has had several sponsorship names over the years:
Valencia-Hoja del Lunes: 1986–1987
Pamesa Valencia: 1987–2009
Power Electronics Valencia: 2009–2011
Logos
Players
Retired numbers
Current roster
Depth chart
† indicates an overseas player.
* indicates a "cupo" player.
In compliance with ACB's homegrown player policy, only 2 overseas players can be in the roster for every given match, with the exception of those holding a European citizenship, or from any country with an association treaty, such as the Cotonou Agreement. In addition to that, at least 4 of the players in a 12 or more player roster must "cupo" players (i.e., they are Spanish, or must have been in the youth systems of a Spanish club for at least 3 years).[9][10] Euroleague Basketball does not have any policy in regards of players' origin, so it is possible for teams to call more than two overseas players for a match in Euroleague competitions.
FIBA Hall of Famers
Head coaches
Toni Ferrer: 1986–1987, 1989
Antoni Serra: 1987–1989
José Antonio Figueroa: 1989–1991
Fernando Jiménez: 1991
Manu Moreno: 1992–1995
Herb Brown: 1995
Mihajlo Vuković: 1995–2000
Luis Casimiro: 2000–2002
Paco Olmos: 2002–2004, 2011–2012
Pablo Laso: 2004–2005
Chechu Mulero: 2005, 2006
Ricard Casas: 2005–2006
Fotios Katsikaris: 2006–2008
Neven Spahija: 2008–2010
Manolo Hussein: 2010
Svetislav Pešić: 2010–2011
Velimir Perasović: 2012–2015
Carles Duran: 2015
Pedro Martínez: 2015–2017
Txus Vidorreta: 2017–2018
Jaume Ponsarnau: 2018–2021
Joan Peñarroya: 2021–2022
Álex Mumbrú: 2022–present
Season by season
Honours
Trophies and Awards
Liga ACB: (1)
2017
Runners-up (1): 2003
Copa del Rey: (1)
1998
Runners-up (4): 2000, 2006, 2013, 2017
Supercopa: (1)
2017
Saporta Cup:
Runners-up (2): 1999, 2002
EuroCup Basketball: (4)
2003, 2010, 2014, 2019
Runners-up (2): 2012, 2017
Friendly trophies
Torneo de Lleida Stagepro: (1)
2009
Valencia, Spain Invitational Game: (1)
2009
Trofeo Costa de Sol: (1)
2014
Trofeo Feria de Albacete: (1)
2019
Castello, Spain Invitational Game: (1)
2019
Salou, Spain Invitational Game: (1)
2020
Individual awards
ACB Most Valuable Player
Justin Doellman – 2014
ACB Finals MVP
Bojan Dubljević – 2017
Spanish Cup MVP
Nacho Rodilla – 1998
Spanish Supercup MVP
Erick Green – 2017
All-ACB First Team
Justin Doellman – 2014
Romain Sato – 2014
Pau Ribas – 2015
Justin Hamilton – 2016
Bojan Dubljević – 2017, 2019
All-ACB Second Team
Bojan Dubljević – 2018
Alberto Abalde – 2020
ACB Slam Dunk Champion
Víctor Claver – 2007
EuroCup Finals MVP
Dejan Tomašević – 2003
Matt Nielsen – 2010
Justin Doellman – 2014
Will Thomas - 2019
EuroCup Rising Star Award
Víctor Claver – 2010
Bojan Dubljević – 2013, 2014
EuroCup Coach of the Year
Pedro Martínez – 2017
All-EuroLeague Second Team
Duško Savanović – 2011
All-EuroCup First Team
Nando De Colo – 2010
Matt Nielsen – 2010
Nik Caner-Medley – 2012
Justin Doellman – 2013, 2014
Bojan Dubljević – 2017, 2019
All-EuroCup Second Team
Matt Nielsen – 2009
Bojan Dubljević – 2014, 2022
Fernando San Emeterio – 2017
Sam Van Rossom – 2019
Notable players
Salva Díez
Víctor Luengo
Nacho Rodilla
Berni Álvarez
Víctor Claver
Rafa Martinez
Pau Ribas
Guillem Vives
Fernando San Emeterio
Alberto Abalde
Alejandro Montecchia
Federico Kammerichs
Fabricio Oberto
Matt Nielsen
Tiago Splitter
Vítor Faverani
Kyle Alexander
Jasiel Rivero
Antoine Rigaudeau
Florent Piétrus
Damien Inglis
Nando de Colo
Mickaël Gelabale
Sam Van Rossom
Dimos Dikoudis
Robertas Javtokas
Mindaugas Timinskas
Bojan Dubljević
Maurice Ndour
Dejan Tomašević
Igor Rakočević
Kosta Perović
Duško Savanović
Nikola Kalinić
Klemen Prepelič
Tornike Shengelia
Viacheslav Kravtsov
Serhiy Lishchuk
Tanoka Beard
Brad Branson
Brian Cardinal
/ Brandon Davies
/ Justin Doellman
Erick Green
Bernard Hopkins
/ Semi Ojeleye
/ Johnny Rogers
Derrick Williams
/ Shammond Williams
Women's team
The women's team of Valencia Basket was created in 2014 and promoted to Liga Femenina in 2018, winning the final game against Real Club Celta de Vigo in Valencia. This access to the first division and the relegation of CB Estudiantes made Valencia Basket the only club with masculine and feminine representation in the first division in the 2018-2019 season.
In the first season competing on the first division, Valencia Basket achieved a ticket to their first Copa de la Reina de baloncesto, celebrated in Vitoria between the 28th of February and the 3 of June. Also, they achieve a spot to participate in the playoffs, losing against Perfumerías Avenida on the semifinals, but achieving the opportunity to play his first European tournament the next season.
References
External links
Official website
Valencia Basket at ACB.com
Valencia Basket at the EuroLeague
Basketball teams in the Valencian Community
Basketball teams established in 1986
Liga ACB teams
Sport in Valencia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia%20Basket |
Framo may refer to:
Framo AS, a Norwegian supplier of submerged cargo pumps
Framo (car), a former German automobile brand
People with the surname Framo
James Framo (1922–2001), American family therapist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framo |
Sanjay National Park is a national park in Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district of Chhattisgarh and Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It covers an area of and is a part of the Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve. It is located in the Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests ecoregion.
Flora and fauna
The national park hosts mostly tropical forests of Sal trees.
The Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, Spotted deer, Sambar deer, wild boar, Nilgai, Chinkara, Civet, Porcupine, Monitor lizard, and 309 species of birds are found here. Among the many birds here are the Golden Hooded Oriole, Racket-tailed Drongo, Indian pitta, Rufous treepie, Lesser adjutant, Red-headed vulture, Cenareous vulture, White-rumped vulture, Egyptian vulture and Nightjar.
Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve
All of Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve used to be in Madhya Pradesh, before Chhattisgarh was carved out of it in 2000. A large part of this area is now located in Chhattisgarh, which was renamed to "Guru Ghasidas National Park" by the Government of Chhattisgarh.
The National Park is named after Guru Ghasidas. It shared five tigers with Madhya Pradesh in 2010. In addition, considering that what used to be Surguja State is now part of Chhattisgarh, and that the state has a district called Koriya, this overall area was the last known territory of the Asiatic cheetah in India.
The Tiger Reserve comprises Sanjay National Park and the Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary, both of which cover more than and are located in Sidhi District. The area, with its large size and rich biodiversity, is well-known. It has Sal, bamboo and mixed forests.
According to an official census of Madhya Pradesh carried out in 2004, Sanjay National Park had six tigers. Eventually, however, no tiger was sighted there between October 2008 and May 2009.
See also
Flora and fauna of Madhya Pradesh
Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary
References
Tiger reserves of India
National parks in Madhya Pradesh
Sidhi district
1983 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
Protected areas established in 1983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay%20National%20Park |
The Cessna 190 and 195 Businessliner are a family of light single radial engine powered, conventional landing gear equipped, general aviation aircraft which were manufactured by Cessna between 1947 and 1954.
The 195 model was also used by the United States Air Force, United States Army, and Army National Guard as a light transport and utility aircraft under the designations LC-126/U-20.
Development
The Cessna 190 and 195 were Cessna's only postwar radial-engined aircraft. The first prototype flew in 1945, after the end of World War II and both the 190 and 195 entered production in 1947.
The 195 was the first Cessna airplane to be completely constructed of aluminum and features a cantilever wing, similar to the pre-war Cessna 165 from which it is derived. The wing differs from later Cessna light aircraft in that it has a straight taper from root chord to tip chord and no dihedral. The airfoil employed is a NACA 2412, the same as used on the later Cessna 150, 172 and 182.
The 190/195 fuselage is large in comparison to other Cessna models because the 42" diameter radial engine had to be accommodated in the nose. There are two rows of seats: two individual seats in the first row, with a comfortable space between them and up to three passengers can be accommodated on a bench seat in the second row.
The 190/195 has flat sprung-steel landing gear legs derived from Cessna's purchase of the rights to Steve Wittman's Big X. Many have been equipped with swiveling crosswind landing gear which allows landing with up to 15 degrees of crab. While the crosswind gear simplifies the actual landing, it makes the aircraft difficult to handle on the ground. The 195 is equipped with a retractable step that extends when the cabin door is opened, although some have been modified to make the step a fixed unit.
The aircraft was expensive to purchase and operate for private use and Cessna therefore marketed them mainly as a business aircraft under the name "Businessliner".
The engines fitted to the 190 and 195 became well known for their oil consumption. The aircraft has a oil tank, with the minimum for flight. Typical oil consumption with steel cylinder barrels is per hour.
A factory-produced floatplane version was equipped with a triple tail for improved yaw stability. The tail resembles that of the Lockheed Constellation.
The Cessna 195 produces a cruise true airspeed of (170 MPH) on a fuel consumption of per hour. It can accommodate five people.
Including the LC-126s, a total of 1180 190s and 195s were built.
The 190 was originally introduced at a price of USD$12,750 in 1947 (). When production ended in 1954 the price had risen to USD$24,700 () for the 195B. This compared to USD$3,495 for the Cessna 140 two seater of the same period.
LC-126/U-20
The LC-126 was the military version of the Cessna 195 and could be fitted with skis or floats. 83 LC-126s were delivered, including:
USAF - Cessna LC-126 - 15
Army National Guard - Cessna LC-126B - 5
US Army - Cessna LC-126C - 63
Once made surplus the majority of LC-126s were sold as civil aircraft, once modified by a Cessna civil kit.
Operational history
The Cessna 190 and 195 are considered "one of the finest classics ever built" by pilots and collectors and are much sought after on the used aircraft market.
On July 24, 2017 the number of 190s and 195s still registered in the USA were:
86 Cessna 190
225 Cessna 195
125 Cessna 195A
126 Cessna 195B
In February 2014 there were three Cessna 190s, eleven Cessna 195s, two Cessna 195As and two Cessna 195Bs registered in Canada. Other Cessna 190 and 195 aircraft have been purchased by private pilot owners resident in Brazil and the United Kingdom.
Variants
The main difference between the 190 and the 195 models was the engine installed.
190
Powered by a Continental W670-23 engine of 240 hp (180 kW) and first certified on 1 July 1947.
195
Powered by a Jacobs R-755A2 engine of 300 hp (225 kW) and first certified on 12 June 1947.
195A
Powered by a Jacobs L-4MB (R-755-9) engine of 245 hp (184 kW) and first certified on 6 January 1950.
195B
Powered by a Jacobs R-755B2 engine of 275 hp (206 kW) and first certified on 31 March 1952. It featured flaps increased in area by 50% over earlier models.
LC-126A Military designation for the Cessna 195, five-seat communication aircraft for the US Army, it could be fitted with skis or floats, 15 built.
LC-126B Similar aircraft to the LC-126 for Air National Guard use, five built.
LC-126C Variant of the LC-126A for instrument training/liaison, 63 built.
U-20B LC-126B redesignated by the USAF after 1962.
U-20C LC-126C redesignated by the USAF after 1962.
Operators
Civil
The Cessna 190 and 195 have been popular with private individuals and companies, and have also been operated by some air charter companies and small feeder airlines.
Military
Fuezas Aéreas Ejército de Cuba operated a single Cessna 190 in the early 1950s.
Army National Guard
United States Army
United States Air Force
Specifications (Cessna 195)
See also
References
195
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1940s United States civil utility aircraft
United States business aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna%20195 |
The Mad Capsule Markets 1997–2004 is third compilation album by The Mad Capsule Markets. This album features a collection of hits from Digidogheadlock to Cistm Konfliqt.... Songs were re-mastered by Takeshi Ueda for the release. Changes include extended intros to Asphalt-Beach and Bit Crusherrrr and an added scream to Scary as the song gets faster. In the UK edition the DVD was included with the disc instead of the two being sold separately as they are in Japan. The DVD features the re-mastered tracks dubbed over the original videos.
Track listing
The Mad Capsule Markets albums
2004 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mad%20Capsule%20Markets%201997%E2%80%932004 |
Marquee may refer to:
Marquee (structure), a sign placed over the entrance to an establishment
Marquee (tent), a large tent, generally used as a temporary building
Marquee (TV series), 1979 Canadian drama television series
Marquee Cinemas, a movie theater chain in the United States
Marquee Club, commonly called The Marquee, a rock club in London
Marquee element, an HTML tag that makes text scroll across the page as if on a marquee
Marquee Sports Network, a Chicago-based regional sports cable channel
Marquee Theatre, a concert venue in Tempe, Arizona, United States
"Marquee Sign" (song), a 2017 single by Sara Evans
"Marquee", a song by Super Chunk from their 1997 album Indoor Living
Marquee Broadcasting, a small broadcasting company in the United States
See also
Marquee player, professional athlete considered exceptionally popular, skilled, or outstanding
Marquee selection, an animation technique often found in selection tools of computer graphics programs
Marquis (disambiguation)
Marque (disambiguation)
Marques (disambiguation)
Marquess (disambiguation)
Marquise (disambiguation)
Markey (disambiguation)
Markee (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee |
André Thevet (; ; 1516 – 23 November 1590) was a French Franciscan priest, explorer, cosmographer and writer who travelled to the Near East and to South America in the 16th century. His most significant book was The New Found World, or Antarctike, which compiled a number of different sources and his own experience into what purported to be a firsthand account of his experiences in France Antarctique, a French settlement near modern Rio de Janeiro.
Life
Thevet was born in Angoulême in southwestern France. At ten years of age, he entered the convent of Franciscans of Angoulême. He visited Italy at the same time as Guillaume Rondelet. In 1549, thanks to the support of John, Cardinal of Lorraine, he embarked on an extended exploration trip to Asia, Greece, Rhodes, Palestine and Egypt. He accompanied the French ambassador Gabriel de Luetz to Istanbul.
Almost immediately after this expedition, he set sail again as the chaplain of the fleet of Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, which intended to establish a French colony near what is now Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Thevet arrived there on 10 November 1555 but only stayed in the colony for about 10 weeks before returning to France. He was made an almoner to Catherine de Médici and later was employed by the king.
Thevet claimed in his Histoire de deux voyages, inaccurately, to have accompanied Guillaume Le Testu to America in 1550.
Thevet died in Paris on 23 November 1590.
Written works
Soon after Thevet's return to France from the near East in 1554, he published an account of his voyage under the title Cosmographie du Levant.
On his return from the Americas, Thevet published a book titled Les singularitez de la France Antarctique in 1557 or 1558. Although purportedly based on his own firsthand experiences, Thevet also used previous published sources as well as verbal accounts from other explorers and sailors and from indigenous Canadians who had been brought back to France. Thevet later settled a court case with another scholar who claimed to have been responsible for the actual writing. An edition of Les singularitez de la France Antarctique was printed in Antwerp by Plantin in 1558, and an English edition, The New Found World, or Antarctike, was printed in 1568.
Thevet's use of such a variety of sources not otherwise printed, despite the considerable errors and contradictions, means that his work remains valuable for the ethnography of both eastern Canada and Brazil. Les singularitez de la France Antarctique contains the first descriptions in European texts of plants such as the manioc, pineapple, peanut and tobacco, as well as of the animals macaw, sloth and tapir. The text also includes an account of cannibalism that was one of the influences on Montaigne's essay on cannibalism.
Once Thevet was established as cosmographer to the French court, he compiled his Cosmographie Universelle, intended to describe every part of the known world. A dispute arose with a collaborator, François de Belleforest, who left Thevet's employ to publish his own Cosmographie in 1572 before Thevet's work finally appeared in 1575.
In 1584, Thevet published a collection of biographies, Vrais pourtraits et vies des homes illustres, which was critical of Protestants. He left two unpublished manuscripts. One, Grand Insulaire, was an almanac of islands, and the other, Histoire de deux voyages, was an account of his travels.
Works
1554 Cosmographie de Levant. Lyon : Ian de Tournes et Guil. Gazeau,
1557/8 Les singularitez de la France Antarctique (in English in 1568 as The New found vvorlde, or Antarctike)
1575 La Cosmographie Universelle d'Andre Thevet Cosmographe dv Roy. Illvstree de diverses figvres des choses plvs remarqvables veves par l'auteur, & incogneues de noz anciens & modernes, Paris, Pierre l'Huilier.
1584 Vrais pourtraits et vies des hommes illustres
MS: Grand Insulaire,
MS Histoire de deux voyages
See also
Antarctic France
Old Tupi
References
Sources
Cantacuzene, J. M. Frère André Thevet (1516-1590). Miscellanea (PDF file).
Further reading
Lestringant, Frank (2003). Sous la leçon des vents: le monde d'André Thevet, cosmographe de la Renaissance. Presses Paris Sorbonne.
Schlesinger, Roger and Arthur P. Stabler. André Thevet's North America: A Sixteenth Century View. McGill University Press, 1986.
External links
Les singularitez de la France Antarctique (Paris: 1558). Digitized by the John Carter Brown Library and available on Internet Archive
The new found worlde, or Antarctike (London: 1568). Digitized and available on Internet Archive.
Map of America in La Cosmographie Universelle (Paris: 1575). Digitized by the National Library of Australia.
1516 births
1590 deaths
People from Angoulême
French explorers
Historiography of Brazil
French military chaplains
French Navy chaplains
France Antarctique | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Thevet |
Thomas George Gregson (7 February 1796 – 4 January 1874) was the second Premier of Tasmania, serving from 26 February 1857 until 25 April 1857.
Early life
Gregson was born in Buckton, Northumberland, England, the son of John Gregson who was the nephew of Anthony Gregson, Snr. (d. 1806) the squire of Lowlynn. John Gregson possibly lived at Lowlynn with his family but was not the landowner of that estate. In 1806 Anthony Gregson Jnr inherited: Thomas George Gregson was to inherit from his bachelor cousin Anthony Gregson but after a family dispute Lowlynn passed to another family member a Henry Knight, son of the Rev. Thomas Knight of Ford. Thomas Gregson was educated in Edinburgh and migrated to Van Diemen's Land, (later renamed Tasmania) in 1821 with his wife as the result of the family differences. He brought over £3000 with him and was given a grant of 2500 acres (10 km²). Subsequently, he received an additional 1000 acres (4 km²). Gregson was made a magistrate and in 1825 was assisting Andrew Bent in his conflict with Governor Arthur for the liberty of the press.
Political career
In July 1842 Gregson became a member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council, and three years later led the opposition to the governor, Sir Eardley-Wilmot, in his attempt to raise the import duties. Shortly afterwards he resigned with five other members as a protest against the voting of expenditure the colony could not bear, and, among other things, the statement by the governor that he would carry the estimates by his casting vote. The six members became known as "the patriotic six" and Gregson was presented by the colonists with two thousand guineas and a piece of plate. At the end of 1850 he was elected to the new legislative council, and, when responsible government was granted, was elected a member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Richmond in September 1856 and held the seat for many years. On 14 February 1857 Gregson moved and carried a motion in favour of reductions in the salaries of the governor, colonial secretary, colonial treasurer and attorney-general. The William Champ ministry resigned and Gregson became premier and colonial secretary. But he was found to be unsuitable for his office; he lacked moderation, self-control and tact, and his government was defeated about eight weeks later. He was never in office again, though often a turbulent critic of other administrations. In January 1862 he was more than once committed to the custody of the sergeant-at-arms and was once expelled from the house. He retired from parliament not long before his death at Risdon on 4 January 1874. He was survived by his wife and two spinster daughters; a son John Compton Gregson (died 1867) was a Hobart barrister and attorney-general in the Gregson cabinet.
Legacy
Gregson was also an amateur artist and exhibited at the first art exhibitions held in Hobart in 1845 and 1846. He is represented in the Beattie collection at Launceston by a sketch of the Rev. Robert Knopwood on his white horse. He worked hard for the good of the colony to the neglect of his own interests for he died comparatively poor. Gregson was particularly important as a reformer in his early days, fighting for the liberty of the press, for trial by jury, and the abolishment of penal transportation. His 58 days in office marks the shortest tenure of any Tasmanian Premier.
References
F. C. Green, 'Gregson, Thomas George (1796 - 1874)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, MUP, 1966, pp 475–476. Retrieved on 28 December 2008
1796 births
1874 deaths
Premiers of Tasmania
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Members of the Tasmanian Legislative Council
Leaders of the Opposition in Tasmania
English emigrants to colonial Australia
People from Richmond, Tasmania
19th-century Australian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Gregson |
Bàsquet Manresa, S.A.D., also known as Baxi Manresa for sponsorship reasons, is a professional basketball club based in Manresa, Spain. The team plays in the Liga ACB and Basketball Champions League. Their home arena is the Pavelló Nou Congost. Bàsquet Manresa has won the Spanish Championship once, in 1998.
Joan "Chichi" Creus is the team's most decorated player; he was the Spanish Cup Most Valuable Player in 1996, and the ACB Finals MVP two years later. Some others well known players that had played for Bàsquet Manresa are Juan Domingo de la Cruz, Roger Esteller, Derrick Alston, Serge Ibaka, Andrés Nocioni, Rolando Frazer, and the Basketball Hall of Famer George Gervin, that at the age of 38 spent one year in the team, averaging 23.1 points and helping them to avoid the relegation from the Spanish top division.
History
Bàsquet Manresa was founded in 1931 with the name of Manresa Bàsquetbol Club and merged in 1934 with Club Bàsquet Bages for becoming Unió Manresana de Bàsquet. In 1940, the club wins the Copa Barcelona and integrates in CE Manresa as its basketball section.
In 1968 the club promotes for the first time to the Liga Nacional but is immediately relegated again in its debut season. Two years later, Manresa played again in the top tier and ended the league in the fourth position, thus qualifying for the first time to play the Korać Cup, where it reached the quarterfinals.
In 1979 the club splits from CE Manresa and becomes Manresa Esportiu Bàsquet and grew up until becoming a usual contender in the Liga ACB. With the sponsorship of TDK between 1985 and 2000, the club lived its best years. In 1992, as a professional club and according to the law, Manresa becomes a Sociedad Anónima Deportiva and changes again its name to Bàsquet Manresa. This name change allowed Manresa EB and its former rival CB Manresa to merge definitively.
In 1996, Manresa wins its first national trophy by defeating FC Barcelona in the Copa del Rey played in Murcia. Two years later, and after finishing the regular season in the sixth position and without the home-court advantage in any of the playoffs series, Manresa wins the 1997–98 Liga ACB after eliminating Adecco Estudiantes in the quarterfinals and Real Madrid in the semifinals, for winning in Tau Cerámica Baskonia 3–1 in the finals. As in the Copa del Rey won two years ago, Joan Creus became the MVP of the finals. This achievement is nowadays considered on the biggest surprises in Spanish sport ever.
As league champions, Manresa played the EuroLeague, but was eliminated in the group stage. The golden era of the club suddenly ended in 2000, after the relegation to Liga LEB by losing in the do-or-die match against Gijón Baloncesto, that ended 95–91 after an overtime.
Since its relegation, Manresa started to alternate seasons in ACB and LEB, with two league promotions in 2002 and 2007, as LEB champions. In 2012 and 2013, Manresa suffered two relegations in Liga ACB, but remained in the league due to the impossibility of LEB Oro teams to promote. In 2017, after registering the worst season in the top tier since the 1983–84 season, Manresa relegated to LEB Oro. However, the club achieved promotion just in the next season after beating Club Melilla Baloncesto in the final of the playoffs.
Sponsorship naming
Bàsquet Manresa has several denominations through the years due to its sponsorship:
Logos
Home arenas
Pavelló Congost (1968–92), before 1968 the team played in not domed courts next to the football stadium of Pujolet.
Pavelló Nou Congost (1992–present)
Players
Basketball Hall of Famers
George Gervin, SG, 1989–1990, Inducted 1996
Retired numbers
Current roster
Depth chart
Head coaches
Since 1967:
Francesc Casé 1967–1968
Josep Masseguer 1968–1969
Jeroni Alberola 1969–1970
Antoni Serra 1970–1977
Alfonso Martínez 1977–1978
Joan Martínez 1978
Josep M. Soler 1978
Jaume Berenguer 1978–1979
Joan Basora 1979–1981
Pere Guiu 1981
Miguel López Abril 1981
Jaume Ventura 1981–1984
Germán González 1984
Francesc Canellas 1984–1985
Miquel Bataller 1985
Juanito Jiménez 1985–1986
Joan María Gavaldá 1986–1988
Flor Meléndez 1988–1990
Ricard Casas 1990, 2001–2005
Pedro Martínez 1990–1994, 2014–2015, 2019–
Salva Maldonado 1994–1997, 2000–2001
Luis Casimiro 1997–1999
Manel Comas 1999–2000
Xavier García 2005
Óscar Quintana 2005–2007
Jaume Ponsarnau 2007–2013
Borja Comenge 2013–2014
Pere Romero 2014
Ibon Navarro 2015–2017
Aleix Duran 2017–2018
Diego Ocampo 2018
Joan Peñarroya 2018–2019
Season by season
Trophies and awards
Trophies
Spanish championships: (1)
1997–98
Spanish cups: (1)
1996
2nd division championships: (1)
LEB Oro: (1) 2007
Catalan basketball leagues: (3)
1997, 1999, 2021
LEB Catalan basketball league (Catalan 2nd Division Cup): (2)
2000, 2001
Trofeu General Orgaz-Copa Ciutat de Barcelona: (1)
1940
Individual awards
ACB Finals MVP
Joan Creus – 1998
Spanish Cup MVP
Joan Creus – 1996
ACB Rising Star
Micah Downs – 2012
All-ACB Second Team
Dejan Musli – 2016
ACB Slam Dunk Champion
Nate Higgs – 2000
Serge Ibaka – 2008
ACB Three Point Shootout Champion
Sergiy Gladyr – 2010
LEB Oro MVP
Jordi Trias – 2018
Notable players
Joan Creus
Roger Grimau
Rafa Martínez
Albert Oliver
Jordi Trias
Sergio Llull
Serge Ibaka
Juan Domingo de la Cruz
Juan Alberto Espil
Andrés Nocioni
Juan Pablo Vaulet
Kieron Achara
Ádám Hanga
Siim-Sander Vene
Rolando Frazer
Marius Grigonis
Deividas Dulkys
Gabriel Lundberg
Chima Moneke
Ismaël Bako
Elias Valtonen
Dejan Musli
Toby Bailey
George Gervin
Granger Hall
Nate Higgs
Jeff Lamp
Scott Machado
Linton Townes
Justin Doellman
Derrick Alston
References
External links
Official website
Basketball teams in Catalonia
Liga ACB teams
Former LEB Oro teams
1931 establishments in Spain
Basketball teams established in 1931
Manresa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0squet%20Manresa |
Pamba was king of Hatti, an ancient Bronze Age state from the pre-Hittite period, situated in central regions of Anatolia, modern Turkey. He is mentioned in only one source, a Hittite version (from 1400 BCE) of an older Akkadian story, that narrates several events related to much earlier times, taking place during the rule of great king Naram-Sin of Akkad (23rd century BCE). The story describes a war between the Akkadian ruler and an alliance of 17 kings, and the Hittite version includes Pamba of Hatti among those kings. That inclusion is not attested in Akkadian versions of the story, nor in contemporary sources, that would date from the period of the Akkadian Empire, but some scholars hold that Hittite version (from 1400 BCE) is conditionally reliable, and probably derived from some local sources. In that case, the narrative would contain a trustworthy tradition, and thus provide a base for an assumption that the ancient Kingdom of Hatti existed already during the period of the Akkadian Empire.
Rulers
See also
Hattians
Hittites
References
Sources
External links
Hattian Early Period
Hattian kings
23rd-century BC monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamba%20%28king%29 |
Li Datong (李大同, born 1952) was the Managing Editor of Freezing Point, a section of China Youth Daily. He now writes for openDemocracy, which is based in London.
Datong was openly critical of China's 2018 constitutional change that removed the term limits for the President. In an open letter to the National People's Congress he stated that the change would "sow the seeds of chaos".
See also
Media in the People's Republic of China
References
External links
Li Datong on China Digital Times
Response to Freezing Point Closure
Growing crackdown on Chinese media
The Click that Broke a Government's Grip – the Washington Post on his protest against censorship
Living people
1952 births
Chinese activists
Chinese democracy activists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Datong |
Shirley McKie (born August 1962) is a former Scottish police detective who was accused by fingerprint analysis staff of the Scottish Criminal Record Office (SCRO) of leaving her thumb print on the bathroom door frame of a murder crime-scene in Kilmarnock on 14 January 1997.
She denied she had ever been in the house of murder victim Marion Ross, but Detective Constable McKie was initially suspended, then sacked, then arrested by Strathclyde Police in 1998, and tried and acquitted in 1999. A scandal subsequently developed because of allegations of misconduct on the part of the SCRO and the police.
With continuing public concern over what became known as the Shirley McKie fingerprint scandal, Scottish Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill announced in March 2008, that a public inquiry into the case would begin in September of that year (see Fingerprint Inquiry).
Case in brief
On 8 January 1997, the body of Marion Ross was found in her home in Kilmarnock. She had been stabbed multiple times. David Asbury, a handyman who had once worked on the Ross house, became a suspect. A fingerprint found on a tin box in his home was reported to be that of Marion Ross by examiners at the Scottish Criminal Records Office. The SCRO also reported they had identified a fingerprint found on a Christmas present gift tag inside the Ross home as that of Asbury. While checking other, unidentified fingerprints from the victim's home, examiners reported one of those prints to have been identified as Constable McKie's. During Asbury's murder trial, at which he was found guilty, McKie testified that she had not been inside the home and could not have left her fingerprint there.
Because Marion Ross was known to hoard possessions, making it possible for Asbury to have left a print on the gift tag years earlier while he was working at the home, the print on the tin box in Asbury's home became the key piece of evidence in the case against him. McKie's testimony at Asbury's trial that she could not have left a print inside the Ross home implied, if true, that the SCRO examiners were capable of error in a fingerprint comparison. David Asbury was subsequently freed from a life sentence due to questions raised about the identification of the print on the tin box.
Exonerated of perjury charge
In March 1998, DC McKie was arrested and charged with perjury. However, in May 1999, the Scottish jury at the High Court of Justiciary rejected the SCRO's fingerprint evidence and McKie was unanimously found not guilty of perjury. U.S. fingerprint experts Pat Wertheim and David Grieve testified during McKie's trial that the fingerprint inside the Ross house was not McKie's.
Compensation suits and payment
McKie sued her employers regarding the manner in which she was arrested. She lost the case against Strathclyde Police in February 2003 and faced a legal bill of £13,000. McKie faced bankruptcy as a result, but an anonymous donor paid the legal bill in June 2004, and McKie was reported to be "absolutely overjoyed".
A second civil action was then raised suing the Scottish Executive amongst others on the basis that a malicious prosecution had been caused by dishonesty of the SCRO fingerprint experts. On the morning that this was to be heard, in February 2006, McKie was offered and accepted £750,000 from the Scottish Executive in full settlement of her compensation claim, without admission of liability. The case was then dropped. At an earlier stage of the case against the Scottish Executive the Lord Advocate Colin Boyd argued that expert witnesses should always be immune from prosecution – even if they gave false evidence.
Parliamentary inquiry
The Scottish parliament decided to refer the McKie case to its Justice 1 Committee whose inquiry began in April 2006 and took evidence from more than 30 witnesses. Ms McKie, accompanied by her father Iain and a team of legal advisers, appeared before the committee of MSPs on 23 May 2006. Her accusers – the four SCRO fingerprint officers Hugh Macpherson, Fiona McBride, Anthony McKenna and Charles Stewart – appeared a week later on 30 May 2006. The Justice 1 Committee proceeded to request the Scottish Executive to provide it with four McKie case reports:
the Mackay report
two reports by fingerprint expert, John MacLeod
the report by independent expert, Michael Pass
Although the Lord Advocate, Colin Boyd, responded by refusing to release the Mackay report for reasons relating to "fundamental principles of our democracy, including the presumption of innocence", Justice minister Cathy Jamieson agreed to release to MSPs reports by John MacLeod and Michael Pass. Despite Boyd's refusal, a leaked copy of Mackay's 56-page report was published by the BBC.
In September 2006, the four fingerprint officers were reported to have been offered a deal by the SCRO to resign or take early retirement. Their union, Unison, criticised the timing of the offer (before the Justice 1 Committee had reported) and argued that the SCRO officers were being "harassed".
The report of the Justice 1 committee of the Scottish parliament published its 230-page report on 15 February 2007 (pages 189-190 deal specifically with Ms McKie's out-of-court settlement).
Public inquiry
Following the out-of-court settlement, Opposition parties in the Scottish parliament called for a public inquiry to be held into the McKie case. In March 2006, Shirley McKie's father, Iain, and Dr Jim Swire, father of Lockerbie bombing victim Flora, met to launch a campaign for a judicial inquiry which they hoped would investigate recent revelations of a link between the McKie case and the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial. After the meeting, Dr Swire said:
"The reputation of our country and its criminal justice system will depend upon how these cases are sorted out."
However, the Scottish Executive ruled out any question of a judicial inquiry (which has the power to compel the attendance of witnesses) whilst Shirley McKie and her family announced their campaign for a public inquiry would end on 9 January 2007 – exactly ten years after the Marion Ross murder investigation began:
"We have given ten years of our lives to this and we are not giving any more. It is the politicians' job now to do something about it," said her father, Iain McKie. "It is not our role to fight for justice: it is their role."
In March 2008 it was announced that a public inquiry would be held.
In October 2008 a public inquiry into the case was opened in Glasgow, led by former Northern Ireland judge Sir Anthony Campbell. A procedural hearing was scheduled for 21 November 2008 and proceedings started in June 2009.
Inquiry proceedings
Sir Anthony Campbell opened the inquiry proceedings at 10.30 am on Tuesday 2 June 2009 in Maryhill Community Central Hall, Glasgow. Following Sir Anthony's introductory statement, senior counsel to the inquiry Gerry Moynihan QC made a public presentation of all the material that has been collected. Thereafter, lawyers for the core participants are expected to make their opening statements. The hearing of oral evidence was scheduled to commence at 10.15 am on Tuesday 9 June.
Following the hearing of evidence at the Inquiry during 2009 the Chairman Sir Anthony Campbell published his report on 14 December 2011 in Glasgow.
A full copy of this report can be obtained online at Fingerprint Inquiry homepage.
Protest song
Scottish folk singer and poet Michael Marra has written a protest song condemning the way the McKie case was handled. The lyrics include: "I am Shirley McKie. She is me and I am she. You are too, Shirley is you. We are she because Shirley is we." And referring to first minister Jack McConnell, they say, "We lecture children if they're telling lies, they will not prosper and they will not thrive... And even the First Minister must sometimes stand naked."
Publications
Shirley McKie: The Price of Innocence by Iain McKie and Michael Russell MSP, published 18 April 2007, .
See also
Brandon Mayfield, misidentified fingerprint
New York State Police Troop C scandal, fabricated crime scene fingerprints
References
External links
Fresh allegations in McKie case
Shirley McKie website
McKie gives print probe evidence
James Mackay's confidential report
James Mackay's precognition
Panorama TV programme on the McKie case 21 May 2006
1963 births
Officers in Scottish police forces
Living people
Scottish police officers
British women police officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley%20McKie |
Ross A. Overbeek (born May 16, 1949) is an American computer scientist with a long tenure at the Argonne National Laboratory. He has made important contributions to mathematical logic and genomics, as well as programming, particularly in database theory and the programming language Prolog.
Early life
He grew up in Traverse City, Michigan where he struck up a lifelong friendship with R. W. Bradford, publisher of the libertarian periodical Liberty. He received a B.Ph. from Grand Valley State College, an M.S. from Pennsylvania State University in 1970, and a Ph.D. in computer science from Penn State in 1971. For the next 11 years he was a computer science professor at Northern Illinois University.
Career
In the early 1970s a theorem prover named AURA, for AUtomated Reasoning Assistant, developed by Overbeek replaced one that had been the standard in the field.
In 1983 he joined the Mathematics and Computer Science Division of Argonne National Laboratory, working on automated theorem proving, logic programming, and parallel computation. In the 1980s he became interested in applying logic programming to molecular biology, and he was appointed to the Joint Information Task Force, a working group established to advise the National Institutes of Health and United States Department of Energy on the computational requirements of the Human Genome Initiative. He has helped develop multiple genomic databases including PUMA, WIT, ERGO, and SEED.
In 1998, Overbeek was one of several scientists who co-founded the company Integrated Genomics, Inc. with CEO Michael Fonstein. The company makes the ERGO database and analytics system.
In 2003, he co-founded the Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes (FIG), a non-profit organization that coordinates the development of bioinformatics tools and comparative genomics research. In 2004, the FIG partnered with the Computation Institute, a joint Argonne Lab and University of Chicago institution, to establish the National Microbial Pathogen Data Resource Center with an $18 million federal grant.
Published works
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
American computer scientists
American geneticists
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Argonne National Laboratory people
Pennsylvania State University alumni
People from Traverse City, Michigan
American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Overbeek |
Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff (25 September 1889 – 28 February 1930) was a Scottish writer and translator, most famous for his English translation of most of Marcel Proust's , which he published under the Shakespearean title Remembrance of Things Past. His family name is the double-barrelled name "Scott Moncrieff".
Early life
Charles Kenneth Michael Scott Moncrieff was born at Weedingshall, Stirlingshire, in 1889, the youngest son of William George Scott Moncrieff (1846–1927), Advocate, Sheriff Substitute, and Jessie Margaret Scott Moncrieff (1858–1936). He had two elder brothers: Colin William (1879–1943), who was the father of the Scottish author and playwright George Scott Moncrieff; and John Irving Scott Moncrieff (1881–1920).
Education
Winchester College
In 1903, Scott Moncrieff was accepted as a scholar to Winchester College.
In 1907, while a scholar at Winchester College, Scott Moncrieff met Christopher Sclater Millard, bibliographer of Wildeana and private secretary to Oscar Wilde's literary executor and friend Robbie Ross.
In the Spring 1908, he published a short story, 'Evensong and Morwe Song', in the pageant issue of New Field, a literary magazine of which he was the editor. The story's sensational opening implies fellatio between two boys at a fictional public school 'Gainsborough' but its action principally concerns the hypocrisy of William Carruthers, the elder of the boys, who as headmaster of 'Cheddar' school, goes on to expel, for the same offence, the son of the boy he seduced. The story was republished in 1923 by Uranian publisher John Murray in an edition of fifty copies for private circulation only. The magazine was hastily suppressed. Though it is sometimes stated that Scott Moncrieff was expelled from Winchester there is no evidence of this, though his biographer, Jean Finlay suggests that the scandal cost him the opportunity to go up to Oxford.
The University of Edinburgh
After Winchester Scott Moncrieff attended the University of Edinburgh, where he undertook two degrees, one in Law and then one in English Literature. He then began an MA in Anglo-Saxon under the supervision of George Saintsbury. In 1913 Scott Moncrieff won The Patterson Bursary in Anglo Saxon. In 1914 he graduated with first-class honours. This stood him in good stead for his translation of Beowulf, published in 1919.
During his time at Edinburgh Scott Moncrieff met Philip Bainbrigge, then an undergraduate at Trinity College, Cambridge with whom he began a relationship which endured until Bainbrigge's death at the Battle of Épehy in September 1918. Bainbrigge was for a time a schoolmaster at Shrewsbury, and the author of miscellaneous homoerotic odes to "Uranian Love". as well as the comic play Achilles in Sycros.
First World War and after
In August 1914 Scott Moncrieff was given a commission in the Kings Own Scottish Borderers and served with the 2nd Battalion on the Western Front from 1914 to 1917. He was converted to Catholicism at the front in 1915. On 23 April 1917, while he was leading the 1st Battalion in the Battle of Arras he was seriously wounded by an exploding shell. He avoided amputation, but the injuries to his left leg disqualified him from further active service and left him permanently lame.
After his release from hospital in March 1918 Scott Moncrieff worked at the War Office in Whitehall. He supplemented his income by writing reviews for the New Witness, a literary magazine edited by G. K. Chesterton.
At Robert Graves's wedding in January 1918, Scott Moncrieff met the war poet Wilfred Owen, in whose work he took a keen interest. Through his role at the War Office Scott Moncrieff attempted to secure Owen a home posting and, according to Owen's biographer Dominic Hibberd, the evidence suggests a "brief sexual relationship that somehow failed".
After Owen's death Scott Moncrieff's failure to secure a "safe" posting for Owen was viewed with suspicion by Owen's friends, including Osbert Sitwell and Siegfried Sassoon. During the 1920s Scott Moncrieff maintained a rancorous rivalry with Sitwell, who depicted him unflatteringly as "Mr X" in All at Sea. Scott Moncrieff responded with the pamphlet "The Strange and Striking Adventure of Four Authors in Search of a Character, 1926", a satire on the Sitwell family.
Through his friendship with the young Noël Coward Scott Moncrieff made the acquaintance of Mrs Astley Cooper and became a frequent guest at her home, Hambleton Hall. He dedicated the first volume of his translation of Proust to Cooper.
After the war Scott Moncrieff worked for a year as private secretary to the press baron Alfred Harmsworth, Lord Northcliffe, owner of The Times. He then transferred to the editorial staff in Printing House Square. Claud Cockburn, who worked in Printing House Square a few years later, recorded that the work of the Foreign Room had often been held up for as much as half an hour while everyone was consulted about "the precise English word or phrase which would best convey the meaning and flavour of a passage in the Recherche du Temps Perdu" which Scott Moncrieff was then engaged in translating. In 1923 he moved to Italy for the sake of his health, and divided his time between Florence and Pisa, and, later, Rome. He supported himself with literary work, notably translations from medieval and modern French.
Remembrance of Things Past
Scott Moncrieff published the first volume of his Proust translation in 1922, and continued to work on the enormous novel until his death in February 1930. By then he was working on the final volume. His choice of the title Remembrance of Things Past, by which Proust's novel has long been known in English, is not a literal translation of the original French: it is taken from the second line of Shakespeare's Sonnet 30: "When to the sessions of sweet silent thought / I summon up remembrance of things past".
By the autumn of 1921, Scott Moncrieff had resigned his employment and determined to live from then on by translation alone. He had already successfully published his Song of Roland and Beowulf, and now undertook to translate Proust's huge masterpiece in its entirety. He persuaded the publishers Chatto & Windus to undertake the project.
On 9 September 1922 Sydney Schiff, an English admirer and friend of Proust, was alarmed by the following publisher's announcement in The Athenaeum:
Schiff hastened to inform Proust that the titles in the English version were "hopelessly inaccurate". Proust, highly distressed, considered preventing the publication of the translation, but Swann's Way came out in English as scheduled on 19 September 1922. "Despite his shaky acquaintance with English, Proust was relieved a little as he struggled through his own copy by the beauty he dimly perceived." The English reviews were extremely complimentary both to the work itself and to the translation.
On 10 October 1922, Proust wrote to Scott Moncrieff, thanked him for "the trouble you have taken," and complimented him on his "fine talent." However, he added: "The verses you have inserted and the dedication to your friends are no substitute for the intentional ambiguity of my , which corresponds to the that appears at the end of my work." Proust also thought that Swann's Way might have been better called To Swann's Way.
Scott Moncrieff replied as follows: "My dear Sir, I beg that you will allow me to thank you for your very gratifying letter in English as my knowledge of French—as you have shown me, with regard to your titles, is too imperfect, too stunted a growth for me to weave from it the [wreath] that I would fain offer you. Are you still suffering—which I am very sorry to hear, and wish that my real sympathy could bring you some relief—I am making my reply to your critiques on another sheet, and by the aid of a machine which I hope you do not abominate: it is the machine on which Swann and one-third of the Jeunes Filles have been translated. Thus you can throw away this sheet unread, or keep it, or inflict it upon M. Gallimard." As Proust died very shortly after, on 18 November 1922, this correspondence had no sequel.
