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The Heart of Georgia Railroad is a shortline railroad created in 1999 to lease and operate of track owned by the Georgia Department of Transportation between Mahrt, Alabama and Vidalia, Georgia, in the United States. The railroad has since expanded to include more than of track, reaching as far as Midville, Georgia. Initially only the portion from Rochelle to Preston, Georgia was utilized, with the Preston-Mahrt and Rochelle-Vidalia lines out of service. The Heart of Georgia also hosts the SAM passenger excursion train and is owned by parent company Atlantic Western Transportation Company.
Primary commodities include feed products, chemicals, plastic pellets, aggregates, lumber, grain, pulpwood, scrap metal, and fertilizer, amounting to around 7,500 annual carloads.
History
An east–west route from Vidalia to Mahrt forms the core of the Heart of Georgia railroad and was built in segments over a period of several years. The Americus, Preston & Lumpkin was started in 1884 and connected its namesake cities by 1887. Also in 1887 further extension brought the terminus of the railroad further east to Abbeville. In 1888 the railroad became the Savannah, Americus & Montgomery. The railroad continued to grow in 1890, reaching Lyons in the east, as well as the Chattahoochee River, and eventually Montgomery to the west. At Lyons, the SA&M met the newly constructed Savannah & Western. In 1895, the SA&M was reorganized under the Georgia & Alabama and in 1900 the railroad once again changed hands into the Seaboard Air Line.
Through a number of mergers the line eventually came under the ownership of the Seaboard System in 1983, which abandoned the line between Montgomery and Mahrt on April 20, 1986. The remaining line from Mahrt to Rhine, Georgia was sold to the Georgia Southwestern by CSX Transportation on June 5, 1989. Georgia Southwestern ended operations on the line from Preston to Mahrt in 1999, and the state of Georgia sought a new operator for the entire route from Vidalia to Mahrt, part of which was still retained by the Georgia Southwestern. The Heart of Georgia railroad was created in 1999 for the purpose of operating the line on behalf of the state. On May 22, 2000, the state purchased the remaining portion of the line not already under their ownership between Omaha, Georgia and the end of the line across the river in Mahrt as well as an additional between Rochelle and Preston retained by the Georgia Southwestern.
On February 19, 2004, the Heart of Georgia expanded its line with the annexation of the Ogeechee Railway between Vidalia and Midville, a distance of . However, the portion between Midville and a point south of Swainsboro is now operated by the Georgia Southern Railway.
In 2010 ground was broken on an inland port on the Heart of Georgia in Cordele, Georgia. The port is expected to generate significant traffic for the HOG and provide traffic for the restored Rhine-Vidalia route.
On February 7, 2017, national shortline operator Genesee & Wyoming announced that it had purchased the Heart of Georgia, with the deal expected to be finalized later in the year after regulatory approval.
As of 2023, The Heart of Georgia Railroad interchanges at many different locations. It interchanges with CSX in Cordele, Georgia, with Georgia Central Railway in Vidalia, Georgia, with both Southwestern Railroad and Norfolk Southern in Americus, Georgia, and the Georgia Southern Railway in Midville, Georgia. It can hold up to 263,000 pounds of supplies.
SAM Shortline Railway
In addition to freight services provided by the Heart of Georgia, the railroad also hosts the SAM Shortline Railroad heritage train of about 45 miles between Archery, Georgia and Cordele. The train is managed by the Southwest Georgia Railroad Excursion Authority with the HOG providing the locomotives and operating crews.
Cordele Intermodal Services
In December, 2010 The Heart of Georgia began hosting intermodal transport for Cordele Intermodal Services out of the Cordele Inland Port. Cordele Intermodal Services facilitates container transport between the Georgia Ports Authority in Savannah and the Cordele Rail Ramp. Heart of Georgia Railroad operates the line between Cordele, GA and Vidalia, GA. The Georgia Central Railway operates the rail line between Vidalia and Savannah. Heart of Georgia Railroad has seen significant traffic increases in traffic since Cordele Intermodal Services' inception.
References
External links
Heart of Georgia Railroad official webpage - Genesee and Wyoming website
Georgia (U.S. state) railroads
Heritage railroads in Georgia (U.S. state)
Genesee & Wyoming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20of%20Georgia%20Railroad |
Dora is the pseudonym given by Sigmund Freud to a patient whom he diagnosed with hysteria, and treated for about eleven weeks in 1900. Her most manifest hysterical symptom was aphonia, or loss of voice. The patient's real name was Ida Bauer (1882–1945); her brother Otto Bauer was a leading member of the Austro-Marxist movement.
Freud published a case study about Dora, Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (1905 [1901], Standard Edition Vol. 7, pp. 1–122; ).
Case history
Family background
Dora lived with her parents, who had a loveless marriage, but one which took place in close concert with another couple, Herr and Frau K, who were friends of Dora's parents. The crisis that led her father to bring Dora to Freud was her accusation that Herr K had made a sexual advance to her, at which she slapped his face—an accusation which Herr K denied and which her own father disbelieved.
Freud himself reserved initial judgement on the matter, and was swiftly told by Dora that her father had a relationship with Frau K, and that she felt he was surreptitiously palming her off on Herr K in return. By initially accepting her reading of events, Freud was able to remove her cough symptom; but by pressing her to accept his theory of her own implication in the complex interfamily drama, and an attraction to Herr K, he alienated his patient, who abruptly finished the treatment after 11 weeks, producing, Freud reported bitterly, a therapeutic failure.
Dreams
Freud initially thought of calling the case "Dreams and Hysteria", and it was as a contribution to dream analysis, a pendent to his Interpretation of Dreams, that Freud saw the rationale for publishing the fragmentary analysis.
Ida (Dora) recounted two dreams to Freud. In the first:
[a] house was on fire. My father was standing beside my bed and woke me up. I dressed quickly. Mother wanted to stop and save her jewel-case; but Father said: 'I refuse to let myself and my two children be burnt for the sake of your jewel-case.' We hurried downstairs, and as soon as I was outside I woke up.
The second dream is substantially longer:
I was walking about in a town which I did not know. I saw streets and squares which were strange to me. Then I came into a house where I lived, went to my room, and found a letter from Mother lying there. She wrote saying that as I had left home without my parents' knowledge she had not wished to write to me to say Father was ill. "Now he is dead, and if you like you can come." I then went to the station and asked about a hundred times: "Where is the station?" I always got the answer: "Five minutes." I then saw a thick wood before me which I went into, and there I asked a man whom I met. He said to me: "Two and a half hours more." He offered to accompany me. But I refused and went alone. I saw the station in front of me and could not reach it. At the same time, I had the unusual feeling of anxiety that one has in dreams when one cannot move forward. Then I was at home. I must have been travelling in the meantime, but I knew nothing about that. I walked into the porter's lodge, and enquired for our flat. The maidservant opened the door to me and replied that Mother and the others were already at the cemetery.
Freud reads both dreams as referring to Ida Bauer's sexual life—the jewel case that was in danger being a symbol of the virginity which her father was failing to protect from Herr K. He interpreted the railway station in the second dream as a comparable symbol. His insistence that Ida had responded to Herr K's advances to her with desire—"you are afraid of Herr K; you are even more afraid of yourself, of the temptation to yield to him", increasingly alienated her. According to Ida, and believed by Freud, Herr K himself had repeatedly propositioned Ida, as early as when she was 14 years old.
Ultimately, Freud sees Ida as repressing a desire for her father, a desire for Herr K, and a desire for Frau K as well. When she abruptly broke off her therapy—symbolically just on 1.1.1901, only 1 and 9 as Berggasse 19, Freud's address—to Freud's disappointment, Freud saw this as his failure as an analyst, predicated on his having ignored the transference.
One year later (April 1902), Ida returned to see Freud for the last time, and explained that her symptoms had mostly cleared up; that she had confronted the Ks, who confessed that she had been right all along; but that she had recently developed pains in her face. Freud added the details of this to his report, but still viewed his work as an overall failure; and (much later) added a footnote blaming himself for not stressing Ida's attachment to Frau K, rather than to Herr K, her husband.
Freud's interpretation
Through the analysis, Freud interprets Ida's hysteria as a manifestation of her jealousy toward the relationship between Frau K and her father, combined with the mixed feelings of Herr K's sexual approach to her. Although Freud was disappointed with the initial results of the case, he considered it important, as it raised his awareness of the phenomenon of transference, on which he blamed his seeming failures in the case.
Freud gave her the name 'Dora', and he describes in detail in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life what his unconscious motivations for choosing such a name might have been. His sister's nursemaid had to give up her real name, Rosa, when she accepted the job because Freud's sister was also named Rosa—she took the name Dora instead. Thus, when Freud needed a name for someone who could not keep her real name (this time, in order to preserve his patient's anonymity), Dora was the name that occurred to him.
Critical responses
Early polarisation
Freud's case study was condemned in its first review as a form of mental masturbation, an immoral misuse of his medical position. A British physician, Ernest Jones, was led by the study to become a psychoanalyst, gaining "a deep impression of there being a man in Vienna who actually listened to every word his patients said to him...a true psychologist". Carl Jung also took up the study enthusiastically.
Middle years
By mid-century, Freud's study had gained general psychoanalytic acceptance. Otto Fenichel, for example, citing her cough as evidence of identification with Frau K and her mutism as a reaction to the loss of Herr K. Jacques Lacan singled out for technical praise Freud's stressing of Dora's implication in "the great disorder of her father's world ... she was in fact the mainspring of it".
Erik Erikson, however, took issue with Freud's claim that Dora must necessarily have responded positively at some level to Herr K's advances: "I wonder how many of us can follow without protest today Freud's assertion that a healthy young girl would, under such circumstances, have considered Herr K's advances 'neither tactless nor offensive'."
Feminist and later criticisms
Second-wave feminism would develop Erikson's point, as part of a wider critique of Freud and psychoanalysis. Freud's comment that "This was surely just the situation to call up distinct feelings of sexual excitement in a girl of fourteen", in reference to Dora's being kissed by a "young man of prepossessing appearance", was seen as revealing a crass insensitivity to the realities of adolescent female sexuality.
Toril Moi was speaking for many when she accused Freud of phallocentrism, and his study of being a "Representation of Patriarchy"; while Hélène Cixous would see Dora as a symbol of "silent revolt against male power over women's bodies and women's language... a resistant heroine". (Catherine Clément, however, would argue that as a mute hysteric, in flight from therapy, Dora was surely far less of a feminist role model than the independent career woman Anna O.)
Even those sympathetic to Freud took issue with his inquisitorial approach, Janet Malcolm describing him as "more like a police inspector interrogating a suspect than like a doctor helping a patient". Peter Gay, too, would question Freud's "insistent tone... The rage to cure was upon him" and conclude that not only the transference but also his own countertransference needed more attention from Freud at this early stage of development of psychoanalytic technique.
Literature and popular culture
Literature
Lidia Yuknavitc, 2012. Dora: a Headcase. A novel based on the case, from a contemporary perspective sympathetic to Dora.
Katz, Maya Balakirsky (2011). "A Rabbi, A Priest, and a Psychoanalyst: Religion in the Early Psychoanalytic Case History". Contemporary Jewry 31 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1007/s12397-010-9059-y
Hélène Cixous, Portrait de Dora, des femmes 1976, Translated into English as Portrait of Dora Routledge 2004,
Charles Bernheimer, Claire Kahane, In Dora's Case: Freud-Hysteria-Feminism: Freud, Hysteria, Feminism, Second Edition, Columbia University Press, 1990
Hannah S. Decker, Freud, Dora, and Vienna 1900, The Free Press, 1991
Robin Tolmach Lakoff, James C. Coyne, Father Knows Best: The Use and Abuse of Power in Freud's Case of Dora, Teachers' College Press, 1993
Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson: Against Therapy (Chapter 2: Dora and Freud),
Patrick Mahoney, Freud's Dora: A Psychoanalytic, Historical, and Textual Study, Yale University Press 1996,
Gina Frangello, My Sister's Continent, Chiasmus Press, 2005
Dan Chapman, "Adorable White Bodies", a short story based on Freud's case, interpreting it from the perspective of Ida Bauer.
Dror Green, "Freud versus Dora and the transparent model of the case study", Modan Publishers, 1998.
Jody Shields, The Fig Eater: A Novel, centered around the murder of Dora, with a character based on Ida Bauer.
Katharina Adler, Ida, a novel in German, Rowohlt, 2018.
Film
Freud: The Secret Passion, director John Huston, 1962. Drama film with a heroine drawing from the Dora case.
Sigmund Freud’s Dora, directors Anthony McCall, Andrew Tyndall, Jane Weinstock, and Claire Pajaczkowska, 1979. Experimental essayistic film putting the Dora case into debates about psychoanalysis and feminism.
Nineteen Nineteen, director Hugh Brody, 1985. Dramatic fiction about a reunion of two patients of Freud, largely based on the Dora and Wolf-Man cases.
Hysterical Girl, 2020, director Kate Novack. A contemporary feminist interpretation of the study.
Stage
Portrait of Dora by Hélène Cixous, 1976
The Dark Sonnets of the Lady: A Drama in Two Acts, by Don Nigro, 1992.
Dora: A Case of Hysteria by Kim Morrissey, 1995
See also
References
Further reading
C. Bernheim/C. Kahane, In Dora's Case: Freud-Hysteria-Feminism (1985)
Mary Jacobus, Reading Woman (1986)
P. McCaffrey, Freud and Dora: The Artful Dream (1984)
Günter Rebing: Freuds Phantasiestücke. Die Fallgeschichten Dora, Hans, Rattenmann, Wolfsmann. Athena Verlag Oberhausen 2019, .
Anthony Stadlen, « Was Dora ill ? », in L. Spurling, dir., Sigmund Freud. Critical Assessments, vol. 1, London, Routledge, 1989, p. 196-203
External links
Jacques Lacan's interpretation of the Dora case - article on LacanOnline.com
Essay about Dora
Outline of the Case
Freud's Dora A Victorian Fable by Doug Davis
Freud exhibit which contains images of 'Dora'
1882 births
1945 deaths
Austrian Ashkenazi Jews
Dream
Analysands of Sigmund Freud
Case studies by Sigmund Freud
People from Vienna
Women and psychology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora%20%28case%20study%29 |
Bernard Derriman is an Australian animator, director, and producer. He is known for working on the animated sitcom Bob's Burgers and co-directing its animated feature film. He began his career in animation at Walt Disney Studios in Sydney. He was an animator there until 2006, working on both television series and films.