The further volumes of Scott Moncrieff's Remembrance were published in the following sequence:
II. Within a Budding Grove (1924)
III. The Guermantes Way (1925)
IV. Cities of the Plain (1928)
V. The Captive (1929)
VI. The Sweet Cheat Gone (1930)
Death and after
Scott Moncrieff died of cancer in 1930, aged 40, at the Calvary Hospital in Rome, leaving the translation of the final volume of the Remembrance to the hands of Sydney Schiff. Scott Moncrieff was buried in the Campo Verano, in a small communal ossuary with the remains of those who died in the same month at the same convent. (The exact place can be located by doing a search by name and date of death at the gate.)
The French text of Remembrance was re-edited in later years, in two successive editions, and these additions and revisions have since been incorporated in later English translations. Terence Kilmartin revised Scott Moncrieff's translation in 1981 and an additional revision was made by D.J. Enright in 1992. Some publishers have given Enright's the literally translated title In Search of Lost Time, though Enright retained Scott Moncrieff's titles for the individual volumes. In 2013, Yale University Press began to publish a new version of Scott Moncrieff's translation, edited and annotated by William C. Carter, but under the title In Search of Lost Time instead of Scott Moncrieff's preferred title.
The Society of Authors administers the annual award of a Scott Moncrieff Prize for French Translation.
A biography of Scott Moncrieff, Chasing Lost Time: The Life of C K Scott Moncrieff, Soldier, Spy and Translator, written by his great-great-niece Jean Findlay, was published in 2014.
Bibliography
Among the many works translated by Scott Moncrieff are:
Widsith, Beowulf, Finnsburgh, Waldere, Deor
Proust, Remembrance of Things Past [Volumes I to VI]
Stendhal, The Red and The Black and The Charterhouse of Parma
works by Pirandello
The Song of Roland
The Collected Letters of Peter Abelard and Heloise the abbess
De Biron's Memoirs of the Duc de Lauzun
Moncrif's Adventures of Zeloide & Amanzarifdine
Bloch's --- & Co.
Scott Moncrieff also had his own poetry, short stories and war serials regularly published in literary periodicals
Ant - Collected Short Stories, War Serials, and Selected Poems of C.K. Scott Moncrieff (Scotland Street Press, 2016)
References
External links
Scott Moncrieff's complete translation of Remembrance of Things Past
1889 births
1930 deaths
Scottish translators
Scottish gay writers
British Army personnel of World War I
King's Own Scottish Borderers officers
Recipients of the Military Cross
Translators from Old English
French–English translators
People from Stirling (council area)
Translators of Marcel Proust
Deaths from cancer in Lazio
Burials at Campo Verano
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
20th-century British translators
People educated at Winchester College | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20K.%20Scott%20Moncrieff |
Kuzma may refer to:
Locations
Kuzma, Kuzma, a settlement in the Municipality of Kuzma, Slovenia
Municipality of Kuzma, a municipality in Slovenia
People
Kuzma, a Slavic given name derived from Cosmas
Kuzma Minin, Russian merchant and hero of the Polish-Muscovite War (1605–1618)
Kuzma Derevyanko, Soviet Army officer and signatory to the Japanese surrender of 1945
Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Soviet/Russian painter and writer
Kuzma (tepčija), Serbian nobleman
Kuzma (surname)
See also
Cusma (disambiguation)
Kusma (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzma |
Brian Tate Milner (born November 17, 1959) is an American former professional baseball player. He played two games in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Toronto Blue Jays in 1978 as a catcher.
Biography
Milner attended Southwest High School in Fort Worth, Texas, where he played baseball and football. He planned to attend Arizona State University, but was selected in the seventh round of the 1978 MLB draft, held June 6–8, by the Toronto Blue Jays. He signed with Toronto on June 17 after being offered a $150,000 signing bonus and the opportunity to join the MLB team immediately.
Milner joined the Blue Jays the next day, but did not make his major-league debut until June 23, in a road game against the Cleveland Indians. He became the first, and to date only, catcher to be brought directly to the major leagues after being signed since the MLB draft began in 1965, and the first Blue Jays player to do so. Making his debut at the age of 18 years, seven months, and six days, he remains the youngest person to play for the team. Milner played in two games for Toronto in June 1978, getting four hits, including a triple, in nine at bats—he scored three runs and had two runs batted in (RBIs).
Milner was sent down to the rookie league Medicine Hat Blue Jays shortly thereafter, where he had a .307 batting average. He played four more seasons in Minor League Baseball, but suffered a series of injuries and never played in the major leagues again.
Follow the end of his playing career, Milner ran a landscaping business in Fort Worth until 1990.
He later served as a coach in the New York Yankees organization during 1991–1995, and as a scout for the Chicago Cubs during 1996–2007. One of the players he signed for Chicago was Eric Hinske. Milner later earned a business degree from Tarleton State University in 2009, and became a high school teacher.
Milner is the father of major-league pitcher Hoby Milner.
See also
List of baseball players who went directly to Major League Baseball
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Baseball players from Fort Worth, Texas
Major League Baseball catchers
Toronto Blue Jays players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Kinston Eagles players
Knoxville Blue Jays players
Medicine Hat Blue Jays players
American baseball coaches
Chicago Cubs scouts
Tarleton State University alumni
American high school teachers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Milner |
A dot blot (or slot blot) is a technique in molecular biology used to detect proteins. It represents a simplification of the western blot method, with the exception that the proteins to be detected are not first separated by electrophoresis. Instead, the sample is applied directly on a membrane in a single spot, and the blotting procedure is performed.
The technique offers significant savings in time, as chromatography or gel electrophoresis, and the complex blotting procedures for the gel are not required. However, it offers no information on the size of the target protein.
Uses
Performing a dot blot is similar in idea to performing a western blot, with the advantage of faster speed and lower cost.
Dot blots are also performed to screen the binding capabilities of an antibody.
Methods
A general dot blot protocol involves spotting 1–2 microliters of a samples onto a nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane and letting it air dry. Samples can be in the form of tissue culture supernatants, blood serum, cell extracts, or other preparations.
The membrane is incubated in blocking buffer to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies. It is then incubated with a primary antibody followed by a detection antibody or a primary antibody conjugated to a detection molecule (commonly HRP or alkaline phosphatase). After antibody binding, the membrane is incubated with a chemiluminescent substrate and imaged.
Apparatus
Dot blot is conventionally performed on a piece of nitrocellulose membrane or PVDF membrane. After the protein samples are spotted onto the membrane, the membrane is placed in a plastic container and sequentially incubated in blocking buffer, antibody solutions, or rinsing buffer on shaker. Finally, for chemiluminescence imaging, the piece of membrane need to be wrapped in a transparent plastic film filled with enzyme substrate.
Vacuum-assisted dot blot apparatus has been used to facilitate the rinsing and incubating process by using vacuum to extract the solution from underneath the membrane, which is assembled in between several layers of plates to ensure good seal between sample wells, hold waste solution, and deliver suction force. For chemiluminescence signal detection, apparatus need to be disassembled and the membrane need to be taken out and wrapped in a transparent plastic film.
See also
Southern blot
Northern blot
Western blot
Southwestern blot
References
Genetics techniques
Molecular biology techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot%20blot |
Dana J. Weigel became a flight director at NASA in 2005. She has also been leading the research on Space Shuttle repair methods in order to prevent disasters during reentry back to earth. She also supervised Extravehicular Activity (EVA) on STS-109. She is a 1993 graduate of Texas A&M University.
Awards or recognition
2007 Rotary National Award for Space Achievement Foundation Stellar Award Winner-Early Career (for individuals up to age 33). For a history of strong technical ability and leadership resulting in her selection as a flight director in 2005, where she immediately began leading Mission Control in critical activities.
2000 Rotary National Award for Space Achievement Foundation Stellar Award Winner-Recent Graduate. For outstanding dedication, professionalism, and technical excellence in developing the Extra-Vehicular Activity procedures and conducting crew training for the successful third Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission.
References
Living people
NASA people
Texas A&M University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%20Weigel |
Tring Rural is a civil parish in Hertfordshire, England. It includes the villages of Long Marston, Wilstone, Puttenham, and the hamlets of Gubblecote and Astrope. It is largely situated to the north-west of the town of Tring. The town of Tring itself is not part of the parish.
The ancient parish of Tring covered an extensive rural area as well as the town itself. The Tring Local Government District was created in 1859 covering the built-up area of the town, but the local government district did not cover the whole parish of Tring. Under the Local Government Act 1894, local government districts became urban districts, and parishes which were part inside and part outside an urban district, such as Tring, had to be split into separate parishes. The parts of the old parish of Tring outside the urban district therefore became the parish of Tring Rural. The first parish meeting for Tring Rural was held on 4 December 1894 at Long Marston, when nominations for the new parish council were made. An election followed on 17 December 1894, and the parish council came into office on 31 December 1894. The council held its first meeting on 2 January 1895 at Long Marston.
The parish was enlarged on 1 April 1964, when the neighbouring Puttenham Civil Parish was abolished and its area absorbed into Tring Rural.
Tring Rural Parish Council holds its meetings alternately at Wilstone Village Hall, Victory Hall in Long Marston, and Cecilia Hall in Puttenham.
At the 2011 Census the population of the civil parish was 1,390.
References
Civil parishes in Hertfordshire
Tring | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tring%20Rural |
Robert Fitzroy 'Roy' Foster (born 16 January 1949), publishing as R. F. Foster, is an Irish historian and academic. He was the Carroll Professor of Irish History from 1991 until 2016 at Hertford College, Oxford.
Early life
Foster was born on 16 January 1949 in Waterford, to two teachers: Betty Foster (née Fitzroy), a primary teacher, and 'Fef' (Ernest) Foster, a teacher of Irish. His father, Fef, was a native of Drung, a tiny hamlet and parish located between Cavan Town and Cootehill in County Cavan. Roy attended Newtown School in Waterford, a multi-denominational school that was founded as a Quaker school in the late 18th century. He won a scholarship to attend St. Andrew's School in Delaware for a year before reading history at Trinity College Dublin. He was awarded an M.A. and PhD by Trinity College, where he was taught by T. W. Moody and F. S. L. Lyons, and was elected a scholar in History and Political Science in 1969.
Academic career
Prior to his appointment to the Carroll professorship, he was Professor of Modern British History at Birkbeck, University of London, University of London, and held visiting fellowships at St Antony's College, Oxford, the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and Princeton University. Based in London as well as at Hertford College in Oxford, Foster visits Ireland frequently. His work is generally published under the name R. F. Foster.
He has written early biographies of Charles Stewart Parnell and Lord Randolph Churchill, edited The Oxford History of Ireland (1989), and written Modern Ireland: 1600–1972 (1988) and several books of essays. He collaborated with Fintan Cullen on a National Portrait Gallery exhibition, Conquering England: the Irish in Victorian London. Foster produced a much-acclaimed two-part biography of W. B. Yeats, which was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Seamus Deane wrote a review of the biography in which he quoted the last line of Yeats' poem The Municipal Gallery Revisited: "My glory was that I had such friends", and stated that Yeats was also lucky to have Foster as his biographer.
In 2000, Foster was a Booker Prize judge.
Personal life
He has been married to the novelist and critic Aisling Foster (née O'Conor Donelan) since 1972; the couple have two children.
Honours
In 1989, he was elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) and in 2010 he was elected an Honorary Member of the Royal Irish Academy (Hon. MRIA).
He is also an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL), and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS).
He gave the 2006 Warton Lecture on English Poetry. In 2015, he was awarded the British Academy Medal for his book Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland 1890–1923.
In 2017, he was made an honorary fellow of Trinity College Dublin.
In 2021 Foster was awarded an Irish Presidential Distinguished Service Award in Arts, Culture & Sport.
Works
Charles Stewart Parnell: The Man and His Family (Sussex: Harvester Wheatsheaf 1976; NJ: Humanities Press 1979)
‘To The Northern Counties Station: Lord Randolph Churchill and the Prelude to the Orange Card’, in F. S. L. Lyons & R. A. J. Hawkins, ed., Ireland Under the Union: Varieties of Tension: Essays in Honour of T. W. Moody (Oxford Clarendon Press 1980)
Lord Randolph Churchill: A Political Life (Oxford: OUP 1981)
Modern Ireland 1600–1972 (London: Allen Lane; NY Viking/Penguin 1988) [with introductory essay on 'Varieties of Irishness']
ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern Ireland (OUP 1989; [rev. edn. as] The Oxford History of Ireland, OUP 1992)
W. B. Yeats, A Life, Vol. I: The Apprentice Mage, 1865–1914 (OUP March 1997)
The Irish Story: Telling Tales and Making It Up in Ireland (London: Allen Lane/Penguin Press 2001)
W. B. Yeats – A Life, II: The Arch-Poet 1915–1939 (Oxford: OUP 2003)
Luck and the Irish: A Brief History of Change from 1970 (Oxford: OUP 2008)
Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923 (NY: W. W. Norton & Company; 2015)
On Seamus Heaney (Princeton University Press 2020)
Essay collections
Paddy and Mr Punch: Connections in Irish History and English History (London: Allen Lane/Penguin 1993; rep. 1995)
The Irish Story: Telling Tales and Making It Up in Ireland (London: Allen Lane/Penguin Press 2001)
Miscellaneous
Political Novels and Nineteenth-Century History (Winchester: King Alfred's College 1982)
ed., Hubert Butler, The Sub-Prefect Should Have Held His Tongue (Dublin: Lilliput Press 1990; rep. London: Penguin 1992), and Do., in French trans. as L’Envahisseur est venu en pantoufles (1995)
The Story of Ireland: an Inaugural Lecture delivered before the University of Oxford on 1 December 1994 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1995)
Notes and references
External links
Foster contributions and archive at The London Review of Books
at Conversations with Tyler
1949 births
Living people
Academics of Birkbeck, University of London
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of Hertford College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
20th-century Irish historians
21st-century Irish historians
Honorary Fellows of Trinity College Dublin
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
Members of the Royal Irish Academy
People educated at Newtown School, Waterford
Writers from Waterford (city)
Recipients of the British Academy Medal
Revisionism (Ireland)
Scholars of Trinity College Dublin
W. B. Yeats scholars
St. Andrew's School (Delaware) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20F.%20Foster%20%28historian%29 |
Mad Dog II: The Lost Gold is a live-action laserdisc video game produced by American Laser Games, released for the arcade, Sega CD, 3DO, CD-i and DOS, the first release being in 1992; the quality of the video is the lowest on Sega CD. A sequel to the moderately popular Mad Dog McCree, the game abandoned the rather simple style of the original, introducing elements that can be considered "Hollywood", including dynamic shootout scenes and in-game music, as opposed to the original's almost complete lack thereof. Like the first game, the player follows the storyline and is required to quickly shoot certain enemies to proceed on the quest. The game was re-released by Digital Leisure in 2003 on DVD-Video and again in 2009 on the Wii as part of the Mad Dog McCree Gunslinger Pack, a compilation that also includes the first Mad Dog game as well as The Last Bounty Hunter.
Plot
The anonymous main character must track down the wanted outlaw himself, eliminating any and all gang members and hostiles along the way; from the introduction, one can conclude that he or she will be up against renegade Indians, banditos and "Mad Dog's sleazy crew".
The player proceeds through the game, first by taking a preparatory shooting lesson with a stagecoach driver – played by Ben Zeller, who appeared in the role of the prospector in the original game – and then by choosing one of three guides: Buckskin Bonnie, the Professor and Shooting Beaver. Each guide takes the player along a different, unique route, but they converge in the game's final shootouts, which take place inside a moving train and in Mad Dog's hideout; the latter scene is especially lengthy and culminates with a showdown with McCree himself.
However, hunting down and defeating the infamous gunfighter is not the player's only goal; Mad Dog has hidden a chest full of treasure in his hideout and it is up to the player to get it back from him. At times, the player will discover that the treasure chest is full of sand and obviously does not contain the "lost gold". However, this scene does not always occur unless the player has reached the end using more than one credit; furthermore, the sand scene does not appear on the CD-i or DVD versions of the game.
Gameplay
The player is guided along a path and must shoot the villains before they manage to hit the player character. A special cursor is used to specify the location the player is aiming at. There is also a limited number of bullets in the chamber; however, reloading can be done an infinite number of times.
Like Mad Dog McCree, The Last Bounty Hunter and Fast Draw Showdown, Mad Dog II contains random scenes in which the player takes part in a showdown against one or more gunfighters. The player starts out with an empty chamber and must quickly reload when given the chance, and proceed to eliminate the enemy as fast as possible. Shooting practice at the beginning of the game involves hitting cow skulls, signposts and such from a stagecoach in motion.
The player must avoid getting shot and hitting innocent civilians; if one of these occurs, the player loses one of three lives, and a short clip is displayed often showing an undertaker giving advice or criticizing the player's actions. In the CD-i, 3DO, and DOS versions, a mouse or light gun is used to shoot, reload and choose paths or guides; in addition, there is one load/save slot and three possible levels of difficulty.
Reception
The PC version of Mad Dog II received a 9% from the US version of PC Gamer magazine.
The 3DO version received a 6.2 out of 10 from Electronic Gaming Monthly; their reviewers commented the game was fun but lacked longevity. GamePro gave it a rave review, deeming it "a shot ahead of the original" and "a powerful Western shootout that helps justify the cost of a 3DO." They particularly praised the sharp graphics, the accuracy of the Gamegun peripheral, and the importance of paying attention to the sounds in order to succeed in the game. Next Generation reviewed the 3DO version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "American Laser Games claims that Mad Dog II ends with the longest interactive battle ever filmed, but after having played through a tedious half an hour, you'll probably wonder whether or not this is a good thing."
GamePro gave the Sega CD version a more subdued but still positive review, saying it improved upon the graphics and sound quality of the original Mad Dog McCree. They also praised the choice of three different guides, which they said "adds greater depth and replay value to the game." Next Generation reviewed the Sega CD version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "this is still the kind of stimulus-response, shooting-gallery action that defines gaming at its most basic level."
References
External links
1992 video games
3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
American Laser Games games
Arcade video games
CD-i games
Digital Leisure games
DOS games
Full motion video based games
Interactive movie video games
LaserDisc video games
Light gun games
Majesco Entertainment games
Menacer
PlayStation Network games
Sega CD games
Single-player video games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United States
Western (genre) video games
Wii games
Wii Zapper games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%20Dog%20II%3A%20The%20Lost%20Gold |
Zagross Khodro is an Iranian industrial company that manufactures automobiles in Borujerd for the domestic Iranian market. It was established in 1996. The company's headquarters was located in Tehran.
Zagross Khodro was set up as a private complete knock down (CKD) assembler in July 2002 and has a deal with Proton to produce the Proton Wira and Proton Gen-2 range of hatchbacks and sedans. As the factory has capacity to make 50,000 cars, Zagross Khodro was looking toward other car firms in order to assemble a range of different car brands in the future.
External links
Official Zagross Khodro pages in English
Car manufacturers of Iran
Manufacturing companies based in Tehran
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1996
1996 establishments in Iran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagross%20Khodro |
The Pampas are fertile South America lowlands.
Pampa or La Pampa may also refer to:
Places
South America
La Pampa Province, Argentina
La Pampa, Córdoba, Argentina
La Pampa District, Peru
La Pampa, Peru
Pampa del Tamarugal, Chile
Elsewhere
Pamba River, also Pampa River, in Kerala, India
Pampa Sarovar, a lake near Hampi, India
Bena, California, formerly Pampa, U.S.
Pampa, Texas, U.S.
People
Adikavi Pampa (902–975), 10th-century Kannada language poet
Other uses
FMA IA-63 Pampa, a jet training aircraft
Pampa Energía, Argentine energy company
Ford Pampa, a coupe utility manufactured by Ford do Brasil
Pampa (bird), a genus of hummingbird
Pampa sheep, a sheep breed
Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA), in medicinal chemistry
Puelche language or Pampa language
See also
Pampas (disambiguation)
La Pampa (disambiguation)
Pampers, a brand of baby and toddler products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampa%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Prüfening Abbey () was a Benedictine monastery on the outskirts of Regensburg in Bavaria, Germany. Since the beginning of the 19th century it has also been known as Prüfening Castle (Schloss Prüfening). Notably, its extant dedicatory inscription, commemorating the founding of the abbey in 1119, was created by printing and is a unique document of medieval typography.
History
Monastery
The monastery is situated on the western edge of the town of Regensburg and was founded in 1119 by Bishop Otto I of Bamberg as a Benedictine abbey. The abbey church, dedicated to Saint George, completed in 1125, is the first major church building of the so-called "School of Hirsau" in Bavaria. It is a Romanesque basilica with a transept . The Romanesque wall-paintings are well-preserved.
The first abbot, Erminold, is supposed to have been killed by the monks because of his strictness. The tomb built in his honour by Bishop Heinrich II of Regensburg in 1283 was the work of one of the most important Regensburg cathedral master-builders. His name has not survived, but on the basis of this work he is known in art history as the "Erminold Master".
From the 1130s to the 1160s, the librarian, archivist and treasurer of Prüfening was Wolfger, who also wrote historical and biographical works.
Castle
The abbey was dissolved in 1803 during the secularisation of Bavaria. The buildings were sold, and since 1899 have been in the possession of the Princes of Thurn und Taxis. Prince Max Emanuel of Thurn and Taxis (1902–1994), known as "Father Emmeram" (), made efforts to re-establish a monastery in the buildings, which however came to nothing. Since 2002 a Montessori school has used the premises. The former abbey church serves as an auxiliary church for the Catholic parish of St. Boniface, Regensburg-Prüfening.
References
External links
Prüfening Abbey in the Abbeys of Bavaria database of the Bavarian State Government
Eberhard Dünninger: Prüfening
Montessori School website: Kloster und Schloss Prüfening
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria
Roman Catholic churches in Regensburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BCfening%20Abbey |
The Goodwood Park Hotel (Chinese: 良木园酒店) is a heritage hotel in Singapore, situated in a 6-hectare landscaped garden on Scotts Road. It was first built as the club house for the Teutonic Club serving the expatriate German community in Singapore, and later converted into a hotel.
The hotel was the first in Singapore to have a swimming-pool on the premises, and an air-conditioned wine cellar. The Tower Block of the hotel has been gazetted as a national monument of Singapore.
Architecture
The Goodwood Park Hotel building was built in 1900 to the design of R. A. J. Bidwell, of Swan and Maclaren. Its architecture has an eclectic Victorian flavour, with its turrets and decorated façade. The Tower Block has elements of the Queen Anne Revival style, and the tower itself may have been influenced by those found on castles in Germany's Rhineland region. The building was constructed for the sum of St$20,000.
History
The Teutonia Club was an exclusive enclave first established on 28 June 1856 for the expatriate German community in Singapore. The club was housed in a couple of different locations until it purchased a piece of land on Scotts Road in 1861 to build a club house. Additional plot of land adjacent to the site was later purchased to enlarge the compound and construct a new building for the club. Construction of the new clubhouse began in 1899. On 21 September 1900, the new clubhouse opened as the Deutsches Haus (German House) with a ball attended by about 500 guests, including James Alexander Swettenham, then Acting Governor of the Straits Settlements. However, when the First World War broke out, the British government in Singapore classified all Germans as enemy forces. Most of the Germans in Singapore either fled or were shipped to Australia, and the Teutonia Club seized by the Custodian of Enemy Property.
In 1918, the building was auctioned off by the Custodian of Enemy Property to three Jewish brothers – Morris, Ezekiel and Ellis Manasseh, who also bought five other houses behind it. The entire estate was renamed Goodwood Hall, after the famous Goodwood Racecourse in England. A bar was added, as well as a restaurant and café, and it was registered in 1922 as a restaurant-café-entertainment establishment, It served as a venues for social gatherings and entertainment, hosting for example a performance by the ballerina Anna Pavlova. It also host sports amenities. In April 1929, the building was turned into a hotel named the Goodwood Park Hotel, with rooms added to the Tower Wing and the houses at the rear used as suites.
During World War II, the Goodwood Park Hotel was used as a residence for high-ranking officers of the Japanese Imperial Army. After the war, the Singapore War Crimes Court conducted war crimes trials in a tent on the grounds of Goodwood Park.
Ezekiel Manasseh died during the war as a prisoner of the Japanese, and the hotel was returned to Ezekiel's stepson, Vivian Bath, after the war in 1947. Bath spent about $2.5 million in revamping the hotel, adding for example the first swimming pool in a hotel in Singapore. The renovations were completed in 1963, and Bath sold the hotel to the Malayan Banking Group the same year. The new owner had intended to demolish the old building and build a new hotel, shopping mall, and high rise apartments, but the plan was shelved after it was met with criticisms. The Tower Wing was again extensively renovated in 1978, and its original roof replaced. The hotel was also extended to include more guest rooms, with 17 suites were added on the first floor, including the Brunei Suite.
On 23 September 1989, the Tower Block of the Goodwood Park Hotel was gazetted as a national monument.
In late 2005, the hotel lobby was renovated to give it a modern look. In June 2013, Goodwood Park Hotel launched a renovated Mayfair Wing and rooms, refurbished at an estimated cost of SGD$2million. The Mayfair Wing has 77 rooms and suites over three floors, and a Balinese-inspired Mayfair Pool. The interior was designed by Ernesto Bedmar of Bedmar & Shi who was also responsible for the hotel's past renovation and upgrading projects since the nineties.
Facilities
Goodwood Park Hotel has 233 rooms and suites which are divided into four wings – Lobby, Mayfair, Tower and Parklane. The hotel has two outdoor swimming pools (Main and Mayfair).
Food and beverage outlets
Goodwood Park Hotel offers guests five restaurants, including the one-Michelin-starred Alma by Juan Amador restaurant.
References
Preservation of Monuments Board, Know Our Monuments
Norman Edwards, Peter Keys (1996), Singapore – A Guide to Buildings, Streets, Places, Times Books International,
External links
Goodwood Park Hotel Singapore
Worldhotels
Goodwood Park Hotel Wedding Banquet Packages 2015
Hotels in Singapore
Landmarks in Singapore
National monuments of Singapore
Hotel buildings completed in 1900
Orchard, Singapore
Heritage hotels
Art Nouveau architecture in Singapore
Art Nouveau hotels
20th-century architecture in Singapore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwood%20Park%20Hotel |
The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century. Named after its capital city, Palmyra, it encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, and Egypt, as well as large parts of Asia Minor.
The Palmyrene Empire was ruled by Queen Zenobia, officially as regent for her son Vaballathus, who inherited the throne in 267 at age ten. In 270, Zenobia rapidly conquered most of the Roman east, attempting to maintain relations with Rome as a legitimate power. In 271, she claimed the imperial title for both herself and her son, fighting a short war with the Roman emperor Aurelian, who conquered Palmyra and captured Zenobia. A year later the Palmyrenes rebelled, which led Aurelian to destroy Palmyra.
Despite its brief existence, the Palmyrene Empire is remembered for having been ruled by one of the most ambitious and powerful women in antiquity. It is also hailed in Syria, where it plays an important role as an icon in Syrian nationalism.
Background
Following the murder of Roman emperor Alexander Severus in 235, general after general squabbled over control of the empire, the frontiers were neglected and subjected to frequent raids by Carpians, Goths and Alemanni, in addition to outright attacks from the aggressive Sassanids in the east. Finally, Shapur I of Persia inflicted a disastrous defeat upon the Romans at the Battle of Edessa in 260, capturing the Roman emperor Valerian and soon, Quietus and Macrianus rebelled against Valerian's son Gallienus and usurped the imperial power in Syria.
The Palmyrene leader Odaenathus was declared king, and remained nominally loyal to Gallienus, forming an army of Palmyrenes and Syrian peasants to attack Shapur. In 260, Odaenathus won a decisive victory over Shapur in a battle near the Euphrates. Next, Odaenathus defeated the usurpers in 261, and spent the remainder of his reign fighting the Persians. Odaenathus received the title Governor of the East, and ruled Syria as the imperial representative, and declared himself King of Kings. Odaenathus was assassinated along with his son Hairan in 267; according to Joannes Zonaras and the Historia Augusta, he was killed by his cousin, whose name is given by the latter source as Maeonius. The Historia Augusta also claims that Maeonius was proclaimed emperor for a very brief period, before being executed by the soldiers. No inscriptions or other evidence exist for Maeonius' reign, and he was probably killed immediately after assassinating Odaenathus.
Odaenathus was succeeded by his minor son, the ten-year-old Vaballathus, under the regency of Zenobia. Vaballathus was kept in the shadow while his mother assumed actual rule and consolidated her power. The queen was careful not to provoke Rome and took for herself and her son the titles that her husband had, while working on guaranteeing the safety of the borders with Persia, and pacifying the dangerous Tanukhid tribes in Hauran.
Establishment
Zenobia started an expedition against the Tanukhids in the spring of 270, during the reign of emperor Claudius Gothicus aided by her generals, Septimius Zabbai (a general of the army) and Septimius Zabdas (the chief general of the army).
Zabdas sacked Bosra, killed the Roman governor, and marched south securing Roman Arabia. According to the Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh, Zenobia herself attacked Dumat Al-Jandal but could not conquer its castle. However, Ibn Khordadbeh is confusing Zenobia with al-Zabbā, a semi-legendary Arab queen whose story is often confused with Zenobia's story.
In October of 270, a Palmyrene army of 70,000 invaded Egypt, and declared Zenobia queen of Egypt. The Roman general Tenagino Probus was able to regain Alexandria in November, but was defeated and escaped to the fortress of Babylon, where he was besieged and committed suicide after being captured by Zabdas, who continued his march south and secured Egypt. Afterward, in 271, Zabbai started the operations in Asia Minor, and was joined by Zabdas in the spring of that year. The Palmyrenes subdued Galatia, and occupied Ancyra, marking the greatest extent of the Palmyrene expansion. However, the attempts to conquer Chalcedon were unsuccessful.
The Palmyrene conquests were done under the protective show of subordination to Rome. Zenobia issued coinage in the name of Claudius' successor Aurelian with Vaballathus depicted as king, while the emperor allowed the Palmyrene coinage and conferred the Palmyrene royal titles. However, toward the end of 271, Vaballathus took the title of Augustus along with his mother.
Reconquest by Rome
In 272, Aurelian crossed the Bosphorus and advanced quickly through Anatolia. According to one account, Marcus Aurelius Probus regained Egypt from Palmyra, while the emperor continued his march and reached Tyana. The fall of Tyana lent itself to a legend; Aurelian to that point had destroyed every city that resisted him, but he spared Tyana after having a vision of the great philosopher Apollonius of Tyana, whom he respected greatly, in a dream. Apollonius implored him, stating: "Aurelian, if you desire to rule, abstain from the blood of the innocent! Aurelian, if you will conquer, be merciful!". Whatever the reason for his clemency, Aurelian's sparing of Tyana paid off; many more cities submitted to him upon seeing that the emperor would not exact revenge upon them.
Entering Issus and heading to Antioch, Aurelian defeated Zenobia in the Battle of Immae. Zenobia retreated to Antioch then fled to Emesa while Aurelian advanced and took the former. After regrouping, the Romans first destroyed a Palmyrene garrison stationed at the fort of Daphne, and headed south to Apamea, then continued to Emesa and defeated Zenobia again at the Battle of Emesa, forcing her to evacuate to the capital. Aurelian marched through the desert and was harassed by Bedouins loyal to Palmyra, but as soon as he arrived at the city gates, he negotiated with the Bedouins, who betrayed Palmyra and supplied the Roman army with water and food. Aurelian besieged Palmyra in the summer of 272, and tried to negotiate with Zenobia, on the condition that she surrender herself in person to him, to which she answered with refusal. The Romans tried to breach the city defenses several times but were repelled, however, as the situation deteriorated, Zenobia left the city and headed east to ask the Persians for help. The Romans followed the empress, captured her near the Euphrates and brought her back to the emperor. Soon after, the Palmyrene citizens asked for peace, and the city capitulated.
Aftermath
Aurelian spared the city and stationed a garrison of 600 archers led by a certain Sandarion, as a peacekeeping force. The defenses were destroyed and most of the military equipment was confiscated. Zenobia and her council were taken to Emesa and put on trial. Most of the high-ranking Palmyrene officials were executed, while Zenobia's and Vaballathus's fates are uncertain.
In 273, Palmyra rebelled under the leadership of a citizen named Septimius Apsaios, and contacted the Roman prefect of Mesopotamia, Marcellinus, offering to help him usurp the imperial power. Marcellinus delayed the negotiations and sent word to the Roman emperor, while the rebels lost their patience and declared a relative of Zenobia named Antiochus as Augustus. Aurelian marched against Palmyra and was helped by a Palmyrene faction from inside the city, headed by a man with a senatorial rank named Septimius Haddudan.
Aurelian spared Antiochus, but razed Palmyra. The most valuable monuments were taken by the emperor to decorate his Temple of Sol, while buildings were smashed, people were clubbed and cudgeled and Palmyra's holiest temple pillaged.
Evaluation and legacy
The ultimate motive behind the revolt is debated; when dealing with the rise of Palmyra and the rebellion of Zenobia, historians most often interpreted the ascendancy as an indication of cultural, ethnic or social factors. Andreas Alföldi viewed the rebellion as a completely native ethnic opposition against Rome. Irfan Shahîd considered Zenobia's revolt a pan-Arab movement that was a forerunner of the Arab expansion of the Caliphates; an opinion shared by Franz Altheim, and an almost universal view amongst Arab and Syrian scholars such as Philip Khuri Hitti. Mark Whittow disagreed that the revolt was ethnic in its nature and emphasized that it was a reaction to the weakness of Rome and its inability to protect Palmyra from the Persians. Warwick Ball viewed the rebellion as aimed at Rome's throne, not just Palmyrene independence. Vaballathus' inscriptions indicated the style of a Roman emperor; according to Ball, Zenobia and Vaballathus were contenders for the Roman imperial throne, following a plan similar to that of Vespasian, who ascended the throne after building his power-base in Syria. Andrew M. Smith II considered the revolt as a bid for both independence and the Roman throne. The Palmyrene royalty used Eastern titles such as king of kings, which had no relevance in Roman politics, while the conquests were in the interest of Palmyrene commerce. Finally, it was only in the last regnal year of Zenobia and Vaballathus that the Roman imperial rank was claimed. Fergus Millar, although tending toward the view that it was not only an independence movement, believes there is not yet enough evidence to draw a conclusion on the nature of Palmyra's revolt.
During the mid-twentieth century, interest in the Palmyrene Empire was briefly revived by the advent of Syrian nationalism. Modern Syrian nationalists viewed the empire as a uniquely Syrian civilization which attempted to liberate the masses of the Levant from Roman tyranny. A Syrian TV show was produced based on Zenobia's life, and she was the subject of a biography written by Syria's former minister of defense Mustafa Tlass.
See also
Gallic Empire
Notes
References
Bibliography
Roman Syria
Crisis of the Third Century
Former countries in the Middle East
Former empires
270s in the Roman Empire
270 establishments
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century
273 disestablishments
History of the Levant
Former monarchies
Ancient Levant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyrene%20Empire |
The year 2002 in birding and ornithology.
Worldwide
New species
See also Bird species new to science described in the 2000s
Taxonomic developments
Ornithologists
Deaths
12 January - René de Naurois
22 September - Tommy Garnett
2 October - George A. Bartholomew
10 October - Mike Rogers
18 October - Ronald Hickling
23 November - Paul Géroudet
8 December - John Kenneth Terres
? - Tatsuo Utagawa
World listing
Europe
Britain
Breeding birds
Migrant and wintering birds
Rare birds
A large influx of cattle egrets occurs in January, including a flock of eight in Sussex
Britain's first long-billed murrelet is found in Devon in November
Other events
Ireland
Rare birds
Ireland's first cirl bunting is found in Co. Cork
Ireland's first Canada warbler is found in Co. Clare
Ireland's second Baltimore oriole, second isabelline shrike and second hermit thrush are all found in Co. Cork
Scandinavia
To be completed
North America
To be completed
References
Birding and ornithology
Bird
Birding and ornithology by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20in%20birding%20and%20ornithology |
The James Blake House is the oldest surviving house in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The house was built in 1661 and the date was confirmed by dendrochronology in 2007. Dorchester Atheneum. Retrieved on 2017-09-13. It is located at 735 Columbia Road, in Edward Everett Square, and just a block from Massachusetts Avenue. The Dorchester Historical Society now owns the building and tours are given on the third Sunday of the month.
History
The house was built in a Western English style of post-medieval architecture by James Blake, an immigrant from England. The Blake family owned the house until 1825 when it was acquired by the Williams family. In 1891, the City of Boston acquired the house. In order to save the house from demolition in 1896, the Dorchester Historical Society acquired the property from the city and moved the house less than 500 feet from its original location by Massachusetts Avenue to its current location. In 1978, the interior and exterior of the house were designated as a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission.
The immediate area, as well as the house, have been undergoing an extensive renovation and preservation. The house was completely re-shingled and the grounds improved.
See also
List of the oldest buildings in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Boston, Massachusetts
References
External links
Dorchester Historical Society: James Blake House
City of Boston, Boston Landmarks CommissionJames Blake House Study Report
Historic house museums in Massachusetts
Museums in Boston
Houses in Boston
National Register of Historic Places in Boston
Landmarks in Dorchester, Boston
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk County, Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Blake%20House |
Artbank is an art rental program established in 1980 by the Australian Government. It supports contemporary Australian artists and encourages a wider appreciation of their work by buying artworks which it then rents to public and private sector clients.
History
Artbank was modelled on Canada's Art Bank, after then federal minister for the arts, Bob Ellicott, saw the Ottawa collection in 1979 and convinced Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of the value of the idea. Fraser was enthusiastic, but treasurer John Howard took a little more convincing, before allotting in seed funding. The collection was founded in 1980 with an endowment of 600 artworks from the National Gallery of Australia.
By 1992 Artbank had become so profitable that its government funding was cut off and it operated on self-generated income. It was nearly shut down in 1997, under the Howard government, but it was saved after much lobbying. At the end of the 2000 Australian financial year, its operating profit was recorded as and its total assets million.
Function and governance
Artbank is part of the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications (until January 2020, Department of Communications and the Arts, and various departments preceding that one).
The Director of Artbank () is Zoe Rodriguez
Established in 1980 by the Australian Government, Artbank’s two core objectives are to provide direct support to Australian contemporary artists through the acquisition of their work and to promote the value of Australian contemporary art to the broader public.
The Artbank collection was founded with an endowment of 600 artworks from the National Collection (now the National Gallery of Australia) and has since grown to include more than 11,000 works spanning media including painting, sculpture, video and photography. Through leasing works to individuals, companies and governments (at all levels), Artbank lives up to its policy principle of promoting broad access to Australian contemporary art.
Description
, it has over 11,000 works by more than 3,500 Australian culturally diverse artists, including paintings, sculpture, video art, photographs, and ceramics. Prominent artists represented in the collection are Jeffrey Smart, Julie Dowling, John Olsen, Bill Henson, Gwyn Hanssen-Pigott, Robert Klippel, Emily Kame Kngwarreye, Bronwyn Oliver, William Robinson, Kitty Kantilla, Rover Thomas, Patricia Piccinini, Tracey Moffatt and Del Kathryn Barton. Because the artworks are chosen on cultural value and not in order to turn a profit, the institution is able to acquire some riskier pieces. it has the fastest growing collection of digital and multimedia art in Australia.
Artbank has collection stores in Sydney, Melbourne (opened 1996 in Armadale; moved to a converted warehouse in Collingwood in 2018) and Perth, Australia. The Collingwood location also offers a studio program to artists and designers, open to applications by residents.
Leasing
Artbank lends its artworks to corporations, government agencies, and private individuals. Restaurateur Kylie Kwong leased a number of artworks for her restaurant at Carriageworks arts centre in Sydney in 2018. Businesses are able to claim a 100% tax deduction for leasing from the institution. Works are sold from time to time, as part of stocktaking process. The cost of leasing an artwork ranges from to per year, with lease periods lasting from six months to a year, with the ability to extend indefinitely.
References
External links
Art museums and galleries in Australia
1980 establishments in Australia
Organisations based in Sydney
Australian art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artbank |
Walter Rabl (30 November 1873 in Vienna – 11 July 1940 in Klopein, Klopeiner See/Carinthia) was a Viennese composer, conductor, and teacher of vocal music. Largely forgotten today, Rabl left only a small number of works, all of them early ones, from the twilight of the Romantic era. At the age of 30 he stopped composing entirely and devoted himself to conducting and vocal coaching the rest of his life.
Life
Walter Rabl was born in Vienna and as a child became an excellent pianist. He attended the Institut Le Rosey, a boarding school in Rolle, Switzerland. He went to Salzburg and there studied music theory and composition with J. F. Hummel, director of the Mozarteum. He graduated with honours from the Kaiserlich und Königlich Staatsgymnasium (Royal and Imperial State School) in Salzburg in 1892.
Rabl returned to Vienna to study with Karl Navratil (1836-1914) and then enrolled in the doctoral program at the German University in Prague as a student of the musicologist Guido Adler. At 25, he completed his doctorate and soon after accepted a position at the Royal Opera of Dresden as coach and chorus master.
Beginning in 1903 Rabl conducted throughout Germany and championed works by progressive composers such as Gustav Mahler, Karl Goldmark, Franz Schreker, Erich Korngold, and Richard Strauss. In 1905, Rabl married the soprano Hermine von Kriesten and conducted her in major Wagnerian roles such as Brünnhilde and Elektra.
After his retirement from conducting in 1924, he continued to use his impressive piano skills in accompanying and coaching many notable singers.
Chamber music
Rabl's Quartet in E-Flat Major for Clarinet, Violin, Cello, and Piano, Op. 1 won first prize in 1896 in a prestigious competition for young composers sponsored by the Vienna Tonkünstlerverein (Musicians’ Society) of which Johannes Brahms was honorary president and a judge of the competition. Brahms recommended the piece to his own publisher, Simrock, who released it the following year along with three other Rabl works: the Fantasy Pieces for Piano Trio, Op. 2, and two sets of Four Songs, Op. 3 and Op. 4. The Op. 1 quartet appears to be the first work ever written for that combination, which was later more famously used by Messiaen in his Quatuor pour la fin du temps ("Quartet for the end of time"), composed in 1941. The parts to the Op.1 Quartet were reprinted by Edition Silvertrust in 2007.
In 1899, Simrock published four additional pieces by Rabl: Four Songs, Op. 5; the Violin Sonata, Op. 6; Three Songs, Op. 7; and the Symphony, Op. 8.
His next series of compositions, Opp. 9–15, consisted entirely of songs. They were published in Leipzig by the house founded by Daniel Rahter (D. Rahter).
Opera
Most of Rabl's work was in the tradition of Brahms and Robert Schumann. But his opera, Liane (1903) based on a romantic fairy tale took a different turn, a turn in the direction of Richard Wagner. Although the reception of the opera was highly favorable, Liane was Rabl's last work.
Discography and works
Twilight of the Romantics: Chamber Music by Walter Rabl and Josef Labor. Played by the Orion Ensemble. Released in 2006 by Cedille Records (CDR 90000 088).
Quartet for Violin, Cello, Clarinet and Piano, Op. 1 (together with chamber music by Brahms and Zemlinsky). Played by the Ensemble Kontraste. Released in 1993 by Thorofon (THO 2368).
Fantasiestücke for Piano trio op. 2
Sonata for Violin and Piano in D major Op. 6
Symphony in D minor, Op. 8
Sources
Twilight of the Romantics, Program notes by Bonnie Campbell
Strauss, John F. (ed.) (1996), "Walter Rabl: Complete instrumental chamber works". Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. .
References
External links
Walter Rabl Quartet in E major Op.1 Sound-bites & discussion of work
Austrian Romantic composers
Austrian opera composers
Male opera composers
Male conductors (music)
1873 births
1940 deaths
Musicians from Vienna
Austrian male classical composers
Austrian Jews
20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian male musicians
19th-century male musicians
20th-century Austrian composers
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Rabl |
Rachel Blau DuPlessis (born December 14, 1941) is an American poet and essayist, known as a feminist critic and scholar with a special interest in modernist and contemporary poetry. Her work has been widely anthologized.
Early life
DuPlessis was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1941 to Joseph L. and Eleanor Blau; her father was a professor, and her mother was a librarian. She received her BA from Barnard College in 1963, and her MA and PhD from Columbia University in 1964 and 1970 respectively. Her dissertation project was titled The Endless Poem: Paterson of William Carlos Williams and The Pisan Cantos of Ezra Pound.
Career
Teaching
DuPlessis taught literature and creative writing at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1974 to 2011; she has been professor emerita since 2011. In 2012, she was a Distinguished Visitor at University of Auckland. DuPlessis has also taught at Trenton State College (now known as The College of New Jersey), Rutgers University, Columbia University, Université de Lille III (France), and Rijksuniversiteit-Gent (Belgium). She also held an appointment with the National Humanities Center in North Carolina and a residency at Bellagio sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation.
Drafts Project
In conjunction with teaching and editing projects, DuPlessis has been writing her "poem of a life," called "Drafts." Among others, poet Ron Silliman has referred to DuPlessis's poem Drafts as a "life poem":More than any other text, Drafts has made me understand the difference between the longpoem and the life poem, and I read Drafts, like (Zukofsky's “A”), like The Cantos, like Bev Dahlen’s A Reading, like my own project, as an instance of the latter.
Since 1985, Rachel Blau DuPlessis has been composing this "endless poem" in canto-like sections, grouped in nineteen units. Their themes involve: history, gender, mourning and hope. The first two numbers of Drafts initially appeared in Leland Hickman’s journal, Temblor, two years before being collected into a volume entitled Tabula Rosa, published by Peter Ganick’s Potes & Poets Press.
Since then, DuPlessis's "life poem" project is collected in (as of March 2017): Drafts 1-38, Toll (Wesleyan University Press, 2001) and Drafts 39-57, Pledge, with Draft, Unnumbered: Précis (Salt Publishing, 2004), Torques: Drafts 58-76 (Salt Publishing, 2007), Pitch: Drafts 77-95 (Salt Publishing, 2010), and Surge: Drafts 96-114 (Salt Publishing, 2013).
Personal life
DuPlessis is married to Robert Saint-Cyr DuPlessis, the Isaac H. Clothier Professor Emeritus of History and International Relations at Swarthmore College, and has two children.
Awards and honors
DuPlessis has been the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), Temple University, the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts, and the Fund for Poetry. In 2002, she was awarded a Pew Fellowship in The Arts as well as the Roy Harvey Pearce/Archive for New Poetry Prize for lifetime contribution to American poetry and literary scholarship.
Works by DuPlessis
Poetry
Wells, Montemora (New York, NY), 1980
Gypsy/Moth, Coincidence Press (Oakland, CA), 1984
Tabula Rosa, Potes and Poets Press (Elmwood, CT), 1987
Draft X: Letters, Singing Horse Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1991
Drafts 3-14, Potes and Poets Press (Elmwood, CT), 1991
Essais: Quatre poèmes, Editions Créaphis (Bar-le-Duc, France), 1996
Drafts 15-XXX, The Fold, Potes and Poets Press (Elmwood, CT), 1997
Renga: Draft 32, Beautiful Swimmer Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1998
Drafts 1-38, Toll, Wesleyan University Press (Middletown, CT), 2001
Draft, Unnumbered: Précis, Nomados (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada), 2003
Drafts 39-57, Pledge with Draft, Unnumbered: Précis, Salt Publishing (Cambridge, England), 2004.
Torques, Drafts 58-76, Salt Publishing (Cambridge, England), 2007
Pitch: Drafts 77-95, Salt Publishing (Cambridge, England), 2010
The Collage Poems of Drafts, Salt Publishing (Cambridge, England), 2011
Surge: Drafts 96-114, Salt Publishing (Cambridge, England), 2013
Interstices, Subpress (Cambridge, MA), 2014
Graphic Novella, Xexoxial Editions (West Lima, WI), 2015
Poesis, Little Red Leaves Textile Editions (Houston: TX), 2016
Days and Works, Ahsahta Press (Boise, ID), 2017
Other
Writing Beyond the Ending: Narrative Strategies of Twentieth-Century Women Writers (Indiana University Press, 1985) OCLC 230821945
H.D: The Career of that Struggle (The Harvester Press, 1986) OCLC 868376073
Editor, The Selected Letters of George Oppen (Duke University Press, 1990) OCLC 859655652
Editor, with Susan Stanford Friedman, Signets: Reading H.D. (University of Wisconsin Press, 1990) OCLC 24724278
The Pink Guitar: Writing as Feminist Practice (Routledge, 1990) OCLC 715473801
Genders, Races, and Religious Cultures in Modern American Poetry, 1908–1934 (Cambridge University Press, 2001) OCLC 958550498
Blue Studios: Poetry and Its Cultural Work (University of Alabama Press, 2006) OCLC 425970102
Purple Passages: Pound, Eliot, Zukofsky, Olson, Creeley, and the Ends of Patriarchal Poetry (University of Iowa Press, 2012) OCLC 754389718
References
Selected criticism
Jaussen, Paul. "The Poetics of Midrash in Rachel Blau DuPlessis's Drafts." Contemporary Literature, vol. 53, no. 1, 2012, pp. 114–142. doi:10.1353/cli.2012.0004
Harrington, Joseph. "Purple Passages: Pound, Eliot, Zukofsky, Olson, Creeley, and the Ends of Patriarchal Poetry by Rachel Blau DuPlessis (Review). Modernism/modernity, vol. 20, no. 2, 2013, pp. 397–399 doi:10.1353/mod.2013.0043
Jewell, Megan Swihart. "Between Poet and (Self-) Critic: Scholarly Interventionism in Rachel Blau DuPlessis’s Drafts." Contemporary Women’s Writing 5.1 (2011). 18-35.
External links
Author Homepage at EPC
Author Homepage
The Gendered Marvelous essay by DuPlessis on Barbara Guest
Standing Corporeally in One’s Time essay by DuPlessis on Anne Waldman
"Draft 42: Epistle, Studios" poem by DuPlessis at Jacket Magazine
Statement for Pores on-line essay by DuPlessis for Pores, a journal which describes itself as AN AVANT-GARDIST JOURNAL OF POETICS RESEARCH
Excerpts from Graphic Novella in Cordite Poetry ReviewManhood and its Poetic Projects essay at Jacket Magazine, with the subtitle: "The construction of masculinity in the counter-cultural poetry of the U.S. 1950s".
DuPlessis Feature at Poetica.net On the Homepage can be found links to biographical information, a poem Tabula Rosa (Chapter II, Drafts) and a brief piece or "aphoristic-essay" titled Working Notes''
Rachel Blau DuPlessis Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
1941 births
Living people
Modernist women writers
Objectivist poets
Feminist artists
Temple University faculty
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Writers from Brooklyn
Pew Fellows in the Arts
American women poets
Barnard College alumni
American women academics
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Blau%20DuPlessis |
The Heinkel HeS 8 (prefix being an abbreviation for "Heinkel Strahltriebwerke 8" - Heinkel Jet Engine 8) was an early jet engine designed by Hans von Ohain while working at Heinkel. It was the first jet engine to be financially supported by the RLM, bearing the official name 109-001. Had development continued it would have been known as the Heinkel 001, but it does not appear this was used in practice.
The HeS 8 was intended to power the Heinkel He 280 twin-engine fighter, although both Heinkel and von Ohain preferred the axial HeS 30. A lengthy gestation period meant it was finally becoming ready for production at about the same time as the Junkers Jumo 004 and BMW 003. In 1942 work was ended on the HeS 8 and HeS 30, and Heinkel was ordered to move on to the larger Heinkel HeS 011 instead. The He 280 was left engineless, and was eventually abandoned.
Design and development
By the time the HeS 3 program wound down in 1939, it appears that von Ohain no longer favoured the centrifugal compressor for jet engines. He had been "sold" on the axial compressor as early as 1938, after a meeting with D. Encke of AVA, but continued with the centrifugal design in the HeS 3 because it was much easier to work with. It is likely he would have developed an axial design as a follow-on to the HeS 3, but it appears the RLM was interested in keeping him working on centrifugal designs as a backup in case the various axial designs ran into problems.
The main problem with the centrifugal compressor was the large cross-sectional area. von Ohain had been looking at solutions to this problem as soon as the HeS 1 design was winding down in 1937. His first attempt at the HeS 3 was to separate the compressor and turbine —which were back-to-back in the HeS 1— and place the combustion chambers between them. Various problems in this original HeS 3 design forced them to abandon this layout for an updated HeS 3b, but it appears von Ohain felt it was still the best solution, and he returned to it for the HeS 8. The result was an engine that was only slightly wider than the compressor disk, whereas earlier models had piping lying outside the compressor disk and were therefore somewhat larger.
Another problem with the original engine series was that the compressor was fairly sensitive to disturbances in the intake airflow. To address this, the HeS 8 added a low-pressure impeller in the intake in front of the main compressor. The impeller did not add much to the compression, but by increasing pressure on the compressor face the airflow was greatly stabilized. The 14-blade impeller and 19-blade compressor were both made of milled aluminum. The 14-blade turbine was made of steel, and uncooled, which suggests turbine burnout would be common. The various components were connected together on a common tubular power shaft, supported by three ball races. The combustion chamber consisted of two diffusers that slowed the airflow from the compressor, and then injected fuel through 128 nozzles arranged in two sets at different "depths". Various accessories, including the starter, were grouped around the intake and did not add to the overall diameter.
Work progressed slowly, and by the time the first He 280 prototype was ready in September 1940 the engine was nowhere near ready for flight. The prototype then started glider testing while work on the engines and additional airframes continued. The engines were finally considered ready to go in early 1941, although at only 500 kg thrust instead of the planned 700 kg. The engines were later fitted and the He 280 first took to the air on 2 April 1941, although the cowlings had to be left off as the engine proved to leak fuel. Three days later the aircraft was demonstrated for a party of RLM officials, who were impressed, and full backing for Heinkel's program was forthcoming.
Cancellation
Development of the engine stalled at this point, and by early 1942 the thrust had crept up to only 550 kg. An attempt to improve the design by adding a single axial compressor stage behind the centrifugal compressor was used from V15 (the 15th prototype) on, and new airflow routing in the compressor started on V16. It appears about 30 engines were completed in total, the later models with the various improvements generating about 600 kg of thrust. But by this point the various all-axial designs, including Heinkel's own HeS 30, were progressing nicely. Helmut Schelp, in charge of jet development at the RLM, decided that the BMW 003 and Junkers Jumo 004 were "good enough", and cancelled all work on Heinkel's existing designs. Instead he asked them to move onto a "Class II" engine design of about 1,300 kg thrust, which would evolve as the Heinkel HeS 011.
Variants
Several modifications of the basic HeS 8 design were also explored over the project's lifetime. The HeS 9 appears to be a modification adding a second axial compressor stage, and replacing the full centrifugal stage with a new "diagonal compressor" that Schelp favoured. Little is known about this design other than the fact that RLM ordered ten of them, but none was built. It appears it was this layout that was used to develop the 011. Another modification, the HeS 10, placed a complete HeS 8 engine inside a larger nacelle, and expanded the intake impellor to be larger than the engine. The HeS 10 appears to have been the first example of what would today be called a turbofan engine. In order to extract more power from the exhaust to drive the fan, an additional single axial-stage turbine was added behind the HeS 8's existing centrifugal one. The only real difference between the HeS 10 and a modern turbofan engine was that the fan was not powered independently of the core, although, given the separate axial turbine stage, this would not have been difficult to arrange.
Specifications (V16 on)
References
Bibliography
External links
Spanish-language site with HeS 8 engine details
1940s turbojet engines
Centrifugal-flow turbojet engines
Heinkel aircraft engines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel%20HeS%208 |
John David Garibaldi (born November 4, 1946) is an American drummer best known for his work with the Oakland-based band Tower of Power. His playing style is considered a staple of funk music. Garibaldi’s drummer credits also include Natalie Cole, Jermaine Jackson, Boz Scaggs, Deniece Williams and Yellowjackets. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Garibaldi #46 on its list “100 Greatest Drummers of All Time”.
Early life and education
David Garibaldi was born in Oakland, California. His interest in music started at a young age by hearing his mother and her sister singing and playing piano. He took piano and violin lessons before switching to percussion by age 10.
Garibaldi played a drum kit for the first time at age 15, after hearing an older student play rock n’ roll beats. He was able to reproduce the beat by ear and continued self-teaching himself how to play the drums by listening to records. He later joined the high school’s big band and practiced with the help of Eddie Tinga, a drummer and employee of the US Postal Service who also served in the Air Force reserve. After being drawn into service, Tinga gave Garibaldi his drum kit so he could practice at home. At age 17, Garibaldi’s parents bought him his first drum kit, which he would later use to record Tower of Power’s debut album “East Bay Grease”. He graduated high school in 1964.
During his time at Chabot Junior College, he attended a James Brown concert at the San Jose Civic Auditorium. During the rehearsals, Garibaldi was impressed by the musicians’ precision and rhythmic patterns. Soon after, Garibaldi formed his first band called The Disciples. He played with them until 1966, when he was drawn into service.
Garibaldi received basic training at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, where he also auditioned for the 724th Air Force Band. During his service at McChord Air Force Base in Tacoma, Washington, Garibaldi performed with different ensembles, including a symphonic orchestra where he played timpani, concert snare drum and mallet percussion. He also played the drums and played with friends and acquaintances in Tacoma.
After being honorably discharged in December 1969, Garibaldi enrolled again at Chabot Junior College to finish his studies.
Career
Upon returning to the Bay Area, Garibaldi began performing as a freelancer in various groups. These performances led him to join Tower of Power in July 1970.
In the mid-70’s Garibaldi left Tower of Power and commenced performing, recording and writing with artists including Gino Vannelli, Wishful Thinking, Patti Austin, Natalie Cole, Boz Scaggs, the Yellowjackets, Jermaine Jackson and Deniece Williams. Garibaldi rejoined Tower of Power in 1998. Later in the mid 2000's Garibaldi released a collection of drum loops titled "Tower of Funk" produced with Josquin Des Pres.
Garibaldi is the author of notable instructional music books and educational DVDs including Future Sounds and The Funky Beat. He has written a feature column for Modern Drummer Magazine.
Style
In an interview with the Percussive Arts Society, Garibaldi explains that at 23 years of age, he was not trying to create revolutionary drum grooves but rather follow his creative instinct.
Mark Griffith of the Percussive Arts Society describes Garibaldi’s style as a funky sixteenth-note based groove that has all or most of the notes played separately with backbeats that occasionally turn around give the illusion that the pulse is in a different place than expected.
In 1978, Garibaldi expanded his drum kit with combinations 8”, 10”, 12”, 14” and 16” toms. His configuration included a second hi-hat on his right side. He argued that the conventional way of playing the hi-hat with the right hand over the left was limiting. Additionally, having a 14” to the left and a 12” hi-hat to the right gave him two different pitches. In 1982, he settled for a five-piece drum kit with 10”, 12” and 14” toms.
Garibaldi is often described as a drummer with a distinctive style:
Songwriting with Tower of Power
Garibaldi also performed the role of songwriter during his time with Tower of Power. He co-wrote songs including "What Is Hip?", "After Hours", "Down to the Night Club", "East Bay", "Oakland Stroke", "Vuela Por Noche" and "You Wanna Be a Hero". The workflow varied, depending on which member of the band brought the original idea to the band. Often, the rhythm section was developed first, followed by the horns.
Emilio Castillo (saxophone) and Garibaldi usually worked on the rhythm section while Rocco Prestia (bass) listened to the overall feel of the song. The horn section later added melodies and hooks. Garibaldi incorporated the new elements of the arrangement into his drum pattern. He avoided the standard accentuation of the second and fourth beat with the snare drum. His goal was to achieve a more repetitive pattern that resets itself after a few bars. According to the band, this composing and arranging process lasted for hours or days.
What Is Hip?
Garibaldi co-wrote Tower of Power’s hit song “What Is Hip?” that reached #39 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and #91 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. During one rehearsal with Tower of Power, he added syncopation to a drum pattern he played often and suggested the sixteenth-note bass line. Kupka and Castillo added the horn arrangement. The song went on to become one of the band’s biggest hits.
In 1999, Tower of Power released a two-disc anthology called “What Is Hip?” which included 35 tracks of their 30-year career. David Lynch from the Austin Chronicle describes the name as “not only (a) reference of their signature tunes” but also as the question “is Tower of Power still hip?” The anthology received positive reviews as a documentation of the group’s evolving sound throughout the 1970s and 1980s.
Jazz bassist Marcus Miller included a cover of the song “What Is Hip?” in his 2007 album Free.
Accolades
Garibaldi won the R&B/Funk category of the Modern Drummer Magazine Readers poll six times in a row from 1980 to 1985. He won the same award an additional three times in 2003, 2007 and 2009. In 1998, “David Garibaldi featuring Talking Drums” won the award for Best Percussion Video awarded by DRUM! Magazine.
In 2008, Garibaldi was presented the Guitar Center Legends Award. He was also inducted into the Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame in 2012.
References
External links
David Garibaldi info on the Tower of Power website
David Garibaldi NAMM Oral History Program Interview (2013)
Living people
Tower of Power members
21st-century American male musicians
American male drummers
American funk drummers
20th-century American drummers
21st-century American drummers
American rhythm and blues drummers
American soul musicians
American people of Italian descent
Soul drummers
1946 births
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Garibaldi%20%28musician%29 |
Who Shot Johnny Rock? is a live-action full-motion video laserdisc video game produced by American Laser Games and released for the arcades in 1991, and then for the DOS, Sega CD, 3DO and CD-i platforms around 1994. As part of a series of similar-styled games released by the company, Who Shot Johnny Rock? introduces a different setting than most of the others, while maintaining almost identical gameplay. The game was re-released by Digital Leisure around 2003 with updated video and sound, in addition to several bonus options.
Plot
The game is set in a Hollywood version of 1930s Chicago, where one plays a private detective that has been hired to find out who murdered a nightclub singer named Johnny Rock. The player must attempt to reach Johnny Rock's killer, shooting villains and interrogating individuals. The game takes the player through the gangs of four gangsters with suggestive names - Measles, Mumps, Smallpox, and Lockjaw Lil, each of whom knew Rock and are suspects in his murder - and locations such as a warehouse, a pool hall, a garage and a casino.
Gameplay
As is the case with other American Laser Games releases, the game is played from a first-person perspective of the player watching the full motion video, listening to the various characters and shooting the right enemies at the right times with a powerful Tommy gun. Most other games produced by the company - with minor exceptions such as The Last Bounty Hunter, where the player can use a shotgun for a limited amount of time - feature no more than a simple pistol, which must be used to eliminate successive foes. The player character narrates the story.
Unlike previous games, such as Mad Dog McCree and Crime Patrol, the player's Tommy gun does not need to be reloaded, but one does need to buy extra ammunition. Also, when health is lost, the player must purchase extra lives from the city doctor. If money runs out, the game is over. The player must also try to avoid hitting innocent bystanders, as doing so results in having to pay funeral expenses. The doctor also gives advice (usually fake) and criticizes the player's actions.
Along the way, the player must collect clues, which will eventually allow the player to determine Johnny Rock's murderer. One of the final sequences takes place in Rock's mansion, where a final clue will point to the killer, who must be defeated and apprehended to win the game. The identity of the killer is determined randomly on each playthrough from one of the four suspected gangsters.
As in most rail shooters by American Laser Games, the DOS and 3DO versions include mouse and light gun support. The Sega CD version supports the Konami Justifier light gun.
Development
Who Shot Johnny Rock? was showcased at the 1991 Las Vegas Amusement Expo, at the time under the title Who Killed Johnny Rock?
Reception
Sinclair User magazine awarded the arcade version "Best Follow-Up Game" in 1991.
Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the 3DO version a 4.8 out of 10. They commented that the game's whodunnit concept is appealing, but that the graphics are poor by 3DO standards, the gameplay is frustrating, and the cursor moves too slow when using the control pad, making it impossible to progress in the game without a Gamegun, which was sold separately. Computer Gaming World said in June 1994 of the PC version that "The storyline and acting are decent for this sort of game, but the gameplay is simplistic to the extreme".
The game appeared on the 1992/1993 series of GamesMaster, with Tony Slattery playing. During the segment, Slattery stated that he hated video games, and later failed the challenge by shooting an innocent victim.
References
External links
1991 video games
3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
Arcade video games
CD-i games
Detective video games
Digital Leisure games
DOS games
Full motion video based games
Interactive movie video games
Light gun games
Menacer
Organized crime video games
Sega CD games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%20Shot%20Johnny%20Rock%3F |
The St. Marks Light is the second-oldest light station in Florida. It is located on the east side of the mouth of the St. Marks River, on Apalachee Bay.
Historic background
In the 1820s, the town of St. Marks, Florida was considered an important port of entry. The town served as a port for the prosperous planting region of Middle Florida and some counties of South Georgia. Growers hauled their agricultural products down to the port town in wagons by way of an early road which connected the then territorial capital of Tallahassee to the town of St. Marks. Later, this road would be widened and improved upon by the Tallahassee Railroad Company and would become the state's first railroad.
Once the agricultural products reached the new port town, they were loaded aboard boats for shipment to New Orleans and/or St. Augustine. There were, however, problems in navigating both the Apalachee Bay and the St. Marks River. In many places both bay and river were shallow, and it was not too uncommon for boats to run aground and/or get mired in the muddy shallows.
Lighthouse commission
In 1828, Florida's territorial Governor William Pope Duval wrote a letter to Joseph M. White, a territorial delegate in which he stressed a great need for a lighthouse at the St. Marks location. White, in turn, wrote a letter to New Hampshire Senator Levi Woodbury, who chaired the Senate Committee on Commerce, reiterating the importance of establishing a light at St. Marks. Eleven days later, the committee issued a report which recognized the town of St. Marks as an official port of entry and recommended the building of a lighthouse in the area. On May 23, 1828, the U.S. House of Representatives passed an act which authorized the construction of a lighthouse at St. Marks and appropriated $6,000 for its construction.
Construction
After a survey was completed of the St. Marks area by Robert Mitchell, the Collector of Customs at Pensacola, and a site chosen for the lighthouse, it was discovered that the initial construction sum of $6,000 would be insufficient. The appropriation was increased to $14,000, and by mid-1829 a contract was signed with Winslow Lewis of Boston for the construction of a tower in the St. Marks area for $11,765. The finished product was not accepted by the Collector of Customs for St. Marks, Mr. Jesse H. Williams, because it had been constructed with hollow walls. Williams felt that the tower should be constructed with solid walls and, therefore, refused to accept the work.
Calvin Knowlton was brought in to rebuild the tower. He oversaw its completion, and in 1831, Williams, satisfied that the light was built according to the contract, accepted the work. That same year saw the tower's whale-oil lamps lit for the first time by Samuel Crosby, who had been appointed the first Keeper of the St. Marks Lighthouse the previous year.
Threats to the lighthouse
Second Seminole Indian War
Samuel Crosby was still Keeper of the St. Marks Lighthouse in 1835, when the Second Seminole War broke out, and soon learned of the Indian attacks on both the Cape Florida and Mosquito Inlet lighthouses. Fearing for the safety of his family, Crosby wrote authorities and requested that a small detachment of troops be quartered near his lighthouse in order to protect both it and his family against hostile attack. His request was refused. Crosby, still not satisfied with his situation, again wrote authorities and this time requested that a small boat be provided, which he could use to evacuate his family in the event of an emergency. This request was also refused. Fortunately, the Seminole Indians chose not to attack the St. Marks Lighthouse and Crosby continued in his duties as head keeper for another four years.
Natural disasters
In 1842, erosion threatened the lighthouse and Winslow Lewis was again called in. He was given a contract to move the tower to a safer location. Lewis's contractors dismantled and removed the lantern and illuminating apparatus, then tore down the original 1829–1831 brick tower. Another site was selected farther inland, away from the water, and a new tower was constructed, then the original lantern and illuminating apparatus were reinstalled.
The new tower survived the destructive hurricanes of the 1840s and 1850s, including the disastrous hurricane of September 1843, which destroyed most of the town of Port Leon and caused major damage to the town of St. Marks.
Civil War
By the 1860s, however, a new threat to the lighthouse arose: The Civil War. In 1865, Confederate troops were stationed near the lighthouse to defend the area against a Union attack. The tower's lighting apparatus had been removed earlier in order to prevent the lighthouse from aiding ships of the Union blockade, which were patrolling the Apalachee Bay. In March of that year, a Federal fleet of 16 ships appeared off the coast and began to shell the vicinity of the lighthouse in preparation for landing a force. The Confederates attempted to blow up the lighthouse during their retreat in order to deny it as a lookout for the Union forces.
Though they were unsuccessful in destroying the tower, nevertheless, the damaged inflicted was substantial, necessitating a complete rebuild of the tower immediately following the war. During this subsequent rebuild, the tower was heightened to its present focal plane of above sea level, and the original lighting apparatus was restored.
Automation and deactivation
The lighthouse was automated by the United States Coast Guard in 1960, and in 2000 the Coast Guard spent $150,000 in 2000 to stabilize the lighthouse. In 2000 or 2001 the lighthouse's fourth-order Fresnel lens was deactivated and a modern solar-powered beacon was placed outside the lantern room. The historic Fresnel lens remained in place in the tower for over a decade. In July 2005, Hurricane Dennis broke a window of the lantern, flooding the inside of the tower.
In October 2013 the Coast Guard deactivated transferred ownership of the lighthouse to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, which operates the St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge. The lighthouse was deactivated in 2016 and the Coast Guard's solar beacon was removed. Financial grants from the Florida Department of State and Duke Energy in 2016, plus crowdfunded donations, were put towards repairs and restoration. On October 31, 2019, a replica of the original fourth-order Fresnel lens was lit in the tower. The light is now maintained as a private aid to navigation and is lit seasonally.
References
The text of this article is taken primarily from http://www.fws.gov/saintmarks/lighthouse.html. As a product of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, it is in the public domain. Article retrieved February 20, 2006.
– retrieved February 19, 2006
Lighthouses completed in 1831
Lighthouses completed in 1842
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in Wakulla County, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Wakulla County, Florida
1831 establishments in Florida Territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Marks%20Light |
William Pritchard Weston (28 November 1804 – 21 February 1888) was the third Premier of Tasmania.
Early life
William Weston was born in Shoreditch, England, to John Weston, a surgeon. He was educated in Brighton and spent several years working in a merchant's counting house and in the wool trade.
Weston emigrated to Tasmania in 1823, sailing aboard the Adrian with fellow passenger George Arthur, the new lieutenant-governor of Van Diemen's Land. Weston had more than ₤3000 and a letter of recommendation from a friend at the Colonial Office. Originally intending to travel on to Sydney, when the ship docked in Hobart, Weston decided to remain in Van Deimen's Land. On-board, he had met Captain William Clark, whose daughter Ann he went on to marry in 1826 at the Clark's property 'Cluny' in Bothwell.
Weston lived in Bothwell for several years, assisting Horace and Charles Rowcroft, with Charles writing about Weston in his book Tales of the Colonies (London, 1845). Weston purchased a property near Longford, and lived there for many years. He also received a grant of 2500 acres (10 km²). In Longford, Weston built a two storey Regency-style house 'Hythe' in Longford, which was started in 1831 and finished in 1834. He and his wife had eight children, with the eldest dying in infancy.
Public career
He was made a magistrate and with the Rev. John West took a prominent part in the formation of the anti-transportation league which between 1849 and 1853 had an important influence in the success of this movement. Holding office on two occasions. Weston was elected to parliament at the original opening, in 1856 in the electoral district of Ringwood. He served for a short term as Premier from 25 April 1857 until 12 May 1857. He resigned his seat in the Tasmanian House of Assembly on 20 May 1857, instead taking a position in the Tasmanian Legislative Council as the member for Longford on 19 May 1857. He became Premier again on 1 November 1860 holding the position until 2 August 1861.
Later life
Ill-health forced him to resign from the Tasmanian Parliament altogether in the 1860's. He later moved to Victoria, dying in St Kilda. He was survived by a son and five daughters, with his eldest son Edward inheriting his Longford property Hythe, and his second son Maurice inheriting the Cluny property in Bothwell from his Clark grandfather.
References
1804 births
1888 deaths
Premiers of Tasmania
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Members of the Tasmanian Legislative Council
People from Shoreditch
19th-century Australian politicians
English emigrants to colonial Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Weston%20%28Australian%20politician%29 |
Capitol Campaign Strategies was an American public relations firm run by Michael Scanlon, Tom DeLay's former press secretary, which Scanlon used in coordination with Jack Abramoff to redirect about $40 million in lobbying contributions from Indian tribes to Scanlon, Abramoff, and their associates, as well as funding bribes to Republican politicians such as Bob Ney. Scanlon and Abramoff have pleaded guilty for their activities. After Abramoff left Preston Gates and went to Greenberg Traurig in January 2001, Scanlon formed Capitol Campaign Strategies. Its official location was 611 Pennsylvania Avenue SE in Washington D.C., which is a maildrop. Scanlon also formed the dummy organizations American International Center and Atlantic Research Analysis aka Atlantic Research & Analysis, used to receive and distribute CCS money.
Their criminal scheme worked as follows: Abramoff directed his tribal clients to pay CCS for political services without disclosing his ties to Scanlon; the clients were grossly overbilled; Scanlon and Abramoff split the profits fifty-fifty in a scheme known to the two as "Gimme Five". Public relations firms are not under the same disclosure requirements as registered lobbyists such as Abramoff.
Money in
About $53 million in fees from four tribes to Capitol Campaign Strategies, either directly or through other Abramoff-controlled organizations (e.g. a $1 million from the Choctaws for "professional services" to the National Center for Public Policy Research was split $500,000 to CCS and $450,000 to Abramoff's Capital Athletic Foundation, and $50,000 to repay an Abramoff loan).
According to the Senate Indian Affairs Committee, six tribes gave CCS a total of $66 million.
As stipulated in Scanlon's and Abramoff's pleas, CCS received net profits of approximately $39,397,300 from the first four tribes listed below. Of this amount, Scanlon kicked back approximately $19,698,644 to Abramoff.
The four tribes hired Scanlon's firm mainly for state-level work, including efforts to prevent other tribes from opening rival casinos.
In 2002 the Coushatta tribe gave CCS $13.7 million. Tribal chairman Lovelin Poncho and council member William G. Worfel of the Coushatta Tribe used CCS to spy on other tribes and fellow Coushattas, approving gigantic invoices with only the description "professional services." The largest single invoice was $3,405,000 on March 13, 2002.
CCS helped put together a "Slate of Eight" for the 2001 tribal council election of the Saginaw Chippewa. Soon after the new council entered office, they paid him $1.8 million. It is a federal offense for individual tribe members to use casino profits for their own benefit.
Money out
$1.8 million plus $2.3 million from Scanlon's front organization American International Center to Abramoff's college friend Ralph Reed in 2001 and 2002 to assemble anti-gambling coalitions in Louisiana and Texas. Abramoff and Scanlon later took on the Tigua Tribe of Texas whose casinos were blocked by the coalition as clients.
$500,000 to the Republican Governors Association before the 2002 election (in two contributions of $250,000 each on October 17 and 22). The payment was not disclosed until the association filed amended reports on April 27, 2004. In January 2006 Gov. Mitt Romney said the association would donate $500,000 to American Red Cross chapters in the hurricane areas of Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Florida and Alabama.
$125,000 to Team Abramoff member Kevin Ring (through KAR LLC, based at Ring's home) with monies from the Pueblo of Sandia Tribe of New Mexico in 2002
$20,000 each to Team Abramoff members John Van Horne and Michael Smith in 2002 (contrary to Greenberg Traurig policy; Horne and Smith were asked to resign in 2005)
An example of the Abramoff kickback: more than $12 million to Abramoff’s Kay Gold Inc. in 9 months in 2002 [Roll Call, 3/23/04], including a $2,266,250 check on September 12, 2002
An example of an actual lobbying expense: $50,000 to lobbying firm Lunde & Burger to lobby Senator Dodd
$120,000 to the Alexander Strategy Group in 2002
$950,000 via Scanlon's front organization Atlantic Research Analysis to Capital Athletic Foundation in 2003
Employees
A few mostly young people were employed by CCS in a townhouse on Capitol Hill.
Quotes
According to assistant attorney general Alice Fisher:
Scanlon and Abramoff agreed to defraud their tribal clients in a scheme they jokingly referred to between themselves as the "Gimme Five" program.
Let me explain to you how this program worked. As described in the court papers filed today, Abramoff would recommend that his tribal clients hire a company run by Scanlon, Capitol Campaign Strategies, or CCS, to perform grassroots or public relations services on behalf of the tribes.
But the tribes weren't getting the whole picture. Abramoff did not refer tribal clients to CCS solely to further the interest of the tribe. Rather, he did so to further his own interest and to line his own pockets in ways which were fraudulent and illegal.
As they have both now admitted, Abramoff and Scanlon agreed that Scanlon would pay secret kickbacks of 50 percent back to Abramoff each time a tribal client hired CCS. These secret kickbacks ran into the millions of dollars and were never disclosed to the clients.
References
Justice Department News Conference on Abramoff Guilty Plea January 3, 2006
Former Public Relations Specialist Michael Scanlon Pleads Guilty to Corruption and Fraud Conspiracy, FBI press release, November 21, 2005
Former Lobbyist Jack Abramoff Pleads Guilty to Charges Involving Corruption, Fraud Conspiracy, and Tax Evasion, FBI press release, January 3, 2006
Text of Jack Abramoff plea
Jack Abramoff scandals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol%20Campaign%20Strategies |
José María Vélaz (December 4, 1910 – July 18, 1985) was a Chilean-born Jesuit priest and educator. He is known for founding Fe y Alegría (Faith and Joy), a partnership between Jesuit priests, university students and families that began in 1955 in Caracas, Venezuela, and sought community mobilization and the provision of high-quality education for children from impoverished and marginalized communities. Vélaz's work is regarded as a social movement that was pivotal in Jesuit education's shift from the development of middle- and upper-class youth to the popularization of education for the underprivileged in Latin America.
Early life and education
José María Vélaz was born December 4, 1910, in Rancagua, Chile, into a Spanish Christian family. When he was a child, Vélaz's grandmother instilled in him an early love of La Virgen. He grew up learning the stories of saints such as Ignacio de Loyola and enjoyed reading and imagining himself as a hero of the stories he read and created. Vélaz attended primary school at O'Higgins Institute and when he was 10 years old—five years after the sudden death of his father—Vélaz's mother took him and his three younger siblings on a boat to live in Spain in the hope that they would receive a better education. His family settled in Loyola and his mother, who never remarried, sent Vélaz and his siblings to Jesuit school. As a child, Vélaz interned and attended secondary school at Xavier College, Tudela. He later began law studies at the University of Zaragoza.
Jesuit
In 1928, Vélaz left his university studies to join the Society of Jesus. In 1934, he and other Jesuit brothers were exiled by the Spanish Republic, so he left Spain for Belgium and studied Greek, Latin and Castilian literature at the Catholic University of Louvain. While awaiting his order to minister in Wuhu, China, Vélaz was instead assigned to go to Venezuela in 1936. He was unable to say goodbye to his family before his departure because a civil war had broken out. Because it was difficult for religious figures to obtain visas at the time, Vélaz entered Venezuela disguised as a cloth and wine merchant. Risking deportation upon his arrival, he served as a teacher at San Ignacio de Caracas School until 1939 and founded the Center Excursionista Loyola (Loyla Hiking Center). In 1939, Vélaz was able to return to Spain to study theology in Oña until 1945.
Vélaz began his priesthood with a focus on supporting the impoverished and marginalized people of Venezuela through education, which he believed would facilitate personal development and social engagement for the groups. From 1946 to 1948, he served as spiritual father of San Ignacio de Caracas School. From 1948 to 1954, he was rector of San José de Mérida School. During his tenure, Vélaz purchased San Javier del Valle, 800 hectares of land meant for comprehensive forestry development. He founded the House of Spiritual Exercises of San Javier del Valle Grande in honor of the 27 former students who died in a plane crash in December 1950, as well as a school network in the Andes region that depended on San José de Mérida School. Upon learning from his former students that a project was underway to open the road from Barinas to San Cristóbal, Vélaz designed a plan for a school network in the Barinas plains after completing his rectorate. However, the plan was not approved by the Society of Jesus, which ordered Vélaz to serve as director of spirituality and professor of humanities at Andrés Bello Catholic University in Caracas in 1954.
Fe y Alegría
With the support of volunteers from the university, Vélaz founded Fe y Alegría in 1955 in Caracas, Venezuela, to provide free public education to children from impoverished and marginalized groups living in the area. After local residents Abraham and Patricia Reyes heard about Vélaz's cause, they donated their home to him and it became the initiative's first school. In 1960, Vélaz forwent his commitment at Andrés Bello Catholic University to fully commit to Fe y Alegría.
Death and legacy
In 1974, Vélaz underwent heart surgery in Houston, Texas. The following year, he retired to El Valle, Mérida, and his brother José Manuel took over as manager of Fe y Alegría. Before his death, Vélaz was working on several projects, including
the expansion of Fe y Alegría into Africa and the start of a school network for the native people of Gran Sabana. He was also supporting the development of a chain of agricultural schools based in San Ignacio del Masparro, Venezuela, where he died of a heart attack on July 18, 1985.
For his work on Fe y Alegría, Vélaz is considered a pioneer of the popular education movement in Latin America. By 1992, Fe y Alegría had expanded to a network of more than 500 schools across the region. By 2007, the organization served approximately 1 million primary and secondary students from impoverished and marginalized groups in Latin America, the Caribbean, Europe and Africa. As of 2014, national branches of Fe y Alegría, such as that of El Salvador, also offer vocational programs as alternatives to gangs and emigration. Today, both San Ignacio del Masparro in Barinas and San Javier del Valle in Mérida are examples of schools that offer their students the opportunity to receive an additional farming and forestry education.
Honors and awards
In 1980, Andrés Bello Catholic University awarded Vélaz an honorary Doctorate in Education for his work as a distinguished educator.
Published works
1987: Cartas del Masparro
References
1985 deaths
20th-century Chilean Jesuits
People from Rancagua
1910 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Mar%C3%ADa%20V%C3%A9laz |
Paraiyar, or Parayar or Maraiyar (formerly anglicised as Pariah and Paree), is a caste group found in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala and in Sri Lanka.
Etymology
Robert Caldwell, a nineteenth-century missionary and grammarian who worked in South India, was in agreement with some Indian writers of the same period who considered the name to derive from the Tamil word parai (drum).
According to this hypothesis, the Paraiyars were originally a intellectual community, and also drummers who performed at Kovil and auspicious events like weddings and funerals.
M. Srinivasa Aiyangar, writing a little later, found this etymology unsatisfactory, arguing that beating of drums could not have been an occupation of so many people.
Some other writers, such as Gustav Solomon Oppert, have derived the name from the Tamil word poraian, the name of a regional subdivision mentioned by ancient Tamil grammarians.
More recently, George L. Hart's textual analysis of the Sangam literature ( 300 BCE – 300 CE) has led him to favour Caldwell's earlier hypothesis. The literature has references to the Tamil community system and refers to a number of groups variously called Pulaiyar and Kinaiyar. Hart believes that one of the drums called kiṇai in the literature later came to be called paṟai and the people that played the drum were paraiyar (plural of paraiyan).
Paraiyar as a word referring to an occupational group first appears in the second century CE writings of Mangudi Kilar. The Purananuru mentions the Tudiyar, the Panar, the Paraiyar and the Kadambar as one of the four communities of the Tamil world which should be respected.
History
Pre-British period
Hart says that the pulaiyar performed a ritual function by composing and singing songs in the king's favour and beating drums, as well as travelling around villages to announce royal decrees. They were divided into subgroups based on the instruments they played and one of these groups the Kinaiyan "was probably the same as the modern Paraiyan". He says that these people were believed to be associated with magical power and kept at a distance, made to live in separate hamlets outside villages. However, their magical power was believed to sustain the king, who had the ability to transform it into auspicious power. Moffatt is less sure of this, saying that we do not know whether the distancing was a consequence of the belief in their magical powers or in Hinduism's ritual pollution as we know of it nowadays.
Inscriptions, especially those from the Thanjavur district, mention paraicceris, which were separate hamlets of the Paraiyars. Also living in separate hamlets were the artisans such as goldsmiths and cobblers, who were also recorded in the Sangam literature.
In a few inscriptions (all of them from outside Thanjavur district), Paraiyars are described as temple patrons.
There are also references to "Paraiya chieftainships" in the 8th and 10th centuries, but it is not known what these were and how they were integrated into the Chola political system.
Burton Stein describes an essentially continuous process of expansion of the nuclear areas of the caste society into forest and upland areas of tribal and warrior people, and their integration into the caste society at the lowest levels. Many of the forest groups were incorporated as Paraiyar either by association with the parai drum or by integration into the low-status labouring groups who were generically called Paraiyar. Thus, it is thought that Paraiyar came to have many subcastes. According to 1961 Madras Census Report, castes that are categorised under Paraiyar include Koliyar, Panchamar, Thoti, Vettiyan, Vetti, Vellam, Vel, Natuvile, Pani, Pambaikaran, Ammaparaiyan, Urumikaran, Morasu, Tangalam, Samban, Paryan, Nesavukaraparayan, Thotiparayan, Kongaparayan, Mannaparayan, and Semban.
During the Bhakti movement ( 7th–9th centuries CE), the saints – Shaivite Nayanars and the Vaishnavite Alvars – contained one saint each from the untouchable communities. The Nayanar saint Nandanar was born, according to Periya Puranam, in a "threshold of the huts covered with strips of leather", with mango trees from whose branches were hung drums. "In this abode of the people of the lowest caste (kadainar), there arose a man with a feeling of true devotion to the feet of Siva." Nandanar was described as a temple servant and leather worker, who supplied straps for drums and gut-string for stringed instruments used in the Chidambaram temple, but he was himself not allowed to enter the temple. The Paraiyar regard Nandanar as one of their own caste. Paraiyars wear the sacred thread under rituals such as marriage and funeral.
Scholars such as Burchett and Moffatt state that the Bhakti devotationalism did not undermine Brahmin ritual dominance. Instead, it might have strengthened it by warding off challenges from Jainism and Buddhism.
British colonial era
By the early 19th century, the Paraiyars had a degraded status in the Tamil society. Francis Buchanan's report on socio-economic condition of South Indians described them ("Pariar") as inferior caste, who cultivated the lands held by Brahmins. This report largely shaped the perceptions of the British officials about contemporary society. They regarded Pariyars as an outcaste, untouchable community. In the second half of the 19th century, there were frequent descriptions of the Paraiyars in official documents and reformist tracts as being "disinherited sons of the earth". The first reference to the idea may be that written by Francis Whyte Ellis in 1818, where he writes that the Paraiyars "affect to consider themselves as the real proprietors of the soil". In 1894, William Goudie, a Wesleyan missionary, said that the Paraiyars were self-evidently the "disinherited children of the soil". English officials such as Ellis believed that the Paraiyars were serfs toiling under a system of bonded labour that resembled the European villeinage. However, scholars such as Burton Stein argue that the agricultural bondage in Tamil society was different from the contemporary British ideas of slavery.
Historians such as David Washbrook have argued that the socio-economic status of the Paraiyars rose greatly in the 18th century during the Company rule in India; Washbrook calls it the "Golden Age of the Pariah". Raj Sekhar Basu disagrees with this narrative, although he agrees that there were "certain important economic developments".
The Church Mission Society converted many Paraiyars to Christianity by the early 19th century. During the British Raj, the missionary schools and colleges admitted Paraiyar students amid opposition from the upper-caste students. In 1893, the colonial government sanctioned an additional stipend for the Paraiyar students. The colonial officials, scholars, and missionaries attempted to rewrite the history of the Paraiyars, characterising them as a community that enjoyed a high status in the past. Edgar Thurston (1855–1935), for example, claimed that their status was nearly equal to that of the Brahmins in the past. H. A. Stuart, in his Census Report of 1891, claimed that Valluvars were a priestly class among the Paraiyars, and served as priests during Pallava reign. Robert Caldwell, J. H. A. Tremenheere and Edward Jewitt Robinson claimed that the ancient poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar was a Paraiyar.
Buddhist advocacy by Iyothee Thass
Iyothee Thass, a Siddha doctor by occupation, belonged to a Paraiyar elite. In 1892, he demanded access for Paraiyars to Hindu temples, but faced resistance from Brahmins and Vellalars. This experience led him to believe that it was impossible to emancipate the community within the Hindu fold. In 1893, he also rejected Christianity and Islam as the alternatives to Hinduism, because caste differences had persisted among Indian Christians, while the backwardness of contemporary local Muslims made Islam unappealing.
Thass subsequently attempted a Buddhist reconstruction of the Tamil religious history. He argued that the Paraiyars were originally followers of Buddhism and constituted the original population of India. According to him, the Brahmanical invaders from Persia defeated them and destroyed Buddhism in southern India; as a result, the Paraiyars lost their culture, religion, wealth and status in the society and become destitute. In 1898, Thass and many of his followers converted to Buddhism and founded the Sakya Buddha Society (cākkaiya putta caṅkam) with the influential mediation of Henry Steel Olcott of the Theosophical Society. Olcott subsequently and greatly supported the Tamil Paraiyar Buddhists.