Derriman directed an animated short based on the movie Chopper, which won Best Comedy Award at the 2001 Tropfest Short Film Festival.
Derriman went on to co-create the animated series Arj and Poopy, with US comedian Arj Barker. Their Arj and Poopy shorts have received worldwide recognition, most notably winning the internet category at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in 2005 and 2006. The last episode produced, "Congo Windfall" was chosen in the Top Ten Best Animated Flash films by the website Cold Hard Flash. It also featured the new character to the series, Bouncy the Dog, voiced by Johnny Brennan of the Jerky Boys fame.
He directed and animated a music video for the song "Everyone Else Has Had More Sex Than Me" by the band TISM which became a viral hit. Derriman won a competition for the 50th anniversary of the Annecy International Animated Film Festival with his short film "Pop".
He was Animation Director on the PBS children's series Big Green Rabbit and won seven Regional Emmys for his work on that show. He directed "Drones", episode 6 in season 8 of Beavis and Butthead.
Derriman was a Supervising Director on the show Bob's Burgers until the tenth production cycle, when he was promoted to Producer, and co-directed The Bob's Burgers Movie with creator Loren Bouchard. He has won two Emmys for his work on Bob's Burgers.
Derriman also directed the Bob's Burgers-themed couch gag from The Simpsons episode "My Way or the Highway to Heaven" and he is a consulting producer on The Great North and Central Park.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian animated film directors
Australian animators
Australian film directors
Australian television directors
Computer animation people
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
Flash artists
Australian storyboard artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Derriman |
Craig Llysfaen, also known as Lisvane Graig, is a prominent hill of 265 m above sea level, overlooking Cardiff, some 7 miles north of the city centre.
The views (on a good day) include Newport City, the two Severn bridges to the east, Pen Y Fan and the Brecon Beacons to the north and Cardiff City to the south.
Mountains and hills of Cardiff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Llysfaen |
Here Comes the Night is the ninth studio album by singer-songwriter Barry Manilow, released in 1982 by Arista Records. The United Kingdom release went by the title I Wanna Do It With You. It received a Gold certification from the RIAA. The album was recorded at Sound City Recording Studios in Van Nuys, California.
The album has yet to be released on CD in the US, but has had 2 CD releases in Japan: one was a 1987 incarnation that included a remix of "Oh Julie" (with added background vocals and additional instrumentation), and then in 1994, a new reissue came out in Japan that contained the original mix of "Oh Julie", as released in the US in 1982 on both EP and 45.
The album contains three charting singles: "Memory" (#8 US AC, #39 US), "Some Kind of Friend" (#4 US AC, #26 US), and "Oh Julie" (#24 US AC, #38 US), which was found on the UK cassette version as a bonus track.
Track listing
US/UK album release
Side 1
"I Wanna Do It with You" (Layng Martine, Jr.) - 3:43
"Here Comes the Night" (music: Barry Manilow; lyrics: John Bettis) - 3:50
"Memory" (Andrew Lloyd Webber, T. S. Eliot, Trevor Nunn) - 4:54
"Let's Get On with It" (music: Manilow; lyrics: Manilow, Adrienne Anderson) - 4:52
"Some Girls" (Nicky Chinn, Mike Chapman) - 3:04
Side 2
"Some Kind of Friend" (music: Manilow; lyrics: Adrienne Anderson) - 4:02
"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" (music: Fred E. Ahlert; lyrics: Joe Young) - 3:12
"Getting Over Losing You" (Martin Briley, Brock Walsh) - 4:16
"Heart of Steel" (music: Manilow; lyrics: John Bettis) - 2:50
"Stay" (James Jolis, Kevin DiSimone, Manilow) - 3:52
UK cassette release
Side 1
"I Wanna Do It with You" - 3:43
"Here Comes the Night" - 3:50
"Memory" - 4:54
"Let's Get On with It" - 4:52
"Some Girls" - 3:04
"Oh Julie" (Shakin' Stevens) - 2:18
Side 2
"Some Kind of Friend" - 4:02
"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" - 3:12
"Getting Over Losing You" - 4:16
"Heart of Steel" - 2:50
"Stay" - 3:52
"Heaven" (Manilow, Bruce Sussman, Jack Feldman) - 3:20
Japanese release
Side 1
"I Wanna Do It with You" - 3:43
"Here Comes the Night" - 3:50
"Memory" - 4:54
"Let's Get On with It" - 4:57
"Some Girls" - 3:04
Side 2
"Some Kind Of Friend" - 4:02
"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" - 3:12
"Getting Over Losing You" - 4:16
"Oh Julie" - 2:18
"Heart of Steel" - 2:50
"Stay" - 3:52
Personnel
Barry Manilow - vocals, piano, synthesizer
Richie Zito, John Pondel, Robben Ford, Art Phillips, Paul Jackson Jr., John Goux, Mitch Holder, George Doering - guitar
Leon Gaer, Dennis Belfield - bass
Victor Vanacore, Bill Mays - piano
Ian Underwood, Gabriel Katona, Robert Marulla - synthesizer
John Ferraro, Ed Greene, Vinnie Colaiuta, Bud Harner - drums
Alan Estes - percussion
Gary Herbig - saxophone
Bill Champlin, Steve George, Tom Kelly, Richard Page, James Jolis, Kevin DiSimone, Muffy Hendrix, Pat Henderson - backing vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
Barry Manilow albums
1982 albums
Arista Records albums
Albums recorded at Sound City Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%20Comes%20the%20Night%20%28Barry%20Manilow%20album%29 |
Clifford Leonard Clark "Cliff" Hanley (28 October 1922 – 9 August 1999) was a journalist, novelist, playwright and broadcaster from Glasgow in Scotland. Originally from Shettleston in the city's East End, he was educated at Eastbank Academy.
During the late 1930s, he was active in the Independent Labour Party. During the Second World War he was a conscientious objector.
He also wrote a number of books, including Dancing in the Streets, an account of his early life in Glasgow (in its contemporaneous serialisation in The Evening Times, retitled My Gay Glasgow), The Taste of Too Much, a coming-of-age novel about a secondary schoolboy, and The Scots.
During the 1960s and 1970s, he published thrillers under the pen-name Henry Calvin. They were more successful in the US and Canada than in the UK. A collection of his humorous verse in Scots, using the pseudonym 'Ebenezer McIlwham', was published by Gordon Wright Publishing of Edinburgh. He also wrote the words of what some still feel is Scotland's unofficial national anthem, Scotland the Brave, and both wrote and recorded The Glasgow Underground Song - a humorous anecdote on the pre-modernisation era Glasgow Subway. A recording of this was made famous by Francie and Josie.
He wrote a number of film and TV scripts, including Between the Lines, an episode of which was described by Mary Whitehouse as the "filthiest programme" her family had seen on TV "for a very long time" at the first public meeting of the 'Clean-Up TV' campaign in May 1964. Hanley's other scripts include Seawards the Great Ships, The Bowler and the Bunnet, and The New Road. His son is artist Cliff Hanley (born 1948).
References
External links
1922 births
1999 deaths
Scottish conscientious objectors
Independent Labour Party politicians
Writers from Glasgow
Scottish journalists
Scottish novelists
20th-century Scottish novelists
Scottish male novelists
People educated at Eastbank Academy
20th-century British male writers
20th-century British writers
20th-century British journalists
People from Shettleston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Hanley |
There are several historic lighthouses on Lake Superior on or near the Apostle Islands in Wisconsin. Six of these lighthouses, all in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, were listed as a group on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 under the name Apostle Islands Lighthouses.
The lighthouses are generally located at the edge of the group of islands, as beacons to guide shipping through and around the islands. The need for guidance increased in 1855 when the Soo Locks opened, connecting Lake Superior to the St. Lawrence Seaway to the east. Shipping also increased as Duluth-Superior grew, and with the opening of Ashland's first ore dock in 1886.
The Apostle Islands lighthouses are popular among tourists. Lighthouse historian Terry Pepper has described them as "one of the more interesting geographically centered collection of [lighthouse] structures" in the United States. Another lighthouse historian, F. Ross Holland, has called them "the largest and finest single collection of lighthouses in the country."
The following lighthouses were included in the 1977 National Register listing:
Michigan Island Lighthouse 1857 (Two lighthouses located at this site)
Raspberry Island Lighthouse 1862
Outer Island Lighthouse 1874
Sand Island Light 1881
Devils Island Lighthouse 1891
Other lighthouses are in the area, but are not included in the Apostle Islands Lighthouses listing:
La Pointe Lighthouse and Chequamegon Point Lighthouse (listed together as the La Pointe Light Station, #83003366)
Ashland Harbor Breakwater Lighthouse - In the vicinity, but not technically in the Apostle Islands.
Gull Island Light, Gull Island
Major restoration projects were initiated at several of the lighthouses of the Apostle Islands in 2013.
References
External links
NPS - Inventory of Historic Light Stations - Wisconsin
Further reading
Busch, Jane (2008) People and Places: A Human History of the Apostle Islands. National Park Service.
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .
National Register of Historic Places in Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Bayfield County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle%20Islands%20Lighthouses |
Salat is a village in Kulpahar subdistrict in Uttar Pradesh, India.
Bundelkhand
Villages in Mahoba district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salat%2C%20Kulpahar |
General elections were held in Chile on Sunday 13 December 2009 to elect the president, all 120 members of the Chamber of Deputies and 18 of the 38 members of the Senate were up for election. As no presidential candidate received a majority of the vote, a second round was held between the top two candidates—Sebastián Piñera and Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle—on Sunday 17 January 2010. Piñera won the runoff with 52% of the vote and succeeded Michelle Bachelet on 11 March 2010.
In the Congressional elections, the centre-right Coalition for Change improved on the Alliance for Chile's result in 2005 by winning 58 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, while the governing center-left Concertación (CPD) was reduced to 57 seats. Three communist MPs were elected (Guillermo Teillier, Hugo Gutiérrez and Lautaro Carmona), while incumbent Speaker of the Chamber ,Rodrigo Álvarez (UDI) was defeated by Marcela Sabat (RN).
Background
Chilean politics is dominated by two main coalitions: the center-left Concert of Parties for Democracy (Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia), composed of the Christian Democrat Party, the Socialist Party, the Party for Democracy, and the Social Democrat Radical Party; and the center-right Alliance for Chile (Alianza por Chile), composed of the Independent Democratic Union and National Renewal. The Concertación selected former president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle as their candidate, while the Alianza chose former presidential candidate Sebastián Piñera, who is supported by the newly created Coalition for Change electoral group. The far-left Juntos Podemos Más pact selected former Socialist Party member Jorge Arrate as its candidate. Another former Socialist party member, deputy Marco Enríquez-Ominami (MEO), ran as independent.
Presidential candidates
Coalition for Change candidate
Party pre-candidates
Concertación candidate
Party pre-candidates
Each Concertación party selected its own pre-candidate for president. Only Frei and Gómez submitted their candidacies before the January 26, 2009 deadline.
Primary results
The primary was carried out on April 5, 2009 in the Maule and O'Higgins regions. Frei became the single Concertación candidate by beating Gómez by a 20-point lead, cancelling the need for further regional primaries.
Final results.
Juntos Podemos candidate
Party pre-candidates
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Party !! Candidate !! Remarks
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center;"| PCCh
| style="text-align:center;"| Guillermo Teillier
| Teillier launched his candidacy on September 26, 2008. He said he is willing to step down in order to put forward a single candidate for the Juntos Podemos coalition of left-parties. In November 2008 he said he would be willing to participate in a primary between him, Hirsch and Alejandro Navarro, who had quit the Socialist Party. Teillier stepped down as Juntos Podemos pre-candidate on April 25, 2009, giving his support to Jorge Arrate, saying he was the right person according to the country's political moment.
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center;"| PH
| style="text-align:center;"| Tomás Hirsch
| Hirsch was among the founders of the Humanist Party and vied unsuccessfully for seats in the Chamber of Deputies as part of the Concertación. In 1993, the PH broke off from the coalition. In 1999 he was the Humanist presidential candidate, but lost in the first round. In 2005, he again participated in the presidential campaign, now with the additional support of the communists. He garnered a little over 5% of the vote. In an interview with Biobío Radio on September 1, 2007, Hirsch criticized the Concertación and the Alianza and declared that he would he "happy to be a candidate" if the members of his coalition agree. On June 7, 2008 he announced he intended to run for the presidency for the third time as the PH candidate, under the Juntos Podemos umbrella.
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center;"| Independent (Socialista-allendista)
| style="text-align:center;"| Jorge Arrate
| Arrate is a member of the more leftist faction of the PS and had been mentioned as a potential candidate in an alliance of this faction and the Juntos Podemos Más pact. He formally announced his candidacy on January 27, 2008, pressured by a group of socialists opposed to the Socialist Party leadership. On November 20, 2008, Arrate was proclaimed as candidate by a group of Socialist Party Central Committee members. Arrate resigned from the PS on January 14, 2009. He was proclaimed as presidential candidate on January 18, 2009 by a group of Socialist Party members, the so-called "socialistas-allendistas.
|}
Primary results
The election to define the sole Juntos Podemos candidate was carried out on April 25, 2009 in Santiago. Arrate beat Hirsch and became the single Juntos Podemos candidate.Final results.Independent candidate
Unsuccessful candidacies
Eduardo Artés (PC (AP)): He was proclaimed as a Juntos Podemos Más pre-candidate by the Communist Party (Proletarian Action) on December 7, 2007. However, on July 26, 2008, the PC (AP) left the Juntos Podemos Más pact, accusing them of abandoning their founding principles in light of the pact's electoral deal with the Concertación for the upcoming October municipal elections. He quit his candidacy in July 2009. He said his candidacy was just an opportunity to present new ideas to the country, as going through with the candidacy would be too economically onerous.
Leonardo Farkas (Ind.): A mining businessman. On December 5, 2008, he announced he was giving up his presidential candidacy.
Pamela Jiles (Ind.): Journalist and television presenter. She announced her candidacy in February 2009 through a column in The Clinic magazine. On September 4, 2009 she stepped out of the race in support of Navarro. In the same election, she unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the lower chamber of Congress.
Luis Molina Vega (Ind.) A civil engineer from Tomé. Molina stepped out of the race in July 2009, due to low support.
Alejandro Navarro (MAS): Navarro used to characterize himself as a leader in the "dissident" faction of the Socialist Party, which harshly criticized what they called the "neoliberal" economic model, supporting instead Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro. Despite his involvement in a scandal due to his participation in a protest organized by the Unitary Workers Central where he attacked a policeman, with the possibility of being expelled from the Senate being considered, Navarro declared himself to be a presidential candidate in 2008. In November 2008, he quit the Socialist Party to form a new party called Broad Social Movement (MAS). He said his candidacy was necessary to "stop Piñera from winning in the first round", and still considered himself a Socialist. The MAS party proclaimed him its candidate on November 11, 2008; the party, however, was still open to stage a primary between all leftist candidates that were not part of the Concertación. Navarro has proposed to hold the primary in April 2009. On May 5, 2009 Navarro said he would step out of the race and support Arrate if polls released from then to September show the Juntos Podemos Más candidate having an advantage of seven points over him. He didn't rule out Arrate then supporting Enríquez-Ominami, if his candidacy was the strongest. Navarro was proclaimed as the official MAS candidate on July 25, 2009 with the support of other minor left groups. He submitted his candidacy to the Electoral Service on September 14, 2009. On September 22, 2009 Navarro withdrew his candidacy and gave his support to Enríquez-Ominami.
Adolfo Zaldívar (PRI): The former president of the Christian Democratic Party and a Senator at the time of his nomination, lost the last internal PDC primary to Alvear. He is the brother of senator and former Interior Minister Andrés Zaldívar. He was expelled from the PDC in December 2007, later becoming part of the Regionalist Party of the Independents (PRI). He announced his intention to run as president representing that party, and was proclaimed so on April 26, 2009. This decision was ratified on August 29, 2009. He stepped out of the race on September 14, 2009, just hours before the deadline for submission.
Coalitions for the Congressional elections
Concertación and Juntos Podemos Más
The A list conformed after the union of two political coalitions that had taken part separately in the elections of 2005. On one hand the Concertación, which was grouping to the center-left parties that since 1990 governed the country. In the other hand the left-wing Juntos Podemos Más, that it suffered an internal division after the exit of the Humanist Party.
The reason of this strange union was, the Binomial System that get out the political left from the National Congress since 1994.
The largest party inside the A list was the Christian Democrats, with the leadership of Juan Carlos Latorre who was chief of the Eduardo Frei's presidential campaign. The Socialists joined with the senator Camilo Escalona, PPD with the deputy Pepe Auth. The Radicals led by Senator Gómez, and the Communist Party with the leadership of Guillermo Teillier.
Coalition for Change
The Alliance for Chile for the elections of 2009, began with an important step, by means of I arrive of two precandidates, one of them the senator Pablo Longueira, and the mayor of Concepción, Jacqueline van Rysselberghe, both of the Independent Democratic Union, who demonstrated his availability of postulating to this post, using the regular conduits inside the coalition, nevertheless, both rejected such an option to present only a presidential candidate, who would be Sebastián Piñera.
In March, 2009, two Congressmen of the Alliance for Chile obtained the speaker of the Senate and the speaker of the Deputies' Chamber, by means of an agreement with the independent bench and with the Concert, respectively. The above mentioned agreements were not lacking in polemic, since the Senator who postulated the alliance to preside at the above mentioned organism, Jovino Novoa, was harshly criticized for personeros of the Concert in view of his past as member of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte's military regime.
In spite of the critiques, the Alliance for Chile awarded a political victory on having presided at both chambers of the National Congress and some of the most influential commissions of the same one, which, they waited in the conglomerate opponent, he was benefiting Sebastián Piñera's candidacy.
After having integrated the list Clean Chile, Vote Happy, one was generated fail between the charter members of ChileFirst with regard to the position that would take the party opposite to the presidential and parliamentary elections of 2009. Whereas Jorge Schaulsohn and Senator Flores supported the candidate of the Alliance for Chile Sebastián Piñera, the deputy Esteban Valenzuela rejected to join with the center-right and resigned ChileFirst to endorse Marco Enríquez-Ominami's candidacy. The support to Piñera on the part of ChileFirst was made official on May 6, 2009, when one presented the "Coalition for the Change", electoral agreement between the Alliance for Chile, ChileFirst and other political minor movements.
New Majority for Chile
New Majority for Chile was a political coalition that grouped the Ecologist party of Chile, the Humanist Party of Chile, and diverse political and independent movements that supported the candidacy of the independent Marco Enríquez-Ominami for the presidential election of 2009. Between the movements and groups without political legal constitution that they it shaped are the Regionalist Movement, the Movement Unified of Sexual Minorities (MUMS), the Movement SurDA and the Progressist Network.
Slogans
Opinion polls
Presidential election
List of opinion polls released within a year of the election. Only responses from persons registered to vote are shown.
First-round scenarios
DK/NR: Don't know / No response.
Runoff scenarios
Frei vs. Piñera
DK/NR: Don't know / No response.
Enríquez-Ominami vs. Piñera
DK/NR: Don't know / No response.
Arrate vs. Piñera
DK/NR: Don't know / No response.
Enríquez-Ominami vs. Frei
DK/NR: Don't know / No response.
Debates
The first debate was organized by TVN and took place in Studio #9 at the station's main headquarters in Santiago. It was broadcast live on September 23, 2009 at 10:40 p.m and included all four candidates. A poll published by Ipsos the following day, showed that Enríquez-Ominami, Arrate and Piñera were each considered to have had the best performance over the rest, with 29-30% of support, while Frei's showing only had the support of 9%. Frei was seen by 45% as the worst performer, followed by Piñera (37%), Arrate (10%) and Enríquez-Ominami (5%). Another poll by La Segunda found 23% thought Piñera had won the debate, followed by Arrate (21%), Enríquez-Ominami (15%) and Frei (9%). 31% thought none had won the debate.
The second debate was organized by Archi (Radio Broadcasters Association) and Mayor University. It took place at 8:30 AM on October 9, 2009. It was a radio-only debate, though some local 24-hour news channels broadcast live some parts of it. A poll carried out by Mayor University showed Piñera had won the debate by 41%, followed by Enríquez-Ominami (22%), Arrate (19%) and Frei Ruiz-Tagle (17%).
There was an online debate on November 4, organized by Terra and Radio Cooperativa. Only Arrate was present after the other three candidates declined to attend. Frei and Piñera had confirmed their presence in May, while Enríquez-Ominami backed down on the same day of the debate.
A debate to discuss regional issues took place on November 6 at 9 AM in Talca's casino. It was organized by the National Press Association (ANP) and was attended by all four candidates.
A fifth debate took place on November 9 at Canal 13's studios in Santiago, which was broadcast live at 10 PM. All four candidates were present. This debate was notable because the candidates were able to ask questions to one another and freely talk to each other.
The last debate of the first round was organized by the National Television Association (Anatel) and broadcast live on November 16 at 10 PM by all terrestrial television stations. All candidates attended. There was no audience present.
For the second round, there was a single debate between the two candidates. It was organized by Anatel and broadcast at 10 PM by all terrestrial television stations on January 11, 2010.
Results
President
On December 20, 2009, the Juntos Podemos Más coalition gave his support to Eduardo Frei's candidacy, after the former president agreed to include a number of policies into his government program. Two days later, Jorge Arrate also gave his full support to Frei. On January 13, 2010 Enríquez-Ominami held a press conference to state he would vote for Frei, although he did not say his name. He had previously said that voting for Piñera would be a regression and voting for Frei would not be an advancement.
Chamber of Deputies
List of elected deputies 2010–2014
Senate
Tarapacá-Arica and Parinacota
!colspan=2|Pact
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|
|
|Jaime Orpis
|56,390
|33.5
|
|-
|
|
|Salvador Urrutia
|47,087
|29.3
|
|-
|
|
|Fulvio Rossi
|45,639
|26.8
|
|-
|
|
|Julio Lagos
|12,348
|7.3
|
|-
|
|
|Daniel Espinoza
|6,919
|4.1
|
|}
Atacama
!colspan=2|Pact
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|
|
|Baldo Prokurica
|34,793 ||33.0
|
|-
|
|
|Isabel Allende Bussi
|28,240 ||26.8
|
|-
|
|
|Antonio Leal
|19,693 ||18.7
|
|-
|
|
|Jaime Mulet Martínez
|18,580 ||17.6
|
|-
|
|
|Robinson Peña
|2,126 ||2.0
|
|-
|
|
|Cristián Letelier
|1,909 ||1.8
|
|}
Valparaiso East
!colspan=2|Pact
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|
|
|Ignacio Walker
|76,716 ||21.1
|
|-
|
|
|Nelson Ávila
|64,124 ||17.6
|
|-
|
|
|Marcelo Forni
|71,645 ||19.7
|
|-
|
|
|Lily Pérez
|83,595 ||23.0
|
|-
|bgcolor=red| ||align=left|New Majority for Chile
|
|Carlos Ominami
|60,945 ||16.7
|
|-
|bgcolor=red| ||align=left|New Majority for Chile
|
|Cristián García-Huidobro
|2,509 ||0.7
|
|-
|
|
|Lautaro Velásquez
|4,422 ||1.2
|
|}
Valparaíso West
!colspan=2|Pact
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|
|
|Ricardo Lagos Weber
|123,626 ||33.2
|
|-
|
|
|Francisco Chahuán
|105,123 ||28.2
|
|-
|
|
|Joaquín Lavín
|103,762 ||27.9
|
|-
|
|
|Hernán Pinto
|22,447 ||6.00
|
|-
|bgcolor=red| ||align=left|New Majority for Chile
|
|Juan Guzmán
|14,784 ||4.0
|
|-
|
|
|Raúl Silva
|2,773 ||0.7
|
|-
|}
Maule North
!colspan=2|Pact
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|
|
|Juan Antonio Coloma
|96,844 ||35.2
|
|-
|
|
|Andrés Zaldívar
|86,266 ||31.3
|
|-
|
|
|Jaime Gazmuri
|67,586 ||24.6
|
|-
|
|
|Robert Morrison
|17,548 ||6.3
|
|-
|bgcolor=red| ||align=left|New Majority for Chile
|
|Mercedes Bravo
|6,942 ||2.5
|
|-
|}
Maule South
!colspan=2|Pact
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|
|
|Hernán Larraín
|67,461 ||43.1
|
|-
|
|
|Ximena Rincón
|48,607 ||31.0
|
|-
|
|
|Jaime Naranjo
|32,867 ||21.0
|
|-
|
|
|Juan Ariztía
|6,110 ||3.9
|
|-
|bgcolor=red| ||align=left|New Majority for Chile
|
|Marilén Cabrera
|1,567 ||1.0
|
|-
|}
Araucanía North
!colspan=2|Pact
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|
|
|Alberto Espina
|52,082 ||38.5
|
|-
|
|
|Jaime Quintana
|40,120 ||29.7
|
|-
|
|
|Tomás Jocelyn-Holt
|7,481 ||5.5
|
|-
|
|
|Cecilia Villouta
|7,255 ||5.4
|
|-
|bgcolor=red| ||align=left|New Majority for Chile
|
|Juan Enrique Prieto
|1,611 ||1.2
|
|-
|
|
|Roberto Muñoz
|20,126 ||14.9
|
|-
|
|
|Enrique Sanhueza
|6,574 ||4.9
|
|-
|colspan=6|Source
|}
Araucanía South
!colspan=2|Pact
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|
|
|Eugenio Tuma Zedan
|74,207 ||29.1
|
|-
|
|
|José García Ruminot
|57,260 ||22.4
|
|-
|
|
|Ena von Baer
|56,578 ||22.2
|
|-
|
|
|Francisco Huenchumilla
|51,338 ||20.1
|
|-
|
|
|Eduardo Díaz
|11,464 ||4.5
|
|-
|bgcolor=red| ||align=left|New Majority for Chile
|
|Luis Fernando Vivanco
|2,779 ||1.1
|
|-
|
|
|José Villagrán
|1,512 ||0.6
|
|-
|colspan=6|Source|}
Aysen
!colspan=2|Pact
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|
|
|Antonio Horvath
|14,193 ||34.6
|
|-
|
|
|Patricio Walker
|11,293 ||27.5
|
|-
|
|
|Eduardo Cruces
|6,958 ||17.0
|
|-
|
|
|Paz Foitzich
|4,613 ||11.2
|
|-
|
|
|Ernesto Velasco
|3,940 ||9.6
|
|-
|colspan=6|Source
|}
Timeline
September 13, 2009: deadline to enroll to vote in the upcoming elections.
September 14, 2009: deadline to register candidacies at the Electoral Service (Servel).
September 14, 2009: electoral campaign begins.
October 5, 2009: draw supervised by Servel to assign a ballot number to each candidate.
November 13, 2009: electoral advertisement period starts.
December 10, 2009: electoral advertisement period ends.
December 13, 2009: election day. Electoral campaigning ends.
December 13, 2009: first preliminary results are announced by the Deputy Interior Minister at 6:30 p.m. local time (9:30 p.m. UTC), including 4,342 out of 34,348 ballot boxes (12.64%).
December 13, 2009: second preliminary results are announced by the Deputy Interior Minister at 8:03 p.m. local time (11:03 p.m. UTC), including 20,595 ballot boxes (59.96%).
December 13, 2009: third preliminary results are announced by the Deputy Interior Minister at 10:56 p.m. local time (1:56 a.m. UTC), including 33,756 ballot boxes (98.28%).
December 14, 2009: fourth and final preliminary results are announced by the Deputy Interior Minister at 11:05 a.m. local time (2:05 p.m. UTC), including 34,133 ballot boxes (99.37%).