Controversy over the community's name
Jean-Antoine Dubois, a French missionary who worked in India between 1792 and 1823 and had a Brahmin-centric outlook, recorded the community's name as Pariah. He described them as people who lived outside the system of morals prescribed by Hinduism, accepted that outcaste position and were characterised by "drunkenness, shamelessness, brutality, truthlessness, uncleanliness, disgusting food practices, and an absolute lack of personal honour". Moffat says this led to pariah entering the English language as "a synonym for the socially ostracised and the morally depraved".
Iyothee Thass felt that Paraiyar was a slur, and campaigned against its usage. During the 1881 census of India, he requested the government to record the community members under the name Aboriginal Tamils. He later suggested Dravidian as an alternative term, and formed the Dhraavidar Mahajana Sabhai (Dravidian Mahajana Assembly) in 1891. Another Paraiyar leader, Rettamalai Srinivasan, however, advocated using the term Paraiyar with pride. In 1892, he formed the Parayar Mahajana Sabha (Paraiyar Mahajana Assembly), and also started a news publication titled Paraiyan.
Thass continued his campaign against the term, and petitioned the government to discontinue its usage, demanding punishment for those who used the term. He incorrectly claimed that the term Paraiyar was not found in any ancient records (it has been, in fact, found in the 10th-century Chola stone inscriptions from Kolar district). Thass subsequently advocated the term Adi Dravida (Original Dravidians) to describe the community. In 1892, he used the term Adidravida Jana Sabhai to describe an organisation, which was probably Srinivasan's Parayar Mahajana Sabha. In 1895, he established the People's Assembly of Urdravidians (Adidravida Jana Sabha), which probably split off from Srinivasan's organisation. According to Michael Bergunder, Thass was thus the first person to introduce the concept of Adi Dravida into political discussion.
Another Paraiyar leader, M. C. Rajah — a Madras councillor — made successful efforts for adoption of the term Adi-Dravidar in the government records. In 1914, the Madras Legislative Council passed a resolution that officially censured the usage of the term Paraiyar to refer to a specific community, and recommended Adi Dravidar as an alternative. In the 1920s and 1930s, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy ensured the wider dissemination of the term Adi Dravida.
Right-hand caste faction
Paraiyars belong to the Valangai ("Right-hand caste faction"). Some of them assume the title Valangamattan ("people of the right-hand division"). The Valangai comprised castes with an agricultural basis while the Idangai consisted of castes involved in manufacturing. Valangai were better organised politically.
Present status
, the Paraiyar were a listed as a Scheduled Caste in Tamil Nadu under India's system of affirmative action.
Culture
Malavazhiyattam is a ritualistic dance drama performed once a year by the Paraya community in Kerala. Malavazhi is the mother goddesses who are installed in the homes of the Parayas and worshiped by them. Malavazhiyattam is performed to please the deities through music and drama.
Notable people
Religious and spiritual leaders
Poykayil Yohannan, rejected Christianity and Hinduism to found the Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha
Nandanar
Thiruppaan Alvar
Swami Sahajananda, Spiritual leader, Social activist, Politician and founder of Nandanar school, Chidambaram
Social reformers and activists
M. C. Rajah (1883–1943), politician, social and political activist from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
Rettamalai Srinivasan (1860–1945), Paraiyar activist, politician from Tamil Nadu
Iyothee Thass (1845–1914), founder of the Sakya Buddhist Society (also known as Indian Buddhist Association)
Annai Meenambal Shivaraj, first woman president of the Scheduled Caste Federation and Deputy Mayor of Madras
Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran, social reformer and Sree Moolam Prajasabha member who founded the organization Brahma Pratyaksha Sadhujana Paripalana Parayar Sangam
Politics
P. Kakkan, Minister for Home Affairs, Agriculture, Public Works, Member of Parliament(In 1946 – 5 March 1967) in Kamaraj's cabinet
Thol. Thirumavalavan, politician and chairperson of Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi.
A Raja, DMK leader and former Union Minister
V. I. Munuswamy Pillai, Minister for Agriculture & Rural development in Rajaji's cabinet
B. Parameswaran Minister for Transport, Hindu Religious Endowments, Harijan Welfare in Kamaraj's cabinet
N. Sivaraj, Founding member of the Justice Party, former Mayor of Madras and President of the Republican Party of India
Arts and Entertainment
Ilaiyaraaja, Indian film composer
Deva, music director
Raghava Lawrence, actor and director
Jai, actor
Kalabhavan Mani, Malayalam film actor
Premgi Amaren, Tamil film actor
Yuvan Shankar Raja, musician
Venkat Prabhu, Tamil film director
Mysskin, Tamil film director
Pa. Ranjith, Tamil film director
Ganesh, music director (part of the Shankar Ganesh duo)
Drums Sivamani, Indian percussionist
Mohan Sithara, Malayalam Music Director
References
Citations
Bibliography
Social groups of Kerala
Sri Lankan Tamil society
Dalit communities
Scheduled Castes of Tamil Nadu
Sri Lankan Tamil castes
South Indian communities
Ethnic groups in Kerala
Indian castes
Social groups of Sri Lanka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraiyar |
Shack are an English band formed in Liverpool, England in 1987. Originally Shack consisted of Mick Head (vocals and guitar), his brother John Head (guitar), Justin Smith (bass) and Mick Hurst (drums).
History
The Pale Fountains
Before founding Shack, Michael and John Head were in the cult 1980s band the Pale Fountains, and released two albums, Pacific Street in March 1984 and ...From Across the Kitchen Table in March 1985. However, though critically acclaimed, the albums only reached numbers 85 and 94 on the UK Albums Chart. That band ended around 1986 and returned from London to their home town of Liverpool. Bassist and founding member Chris "Biffa" McCaffrey died of a brain tumour in 1989, a few years after the band broke up.
1987–1996: Zilch, Waterpistol and hiatus
The Head brothers soon re-emerged as Shack, signing to the Ghetto Recording Company, home of record producer Ian Broudie's solo project, The Lightning Seeds and British soul band Distant Cousins. Shack's first album Zilch was released in 1988, but was neither critically nor commercially successful. The album was later re-released on the Red Flag Recording Company label with three extra tracks in 2007.
The follow-up, Waterpistol, was recorded in 1991 at London's Star Street Studio and Chapel Studios, Lincolnshire. Shortly after the recording of Waterpistol was complete, the Star Street studio burnt down and most of the tapes were destroyed. The only remaining DAT of the album was in the possession of producer Chris Allison. At the time, Allison was in Los Angeles, and when he returned, it transpired that he had left the copy in his hire car. It was only found weeks later after a frenzied search. However, by this point, Ghetto had folded so the record was without a distributor. Shack split, with Wilkinson joining fellow Liverpudlian John Power (formerly of The La's) to form the successful Britpop band Cast. The Head brothers accompanied Love for a few touring dates in 1992.
Waterpistol was finally released in 1995 on the German independent record label, Marina. NME described Mick Head as "a lost genius and among the most gifted British songwriters of his generation". The album was later re-released with new artwork on the Red Flag Recording Company label in 2007. Michael Head went on to form Michael Head & The Strands with his brother John, which found them further critical acclaim with their record The Magical World of The Strands on its release in 1996.
1998–2019: Reformation and new albums
The Head brothers, along with Iain Templeton (who drummed on The Magical World of The Strands) and bassist Ren Parry reformed Shack in 1998, releasing HMS Fable (1999), reaching the top 25 on the UK albums chart. Parry was replaced by Guy Rigby on bass for ... Here's Tom With the Weather (2003). Wilkinson rejoined in 2005, replacing the departed Rigby.
The band signed to Noel Gallagher's 'Sour Mash' record label. In May 2006 they released the album ...The Corner of Miles and Gil, which is named after two of the Head brothers' heroes, Miles Davis and Gil Evans.
In October 2007, the band released their greatest hits compilation album, Time Machine, including two new tracks. They toured briefly in England in October and November with Martyn Campbell on bass, including a set at the Liverpool Academy on 26 October 2007, which was filmed and recorded for a possible live album or DVD.
In February 2008, the band re-formed the Pale Fountains for two critically acclaimed live shows in Liverpool and London. The members of the reformed band were Michael Head, John Head, Martyn Campbell, Andy Diagram, Thomas 'Jock' Whelan and Iain Templeton. Since 2008, John Head has pursued a solo career playing live shows with his band The Streams. Michael Head launched a new project Michael Head & The Red Elastic Band on his own label Violette Records.
Shack played together again in June 2010 at a charity event in Winsford.
2020-present: Current activities
As of 6 June 2022, Mick Head is leading Michael Head & the Red Elastic Band, whose album Dear Scott was released on The Coral's record label Modern Sky UK. The album received a 4 star review in The Guardian and became Head's highest charting album in the UK, with the Official Charts Company giving the album a midweek position of number 4.
Drummer Iain Templeton died on 19 December 2022.
Members
Current
Michael Head – vocals, guitar (1987–1992, 1998–present)
John Head – guitar (1987–1992, 1998–present)
Martyn Campbell – bass (1992, 2007–present)
Past
Justin Smith – bass (1987–1990)
Michael Hurst – drums (1987–1990)
Dave Butcher – keyboards (1987–1990)
Peter Wilkinson – bass (1990–1991, 2005–2006)
Alan Wills – drums (1990–1991) (died 2014)
Ren Parry – bass (1998–2002)
Guy Rigby – bass (2002–2004)
Johnnie Baxter – drums
Iain Templeton – drums (1991–1992, 1998-2022; died 2022)
Discography
Studio albums
Other albums
Arthur Lee & Shack Live in Liverpool (2000)
The Fable Sessions (2003)
Time Machine: The Best of Shack (2007)
Singles
References
External links
Being There Magazine review of ...The Corner of Miles and Gil
Video interview with John Head and John Head acoustic session from BBC Liverpool08
English alternative rock groups
Musical groups from Liverpool
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical groups disestablished in 1992
Musical groups reestablished in 1998
1987 establishments in England
English musical trios
Britpop groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shack%20%28band%29 |
Salim Ali National Park or City Forest National Park is a national park located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It covered an area of 9.07 km2. Notified in 1986, the name of the park commemorated the Indian ornithologist Salim Ali. The park was converted into the Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar between 1998 and 2001 by Farooq Abdullah, the then Chief Minister of Jammu & Kashmir.
His interest in Golf is very well known and encouraged him for the Golf course project next to Ecologically fragile Dal Lake.
The park featured a wildlife species such as the hangul, musk deer, Himalayan black bear, leopard, Himalayan serow and 70 species of birds, including the paradise flycatcher, Himalayan monal, and Himalayan snowcock.
References
National parks in Jammu and Kashmir
Memorials to Salim Ali
Protected areas established in 1986
1986 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim%20Ali%20National%20Park |
Kunal Kohli is an Indian film director, producer, actor and writer in Bollywood. He is best known as the director of Hum Tum (2004) and Fanaa (2006). He also owns the production house Kunal Kohli Productions, whose first was his Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic (2008).
Career
Kohli started out as a film critic in the late 1990s and hosted the show Chalo Cinema on EL TV. He also directed some music videos: Bally Sagoo's "Mera Laung Gawacha", Kamaal Khan's "Jaana", Bali Brahmbhatt's "Tere Bin Jeena Nahin", Shiamak Davar's "Jaane Kisne", Hema Sardesai's "Bole Humse Kuch Na Gori" and Rajshri Music's "Yeh Hai Prem", a song for Alisha Chinoy with Milind Soman. He directed about 24 music videos before moving to TV and films. He made his directorial debut with the television series Trikon.
He has made 4 films for Yash Raj Films, owned by the late Yash Chopra. His first film under their banner was the romantic comedy Mujhse Dosti Karoge! (2002) which did not fare well at the box office despite much hype. It starred Rani Mukherji, Hrithik Roshan and Kareena Kapoor.
His second venture the romantic comedy-drama Hum Tum, starring Saif Ali Khan and Rani Mukherji, as one of the biggest hits of 2004 and established him as a director. Hum Tum won 5 Filmfare Awards, including Best Director for Kohli. He won against his mentor Yash Chopra who was nominated for Veer-Zaara.
He then directed the romantic thriller Fanaa, starring Aamir Khan and Kajol, who made her comeback after a 5-year break from the industry and earned herself the Filmfare Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film. The film was released on 26 May 2006 and emerged as one of the biggest hits of the year. It also proved to be controversial and was banned in the state of Gujarat due to protests against the lead actor Khan.
Kohli wrote, directed and co-produced the Yash Raj film Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic (2008), starring Saif Ali Khan, Rani Mukherji, Rishi Kapoor and Amisha Patel. He then produced the romantic comedy-drama Break Ke Baad (2010), which was directed by Danish Aslam and starred Deepika Padukone and Imran Khan in lead roles.
One of his projects Phir Se... was stuck in controversies involving allegations of plagiarism, however, the Supreme court later on allowed the release of the film upon settlement between the parties, while making him pay Rs. 25 lakhs to Jyoti Kapoor, the plaintiff. It was released on Netflix on 15 January 2018. Kohli has a three film contract with Reliance Big Pictures involving financing, distribution and marketing. This contract is estimated to be worth Rs 1.50 billion.
Television
Kohli judged the popular reality dance TV show Nach Baliyes second season for Star Plus in 2005. He also judged the children's reality show on Sony TV, Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka in 2005. In April 2014, it was reported that he would be the judge on NDTV's talent hunt show Ticket to Bollywood.
Personal life
Kohli is married to Ravina Kohli, who was the director of Koffee with Karan, and headed Yash Raj TV. They have a daughter, Radha who they adopted. His maternal aunt died of the COVID-19 in May 2020.
Music videos
Filmography
TV shows
Nach Baliye 2 (judge)
Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka (judge)
Stardust Awards (host)
Chalo Cinema (host)
Ticket to Bollywood (judge)
References
External links
21st-century Indian film directors
Hindi-language film directors
Filmfare Awards winners
Screen Awards winners
Living people
1970 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunal%20Kohli |
Toxice is the first drag queen band submitting the Romanian national preselection at Eurovision Song Contest 2006. The band is composed of: Divina Duvall (ex Luciana Duvall), Alehandra del Barrio, Fernanda and Bella Blue. The slogan of Toxice is that "Drag queen is an art and has nothing to do with sexual orientation".
External links
Official site
Official forum
Fan built site
Drag queens
Drag groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxice |
Michelle Vogel (born 1972) is an Australian-born film historian, author and free-lance editor. Vogel has written biographies of Gene Tierney, Marjorie Main, Olive Thomas, Olive Borden, Lupe Vélez, Joan Crawford, and Marilyn Monroe, as well as two compilations 'Children of Hollywood Accounts of Growing up as Sons and Daughters of Stars' and 'Hollywood Blondes Golden Girls of the Silver Screen'. She has also written a children's book entitled 'Three Twisted Tales'.
Vogel has lived in Brooklyn, New York City and in Victoria, Australia.
Books
Gene Tierney: A Biography, published 22 Mar 2005, 15 Mar 2011, by McFarland & Company.
Marjorie Main ~ The Life and Films of Hollywood's "Ma Kettle", published 1 Dec 2005, 15 Jun 2011, by McFarland.
Children Of Hollywood ~ Accounts Of Growing Up As The Sons And Daughters Of Stars, published 31 Jul 2005 by McFarland.
Olive Thomas ~ The Life and Death of a Silent Film Beauty, published 15 Jun 2007 by McFarland.
Joan Crawford: Her Life in Letters, published 10 May 2005, by Wasteland Press.
Olive Borden: The Life and Films of Hollywood's "Joy Girl", published 15 Apr 2010 by McFarland.
Lupe Velez: The Life and Career of Hollywood's "Mexican Spitfire", published 31 Jan 2006, 15 Jul 2012, by McFarland, Print , Ebook
Marilyn Monroe Her Films, Her Life, published 31 Dec 2013, 28 Feb 2014, by McFarland.
Holywood Blondes Golden Girls of the Silver Screen, published 1 Mar 2007, by Wasteland Press.
Three Twisted Tales, published 9 Apr 2007 by Wasteland Press.
References
Australian biographers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Australian women writers
Living people
1972 births
Australian women biographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle%20Vogel |
Justyna Majkowska (born Zduńska Wola, 17 July 1977) is a Polish singer. Her career started with the band Erato. Next, she was a member of Ich Troje, which represented Poland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 in Riga with the 7th place song "Keine Grenzen - Żadnych Granic".
In 2003 Justyna left the band. But in 2006 she came back with 1st Ich Troje vocalist Magda Femme. Ich Troje (5 persons now) won Polish preselections to Eurovision Contest "Piosenka Dla Europy", and they represented Poland for the second time at the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest in Athens.
Discography
Nie czekam na cud (2004, Fonografika)
Zakochana od jutra (2011, Anaconda Productions)
References
External links
Official site
1977 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2003
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2006
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Poland
Polish pop singers
21st-century Polish singers
21st-century Polish women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justyna%20Majkowska |
A saddle sore in humans is a skin ailment on the buttocks due to, or exacerbated by, horse riding or cycling on a bicycle saddle. It often develops in three stages: skin abrasion, folliculitis (which looks like a small, reddish acne), and finally abscess.
Because it most commonly starts with skin abrasion, it is desirable to reduce the factors which lead to skin abrasion. Some of these factors include:
Reducing the friction. In equestrian activities, friction is reduced with a proper riding position and using properly fitting clothing and equipment. In cycling, friction from bobbing or swinging motion while pedaling is reduced by setting the appropriate saddle height. Angle and fore/aft position can also play a role, and different cyclists have different needs and preferences in relation to this.
Selecting an appropriate size and design of horse riding saddle or bicycle saddle.
Wearing proper clothing. In bicycling, this includes cycling shorts, with chamois padding. For equestrian activity, long, closely fitted pants such as equestrian breeches or jodhpurs minimize chafing. For western riding, closely fitted jeans with no heavy inner seam, sometimes combined with chaps, are preferred. Padded cycling shorts worn under riding pants helps some equestrians, and extra padding, particularly sheepskin, on the seat of the saddle may help in more difficult situations such as long-distance endurance riding.
Using petroleum jelly, chamois cream or lubricating gel to further reduce friction.
If left untreated over an extended period of time, saddle sores may need to be drained by a physician.
In animals such as horses and other working animals, saddle sores often form on either side of the withers, which is the area where the front of a saddle rests, and also in the girth area behind the animal's elbow, where they are known as a girth gall. Saddle sores can occur over the loin, and occasionally in other locations. These sores are usually caused by ill-fitting gear, dirty gear, lack of proper padding, or unbalanced loads. Reducing friction is also of great help in preventing equine saddle sores. Where there is swelling but not yet open sores, the incidence of sore backs may be reduced by loosening the girth without immediately removing the saddle after a long ride, thus allowing normal circulation to return slowly.
See also
Bicycling
Pack saddle
References
Cycling
Sports medicine
Equestrianism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle%20sore |
Dichloralphenazone is a 1:2 mixture of antipyrine with chloral hydrate. In combination with paracetamol and isometheptene, it is the active ingredient of medications for migraine and tension headaches, including Epidrin and Midrin. Performance impairments are common with this drug and caution is advised, for example when driving motor vehicles. Additional uses of dichloralphenazone include sedation for the treatment of short-term insomnia, although there are probably better drug choices for the treatment of insomnia.
See also
Chloral betaine
References
External links
Analgesics
Hypnotics
Sedatives
Combination drugs
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloralphenazone |
Space Pirates is a live-action LaserDisc video game, released by American Laser Games for the arcade in 1992 and ported to MS-DOS computers in 1994 and the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer in 1995. The game was re-released for several platforms by Digital Leisure around 2003, with updated sound and video, among other American Laser Games titles.
Plot
The player assumes the role of a star ranger (as in all American Laser Games releases except Who Shot Johnny Rock?, the player character's name is not given, and he is referred to throughout the game as "Star Ranger") who picks up and responds to a transmission by Ursula Skye, the commander of a starship called Colonial Star One. The SOS call lets the star ranger know that the ship has been invaded by an evil group called the Black Brigade, led by Captain Talon. As the entire colony on board the ship is in danger, the player answers the distress call. Following a short target practice tutorial, consisting of shooting at fast-moving asteroids, the player heads out to the Black Dragon to defeat the space pirates.
After the star ranger succeeds in freeing the captives aboard, including Commander Skye, the next task is to find and assemble the Star-Splitter Cannon, which, aside from its main component, requires three crystals to work: the Aqua Blue, the Crimson Red and the Emerald Green. Each of the components can be found on a separate planet, bringing the total of planets the player can visit in any order up to four. However, the crystals must be placed in the weapon in a specific order, which is given to the star ranger by Commander Skye. On the four planets, the star ranger encounters heavy opposition, but once the elements are collected, the final task is to destroy the Black Dragon with the Star-Splitter Cannon, then eliminating its captain.
Gameplay
Space Pirates is similar to all other full motion video releases by American Laser Games in that the player rarely makes decisions other than selecting a planet and shooting villains. The action is propelled automatically, and only stops when one fails to kill a foe - who, in such cases, does not spare the player - or hits an innocent civilian or colonist. When this happens, energy units are deducted from the Star Ranger's life-support system, and a short clip is shown in which an old man - played by Ben Zeller, the prospector and stagecoach driver in Mad Dog McCree and Mad Dog II: The Lost Gold, respectively - gives general advice and scolds the player for the mistake made.
The Star Ranger's weapon of choice is a laser gun, which also happens to be used by the Black Brigade. The energy in the gun is limited, but can be quickly restored an infinite number of times. The gun is also used to choose paths and make simple decisions like shooting the appropriate spot in order to free prisoners. In the PC and 3DO versions of the game, the player can use either a mouse or a light gun to control the action; the 3DO version is also compatible with standard gamepads. The PC version lacks a two-player mode.
Reception
GamePro gave the 3DO version a mixed review. They criticized that the targeting is inaccurate whether using the standard controller or Gamegun, though they nonetheless felt the gameplay to be "mindless fun". They particularly praised the game's futuristic setting, saying that the imaginative characters and scenery make the game much more visually appealing and atmospheric than most full motion video games. Next Generation complained that American Laser Games' usage of the same basic format for all their games was becoming tiresome, but acknowledged that the game had good quality video and enjoyable acting and gameplay. They scored it two out of five stars, deeming it "entertaining enough, in a brain-dead sort of way".
References
External links
1992 video games
3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
American Laser Games games
Arcade video games
Digital Leisure games
DOS games
DVD interactive technology
Full motion video based games
LaserDisc video games
Light gun games
Single-player video games
Video games about pirates
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set on fictional planets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Pirates%20%28laserdisc%20video%20game%29 |
Superfrank! is a 1987 one-hour television special starring English comedian Frankie Howerd OBE. The special show marked his return to television performance after an absence of five years.
The show was made by Channel 4 and HTV. The script was written by Miles Tredinnick, Vince Powell and Andrew Nickolds and recorded before a live audience at the Playhouse Theatre in Weston-super-Mare close to where Howerd had his country home in the Mendips. At one stage he is joined by some donkeys who do their best to upstage him. Howerd ends the show with some songs accompanied on the piano by Sunny Rogers. The show was produced by Cecil Korer and Derek Clark. It was transmitted in January 1987.
The show's working title was 'Let's Be Frank!'
DVD release
Superfrank! is available on DVD as part of the two-disc Network DVD release Oh, Please Yourselves - Frankie Howerd at ITV.
References
External links
Frankie on the telly
screenonline: Superfrank! show credits
British Film Institute (BFI)
Channel 4 comedy
Channel 4 original programming
1987 television specials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfrank%21 |
John Wesley Van Benschoten (born April 14, 1980) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB).
Personal
He grew up in Milford, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati, where he was a two-sport athlete at Milford High School. He has an older sister, Caroline, and a younger sister, Lyndsay.
Playing career
College
Van Benschoten was a power-hitting star at Kent State University, leading all of Division I in home runs his junior year with 31. He was named the Mid-American Conference Player of the Year as a first baseman in 2001 and, , his 31 home runs and 221 total bases stood as single-season conference records. He also worked as the team's closer, however, and the Pittsburgh Pirates thought that he had more potential as a pitcher than as a hitter. They made him the eighth overall selection of the 2001 Major League Baseball Draft, and announced that he would be a pitcher.
Pittsburgh Pirates
Van Benschoten performed well as a prospect. He pitched a scoreless inning in the 2003 All-Star Futures Game while a member of the Altoona Curve, and Baseball America named him the top prospect in the Pirates system in both 2003 and 2004.
Van Benschoten made his major league debut on August 18, 2004, in a 6-3 loss against the Arizona Diamondbacks. Scheduled starter Kip Wells had complained of elbow pain before the game, so the Pirates called up Van Benschoten to take his place, designating reliever Willis Roberts for assignment to create roster space. Van Benschoten went on to pitch in six games for the Pirates, five of them starts. He compiled a 6.91 ERA in 28 innings pitched, winning one game and losing three. He also hit his first major league home run, against Casey Fossum.
The Pirates benched Van Benschoten for medical reasons on September 18, 2004, citing "shoulder fatigue" in his right arm. He did not pitch again that year, and in November, he had surgery to repair tears to the glenoid labrum and rotator cuff of his left arm. Those injuries did not affect his pitching, presenting a problem only as a batter, and Van Benschoten participated in the team's minicamp in January 2005. There, he began experiencing a pinching sensation in the shoulder of his right arm. He ultimately had surgery to repair a tear to the labrum of his right shoulder as well, and missed the entire 2005 season.
Van Benschoten returned to play in August 2006, but made only 5 starts (split between the Bradenton Pirates, Altoona Curve, and Indianapolis Indians) before a further arm injury ended his season.
Van Benschoten started the 2007 season at Indianapolis. He made his first start with the Pirates in the 2007 season on June 16 as a starter against the White Sox. Van Benschoten would go back to Indianapolis and be recalled later during the season only to finish the season with no wins and seven losses.
Van Benschoten would likewise start the 2008 season with the Indianapolis Indians and remain on the inactive roster for the Pirates. After posting a 4-0 record and a 1.88 ERA with the Indians, he was called up by the Pirates on April 27 to be on the active roster. He currently holds the all-time major league record for highest career ERA with at least 75 innings pitched. He became a free agent at the end of the season.
Chicago White Sox
In 2009, Van Benschoten signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox, who assigned him to the Triple-A Charlotte Knights.
New York Yankees
Prior to the 2010 season, Van Benschoten signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. He pitched for the Double-A Trenton Thunder and Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees.
San Diego Padres
After beginning the 2011 season playing independent baseball, Van Benschoten signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres on July 20.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Indianapolis Indians players
Baseball players from San Diego
Kent State Golden Flashes baseball players
Nashville Sounds players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Williamsport Crosscutters players
Hickory Crawdads players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Altoona Curve players
Charlotte Knights players
Trenton Thunder players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Tampa Yankees players
York Revolution players
Tucson Padres players
People from Milford, Ohio
All-American college baseball players
Tomateros de Culiacán players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Van%20Benschoten |
The environmental isotopes are a subset of isotopes, both stable and radioactive, which are the object of isotope geochemistry. They are primarily used as tracers to see how things move around within the ocean-atmosphere system, within terrestrial biomes, within the Earth's surface, and between these broad domains.
Isotope geochemistry
Chemical elements are defined by their number of protons, but the mass of the atom is determined by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Isotopes are atoms that are of a specific element, but have different numbers of neutrons and thus different mass numbers. The ratio between isotopes of an element varies slightly in the world, so in order to study isotopic ratio changes across the world, changes in isotope ratios are defined as deviations from a standard, multiplied by 1000. This unit is a "per mil". As a convention, the ratio is of the heavier isotope to the lower isotope.
‰
These variations in isotopes can occur through many types of fractionation. They are generally classified as mass independent fractionation and mass dependent fractionation. An example of a mass independent process is the fractionation of oxygen atoms in ozone. This is due to the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) and is caused by different isotope molecules reacting at different speeds. An example of a mass dependent process is the fractionation of water as it transitions from the liquid to gas phase. Water molecules with heavier isotopes (18O and 2H) tend to stay in the liquid phase as water molecules with lighter isotopes (16O and 1H) preferentially move to the gas phase.
Of the different isotopes that exist, one common classification is distinguishing radioactive isotopes from stable isotopes. Radioactive isotopes are isotopes that will decay into a different isotope. For example, 3H (tritium) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. It decays into 3He with a half-life of ~12.3 years. By comparison, stable isotopes do not undergo radioactive decay, and their fixed proportions are measured against exponentially decaying proportions of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of a substance. Radioactive isotopes are generally more useful on shorter timescales, such as investigating modern circulation of the ocean using 14C, while stable isotopes are generally more useful on longer timescales, such as investigating differences in river flow with stable strontium isotopes.
These isotopes are used as tracers to study various phenomena of interest. These tracers have a certain distribution spatially, and so scientists need to deconvolve the different processes that affect these tracer distributions. One way tracer distributions are set is by conservative mixing. In conservative mixing, the amount of the tracer is conserved. An example of this is mixing two water masses with different salinities. The salt from the saltier water mass moves to the less salty water mass, keeping the total amount of salinity constant. This way of mixing tracers is very important, giving a baseline of what value of a tracer one should expect. The value of a tracer as a point is expected to be an average value of the sources that flow into that region. Deviations from this are indicative of other processes. These can be called nonconservative mixing, where there are other processes that do not conserve the amount of tracer. An example of this is 𝛿14C. This mixes between water masses, but it also decays over time, reducing the amount of 14C in the region.
Commonly used isotopes
The most used environmental isotopes are:
deuterium
tritium
carbon-13
carbon-14
nitrogen-15
oxygen-18
silicon-29
chlorine-36
isotopes of uranium
isotopes of strontium
Ocean circulation
One topic that environmental isotopes are used to study is the circulation of the ocean. Treating the ocean as a box is only useful in some studies; in depth consideration of the oceans in general circulation models (GCMs) requires knowing how the ocean circulates. This leads to an understanding of how the oceans (along with the atmosphere) transfer heat from the tropics to the poles. This also helps deconvolve circulation effects from other phenomena that affect certain tracers such as radioactive and biological processes.
Using rudimentary observation techniques, the circulation of the surface ocean can be determined. In the Atlantic basin, surface waters flow from the south towards the north in general, while also creating gyres in the northern and southern Atlantic. In the Pacific Ocean, the gyres still form, but there is comparatively very little large scale meridional (North-South) movement. For deep waters, there are two areas where density causes waters to sink into the deep ocean. These are in the North Atlantic and the Antarctic. The deep water masses formed are North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Deep waters are mixtures of these two waters, and understanding how waters are composed of these two water masses can tell us about how water masses move around in the deep ocean.
This can be investigated with environmental isotopes, including 14C. 14C is predominantly produced in the upper atmosphere and from nuclear testing, with no major sources or sinks in the ocean. This 14C from the atmosphere becomes oxidized into 14CO2, allowing it to enter the surface ocean through gas transfer. This is transferred into the deep ocean through NADW and AABW. In NADW, the 𝛿14C is approximately -60‰, and in AABW, the 𝛿14C is approximately -160‰. Thus, using conservative mixing of radiocarbon, the expected amount of radiocarbon in various locations can be determined using the percent compositions of NADW and AABW at that location. This can be determined using other tracers, such as phosphate star or salinity. Deviations from this expected value are indicative of other processes that affect the delta ratio of radiocarbon, namely radioactive decay. This deviation can be converted to a time, giving the age of the water at that location. Doing this over the world's ocean can yield a circulation pattern of the ocean and the rate at which water flow through the deep ocean. Using this circulation in conjunction with the surface circulation allows scientists to understand the energy balance of the world. Warmer surface waters flow northward while colder deep waters flow southward, leading to net heat transfer towards the pole.
Paleoclimate
Isotopes are also used to study paleoclimate. This is the study of how climate was in the past, from hundreds of years ago to hundreds of thousands of years ago. The only records of these times that we have are buried in rocks, sediments, biological shells, stalagmites and stalactites, etc. The isotope ratios in these samples were affected by the temperature, salinity, circulation of the ocean, precipitation, etc. of the climate at the time, causing a measurable change from the standards for isotope measurements. This is how climate information is encoded in these geological formations. Some of the many isotopes useful for environmental science are discussed below.
δ18O
<p href="Salinity">One useful isotope for reconstructing past climates is oxygen-18. It is another stable isotope of oxygen along with oxygen-16, and its incorporation into water and carbon dioxide/carbonate molecules is strongly temperature dependent. Higher temperature implies more incorporation of oxygen-18, and vice versa. Thus, the ratio of 18O/16O can tell something about temperature. For water, the isotope ratio standard is Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, and for carbonates, the standard is Pee Dee Belemnite. Using ice cores and sediment cores that record information about the water and shells from past times, this ratio can tell scientists about the temperature of those times.
This ratio is used with ice cores to determine the temperature at the spot in the ice core. Depth in an ice core is proportional to time, and it is "wiggle-matched" with other records to determine the true time of the ice at that depth. This can be done by comparing δ18O in calcium carbonate shells in sediment cores to these records to match large scale changes in the temperature of the Earth. Once the ice cores are matched to sediment cores, highly accurate dating methods such as U-series dating can be used to accurately determine the time of these events. There are some processes that mix water from different times into the same depth in the ice core, such as firn production and sloped landscape floes.
Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) used measurements of δ18O in benthic foraminifera from 57 globally distributed deep sea sediment cores, taken as a proxy for the total global mass of glacial ice sheets, to reconstruct the climate for the past five million years. This record shows oscillations of 2-10 degrees Celsius over this time. Between 5 million and 1.2 million years ago, these oscillations had a period of 41,000 years (41 kyr), but about 1.2 million years ago the period switch to 100 kyr. These changes in global temperature match with changes in orbital parameters of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. These are called Milankovitch cycles, and these are related to eccentricity, obliquity (axial tilt), and precession of Earth around its axis. These correspond to cycles with periods of 100 kyr, 40 kyr, and 20 kyr.
δ18O can also be used to investigate smaller scale climate phenomena. Koutavas et al. (2006) used δ18O of G. ruber foraminifera to study the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and it's variability through the mid-Holocene. By isolating individual foram shells, Koutavas et al. were able to obtain a spread of δ18O values at a specific depth. Because these forams live for approximately a month and that the individual forams were from many different months, clumped together in a small depth range in the coral, the variability of δ18O was able to be determined. In the eastern Pacific, where these cores were taken, the primary driver of this variability is ENSO, making this a record of ENSO variability over the core's time span. Koutavas et al. found that ENSO was much less variable in the mid Holocene (~6,000 years ago) than it is currently.
Strontium isotopes
Another set of environmental isotopes used in paleoclimate is strontium isotopes. Strontium-86 and strontium-87 are both stable isotopes of strontium, but strontium-87 is radiogenic, coming from the decay of rubidium-87. The ratio of these two isotopes depends on the concentration of rubidium-87 initially and the age of the sample, assuming that the background concentration of strontium-87 is known. This is useful because 87Rb is predominantly found in continental rocks. Particles from these rocks come into the ocean through weathering by rivers, meaning that this strontium isotope ratio is related to the weathering ion flux coming from rivers into the ocean. The background concentration in the ocean for 87Sr/86Sr is 0.709 ± 0.0012. Because the strontium ratio is recorded in sedimentary records, the oscillations of this ratio over time can be studied. These oscillations are related to the riverine input into the oceans or into the local basin. Richter and Turekian have done work on this, finding that over glacial-interglacial timescales (105 years), the 87Sr/86Sr ratio varies by 3*10−5.
Uranium and related isotopes
Uranium has many radioactive isotopes that continue emitting particles down a decay chain. Uranium-235 is in one such chain, and decays into protactinium-231 and then into other products. Uranium-238 is in a separate chain, decaying into a series of elements, including thorium-230. Both of these series end up forming lead, either lead-207 from uranium-235 or lead-206 from uranium-238. All of these decays are alpha or beta decays, meaning that they all follow first order rate equations of the form , where λ is the half-life of the isotope in question. This makes it simple to determine the age of a sample based on the various ratios of radioactive isotopes that exist.
One way uranium isotopes are used is to date rocks from millions to billions of years ago. This is through uranium-lead dating. This technique uses zircon samples and measures the lead content in them. Zircon incorporates uranium and thorium atoms into its crystal structure, but strongly rejects lead. Thus, the only sources of lead in a zircon crystal are through decay of uranium and thorium. Both the uranium-235 and uranium-238 series decay into an isotope of lead. The half-life of converting 235U to 207Pb is 710 million years, and the half-life of converting 238U to 206Pb is 4.47 billion years. Because of high resolution mass-spectroscopy, both chains can be used to date rocks, giving complementary information about the rocks. The large difference in half-lives makes the technique robust over long time scales, from on the order of millions of years to on the order of billions of years.
Another way uranium isotopes are used in environmental science is the ratio of 231Pa/230Th. These radiogenic isotopes have different uranium parents, but have very different reactivities in the ocean. The uranium profile in the ocean is constant because uranium has a very large residence time compared to the residence time of the ocean. The decay of uranium is thus also isotropic, but the daughter isotopes react differently. Thorium is readily scavenged by particles, leading to rapid removal from the ocean into sediments. By contrast, 231Pa is not as particle-reactive, feeling the circulation of the ocean in small amounts before settling into the sediment. Thus, knowing the decay rates of both isotopes and the fractions of each uranium isotopes, the expected ratio of 231Pa/230Th can be determined, with any deviation from this value being due to circulation. Circulation leads to a higher 231Pa/230Th ratio downstream and a lower ratio upstream, with the magnitude of the deviation being related to flow rate. This technique has been used to quantify the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and during abrupt climate change events in Earth's past, such as Heinrich events and Dansgaard-Oeschger events.
Neodymium
Neodymium isotopes are also used to determine circulation in the ocean. All of the isotopes of neodymium are stable on the timescales of glacial-interglacial cycles, but 143Nd is a daughter of 147Sm, a radioactive isotope in the ocean. Samarium-147 has higher concentrations in mantle rocks vs crust rocks, so areas that receive river inputs from mantle-derived rocks have higher concentrations of 147Sm and 143Nd. However, these differences are so small, the standard notation of a delta value are no blunt for it; a more precise epsilon value is used to describe variations in this ratio of neodymium isotopes. It is defined as
The only major sources of this in the ocean are in the North Atlantic and in the deep Pacific Ocean. Because one of the end-members is set in the interior of the ocean, this technique has the potential to tell us complementary information about paleoclimate compared to all other ocean tracers that are only set in the surface ocean.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20isotopes |
The Chief Statistician of Canada () is the senior public servant responsible for Statistics Canada (StatCan), an agency of the Government of Canada. The office is equivalent to that of a deputy minister and as a member of the public service, the position is nonpartisan.
The chief statistician advises on matters pertaining to statistical programs of the department and agencies of the government, supervises the administration of the Statistics Act, controls the operation and staff of StatCan and reports annually on the activities of StatCan to the minister of industry.
The current chief statistician of Canada is Anil Arora, since September 19, 2016.
Dominion Statisticians and Chief Statisticians of Canada (1918 to present)
References and notes
External links
Statistics Canada web site
About Statistics Canada
Statistics Act
Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Statistician%20of%20Canada |
(Hans) Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff (17 February 1699 – 16 September 1753) was a painter and architect in Prussia.
Knobelsdorff was born in Kuckädel, now in Krosno Odrzańskie County. A soldier in the service of Prussia, he resigned his commission in 1729 as captain so that he could pursue his interest in architecture. In 1740 he travelled to Paris and Italy to study at the expense of the new king, Frederick II of Prussia.
Knobelsdorff was influenced as an architect by French Baroque Classicism and by Palladian architecture. With his interior design and the backing of the king, he created the basis for the Frederician Rococo style at Rheinsberg, which was the residence of the crown prince and later monarch.
Knobelsdorff was the head custodian of royal buildings and head of a privy council on financial matters. In 1746 he was dismissed by the king, and Johann Boumann finished all his projects, including Sanssouci.
Knobelsdorff died in Berlin. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof I der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.
Karl Begas the younger created a statue of Knobelsdorff in 1886. This originally stood in the entrance hall of the Altes Museum (in Berlin) and is now in a depot of the state museum.
Life and works
Military service and artistic development
Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, the son of Silesian landed gentry, was born on February 17, 1699, on the estate of Kuckädel (now Polish Kukadlo) near Crossen (now the Polish city Krosno Odrzańskie) on the Oder River. After the early death of his father he was raised by his godfather, the chief senior forester Georg von Knobelsdorff. In keeping with family tradition he began his professional career in the Prussian army. Already at 16 years of age he participated in a campaign against King Charles XII of Sweden, and in 1715 in the siege of Stralsund.
While still a soldier he developed his artistic talents in self-study. After leaving military service he arranged to be trained in various painting techniques by the Prussian court painter Antoine Pesne, with whom he shared a lifelong friendship. Knobelsdorff also acquired additional expertise in geometry and anatomy. He saw his professional future in painting, and his pictures and drawings were always highly appreciated, even after the focus of his activities turned elsewhere.
His interest in architecture developed in a roundabout way, and came from representing buildings in his pictures. Later, the pictorial aspect of his architectural sketches was often noted and met with varying reactions. Heinrich Ludwig Manger, as an architect more a technician than an artist, wrote with a critical undertone in 1789 in his Baugeschichte von Potsdam, that Knobelsdorff designed his buildings "merely in a perspective and picturesque way", but praised his paintings. Frederick the Great, in contrast, commented positively on the architect's "picturesque style" (gout pittoresque). There is also no evidence that the informal style of his drawings ever posed a serious impediment to the execution of his buildings.
Knobelsdorff acquired the expertise needed for his new profession again primarily in self-study, after a brief period of training under the architects Kemmeter and von Wangenheim. This breed of "gentlemen architects" was not unusual in the 16th and 17th centuries, and they were esteemed both socially and because of their specialized competence. They trained themselves by studying actual buildings on extensive travels as well as collections of engravings showing views of classical and contemporary buildings. Knobelsdorff's ideal models, the Englishmen Inigo Jones (1573–1652) and William Kent (1684–1748) as well as the Frenchman Claude Perrault (1613–1688), likewise grew into their professions in a roundabout way and were no longer young men when they turned to architecture.
Neuruppin and Rheinsberg
Knobelsdorff gained the attention of King Frederick William I of Prussia (the "Soldier-King"), who had him join the entourage of his son, crown prince Frederick, later King Frederick II (Frederick the Great). After his failed attempt to flee Prussia and subsequent imprisonment in Küstrin, (now Polish Kostrzyn nad Odrą), Frederick had just been granted somewhat more freedom of movement by his strict father. Apparently, the king hoped that Knobelsdorff, as a sensible and artistically talented nobleman, would have a moderating influence on his son. (The sources vary as to what prompted the first meeting between Knobelsdorff and Frederick, but they all date the event as being in 1732.)
At the time the crown prince, who had been appointed a colonel when he turned 20, took over responsibility for a regiment in the garrison town of Neuruppin. Knobelsdorf became his partner in discussions and advised him on issues of art and architecture. Immediately in front of the city walls they jointly planned the Amalthea garden, which contained a monopteros, a little Apollo temple of classical design. This was the first construction of its type on the European continent and Knobelsdorff's first creation as Frederick the Great's architect. This was where they made music, philosophized, and celebrated, and also after the crown prince had moved to nearby Rheinsberg Castle he frequently visited the temple garden during visits connected with his duties as commander in the Neuruppin garrison.
In 1736 the crown prince gave Knobelsdorff an opportunity to go on a study tour to Italy, which lasted until spring 1737. His stops included Rome, Naples and vicinity, Florence and Venice. His recorded his impressions in a travel sketchbook which contains almost one hundred pencil drawings, but only of part of his trip since on the return stretch he broke his arm in a traffic accident between Rome and Florence. He was unable to carry out a secret mission which involved engaging Italian opera singers to come to Rheinsburg since the available funds were inadequate. Knobelsdorff wrote to the crown prince that "The castrati here cannot be tempted to leave [...] regular employment, especially for those from the poorer classes, is the reason why they prefer 100 Rthlr (Reichstaler) in Rome to thousands abroad. In autumn 1740, shortly after Frederick assumed the throne, Knobelsdorff was sent on another study tour. In Paris only the work of the architect Perrault impressed him—the frontage of the Louvre and the garden side of the castle in Versailles. As to paintings, he listed those of Watteau, Poussin, Chardin and others. On the return trip via Flanders he saw paintings by van Dyck and Rubens.