December 21, 2009: the Electoral Service (Servel) publishes preliminary results based on the examination of election certificates (actas de escrutinio) by the Tellers' Colleges (Colegios Escrutadores'') meeting on December 14, 2009, including 34,263 out of 34,348 ballot boxes (99.75%).
December 29, 2009: the Tricel publishes the final results of the first round election on the Official Gazette.
January 3, 2009: electoral advertisement period for runoff election starts.
January 7, 2009: ballot number is assigned to each candidate according to their position in the first draw.
January 14, 2009: electoral advertisement period ends.
January 17, 2010: date of presidential run-off. Electoral campaigning ends.
January 17, 2010: first preliminary results are announced by the Deputy Interior Ministry at 6:00 p.m. local time (9:00 p.m. UTC), including results from 20,711 out of 34,348 ballot boxes (60.30%).
January 17, 2010: Eduardo Frei concedes the election to Sebastián Piñera at 6:44 p.m. local time (9:44 p.m. UTC).
January 17, 2010: second preliminary results are announced by the Deputy Interior Ministry at 7:40 p.m. local time (10:40 p.m. UTC), including results from 34,056 ballot boxes (99.15%).
January 18, 2010: third and final preliminary results are announced by the Deputy Interior Ministry at 11:00 a.m. local time (2:00 p.m. UTC), including results from 34,252 ballot boxes (99.72%).
January 29, 2010: the Election Qualifying Court (Tricel) officially proclaims PIñera as President-elect.
January 30, 2010: the Tricel publishes the Act of Proclamation on the Official Gazette.
February 3, 2010: the Tricel publishes the final results of the runoff election on its website.
References
External links
Results down to communal level (Interior Ministry)
Results from Election Counting Colleges (Electoral Service)
Results by ballot box (Election Qualifying Court)
General
Chile
Presidential elections in Chile
Elections in Chile
General
Chile
Chile
Chile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310%20Chilean%20general%20election |
Richard Epcar is an American voice actor, voice director, and writer who has voiced over 1,200 characters in animation, video games and anime. Some of his major roles include Raiden in the Mortal Kombat franchise, The Joker in several projects (including Mortal Kombat vs DC Universe, Injustice: Gods Among Us, Injustice 2 and Mortal Kombat 11), Yhwach and Zangetsu in Bleach, Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo in Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo, Etemon and Myotismon in Digimon, Batou in Ghost in the Shell, Xehanort/Ansem in Kingdom Hearts, Joseph Joestar in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders and JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond is Unbreakable, Black Ghost/Skull in Cyborg 009, Akuma in Street Fighter V (replacing Dave Mallow), Daisuke Jigen in Lupin the Third and Andrall in Gormiti Nature Unleashed. He and fellow voice actress Ellyn Stern own and operate Epcar Entertainment, a voice-over production service company based in Los Angeles.
Filmography
Anime
Other Animation
Film
Video games
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of voice and English dubbing performances in video games
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Crew role, notes
! class="unsortable"| Source
|-
| || Ghost in the Shell || Batou || ||
|-
| || Galerians || Dr. Steiner, Dr. Lem, Gangster, Maintenance Man || ||
|-
|2000
|Persona 2: Eternal Punishment
|Baofu
|
|
|-
| || Kessen II|| Pang De || ||
|-
| || Warcraft III Reign of Chaos (video game)|| Priest || ||
|-
| || Dynasty Warriors series || Dong Zhuo || 4 through 8 ||
|-
| || Dynasty Tactics 2 || Lu Bu, Zhang Lu || ||
|-
| || Samurai Warriors || Shingen Takeda || ||
|-
| || Xenosaga Episode II || Ziggy || ||
|-
| || Beat Down: Fists of Vengeance|| Wallace || ||
|-
| || Radiata Stories|| Achilles || ||
|-
| || Kingdom Hearts II || Ansem || ||
|-
| || Atelier Iris 2: The Azoth of Destiny|| Theodore, Palaxius || ||
|-
| || Xenosaga Episode III || Ziggy || ||
|-
| –07 || .hack//G.U. series || Taichiro Sugai, Arena Announcer || ||
|-
| || Supreme Commander || Colonel Zachary Arnold || ||
|-
| || Blue Dragon || Jeeala, Heat-Wave Sai, King Ghost || ||
|-
| || Star Ocean: First Departure || Del Argosy (The Crimson Shield) || ||
|-
| || Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe || Raiden, The Joker || ||
|-
| || Kingdom Hearts Re: Chain of Memories || Ansem || ||
|-
| || Star Ocean: Second Evolution || Gabriel || ||
|-
| || Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days || Ansem || ||
|-
| || Tekken 6 || Azazel || Scenario Campaign Cinematics ||
|-
| || Transformers: War for Cybertron || Skywarp || ||
|-
| || Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep || Terra-Xehanort || ||
|-
| || StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty || Thor, Dark Templar || ||
|-
| || Sengoku Basara: Samurai Heroes || Kanbe Kuroda || ||
|-
| || Mortal Kombat || Raiden || || Tweet
|-
| || Dead or Alive: Dimensions || Leon, Fame Douglas || ||
|-
| || The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim || Proventus Avenicci, additional voices || ||
|-
|2011
|Ace Combat: Assault Horizon Legacy
|Ulrich Olsen (AWACS Keynote)
|
|
|-
| || Spec Ops: The Line || Interrogator || ||
|-
| || Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance || Ansem || ||
|-
| || Demons’ Score || Satan, Berith, Dr. Alister || ||
|-
| || Fire Emblem Awakening || Walhart || ||
|-
| || Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 3 || Hanzo || ||
|-
| || Injustice: Gods Among Us || The Joker || || Tweet
|-
| || Fuse || Raven Guard, Grigori || ||
|-
| || Marvel Heroes || Madison Jeffries || ||
|-
| || Saints Row IV || Terrorist Cyrus || ||
|-
| || Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn || Gaius van Baelsar, Ilberd Feare || ||
|-
| || Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix || Ansem || ||
|-
| || Bravely Default || Argent Heinkel || ||
|-
| || Earth Defense Force 2025 || HQ || ||
|-
| || Smite || Poseidon || ||
|-
| || D4: Dark Dreams Don't Die || August Oldmann || ||
|-
| || Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix || Ansem, Terra-Xehanort || Also 1.5 + 2.5 ||
|-
| || Bladestorm: Nightmare || Narrator || ||
|-
| || Infinite Crisis || The Joker|| ||
|-
| || Mortal Kombat X || Raiden || ||
|-
| || Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex: First Assault Online || Batou || ||
|-
| || Street Fighter V || Akuma || ||
|-
| || Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue || Ansem, Terra-Xehanort || ||
|-
| || Fire Emblem Heroes || Oliver, Hardin || ||
|-
| || Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix || Ansem, Terra-Xehanort ||
|-
| || Injustice 2 || The Joker, Raiden (DLC) || || Tweet
|-
| || Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia || Jedah || English voice ||
|-
| || Persona 5 || Principal Kobayakawa || ||
|-
| || Tekken 7 || Geese Howard || Added through DLC in the console versions and Round 2 || Tweet
|-
| || Kingdom Hearts III || Ansem, Terra-Xehanort || ||
|-
| –20 || Mortal Kombat 11 || Raiden, The Joker (DLC) || Also in Aftermath and Ultimate || Instagram
|-
| || Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order || Sandman || ||
|-
| || Catherine: Full Body || Morgan Cortez || ||
|-
|2019
|Daemon X Machina|Brigadier General
|English Voice
|
|-
| || Teppen || Akuma || ||
|-
| || Granblue Fantasy Versus || Eugen, Imperial Soldier || ||
|-
| || Yakuza: Like a Dragon || Additional voices || ||
|-
| || Guilty Gear Strive || Gabriel || ||
|-
| || Fire Emblem Warriors: Three Hopes || Count Bergliez || ||
|-
| || Star Ocean: The Divine Force || Lombert Klemrath || ||
|-
| || Octopath Traveler II || Additional voices || ||
|-
| || Master Detective Archives: Rain Code || Former CEO || ||
|}
Live action
Adventures in Voice Acting – Himself
Big Bad Beetleborgs – Karato (as Richard George)
Beetleborgs Metallix – Lightningborg (as Richard George)
ER – Many Voices
Gilmore Girls – Many Voices
Glory Daze – Announcer
Hercules – Many Voices
JAG – Many Voices
Masked Rider – Beetletron, Masked Rider Z-Cross/Masked Rider V-3 (as Richard George)
Mighty Med- Mr. Terror (Voice only)
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers – Shellshock, Mutitus, Babe Ruthless, Cyclops, Samurai Fan Man, Goatan (Lion voice), Primator (Zedd's Monster Mash), Invenusable Flytrap (Rangers Back in Time and The Wedding), Rhinoblaster (Football Season, The Wedding and Master Vile and the Metallic Armor), Miss Chief (2nd voice), Brick Bully (all uncredited roles)
Power Rangers: Zeo – Bucket of Bolts, Defoliator, Autochthon, Protectron (all uncredited)
Power Rangers: Turbo – Blazinator (uncredited)
Power Rangers: In Space – Vacsacker (uncredited)
Power Rangers: Wild Force – Bowling Org
Xena – Many Voices
VR Troopers'' – Col. Icebot, Slashbot, Dice Swordbot (2nd voice), Slice Swordbot (3rd voice), Frogbot, Cannonbot, Dark Heart, Chrome Dome, Graybot (with Zelton as him) (as Richard George)
References
External links
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American casting directors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male television writers
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American television writers
American voice directors
Male actors from Los Angeles
Screenwriters from Arizona
Screenwriters from California
University of Arizona alumni
Writers from Los Angeles
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Epcar |
The Rana dynasty ( , ) were a Chhetri dynasty that imposed authoritarianism in the Kingdom of Nepal from 1846 until 1951, reducing the Shah monarch to a figurehead and making the Prime Minister and other government positions held by the Ranas hereditary. They are Kshatriya, whose ancestors were descended from the Ranas of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. The Rana dynasty is historically known for their iron-fisted rule. This changed after the Revolution of 1951 with the promulgation of a new constitution, when power shifted back to the monarchy of King Tribhuvan.
The Rana dynasty were descended from the Kunwar family, a nobility of the Gorkha Kingdom. Due to their marital lineages with the politically reigning Thapa dynasty (of Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa) from the early 19th century, Ranas gained entry to central Darbar politics. The Ranas were also linked to a minor faction of the Pande dynasty of Gorkha through the Thapa dynasty.
Origins
Please note that the following genealogy by Daniel Wright was most likely fabricated during the nineteenth century, and there is no historical evidence before that time to back it up.
Chronicler Daniel Wright has published the genealogy of Jang Bahadur Kunwar Rana. The genealogy begins with Tattā Rāṇā as Raja (King) of Chittaurgarh. His nephew Fakht Siṃha Rāṇā had a son named Rāma Siṃha Rāṇā, who came to the hills after the siege of Chittaur. He was employed by a hill Raja for ten or twelve months who wanted to retain Rāma Siṃha in his country. The hill Raja asked for the daughter of the Raja of Bīnātī, a Bagāle Kṣetrī, and married her to Rāma Siṃha. They had six sons over 10–12 years, one of whom was recognized by the title of Kum̐vara Khaḍkā for bravery displayed in the battle against Raja of Satān Koṭ. The title was used by his descendants. Rāma Siṃha was suddenly met by his younger brother who requested him to return Chittaur for once, and Rāma Siṃha died reaching there. The hill Raja made Rāma Siṃha's son Rāut Kunwar a nobleman (Sardār) and commandant of the army. Ahirāma Kunwar, a son of Rāut Kunwar, was invited by the King of Kaski and was made a nobleman with a birta or jagir of Dhuage Saghu village. The King of Kaski asked for the hand of Ahirāma's daughter, who was a great beauty, through only Kalas Puja, to which Ahirāma replied to give his daughter only through lawful marriage. The King brought his troops and tried to take on the village by force. Ahirāma was supported by the villagers belonging to the Parājulī Thāpā caste and a war was initiated. On the same day, Ahirāma took his immediate family including two sons namely; Ram Krishna Kunwar and Jaya Krishna Kunwar, to the King of Gorkha, Prithvi Narayan Shah where the lands of Kunwar-Khola were given to them as birta.
John Whelpton opines that the Kunwar origin legend which states that the first of their ancestors to enter the hill married a daughter of Bagale Kshetri might have directed their family links to Bagale Thapa, the clan of Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa.
The Rana dynasty descended from Kunwar Kumbhakaran Singh, younger brother of Guhila King of Mewar, Rawal Ratnasimha. During the first siege of Chittorgarh in 1303 A.D., Kumbhakaran Singh's descendants left Mewar to the north, towards the Himalayan foothills, according to the book "Rana's Of Nepal" where the preface is written by Arvind Singh Mewar. The Rana dynasty claimed to be Rajputs of western Indian origin, rather than the native Khas Kshatriyas despite the fact that they spoke Khas language and attempted to disassociate from their Khas past. Also, many historians are of the opinion that ruling families in Nepal often claim Indian Rajput descent for political purposes. The Ranas claimed the Vatsa gotra.
Historical background
The founder of this dynasty was Jang Bahadur Kunwar Rana, who belonged to the Kunwar family, which was then considered a noble family of Kshatriya status. Jang Bahadur was a son of Gorkhali governor Bal Narsingh Kunwar and nephew of Mathabarsingh Thapa, the reigning Prime Minister of Nepal (1843–1845) from the Thapa dynasty. Bal Narsingh Kunwar was the son of Kaji Ranajit Kunwar and grandson of Sardar Ram Krishna Kunwar, who was prominent military general of King Prithvi Narayan Shah. Ram Krishna Kunwar was born to Ahiram Kunwar. There were ample of rewards and recognitions received by Sardar Ram Krishna Kunwar from the Gorkhali monarch Prithvi Narayan. His grandson Bal Narsingh was initially a follower of the renounced King Rana Bahadur Shah and Kaji Bhimsen Thapa, and followed the King in his exile to Banaras on 1 May 1800. On the night of 25 April 1806, King Rana Bahadur was killed by step-brother Sher Bahadur in desperation after which Bal Narsingh immediately killed the King's assassin. He was a close ally of the influential minister Bhimsen Thapa, who initiated a great massacre at Bhandarkhal garden following the chaos from the King's murder. Following closeness to Mukhtiyar Bhimsen, he became the son-in-law of Bhimsen's brother Kaji Nain Singh Thapa of Thapa dynasty. The close relatives and supporters of Thapa faction replaced the old courtiers and administrators. The Kunwar family came to power being relatives of powerful Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa. Similarly, Kunwars were related to Pande dynasty by their maternal grandmother Rana Kumari Pande who was daughter of Mulkaji Ranajit Pande.
Rise of Jung Bahadur
Bal Narsingh's son Kaji Jung Bahadur Kunwar became a significant person in the central politics of Nepal during the prime ministership of his uncle Mathabar Singh Thapa. On 17 May 1845 around 11 pm, Mathabar Singh was summoned to the royal palace and was assassinated in a cold blood by Jung Bahadur on the royal orders. He was considered to have been merciless, ruthless and fatal due to his association with Mathabar Singh. Jung Bahadur was made a Kaji (equivalent to minister) after following the order of assassination of Mathabar.
On the night of 14 September 1846, Queen Rajya Lakshmi Devi summoned the courtiers on the mysterious murderer of her aide General Kaji Gagan Singh, to which courtiers hurried to the Kot quickly. Many of the courtiers were unarmed except for a sword, as they had responded immediately to the royal summons. The armies allocated by Jung Bahadur Rana also had taken most of the arms of courtiers who had managed to bring them. Queen Rajya Lakshmi Devi and King Rajendra Bikram Shah were also present in the Kot. Queen Rajya Lakshmi demanded the execution of Kaji Bir Keshar (Kishor) Pande on alleged suspicion to which General Abhiman Singh Rana Magar looked towards King for confirmation. Jang misinformed Queen that Abhiman Singh's troops were arriving for overpowering the Queen's faction and demanded an immediate arrest. Abhiman tried to force his way out and was killed by Jung's soldier. In the chaos followed, Jung and his brothers began bloodshed and many rival nobles and courtiers were eliminated by them. The letter to British Resident Henry Montgomery Lawrence stated that there were 32 Bharadars (courtiers) killed in the massacre.
Kot massacre episode
When Jang Bahadur refused the Junior Queen's request to place Prince Ranendra in the place of Crown Prince Surendra of Nepal, the Queen secretly contacted the victims of Kot and conspired to assassinate Jung Bahadur in the royal Bhandarkhal garden. After receiving a command from the Queen to come to Bhandarkhal, Jang Bahadur took his fully armed troops and headed towards the garden. The troops killed the chief conspirator, Birdhwaj Basnyat on the way, and marched towards Bhandarkhal where seeing Jang Bahadur approach fully armed with his troops, the other conspirators started to flee. 23 people were killed in the massacre while 15 escaped. In the 23rd of September 1846, all officers of military and bureaucracy were called upon to their respective offices within 10 days. Then, Jung Bahadur appointed his brothers and nephews to the highest ranks of the government. He consolidated the position of premiership after conducting Kot massacre (Kot Parva) and Bhandarkhal Parva on the basic templates provided by his maternal grand-uncle Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa.
Rana Regime; Rule of Jang
After the massacres of Kot and Bhandarkhal, the Thapas, Pandes, Basnyats and other citizens had settled in Banaras. Similarly, some citizens had gone to settle in Nautanwa and Bettiah. Chautariya Guru Prasad Shah too had gone to live with the King of Bettiah. After knowing about the presence of the King and the Queen in Benaras, Guru Prasad went there and started to congregate an army and a plan to execute Jung Bahadur started to be formed.
Battle of Alau
On 12 May 1847, Jung Bahadur gave a speech in Tundikhel. There he accused the King of the attempted assassination of the Prince and the Prime Minister. The Council then decided to dethrone King Rajendra deeming him mentally ill, and on the same day Surendra was crowned as the new king of Nepal. Hearing the news of the coronation of Surendra, Rajendra decided to take the responsibility of removing Jung Bahadur upon himself and declaring himself as the leader of the army, he left Benaras. Rajendra then appointed Guru Prasad Shah as the Chief of the Army for the operation of removal of Jung Bahadur Rana from Nepal and started to accumulate weapons and training the troops. Antagonism from the British-India Company forced Rajendra and his troops to enter Nepal. On 23 July, the troops reached a village called Alau in Bara and set a camp there. One spy group of the Government of Nepal was keeping close eyes on the event of the rebel groups at Bettiah. They sent the news to Jung Bahadur, immediately after which he sent a troop in the leadership of Sanak Singh Tandon to Alau. They were told to suppress the rebellions, arrest Rajendra and bring him to Kathmandu. On 27 July, the Gorakhnath Paltan (Gorakhnath Battalion) reached and rested in a village called Simraungadh, not too far from Alau. The battle of Alau was a decisive one between the forces of King Rajendra and Jang Bahadur. The King lost significantly in the battle. If the massacre of Kot had established Jung Bahadur as a dictator, the battle of Alau had helped him strengthen his dictatorship. Rajendra was imprisoned in an old palace in Bhaktapur.
Rise to royalty
On 15 May 1848, a Lal Mohar (Red sealed document) was issued claiming descent from Ranas of Mewar and authorizing the Kunwar family of Jang Bahadur to style themselves as Kunwar Ranaji. On 6 August 1856, Jang Bahadur Kunwar (now Ranaji) was conferred the title of Maharaja (Great King) of Kaski and Lamjung, two former hill principalities, by King of Nepal, Surendra Bikram Shah.
Rana Regime; Rule of the Shamshers
In 1885, the Shumsher family, the nephews of Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana, murdered many of the sons of Jung Bahadur and took over Nepal in a military coup d'état thus bringing in the rule of the Shumsher Rana family also known as the Satra Bhai (17 brothers) Rana family. They murdered Ranodip Singh Kunwar and occupied the hereditary throne of Prime Minister. After this they added Jang Bahadur to their name, although they were descended from Jang's younger brother Dhir Shumsher.
Kunwar family tree
Rana Prime Ministers
Nine Rana rulers took the hereditary office(s) of Prime Minister, Supreme Commander-in-Chief and Grand Master of the Royal Orders. All were crowned as the Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski.
Ranajit Kunwar Rana (1723–1815)
Bal Narsingh Kunwar Rana (1783–1841)
I. Shrī Tīn Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana GCB, GCSI (18 June 1816 – 25 February 1877). Prime Minister and C-in-C 15 September 1846 to 1 August 1856 and from 28 June 1857 until his death. Granted the hereditary title of Rana on 5 May 1848, as a suffix to the male members of his family. Granted the hereditary title of Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski (to be enjoyed ‘offspring to offspring’, and the hereditary offices of Prime Minister and C-in-C (to be enjoyed in succession by his surviving brothers, his sons, then his nephews), 6 August 1856. Received a salute of 19 guns from the British.
Bam Bahadur Kunwar Rana (1818 – 25 May 1857; Prime Minister: 1 August 1856 – 25 May 1857)
II. Shrī Tīn Ranodip Singh Kunwar (aka Ranodip Singh Rana) KCSI (3 April 1825 – assassinated 22 November 1885). Ruled 25 February 1877 to 22 November 1885.
General Sri Dhir Shumsher Kunwar Rana (1828–1884)
III. Shrī Tīn Bir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana GCSI (10 December 1852 – 5 March 1901). Ruled 22 November 1885 to 5 March 1901.
IV. Shrī Tīn Dev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana (17 July 1862 – 20 February 1914). Ruled 5 March to 27 June 1901, when as a result of his progressive nature, he was deposed by his relatives and exiled to India.
V. Shrī Tīn Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCVO (8 July 1863 – 26 November 1929). Ruled 27 June 1901 to 26 November 1929.
IX. Shrī Tīn Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana GCB, GCIE, GBE (23 December 1885 – 6 January 1967). Ruled 30 April 1948 to 18 February 1951, at which date he was divested of his titles and later went to India.
VI. Shrī Tīn Bhim Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana GCSI, GCMG, KCVO (16 April 1865 – 1 September 1932). Ruled 26 November 1929 to 1 September 1932.
VIII. Shrī Tīn Padma Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana GCSI, GCIE, GBE, (5 December 1882 – 11 April 1961). Ruled 29 November 1945 to 30 April 1948, whereupon he abdicated in favor of his cousin.
VII. Shrī Tīn Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana GCB, GCSI, GCIE (19 April 1875 – 20 November 1952). Ruled 1 September 1932 to 29 November 1945, whereupon he abdicated in favour of his nephew.
Succession
Succession to the role of the Prime Ministers and the title of Shree Teen Maharaja of Nepal and Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski was by agnatic seniority, by which the oldest male heir among the sons of equal (a-class) marriages in a generation would succeed. The order of succession was determined by seniority, with each eligible male heir holding a military command, as follows:
Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief (Mukhtiyar the Heir Apparent, with the rank of Field Marshal).
Western Commanding-General.
Eastern Commanding-General.
Southern Commanding-General.
Northern Commanding-General.
Notable Rana members
Bam Bahadur Kunwar
Ranodip Singh Kunwar
Baber Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Bhim Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Bir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana
Dev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Gaurav Shumsher JB Rana
Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Jung Bahadur Rana
Kaiser Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Kiran Shumsher Rana
Madhukar Shamsher Rana
Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Nara Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana
Nir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Om Bikram Rana
Padma Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana
Pradip Shumsher J.B.R.
Ratna Shumsher J.B.R.
Rudra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Satchit Rana
Toran Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Udaya Shumsher Rana,
Other notable connected members
Prithvi Bahadur Pande, son-in-law of Himalaya Shamsher JBR
Ranajit Pande, maternal grandfather of Ganesh Kumari, mother of Jung Bahadur Rana
Jiwajirao Scindia, father-in-law of Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.
Gallery
See also
Lamjang and Kaski
Daudaha system
Pajani System
Rajputs of Nepal
Rolls of Succession in Rana (Nepal)
History of Nepal
Rana palaces of Nepal
Thapa dynasty
References
Footnotes
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Friend in need:1857, Friendship forgotten:1887 William Digby
Old pictures of Nepal from Rana Dynasty
Nepalese monarchy
Rana regime
Rajput monarchs
Dynasties of Nepal
19th-century establishments in Nepal
1951 disestablishments in Nepal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana%20dynasty |
The Riceboro Southern Railway began operations in 2004 operating on about 33 miles of track, some of which is leased from CSX Transportation. The track on which it operates is part of the ex-Seaboard Air Line route from Savannah, Georgia to Jacksonville, Florida. It runs generally from Ogeechee, Georgia, where the line splits from the CSX Savannah Subdivision, which is the former Atlantic Coast Line Railroad's Savannah-Jacksonville route, and Riceboro. It does not have any of its own locomotives; it uses Georgia Central power.
Ownership
The Riceboro Southern is owned and operated by its parent, the Georgia Central Railway, LP, which is owned by Rail Link, a subsidiary of Genesee & Wyoming Inc.
Business
The sole purpose of the shortline is serving the Interstate Paper Company and SNF Chemtall, a chemical manufacturer, both located in Riceboro, and taking the freight cars to Savannah, where they interchange with CSX.
History
The line was built in 1894 by the Florida Northern Railroad. It was an extension of the Fernandina and Jacksonville Railroad north to Savannah, Georgia to connect with the South Bound Railroad in Savannah. The Florida Northern Railroad was eventually absorbed by the Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad by 1893.
In 1900, the Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad became part of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, and the line became Seaboard's main line. Seaboard Air Line became the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad after merging with the Atlantic Coast Line in 1967. The merged company became the CSX Corporation in the 1980s.
CSX abandoned the S Line between Riceboro and Seals, Georgia gradually from 1985 to 1986.
CSX leased the line to Riceboro Southern Railway in 2004. The remaining track south of Seals is currently operated by the First Coast Railroad, another subsidiary of Genesee & Wyoming Inc.
References
External links
Riceboro Southern Railway (Official site)
Riceboro Southern Railway (RailGA.com)
Georgia (U.S. state) railroads
Genesee & Wyoming
Spin-offs of CSX Transportation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riceboro%20Southern%20Railway |
Elsdorf is a town in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated approximately 5 km south-west of Bergheim and 27 km west of Cologne.
Notable people
Eugen Langen (1833–1895), entrepreneur, engineer and inventor, co-founder of the Elsdorf sugar factory Pfeifer & Langen
Werner Marx (1746–1806), General Vicar of the Archbishop of Cologne
References
Rhein-Erft-Kreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsdorf |
In filmmaking, a guarantee, or informally a "pay-or-play" contract, is a term in a contract of an actor, director, or other participant that guarantees pay if the participant is released from the contract with various exceptions.
Studios are reluctant to agree to guarantees but accept them as part of the deal for signing popular actors. They also have the advantage of enabling a studio to remove a participant under such a contract, with few legal complications.
As Appleton writes, "Memoirs of a Geisha is an example of a film on which the provision came into play... several actors were hired by the studio under pay-or-play deals. When the contracted start date came and went, those actors began receiving their full salary as if they were rendering services."
References
Contract law
Show business terms
Film production | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarantee%20%28filmmaking%29 |
Olav Gunnar Ballo (born 22 October 1956) is a Norwegian former politician for the Socialist Left Party (SV). Ballo changed party to Arbeiderpartiet in 2011. Ballo was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Finnmark in 1997. He studied medicine at University of Würzburg, and has worked as a medical doctor. Ballo represented SV in Alta municipality council from 1991 to 1997. Ballo was the leader of the National Forensics Institute ("Rettsmedisinsk institutt") in Norway between 2009 and 2010/2011.
Ballo lost his daughter Kaja Bordevich Ballo in 2008. She committed suicide on 28 March 2008. This happened some hours after she had taken a Scientology personality test. The news made the front page of Norway's biggest newspapers, such as Verdens Gang and Dagbladet. Ballo divorced his first wife of 15 years in 1998. In 1999 he met, and later married, Heidi Sørensen, a politician for the Socialist Left.