Rheinsberg Palace and the modest household of the crown prince became a place of relaxed communion and artistic creativity, quite in contrast to the dry, matter-of-fact atmosphere at the Berlin court of the soldier-king. This was where Frederick and Knobelsdorff discussed architecture and city planning, and developed their first ideas for an extensive program of construction which was to be realized when the crown prince assumed the throne. Rheinsberg was where Knobelsdorff received his first major architectural challenge. At that time the palace consisted only of a tower and a building wing. In a painting from 1737 Knobelsdorff depicted the situation before the alterations, as viewed from the far shore of Lake Grienericksee. After preliminary work by the architect and builder Kemmeter and in regular consultation with Frederick, Kobelsdorff gave the ensemble its present form. He extended the grounds by a second tower and matching building wing and by a colonnade connecting both towers.
Forum Fridericianum
As a significant construction, this design was planned already in Rheinsberg as a signal for the start Frederick's reign. In Berlin the king wanted to have a new city palace that could stand up to the splendid residences of major European powers. Knobelsdorff designed an extensive building complex with inner courtyards and in front a cour d'honneur and semicircular colonnades just north of the street Unter den Linden. In front of that he planned a spacious square with two free-standing buildings—an opera house and a hall for ball games. Soon after Frederick acceded to the throne in May 1740, foundation testing began, as well as negotiations about the purchase and demolition of 54 houses that interfered with the project. Already on August 19, 1740, all these preparations were discontinued, supposedly because the intended ground was unsuitable. But in fact the king's distant relatives refused to sell their palaces, which were located in the middle of the planned square.
Frederick attempted to rescue the situation and sketched in modifications on the plan of the layout. When the First Silesian War (1740–1742) began, decisions about the Forum had to be postponed. However, even while the war was being waged the king wanted Knobelsdorff to begin construction of the opera house, today's Berlin State Opera (Staatsoper Unter den Linden). Work languished on the Forum also after the end of the war. Beginning of 1745 Frederick's increasing interest in Potsdam as a second residence became evident and the original plans moved into the background. Construction on the square with the opera house (Opernplatz, today's Bebelplatz) moved in another direction. In 1747 work began on St. Hedwig's Cathedral, in 1748 on the Prince Heinrich Palace, and between 1775 and 1786 the Royal Library was erected. The final square bore little resemblance to the original plan, but was highly praised already by contemporaries and also in this form caused the royal architect to achieve great eminence. The terms "Frederick's Forum" and "Forum Fridericianum" only appeared in specialist literature in the 19th century and were never officially used to refer to the square.
Opera House and St. Hedwig's Cathedral
Knobelsdorff was involved in the construction of St. Hedwig's Cathedral, but it is uncertain to what extent. Frederick II presented the Catholic community with complete building plans, which were probably primarily his ideas which were then realized by Knobelsdorff. The opera house, by contrast, was completely designed by Knobelsdorff and is considered to be one of his most important works. For the frontage of the externally modestly structured building the architect followed the model of two views from Colin Campbell's "Vitruvius Britannicus", one of the most important collections of architectonic engravings, which included works of English Palladian architecture. For the interior he designed a series of three prominent rooms with different functions, which were at different levels, and were decorated differently: the Apollo Hall, the spectator viewing area, and the stage. By technical means they could be turned into one large room for major festivities. Knobelsdorff described the technical features in a Berlin newspaper, proudly commenting that "this theater is one of the longest and widest in the world". In 1843 the building burned down to the foundation. In World War II it suffered several times from bombing. Each time the rebuilding followed Knobelsdorff's intentions, but there were also clear modifications of both the facing and the interior. Soon after they were completed, the opera house and St. Hedwig's Cathedral were featured in textbooks and manuals on architecture.
Tiergarten park and dairy
Already in Neuruppin and Rheinsberg Knobelsdorff had designed together with the crown prince gardens which followed a French style. On November 30, 1741, Frederick II, now king, issued a decree which initiated the redesign of the Berlin Tiergarten to make it the "Parc de Berlin". The document pointed out that Baron Knobelsdorff had received precise instructions concerning the changeover. The Tiergarten, in times past the private hunting grounds of the Electors and greatly neglected under Frederick's father, was to be turned into the public park and gardens of the royal residence city Berlin. In order to protect the newly cultivated areas the practice of driving cattle on the grounds was forbidden with immediate effect. Frederick's interest in this project can also be recognized in a later decree, which forbade the removal of large bushes or trees without the specific permission of the king.
As a precondition to redesigning the Tiergarten, large portions of the grounds had to be drained. In many cases Knobelsdorff gave the necessary drainage ditches the form of natural waterfalls, a solution which Friedrich II later praised. The actual work began with the improvement of the main axis of the park, a path which extended the boulevard Unter den Linden through the Tiergarten to Charlottenburg (now Strasse des 17. Juni. This road was lined with hedges, and the junction of eight avenues marked by the Berlin victory column (Siegessäule) was decorated with 16 statues. To the south Knobelsdorff arranged for three so-called labyrinths (these were actually mazes) in the pattern of famous French parks—areas separated off with artistically designed intertwined hedgerows. Especially in the eastern part of the park near the Brandenburg Gate there was a dense network of pathways which constantly intersected and contained many "salons" and "cabinets"—small enclosed areas so to speak "furnished" with benches and fountains. Knobelsdorff's successor, the court gardener Justus Ehrenreich Sello, began the modification of these late Barock pleasure grounds in the style of the new ideal of an English landscape park. Toward the end of the 18th century there was hardly anything left of Knobelsdorff's version except for the main features of the system of paths. But the fact remains that he designed the first park in Germany open to the public from the very beginning.
At the beginning of 1746 Knobelsdorff purchased at a good price extensive grounds on the verge of the Tiergarten at an auction. His land was situated between the victory column and the Spree River, about where today Bellevue Palace is located. The property included a mulberry plantation, meadows and farmland, vegetable beds and two dairies. Knobelsdorff had a new main building erected, externally a plain garden house. The wall and ceiling paintings in several rooms were considered to be a present from Antoine Pesne to his student and friend. The building was demolished in 1938. A number of biographers were of the opinion that Knobelsdorff used his property in the Tiergarten only to spend the idyllic summer months there together with his family each year, but this land was actually intensively cultivated as both a fruit and a vegetable garden, and turned out to be a useful investment. Knobelsdorff himself read books about the care of fruit trees and the cultivation of vegetables. One of them, (Ecole du Jardin potageur) contained a taxonomy of various kinds of vegetables, organized according to their curative powers. This gave rise to the suspicion that Knobelsdorff hoped for some relief from his chronic health problems from the plants in his garden.
Monbijou, Charlottenburg, Potsdam City Palace
The structural modifications to these three palaces are part of the extensive program that Knobelsdorff tackled on behalf of Frederick II right after he acceded to the throne, or a few years thereafter.
Monbijou Palace started out as a single-storey pavilion with gardens on the Spree and was the summer residence, and after 1740 the widow's seat, of queen Sophie Dorothee of Prussia, the mother of Frederick II. The pavilion soon turned out to be too small for the queen's representational needs, having only five rooms and a gallery. Under Knobelsdorff's leadership the building was expanded in two phases between 1738 and 1742 into an extensive, symmetrical structure with side wings and small pavilions. Surfaces with strong colors, gilding, ornaments and sculptures gave structure to the lengthy building. This version was gone already by 1755. Up until its almost total destruction in World War II the facing had a smooth white plaster coating. All remains of the building were cleared away in 1959/60.
Charlottenburg Palace was hardly used under Frederick William I. His son considered residing there and right at the beginning of his reign had it enlarged by Knobelsdorff. Thus a new part of the building arose, east of the original palace and known as the new wing or Knobelsdorff wing. It contained two rooms famous for their decoration. The White Hall, Frederick the Great's dining and throne room with a ceiling painting by Pesne, leaves a restrained, almost Classicist, impression. By contrast, the Golden Gallery with its very rich ornamentation, green and gold colors is considered the epitome of Frederician rococo. The contrast between these two neighboring rooms makes clear the range of Knobelsdorff's artistic forms of expression. The king's interest in Charlottenburg waned as he began to consider Potsdam as a second official residence, started to build there, and finally lived there. Charlottenburg Palace was heavily damaged in World War II and after 1945 reconstructed in a form faithful to the original to a large extent.
Potsdam City Palace. This baroque edifice was completed in 1669. After plans for a new palace residence in Berlin were abandoned, Frederick the Great had the castle rebuilt by Knobelsdorff between 1744 and 1752, with rich interior decorations in rococo style. His changes to the frontage had the goal of lightening up the massive building. Pilasters and figures of light colored sandstone clearly projected from red plaster surfaces. Numerous decorative elements were added and the blue-lacquered copper-covered roofs were crowned with richly decorated chimneys. Many of these details were soon lost and not replaced. In World War II the building was badly damaged and 1959/60 what was left was completely removed. The Brandenburg State Parliament decided to have the City Palace rebuilt by 2011, at least as to its exterior. Since 2002 a copy of part of the building, the so-called Fortuna portico, has been reconstructed at its historic location.
Sanssouci Palace
On January 13, 1745, Frederick the Great arranged for the construction of a summer house in Potsdam ("Lust-Haus zu Potsdam"). He had made quite specific sketches of what he desired, and had Knobelsdorff take care of the realization. They specified a single storey building resting on the ground of the vineyard terraces on the southern slope of the Bornstedt Heights in northwest Potsdam. Knobelsdorff raised objections to this idea; he wanted to increase the height of the building by adding a souterrain level to serve as a pedestal, plus a basement, and to move it forward to the edge of the terraces since it would otherwise look as if it had sunk into the ground if viewed from the foot of the vineyard hill. Frederick however insisted on his version. Even the suggestion that his plan increased the possibility of suffering from gout and catching cold did not cause Frederick to change his mind. Later he ran into these very difficulties, but bore them without complaint. After only two years of construction, Sansoussi Palace ("my little vineyard house") was how Frederick referred to it) was dedicated on May 1, 1747. Frederick the Great usually resided there from May to September; the winter months he spent in the Potsdam City Palace.
Decorative art
Evidence for Knobelsdorff's artistic versatility is found in his designs for garden vases, mirror frames, furniture and coaches. This kind of activity culminated in the design of large representational rooms, such as the spectator area of the Berlin State Opera Unter den Lindon and the large rooms in Charlottenburg Palace. Decorative ornamentation was an important feature of European rococo. Three French masters of this art, Antoine Watteau, Jules Aurele Meissonier and Jaques de La Joue, had created patterns and models which found wide circulation in the form of etchings and engravings. Knobelsdorff was obviously especially influenced by Watteau's work, whose motifs he had taken over and adapted in Rheinsberg for mirror and picture frames.
This influence turned out to be determinative for the design of the Golden Gallery in the New Wing of Charlottenburg Palace, a masterpiece of Frederician rokoko, built between 1741 and 1746. It was destroyed in World War II and later rebuilt. The artist, who himself had a lifelong affinity with nature, created here an artistic realm which was intended to evoke and glorify nature. At the same time the scenery of the actual palace park was brought into the room with the help of mirrors. The gallery is 42 meters long; the walls are covered with chrysoprase green scagliola; ornaments, benches and corbels are gilded. The walls and ceiling are covered with ornaments based in most cases on plant motifs. Watteau's notion of ornamental grotesques—a frame of fanciful plants and architectonic motifs surrounds a scene showing trees and people undertaking rural pleasures—clearly often served as inspiration.
The French church in Potsdam
The French Church is one of Knobelsdorff's late works. For the Huguenot congregation he designed a small round building which recalled the Pantheon in Rome. Construction was carried out by Jan Boumann, whose talents as an architect were not esteemed by Knobelsdorff, but who was often preferred for commissions in later years. The church has an oval ground plan of about 15:20 meters and a free-floating dome which 80 years later Karl Friedrich Schinkel declared to be very daring as to its statics. The modest interior gives the impression of an amphitheater because of the encircling wooden balcony. As specified by the French Reformed Church service there were no embellishments—no cross, no baptismal font, no figural decoration. Frederick II handed over the completed church to the Potsdam congregation on September 16, 1753, the day of Knobelsdorff's death.
In the 19th century Schinkel modified the interior fittings, since they had in the meantime come into disrepair. The church had been built on a damp foundation so damages appeared in quick succession. The church had to be closed several times for periods of years, but in the end it even managed to survive World War II intact. The latest extensive renovations took place from 1990 to 2003.
Illness and death
In 1753 Knobelsdorff's long-time liver disease became more troublesome. A journey to the Belgian therapeutic baths at Spa brought no relief. On September 7, 1753, only a short while before his death, Knobelsdorff wrote to the king, "when the pain briefly stopped". He thanked him "for all the kindness and all the benefits Your Majesty has showered on me during my lifetime". At the same time he requested that his two daughters be recognized as his legal heirs. That was problematic because the girls came from a liaison not befitting his social class. The long-time bachelor Knobelsdorff had entered into a relationship with the "middle class" daughter of the Charlottenburg sacristan, Schöne, in 1746, thereby earning the disapproval of court society. Frederick II agreed to his request, however with the restriction that his title of nobility not be bequeathed.
Knobelsdorff died on September 16, 1753. Two days later the Berlinische Nachrichten reported, "On the 16th of this month the honorable gentleman, Mr. George Wentzel, Baron of Knobelsdorff, artistic director of all royal palaces, houses and gardens, director-in-chief of all construction in all provinces, as well as finance, war and domain councillor, departed this life after a prolonged illness in the 53rd year of his renowned existence." On September 18 he was buried in the vault of the German Church on Gendarmenmarkt. Four years later his friend Antoine Pesne was buried next to him. When the church was rebuilt in 1881 these mortal remains were transferred to one of the cemeteries at Hallisches Tor; his grave was marked with a marble slab and a putto. This gravesite was destroyed by a bomb in World War II. Today a simple white marble memorial on an honorary grave of the State of Berlin in Cemetery No. 1 of the Jerusalem and New Church congregation brings to mind Knobelsdorff and Pesne.
Models
As an architect Knobelsdorff was greatly influenced by Andrea Palladio's buildings and theoretical works on architecture. This important Italian architect of the High Renaissance published in 1570 the definitive work, "Quattro libri dell´architettura" containing his own creations as well numerous drawings of antique architecture. Stimulated by Palladio, a building style developed which was widespread in the 17th century in Protestant and Anglican Northern Europe, especially England. In contrast to the simultaneous baroque style with its silhouettes and concave-convex frontage reliefs, Palladianism made use of classically simple, clear shapes. Knobelsdorff also undertook to follow this style on almost all his buildings, at least as far as the exteriors. He did not simply copy the models but converted them into his own style (only after his death did direct copies of foreign frontages become common in Berlin and Potsdam). In the broad sense he already represented Classicism, which in the narrow sense only began in Prussia in the late 18th century and achieved its apex in the early 19th century with Karl Friedrich Schinkel. As to interior decoration, Knobelsdorff followed from the beginning the main fashions of his time and provided superb examples of late baroque decorative art in his Frederician rococo style, which was inspired by French models.
Art collection
Knobelsdorff was an enthusiastic collector of art, a fact unknown until the recent discovery of old inventory lists. He bequeathed to his friend, Lieutenant Colonel von Keith, an extensive collection of paintings and engravings virtually unmatched in 18th century Berlin. The trustees of his estate counted and appraised 368 paintings valued at ca. 5400 Reichstaler and over 100 engravings worth 400 Reichstaler. It is not clear how Knobelsdorff could have purchased such a considerable collection. There was no regular art market at that time in Berlin; at most, there were individual sales or legacy auctions which sometimes also included works of art. Probably contacts with Amsterdam and Rotterdam, centers of a thriving Dutch art market, were of use. The focus of his art collection was on landscape painting, especially Dutch paintings from the second half of the 17th century. Portraits were another important part of the collection, and there were also some scenes of battles, reflecting the taste of the times. Contemporary painters were hardly represented, and there were 37 specimens of Knobelsdorff's own work. Soon after his death the collection was dispersed and sold.
Knobelsdorff and Friedrich II.
Knobelsdorff's relationship to Frederick II was a central aspect of his life. Something akin to friendship arose in Neuruppin and Rheinsberg from their joint interest in art and architecture. This almost constant personal contact and focus on only a few subjects important to both of them came to a natural end when the crown prince acceded to the throne as Frederick II in 1740 and concentrated on new areas such as waging war and administering the state, which meant he had to establish and maintain contacts with a much larger circle of advisors and collaborators.
Since Frederick recognized the qualities of Knobelsdorff and expected great things of him he immediately bombarded him with work, but also gave him titles and awards and allocated a magnificent house in Leipziger Strasse for his use while in his service. He was given overall control of all royal buildings, and was also director of plays and musical performances (until 1742). Besides his specific architectural duties he had to carry out administrative tasks and deal with many side issues, such as arranging for fireworks in the Charlottenburg Palace gardens, design decorations for the opera, and deal with horse stables in Berlin. Although Knobelsdorff usually provided only plans and projections and left their realization to experienced architects and technicians, the work was sometimes more than he could manage. This annoyed the impatient king. In 1732 he urged him to work faster, "so that I will have no reason to show my displeasure and to make changes in arrangements for the house I gave you as a residence in berlin.... He does not carry out anything the way I want it and is as lazy as an artillery horse". In the beginning such disagreements were the exception .
But from the start there was a fundamental disagreement which gradually became more and more evident. For Knobelsdorff, who was a serious artist, architecture and painting were at the core of his being. Frederick the Great had a lively interest in both and developed some pertinent expertise, but remained an outsider for whom concern with architecture could not be the main focus of attention. He sometimes compared his interest in these matters with the lighthearted pleasure of a child playing with dolls. Both the king and his architect were uncompromising, occasionally brusque personalities. Accordingly, different views about factual issues increasingly turned into personal tensions. When Knobelsdorff strongly disagreed with the king concerning plans for Sanssouci Palace, he was removed from his position of responsibility for the construction of the palace in April 1746, ostensibly for health reasons. In 1747 complete disorder was discovered in the expense accounts managed by the building controller, Fincke, who had for years been involved in major projects under Knobelsdorff's leadership. Frederick thereupon wrote a letter to his architect which "expressed his extreme displeasure" with the fact that he "no longer pays attention to orderliness and correctness."
This was the start of a permanent estrangement. Although Knobelsdorff continued to receive all types of building assignments—he designed the deer garden colonnade (Marble Colonnade), the Neptune grotto in Potsdam, the Neustadt Gate, several residences, the French Church, the obelisk on the market square and many other objects—for years he kept at a distance to the royal court. An attempt to bridge this gap ended in failure. The king summoned him to Potsdam in summer 1750, but soon got annoyed about some comment of the architect's and ordered him to return to Berlin. Knobelsdorff immediately set out, but halfway to Berlin a Feldjäger (military policeman) caught up with him with the message that he was to return to the court. According to tradition his response was, "The king himself ordered me to return to Berlin. I well know whether I have to follow his orders or those of a Feldjäger", whereupon he continued his journey. After that episode he never saw the king again.
Frederick II had apparently provided sketches of his own for all major buildings on which Knobelsdorff worked, and it is not always possible to determine the extent of his contribution. Whoever wants to evaluate his share in the creative process must also consider that the king's sketches might reflect the results of joint deliberations with his architect. In the beginning the young crown prince regarded Knobelsdorff, who was 13 years older than he, as his mentor in questions of art and architecture, and followed his suggestions. Later he frequently insisted on his own views in particular cases, and enforced them with the authority of his superior position. But basically his artistic opinions were in agreement with those of Knobelsdorff. Even after the latter's death he had, for example, the theater room and the marble hall of the Potsdam City Palace, both designed by Knobelsdorff, copied in the New Palace of Sanssouci—which suggests that the tensions which finally arose were not primarily a result of artistic differences but rather of personal touchiness.
Personal assessments
'Jakob Friedrich Baron von Bielfeld, who was for a time part of the crown prince's retinue in Rheinsberg, wrote in 1739: "Mr. von Knobelsdorff is a gentleman of serious disposition and with a somewhat stern visage, but of considerable merit. His external appearance is neither charming nor courtly, but that makes him no less admirable. I compare him to a beautiful oak tree, and you know, it is not at all necessary for all the trees in a garden to be trimmed into arches as gracefully as in Marly" (translation).Heinrich Ludwig Manger mentions Knobelsdorff in his "Baugeschichte von Potsdam" (1789/90). After listing 30 pieces of architecture which were realized in Potsdam alone according to his plans, he also writes about Knobelsdorff as a painter: "Although it does not really belong in a history of architecture.—he produced many paintings, all of them directly from nature. He paid attention to every detail which he thought could be of possible future use, and sketched them in his notebook, which he kept in a particular place of his clothing. These drawings are free and easy and dashed off in his own masterly way. [...] The same can also be said of his landscape paintings, because everything in them was painted from nature with a wonderful blending of colors, without being hard or too colorful" (translation).Fredrick the Great' wrote a commemorative address on Knobelsdorff in French and had it read on January 24, 1754, before the Academy of Sciences, to which Knobelsdorff had belonged since 1742 as an honorary member. He referred in it to the tensions which had arisen between the two of them in Knobelsdorff's last years, but made it very clear that he continued to admire him: "Knobelsdorff was on the whole held in high esteem because of his sincere and upright character. He loved the truth and believed it could not harm anyone. Agreeableness he considered to be a constraint and he avoided everything that seemed to restrict his freedom. One had to know him well to fully appreciate his merit. He encouraged young talents, loved artists, and preferred being sought out to putting himself in the forefront. Above all it must be said in his praise that he never confused competition with jealousy, two very different feelings [...]" (translation).
Chronology of main constructions
1734 - Apollo tempel in the Amalthea garden in Neuruppin.
1737 – Alterations to Rheinsberg Palace (until 1740).f
1740 – Plans to rebuild the city of Rheinsberg after it was destroyed by fire. Planning and construction of the Berlin Opera House (until 1743). Extensions for Monbijou Palace in Berlin (until 1742). New wing of Charlottenburg Palace (until 1742, the interior until 1746).
1741 – Start of redesign of the Berlin Tiergarten Park.
1744 – Work on reconstruction of the Potsdam City Palace (until 1752) and plans for Sanssouci Park.
1745 – Proposals for the colonnade of Sanssouci Park. Plans for Sanssouci Palace (completed in 1747).
1748 – Plans to rebuild the Dessau Palace (not realized)
1749 – Plans for the Marble Hall in the Potsdam City Palace.
1751 – Plans for the Deer Garden Colonnade and for the Neptune grotto in Sanssouci Park.
1752 – Construction of the French Church in Potsdam.
1753 – Plans for the obelisk on the market square of Potsdam and for the Neustadt Gate in Potsdam.
References
External links
1699 births
1753 deaths
People from Krosno Odrzańskie County
German Baroque architects
18th-century German painters
18th-century German male artists
German male painters
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Rococo architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Wenzeslaus%20von%20Knobelsdorff |
The Intercon LARP conventions are a series of live action role-playing (LARP) conventions licensed by LARPA and produced by independent groups. The conventions began with the SiliCon LARP convention, organized in 1986. To be licensed by LARPA Intercons must support some sort of open bid process in which local groups or individuals, regardless of affiliation, are invited to submit LARP events, and evaluated by some reasonably fair process.
The Intercon Conventions have used the names Silicon, and Intercon. They have been, over the years, a core element of the growth of Theatre Style LARP in the northeastern United States, primarily in the Boston and Washington DC areas. Currently InterCon is held in Warwick, Rhode Island.
In 2013 the Wyrd Con Companion Book 2012 was launched at Intercon M.
Events
SiLicon I Woburn, Massachusetts (Mar. 1986)
SiLicon II Danvers, Massachusetts (Mar. 1987)
SiLicon 2.5 New Jersey (Nov. 1987) (Unofficial event)
SiLicon III Danvers, Massachusetts (Mar. 1988)
SiLicon 3.5 Morristown, New Jersey (Oct. 1988) (Unofficial event)
SiLicon IV Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Apr. 1989)
SiLicon V New Haven, Connecticut (Apr. 1990)
SiLicon VI Annapolis, Maryland (Mar. 1991)
Intercon VII Edison, New Jersey (Mar. 1992)
Intercon 7.5 (Dec. 1992)
Intercon VIII Hunt Valley, Maryland (Mar. 1993)
Intercon IX (Mar. 1994)
Intercon 9.5 Hunt Valley, Maryland (Oct. 1994)
Intercon X Ocean City, Maryland (Mar. 1995)
Intercon 10.5 Timonium, Maryland (Oct. 1995)
Intercon XI Timonium, Maryland (Mar. 1996)
Intercon 11.5 Mt. Laurel, New Jersey (Oct. 1996)
Intercon XII Hunt Valley, Maryland (Mar. 1997)
Intercon 12.5 Edison, New Jersey (Oct. 1997)
Intercon XIII Natick, Massachusetts (Mar. 1998)
Intercon 13.5 Timonium, Maryland (Oct. 1998)
Intercon XIV Natick, Massachusetts (Mar. 1999)
Intercon 14.5 Cherry Hill, New Jersey (Jul. 1999)
Intercon Millennium Timonium, Maryland (Dec. 1999 - Jan. 2000)
Intercon XV Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Mar. 2000)
Intercon 15.5 Timonium, Maryland (Jun. - Jul. 2000)
Intercon A Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Mar. 2001)
Intercon XVI Timonium, Maryland (Oct. 2001)
Intercon B Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Mar. 2002)
Intercon XVII Timonium, Maryland (Oct. 2002)
Intercon C Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Feb. - Mar. 2003)
Intercon Gazebo (Intercon XVIII) Piscataway, New Jersey (Jul. 2003)
Intercon D Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Mar. 2004)
Intercon Mid-Atlantic 2004 Timonium, Maryland (Oct. 2004)
Intercon E Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Mar. 2005)
Intercon Mid-Atlantic 2005 (Intercon XX) New Castle, Delaware (Oct. 2005)
Intercon F Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Mar. 2006)
Intercon Mid-Atlantic 2006 (Intercon XXI) Rehoboth, Delaware (Nov. 2006)
Intercon G Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Mar. 2007)
Intercon Mid-Atlantic 2007 (Intercon XXII) Rehoboth, Delaware (Nov. 2007)
Intercon H Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Feb. - Mar. 2008)
Intercon Mid-Atlantic 2008 (Intercon XXIII) Rehoboth, Delaware (Nov. 2008)
Intercon I Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Mar. 2009)
Intercon Mid-Atlantic 2009 (Intercon XXIV) Germantown, Maryland (Oct. 2009)
Intercon J Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Mar. 2010)
Intercon K Waltham, Massachusetts (Mar. 2011)
Intercon Mid-Atlantic 2011 Bethesda, Maryland (Sep. 2011)
Intercon L Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Mar. 2012)
Intercon M Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Mar. 2013)
Intercon N Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Feb. - Mar. 2014)
Intercon O Chelmsford, Massachusetts (Feb. - Mar. 2015)
Intercon P Westborough, Massachusetts (Feb. 2016)
Intercon Q Warwick, Rhode Island (Feb. 2017)
Intercon R Warwick, Rhode Island (Feb. 2018)
Intercon S Warwick, Rhode Island (Feb. 2019)
Intercon T Warwick, Rhode Island (Feb - Mar. 2020)
Intercon U Warwick, Rhode Island (Mar. 2023)
External links
The Current Intercon Website (redirects automatically each year to the current site)
Intercon convention list for New England.
References
Live-action role-playing games
Gaming conventions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercon%20LARP%20conventions |
Joshua Höschel ben Joseph was a Polish rabbi born in Vilnius, Lithuania about 1578 and died in Kraków on August 16, 1648. In his boyhood, he journeyed to Przemyśl, Red Ruthenia, to study the Talmud under Rabbi Samuel ben Phoebus of Kraków. He returned to his native country and continued his Talmudic studies in the city of Włodzimierz (Volodymyr, Volhynia) under Rabbi Joshua Falk. After his marriage to the daughter of Rabbi Samuel of Brest-Litovsk, he became rabbi of the city of Grodno, whence he was called to the rabbinate of Tiktin (Tykocin), and later to that of Przemyśl. In 1639 he became rabbi of Lemberg (Lviv, Ukraine) and in the following year, he was appointed head of the yeshiva of Kraków. At Kraków, Joshua devoted all his time to matters pertaining to the yeshiva, din (law), and religious decisions. As he was a man of wealth, he accepted no salary for the services he rendered to the Jewish community of Kraków.
Joshua was one of the most eminent Talmudic analysts of his age. Like many of his learned contemporaries, Joshua had a taste also for the Kabbalah, but he did not allow mystical teachings to influence his halakhic decisions. On account of his extensive erudition in Talmudic literature, the number of his pupils at the yeshivah constantly increased. Many of them became noted rabbis. Among his students was Rav Shabbatai HaKohen (1621–1662), also known as The Shach, one of the greatest commentators on the Shulchan Aruch.
Joshua's published works are:
Maginei Shelomo (Amsterdam, 1715), novellae on various tractates of the Talmud, in which the author attempts to refute the strictures made by the schools of the Tosafists on the commentaries of Rashi.
She'elot uTeshuvot Penei Yehoshua', Amsterdam, 1715; Lemberg, 1860.
Other works of his are still in manuscript.
See also
Judah Leib ben Isaac
References
Its bibliography:
C. N. Dembitzer, Kelilat Yofi, i. 109, ii.1, Cracow, 1888–93;
I. M. Zunz, 'Ir ha-Ẓedeḳ, p. 79, Lemberg, 1874;
B. Friedberg, Luḥot Zikkaron, p. 11, Drohobicz, 1897;
idem, Keter Kehunnah, p. 5, ib. 1898;
Solomon Buber, Anshe Shem, p. 82, Cracow, 1895;
Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1557;
R. N. Rabinowitz, Hesrot u-Tiḳḳunim, p. 12, Lyck, 1875;
S. Hurwitz, Reḥobot 'Ir, p. 10, Vilna, 1890.
17th-century Polish rabbis
1570s births
1648 deaths
Rabbis from Vilnius | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20H%C3%B6schel%20ben%20Joseph |
Poring is a small tourist resort in Sabah, Malaysia. Located 40 km south-east of the Kinabalu National Park Headquarters, in the district of Ranau, Poring is situated in lowland rainforest, contrasting with the montane and submontane rainforest of Kinabalu National Park. The name Poring comes from a Kadazandusun word for a bamboo species found in the area.
Poring is known for its hot springs and the popular recreation and tourist complex is known as Poring Hot Springs. The springs are known for their therapeutic properties and the waters with their sulphuric minerals are reputed to ease aching muscles. The baths are favoured by returned climbers of Mount Kinabalu.
Features
Butterfly farm: Borneo's first butterfly farm features a garden, nursery and hatchery for the purpose of research, education and the conservation of endangered species.
Poring Orchid Conservation Centre: With 1,200 species of orchids found with Kinabalu Park, the centre has the largest collection of Sabah's endemic orchids.
Kipungit Waterfall: Kipungit Waterfall is a 30-minute walk from Poring Hot Springs. The waterfall is smaller than the Laganan Waterfall, which is a 90-minute walk from Poring Hot Springs.
Tropical Garden: Mousedeer and other deer are exhibited with colourful birds in the aviary.
Poring Canopy Walkway: Visitors can stroll amidst the canopy of the Menggaris tree - the King of the Forest. The Walkway is 157.8m long and 41m high.
Accommodation: Poring Hot Spring features accommodation which used to be run by Sabah Parks under Kinabalu Nature Resorts in a very minimalist approach. Since then, the management has been taken over by Sutera Sanctuary Lodges, which on the one hand has significantly modernised the accommodation facilities, but on the other, rocketed the prices of especially the refurbished accommodations.
References
External links
Sabah Parks website
ASEAN Heritage website
Mount Kinabalu
Protected areas of Sabah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poring |
Leslie Peter Wilkinson (born 9 May 1969 in Liverpool) in an English bass player and singer-songwriter, formerly of Shack, Cast, and Echo & the Bunnymen.
He is currently concentrating on his Aviator project and has recorded and released an album with Michael Blyth as Michael Blyth and the Wild Braid, getting 4/5 star reviews in Uncut/Mojo/Maverick and Classic Rock.
Biography
Although having taught himself to play bass at an early age by listening to new wave bands such as The Stranglers and Siouxsie and the Banshees, Wilkinson took an interest in jazz and went on to tour the jazz circuit across the north west of England and North Wales. He gained a college diploma in the genre before deciding that he would never be able to move out of the small clubs he was already playing whilst playing jazz.
In 1990, Wilkinson joined Shack with whom he worked on the album Waterpistol. The album however would not be released until 1995, due to problems with the loss of the master tapes and the original record label folding leading to the band splitting up.
In 1992, he co-founded Cast with former La's bassist John Power whom fronted the band.
Following the band's split in 2001, Wilkinson released a solo album in October 2002 Huxley Pig Part 1 under the guise of Aviator. He also began working as a session musician, playing with artists including Ian McCulloch, Echo & the Bunnymen, Canadian songwriter/vocalist Simon Wilcox and The Hours with whom he took on lead guitar duties.
In 2005, Wilkinson rejoined the reformed Shack, who released two albums on Noel Gallagher's record label, Sour Mash.
Wilkinson also composes and performs music for TV commercials.
In 2010, Wilkinson re-joined the reformed Cast for a UK tour in November 2010. The band went on to release the album Troubled Times in 2012 with drummer Steve Pilgrim replacing Keith O'Neill who was too busy tour managing to participate. Following an abrupt departure from a tour in December 2014, Wilkinson confirmed in March 2015 that he had left the band and wouldn't be working on their forthcoming album or touring with the band,
Wilkinson released the long delayed Aviator follow up album Huxley Pig, Part 2 in 2012 and follow up single Desolation Peaks on limited edition 7" via Eighties Vinyl Records in 2013. He released the third Aviator album No Friend Of Mind in August 2015 on his own label AV8.
Associated acts
Shack (1990–1991, 2005–present)
Cast (1992–2001, 2010–2014)
Aviator (2002–present)
Echo & the Bunnymen (2001–2005)
The Hours (2006–2007)
Michael Blyth and the Wild Braid (2017–present)
Discography
Shack – Waterpistol (1995)
Cast – All Change (1995)
Cast – Mother Nature Calls (1997)
Cast – Magic Hour (1999)
Cast – Beetroot (2001)
Aviator – Huxley Pig, Part 1 (2002)
Ian McCulloch – Slideling (2003)
Echo & the Bunnymen – Siberia (2005)
Shack – ...The Corner of Miles & Gil (2006)
Simon Wilcox – Charm and the Strange (2007)
Baltic Fleet – Baltic Fleet (2008)
Cast – Troubled Times (2011)
Aviator – Huxley Pig, Part 2 (2012)
Aviator – By the By: Unreleased Sessions 2002–2012 (2013)
Michael Head & the Red Elastic Band – Artorius Revisisted (2013)
Aviator – No Friend Of Mind (2015)
Aviator – The Strawberry Field Sessions (2016)
Aviator – OMNI (2018)
David Boone – A Bubble to Burst (2018)
Michael Blyth and the Wild Braid – Indigo Train (2018)
Aviator – AV8OR (2022)
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Musicians from Liverpool
Cast (band) members
Echo & the Bunnymen members
Shack (band) members
Britpop musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Wilkinson%20%28bass%20guitarist%29 |
Kumar (; Sanskrit: कुमार kumārá) is a title, given name, middle name, or a family name found in the Indian subcontinent, mainly in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, though not specific to any religion, ethnicity, or caste. It is a generic title which variously means prince, son, boy, or chaste. It is the 11th most common family name in the world as of August 2019.
History
The origin of kumar can be traced back to the early development of Hinduism and its origin in ancient India. The first usage of Kumar was for the Four Kumāras, the four sons of Brahma from the Puranic texts of Hinduism named Sanaka, Sanatana, Sanandana, and Sanat.
In Skanda Purana, the largest Mahapurana, a genre of eighteen Hindu religious texts, the text is devoted mainly to the leelas of Kartikeya, son of Shiva and Parvati. "Kumar" is used to refer Kartikeya.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 97.3% of all known bearers of the surname Kumar were residents of India. The frequency of the surname was higher than national average in the following states and union territories:
1. Himachal Pradesh (1: 9)
2. Chandigarh (1: 10)
3. Delhi (1: 11)
3. Haryana (1: 11)
4. Bihar (1: 15)
5. Jammu and Kashmir (1: 16)
5. Uttar Pradesh (1: 16)
6. Uttarakhand (1: 28)
7. Rajasthan (1: 30)
8. Punjab (1: 39)
Notable people
First name
Kumar Basnet, (born 1943) Nepalese folk singer
Kumar Dharmasena, Sri Lankan cricketer and International cricket umpire
Kumar Gandharva (1924–1992), Indian singer
Kumar Gaurav, Indian film actor
Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir, Nepalese Buddhist monk
Kumar Malavalli, Indian businessman
Kumar Mangalam Birla, Indian industrialist
Kumar Pallana, Indian film actor
Kumar Ponnambalam (1940–2000), Sri Lankan lawyer and politician
Kumar Pradhan, Nepalese scholar
Kumar Ram Narain Karthikeyan, Indian race car driver
Kumar Rocker, American baseball pitcher
Kumar Sangakkara, Sri Lankan cricketer and a former captain of the Sri Lanka national cricket team
Kumar Sanu, Indian playback singer
Kumar Shahani, Indian film director
Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji, cricketer who played for England
Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji, AKA K. S. Ranjitsinhji, Indian prince, maharaja and Test cricketer
Kumar Vishwas, Hindi-language performance poet
Middle name
Abhas Kumar Ganguly, birth name of Kishore Kumar
Ajith Kumar Siriwardena, Sri Lankan Briton professor of hepato-pancreatico-biliary surgery
Akshay Kumar Datta, Bengali writer
Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri, a leading physicist
Amrit Kumar Bohara, Nepalese politician
Ananth Kumar Hegde, Indian politician
Anil Kumar Jha, (born 1969) Nepalese politician
Anjani Kumar Sharma, Nepalese surgeon
Arjun Kumar Basnet, (born 1975) Nepalese marathon runner
General Arunkumar Vaidya, the former Chief of Indian Army
Bijay Kumar Gachchhadar, Nepalese politician
Devendra Kumar Joshi, the Indian Chief of Naval Staff
Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay, a Bengali singer, composer and producer
Inder Kumar Gujral, an Indian politician who served as the 12th Prime Minister of India
Keshav Kumar Budhathoki, Nepali politician
Madhav Kumar Nepal, Former Prime Minister of Nepal
Manoj Kumar Pandey, Indian Army officer, recipient of the Param Vir Chakra
Nirmal Kumar Verma, former senior naval officer
Pawan Kumar Chamling, an Sikkimese politician who served as the 5th Chief Minister of Sikkim
Pradip Kumar Rai known as Byakul Maila, Nepalese poet
Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, Indian politician who was the leader of the Assam Movement, a former Chief Minister of Assam.
Prem Kumar Dhumal, chief minister of Indian state
Raj Kumar Saini, Indian politician
Raj Kumar Rao, Indian actor
Raj Kumar Kapoor, Indian actor, director
Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria, retired Indian Air Force officer, who served as the Chief of the Air Staff of the Indian Air Force
Ravi Kumar Dahiya, Indian freestyle wrestler
Roop Kumar Rathod, an Indian playback singer and music director
Sanjeev Kumar Yadav, DANIPS officer. He currently serves as Deputy Commissioner of Police(DCP), Special Cell, in Delhi Police.
Santosh Kumar Ghosh, Bengali writer and journalist
Santosh Kumar Gupta, former Indian Navy admiral, recipient of Maha Vir Chakra
Satinder Kumar Saini, vice chief of the Indian army
Selvar Kumar Silvaras (c. 1971–1998), Singaporean convicted murderer
Shailendra Kumar Upadhyaya, Nepalese diplomat
Shiv Kumar Batalvi, a Punjabi language poet
Siddharth Kumar Tewary, Indian television producer and director
Srinivas Kumar Sinha, Indian military officer
Sunil Kumar Yadav, Nepalese politician
Suniti Kumar Chatterji, an Indian linguist, educationist and litterateur
Sushil Kumar Modi, is an Indian politician
Tapan Kumar Pradhan, Indian bank, activist and poet
Tej Kumar Shrestha, Nepalese zoologist
Vijay Kumar Malhotra, Indian politician
Vijay Kumar Pandey, Nepalese journalist
Vijay Kumar Singh, Indian politician and a retired four star general in the Indian Army
Vineet Kumar Singh, Indian film actor
Vinod Kumar Shukla, modern Hindi writer
Vinod Kumar Yadav, Former Chairperson of the Railway Board, First Chief Executive Officer, Railway Board, Indian Railways
Yogesh Kumar Joshi, 17th and the current Commander, XIV Corps of the Indian Army
Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal, the 36th Chief Justice of India
Last name
Ajith Kumar, an Indian actor who works mainly in Tamil cinema
Akhil Kumar, an Indian boxer who has won several international and national boxing awards
Akshay Kumar, stage name of Indian-Canadian film actor, producer and martial artist, Rajiv Bhatia
Amit Kumar, Indian film playback singer, actor, and director
Amitava Kumar, Indian writer, journalist, professor
Anand Kumar, Indian mathematician
Anil Kumar, Indian businessman, consultant
Anup Kumar, Indian film actor
Ashok Kumar, AKA Dadamoni in Bengali, Indian film actor
Arun Kumar, Indian politician
Bhuvneshwar Kumar, Indian pace bowler
Bandi Sanjay Kumar, Indian politician
Chetan Kumar, Indian actor
Darshan Kumar, Indian actor
Deepak Kumar, several people, including:
Deepak Kumar (historian), Indian historian
Deepak Kumar (physicist), Indian condensed matter physicist and professor
Deepak Kumar (sport shooter), Indian sport shooter
Dev Kumar, Indian actor
Digendra Kumar, Indian military officer
Dilip Kumar, Indian film actor known as the 'Tragedy King' and a former Member of Parliament
Divya Khosla Kumar, Indian film actress, producer and director
E. Santhosh Kumar, Indian writer
Girish Kumar, Indian film actor
G. V. Prakash Kumar, Indian film score and soundtrack composer and singer
Gulshan Kumar, T-Series music label owner
Guru Rudra Kumar
Hiten Kumar, Gujrati film actor
Inder Kumar, Indian actor
Indra Kumar, an Indian film director and producer
Jainendra Kumar (1905–1988), Indian writer
Jeeva Kumar, Indian kabbadi player
Jitender Kumar (flyweight boxer), an Indian flyweight boxer
Jitendra Kumar, Indian film actor
Kanhaiya Kumar, Indian politician
Kishore Kumar, Indian film playback singer, actor, lyricist, composer, producer, director, screenwriter and scriptwriter
Manoj Kumar (boxer), Indian boxer who won a gold medal in the light welterweight division at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Manoj Kumar, an award-winning Indian actor and director in the Bollywood
María Teresa Kumar, a political organizer and voting rights activist for Latinos in the United States
Meira Kumar, an Indian politician and a five time Member of Parliament
Mukesh Kumar, several people, including:
Mukesh Kumar (cricketer), Indian cricketer
Mukesh Kumar (field hockey), Indian field hockey player
Mukesh Kumar (golfer), Indian golfer
Navin Kumar
Nirmalya Kumar, professor and businessman
Nish Kumar, British comedian
Nitish Kumar, Indian politician who served as the 22nd Chief Minister of Bihar
Oil Kumar, aa Indian ganglord and organized crime boss
Pawan Kumar, several people, including:
Pawan Kumar (director), Indian film director, actor, producer, and screenwriter
Pawan Kumar (wrestler), Indian wrestler
Pradeep Kumar, Indian actor in Hindi, Bengali and English-language films
Praveen Kumar, Indian medium-pace swing bowler
Prem Kumar, several people, including:
Prem Kumar (footballer) (born 1989), Indian footballer
Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor), Indian film actor in Malayalam films
Prem Kumar (Tamil actor), Indian film actor in Tamil films
R Sri Kumar (born 1949), Indian vigilance commissioner
Raaj Kumar, Indian film actor
Rajendra Kumar, Indian film actor
Ratan Kumar, Film actor
Ravi Kumar (Indian footballer)
Ravish Kumar, Indian Journalist at NDTV India
Ritu Kumar, Indian fashion designer
Rohit Kumar, several people, including:
Rohit Kumar (footballer), Indian professional footballer
Rohit Kumar (kabaddi), Indian professional Kabaddi player
Rohit Kumar (rower), Indian professional rower
Sai Kumar, Malayalam actor
Sanjay Kumar, several people, including:
Sanjay Kumar (business executive), former CEO of Computer Associates
Sanjay Kumar (soldier), Indian Army soldier who received the Param Vir Chakra
Sanjeev Kumar, Indian film actor
Sejal Kumar, Indian YouTuber
Shashi Kumar, or Shashikumar, Indian actor and politician
Sushil Kumar, several people, including:
Sushil Kumar (wrestler), Indian World Champion wrestler
Tulsi Kumar, an Indian playback singer for Bollywood films
Uttam Kumar, Indian (Bengali) cinema actor and contemporary of Dilip Kumar
Uttar Kumar, famous actor in north India
Venkatesh Kumar, Hindustani vocalist.