Parliamentary Presidium duties
2005 – 2009 Vice President of the Odelsting.
1997 – 2001 Vice Secretary of the Odelsting.
Parliamentary Committee duties
2005 – 2009 member of the Standing Committee on Justice.
2001 – 2005 member of the Standing Committee on Labour and Social Affairs.
1997 – 2001 member of the Standing Committee on Labour and Social Affairs.
Works
Books
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
People from Alta, Norway
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
21st-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav%20Gunnar%20Ballo |
Rusia is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Skarszewy, within Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Skarszewy, north-west of Starogard Gdański, and south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
References
Rusia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia%2C%20Poland |
A dasymeter was meant initially as a device to demonstrate the buoyant effect of gases like air (as shown in the adjacent pictures). A dasymeter which allows weighing acts as a densimeter used to measure the density of gases.
Principle
The Principle of Archimedes permits to derive a formula which does not rely on any information of volume: a sample, the big sphere in the adjacent images, of known mass-density is weighed in vacuum and then immersed into the gas and weighed again.
(The above formula was taken from the article buoyancy and still has to be solved for the density of the gas.)
From the known mass density of the sample (sphere) and its two weight-values, the mass-density of the gas can be calculated as:
Construction and use
It consists of a thin sphere made of glass, ideally with an average density close to that of the gas to be investigated. This sphere is immersed in the gas and weighed.
History of the dasymeter
The dasymeter was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke. Archimedes used a pair of scales which he immersed into water to demonstrate the buoyant effect of water. A dasymeter can be seen as a variant of that pair of scales, only immersed into gas.
External links
Volume Conversion
Measuring instruments
Laboratory equipment
Laboratory glassware | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasymeter |
Turtle Mountain, or the Turtle Mountains, is an area in central North America, in the north-central portion of the U.S. state of North Dakota and southwestern portion of the Canadian province of Manitoba, approximately south of the city of Brandon on Manitoba Highway 10 / U.S. Route 281. It is a plateau 2,000 ft (600 m) above sea level, 300 ft to 400 ft (90 m to 120 m) above the surrounding countryside, extending 20 mi (32 km) from north to south and 40 mi (64 km) from east to west. Rising , North Dakota's most prominent peak, Boundary Butte, is located at the western edge of the plateau.
It has timber, numerous lakes, and small deposits of low-grade manganese. One of the largest lakes in the Turtle Mountains is Lake Metigoshe, which straddles the international border, with about one-eighth of the lake in Canada. The region is home to Turtle Mountain Provincial Park, a state park, two historic sites, and various hunting and fishing opportunities.
Turtle Mountain is the traditional territory of the Plains Ojibwe, as well as part of the Métis homeland. Rapid colonization and settlement in the 19th century, along with the establishment of a firm border between Canada and the United States, displaced many Indigenous peoples to and from the region. Some identify as the Turtle Mountain Chippewa, who are federally recognized and whose reservation is in the valley on the southeastern edge of the plateau.
History
The Plains Ojibwe have a long established history in the Turtle Mountain region and the surrounding area. East of Turtle mountain at Pembina lived one Ojibwe group, as well as a number of Métis families. The Métis hunted and fished in the Turtle Mountains and increasingly moved westward from Pembina in search of declining buffalo populations. When the federal government agreed that Pembina would be a part of the United States in 1818, the Métis living there, along with a number of Chippewa with kinship ties to the Métis, and some Ojibwe claimed land near Turtle Mountain. The federal government recognized and designated this group the Pembina Band, but this did not include all the Ojibwe peoples already established at Turtle Mountain. The misidentification of all Ojibwe as part of the Pembina Band has prevented their full assertion of rights. Throughout the 19th century, the Pembina band was broken up and dispossessed of their lands as the government opened up the area for settlement. Among these groups are the Turtle Mountain Chippewa, and the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa.
Environment
Wildlife
The Turtle Mountain area is covered by deciduous forest. Woodland overstory species are primarily green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), Manitoba maple (Acer negundo), American elm (Ulmus americana), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera). Common shrubs in the forest understory include beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia), nannyberry (Viburnum lentago), dogwood (Cornus sericea), highbush cranberry (Viburnum trilobum) and pincherry (Prunus pensylvanica). The area near Mary Lake includes the spotted coralroot orchid (Corallorhiza maculata) and calypso orchid (Calypso bulbosa). Turtle Mountain is home to moose (Alces alces), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), beaver (Castor canadensis), raccoon (Procyon lotor) and mink (Neogale vison), as well as birds like loons (Gavia sp.), great blue heron (Ardea herodias herodias), black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), the double-crested cormorant (Nannopterum auritum) and red-necked grebes (Podiceps grisegena). The abundant small lakes support painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens), and the barred tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium).
Coal mining
Following the discovery of coal in 1879 there was coal mining in the Turtle Mountains near Old Deloraine town site in Manitoba and along ravines on the western flank of Turtle Mountain. The Lennox mine opened in 1883 and mining continued intermittently at the Voden, McArthur, McKay, and Manitoba Coal Company mines until 1908. When higher quality coal was found elsewhere and the Trans-Canada Railway was built, the mines closed. Small scale coal mining was revived during the Depression because Turtle Mountain lignite was cheaper than higher coal grades from Saskatchewan. Peak annual production of the McArthur, Henderson, Deep Ravine, Salter, Powne, and Deloraine Coal Company mines averaged over 1000 tons each. However, the Salter and Henderson mines produced 95% of Manitoba's coal over a span of about eight years. The last mine closed in 1943 due to labour shortages during World War II and changed economic conditions. The old Deloraine town site is now covered by a man-made lake, made when the Turtle-Head Dam was built.
Climate
Climate Station in Southern Manitoba, Canada.
Communities in the area
Belcourt, North Dakota
Boissevain, Manitoba
Bottineau, North Dakota
Deloraine, Manitoba
Dunseith, North Dakota
East Dunseith, North Dakota
Green Acres, North Dakota
Rolla, North Dakota
St. John, North Dakota
Shell Valley, North Dakota
Counties and rural municipalities
Bottineau County, North Dakota
Rolette County, North Dakota
Rural Municipality of Morton, Manitoba
Rural Municipality of Turtle Mountain, Manitoba
Rural Municipality of Winchester, Manitoba
Parks
International Peace Garden
Lake Metigoshe State Park
Rabb Lake National Wildlife Refuge
School Section Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Turtle Mountain Provincial Park
William Lake Provincial Park
Willow Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Notable sites
International Peace Garden
Bottineau Winter Park, a modest alpine ski area with a vertical drop of , is in the western part of the plateau.
References
External links
Bottineau Winter Park
Turtle Mountain Provincial Park
Turtle Mountains at Dakota Search
Landforms of Bottineau County, North Dakota
Landforms of Rolette County, North Dakota
Regions of North Dakota
Landforms of Manitoba
Forests of North Dakota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle%20Mountain%20%28plateau%29 |
Greatest Hits Vol. II is the thirteenth album released by singer-songwriter Barry Manilow. In Britain, Manilow's first Greatest Hits album had been issued as Manilow Magic, thus this second volume was issued there as A Touch More Magic.
The album was mostly compilation, with the exception of three new tracks: "You're Looking Hot Tonight", "Put a Quarter in the Jukebox" and "Read 'Em and Weep" (#18 U.S., his last Top 40 on the Hot 100 to date, and also a cover of the Meat Loaf hit of the same name, albeit with an altered second verse and instrumental arrangement). The album reached platinum sales in 1993.
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
References
1983 greatest hits albums
Barry Manilow compilation albums
Arista Records compilation albums
Albums produced by Ron Dante | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest%20Hits%20Vol.%20II%20%28Barry%20Manilow%20album%29 |
No. 578 Squadron RAF was a heavy bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.
History
578 Squadron was formed at RAF Snaith, East Riding of Yorkshire on 14 January 1944 from 'C' flight of No. 51 Squadron RAF, equipped with Halifax Mk.III bombers, as part of No. 4 Group RAF in Bomber Command. It transferred to RAF Burn, North Yorkshire in February, and was disbanded there on 15 April 1945. The squadron carried out 2,721 operational sorties with the Halifax for a loss 40 aircraft.
Notable squadron members
The first commanding officer was W/Cdr. D.S.S. Wilkerson, DSO, DFC and the aircrew included Pilot Officer Cyril Joe Barton, VC.
Aircraft operated
Notable aircraft
Two of the Halifaxes of 578 squadron passed the century mark and flew more than 100 operational sorties:
Squadron bases
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
Adams, Chuck. 578 Squadron Operations, 1944–45. self-published, 1983.
Cawdron, Hugh. Based at Burn – 578 Sqn airmen recall.... Middlesex: Hugh Cawdron/578 Burn Association,1995
Cawdron, Hugh. Based at Burn Mk.II: After 50 Years the Biography of an Outstanding Airman and a Diary of the Bomber Squadron he Founded and Commanded. Bristol: Hugh Cawdron/578 Burn Association, 2001. .
Marshall, Ken. The Pendulum and the Scythe: A History of No.4 Group Bomber Command. Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, UK: Air Research Publications, 1996. .
Ward, Chris. Royal Air Force Bomber Command Squadron Profiles: 578 Squadron – "Accuracy" (Bomber Command Profile no. 113). Lutterworth, Berkshire, UK: Ward Publishing, 1998.
External links
578 Squadron Association
Squadron history on RAF website
No. 578 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
Squadron histories for nos. 541–598 squadron on RAFweb's
578 Squadron
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20578%20Squadron%20RAF |
Sandy Collora (born August 8, 1968) is an American film director and design artist, best known for the independent short film Batman: Dead End.
Career
Collora was born in Brooklyn, New York. After freelance assignments in comic books and gaming magazines, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue his dreams in Hollywood at age 17. In 1988, after Collora landed a job at Stan Winston Studios on Leviathan, he became known as a creature designer and sculptor. Collora spent the next decade in concept design, sculpting, storyboarding, and art direction. He claims to have designed the logo for Jurassic Park, and his designs can be seen in Men in Black, Dogma, The Arrival, The Crow, and Predator 2.
He made his directorial debut in 1999 with the short film Solomon Bernstein's Bathroom. 1999 also saw the birth of his toy development studio and independent production company Montauk Films. Collora attracted attention with his 2003 short film Batman: Dead End, intended to act as a director's demonstration reel. After premiering the film at the San Diego Comic Con, it became popular on the Internet, and was downloaded more than 600,000 times in the first week. Director Kevin Smith called it "possibly the truest, best Batman movie ever made". Collora filmed a similar project, 2004's World's Finest, with much of the same cast and crew. In 2010, Collora released his first feature film, Hunter Prey.
In 2015 Collora stated that he was working on a new film entitled Shallow Water and was seeking to raise $550,000 via Kickstarter, making it the largest campaign of its type in the horror category.
Filmography
Director:
Solomon Bernstein's Bathroom (2000)
Archangel (2002)
Batman: Dead End (2003)
World's Finest (2004)
Hunter Prey (2010)
Shallow Water (2017)
The Delray Misunderstood: The Legend of Big Lenny (2018)
References
External links
American film directors
1968 births
Living people
People from Brooklyn
Filmmakers from New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Collora |
Pavel Rafailovich Bermondt-Avalov () or Pavel Avalishvili ( – 27 December 1973) was an Ussuri Cossack and warlord. He is best known as the commander of the West Russian Volunteer Army which was active in present-day Latvia and Lithuania in the aftermath of World War I.
Biography
Early life
Bermondt-Avalov was born in Tbilisi in modern Georgia. He adopted his second surname Avalov (Avalishvili) after his adoptive father, Georgian prince Mikhail Avalishvili. He received a musical education joining the Ussuri Cossacks in 1906 after serving as a musical conductor in the Transbaikal Cossacks. He joined a regiment of Lancers in 1909 and was promoted to captain in 1914.
Civil War
He was appointed to lead the German-established Western Russian army (subsequently frequently known after his name as "the Bermontians"), which was meant to go to fight the Bolsheviks (Communists) in the Russian Civil War; however, believing that the Bolsheviks would be defeated without his help, Pavel Bermondt-Avalov decided to strike against the newly independent nations of Lithuania and Latvia instead. His "Special Russians Corps" supposedly numbered about 50,000 men. He was one of the few anti-bolshevik generals who openly promoted monarchist ideals.
Bermondt-Avalov was promoted Major General in 1918. He took over the White Forces in the Latvia and Lithuania from Prince Anatoly Lieven, who commanded a contingent in the Baltische Landwehr. In 1919, his forces joined those of Major General Rüdiger von der Goltz to form the so-called "West Russian Volunteer Army" which attempted to proclaim the "Western Central Government" in Riga. German Free Corps were operating in Latvia since spring 1919 to keep away the Red Army. In the summer of 1919, the Entente Powers and the German government ordered the troops back, but the soldiers refused. Until the beginning of October 1919 most of the 40,000 German volunteers entered the Bermondt-Army consisting of about 10,000 Russians, mostly former prisoners of war released from German camps. With this masquerade the Germans tried to keep their engagement in the Baltics and to secure German interests in the area. They used Bermondt for their own purposes. Since the German government stopped paying for the troops, finances were coming mostly from German economic leaders that had interests in the Baltics. At the end the Army printed its own money.
The Western Russian army managed to capture Zemgale, Courland (except Liepāja), Samogitia and entered Riga, but later were defeated by the Latvian and Lithuanian armies, with the help of the Estonian forces. This Baltic diversion of Bermondt-Avalov heavily contributed to his already existing reputation as an "adventurer" (such as General Bulak-Balakovich) especially among Latvian historians.
Under pressure of the Baltic independent states then in formation, the Entente and the German government withdrew the Army. By mid-December 1919 the last Russo-German soldiers crossed the borders into Germany (Tilsit).
Post war
Pavel Bermondt-Avalov then emigrated to Western Europe, where he published a book of memoirs. He lived in Germany from 1921 and was involved in right wing and fascist movements. Strongly supportive of National Socialism, he established his own movement, the Russian National Social Movement. Despite this he was imprisoned by the Nazis in 1939 along with other Russian exiles and deported. He settled in Belgrade and later moved to the United States. He died in New York City in 1973.