Vikram Kumar, Indian film director and screenwriter
Vijay Kumar (sport shooter), Indian champion shooter, Olympic 2012 silver medalist
Vimal Kumar, Indian badminton player
Vinay Kumar, Indian cricket player
Vinay Kumar (pathologist), the Alice Hogge & Arthur Baer Professor of Pathology at the University of Chicago
Vinoth Kumar, Indian football player
See also
Kumarbi
Keyumars
Yuvraj (disambiguation)
Arunkumar
Notes
Surnames of Indian origin
Surnames
Gujarati-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar |
The Nanda Devi National Park or Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, established in 1982 is a national park situated around the peak of Nanda Devi (7816 m) in Chamoli Garhwal district of Uttarakhand, in northern India. The entire park lies at an elevation of more than above mean sea level.
The National Park was inscribed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. It was later expanded and renamed as Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks in 2005.
Within the National Park lies the Nanda Devi Sanctuary, a glacial basin surrounded by a ring of peaks between and high, and drained by the Rishi Ganga through the Rishi Ganga Gorge, a steep almost impassable defile.
The National Park is embedded in the sized Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, which, in turn, is encompassed in the buffer zone around the Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks UNESCO site.
The best time to visit Nanda Devi National Park is from May to October.
History
The first recorded attempt to explore the sanctuary was in 1883 by W. W. Graham, who could proceed only up to Rishi Ganga. Other attempts by explorers in 1870, (T. G. Longstaff) 1926, 1927 and 1932 (Hugh Ruttledge) did not fetch fruitful results. Eric Shipton and H. W. Tilman entered the inner sanctuary through Rishi Ganga in 1934, thus opening the extensive exploration in the sanctuary. In 1939, the area was declared as a game sanctuary.
2021 Glacial Outburst Flood
At approximately 10:45 a.m. IST on 7 February 2021, a flooding disaster occurred all along the Rishiganga river and its valley following a landslide, avalanche or glacial lake outburst flood of the Nanda Devi glacier.
Layout of the Nanda Devi Sanctuary
The Nanda Devi Sanctuary within the National Park can be divided into two parts, Inner and Outer. Together, they are surrounded by the main sanctuary wall, which forms a roughly square outline, with high, continuous ridges on the north, east and south sides. On the west side, less high but still imposing ridges drop from the north and south toward the Rishi Ganga Gorge, which drains the sanctuary towards the west.
The Inner Sanctuary occupies roughly the eastern two-thirds of the total area, and contains Nanda Devi itself and the two major glaciers flanking the peak, the UttariRishi Glacier and the Dakshini Rishi Glacier. These are fed by the smaller Uttari Nanda Devi and Dakshini Nanda Devi Glaciers respectively. The first recorded entry of the British into the Inner Sanctuary was by Eric Shipton and H. W. Tilman in 1934, via the Rishi Gorge.
The Outer Sanctuary occupies the western third of the total sanctuary, and is separated from the Inner Sanctuary by high ridges, through which flows the Rishi Ganga. It is split in two by the Rishi Ganga; on the north side lies the Ramani Glacier, flowing down from the slopes of Dunagiri and Changabang, and on the south lies the Trisul Glacier, flowing from the peak of the same name. This portion of the sanctuary is accessible to the outside (though requiring the crossing of a pass). The first serious climbing expedition to pass through the Outer Sanctuary was that of T. G. Longstaff, who climbed Trisul I in 1907 via the eponymous glacier.
Fauna
Common larger mammals are Himalayan musk deer, mainland serow and Himalayan tahr. Himalayan goral are not found within, but in the vicinity of the park. Carnivores are represented by snow leopard, Himalayan black bear and perhaps also Himalayan brown bear. Langurs are found within the park, whereas rhesus macaque are known to occur in the neighboring areas of the park. In a scientific expedition in 1993, a total of 114 bird species was recognized.
Flora
Nanda Devi National Park is home to a wide variety of flora. Some 312 floral species that include 17 rare species have been found here. Fir, birch, rhododendron and juniper are the main flora.
Vegetation is scarce In the inner sanctuary due to the dryness of the conditions. One will not find vegetation near Nanda Devi Glacier. Ramani, alpine, prone mosses and lichens are other notable floral species found in Nanda Devi National Park.
Named peaks of the park and environs
Within the sanctuary
Apart from Nanda Devi, the following peaks lie on
Nanda Devi:
Devistan I, II: ,
Rishi Kot:
On the sanctuary wall
These peaks are listed in clockwise order, starting from just north of the Rishi Gorge. Some of them are relatively minor summits and have small topographic prominence, while others are independent peaks.
Hanuman:
Dunagiri:
Changabang:
Kalanka:
Rishi Pahar:
Mangraon:
Deo Damla:
Bamchu:
Sakram:
Latu Dhura:
Sunanda Devi:
Nanda Khat:
Panwali Doar (or "Panwali Dwar"):
Maiktoli:
Devtoli:
Mrigthuni:
Trisul I, II, III: , ,
Nanda Ghunti: 6309 m (20,699 ft)
Bethartoli Himal:
Just outside the wall
The following are the most notable peaks which are adjacent to the wall; they are all connected to the wall by high passes. They lie just outside the boundaries of the park.
Hardeol: (northeast corner)
Trishuli: (just beyond Hardeol)
Nanda Kot: (southeast corner)
Nanda Ghunti: (southwest corner)
Nuclear-powered spying device on Nanda Devi
During the cold war era when Chinese carried out their first nuclear test in 1964 and followed it up with missile testing, the US and India actively collaborated to spy on China's nuclear capabilities. Before the advent of spy satellites much of the clandestine intelligence gathering relied on ground based sensors. The Chinese missile testing facility was north of the Himalayan range, which was a big hurdle in detecting missile telemetry signals. CIA was looking for a Himalayan peak high enough to secure a direct line of sight to the Chinese missile testing zone. Together with the Intelligence Bureau of India, they planned a secret mission to install a nuclear powered listening device on top of the peak of Nanda Devi. A joint team of CIA hired US mountaineers together with Indian contingent from the defense forces were detailed to carry out the secret mission. By that time the mountaineering season was concluding and the mission met with adverse climatic conditions. They left behind the plutonium fueled device with the intention of renewing their attempt during the next year's climbing season. The follow-up Indian expedition during the next season found the device missing from where it was anchored. It probably fell down due to rock fall and slid towards the glaciers carrying its plutonium with it. All the follow-up secret expeditions launched to retrieve the device met with failure. In 2018 it was reported that the Tourism Minister of Uttarakhand State Mr. Satpal Maharaj met the Prime Minister of India to express his apprehensions that the atomic device that had gone missing over 50 years ago might be polluting waters of the Ganges.
See also
List of national parks of India
List of World Heritage Sites in India
National Geological Monuments of India
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
References
External links
Biodiversity Heritage Library
National parks in Uttarakhand
Protected areas established in 1982
World Heritage Sites in India
1982 establishments in Uttar Pradesh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda%20Devi%20National%20Park |
In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, a cyclic module or monogenous module is a module over a ring that is generated by one element. The concept is a generalization of the notion of a cyclic group, that is, an Abelian group (i.e. Z-module) that is generated by one element.
Definition
A left R-module M is called cyclic if M can be generated by a single element i.e. for some x in M. Similarly, a right R-module N is cyclic if for some .
Examples
2Z as a Z-module is a cyclic module.
In fact, every cyclic group is a cyclic Z-module.
Every simple R-module M is a cyclic module since the submodule generated by any non-zero element x of M is necessarily the whole module M. In general, a module is simple if and only if it is nonzero and is generated by each of its nonzero elements.
If the ring R is considered as a left module over itself, then its cyclic submodules are exactly its left principal ideals as a ring. The same holds for R as a right R-module, mutatis mutandis.
If R is F[x], the ring of polynomials over a field F, and V is an R-module which is also a finite-dimensional vector space over F, then the Jordan blocks of x acting on V are cyclic submodules. (The Jordan blocks are all isomorphic to ; there may also be other cyclic submodules with different annihilators; see below.)
Properties
Given a cyclic R-module M that is generated by x, there exists a canonical isomorphism between M and , where denotes the annihilator of x in R.
Every module is a sum of cyclic submodules.
See also
Finitely generated module
References
Module theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20module |
The bafilomycins are a family of macrolide antibiotics produced from a variety of Streptomycetes. Their chemical structure is defined by a 16-membered lactone ring scaffold. Bafilomycins exhibit a wide range of biological activity, including anti-tumor, anti-parasitic, immunosuppressant and anti-fungal activity. The most used bafilomycin is bafilomycin A1, a potent inhibitor of cellular autophagy. Bafilomycins have also been found to act as ionophores, transporting potassium K+ across biological membranes and leading to mitochondrial damage and cell death.
Bafilomycin A1 specifically targets the vacuolar-type H+ -ATPase (V-ATPase) enzyme, a membrane-spanning proton pump that acidifies either the extracellular environment or intracellular organelles such as the lysosome of animal cells or the vacuole of plants and fungi. At higher micromolar concentrations, bafilomycin A1 also acts on P-type ATPases, which have a phosphorylated transitional state.
Bafilomycin A1 serves as an important tool compound in many in vitro research applications; however, its clinical use is limited by a substantial toxicity profile.
Discovery and history
Bafilomycin A1, B1 and C1 were first isolated from Streptomyces griseus in 1983. During a screen seeking to identify microbial secondary metabolites whose activity mimicked that of two cardiac glycosides, bafilomycin C1 was identified as an inhibitor of P-ATPase with a ki of 11 μM. Bafilomycin C1 was found to have activity against Caenorhabditis elegans, ticks, and tapeworms, in addition to stimulating the release of γ-aminobutyruc acid (GABA) from rat synaptosomes. Independently, bafilomycin A1 and other derivatives were isolated from S. griseus and shown to have antibiotic activity against some yeast, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Bafilomycin A1 was also shown to have an anti-proliferative effect on concanavalin-A-stimulated T cells. However, its high toxicity has prevented use in clinical trials.
Two years later, bafilomycins D and E were also isolated from S. griseus. In 2010, 9-hydroxy-bafilomycin D, 29-hydroxy-bafilomycin D and a number of other bafilomycins were identified from the endophytic microorganism Streptomyces sp. YIM56209. From 2004 to 2011, bafilomycins F-K were isolated from other Streptomyces sp.
As one of the first identified and most commonly used, bafilomycin A1 is of particular importance, especially as its structure serves as the core of all other bafilomycins. With its large structure, bafilomycin has multiple chiral centers and functional groups, which makes modifying its structure difficult, a task that has been attempted to reduce the compound's associated toxicity.
Target
Within the cell, bafilomycin A1 specifically interacts with the proton pump V-ATPase. This large protein depends on Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to pump protons across a biological membrane. When bafilomycin and other inhibitors of V-ATPase, such as concanamycin, were first discovered in the 1980s they were used to establish the presence of V-ATPase in specialized cells types and tissues, characterizing the proton pump's distribution. Structurally, V-ATPase consists of 13 distinct subunits that together make up the membrane spanning Vo and cytosolic V1 domains of the enzyme. The V1 domain in the cytosol is made up of subunits A through H whereas the Vo domain is made up of subunits a, d, e, c, and c".
V-ATPase mechanism of action
In order to move protons across the membrane, a proton first enters subunit a within the Vo domain through a cytoplasmic hemichannel. This allows conserved glutamic acid residues within the proteolipid ring of Vo subunits c and c" to become protonated. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is then hydrolyzed by the V1 domain of the enzyme, enabling both the rotation of the central stalk of the pump, made up of subunits D, F and d, and the rotation of the proteolipid ring. This rotation puts the protonated glutamic acid residues in contact with a luminal hemichannel located in subunit a. Within subunit a, arginine residues serve to stabilize the deprotonated form of glutamic acid and allow the release of their protons. This rotation and proton transfer brings the protons through the pump and across the membrane.
Bafilomycin–V-ATPase interaction
For more than ten years after bafilomycin was discovered as a V-ATPase inhibitor, the site of its interaction with V-ATPase was unclear. Beginning studies used the chromaffin granule V-ATPase to suggest that bafilomycin interacted with the Vo domain. Two further studies confirmed this hypothesis using V-ATPase from bovine clathrin coated vesicles. They showed that application of bafilomycin inhibited proton flow through Vo and that this inhibition could be overcome by adding back the Vo domain to the coated vesicles. Further narrowing bafilomycin's interaction site, they found that specific addition of just Vo subunit a could restore function. This suggested bafilomycin interacted specifically with subunit a of V-ATPase; however, another study contradicted this finding. A group found that by using a bafilomycin affinity chromatography column V-ATPase could be purified, and that addition of DCCD, an inhibitor of the Vo c subunit, drastically decreased bafilomycin's affinity for V-ATPase. This suggested that bafilomycin interacted more strongly with subunit c of the Vo domain. It was further found that amino acid changes within subunit a could also lower V-ATPase-Bafilomycin interaction, indicating a minor role of subunit a in bafilomycin binding in addition to subunit c. An analysis of nine mutations that conferred resistance to bafilomycin showed all of them to change amino acids in the Vo c subunit. These data suggested that the bafilomycin binding site was on the outer surface of the Vo domain, at the interface between two c subunits. This binding site has recently been described in high resolution by two groups that used cryo electron microscopy to obtain structures of the V-ATPase bound to bafilomycin.
Overall, bafilomycin binds with nanomolar efficiency to the Vo c subunit of the V-ATPase complex and inhibits proton translocation. Although the interaction between bafilomycin and V-ATPase is not covalent, its low dissociation constant of about 10 nM describes the strength of its interaction and can make the effects of bafilomycin difficult to reverse.
V-ATPase localization and function
V-ATPase is ubiquitous in mammalian cells and plays an important role in many cellular processes. It is localized to the trans-golgi network and the cellular organelles that are derived from it, including lysosomes, secretory vesicles and endosomes. V-ATPase can also be found within the plasma membrane. In mammals, location of the V-ATPase can be linked to the specific isoform of subunit a that the complex has. Isoforms a1 and a2 target V-ATPase intracellularly, to synaptic vesicles and endosomes respectively. Subunits a3 and a4, however, mediate V-ATPase localization to the plasma membrane in osteoclasts (a3) and renal intercalated cells (a4). If located at the lysosomal membrane, this results in the acidification of the lysosome as lumenal pH is lowered, enabling activity of lysosomal hydrolases. When V-ATPase is located at the plasma membrane, proton extrusion through the pump causes the acidification of the extracellular space, which is utilized by specialized cells such as osteoclasts, epididymal clear cells, and renal epithelial intercalated cells.
Intracellular function
As it promotes the acidification of lysosomes, endosomes, and secretory vesicles, V-ATPase contributes to processes including:
vesicular/protein trafficking
receptor recycling
endocytosis
protein degradation
autophagy
cell signaling
With its role in lysosomal acidification, V-ATPase is also crucial in driving the transport of ions and small molecules into the cytoplasm, particularly calcium and amino acids. Additionally, its acidification of endosomes is critical in receptor endocytosis as low pH tends to drive ligand release as well as receptor cleavage which contributes to signaling events, such as through the release of the intracellular domain of Notch.
Plasma membrane function
When at the plasma membrane, V-ATPase function is critical in the acidification of the extracellular environment, which is seen with osteoclasts and epididymal clear cells. When present at the plasma membrane in renal epithelial intercalated cells, V-ATPase is important for acid secretion, which contributes to the acidification of urine. In response to reduced plasma pH, increased levels of V-ATPase are typically trafficked to the plasma membrane in these cells by phosphorylation of the pump by Protein Kinase A (PKA).
V-ATPase in disease
Clinically, dysfunction of V-ATPase has been correlated with several diseases in humans. Some of these diseases include male infertility, osteopetrosis, and renal acidosis. Additionally, V-ATPase can be found at the plasma membrane of some invasive cancer cells including breast, prostate and liver cancer, among others. In human lung cancer samples, V-ATPase expression was correlated with drug resistance. A large number of V-ATPase subunit mutations have also been identified in a number of cancers, including follicular lymphomas.
Cellular action
As the target of Bafilomycin V-ATPase, is involved in many aspects of cellular function, Bafilomycin treatment greatly alters cellular processes.
Inhibition of autophagy
Bafilomycin A1 is most known for its use as an autophagy inhibitor. Autophagy is the process by which the cell degrades its own organelles and some proteins through the formation of autophagosomes. Autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes facilitating the degradation of engulfed cargo by lysosomal proteases. This process is critical in maintaining the cell's store of amino acids and other nutrients during times of nutrient deprivation or other metabolic stresses. Bafilomycin interferes with this process by inhibiting the acidification of the lysosome through its interaction with V-ATPase. Lack of lysosomal acidification prevents the activity of lysosomal proteases like cathepsins so that engulfed cargo can no longer be degraded.
Since V-ATPase is widely distributed within the cell, Bafilomycin is only specific as an autophagy inhibitor for a short amount of time. Other effects are seen outside this short window, including interference in the trafficking of endosomes and proteasomal inhibition.
In addition to blocking the acidification of the lysosome, Bafilomycin has been reported to block the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. This was initially found in a paper by Yamamoto, et al. in which the authors used bafilomycin A1 to treat rat hepatoma H-4-II-E cells. By electron microscopy, they saw a blockage of autophagosome-lysosome fusion after using bafilomycin at a concentration of 100 nM for 1 hour. This has been confirmed by other studies, particularly two that found decreased colocalization of mitochondria and lysosomes by fluorescence microscopy following a 12-24 hour treatment with 100 or 400 nM Bafilomycin. However, further studies have failed to see this inhibition of fusion with similar bafilomycin treatments. These contradictory results have been explained by time differences among treatments as well as use of different cell lines. The effect of Bafilomycin on autophagosome-lysosome fusion is complex and time dependent in each cell line.
In neurons, an increase in the autophagosome marker LC3-II has been seen with Bafilomycin treatment. This occurs as autophagosomes fail to fuse with lysosomes, which normally stimulates the degradation of LC3-II.
Induction of apoptosis
In PC12 cells, bafilomycin was found to induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Additionally, in some cell lines it has been found to disrupt the electrochemical gradient of the mitochondria and induce the release of cytochrome c, which is an initiator of apoptosis. Bafilomycin has also been shown to induce both inhibition of autophagy and subsequent induction of apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells as well as other cancer cell lines.
K+ transport
Bafilomycin acts as an ionophore, meaning it can transfer K+ ions across biological membranes. Typically, the mitochondrial inner membrane is not permeable to K+ and maintains a set electrochemical gradient. In excitable cells, mitochondria can contain a K+ channel that, when opened, can cause mitochondrial stress by inducing mitochondrial swelling, changing the electrochemical gradient, and stimulating respiration. Bafilomycin A1 treatment can induce mitochondrial swelling in the presence of K+ ions, stimulate the oxidation of pyrimidine nucleotides and uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. Ascending concentrations of bafilomycin were found to linearly increase the amount of K+ that traversed the mitochondrial membrane, confirming it acts as an ionophore. Compared to other ionophores, however, bafilomycin has a low affinity for K+.
Research applications
Anti-tumorigenic
In many cancers, it has been found that various subunits of V-ATPase are upregulated. Upregulation of these subunits appears to be correlated with increased tumor cell metastasis and reduced clinical outcome. Bafilomycin application has been shown to reduce cell growth in various cancer cell lines across multiple cancer types by induction of apoptosis. Additionally, in vitro bafilomycin's anti-proliferative effect appears to be specific to cancer cells over normal cells, which is seen with selective inhibition of hepatoblastoma cell growth compared to healthy hepatocytes.
The mechanism by which bafilomycin causes this cancer specific anti-proliferative effect is multifactorial. In addition to the induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, bafilomycin also causes increased levels of reactive oxygen species and increased expression of HIF1alpha. These effects suggest that inhibition of V-ATPase with bafilomycin can induce a cellular stress response, including autophagy and eventual apoptosis. These somewhat contradictory effects of V-ATPase inhibition in terms of inhibition or induction of apoptosis demonstrate that bafilomycin's function is critically dependent on cellular context, and can mediate either a pro-survival or pro-death phenotype.
In vivo bafilomycin reduced average tumor volume in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 xenograft mouse models by 50% and did not show toxic effects at a dosing of 1 mg/kg. Additionally, when combined with sorafenib, bafilomycin also caused tumor regression in MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice. In a HepG2 orthotropic HCC xenograft model in nude mice, bafilomycin prevented tumor growth.
V-ATPase dysregulation is thought to play a role in resistance to cancer therapies, as aberrant acidification of the extracellular environment can protonate chemotherapeutics, preventing their entry into the cell. It is unclear if` V-ATPase dysregulation is a direct cause of associated poor clinical outcome or if its dysregulation primarily effects the response to treatment. Although treatment with bafilomycin and cisplatin had a synergistic effect on cancer cell cytotoxicity.
Anti-fungal
Bafilomycins have been shown to inhibit plasma membrane ATPase (P-ATPase) as well as the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. These transporters are identified as good anti-fungal targets as they render organisms unable to cope with cation stress. When Cryptococcus neoformans was treated with bafilomycin, growth inhibition was observed. Bafilomycin has also been used in C. neoformans in conjunction with calcineurin inhibitor FK506, displaying synergistic anti-fungal activity.
Anti-parasitic
Bafilomycin has been shown to be active against Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria. Upon infection of red blood cells, P. falciparum exports a membrane network into the red blood cell cytoplasm and also inserts several of its own proteins into the host membrane, including its own V-ATPase. This proton pump has a role in maintaining the intracellular pH of the infected red blood cell and facilitating the uptake of small metabolites at equilibrium. Treatment of the parasitized red blood cell with bafilomycin prevents the extracellular acidification, causing a dip in intracellular pH around the malarial parasite.
Immunosuppressant
The inflammatory myopathy Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) is relatively common in patients over 50 years of age and involves over activation of autophagic flux. In this condition, increased autophagy results in an increase in protein degradation and therefore an increase in the presentation of antigenic peptides in muscles. This can cause over-activation of immune cells. Treatment with bafilomycin can prevent the acidification of lysosomes and therefore autophagy, decreasing the number of antigenic peptides digested and displayed to the immune system.
In Lupus patients, the autophagy pathway has been found to be altered in both B and T cells. Particularly, more autophagic vacuoles were seen in T cells as well as increased LC3-11 staining for autophagosomes, indicating increased autophagy. Increased autophagy can also be seen in naïve patient B cell subsets. Bafilomycin A1 treatment lowered the differentiation of plasmablasts and decreased their survival.
Clearance of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases typically display elevated levels of protein aggregates within the cell that contribute to dysfunction of neurons and eventual neuronal death. As a method of protein degradation within the cell, autophagy can traffic these protein aggregates to be degraded in the lysosome. Although it is unclear the exact role continuous autophagy, or autophagic flux, plays in neuronal homeostasis and disease states, it has been shown that autophagic dysfunction can be seen in neurodegenerative diseases.
Bafilomycin is commonly used to study this autophagic flux in neurons, among other cell types. To do this, neurons are first put into nutrient rich conditions then into nutrient starved conditions to stimulate autophagy. Bafilomycin is co-administered in the condition of nutrient stress so that while autophagy is stimulated, bafilomycin blocks its final stage of autophagosome-lysosomal fusion resulting in the accumulation of autophagosomes. Levels of autophagy related proteins associated with autophagosomes, such as LC3, can then be monitored to determine the level of autophagosome formation induced by nutrient deprivation.
In vitro drug interactions
Lysosomotropic drugs
Some cationic drugs, such as chloroquine and sertraline, are known as lysosomotropic drugs. These drugs are weak bases that become protonated in the acidic environment of the lysosome. This traps the otherwise non-protonated compound within the lysosome, as protonation prevents its passage back across the lipid membrane of the organelle. This phenomenon is known as ion trapping. Trapping of the cationic compound also draws water into the lysosome through an osmotic effect, which can sometimes lead to vacuolization seen in in vitro cultured cells.
When one of these drugs is co-applied to cells with bafilomycin A1, the action of bafilomycin A1 prevents the acidification of the lysosome, therefore preventing the phenomenon of ion trapping in this compartment. As the lysosome cannot acidify, lysosomotropic drugs do not become protonated and subsequently trapped in the lysosome in the presence of bafilomycin. Additionally, when cells are preloaded with lysosomotropic drugs in vitro, then treated with bafilomycin, bafilomycin acts to release the cationic compound from its accumulation in the lysosome.
Pretreating cells with bafilomycin before administration of a cationic drug can alter the kinetics of the cationic compound. In a rabbit contractility assay, bafilomycin was used to pre-treat isolated rabbit aorta. The lipophilic agent xylometazoline, an alpha-adrenoreceptor agonist, displayed an increased effect when administered after bafilomycin treatment. With bafilomycin, faster contraction and relaxation of the aorta was seen as bafilomycin prevented the ion trapping of xylometazoline in the lysosome. Without pre-treatment with bafilomycin, the functional V-ATPase causes the lysosome to become a reservoir for xylometazoline, slowing its effect on contractility.
Chloroquine
As a lysosomotropic drug, chloroquine typically accumulates in the lysosome disrupting their degradative function, inhibiting autophagy, and inducing apoptosis through Bax-dependent mechanisms. However, in cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) low treatment with Bafillomycin of 1 nM decreased chloroquine induced apoptosis without affecting chloroquine inhibition of autophagy. The exact mechanism of this protection is unknown, although it is hypothesized to lie downstream of autophagosome-lysosome fusion yet upstream of Bax induction of apoptosis.
Chemotherapeutics
Bafilomycin has been shown to potentiate the effect of taxol in decreasing Matrix Metalloprotease (MMP) levels by depressing Bcl-xL's mitochondrial protective role. Additionally, within cisplatin resistant cells, V-ATPase expression was found to be increased, and co-treatment of bafilomycin with cisplatin sensitized these cells to cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Bafilomycin has also been shown to increase the efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in anti-cancer applications.
References
Antibiotics
Polyols
Secondary alcohols
Tertiary alcohols
Lactones
Conjugated dienes
Macrolides
Isopropyl compounds
Enones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafilomycin |
Siddharth Anand is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer. He is best known for directing the action thriller films: Bang Bang! (2014), War (2019), and Pathaan (2023). Pathaan became the second highest grossing Hindi film worldwide, excluding China, and broke the record for the highest grossing opening weekend for a Hindi film, bringing in 600 crores in its first weekend. His next film, Fighter, will be his third collaboration with Hrithik Roshan.
He has also scripted and directed romantic comedy films, including Salaam Namaste (2005), Ta Ra Rum Pum (2007), Bachna Ae Haseeno (2008), and Anjaana Anjaani (2010).
Early and personal life
Anand was born on 31 July 1978. His father was Bittu Anand, the producer of Shahenshah (1988). His paternal grandfather is writer Inder Raj Anand. He is married to Mamta Anand (née Bhatia) and has a son, Ranveer. Along with his wife, he owns and runs a production house called Marflix Pictures.
Career
After working as an assistant director on Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi (2001) and Mujhse Dosti Karoge! (2002), Anand began his career in films as the screenplay co-writer, executive producer, and associate director for the romantic comedy Hum Tum (2004). His directorial debut was the modern romantic comedy Salaam Namaste (2005), which emerged as the third highest-grossing Indian film of the year, and the highest-grossing Indian film of the year in overseas markets. Made on a budget of Rs. 10 crores, Salaam Namaste earned over Rs. 57 crores worldwide and over Rs. 26 crores net domestically in India. In 2007, he directed the Khan-Mukerji sports drama Ta Ra Rum Pum. Made on a final budget of 25 crores, Ta Ra Run Pum earned over 70 crores worldwide and over 39 crores net domestically in India.
This was followed by the commercially successful and critically acclaimed Bachna Ae Haseeno (2008). Made on a final budget of 23 crores, Bachna Hai Haseeno earned over 62 crores worldwide and over 37 crores net domestically in India. In 2010, he directed Anjaana Anjaani, which was made on a budget of 40 crores; the film earned over 70 crores Worldwide and over 41 crores net domestically in India.
In 2014, he pivoted into action with Bang Bang. Made on a final budget of 140 crores, Bang Bang earned over 352 crores Worldwide and over 181 crores net domestically in India with an opening day collection of 27.54 crores net domestically in India, which was one of Bollywood’s most successful opening day collections of the Year. Thus was Siddharth Anand’s first movie to enter the 100 Crore Club.
Anand followed Bang Bang with War (2019). A part of the YRF Spy Universe, War was the first action film to be shot in the Arctic Circle. War at that time established a record of having the highest opening day collection made by a Bollywood Movie in India of over 53.35 crores net domestically in India. It broke all opening day and weekend box-office records for a Bollywood film until it was surpassed by Anand’s Pathaan (2023). War eventually became a Major Blockbuster Success and with a total worldwide gross of ₹476 crore (US $67.45 million), and over 318 crores net domestically in India, thus entering the 300 Crore Club in India/Bollywood, becoming the highest-grossing Indian film of 2019 and the 17th highest-grossing Indian film of all time. His latest release Pathaan (2023) is a part of the same universe. This film was considered to be Shah Rukh Khan’s comeback film after a short hiatus. He is the only director to have conceptualized and directed two films of this universe, with War and Pathaan being the third and fourth films in the YRF Spy Universe.
With Pathaan, Anand has set records including delivering the all-time highest grossing Bollywood film net domestically and the second worldwide highest grossing Bollywood film (excluding China), highest grossing Hindi film domestically, highest grossing YRF's Spy Universe film, the fastest Hindi movie to gross 500+ crore, and highest single-day collection for any Indian film. Anand became the only Hindi film director to have delivered five 50+ crore net box office days and five 100+ crore worldwide gross box office days. Pathaan also established a record of having the highest opening day collection made by a Bollywood movie in India of over 57 crores net domestically in India and over 106 crores worldwide. Pathaan has earned over 1058 Crores worldwide, thus entering the 1000 Crore Club Worldwide and over 543 crores net domestically in India thus entering the 500 Crore Club in India/Bollywood.
He is known for his frequent collaborations with the songwriting duo Vishal-Shekhar, putting out songs such as "Ghungroo" and "Besharam Rang".
Spy Universe Maker
After receiving postive talk from War, Anand decided to convert the film into a franchise. As following events of film Pathaan, Aditya Chopra and Anand began developing Spy Universe. Anand developed two projects in the past and will develop in one more project titled Tiger vs Pathaan.
Filmography
As assistant director
Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi (2001)
Mujhse Dosti Karoge! (2002)
Hum Tum (2004)
Television
References
External links
21st-century Indian film directors
Hindi-language film directors
Indian male screenwriters
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Indian filmmakers
1978 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharth%20Anand |
Argyle Park was an underground industrial rock supergroup founded in New York City in 1994 and active until 1996. Members of the group reformed under the name AP2 in 1998, and were active under that name until winter 2000. Signed to Christian music labels, the band suffered repeated controversies within the Christian music scene for not being positive and evangelistic enough in its lyrics and outlook as well as for including contributions from non-Christian musicians. The project was named after an actual park in Babylon, Long Island, where the members of Argyle Park grew up together.
History
Argyle Park
Argyle Park first appeared on a tribute album to 80s contemporary Christian music iconoclast Steve Taylor in 1994. The full-length Argyle Park album, Misguided, was released later that year on R.E.X. Records. The album was musically varied, combining elements such as techno, metal guitar, ragtime piano, horns, samples, and dark vocals and was credited in the liner notes to three pseudonymous individuals: Dred, Deathwish, and Buka. Dred, Deathwish, and Celldweller, another individual credited as the album's producer, were all aliases for Scott Albert of the underground industrial metal band Circle of Dust. Buka was the alias for Chris Martello, at the time a producer for MTV Sports. Misguided also featured a myriad of guest appearances from the Christian alternative music scene, as well as several from cult-status mainstream industrial rock bands of the time. These appearances include Mark Salomon (Stavesacre, The Crucified), Dirk Lemmenes (Focused, Stavesacre), Jeff Bellew (Stavesacre, The Crucified, Chatterbox), Jim Thirlwell (Foetus), Klank, Jyro Xhan (Mortal), Tommy Victor (Prong), Chris Donohue (Vigilantes of Love), and Lauren Boquette and Marco Forcone (Drown).
In the summer of 1995, Argyle Park made their only live appearance at the Cornerstone Music Festival in Bushnell, Illinois. The musicians onstage included Dan Leveler, who would later become a full member of AP2 under the alias Level. Argyle Park made one more recorded appearance in 1996, this time with a song on a tribute album to Stryper. Then the band announced that they were shutting down. In a later interview, Scott Albert cited clashes with R.E.X. over lyrical content, unrealistic expectations within the Christian music industry, and negative or "holier-than-thou" fan reactions to lyrical content as reasons for shutting down both Argyle Park and his main music project, Circle of Dust. In a different interview, Buka also described much of the negative reactions Argyle Park faced from within the Christian music scene.
Backwoods
In 1996, Buka had planned to start up his own record label called Backwoods Records. The first release was to be a split album that would feature songs by Klank, Buka's new project Soil, and Argyle Park. However, the record label and the split album never saw the light of day. A single song attributed to a band called Backwoods was then released later in 1996 on a Christmas compilation put out by Flying Tart Records. The two members of Backwoods were Buka and Level, thus pointing the way to the resurrection of Argyle Park in 1998.
AP2
Argyle Park "reopened" in 1999 under the name AP2, signing to alternative Christian music label Tooth & Nail Records. AP2 released one album called Suspension of Disbelief in 2000. Scott Albert, now using the name Klayton, produced the album and wrote only two of the songs while his younger brother, Level, did the bulk of the actual song crafting and Buka provided thematic direction for the project. Guest appearances were made once more, but not nearly as numerously as on Misguided: Klank returned, as did Mark Salomon, and Joel Timothy Bell of the Tooth & Nail punk band Ghoti Hook also provided some vocals. The music on Suspension of Disbelief was just as varied as that on Misguided, with the band this time experimenting with gabber techno, pop dance, drum'n'bass, R&B, punk rock, and metal. The members planned to keep the project open and release additional albums, but again shut down later in 2000, this time due to low sales through Tooth & Nail and a resurgence of the criticisms that dogged the band the first time around.
Reception and controversy
Argyle Park courted controversy from the time of their first appearance, on the Steve Taylor tribute album, being criticized for their subtle changing of the meaning of the song by way of leaving out significant portions of Taylor's original lyrics. Though signed to a Christian record label, Argyle Park did not display any overtly religious themes on their album. The lyrics rather dealt with things such as suffering, pain, bitterness, violent emotions, being betrayed and taken advantage of, and losing faith in one's role models, themes summed up by Buka as "man putting too much faith in other men and men will always let you down". In so doing, Argyle Park flouted the general expectation within the Christian music industry that bands will be positive and evangelistic. This, along with the generally dark image of the band, led to much of the criticism that Argyle Park faced from within the underground Christian music scene and music press. Listeners heavily and openly criticized the band and band members in online message boards and via email, causing the members personal insult to the point that they disbanded.
These same issues arose again when the band reformed as AP2. The members expressed disappointment, puzzlement, and frustration at the constant criticism of Argyle Park, which they said came only from within the Christian music scene, but were never apologetic, stating "there are enough fluff bands out there anyway [...] We're writing about real issues that have a real impact" and even anticipated the return of these criticisms with the release of AP2's album. Online debates and slander continued long after the disbanding of AP2, causing former members to occasionally post angry retorts and chastisements on the message boards and, if one post by Buka was to be believed, caused the band to scrap a proposed tenth anniversary remix project in 2004.
Apart from all the controversies surrounding both incarnations of Argyle Park, however, their albums have been massively popular within the genre and subgenres of Christian industrial and electronic music. A wide variety of bands that have appeared on the scene have cited Argyle Park and AP2 as influences in their biographies and press releases. Tribute albums have been proposed at various times, with at least a handful of cover songs recorded. The more recent success of Klayton's Celldweller has also resulted in renewed interest in his older projects, including both Argyle Park albums.
Members
Note that Argyle Park included numerous guest contributors. Only core members of the band are listed here.
Klayton (a.k.a. Dread, Deathwish)
Chris "Buka" Martello
Dan Levler
Discography
Albums
Compilation appearances
I Predict a Clone: A Steve Taylor Tribute (1994, R.E.X. Records, tribute to Steve Taylor) - "Drive, He Said (D-Wee Dub)"
Demo-lition II (1994, R.E.X. Records) - "Misanthrope 5:33" (slightly altered edit of the album track "Misanthrope")
Can You Dig It? III (1994, R.E.X. Records) - "Misanthrope 5:33"
R.E.X. '95 Sampler 3 (1995, R.E.X. Records)- "Doomsayer" (mislabeled as Gutterboy)
Doom & Gloom: Visions of the Apocalypse (1995, Nesak International) - "Misanthrope" (album version)
Sweet Family Music: A Tribute to Stryper (1996, Flaying Tart Records, tribute to Stryper) - "Lonely (Two-Timing Dub)"
Cheapskates: Harder Side (1999, Tooth & Nail Records) - "My Sympathies (Rough Mix)"
Though uncredited, short segments of two AP2 songs were used in the Hollywood film The Butterfly Effect.
References
American Christian rock groups
Tooth & Nail Records artists
Christian alternative metal groups
American industrial metal musical groups
1994 establishments in New York City
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups disestablished in 1996
Musical groups reestablished in 1998
Musical groups disestablished in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyle%20Park |
Oxygen-18 (, Ω) is a natural, stable isotope of oxygen and one of the environmental isotopes.
is an important precursor for the production of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) used in positron emission tomography (PET). Generally, in the radiopharmaceutical industry, enriched water () is bombarded with hydrogen ions in either a cyclotron or linear accelerator, producing fluorine-18. This is then synthesized into FDG and injected into a patient. It can also be used to make an extremely heavy version of water when combined with tritium (hydrogen-3): or . This compound has a density almost 30% greater than that of natural water.
The accurate measurements of rely on proper procedures of analysis, sample preparation and storage.
Paleoclimatology
In ice cores, mainly Arctic and Antarctic, the ratio of to (known as δ) can be used to determine the temperature of precipitation through time. Assuming that atmospheric circulation and elevation has not changed significantly over the poles, the temperature of ice formation can be calculated as equilibrium fractionation between phases of water that is known for different temperatures. Water molecules are also subject to Rayleigh fractionation as atmospheric water moves from the equator poleward which results in progressive depletion of , or lower δ values. In the 1950s, Harold Urey performed an experiment in which he mixed both normal water and water with oxygen-18 in a barrel, and then partially froze the barrel's contents.
The ratio / (δ) can also be used to determine paleothermometry in certain types of fossils. The fossils in question have to show progressive growth in the animal or plant that the fossil represents. The fossil material used is generally calcite or aragonite, however oxygen isotope paleothermometry has also been done of phosphatic fossils using SHRIMP. For example, seasonal temperature variations may be determined from a single sea shell from a scallop. As the scallop grows, an extension is seen on the surface of the shell. Each growth band can be measured, and a calculation is used to determine the probable sea water temperature in comparison to each growth. The equation for this is:
Where T is temperature in Celsius and A and B are constants.
For determination of ocean temperatures over geologic time, multiple fossils of the same species in different stratigraphic layers would be measured, and the difference between them would indicate long term changes.
Plant physiology
In the study of plants' photorespiration, the labeling of atmosphere by oxygen-18 allows for the measurement of oxygen uptake by the photorespiration pathway. Labeling by gives the unidirectional flux of uptake, while there is a net photosynthetic evolution. It was demonstrated that, under preindustrial atmosphere, most plants reabsorb, by photorespiration, half of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis. Then, the yield of photosynthesis was halved by the presence of oxygen in atmosphere.
18F production
Fluorine-18 is usually produced by irradiation of 18O-enriched water (H218O) with high-energy (about 18 MeV) protons prepared in a cyclotron or a linear accelerator, yielding an aqueous solution of 18F fluoride. This solution is then used for rapid synthesis of a labeled molecule, often with the fluorine atom replacing a hydroxyl group. The labeled molecules or radiopharmaceuticals have to be synthesized after the radiofluorine is prepared, as the high energy proton radiation would destroy the molecules.
Large amounts of oxygen-18 enriched water are used in positron emission tomography centers, for on-site production of 18F-labeled fludeoxyglucose (FDG).
An example of the production cycle is a 90-minute irradiation of 2 milliliters of 18O-enriched water in a titanium cell, through a 25 μm thick window made of Havar (a cobalt alloy) foil, with a proton beam having an energy of 17.5 MeV and a beam current of 30 microamperes.
The irradiated water has to be purified before another irradiation, to remove organic contaminants, traces of tritium produced by a 18O(p,t)16O reaction, and ions leached from the target cell and sputtered from the Havar foil.
See also
Willi Dansgaard – a paleoclimatologist
Isotopes of oxygen
Paleothermometry
Pâté de Foie Gras (short story)
Δ18O
Global meteoric water line
References
Environmental isotopes
Isotopes of oxygen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen-18 |
Isometheptene (usually as isometheptene mucate) is a sympathomimetic amine sometimes used in the treatment of migraines and tension headaches due to its vasoconstricting properties; that is, it causes constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels (arteries and veins). Along with paracetamol and dichloralphenazone, it is one of the constituents of Amidrine.
Chemistry
Isometheptene is a monounsaturated aliphatic secondary amine.
Mechanism of action
Isometheptene's vasoconstricting properties arise through activation of the sympathetic nervous system via epinephrine and norepinephrine. These compounds elicit smooth muscle activation leading to vasoconstriction by interacting with cell surface adrenergic receptors.
See also
Heptaminol
Methylhexanamine
Tuaminoheptane
References
Alkene derivatives
Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists
Sympathomimetic amines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometheptene |
St Patrick's, Greencastle () are a Gaelic football Club from Greencastle, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The club was founded in 1932, under the name Greencastle Erin's Hope.
Greencastle were Tyrone GAA Division 3 and Junior football champions of 2006. They were also Ulster Junior Club Football Championship winners of 2006. They also went on to win the All-Ireland Junior Club Football Championship in 2007.
Greencastle's manager is Seán Teague, former Tyrone senior football team captain.
Greencastle is one of only three clubs in Tyrone to win an All-Ireland Championship.
Honours
Senior Men
Tyrone Junior Football Championship: (4)
1936, 1992, 1998, 2006
Ulster Junior Club Football Championship: (1)
2006
All-Ireland Junior Club Football Championship: (1)
2007
Tyrone All-County League Division 2: (3)
2002, 2009, 2021
Tyrone All-County League Division 3: (1)
1934, 2006
Reserve
Tyrone Division 2 Reserve Football League (3) 2003, 2004, 2019
Tyrone Division 2 Reserve Football Championship (3) 2004, 2018, 2019
Tyrone Division 3 Reserve Football League (1) 2006
U-21
Tyrone Under-21 Grade 2 Football Championship (2) 2008, 2009, 2013
Minor
Tyrone Minor Grade 2 Football Championship (1) 1990
Tyrone Minor Grade 2 Football League (1) 1990
Tyrone Minor Grade 3 Football Championship (3) 1991, 1994, 2016
Tyrone Minor Grade 3 Football League (2) 1999, 2016
U-16
Tyrone Under-16 Grade 3 Football Championship (1) 2008
U-14
Tyrone Under-14 Grade 2 Football Championship (2) 2005, 2010
Tyrone Under-14 Grade 2 Football League (1) 2005
Tyrone Under-14 Grade 3 Football League (1) 1994
References
External links
Official Website
Gaelic games clubs in County Tyrone
Gaelic football clubs in County Tyrone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Patrick%27s%2C%20Greencastle%20GAC |
Colonel Alexander Perceval (1787 – 9 December 1858) was an Irish politician.
He was the eldest surviving son of Rev. Philip Perceval of Temple House, Ballymote, Sligo. He succeeded his father in 1800.
He sat in the House of Commons for Sligo County from 1831 to 1841, when his growing financial difficulties compelled him to resign his seat. He served briefly as a Junior Lord of the Treasury in Sir Robert Peel's second government (1841).
He was Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Lords from 1841 until his death.
He died at Chester Street, London, on 9 December 1858 and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery. He had married Jane Anne, the daughter of Col. Henry Peisley L’Estrange of Moystown, Cloghan, King's County and had a large family. Due to his extravagance Temple House had to be sold but was bought back for the family by his third son, also Alexander (1821-1866).
References
Public Record Office of Northern Ireland
External links
1788 births
1858 deaths
Military personnel from Derbyshire
British Army officers
Politicians from Derbyshire
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Sligo constituencies (1801–1922)
Politicians from County Sligo
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
Serjeants-at-arms of the House of Lords | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Perceval |
The Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of Northeastern India, southern Bhutan and adjacent Bangladesh.