Honours and awards
Knight of the Order of Saint George IV class
Order of St. Anna
Sources
References
1877 births
1974 deaths
Military personnel from Tbilisi
People from Tiflis Governorate
Cossacks from the Russian Empire
Memoirists from the Russian Empire
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Generals of the Russian Empire
Anti-communists from the Russian Empire
Russian people of World War I
Russian prisoners and detainees
White movement generals
Warlords
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna
German emigrants to Yugoslavia
Yugoslav emigrants to the United States
People deported from Germany
Prisoners and detainees of Germany
White movement collaborators with Nazi Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel%20Bermondt-Avalov |
The Bonnie Lass o' Fyvie (Roud # 545) is a Scottish folk song about a thwarted romance between a soldier and a girl. Like many folk songs, the authorship is unattributed, there is no strict version of the lyrics, and it is often referred to by its opening line "There once was a troop o' Irish dragoons". The song is also known by a variety of other names, the most common of them being "Peggy-O", "Fennario", and "The Maid of Fife".
Lyrics
Of the many versions, one of the most intricate is:
Meaning
The song is about the unrequited love of a captain of Irish dragoons for a beautiful Scottish girl in Fyvie. The narration is in the third person, through the voice of one of the captain's soldiers. The captain promises the girl material comfort and happiness, but the girl refuses the captain's advances saying she would not marry a foreigner or a soldier. The captain subsequently leaves Fyvie. In two different variations of the song, he threatens to burn the town(s) if his offer is rejected, or alternately save the town if his offer is accepted. He later dies of a broken heart, or battle wounds, or possibly both.
Several variations on this theme exist. The soldier also proposes marriage in some versions. Some versions have the girl declare her love for the soldier, but only to be stopped short by a reluctant mother.
Geographical and historical allusions
The song is set in Fyvie, a small town with a historic castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Some sources claim that the original song suggests the region of Fife (as the "Fair Maid of Fife"), but the references to the River Ythan, Aberdeen and other locations near Fyvie like Gight, confirm that the original song was set in Fyvie, Scotland.
It is probably better not to read strong historical associations into the song, although it is just possible that the song refers to the capture of the Fyvie Castle by Montrose's Royalist army in 1644. (A large part of this army was Irish, but they were not dragoons.)
Variants across time and space
The oldest known version of the Scottish ballad is called "The Bonnie Lass O' Fyvie". Another early transcribed version is given under the title "Bonnie Barbara-O". An early English version "Handsome Polly-O" is also present, though in slightly different settings. Another English version is called "Pretty Peggy of Derby". The song probably travelled with Scottish immigrants to America. It is recorded in the classic English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians by Cecil Sharp. Variants of the song refer to the War of 1812 and the American Civil War. A Dixie version of the song makes the final resting place of the captain to be Louisiana.
The last two stanzas from the Bob Dylan version is typical of such Americanized forms, and goes as follows:
Over time, the name of Fyvie also got corrupted, and phonetically similar permutations like "Fennario", "Fernario", "Finario", "Fidio", "Ivory" or "Ireo" were placed in its stead to fit the metre and rhyme. As a result, the song is commonly referred to as "Fennario". The 1960s folk music movement saw "Peggy-O" become a common song in many concerts owing to its clear melody and lilting rhyme.
Linguistics
The song was originally composed and sung in Scots. It then made its way into mainstream English, but retains its Scottish flavour. Words like birk (for birch), lass and bonnie are typically Scots as are words like brae (hill) and braw (splendid). As is typical of such cases, quite a few of the less familiar words degenerated into nonsense words as the song travelled over cultures, the most interesting ones probably being Ethanside for Ythanside (banks of the River Ythan), and brasselgeicht for braes o' Gight (hills of Gight).
Renditions
Traditional Recordings
Many traditional singers have recorded versions of the song, including Scotsman John Strachan (from close to Fyvie) and the Irish singer Thomas Moran. Many Scottish recordings made by James Madison Carpenter between 1929 and 1934, including one of the Aberdeenshire singer Bell Duncan (1849-1934), can be heard on the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library website.
Popular Recordings
Bob Dylan
The Southern American version of the song was arranged for the harmonica by Bob Dylan on his eponymous debut album in 1962, under the title "Pretty Peggy-O". He starts off the song with the introduction "I've been around this whole country but I never yet found Fennario", as a playful remark on the fact that the song has been borrowed and cut off its original "setting".
Dylan began playing the song live again in the 90s, using the lyrics and melody of the Grateful Dead version.
Joan Baez
Joan Baez recorded a lyrical version under the title "Fennario" on her 1963 Vanguard Records album Joan Baez in Concert, Part 2.
Simon and Garfunkel
Simon and Garfunkel also recorded a heavily harmonized arrangement of the song titled "Peggy-O" as part of their Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M. album of 1964 and Columbia Records studio recordings of the 1960s (which was released on the box set The Columbia Studio Recordings (1964-1970) in 2001). Simon and Garfunkel sing the variant of the song where the captain threatens to burn the city down if his advances are refused.
The Grateful Dead
The Grateful Dead have variously arranged and sung this song on 265 known occasions between 1973 and 1995, using Fen-nar-io and Fi-dio as the name of the place depending on metre constraints. The place Fennario is also mentioned in their song "Dire Wolf", on the album Workingman's Dead. The song was titled "Peggy-O", and was sung by Jerry Garcia using the following lyrics:
The song appears as "Fennario" on the reissue of Jerry Garcia's album Run for the Roses. Following the Grateful Dead's disbandment in 1995 after Garcia's death, "Peggy-O" continued to be performed by offshoot bands including Bob Weir & RatDog, Phil Lesh & Friends, The Other Ones, The Dead, BK3, Furthur, Billy & The Kids, Dead & Company, and Bob Weir & Wolf Bros.
Other artists
The Clancy Brothers recorded the song as "The Maid of Fife-E-O" on the 1961 album, The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, and later as "Maid of Fife" on their 1965 album, Recorded Live in Ireland, with Tommy Makem and on their 1973 album, Greatest Hits, with Louis Killen.
The Journeymen (John Phillips, Scott McKenzie, Richard Weissman) recorded a version with an American Civil War context as "Fennario" on their 1961 debut album The Journeymen (Capitol Records ST 1629).
Judy Collins recorded a version as "Fannerio" on her 1962 album Golden Apples of the Sun.
Hoyt Axton recorded a version of "Peggy O" for the album Greenback Dollar (1963).
The Chad Mitchell Trio recorded a variant (in which the colonel shoots the captain after the call to tarry) on their 1963 album Singin' Our Minds under the title, "Bonny Streets of Fyve-io".
Les Compagnons De La Chanson released a cover version in French on a 7-inch EP, under the title "Peggy O" in 1963.
The Corries recorded a version on their first album in 1964.
Bob Lind included a similar version of the song, but under the title "Fennario", on the Verve album The Elusive Bob Lind, released in 1966.
Martin Carthy recorded a song sharing some lyrics, but with a quite different tune and narrative arc, called "Handsome Polly-O" on his album Shearwater in 1972.
The Black Watch included "Lass of Fyve" on their 1975 album Scotch on the Rocks, sung by a trio with the pipes and drums joining in at the end of the song.
WWE recorded a version of the song to serve as the entrance theme for Rowdy Roddy Piper, replacing Scotland the Brave.
The Aberdeen-based group, Old Blind Dogs covered the song on their New Tricks album in 1992.
Malinky, with lead vocals by Karine Polwart, included "The Bonnie Lass of Fyvie"' on their 2000 album Last Leaves.
"Peggy-O" has been covered by the bluegrass band Trampled By Turtles, such as at their 10,000 Lakes Festival performance in 2007.
Jefferson Starship recorded a version of "Frenario" for the 2008 album Jefferson's Tree of Liberty.
The Irish Rovers recorded the song on The Irish Rovers' Gems.
Antonio Breschi arranged the song as "Fennario" on his album Songs of the North in 1996.
The National recorded the song for the Grateful Dead tribute Day of the Dead in 2015.
Iona Fyfe released a Scots version of the song with the title Bonnie Lass of Fyvie on January 29, 2020.
Notes
References
Books
NB: ISBN s may not point to the referenced editions
Periodicals and magazines
Scottish folk songs
Bob Dylan songs
Grateful Dead songs
Simon & Garfunkel songs
Joan Baez songs
Year of song unknown
Songwriter unknown
Songs about soldiers
Songs about the military | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bonnie%20Lass%20o%27%20Fyvie |
Ågot Jorunn Valle (born 26 May 1945 in Levanger) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party (SV). She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hordaland in 1997.
She worked as a physiotherapist and a county council member in Hordaland before entering national politics. She has also been involved in the organization Nei til EU (No to the EU).
She was member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 2009 until 2014, the body that awards the Nobel Peace Prize.
Parliamentary Presidium duties
2001 – 2005 President of the Odelsting.
Parliamentary Committee duties
2005 – 2009 member of the Enlarged Foreign Affairs Committee.
2005 – 2009 member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs.
2001 – 2005 leader of the Standing Committee on Scrutiny and Constitutional Affairs.
2001 – 2005 deputy member of the Enlarged Foreign Affairs Committee.
1997 – 2001 deputy leader of the Standing Committee on Family and Cultural Affairs.
1997 – 2001 deputy member of the Electoral Committee.
References
External links
1945 births
Living people
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
21st-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
People from Levanger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85got%20Valle |
Chemistry is a branch of physical science, and the study of the substances of which matter is composed.
Chemistry may also refer to:
Science
Chemistry (word), the history and use of the word
Chemistry: A European Journal, an academic periodical
Advanced Placement Chemistry, a course offered in the Advanced Placement Program
Film and television
Chemistry (2009 film), a Malayalam film by Viji Thampi
Chemistry (serial), a 2010 Pakistani television drama serial that aired on Geo Entertainment
Chemistry (TV series), a 2011 American erotic comedy/thriller television series that aired on Cinemax
Chemistry: A Volatile History, a 2010 BBC documentary
"Chemistry" (The New Batman Adventures), an episode of The New Batman Adventures
"Chemistry" (Smash), a 2012 episode of Smash
Music
Chemistry (band), a Japanese R&B duo
Albums
Chemistry (Buckshot and 9th Wonder album), 2005
Chemistry (Kelly Clarkson album), 2023
Chemistry (Girls Aloud album), 2005
Chemistry: The Tour, a 2006 concert tour by Girls Aloud
Chemistry (Houston Person and Ron Carter album), 2016
Chemistry (Johnny Gill album), 1985
Chemistry (Mondo Rock album), 1981
Chemistry, a 1997 compilation album by Nirvana (UK band)
Chemistry, a 2004 debut album by Austrian singer zeebee
Extended plays
Chemistry (Trouble Maker EP), 2013
Chemistry (Virtual Riot EP), 2016
Chemistry (Falz and Simi EP), 2016
Chemistry, an EP by Stereo Junks, which involved Anzi Destruction
Chemistry, an EP by Grynch, with One Be Lo
Songs
"Chemistry" (Eva Simons song), 2013
"Chemistry" (Mondo Rock song), 1981
"Chemistry" (Semisonic song), 2001
"Chemistry", by Alcazar from Alcazarized, 2003
"Chemistry", by All Time Low from Last Young Renegade, 2017
"Chemistry", by Arcade Fire from Everything Now, 2017
"Chemistry", by Jawbreaker from Dear You, 1995
"Chemistry", by Kelly Clarkson from Chemistry, 2023
"Chemistry", by the Nolans from Portrait, 1982
"Chemistry", by Rush from Signals, 1982
"Chemistry", by Shinee from The Story of Light, 2018
"Chemistry", by Unkle from War Stories, 2007
Other
Chemistry.com, an online dating service
Chemistry (relationship), a complex emotion that arises when two people share a special connection
Interpersonal attraction or interpersonal chemistry, an attraction between people that leads to friendships and romantic relationships
Chemistry (Wang novel), by Weike Wang, published in 2017
See also
Chemical (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry%20%28disambiguation%29 |
No. 640 Squadron RAF was a heavy bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.
History
No. 640 Squadron was first formed at RAF Leconfield, East Riding of Yorkshire on 7 January 1944, from 'C' Flight of No. 158 Squadron RAF. It was equipped with Halifax Mk.III bombers, and operated as part of No. 4 Group in Bomber Command. It re-equipped with Halifax VI bombers in March 1945, and was disbanded at RAF Leconfield on 7 May of that year.
Operational Highlights
First Operational Mission 5 Halifaxes bombed Berlin while 3 others aborted on the night from 20 to 21 January 1944
Last Operational Mission 18 Halifaxes bombed gun batteries on the island of Wangerooge on 25 April 1945
Aircraft operated
Squadron Bases
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
History of No. 640 Squadron (broken link)
No. 640 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history (broken link)
Squadron histories for nos. 621–650 sqn of RAF Web (broken link)
A Facebook group for relatives of squadron members
640 Squadron
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20640%20Squadron%20RAF |
The Sandersville Railroad was originally operated from Tennille, Georgia, to Sandersville, Georgia and chartered in 1893 as a subsidiary of the Central of Georgia Railroad.
Location
It was extended north five miles from Sandersville to a kaolin mine and processing plants near Deepstep, GA. It continues to operate the same nine miles as of 2017 along with two branch lines and is nicknamed The Kaolin Road.
The company has its main office, dispatchers, locomotive and railcar maintenance shops, maintenance-of-way equipment shed, and locomotive fuel towers and sanding tower, all located in historic downtown Sandersville, Georgia.
Equipment
The Sandersville Railroad Company owns a fleet of modern diesel electric switcher locomotives built by the Electro Motive Division of General Motors Corporation (EMD) but their first Diesel Electric Locomotive was the Fairbanks-Morse H-12-44 numbered SAN 100 that's now been long retired. They have 4 EMD SW1500s with the road numbers SAN 1100, 1300, 1400, and 1500 respectively.