Location and description
The ecoregion covers and encompasses the alluvial plain of the upper Brahmaputra River as it moves westward through India's Assam state (with small parts of the ecoregion in the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland and also south Bhutan and northern Bangladesh). The valley lies between the Himalayas to the north and the Lushai hills to the south and when the river floods during the June to September monsoon it brings up to 300 cm of water onto the plain carrying rich soils to create a fertile environment which has been extensively farmed for thousands of years. Other rivers that water the plains as well as the Brahmaputra include the Manas and the Subansiri.
Flora/plants
The extensive farming has meant that the original semi-evergreen forest now exists only in patches. Typical canopy trees include the evergreen Syzygium, Cinnamomum and Magnoliaceae along with deciduous Terminalia myriocarpa, Terminalia citrina, Terminalia tomentosa, Tetrameles species. Understory trees and shrubs include the laurels Phoebe, Machilus, and Actinodaphne, Polyalthias, Aphanamixis, and cultivated Mesua ferrea and species of mahogany, cashews, nutmegs and magnolias, with bamboos such as Bambusa arundinaria and Melocanna bambusoides.
Fauna/animals
Despite the centuries of human clearance and exploitation, the forests and grasslands along the river remain a habitat for a variety of wildlife including tiger (Panthera tigris), clouded leopard (Pardofelis nebulosa), capped langur (Semnopithecus pileatus), gaur (Bos gaurus), barasingha deer (Cervus duvaucelii), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee), India's largest population of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and the world's largest population of Indian rhinoceros, while Asian black bears live in the higher slopes of the valley sides. Most of these mammals are threatened or endangered species. The Brahmaputra is a natural barrier to the migration of much wildlife and many species, such as the pygmy hog, hispid hare, or the Malayan sun bear, pig-tailed macaque, golden langur, stump-tailed macaque, western hoolock gibbon live on one side of the river only. The area is a meeting point of species of Indian and Malayan origin. The endemic mammals of the valley are the pygmy hog and the hispid hare, both of which inhabit the grasslands of the riverbanks.
The valley is home to rich bird life with 370 species of which two are endemic, the Manipur bush quail (Perdicula manipurensis) and the marsh babbler (Pellorneum palustre) and one, the Bengal florican is very rare. Woodland birds like kalij pheasant, great hornbill, rufous necked hornbill, brown hornbill, Oriental pied hornbill, grey hornbill, peacock pheasant and tragopan are quite common.
Threats and preservation
This area has been densely populated for centuries and most of the valley has been and still are used for agriculture. Some blocks of natural habitat do remain, however, mainly in national parks the largest of which are Manas, Dibru-Saikhowa and Kaziranga National Parks in India. In Bhutan, these areas are part of Royal Manas National Park.
Protected areas
In 1997, the World Wildlife Fund identified twelve protected areas in the ecoregion, with a combined area of approximately 2,560 km2, that include 5% of the ecoregion's area.
Dehing Patkai Landscape, including Dehing Patkai National Park and Dehing Patkai Elephant Reserve
Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh (190 km2, also includes portions of the Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests and Himalayan subtropical pine forests)
Manas National Park, Assam (560 km2)
Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam (90 km2)
Kaziranga National Park, Assam (320 km2)
Orang National Park, Assam (110 km2)
Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam (170 km2)
Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam (80 km2)
Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam (160 km2)
Nameri National Park, Assam (90 km2)
Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, Assam (490 km2)
D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh (190 km2)
Pabha Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam (110 km2)
Vulture breeding
Rani Vulture Breeding Centre was established in 2008 inside Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests at Rani in Kamprup district with the help of Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre, Pinjore, which now houses 90 vultures as of December 2018. 40 million vultures have died in last 20 years.
See also
List of ecoregions in Bhutan
List of ecoregions in India
References
External links
Geographical ecoregion maps and basic info.
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Ecoregions of Bhutan
Ecoregions of India
Biota of Bhutan
Biota of India
Indomalayan ecoregions
Environment of Assam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra%20Valley%20semi-evergreen%20forests |
The Minsk Blitz was the heavy bombing of the city of Minsk (population was 270,000), the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union during the Second World War. On 24 June 1941, three waves of German Luftwaffe bombers, 47 aircraft each, bombed Minsk. The Soviet anti-aircraft defense of the city was poorly organized, and panic ensued. Because the water supply was destroyed, fires could not be put down, and the city was evacuated.
As much as 85% of the city's buildings and the entire infrastructure was destroyed. More than 1,000 people were killed.
See also
German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II
External links
Article in newspaper - in Russian
Video of the bombing, fire and ruins (as part of multimedia presentation)
Minsk. City of Foreign Sun (Мінск. Горад чужога сонца). Belsat.
Minsk
Military history of Belarus during World War II
History of Minsk
Minsk
20th century in Minsk
Minsk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing%20of%20Minsk%20in%20World%20War%20II |
The Dacia Pick-Up was a range of pick-up trucks manufactured by Romanian auto marque Dacia. The 31 years of production saw the manufacturing of a total of 318,969 vehicles.
The Pick-up was the last of the Dacia models to be based on the Renault 12 that made up the majority of the Dacia model range since the late 1960s. In 2006, the line was discontinued and replaced by Dacia Logan Pick-Up. A popular name for this car is the "Papuc" (literally, slipper) due to its shape that resembles a slipper.
History
The Dacia Pick-Up was derived from the Dacia 1300 platform and was introduced in 1975. First known as the Dacia 1302, it was made in three series: the first, with straight rear wings and a small rear window; the second, with corrugated rear wings and a small rear window; and the third, with corrugated rear wings and a full-size rear window.
In 1982, after the 1302 was dropped, the Dacia 1304 single-cab pick-up model was introduced, followed by the drop-side coupé utility in 1983, the 1307/1309 double cab models in 1992; the 1305, a front-wheel drive version of the pick-up model, in 1994, and a king cab model, in 1995. These model lines were a commercial success and were gradually facelifted and modified, along with the rest of the range, until December 2006. They were marketed bearing the new blue logo of the manufacturer after 2003.
On the UK market, the Pick-Up was known as the One-Ton and, from November 1985, the Shifter.
The vehicle was available with a number of different transmission styles including front wheel drive, rear wheel drive and 4x4.
During its time in production, many types of engines were available to power the truck: a 1.3 litre, 1.4 litre, or 1.6 litre petrol engines or 1.9 litre Renault diesel engine.
Versions
Dacia 1302 – 2-door pick-up based on Dacia 1300 Pick-up
Dacia 1304 Pick Up – 2-door pick-up based on Dacia 1310
Dacia 1304 King Cab – 2-door pick-up with extended cab
Dacia 1304 Drop Side – 2-door pick-up with hinged panels
Dacia 1307 Double Cab – 4-door pick-up with crew cab and long wheelbase
Dacia 1309 – 4-door pick-up with short bed, based on Dacia 1310 Break
Gallery
Engines
See also
Dacia 1300
Dacia Logan Pick-Up
References
External links
Photographs
Other links
Dacia Pick-Up – Short history and photos
Dacia Vintage – Brochures gallery
Gamma
Cars of Romania
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Pickup trucks
1980s cars
1990s cars
2000s cars
Cars introduced in 1975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia%20Pick-Up |
Violet is the second studio album by The Birthday Massacre, released on August 9, 2005. It was first released as an extended play (EP) on October 25, 2004, then commercially released on August 9, 2005 as a long play (LP) through Metropolis Records (North America/UK), Repo Records (Europe) and Hellion Records (Brazil). The LP version included four re-recorded and slightly reworked tracks from their Nothing and Nowhere album: "Happy Birthday", "Horror Show", "Video Kid" and "The Dream".
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from Violet album liner notes.
Chibi - vocals
Rainbow - rhythm guitar
M. Falcore - lead guitar
Aslan - bass
Rhim - drums
Release history
Notes
The LP version was originally released in Europe on Repo Records in 2004.
Tracks "Happy Birthday", "Horror Show", "Video Kid" and "The Dream" are all somewhat reworked versions of their equivalents on the band's previous album Nothing and Nowhere.
Videos for both "Blue" and "Nevermind" were produced. "Blue" is an elaborate story-based video while "Nevermind" is a straightforward performance video, both of which were released on the "Blue DVD".
Although the track list on the CD labels the final track as "Nevermind", if burned on iTunes, the track will be titled "Neverland".
The band recorded a cover of The NeverEnding Story theme for the album, but left it off after not being pleased with the final result. The only existing version of the song is a low quality mp3 that can be found on P2P file sharing systems, or on their original EP under the name Imagica. However, on March 19, 2021, they released a newly recorded version as a single.
On the 2004 release of Violet, Adm is pictured in the booklet as the keyboardist. On the 2005 re-release, he is removed from the booklet picture because he had left the band by that time.
The track "Happy Birthday" was featured in the eighth episode of the first season of The Vampire Diaries, "162 Candles.",
References
2004 albums
The Birthday Massacre albums
Metropolis Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet%20%28The%20Birthday%20Massacre%20album%29 |
Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester, often abbreviated Fura-2AM, is a membrane-permeant derivative of the ratiometric calcium indicator Fura-2 used in biochemistry to measure cellular calcium concentrations by fluorescence. When added to cells, Fura-2AM crosses cell membranes and once inside the cell, the acetoxymethyl groups are removed by cellular esterases. Removal of the acetoxymethyl esters regenerates "Fura-2", the pentacarboxylate calcium indicator. Measurement of Ca2+-induced fluorescence at both 340 nm and 380 nm allows for calculation of calcium concentrations based 340/380 ratios. The use of the ratio automatically cancels out certain variables such as local differences in fura-2 concentration or cell thickness that would otherwise lead to artifacts when attempting to image calcium concentrations in cells.
References
Biochemistry methods
Cell culture reagents
Cell imaging
Fluorescent dyes
Oxazoles
Benzofuran ethers at the benzene ring
Acetate esters
Formals
Glycol ethers
Anilines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fura-2-acetoxymethyl%20ester |
SAS Drakensberg (A301) is a fleet replenishment ship (AOR) of the South African Navy (SAN), with the primary role of assisting and supporting the SAN's combat vessels at sea. Built by the (now defunct) Sandock-Austral shipyard in Durban, it is the largest and most sophisticated warship to have been built in South Africa.
Design
The design and shortcomings of heavily influenced the designers of Drakensberg. Drakensberg is able to carry 5,500 tons of diesel fuel, 210 tons of fresh water, 100 tons of dry provisions, over 30 tons of frozen food, 230 tons of containerized cargo or 1,000 tons of palletized and general cargo. The loading and offloading of this cargo is made possible with one 20-ton crane, four 2-ton cranes and a 5-ton hoist, assisted by two lifts of 2.5 and 7.5 tons respectively. Replenishment at sea (RAS) is from two abeam positions or from the RAS deck astern, with the ability to pump 40 tons of fuel per hour and 15 tons of fresh water per hour. In addition, an on-board plant enables the ship to produce of fresh water from sea water daily.
The ship carries two rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RHIB) called 'Stingrays' for small-craft duties, as well as two Delta-80 LCUs for limited amphibious use.
Operational history
In 1988 Drakensberg set sail along with SAS Frans Erasmus for Chile on 15 February, returning to South Africa on 15 April. This was followed two years later in May 1990, when Drakensberg accompanied the strike craft SAS Jan Smuts and Hendrik Mentz on a voyage to Keelung in the Republic of China (Taiwan), without stopping at any ports along the way (a procedure necessitated by South Africa's political isolation at the time). This was the first time since 1945 that a South African naval vessel had "shown the flag" in the Far East; it also provided an opportunity for joint exercises with the Taiwanese Navy.
Under Operation Pullen in 1990, Drakensberg became the first South African naval vessel to visit the then-Zaire in over 30 years, laying the groundwork for a series of additional visits to African nations, signifying South Africa's gradual return from isolation. The next year, it set sail on a humanitarian relief mission, offloading 630 tons of supplies in Chittagong, Bangladesh, and 35 tons of supplies in Mersin, Turkey. In 1992, it became the first SAN vessel to proceed further south than 54 degrees south latitude, in a mission to assist the damaged S. A. Agulhas.
Operation Narsau in May 1994, followed South Africa's first fully democratic elections and the election of Nelson Mandela. In three months, it visited Lisbon, Rosyth, Copenhagen, Rotterdam, Zeebrugge, Rouen, London, Cadiz, São Tomé and Príncipe, Bioko Island and Gabon in the process becoming the first SAN vessel to visit Denmark and Belgium. While not quite living up to the high standards set by the 1994 voyage, the 1995 voyage to Abu Dhabi, Karachi, Mumbai and Muscat is also notable for its diversity in destinations.
In 1996, Drakensberg became the first SAN vessel in over 20 years to visit the United States, when it called at the ports of Norfolk, Newport and New York City, which followed a naval exercise with over 25 other vessels at the US Navy's base at Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico. Three years later Drakensberg embarked on another long-range voyage, this time to Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay to partake in the Atlasur IV naval manoeuvres.
In 2006, Drakensberg was sent to Antwerpen Belgium by President Thabo Mbeki to collect a giant rotor to replace the damaged rotor at Koeberg nuclear power station.
In 2011, Drakensberg was sent to West Africa, officially for training purposes. The deployment drew criticism from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), who claimed that the deployment was related to ongoing conflict in Cote d'Ivoire.
In 2020, the Drakensberg engaged in counter-piracy patrols off the coast of Mozambique.
See also
List of ships of the South African Navy
Notes
References
External links
Virtual Tour: SAS Drakensberg
Ships of the South African Navy
1986 ships
Oilers
Ships built in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS%20Drakensberg |
R. F. Foster may refer to:
Robert Frederick Foster (1853–1945), disseminator of the rules of many card games
R. F. Foster (historian) (born 1949), Robert Fitzroy Foster, professor of Irish History | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20F.%20Foster |
Astro Blaster is a space-themed fixed shooter released in arcades by Sega in 1981. It was designed and programmed by Gary Shannon and Barbara Michalec. The game uses speech synthesis and during attract mode a voice says "Fighter pilots needed in sector wars...play Astro Blaster!" It is the first video game to have a copyright registered in Japan.
Gameplay
The player controls a ship which can fire and move left or right. The player must continuously monitor the onscreen temperature and fuel gauges. If the ship's laser overheats, it is disabled until it cools; and if fuel is depleted, the game ends regardless of how many lives the player has left. The player must battle through waves of enemies, which attack with varied formations and flight patterns. When a wave is destroyed, a new one appears. The Warp function is usable once per sector or life, temporarily slowing all enemy vessels and making them easier to shoot.
At the end of each sector, the player flies through an asteroid belt and can obtain extra fuel by shooting fireballs. Then the mother ship is met, where the player docks and refuels for the next sector.
The player is rewarded for completing each of 25 undisclosed tasks or "secret bonuses", such as shooting all enemies in a specific order or shooting all enemies without missing.
Reception
In his 1981 book How to Master the Video Games Tom Hirschfeld wrote that Astro Blaster challenges the player with an 29 different attacks, distributed through six sectors, and that each succeeding sector has more difficult attacks.
Legacy
The 1981 Apple II game Threshold was inspired by seeing an Astro Blaster machine.
An Astro Blaster cabinet can be seen in Shenmue.
Astro Blaster is one of five unlockable games in the PlayStation Portable version of Sega Genesis Collection.
The world record high score was set in 1982 and is held by Gus Pappas with 299,100 points.
References
External links
Astro Blaster at Arcade History
Score rankings at Twin Galaxies
1981 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Fixed shooters
Sega arcade games
Gremlin Industries games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro%20Blaster |
In algebraic topology, an area of mathematics, a homeotopy group of a topological space is a homotopy group of the group of self-homeomorphisms of that space.
Definition
The homotopy group functors assign to each path-connected topological space the group of homotopy classes of continuous maps
Another construction on a space is the group of all self-homeomorphisms , denoted If X is a locally compact, locally connected Hausdorff space then a fundamental result of R. Arens says that will in fact be a topological group under the compact-open topology.
Under the above assumptions, the homeotopy groups for are defined to be:
Thus is the mapping class group for In other words, the mapping class group is the set of connected components of as specified by the functor
Example
According to the Dehn-Nielsen theorem, if is a closed surface then i.e., the zeroth homotopy group of the automorphisms of a space is the same as the outer automorphism group of its fundamental group.
References
Algebraic topology
Homeomorphisms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeotopy |
"Check Yo Self" is the third and final single from American rapper Ice Cube's third solo album, The Predator. It was released on July 13, 1993, and features New York City rappers Das EFX. It topped both the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop and Rap charts while also reaching number 20 on the Hot 100 chart. The song retains two main versions, the original and a remix which utilizes the same beat as Grandmaster Flash's "The Message", titled "Check Yo Self (The Message Remix)". The original mix includes a sample from the intro of the Beastie Boys' track "The New Style", which uses the phrase "check it" throughout the chorus.
While the single version of the song (also titled Radio Remix "The Message") has been censored, the longer, uncensored version of The Message remix is featured on Ice Cube's Bootlegs & B-Sides album and was later released on his Greatest Hits album. The clean version of "Check Yo Self (The Message Remix)" appeared in the soundtrack of the movie Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay. A new recording, based on the original version of the song, featuring Chuck D was featured in the 2010 film Due Date. In January 2010, Snoop Dogg released a cover version of the song. Guitarist Wayne Krantz included an instrumental version of the song (based on the "message remix" version) on his 2012 album Howie 61.
Music video
The music video for "Check Yo Self" uses the remix version. Similar to the video for his previous single "It Was a Good Day", most of the scenes follow and illustrate respective lyrics of the song. The video continues where "It Was a Good Day" left off, with Ice Cube's home being surrounded and invaded by the LAPD before he is handcuffed and taken under arrest, presumably for murder. Ice Cube is then brought to L.A. County jail where he spends the majority of the video experiencing the conflict described in the lyrics, such as disputes between cellmates and breaking up with his girlfriend. Cube also references his role in Boyz n the Hood "Oh boy, I make dough, but don't call me Doughboy, this ain't no fucking motion picture". After six months pass, Ice Cube is able to win over the female deputy watching him. She helps him break out by dressing him up in a uniform. The two make their way outside to a police cruiser and drive off into the night.
Track listing
"Check Yo' Self" (radio remix "The Message")
"Check Yo' Self" (remix instrumental)
"It Was a Good Day" (radio remix edit)
"It Was a Good Day" (remix instrumental)
"24 with an L"
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Samples
Original version:
"I'm Blue" by the Sweet Inspirations
"The New Style" by Beastie Boys
Remix version:
"The Message" by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
"Deeez Nuuuts" by Dr. Dre featuring Snoop Doggy Dogg, Dat Nigga Daz, Nate Dogg and Warren G
See also
R&B number-one hits of 1993 (USA)
References
1993 singles
Ice Cube songs
Songs written by Ice Cube
Song recordings produced by DJ Muggs
Gangsta rap songs
G-funk songs
Priority Records singles
1993 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check%20Yo%20Self |
Hearse is a Swedish melodic death metal band formed by vocalist Johan Liiva (ex-Arch Enemy) and drummer Max Thornell in 2001. The band have released five albums to date.
History
Following Johan Liiva's departure from NonExist, he decided to team up with one time Furbowl bandmate Max Thornell to form a new project. The duo soon recruited guitarist Mattias Ljung, who had not actually played any metal for several years, and recorded a demo in 2001. The band's first recording was sent to select metal press and labels, and attracted interest from Hammerheart Records. After signing a contract, the first single Torch was released in 2002, and the debut album Dominion Reptilian followed in March 2003. In the summer of 2003 Hearse started recording their second album titled Armageddon, Mon Amour. It was finally released in April 2004 on Karmageddon Media (formerly Hammerheart Records). Their third album, The Last Ordeal, was released in 2005, and their fourth release, In These Veins, was released in 2006 on Cold Records. In 2009, Hearse released their fifth album, Single Ticket To Paradise. A music video for the song "Sundown" was produced.
Discography
Full-length
Dominion Reptilian (2003)
Armageddon, Mon Amour (2004)
The Last Ordeal (2005)
In These Veins (2006)
Single Ticket to Paradise (2009)
Demos
Hearse (2002)
EPs
Torch (2002)
Cambodia (2005)
Members
Current members
Johan Liiva – vocals
Max Thornell – drums
Mattias Ljung – guitars
Jocke "Skägget" Knutsson – bass (sessional/live member)
See also
Arch Enemy
Johan Liiva
External links
Swedish melodic death metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearse%20%28band%29 |
Archibald Renwick Macaulay (30 July 1915 – 10 June 1993) was a Scottish football player and manager.
Playing career
Born in Falkirk, Macaulay started his playing career in junior football and joined Rangers in 1933, where he became a regular at the age of only 18. Playing as an inside right, he won a Scottish Cup medal in 1935–36 and a Scottish League Championship medal the year after. In 1937 he was transferred to West Ham United for £6,000; the Second World War interrupted his career somewhat but he still won a Wartime Cup medal in 1940 and played five unofficial wartime matches for Scotland.
Macaulay was signed by Brentford in October 1946, and made his official Scotland debut against England at Wembley Stadium on 12 April 1947. By this time he had been converted to a wing half, Brentford were relegated to the Second Division at the end of the 1946–47 season. Macaulay was selected to play for Great Britain in a one-off match in May 1947.
He was signed by Arsenal in July 1947 for £10,000. Macaulay made his Arsenal debut against Sunderland on 23 August 1947 and in his first season with the Gunners, he played 40 league matches and won a First Division Championship medal. He continued to play for Arsenal as a near ever-present figure for the next two seasons, although he missed out on Arsenal's 1950 FA Cup triumph after manager Tom Whittaker preferred fellow Scot Alex Forbes in the final. Macaulay left Arsenal for Fulham in June 1950; in all he made 108 appearances in three seasons, scoring one goal. He also won six more caps for Scotland while at Arsenal, bringing his total tally to seven. He spent three seasons at Fulham, though he could not save them from relegation to Division Two in 1951–52. He moved to Guildford City after that, to become the club's player-manager.
Managerial career
In 1957 he succeeded Tom Parker as manager of Norwich City, where he led the Third Division side to the FA Cup semi-finals in 1959 in one of the most famous FA Cup runs of all time, and promotion to the Second Division the following year. In 1961 he moved on to West Bromwich Albion, though the Baggies did little under his two-year reign, instead enjoying mid-table obscurity.
Macaulay finished his managerial career at Brighton & Hove Albion between 1963 and 1968, leading the club to promotion from the Fourth Division in 1965. After that, he left football management completely, and later worked as a traffic warden. He died in June 1993, aged 77.
Honours
Player
Rangers
Scottish League First Division: 1936–37
Scottish Cup: 1935–36
Arsenal
Football League First Division: 1947–48
FA Charity Shield: 1948
Managerial
Brighton Hove & Albion
Football League Fourth Division: 1963–64
References
Sources
External links
1915 births
1993 deaths
Scottish military personnel
Footballers from Falkirk
Scottish men's footballers
Royal Army Physical Training Corps soldiers
British Army personnel of World War II
Scotland men's international footballers
Scotland men's wartime international footballers
Rangers F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Scottish football managers
Norwich City F.C. managers
West Bromwich Albion F.C. managers
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. managers
Men's association football wing halves
Men's association football inside forwards
Camelon Juniors F.C. players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
English Football League players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie%20Macaulay |
Dynamin is a GTPase responsible for endocytosis in the eukaryotic cell. Dynamin is part of the "dynamin superfamily", which includes classical dynamins, dynamin-like proteins, Mx proteins, OPA1, mitofusins, and GBPs. Members of the dynamin family are principally involved in the scission of newly formed vesicles from the membrane of one cellular compartment and their targeting to, and fusion with, another compartment, both at the cell surface (particularly caveolae internalization) as well as at the Golgi apparatus. Dynamin family members also play a role in many processes including division of organelles, cytokinesis and microbial pathogen resistance.
Structure
Dynamin itself is a 96 kDa enzyme, and was first isolated when researchers were attempting to isolate new microtubule-based motors from the bovine brain. Dynamin has been extensively studied in the context of clathrin-coated vesicle budding from the cell membrane. Beginning from the N-terminus, Dynamin consists of a GTPase domain connected to a helical stalk domain via a flexible neck region containing a Bundle Signalling Element and GTPase Effector Domain. At the opposite end of the stalk domain is a loop that links to a membrane-binding Pleckstrin homology domain. The protein strand then loops back towards the GTPase domain and terminates with a Proline Rich Domain that binds to the Src Homology domains of many proteins.
Function
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the cell membrane invaginates to form a budding vesicle. Dynamin binds to and assembles around the neck of the endocytic vesicle, forming a helical polymer arranged such that the GTPase domains dimerize in an asymmetric manner across helical rungs. The polymer constricts the underlying membrane upon GTP binding and hydrolysis via conformational changes emanating from the flexible neck region that alters the overall helical symmetry. Constriction around the vesicle neck leads to the formation of a hemi-fission membrane state that ultimately results in membrane scission. Constriction may be in part the result of the twisting activity of dynamin, which makes dynamin the only molecular motor known to have a twisting activity.
Types
In mammals, three different dynamin genes have been identified with key sequence differences in their Pleckstrin homology domains leading to differences in the recognition of lipid membranes:
Dynamin I is expressed in neurons and neuroendocrine cells
Dynamin II is expressed in most cell types
Dynamin III is strongly expressed in the testis, but is also present in heart, brain, and lung tissue.
Pharmacology
Small molecule inhibitors of dynamin activity have been developed, including Dynasore and photoswitchable derivatives (Dynazo) for spatiotemporal control of endocytosis with light (photopharmacology).
Disease implications
Mutations in Dynamin II have been found to cause dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Epileptic encephalopathy–causing de novo mutations in dynamin have been suggested to cause dysfunction of vesicle scission during synaptic vesicle endocytosis.
References
External links
Cellular processes
EC 3.6.5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin |
Frostbite () is a 2006 Swedish comedy horror film directed by Anders Banke and written by Daniel Ojanlatva. The film takes place in a small town in northern Sweden during midwinter, making the environment perfect for vampires to hunt townspeople due to the cold weather and small amount of daily sunlight. It is Sweden's first vampire movie.
Plot
In 1944, during World War II in Ukraine, the remnants of the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking are fleeing from The Red Army. They seek shelter in an abandoned cabin. As darkness falls, they are attacked by vampires inhabiting a hidden crypt under the cabin.
In present-day Sweden, doctor Annika and her teenage daughter Saga are moving to a town in Lappland, so Annika can work close to the famous geneticist Gerhard Beckert. The polar night has begun, with one month until dawn, much to Saga's dismay.
Saga finds a friend in the enigmatic goth girl Vega, who invites her to a party. Saga decides to go, having nothing better to do. At the local hospital, the medical student Sebastian finds some pills which Beckert has been using to treat a comatose patient. Sebastian thinks the pills are drugs and tries them. Rather than getting high, he starts to develop acute hearing and improved vision, is able to talk to dogs and tormented by extreme thirst. Vega shows up at Sebastian's house to pick up the drugs she paid him to provide for the party. Sebastian tells her he has forgotten to get them, but as Sebastian rushes to meet his girlfriend Cornelia's parents, Vega finds the pills and steals them.
At the hospital, Annika looks after the coma patient, who suddenly bites her. Annika looks to Beckert for aid, but he knocks her unconscious when he realises what has happened. It turns out that Beckert is the last survivor of the massacred platoon who, after a showdown in the cabin, was left the only survivor along with a child vampire named Maria. Beckert brought Maria to northern Sweden with the intention to create a cure for vampirism, but he eventually changed direction to create a new species of human-vampire hybrids. The pills are capsules of vampire blood Beckert has used to covertly spread and study vampirism. Annika manages to free herself and fight off Beckert who turns into a monstrous vampire form. Annika drives a stake into Beckert's heart and runs him over with an ambulance, destroying him.
Vega gives the pills to John, the party host, who consumes a pill. John puts the remainder in a bowl of punch to liven up the party, unwittingly infecting multiple guest including Vega. John eventually turns into a vampire and starts mauling his guests. As others succumb to vampirism, the party turns into a bloodbath. Saga hides in the basement, but is attacked by Vega. Saga manages to escape into the backyard, followed by Vega. Saga impales Vega on a garden gnome, who disgruntledly complains about her undignified death. The police arrive to investigate noise complaints (the neighbours mistake the vampires for drug users), and are soon overrun by the vampires. Saga is driven off in an ambulance as the vampires surround the police. John taunts them by saying Don't worry. This will be over any minute. Dawn is... just a month away!
In the ambulance Saga encounters Maria who tells her that they will be sisters. As Saga looks to the driver seat she sees Annika looking back with red vampire eyes.
Cast
Grete Havnesköld – Saga
Petra Nielsen – Annika
Carl-Åke Eriksson – Professor Gerard Beckert
Emma Åberg – Vega
Jonas Karlström – Sebastian
Per Löfberg - Young Beckert
Mikael Göransson – Jacob
Niklas Grönberg – John
Nour El-Refai – Cornelia
Måns Nathanaelson – Lucas
Malin Vulcano – Ukrainian Vampire
Aurora Roald – Maria
Mikael Tornving – Policeman
Isidor Torkar – Cornelia's Father
Thomas Hedengran - Doctor
Kristian Pehrsson - The Shape
Elin Gustavsson - Coma Patient
Production
The first draft of Frostbiten was finished in 1998. Ander Banke and Magnus Paulsson had been trying to make a Swedish horror film for years but with little success, until a script by Daniel Ojanlatva was sent to them about vampires showing up in Norrland. Daniel Ojanlatva had grown up in Kiruna and thought it was just right to add vampires. Originally the film was set to be a Pulp Fiction-style movie with several stories and characters who went in and out of them. It was going to be called Something Wicked this Way Comes. Pidde Andersson joined the crew and did some work on the dialog and suggested the new title Frostbiten. The movie was mostly shot in Kalix in the winter of 2005 and the board scenes were shot in the Ystad Studios. Anthony Lledo, who had worked with Anders Banke before, was selected to write the score. The producers drew inspiration from vampire films such as The Lost Boys, Fright Night, The Fearless Vampire Killers and Peter Jackson's Bad Taste.
Petra Nielsen was cast as Annika; she was always Banke's first choice for the part. Grete Havensköld, who had starred in Astrid Lindgren films as a child, was cast as Annika's daughter Saga. Per Löfberg had been in the hit romcom Ha ett underbart liv and in the cult film Evil Ed and was cast in a then-secret role, and Carl-Åke Eriksson had played small parts in several films and television series was cast as the professor. Most of the cast were selected in open auditions. The film was shot on Kinor cameras.
The producers had trouble finding a distributor for the film until Hollywood studio Paramount Pictures took over DVD sales after seeing only the 20 first minutes of the film.
In the promotion, mostly through the now defunct Beckert website, moviegoers were deceived that Gerhard Beckert would be the "Abraham van Helsing" of the film.
Special effects
Frostbiten was the most special-effects-heavy film ever made in Sweden at that time, and two companies were employed to handle them. Swedish effect company Fido Film and Ulitka Post, the same team who did special effects for Night Watch. The special effects were delayed as several of the animators were employed for Peter Jackson's King Kong. Ulitka Post created the opening title, removed wires and created the long, physically impossible take in the cabin scene. Fido Film and Kaj Steveman did all the creature design, created the different vampires, animated the talking mouths on the dogs and created the knife stabbings. CGI and practical effects were heavily mixed. The hideous supervampire that appears at the end was played by actor Kristian Pehrsson wearing a full body suit. The suit took over 6 weeks to make and Pehrsson was unable to defecate and to sit down while wearing it. His ears were glued tightly to his head and every inch of his body was covered in the tight foam latex suit. Over 300 fx shots are in the film, which was the Swedish record until Kenny Begins beat the record. Frostbite is currently the second most effects-heavy Swedish film of all time.
Music
The music was composed by Anthony Lledo, conducted by Allan Wilson and performed by the Slovak National Symphony Orchestra who later carried on their Swedish vampire legacy by performing the score of Let the Right One In. An album featuring much of the score is available on iTunes Store. The score was very well received by critics. Rue Morgue called it one of the most stirring horror soundtracks in recent years.
Missing from the album is Tyomnaja Notch by Leonid Utyosov that is played over the opening credits. The name of the song means "Dark Night". Other than the score the soundtrack is mostly made up of Swedish pop- and rock-music, among those Millencolin, Luleå hardcore punk band Raised Fist, Langhorns, Quit Your Dayjob, Son Kite and then newcomers BWO. Diabolic Scheme by The Hives is played over the closing credits.
"War" 1:23
"Ukraine" 1944 0:53
"Abandoned Cabin" 1:34
"The Vampire" 2:08
"The Coffin" 3:35
"Saga" 0:31
"Stake Through The Heart" 0:48
"Talking Dog / The Kitchen" 2:03
"Rufus, Lord Of Evil" 0:30
"Beckert's Story" 4:48
"Sebastian's Transformation" 1:46
"Lamppost Lunch" 0:42
"You Are One of Us" 1:39
"They're All Dead / John Attacks" 1:43
"The Hunt" 2:19
"There You Are..." 0:56
"Like An X" 0:41
"Annika Stabs Beckert" 0:42
"Hit The Lights" 0:57
"Get The Hell Out Of Here" 0:41
"Maria" 0:45
"Frostbite Trailer" 1:01
Release
The film opened at Gothenburg Film Festival on February 3, 2006. At the Cannes Film Festival, the movie was applauded, and sold for distribution to over 40 countries. According to the producers, and to director Anders Banke, Frostbiten became the first horror movie ever to be screened in North Korea. The movie was a big hit in Russia and launched Anders Banke's career in the Russian film industry. In 2020, Njutafilms released the film in Blu-ray in Sweden.
Reception
In Sweden the film was met with mediocre to negative reviews, with a few exceptions. The movie had average success at the box office in Sweden and seemed to be a failure. After Cannes, Frostbiten was by far the most popular Swedish movie on the foreign markets that year.
Svenska Dagbladet gave the film a 3/6 score and praise the cinematography and special effects. Aftonbladet gave it a 3/5 score, calling it an enjoyable horror film. Expressen panned the film, calling it "a meaningless splatterfilm". Swedish film site Moviemix gave the film a 5/6, but said the film did not deliver the splatter climax he wanted at the end. A reviewer for the site Film Threat wrote, "Ever since Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Scream infiltrated the fear-film genre, something's been rotten in Transylvania. Playing horror for winking insider references and juvenile giggles, any real juice has been extracted from the cutting-edge school of cinema that spawned Re-Animator, Dead Alive, and Evil Dead, three brilliant examples of horror that combined ferocious splatter with truly inspired humor. In comparison, Frostbite is too little, too late." Göteborgs Posten gave the film another 3/5 score. as did Cinema and complained over the lack of a true character to the film. Film Forum on the other hand gave it a 4/5 score and cited it as a fresh.
IGN gave it a 7 out of 10 score and said that, despite its shortcomings, it was very entertaining. The reviewer also pointed out that the setting was perfect and commented that the Swedish landscapes provided a wonderful backdrop for the movie's dark subject matter and that it looked beautiful in a very gruesome kind of way.
The reception was better internationally; Bloody Disgusting gave the film 4/5, calling it a masterpiece, saying that the film had a strong cast, great special effects and the film the most enjoyable vampire film since the 80s, filling in: "The way the screenplay is written is fantastic, as you can see above the film has many plants that grow and flourish into one hell of a film". The horror site Eatmybrains.com gave it 4/5 stars and comments: "Banke’s film exhibits a laid back, droll sensibility perfectly in keeping with its national temperament, and has a unique deadpan sense of the comedic that perfectly complements the material without cheapening it". Film4 gave the film 3.5/5, saying that the wartime neutrality of Sweden theme and anxieties about migration (Becket dishonestly sneaking into Sweden and creating a master race) made the reviewer uncomfortable and it took away some of the fun.
Most critics praised Emma Åberg's performance as Vega, saying that she stole every scene she was in. Jonas Karlström also received praise for his part as the unfortunate intern Sebastian and mentioned the scene where the newly vampiric Sebastian meet Cornelia's priest father and is served garlic-braised trout as one of the film's strongest and funniest moments.
Frostbiten won the best film award at Fantasporto and collected the several awards at Screamfest.
Snarkerati ranked this Frostbite as the 43rd best vampire film based on critic rating statistics and on December 26, 2012 IMDb listed Frostbite as the fourth most popular Swedish horror title.
Title
The title is an obvious play on frostbite, because the movie takes place in a frozen environment and features vampires who bite people. The original title was Something Wicked This Way Comes after the famous Shakespearean quote. The producers liked the Swedish title Frostbiten more since it was more international, and they could create its English-language title by simply removing the final letter. Teasers and trailers on film festivals therefore wore the name Frostbite. However, it was only called Frostbite in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the movie is called Frostbitten, which is a more precise translation of the original title.
Analysis
In an analysis of Swedish genre films such as Storm (2005; Swedish title: Tempestade) and Kenny Begins (2009) by Dan Sjöström, Frosbite is discussed in detail. He describes the vampires of Frostbite as representing several different types appearing in the genre; Beckert is in one way the stereotypical mad scientist, but is also a loner vampire in the style of Nosferatu, residing in his castle (in this case the rundown town hospital). He describes the teen vampires as a more sadistic and brutal breed of the undead, an anarchist and aggressive pack straight out of The Lost Boys.
Sjöström notes that, rather than joking away the horror, horror and comedy are wrapped tightly together, as in the scene where Saga walks into the aftermath of the bloodbath and encounters John, who laughs grimly at her with a helium voice, or as in the film's infamous "gnome-scene".
He lays weight on the fact that, while following traditional vampire mythology closely, the film puts it into context with modern Sweden. In the spirit of Swedish secularism, the priest role in the film is reduced. He argues that if the film had been made in a more religious country, the priest would have been a main character, who would have provided information about the vampires and lead the fight against them. Instead, the teens know everything about vampires and are just surprised that they are real, rather than confused what to do. The filmmakers trust that the audience, much like the teens, know about vampires, so that information on how to fight vampires is obsolete.
Sarah Clyne Sundberg of Sweden.se suggested that the film possibly reflected unprocessed Swedish war guilt. She also mentioned that the film had some great visual and verbal puns and described it as good old-fashioned gore fest. Film4 read the film in a similar way, stating: somewhere amidst the monstrous transformations and belly laughs is an uncomfortable critique of Sweden's much-vaunted wartime neutrality, and her current anxieties about immigration. For this is the tale of a Nazi soldier finding refuge in Sweden with surprising ease, and continuing unchecked in a eugenics programme of his own (with bloodsuckers as the new master race) - and the locals either fail to notice what's happening in their midst or else fall in line with alarming gusto.
Frostbite is analysed along with Let the Right One In in the book New Vampire Cinema.
Awards
Best Film Fantasporto 2006
Best Score Screamfest Horror Film Festival 2006
Best Makeup Screamfest Horror Film Festival 2006
Best Special Effects Screamfest Horror Film Festival 2006
Special Mention Cinénygma Intl Film Festival 2006
Special Mention for Special Effects Ravenna Nightmare Film Fest 2006
Frostbite was not nominated for any Guldbagge Award. However, awards for best visual effects, make-up and music had not been introduced in 2006.
See also
30 Days of Night
Vampire film
References
External links
(defunct)
Official UK Myspace
Vampires in film
2006 horror films
2000s Swedish-language films
2006 comedy horror films
Swedish teen films
2000s teen horror films
2000s Finnish-language films
Swedish comedy horror films
2000s German-language films
Swedish independent films
Films set in Ukraine
Films shot in Sweden
2006 films
2006 comedy films
2006 independent films
2000s supernatural horror films
2000s exploitation films
Swedish black comedy films
2006 multilingual films
Swedish multilingual films
2000s Swedish films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite%20%282006%20film%29 |
Alexander Pringle (30 January 1791 – 2 September 1857) was a Scottish Conservative politician. He was Member of Parliament for Selkirkshire from 1830 to 1832 and again from 1835 to 1846. He was made a Lord of the Treasury in Peel's second ministry, but resigned in 1845 in protest at the decision to enhance the Maynooth Grant. After retiring from parliament he served as Principal Keeper of Sasines until his death.
References
1791 births
1857 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
Place of birth missing
Scottish Tory MPs (pre-1912)
Tory MPs (pre-1834) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Pringle%20%28politician%29 |
Paul Martin (born 17 March 1967) is a Scottish politician who served as Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Glasgow Provan constituency from 2011 to 2016. A member of the Scottish Labour Party, he previously represented Glasgow Springburn from 1999 to 2011.
Early life and education
Paul Martin was born in 1967 in Glasgow, the son of Michael Martin (1945–2018), a sheet metal worker, and Mary Martin (née McLay), an assembly worker. His parents had married the previous year. Michael was a member of the Labour Party and would go on to become a Member of Parliament (MP), Speaker of the House of Commons and life peer. Paul was educated at All Saints Roman Catholic Secondary School and Barmulloch College in Glasgow.
Political career
At the age of 26, Martin became a Glasgow District Councillor for the Royston ward following a council by-election in December 1993. He was first elected to the Scottish Parliament in May 1999 as MSP for Glasgow Springburn. He served as parliamentary aide to the Lord Advocate from 2001 to 2007 and to the Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Justice from 2007 to 2009. Following the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, he was appointed as Scottish Labour's spokesperson for community safety, and as parliamentary business manager on 28 October 2009.
In 2016, Martin sought re-election to a fifth term in the Scottish Parliament but lost his seat to the Scottish National Party's Ivan McKee by 4,783 votes. After losing his seat, he took up the role of general manager and collector at the Merchants House of Glasgow.
Personal life
Martin is married to Marie (née McGarvie) and has two daughters, one named Abbie.
References
External links
|-
1967 births
Living people
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament for Glasgow constituencies
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
People educated at All Saints Roman Catholic Secondary School
People from Springburn
Sons of life peers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Martin%20%28Scottish%20politician%29 |
Mudi-āttam is an art form once prevalent, but now disappearing, in Central Travancore in Kerala. This is performed by the Pulaya and Paraya (Sambava) castes. Originally a fertility-dance, this is now staged as a community entertainment. Young women are the exponents of this. They should have long hair and should number a dozen. Songs are sung to the accompaniment of Karu, Maram (in ancient times), Thudi, Udukku, and Maddalom. In tune with the rhythm and the trend of the song the women sway about, in different patterns, swinging their loosened hair. The founder of this art form is believed to be Pooyinkalamma, the First Mother of the Parayas.
Karu, Maram, Thudi, Uduku and Maddalam are percussion instruments.
A prominent exponent of this art form was Mariamma Chedathy.
Dances of Kerala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudi-%C4%81ttam |
Datteln is a town in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on a crossroads of four canals (Datteln-Hamm Canal, Wesel-Datteln Canal, Dortmund-Ems Canal and Rhein-Herne Canal), which makes it the biggest canal junction in the World, approx. 10 km north-east of Recklinghausen and 20 km north-west of Dortmund.
Katja Seizinger, retired ski racing champion and triple Olympic gold medalist, was born in Datteln.
Notable people
Horst Niggemeier (1929–2000), politician, mayor of Datteln
Reinhard Lettmann (1933–2013), bishop of Münster (1980–2008)
Egon Ramms (born 1948), General, 2007–2010 commander at NATO
Klaus Eberhard (born 1957), director of Sport of German Tennis Federation and former tennis player
Ingo Anderbrügge (born 1964), football player and coach
Katja Seizinger (born 1972), World Cup alpine ski racing champion; three times the Sportswoman of the Year
Dunja Hayali (born 1974), journalist and television presenter
Charlotte Becker (born 1983), cyclist
Lukas Nottbeck (born 1988), footballer
Sarah Petrausch (born 1990), volleyball player
Dominik Steinmann (born 1997), darts player
Twin towns – sister cities
Datteln is twinned with:
Cannock Chase, England, United Kingdom
Genthin, Germany
References
Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Recklinghausen (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datteln |
This article lists the civil airports, some joint with military airbases and small airports in Pakistan. There are an estimated 151 airfields in Pakistan.
Major international airports are situated in Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore. Other international airports are situated in Peshawar, Multan, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Quetta, Rahim Yar Khan, Turbat, Gwadar, D.G.Khan, Tharparkar, Sukkur and Skardu .
Civil airports in Pakistan are operated by the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority, with the exception of Sialkot International Airport, which is the first privately owned airport in Pakistan and South Asia, open to domestic and international civil aviation. It is owned and operated by the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce & Industry.
Military airbases are generally operated by the Pakistan Air Force, the exceptions being Dhamial Army Aviation Airbase in Rawalpindi and Tarbela Army Aviation Airbase which are operated by the Pakistan Army.
Gallery
Civilian list
Names shown in bold indicate the airport has scheduled service on commercial airlines.
Military list
List of military airbases.
Major traffic flows by airport
See also
Dry ports, sea ports and railway stations in Pakistan
Air Bases of Pakistan Air Force
Airlines of Pakistan
Transport in Pakistan
List of airports by ICAO code: O#OP – Pakistan
Wikipedia: Airline destination lists: Asia#Pakistan
References
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority
List of aerodromes & heliports in Pakistan, with links extracts of AIP Pakistan 6th edition (1999-12-26)
External links
Lists of airports in Pakistan:
Great Circle Mapper
FallingRain.com
Aircraft Charter World
The Airport Guide
World Aero Data
A-Z World Airports
Pakistan
Pakistan
Airports
Airports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20airports%20in%20Pakistan |
Cesana Pariol was the venue for bobsleigh, luge and skeleton during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. The track, built for the games, is located in Cesana. The venue holds approximately 7,130 spectators, of whom 3,624 are seated.
Construction details
The track is constructed with about of ammonia refrigeration pipes to help form ice on the track for proper sliding. Numerous sensors located along the track ensure that the ice's thickness is kept between to keep the track properly smooth during competitions.
History
During construction of the track prior to the 2006 games, there was concern that the track would be completed in time for homologation. An archaeological find (a small part of a Roman ruins) during construction slowed progress until the remains were excavated (near the current Turn 11).
The track was completed on end of 2004. In January 2005, the FIBT and FIL held their homologation events at the track. The FIBT had no issue when they ran their events during the weekend of 21–23 January 2005. The following week, the FIL ran their events, and had several crashes. Included in the crashes were Austria's Wolfgang Linger (broken ankle and calfbone), Brazil's Renato Mizoguchi (medically induced coma), and the U.S. Virgin Islands' Anne Abernathy (collarbone). During the summer of 2005, discussions were held among TOROC (the organizer of the 2006 Games), FIBT President Robert H. Storey (Canada), and FIL President Josef Fendt (Germany) about refitting the track for safety reasons. An agreement was reached by all three, and turns 16 through 18 were modified as such. The track was finally modified in late 2005 in time for homologation. Test runs done by Italy's Armin Zöggeler in late October 2005 led to the track being homologated on 31 October 2005 after it had been approved by former German national team coach Josef Lenz and FIL track commission chair Klaus Bonsack.
Cesana Pariol is now part of the complex called Torino Olympic Park. Post-Olympic usage for the tracks includes bobsleigh and luge rides for the public.
In October 2009, problems with early refrigeration of the track led the Bob- und Schlittenverband für Deutschland in Germany to lend support of short-order auxiliary services for foreign teams on such short notice. Starting 16 October, Italy and Japan's teams trained at the track in Winterberg while Austria's team trained at Königssee's track.
The track was scheduled to host events in 2011-12, but was shut down due to economic costs. After pressure from the FIBT and FIL in early 2012, the track was scheduled to run in 2012-13 only to be shut down again. In October 2012, the track was ordered to be dismantled by Cesana officials. The 45 tons of ammonia was moved from the track's refrigeration for other uses within the Turin region.
However, during the 2014 Winter Olympics, President of the CONI, Giovanni Malagò, expressed the intention to ensure new investments to keep the track open.
Statistics
The venue includes a vertical drop of 114 meters from start to finish.
Championships hosted
2006 Winter Olympics
FIL European Luge Championships: 2008
FIL World Luge Championships: 2011
Notes
References
2006 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 3. pp. 61–3.
Canadian skeleton racer Lindsay Alcock's diary during 2005 FIBT homologation of Cesana Pariol for the 2006 Winter Olympics
Discovery Channel.co.uk article on the track construction prior to the 2006 games
FIBT.com profile - Click on video clip of this run from a bobsleigh perspective. Men's single luge start house is shown on the left at the start of the run while the women's singles and men's doubles luge entrance appears after the third turn.
Schwab: "Act of international solidarity". at the Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course (19 October 2009 accessed 2 December 2009.)
FIBT President Storey and FIL President Fendt: "Olympic Track Summitt" in Berchtesgaden at the Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course (6 June 2005 article accessed 2 December 2009.)
2006 Olympic Track in Cesana Pariol homologated by FIL. at the Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course (31 October 2005 article accessed 2 December 2009.)
Jubilee Congress awards 2011 World Championships to Cesana-Pariol. at the Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course (23 June 2007 article accessed 2 December 2009. Also mentions 2008 European championships.)
FIL-Luge track profile
Track manager Ferriani assures that "everything is done for safety". at the Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course (2 February 2005 article accessed 2 December 2009.)
US Slider Tony Benshoff (Luge) describes parts of the track during a typical run.
Executive Committee meets Torino's organisers for the Olympic Games. at the Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course (29 September 2004 article accessed 2 December 2009.)
Torino Olympic Park listing of public bobsleigh rides.
Torino Olympic Park listing of monobob rides.
External links
Venues of the 2006 Winter Olympics
Defunct sports venues in Italy
Olympic bobsleigh venues
Olympic luge venues
Olympic skeleton venues
Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesana%20Pariol |
Chlorine-36 (36Cl) is an isotope of chlorine. Chlorine has two stable isotopes and one naturally occurring radioactive isotope, the cosmogenic isotope 36Cl. Its half-life is 301,300 ± 1,500 years. 36Cl decays primarily (98%) by beta-minus decay to 36Ar, and the balance to 36S.
Trace amounts of radioactive 36Cl exist in the environment, in a ratio of about (7–10) × 10−13 to 1 with stable chlorine isotopes. This corresponds to a concentration of approximately 1 Bq/(kg Cl).
36Cl is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of 36Ar by interactions with cosmic ray protons. In the top meter of the lithosphere, 36Cl is generated primarily by thermal neutron activation of 35Cl and spallation of 39K and 40Ca. In the subsurface environment, muon capture by 40Ca becomes more important. The production rates are about 4200 atoms 36Cl/yr/mole 39K and 3000 atoms 36Cl/yr/mole 40Ca, due to spallation in rocks at sea level.
The half-life of this isotope makes it suitable for geologic dating in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years. Its properties make it useful as a proxy data source to characterize cosmic particle bombardment and solar activity of the past.
Additionally, large amounts of 36Cl were produced by irradiation of seawater during atmospheric and underwater test detonations of nuclear weapons between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of 36Cl in the atmosphere is about 2 years. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and ground water, 36Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present. 36Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, including dating ice and sediments.
See also
Isotopes of chlorine
References
Isotopes of chlorine
Environmental isotopes
Radionuclides used in radiometric dating | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine-36 |
Karl Jenkins, better known as Dice Raw, is an American rapper from Philadelphia. He is associated with The Roots, and the now defunct musical group Nouveau Riche.
He hooked up with the band while still in high school after Kelo, a member of the group's production team, spotted him in a local talent show. The group quickly took the young rapper under their collective wings and decided to bring his talent along slowly. He made his debut in "The Lesson, Pt. 1." Soon after, he made a name for himself with cameos on "Episodes" and "Adrenaline", where his hard-hitting style complemented the heady rhymes of Roots leader Black Thought. Dice Raw has made several guest appearances on several mixtapes. He made an appearance in fellow band member and beatboxer Scratch's first solo album Embodiment of Instrumentation.
In 2000, Dice Raw released his solo debut album, Reclaiming the Dead on MCA Records.
Jenkins recorded vocals for the entrance theme of WWE wrestler Kung Fu Naki. titled "Kung Fu San", which samples Carl Douglas's "Kung Fu Fighting", and is available on Voices: WWE The Music, Vol. 9.
Additionally Jenkins has been in the studio functioning as co writer and producer for The Roots, in addition to working on his own material. In May 2010, Dice released his first solo single in ten years entitled "100" off of his upcoming solo project The Greatest Rapper Never. The single is a digital release and was made available on iTunes.
Jenkins has turned his interest to the performing arts world and has written and produced a multitude of musicals including The Last Jimmy, the story of mass incarceration inspired by of escaped slave Henry Box Brown.
Karl "Dice Raw" Jenkins is now board-chair of The New Freedom Theaters of Philadelphia, as well as being the producing director of the Devon Theater of Mayfair. He runs indie label Raw Life Records, from where he released his solo project "The Greatest Rapper Never". He also signed prominent battle rapper Rone, who released an album under Raw Life Records titled "The First Story". The song "Against The Wall" features Dice Raw.
Discography
Albums
2000: Reclaiming The Dead
2013: Jimmy's Back
2018: The Narrative
Appearances on The Roots albums
"The Lesson, Pt. 1" on Do You Want More?!!!??!
"Clones" and "Episodes" Illadelph Halflife
"Adrenaline!", "Diedre vs. Dice", "Ain't Sayin' Nothin' New" and "Don't See Us" on Things Fall Apart
"Rhymes & Ammo" on Phrenology
"BOOM!" on The Tipping Point
"The Lesson, Pt. 3" on Home Grown! The Beginner's Guide To Understanding The Roots, Vol. 2
"Here I Come" on Game Theory
"Get Busy", "I Can't Help It", "I Will Not Apologize" and "The Grand Return" on Rising Down
"How I Got Over", "Walk Alone", "Radio Daze" and "Now or Never" on How I Got Over
"Make My", "One Time", "Lighthouse", and "Tip The Scale" on Undun
"Black Rock," "Understand", and "The Dark (Trinity)" on And Then You Shoot Your Cousin
Unreleased songs
"Workinonit", "Take It There (Remix)" and "The Good, The Bad & The Desolate"
Features
"Just Leave (Remix)", "Richard Osborne feat Dice Raw."
References
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Living people
Rappers from Philadelphia
The Roots members
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American rappers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice%20Raw |
In the Whyte notation for describing steam locomotive wheel arrangement, a 2-8-6 is a locomotive with a two-wheel leading truck, eight driving wheels, and a six-wheel trailing truck. All 2-8-6 locomotives constructed have been tank locomotives of the Mason Bogie pattern, with no tender locomotives with this wheel arrangement made.
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: 1D3 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 143
Turkish classification: 48
Swiss classification: 4/8
In the UIC classification as applied in Germany and Italy, a rigid-framed locomotive of this arrangement would be 1'D3', and the Mason bogie (1'D)'3'.
Four Mason Bogies of this type were built for the Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad; #25 Alpine, #26 Rico, #27 Roaring Fork and #28 Denver. They were narrow gauge locomotives of gauge.
Two more went to the Denver, Utah and Pacific, #10 Middle Park and #19 Denver. The DU&P sold one of the latter to the Burlington and Northwestern Railway, a narrow-gauge affiliate of the CB&Q operating in Iowa.
References
8,2-8-6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-8-6T |
Sir John William Evans, CMG (1 December 1855 – 2 October 1943) was an Australian politician, a member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly and Premier of Tasmania from 11 July 1904 to 19 June 1909.
Early life and nautical career
Evans was born in 1855 in Liverpool, England, but migrated with his family to Battery Point, Tasmania when he was four years old. After education in Hobart, Evans embarked on a year-long voyage through Asian ports with his parents. His father, a merchant seaman, arranged an apprenticeship for him on his part-owned barque, Helen, trading to China and Japan.
Political career
John Evans was first elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly in the electorate of Kingborough on 20 January 1897. He did not have a political party, at this time, but is described as Anti-Socialist. Evans became Premier on 12 July 1904, holding office until 19 June 1909. In 1909 his seat of Kingborough was abolished and replaced with the Division of Franklin. He won the seat back in 1909 and continued to serve in parliament until 1937 as Commonwealth Liberal and Nationalist. His time in parliament, forty years from 1897 to 1937, makes him the longest-serving member in Tasmania.
References
1855 births
1943 deaths
Premiers of Tasmania
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Australian Knights Bachelor
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
British emigrants to the Colony of Tasmania
Australian people of Welsh descent
Politicians from Liverpool
Speakers of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Leaders of the Opposition in Tasmania
Treasurers of Tasmania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Evans%20%28Australian%20politician%29 |
The National Roman Museum (Italian: Museo Nazionale Romano) is a museum, with several branches in separate buildings throughout the city of Rome, Italy. It shows exhibits from the pre- and early history of Rome, with a focus on archaeological findings from the period of Ancient Rome.
History
Founded in 1889 and inaugurated in 1890, the museum's first aim was to collect and exhibit archaeologic materials unearthed during the excavations after the union of Rome with the Kingdom of Italy.
The initial core of its collection originated from the Kircherian Museum, archaeologic works assembled by the antiquarian and Jesuit priest, Athanasius Kircher, which previously had been housed within the Jesuit complex of Sant'Ignazio. The collection was appropriated by the state in 1874, after the suppression of the Society of Jesus. Renamed initially as the Royal Museum, the collection was intended to be moved to a Museo Tiberino (Tiberine Museum), which was never completed.
In 1901 the Italian state granted the National Roman Museum the recently acquired Collection Ludovisi as well as the important national collection of Ancient Sculpture. Findings during the urban renewal of the late 19th century added to the collections.
In 1913, a ministerial decree sanctioned the division of the collection of the Museo Kircheriano among all the different museums that had been established over the last decades, such as the National Roman Museum, the National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia and the Museum of Castel Sant'Angelo.
Its seat was established in the charterhouse designed and realised in the 16th century by Michelangelo within the Baths of Diocletian, which currently houses the epigraphic and the protohistoric sections of the modern museum, while the main collection of ancient art was moved to the nearby Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, acquired by the Italian state in 1981.
The reconversion of the area of the ancient bath/charterhouse into an exhibition space began on the occasion of the International Exhibition of Art of 1911; this effort was completed in the 1930s.
Palazzo Massimo alle Terme
History of the building
The palace was built on the site once occupied by the Villa Montalto-Peretti, named after Pope Sixtus V, who had been born Francesco Peretti. The present building was commissioned by Prince Massimiliano Massimo, so as to give a seat to the Jesuit Collegio Romano, originally within the convent of the church of Sant'Ignazio. In 1871, the Collegio had been ousted from the convent by the government which converted it into the Liceo Visconti, the first public secular high school of Italy. Erected between 1883 and 1887 by the architect Camillo Pistrucci in a neo-cinquecentesco style, it was one of the most prestigious schools of Rome until 1960. During World War II, it was partially used as a military hospital, but it then returned to scholastic functions until the 1960s, when the school was moved to a newer seat in the EUR quarter.
In 1981, when the palace was lying in a state of neglect, the Italian government acquired it for 19 billion lire and granted it to the National Roman Museum. Its restoration and adaptation began in 1983 and was completed in 1998. The palazzo eventually became the main seat of the museum as well as the headquarters of the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma (Agency of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities of Italy, in charge for the archaeological heritage of Rome). The museum houses the ancient art (sculpture, painting, mosaic work and goldsmith's craft from the Republican Age to the Late Antiquity) as well as the numismatic collection, housed in the Medagliere, i.e. the coin cabinet.
Ground floor and first floor
The ground floor features the notable bronze statues of the Boxer at Rest and the Athlete.
One room is devoted to the mummy that was found in 1964 on the Via Cassia, inside a richly decorated sarcophagus with several artefacts in amber and pieces of jewellery also on display. Sculptures of the period between the late Roman Republic and the early imperial period (2nd century BC to 1st century AD), include
Tivoli General
Tiber Apollo
Tiber Dionysus
Via Labicana Augustus
Aphrodite of Menophantos
Hermes Ludovisi from Anzio
Torlonia Vase
Sleeping Hermaphroditus
Dionysus Sardanapalus
Portonaccio sarcophagus
Second floor
Frescoes, stuccoes and mosaics, including those from the villa of Livia, wife of Augustus, at Prima Porta on the Via Flaminia. It begins with the summer triclinium of Livia's Villa ad Gallinas Albas. The frescoes, discovered in 1863 and dating back to the 1st century BC, show a luscious garden with ornamental plants and pomegranate trees.
Basement
The Museum's numismatic collection is the largest in Italy. Among the coins on exhibit are Theodoric’s medallion, the four ducats of Pope Paul II with the navicella of St Peter, and the silver piastre of the Pontifical State with views of the city of Rome.
Palazzo Altemps
History of the building
The building was designed in the 15th century by Melozzo da Forlì for Girolamo Riario, a relation of Pope Sixtus IV. There is still a fresco on one wall of the rooms in the palazzo that celebrates the wedding of Girolamo to Caterina Sforza in 1477, showing the silver plates and other wedding gifts given to the couple. When the Riario family began to decline after the death of Pope Sixtus IV, the palazzo was sold to Cardinal Francesco Soderini of Volterra, who commissioned further refinements from the architects Sangallo the Elder and Baldassarre Peruzzi.
When the Soderini family fell on hard times, he in turn sold it in 1568 to the Austrian-born cardinal Mark Sittich von Hohenems Altemps, the son of the sister of Pope Pius IV. Cardinal Altemps commissioned the architect Martino Longhi to expand and improve the palazzo; it was Longhi who built the belvedere. Cardinal Altemps accumulated a large collection of books and ancient sculpture. Though his position as the second son in his family meant Marco Sittico Altemps became a cleric, he was not inclined to priesthood. His mistress bore him a son, Roberto, made Duke of Gallese. Roberto Altemps was executed for adultery in 1586 by Pope Sixtus V.
The Altemps family continued to mix in the circles of Italian nobility throughout the 17th century. Roberto's granddaughter Maria Cristina d'Altemps married Ippolito Lante Montefeltro della Rovere, Duke of Bomarzo.
The Palazzo Altemps became the property of the Holy See in the 19th century, and the building was used as a seminary for a short time. It was granted to the Italian state in 1982 and after 15 years of restoration, inaugurated as a museum in 1997.
Collections
The palazzo houses the museum's exhibits on the history of collecting (sculptures from Renaissance collections such as the Boncompagni-Ludovisi and Mattei collections, including the Ludovisi Ares, Ludovisi Throne, and the Suicide of a Gaul (from the same Pergamon group as the Dying Gaul) and the Egyptian collection (sculptures of eastern deities). The palace also includes the historic private theatre, at present used to house temporary exhibitions, and the church of Sant' Aniceto.
Crypta Balbi
History of the building
In 1981, digging on a derelict site in the Campus Martius between the churches of Santa Caterina dei Funari and Santo Stanislao dei Polacchi, Daniel Manacorda and his team discovered the colonnaded quadriporticus of the Theatre of Lucius Cornelius Balbus, the nearby statio annonae and evidence of later, medieval occupation of the site. These are presented in this branch of the museum, inaugurated in 2001, which houses the archaeological remains and finds from that dig (including a stucco arch from the porticus).
Collections
As well as new material from the excavations, objects in this exhibition space come from
the collections of the former Kircherian Museum
the Gorga and Betti collections
numismatic material from the Gnecchi collections and the collection of Victor Emmanuel III of Savoy
collections from the Roman Forum, in particular a fresco and marble architrave from the late-1930s Fascist deconstruction of the medieval church of Sant'Adriano in the Curia senatus.
Museum of the Palazzo Venezia
the Capitoline Museums
the communal Antiquarium of Rome
frescoes removed in 1960 from the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata.
Basement
The building's basement contains archaeological remains. Access is only by guided tour.
Ground floor
The first section ("archaeology and history of an urban landscape") presents the results of the excavations, and puts them in the context of the history of the area. As well as showing the remains from the site itself, this section also tells of the Monastero di Santa Maria Domine Rose (begun nearby in the 8th century), of medieval merchants' and craftsmen's homes, of the Conservatorio di Santa Caterina dei Funari (built in the mid-16th century by Ignatius of Loyola to house the daughters of Roman prostitutes) and of the Botteghe Oscure.
First floor
A second section ("Rome from Antiquity to the Middle Ages") is the Museum of Medieval Rome and illustrates the life and transformation of Rome between the 5th and 10th centuries AD.
Baths of Diocletian
Cloister of Michelangelo
The cloister of the charterhouse of the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri, this is often referred to as "Michelangelo's Cloister" as he was tasked by the Pope with transforming the Baths into a church and chapterhouse. However, it is more likely that Michelangelo just came up with the layout and that a pupil of his, Giacomo del Duca, was responsible for most of the actual architecture, at least in the initial phase of construction. The cloister was built only after Michelangelo's death in 1564. Construction began in 1565 but took at least until 1600. The upper floor was finished in 1676 and the central fountain dates to 1695.
Inside the square of the cloister, a 16th-century garden features outdoor displays of altars and funerary sculpture and inscriptions. These notably include some colossal animal heads, several of which date from Antiquity and were found near Trajan's Column in 1586.
Prehistory section
On the upper floor of the cloister, this exhibit shows the development of the culture of Latium from the Bronze Age (11th century BC) to the Orientalizing Period (10th to 6th century BC) by means of archaeological findings from the region around Rome.
Small cloister
The small cloister of the charterhouse has been recently renovated. It occupies around a third of the area previously occupied by the natatio (swimming pool) of the Baths of Diocletian. It was originally built alongside the church. Construction began in the mid-16th century but continued beyond the 17th century. With a side length of 40 meters (half the size of Michelangelo's Cloister) it today features exhibits on the Arval Brethren and on the Secular Games. The late 16th-century travertine well in the centre was added during the recent renovation.
Epigraphic section
Showing over 900 exhibits on inscriptions/writings, over three floors of a modern building, this collection houses over 10,000 inscriptions.
Aule delle Olearie
These were the storage facilities created by Pope Clement XIII in some of the former halls of the Baths of Diocletian. These large halls (numbered I to XI), most of them without roof cover, have been part of the museum since 1911.
Aula of Saint Isidore
A small square room built next to a granary known Annona in 1640. In 1754 it was converted into a chapel dedicated to Saint Isidore.
Octagonal Aula
This was part of the central complex of the Baths of Diocletian. It was the last of the four halls next to the caldarium. It was converted into a grain store in 1575, and in 1764 became a storage facility for oil. The dome is still the original one. The hall served as an exhibition site in 1911 but was then turned into a cinema and, in 1928, into a planetarium.
The hall was restored in 1991. It is devoted to sculptures found on baths sites in Rome.
Gallery
See also
Collections of the National Roman Museum
List of Jesuit sites
References
External links
Official Website of the Museo Nazionale Romano
Roma 2000 information
Free downloadable PDF of the Brochure of the Museum at Palazzo Massimo
A video depicting an Eliot poem with images of Palazzo Altemps
Museums established in 1889
Museums in Rome
National museums of Italy
Archaeological museums in Italy
Altieri
Numismatic museums in Italy
Museums of ancient Rome in Italy
Museums of ancient Greece in Italy
Epigraphic museums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo%20Nazionale%20Romano |
Robert Frederick Foster (May 31, 1853 – December 25, 1945) of New York City, known as R. F. Foster, was a memory training promoter and the prolific writer of more than 50 nonfiction books. He wrote primarily on the rules of play and methods for successful play of card, dice, and board games. Alan Truscott wrote 20 years after his death that Foster "had been one of the great figures in whist and bridge" for 60 years.
Biography
R. F. Foster was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on May 31, 1853, the son of Alexander Frederick and Mary E. Macbrair, and "connected with some of the best families in Great Britain". He was educated as an architect and civil engineer. He emigrated to the United States (probably in 1872) where he engaged in surveying and gold prospecting and then in manufacturing before turning to the memory training and writing businesses in 1893.
Foster married Mary E. Johnson in 1891 and became card editor for the New York Sun in 1895. He filled that position to 1919 when he undertook the same role for the New York Tribune. He was also a columnist for Vanity Fair. The treatise Foster's Complete Hoyle: An Encyclopedia of All the Indoor Games Played at the Present Day, first published in 1897, has been called his great achievement. It provided descriptions and laws of more than 100 indoor games and was revised frequently during his lifetime, then by others after his death. One of his last editions was included in the 1939 New York World's Fair Westinghouse Time Capsule, to be opened in 5000 years.
Having written numerous whist and bridge books by 1935, he was considered "the dean of living bridge authorities". At that time he directed duplicate bridge at the St. George Club in Brooklyn (Hotel St. George). At some time he lived four years in Germany; at another time, "three years in South Africa, where he lectured and taught bridge in sixty-five towns." He crossed the Atlantic 97 times in all.
Foster was a member of several card, athletic, and golf clubs—including Knickerbockers Whist and the Cavendish Club—and a member of the Society of American Magicians. He died December 25, 1945, in Eastham, Massachusetts, survived by one daughter.
Memory trainer
Foster left employment at one of the largest manufacturing houses in Baltimore to become the business manager for "Professor Alphonse Loisette" (later identified as Marcus Dwight Larrowe), a lecturer and promoter of systems and methods to develop and improve memory skills. Foster resigned in April 1888, wishing not to be associated with Loisette's unethical personal and business practices and accusing him of being a "humbug and a fraud". Foster subsequently joined William Joseph Ennever and others in a similar business venture, the Pelman School of Memory Training, a correspondence school based in Chicago and London. He delivered lectures and wrote training materials, most notably The Secret of Certainty in Recollection, plainly stated, simply taught: The Pelman–Foster System, a book of five correspondence lessons dating from around 1905.
Fiction book author
Foster also wrote a detective novel titled Cab no. 44, which was also translated into German.
Bibliography
Although he also wrote fiction and contributed short stories to magazines, his most prolific work was on the subject of card, dice and table games being author of over 50 such books covering every imaginable card game: euchre, poker, conquian, rummy, whist, auction bridge, contract bridge and other bridge variations, and many more. Foster also wrote on other games such as mahjong, dice, chess, and dominoes.
Foster's Whist Manual: A Complete System of Instruction in the Game (New York: Brentano's, 1890), ; (London: Mudie & Sons, 1890), ; expanded 3rd ed. "with American leads", 1894, Brentano's, , facsimile 2005, Cosimo Classics, ,
Foster's Complete Hoyle: An Encyclopedia of All the Indoor Games Played at the Present Day With Suggestions for Good Play, a Full Code of Laws. Illustrative Hands. And a Brief Statement of the Doctrine of Chance as Applied to Games (1897), 625 pp. – after the 1740s–50s treatises by Edmond Hoyle
Foster's Common Sense in Whist (1898); facsimile at Internet Archive
Foster, Robert Frederick: Poker (1901)
Foster's Bridge (1902)
Foster, Robert Frederick: Foster's Practical Poker (1904)
Foster's Complete Hoyle: An Encyclopedia of Games (1909)
Foster, Robert Frederick: Pocket Laws of Poker (1910)
Cooncan (Conquián): A Game of Cards also Called "Rum" (NY: Frederick A. Stokes, 1913), ; full-text reproduction at rummy-games.com (now in the public domain); 2007 print edition,
Foster's Pirate Bridge: The Latest Development of Auction Bridge with the Full Code of the Official Laws (1917)
Foster's Skat Manual (1922)
Foster's Modern Bridge Tactics: A Complete Exposition of the Lates Theories of Four-card Suit Bids, Approaching Bids, and Suit Distribution, Together with an Entirely New Theory of the No-trumper (1925)
Contributions to whist and bridge
Foster invented or developed:
Self-playing Cards for Whist, Self-playing Cards for Bridge, and an improved design for Whist Markers.
The Foster Echo, an unblocking play against notrump intended to show count.
The Rule of Eleven. Foster claims to have invented the Rule of Eleven in the winter of 1880-81. The rule is explained in the first edition of his Foster's Whist Manual of 1890 and is a means for opener's partner to infer how many cards held by declarer are higher in rank than the card led; likewise, declarer can infer the same information about his right-hand-opponent's holding.
The first set of laws for contract bridge.
Notes
References
External links
Robert Frederick Foster at BridgeGuys.com.
1853 births
1945 deaths
British emigrants to the United States
Contract bridge writers
Card game book writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Frederick%20Foster |
Kevin A. Ring (born October 19, 1970) is a former American attorney and congressional staffer; he served Republicans in both the House and the Senate, including U.S. Representative John T. Doolittle (R-CA). He also served as a counsel on the Senate Judiciary Committee's Constitution, Federalism and Property Rights Subcommittee.
In 2000 Ring started work as a lobbyist with Jack Abramoff, particularly to support Native American tribes trying to develop and gain approval for gaming casinos. Ring and Abramoff were each indicted in the Abramoff Indian lobbying and bribing scandal.
He went to trial on September 1, 2009, resulting in a hung jury.
In a second trial beginning October 18, 2010, Ring was convicted of charges of corruption and honest services wire fraud; he was sentenced in October 2011 to 20 months in prison. He lost his appeal in January 2013, and the US Supreme Court denied certiorari in October 2013 to hear his case. He also faces trial on charges of obstructing congressional and criminal investigators.
Life and career
Ring has a B.A. in political science from Syracuse University and graduated from the Columbus School of Law at Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. He entered private practice as a member of the Maryland Bar after having worked as a staffer in both the House of Representatives and Senate. In 1993, he joined the staff of U.S. Representative John T. Doolittle. In 1995, he was promoted to legislative director.
In 1998, he was named by then-U.S. Senator John Ashcroft (R-Mo) to serve as a counsel on the Senate Judiciary Committee's Constitution, Federalism and Property Rights Subcommittee. Among other duties, he advised Ashcroft on federal judicial nominations. In 1999 he returned to the House to become executive director of the Conservative Action Team, a group of conservative House Republicans.
In 2000, Ring went to work for Jack Abramoff at Preston Gates Ellis & Rouvelas Meeds LLP, the lobbying arm of the law firm Preston Gates & Ellis LLP, based in Seattle. A year later, he followed Abramoff to Florida-based law firm Greenberg Traurig, where he worked until October 2004. In 2002 and 2003, he was named a "Top Rainmaker" by The Hill newspaper in its annual rankings of Washington's premier lobbyists. In 2004, his book, Scalia Dissents: Writings of the Supreme Court's Wittiest, Most Outspoken Justice, was published.
After leaving Team Abramoff at Greenberg Traurig, he joined Barnes & Thornburg LLP law firm in Washington, D.C. Many of his clients followed him there even as he was identified in several congressional investigations of Abramoff. He resigned from Barnes and Thornburg on April 13, 2007, the same day the FBI raided John Doolittle's home.
In 2015, Ring joined Families Against Mandatory Minimums and became their president from 2017 to 2023. Starting in July 2023, Ring will be the Vice President of Criminal Justice Advocacy at Arnold Ventures LLC.
Abramoff scandal
In 2005, Ring was subpoenaed to appear before the Senate Indian Affairs Committee as part of its Abramoff probe. Asked to discuss his work with Abramoff on behalf of several federally recognized tribes seeking to establish gaming, Ring asserted his Fifth Amendment right against self incrimination. He said, "I'm sorry the clients for whom I worked have had to endure the enormous emotional and financial burden", though he was still working for said clients, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw and the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe as their paid Washington lobbyist.
Ring has two daughters and is separated from his wife, who asked for a divorce after the Abramoff scandal unfolded. Although he has never spoken publicly about the charges and did not testify at his trial, he touched on the scandal in an essay written for an online fatherhood magazine.
Arrest and trials
On September 8, 2008, Ring was arrested "on conspiracy, fraud and obstruction-of-justice charges in connection with his alleged role in a four-year scheme to lavish tickets and trips on lawmakers and government officials in return for help for his clients". The indictment also charged him with obstruction of justice, "including false statements about his knowledge of Abramoff's financial relationship with lobbyist Michael Scanlon; his own receipt of a $135,000 referral fee; and his knowledge of how Abramoff obtained a job for the wife of Representative 5". While not named in the indictment, "Representative 5", thought to be Congressman John Doolittle, allegedly took a series of official actions that benefited Ring and Abramoff's lobbying clients. In return, Doolittle and his aides received numerous free meals, tickets to concerts and sporting events, campaign contributions and a part-time job for Doolittle's wife, Julie, who owned a consulting firm, that netted her $96,000. Ring was said to have been an intermediary in the hiring of Julie Doolittle's consulting firm by Abramoff and his firm, Greenberg Traurig, to do fundraising for a charity he founded. Neither Doolittle nor his wife were charged to date.
During this time Ring still represented the Mashpee Wampanoag of Massachusetts, who came to his defense. In 2007 Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Chairman Glenn Marshall told reporters, "Kevin (Ring) is a good man. He's an honest guy who's done everything for the tribe above-board." Marshall was subsequently convicted on five felony counts associated with the tribe's casino lobbying, including more than 50 illegal campaign contributions facilitated by Abramoff and Ring. The Mashpee Band remained supportive of Ring even after Marshall's arrest, with new Tribal Council Chair Shawn Hendricks affirming the former chair's endorsements and keeping Ring on the Wampanoag payroll through 2008.
Prosecutors relied on e-mail messages associated with work on behalf of the Mashpee Wampanoag to show that Ring provided tickets to sporting events and pricey meals to Robert E. Coughlin, the former Deputy Chief of Staff, Criminal Division, of the United States Department of Justice. He pleaded guilty in April 2008, saying he had accepted meals, concert tickets and luxury seats at Redskins and Wizards games from Ring. In return Coughlin helped secure a $16.3 million grant for the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, whom Ring and Abramoff represented. Coughlin also helped students attending a school run by Abramoff quickly clear immigration hurdles. Court documents also asserted that Ring had provided gifts for Ann Copland, who was senior staff for Republican senator Thad Cochran. E-mails from Ring were subsequently part of the documents submitted when Copland pleaded guilty in March 2009.
First trial
On September 5, 2008, a federal grand jury had indicted Ring for conspiracy (Count I), payment of an illegal gratuity (Count II), and honest services wire fraud (Counts III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII). Before the trial, Ring had been meeting with investigators extensively. Apparently negotiations had broken down and Ring would not accept the proffered plea deal.
The jury trial began on September 1, 2009, and resulted in a hung jury on all counts. On October 15, 2009, U.S. District Court Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle declared a mistrial.
According to TPMmuckraker, a former prosecutor with the Justice Department's Public Integrity unit, called the case against Ring "'an extremely problematic prosecution', since the favors that Ring was accused of doing for public officials weren't in themselves illegal".
In the interval between the first trial and the start of the second trial, the US Supreme Court issued a ruling on the Honest Services Theft issue (Skilling vs. U.S., June 24, 2010), calling the original law too vague. Its ruling limited the government's application of a 1988 "honest services fraud" statute used in Ring's first trial, ruling that it applies only to bribes and kickbacks for specific acts. Before, prosecutors could target patterns of corruption and influence-peddling without proving an explicit quid pro quo. Legal analysts predicted the retrial of Ring would serve as a barometer of the effectiveness of tools available to prosecutors to combat corruption among congressional and executive branch officials.
Second trial
Ring's second trial began on October 18, 2010. Following the two-week trial, the jury couldn't reach a verdict and sent a note to Judge Huvelle, asking her to explain the difference between legal and illegal gifts. After four days of deliberations, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on five counts on November 15, 2010. Ring was found "guilty on one count of conspiring to corrupt congressional and executive branch officials by providing things of value to them and their staffs to induce or reward those who took official actions benefiting Ring and his clients. In addition, [he] was convicted of one count of paying a gratuity to a public official and three counts of honest-services wire fraud for engaging in a scheme to deprive U.S. citizens of their right to the honest services of certain public officials. The jury acquitted [him] on three counts of honest-services fraud".
According to testimony, "Ring sought to further his clients' interests by lobbying public officials in the legislative and executive branches of the federal government,... identified public officials who would assist them and their clients, and then groomed them by providing things of value with the intent of making them more receptive to requests on behalf of their clients in the future. The things of value ... included all-expenses-paid travel, meals, drinks, golf outings, as well as tickets to professional sporting events, concerts and other events, and an employment opportunity for the wife of a congressman – which were often billed to Ring's and Jack Abramoff's clients... Ring's corrupt actions resulted in his clients receiving, among other actions, $14 million in congressional transportation appropriations and an additional $7 million from the Justice Department to build a jail."
Ring's attorney said Ring had only been doing his job of influencing public officials. He did not know of specific illegal acts and was not responsible for the capital's lobbying culture, stating: "The way our government works and the role lobbyists play in our government are not on trial, Kevin Ring is on trial".
The Justice Department asked for a sentence of 17 to 22 years. "One reason for the astronomical sentence, according to the government: Mr. Ring was the only lobbyist who went to trial instead of pleading guilty and cooperating with the United States."
The government backed off this assessment ... after a rebuke from Judge Huvelle" who wrote: "Defendant's position is that the government is retaliating against him for exercising his Sixth Amendment right to trial", adding "It is easy to see why such an inference might be justified". Ring was asking for five years' probation.
On October 26, 2011, Ring was sentenced by Judge Huvelle to 20 months in prison and to 30 months of supervised release following his prison term. Two more charges are still pending, and may result in a third trial if there is no plea bargaining. He is free on bail while he appeals his conviction, having "shown by clear and convincing evidence that he is not likely to flee or pose a danger to the community".
Ring appealed his conviction, but it was upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on January 25, 2013. He appealed that decision to the United States Supreme Court, which denied certiorari on October 7, 2013.
References
Living people
American lobbyists
Syracuse University alumni
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Columbus School of Law alumni
People convicted of honest services fraud
Maryland Republicans
1970 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20A.%20Ring |
Nyctereutes donnezani is an extinct relative of the raccoon dog. It has been found in Spain Poland, Greece, and Turkey.
References
Prehistoric canines
Prehistoric mammals of Europe
Pliocene carnivorans
donnezani | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctereutes%20donnezani |
Haltern am See (Haltern at the lake, before December 2001 only Haltern) is a town and a municipality in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the Lippe and the Wesel–Datteln Canal, approx. north of Recklinghausen.
The town is about north of Düsseldorf.
Geography and Nature
Haltern am See is a picturesque city in western Germany with an abundance of natural beauty in its surroundings. The city is situated on the shores of the Halterner Stausee, which is a popular destination for swimming, boating, and hiking.
The area around the lake is characterized by lush green forests, rolling hills, and sprawling meadows. The town is surrounded by several nature reserves, including the Hohe Mark Nature Park, which is known for its diverse flora and fauna. Here, visitors can hike through dense forests and spot rare birds and other wildlife.
During winter, tourists can experience traditional German Christmas markets. These markets are held in the city's historic old town and offer visitors a unique shopping experience. Visitors can explore the markets and browse through the many stalls that offer traditional German crafts, Christmas decorations, and gifts. The markets also offer a wide variety of German foods and drinks, such as roasted chestnuts, gingerbread cookies, hot mulled wine, and other seasonal specialties. The markets are usually open from late November to the end of December.
In the summer months, Haltern am See offers visitors the opportunity to explore the beautiful rural areas of Germany. The city is surrounded by vast fields and rolling countryside, making it a perfect destination for nature lovers. Visitors can explore the scenic landscapes by hiking, cycling, or even horseback riding.
For those who enjoy outdoor sports, Haltern am See has plenty to offer. The city boasts several bike trails and hiking paths that wind their way through the surrounding countryside, providing visitors with a chance to explore the area's natural beauty up close. There are also several golf courses in the area for those who prefer a more relaxed outdoor activity.
History
In the place was the Roman castle Aliso, abandoned some time after the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Nowadays the LWL-Römermuseum Haltern am See informs about the Roman living here.
Former Halteren was founded on February 3 in 1289. They received the town charter by the prince-bishop of Münster, Everhard von Dienstag.
During Kristallnacht (1938), the town's synagogue, Jewish cemetery and the houses and shops belonging to the town's Jews were vandalised. Jews were deported to concentration camps, the last five of whom were deported in January 1942. Only one of the town's Jews survived the Holocaust: Alexander Lebenstein, after whom a school is named.
In March 2015, the town received international attention when 16 students and two teachers from the Joseph-König-Gymnasium in Haltern, were killed in the Germanwings Flight 9525 crash in the French Alps. They were on their way home from a student exchange with the Giola Institute in Llinars del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain. Haltern's then mayor, Bodo Klimpel, described it as "the darkest day in the history of our city."
Gallery
Notable people
Benedikt Höwedes, former footballer for Juventus F.C. and Germany, was born in the city
Joseph König (1843–1930), chemist, after whom the Joseph-König-Gymnasium is named, was born in Lavesum in Haltern
Alexander Lebenstein, Holocaust survivor, after whom the Alexander-Lebenstein-Realschule is named, was born in Haltern
Christoph Metzelder, former footballer for Borussia Dortmund and Schalke 04, was born in the city
Bodo Klimpel, mayor of Haltern am See between 2004 and 2020, was born in Rourkela, State of Odisha, India
Luba Goy, German-Canadian actress and comedian, was born in Haltern in 1945 and emigrated to Canada with her parents in 1951
Twin towns – sister cities
Haltern am See is twinned with:
Roost-Warendin, France
Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria
References
External links
Livius.org: Roman fortress Haltern
Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Members of the Hanseatic League
Recklinghausen (district)
Holocaust locations in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltern%20am%20See |
Sawsan al-Sha'er (, born July 12, 1956) is widely regarded as Bahrain's most influential liberal intellectual. A journalist and author, she is a columnist with Al-Watan newspaper, having joined the staff there from the pro-government Al-Ayam.
Ms. al-Sha'er is well known for her liberal opinions and has been an outspoken critic of religious "extremism". Unlike many Arab liberals, Ms. al-Sha'er has not been afraid to debate with religious clerics and criticize their opinions. This has brought her into confrontation with many of Bahrain's Islamist politicians, such as Ali Salman and Adel Mouwda. She has accused "extremists" backing suicide bombers in Iraq of trying to ‘lead Bahrain to hell’.
While a leading supporter of King Hamad's political liberalization, Ms. al-Sha'er has criticised the government whenever it has failed to meet its reform commitments and over the performance of individual ministers. On 26 February 2006, in Al-Watan, she was scathing about the Minister of Housing, Fahmi al-Jowder, over his "ludicrous praise reminiscent of the Saddam Hussain coterie" .
Education
She holds a Bachelor of Arts in Literature from Beirut Arab University's Department of History.
Career
From 1989 to 2005, she worked for Al-Ayam, but since 2005 she has worked for Al-Watan. Her column there is كلمة أخيرة (“One Last Word”). She has also worked for several other Gulf, including Al-Watan (Kuwait), Al Yaum in Saudi Arabia, and Al-Watan (Qatar).
In 2005, she began hosting a TV show based on the column, likewise entitled “One Last Word.”
She volunteers for several local organizations, including the Bahraini Society for Child Development, the Mercy Center for the Care of People with Severe Mental Retardation, the Consumer Protection Association, the Bahrain Journalists’ Association, and the Bahrain Society Forum.
The Bahraini government ordered a Bahraini Al-Watan article she wrote to be withdrawn over allegations she made that the Iranian Shia lobby controlled the state of Kuwait.
In 2015, a dispute with the Minister of Information of Bahrain led “One Last Word” to be suspended, but this was overridden by King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ordering immediate resumption of its broadcast.
Awards
Bahrain National Merit Award, 1993
Creative Pioneer Award from Al-Muharraq SC, 1996
Best Social Television Program Award, 1996
Best Talk Show Award from the 2007 Cairo International Film Festival
National Service Award, First Class, 2009
Best Journalist Award at Creativity Awards of the Arab Media Forum, 2009
Publications
البحرين قصة الصراع السياسي 1904 – 1956 (“Bahrain: History of Political Conflict 1904—1956”), co-written with Muhammad Abdulqadir al-Jassim (2000)
كلمة اخيرة (“One Last Word”), collected articles (2007)
External links
MEMRI translates into English a debate in the Bahraini press on suicide bombers between Sawsan Al Sha’er and Akhbar Al Khaleej columnist Hafez Al-Sheikh Saleh (8 July 2005).
The Proponents of the Suicide Ideology Have Taken Advantage of Global Communications (Eng trans by MEMRI), Free Muslims, (15 May 2005)
References
Living people
Bahraini journalists
Bahraini women journalists
1956 births
Beirut Arab University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawsan%20al-Sha%27er |
Michael Joseph McMahon (born 18 September 1961) is a former Scottish Labour Party politician. He was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from 1999 until 2016. He was MSP for the Hamilton North and Bellshill constituency from 1999 until its abolition in 2011, and then for the Uddingston and Bellshill constituency from 2011 to 2016.
Career
McMahon attended the co-educational, Roman Catholic Our Lady's High School, Motherwell from 1973 until 1977. After leaving school, he worked as a welder at Terex Equipment Ltd, Motherwell from 1977 until 1992. He had been a trade union activist since school, and was Chair of the Youth Committees for the GMB trade union and the Scottish Trades Union Congress. In the GMB, he was also the branch Equality Officer and a member of the Racial Advisory Committee.
Political positions and views
McMahon is a critic of the not proven verdict in Scottish law, unsuccessfully attempting to abolish the verdict in 2007.
McMahon is a supporter of faith schools and has publicly defended them, claiming there is no evidence they contribute to sectarianism.
McMahon was one of three Labour MSPs that voted against the Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014.
Personal life
McMahon is married to Margaret, and together they have three children. He employed her as his parliamentary assistant and his daughter Siobhan McMahon as his parliamentary researcher, with the latter becoming an MSP herself in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election.
References
External links
Michael McMahon MSP profile at the site of Scottish Labour
Michael McMahon MSP personal website
1961 births
Labour MSPs
Living people
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20McMahon%20%28Scottish%20politician%29 |
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