The newest addition to the fleet is an EMD MP15DC purchased in October 2016 from Norfolk Southern Railroad, it has the road number SAN 1600 and was bought to replace the EMD SW1200 Road Number SAN 1200 that was sold in the spring of 2018. The SAN 1600 is as of July 2018 still in its Norfolk Southern style black and white paint but now has the Sandersville Railroad style paint job with the road number SAN 1600 to align with the rest of the fleet. The EMD SW1500 SAN 1400 was also originally a Norfolk Southern locomotive and was delivered in the black and white just as the SAN 1600 but has now been repainted to the standard Sandersville Railroad Company paint scheme of a white body with a red single stripe running along both sides of the hood ending near the belt driven radiator fan on the front of the units, with the word Sandersville in red on both sides, and red road numbers and reporting marks SAN in red on the cabs in the style of the old Seaboard Air Line Railroad.
The company also owns two slug units which the SAN refers to as "boosters". The first one is a former Rock Island Railroad Company GE (General Electric)-built Universal Series U25B road Switcher that was turned from a conventional locomotive to a Road Slug later in its life. The operators cab, auxiliary cab, diesel engine (prime mover), air compressor, and radiator were all removed from the frame, and a large concrete ballast block was installed along with a new long full length hood was installed that has electric powered traction motor blowers on each end to cool the 4 DC electric traction motors on each axle as it did when it was a regular engine. The cab has headlights on each end and a ratchet style handbrake on the B-end. The fuel tank of the engine was removed and it became a full road slug that now receives its power from whatever mother unit it is multi-unit (MU) connected to. The Rock Island Railroad later sold one of its converted GE road slugs to the Sandersville Railroad Company and it became the SAN 90. In 1994 the company bought an additional slug unit from Norfolk Southern that became the SAN 91 that has a shorter body and vertically mounted "tombstone" style headlights. All engines in the fleet have the twin "ditch" gauge lights on each end as well.
Up until the year 2009 the company also used a former Louisville & Nashville Railroad bay window caboose that's road number was SAN 60 but it was retired as the company didn't want to have to keep its old friction bearing axles constantly serviced and FRA Certified. It was taken through downtown Sandersville, Georgia during the October of year 2009 "Kaolin Festival Parade" on the back of a lowboy tuck trailer in place of the railroad's normally used steam engine "General" parade float. After this, it was offloaded by mobile cranes back onto the tracks at the bulk transfer yard and then carried back to the Sandersville Yard by one of the locomotives to be parked behind 3 former Illinois Central Railroad wide-vision cupola cabooses owned by the company.
The Kaolin Road used to also own cushion underframe boxcars but they were all retired and sold to Norfolk Southern. The other fleet of railcars the company owns is a fleet of large and small covered hoppers used to transport bulk (powder) kaolin clay and a fleet of open-top hoppers for transporting pulpwood chips to paper mills.
Service
They service the many Kaolin processing plants in the area such as the Kentucky Tennessee Clay Company and Imerys Pigments Plant 2 both in Deepstep, and the Imerys Pigments Plant 1, KaMin LLC., Burgess Pigment Company, and Thiele Kaolin Company plants, all in Sandersville. The Railroad also services Bulk Chemical Services, Fulghum Fibers Pulpwood Chip Mill, and the two Duraline pipe manufacturing plants. The profitable road also handles inbound and outbound grain shipments. The company interchanges in Tennille, Georgia with the Norfolk Southern Railway Company's Savannah District Trains of their Georgia Division. The NS trains 191 and 192 from Brosnan Yard in Macon, Georgia to Columbia, South Carolina and the NS Trains 372 and 373 with their companion NS Trains 378 and 377 from Brosnan Yard in Macon, Georgia to Dillard Yard in Savannah, Georgia all make pick ups and drop offs in Tennille for the locals NS G23 and G24 as well as the Sandersville Railroad Company.
In 2018, NS began operating an evening yard switcher to switch inbound cars from Macon, Savannah, and Augusta. The Sandersville Railroad has a new bulk transfer (Transflow) terminal located on Waco Mill Road near Tennille that offloads bulk products into waiting B&H Transfer Company tractor-trailer rigs. This facility is located across the road from the mainline and freight yard on the site of a former pulpwood loading yard that the company used to load pulpwood onto flatcars for transport to paper mills.
The company also installed a state-of-the-art weigh-in-motion scale near its Waco Mill Yard in 2002 that weighs trains after being activated by a radio link from the locomotive. It lets the crews know it's working by activating the yellow and red signals and by speaking a computer radio message over the road channel. The scales transmit a weight chart to the office downtown so they will know which cars are overloaded and which ones are not. The Sandersville Railroad Company is one of the most profitable and professional shortline railroads in North America and has a well-maintained mainline of 132 and 136 pound-per-foot rail.
Ownership
The Kaolin Road has been privately owned by the Tarbuttons of Sandersville, Georgia since 1916. Ben Tarbutton III is acting President of the SAN. His grandfather was also once president of the Central of Georgia Railroad. The Tarbutton family still runs the company daily and can be found in the main office in Sandersville during operations. Mr. Ben J. Tarbutton and Mr. Hugh M. Tarbutton had been at the helm of the company for many years. Mr. Hugh died in 2015 but his brother continues to run the railroad while Mr. Hugh's son Charles Tarbutton runs the trucking company which no longer has any affiliation with the railroad other than utilizing the railroad's transload facility.
Gallery
References
Georgia (U.S. state) railroads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandersville%20Railroad |
Schäftlarn Abbey (Kloster Schäftlarn) is a Benedictine monastery on the Isar in Schäftlarn, south of Munich in Bavaria, Germany.
History
The monastery was founded in 762 by Waltrich, a priest of noble family, on his own land. The monastery was dedicated to Saint Dionysius of Paris. The first monks came from the cathedral monastery of Saint Mary and Saint Corbinian in Freising. In the tenth century the monastery was turned into a house for lay canons.
During the next two centuries the monastery grew as a result of various gifts and endowments (among them the estates of Schwabing and Hesselohe). In 955 the monastery was destroyed by the Hungarians who were then making marauding incursions into Germany.
In 1140, Bishop Otto of Freising refounded it as a Premonstratensian monastery, with canons from Ursberg Abbey. Schäftlarn reached a high point in the cultivation of arts in the eighteenth century. It was dissolved during the secularisation of Bavaria in 1803.
In 1866 King Ludwig II of Bavaria restored possession to the Benedictines, who set up a secondary school ("Gymnasium") here.
Present day
As of 2022, there were fifteen monks at the abbey. The abbey is a member of the Bavarian Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation. The abbey church is dedicated to Saint Dionysius and Saint Juliana.
The monks who live here carry out forestry, have a distillery and an apiary. For over thirty-five years, the abbey has hosted a summer concert series, featuring famous soloists and an orchestra composed of musicians from the great Munich concerts halls. Schäftlarn Abbey is the starting point for the first stage of a Route of Santiago de Compostela.
In February 2022, two S-Bahn trains collided head-on, resulting in one fatality and at least eighteen injured, some seriously. The injured passengers were brought to the nearby abbey.
School
The school was closed between 1941 and 1945 by the National Socialists. Immediately after the war the school, which is private, was re-opened as a "Progymnasium", that is to say, only for German forms 5 to 10 (equivalent to the Upper Fifth form), to the year before the Abitur. Abitur examinations were not conducted in Schäftlarn until 1973. In 2022 the school had just over 500 students, both day pupils (boys and girls) and boarders (boys only).It is widely known throughout Munich. The subway lines S7, as well as the busses 904 and 974 connect the school to the city. Therefore, students come from all over Munich and the suburbs bordering the city.
Architecture
The present abbey buildings were constructed in 1707 to plans by Giovanni Antonio Viscardi. The abbey church of Saint Dionysius and Saint Juliana is a beautiful example of the Rococo architectural style. It was begun as a new building from 1733 to 1740 under Francois de Cuvilliés the Elder, and finished during the period from 1751 to 1760 by Johann Georg Gunetzrhainer and Johann Michael Fischer.
From 1754 to 1756, the church was painted and decorated with stucco by Johann Baptist Zimmermann. From 1756 to 1764 Johann Baptist Straub worked on the altars and the chancel. There is also a formal garden here, the "Prelate's Garden", recently restored.
See also
List of Carolingian monasteries
:Category:Rococo architecture in Germany
References
Sources
Winhard, Wolfgang, and Peda, Gregor (nd). Kloster Schäftlarn: Geschichte und Kunst. Kunstverlag Peda Gregor.
Mitterer, Sigisbert, 1962. 1200 Jahre Kloster Schäftlarn. Seitz Verlag.
External links
Schäftlarn Abbey website
Klöster in Bayern: Schäftlarn
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Premonstratensian monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria
Christian monasteries established in the 8th century
Rococo architecture in Germany
Registered historic buildings and monuments in Bavaria
8th-century establishments in Germany
Munich (district)
Churches completed in 762
8th-century churches in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%A4ftlarn%20Abbey |
No. 635 Squadron RAF was a heavy bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.
History
635 squadron was formed at RAF Downham Market in Norfolk on 20 March 1944 from two flights drawn from No. 35 Squadron and No. 97 Squadron, equipped with Lancaster Mk.I bombers, as part of No. 8 Group RAF in Bomber Command. It re-equipped with Lancaster Mk.III bombers the same month, then Lancaster Mk.VI bombers in July. After the end of its bombing operations in April 1945 it was used for transport and food relief until disbanded at Downham Market on 1 September 1945.
Notable squadron members
One member of the squadron, S/Ldr. I.W. Bazalgette, was awarded a posthumous VC following the raid against Trossy-St Maximin on 4 August 1944.
Aircraft operated
Squadron bases
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
No. 635 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
History of No.'s 621–650 Squadrons at RAF Web
A photograph of a 635 Squadron Lancaster
Bomber squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
635 Squadron
Royal Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20635%20Squadron%20RAF |
Francesco Rosi (; 15 November 1922 – 10 January 2015) was an Italian film director. His film The Mattei Affair won the Palme d'Or at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival. Rosi's films, especially those of the 1960s and 1970s, often appeared to have political messages. While the topics of his later films became less politically oriented and more angled toward literature, he continued to direct until 1997, his last film being the adaptation of Primo Levi's book, The Truce.
13 of his films were screened at the 2008 Berlin International Film Festival. He received the Honorary Golden Bear for Lifetime Achievement, accompanied by the screening of his 1962 film Salvatore Giuliano. In 2012 the Venice Biennale awarded Rosi the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement.
Biography
Origins and early career
Rosi was born in Naples in 1922. His father worked in the shipping industry, but was also a cartoonist and had, at one time, been reprimanded for his satirical drawings of Benito Mussolini and King Vittorio Emmanuel III.
During the Second World War Rosi went to college alongside Giorgio Napolitano who was to become Italian President. He studied law and then embarked on a career as an illustrator of children's books. At the same time he began working as a reporter for . There he became friendly with Raffaele La Capria, Aldo Giuffrè and Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, with each of whom he would later often collaborate.
His show business career began in 1946 as an assistant to Ettore Giannini for the stage production of a work by Salvatore Di Giacomo. He then entered the film industry and worked as an assistant to Luchino Visconti on La Terra Trema ("The Earth Trembles", 1948) and Senso ("Sense", 1954). He wrote several screenplays, including Bellissima ("Beautiful", 1951) and The City Stands Trial ("Processo alla città", 1952), and shot a few scenes of the film Red Shirts ("Camicie rosse", 1952) by Goffredo Alessandrini. In 1956 he co-directed, with Vittorio Gassman, the film Kean – Genio e sregolatezza ("Kean – Genius and recklessness"), about the Shakespearean actor Edmund Kean.
His emergence as a director is considered to be his 1958 film La sfida (The Challenge), based on the story of Camorra boss Pasquale Simonetti, known as Pasquale 'e Nola, and Pupetta Maresca. The realist nature of this film caused a stir in alluding to mafia control of the government. Of the film, Rosi himself said, "A director makes his first film with passion and without regard for what has gone before". But David Shipman comments "... but this is in fact a reworking of La Terra Trema, with the Visconti arias replaced by Zavattini's naturalism."
The following year he directed The Magliari ("I magliari"), in which the main character, an Italian immigrant in Germany, travels between Hamburg and Hanover and clashes with a Neapalitan mafioso boss over control of the fabric market. Shipman writes:
I magliari (1959) also concerns racketeers, and they are rival con-men (Alberto Sordi, Renato Salvatori) preying on their compatriots, immigrant workers in Germany. Sordi, like the protagonist in La sfida, manages to antagonise his colleagues more than his rivals – and this was to be a continuing theme in Rosi's films. For the moment it means that both films end dispiritedly, and they are further weakened by an uncertain grasp of narrative – though that is partly hidden in the vigorous handling of individual scenes and the photography of Gianni Di Venanzo.
1960s
Rosi was one of the central figures of the politicised post-neorealist 1960s and 1970s of Italian cinema, along with Gillo Pontecorvo, Pier Paolo Pasolini, the Taviani brothers, Ettore Scola and Valerio Zurlini. Dealing with a corrupt postwar Italy, Rosi's movies take on controversial issues, such as Salvatore Giuliano, a film that won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 12th Berlin International Film Festival in 1962. The film examined the life of the Sicilian gangster Giuliano, using the technique of a long series of flashbacks. Shipman suggests that the film, with a "superb unity of the landscape and people of Sicily" ... "made Rosi's international reputation."
In 1963 he directed Rod Steiger in the film Hands over the City ("Le mani sulla città"), in which he denounced the collusion between the various government departments and the urban reconstruction programmes in Naples. The film was awarded the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. The film, together with Salvatore Giuliano, is generally considered the first of his films concerning political issues, later to be expressed in the flexible and spontaneous acting of Gian Maria Volonté. Rosi himself explained the film's purpose: "What interests me passionately is how a character behaves in the relation to the collectivity of society. I'm not making a study of character but of society. To understand what a man is like in his private drama you must begin to understand him in his public life".
In The Moment of Truth ("Il momento della verità", 1965), Rosi changed what was planned as a documentary about Spain in to a film about bullfighter Miguel Marco Miguelin. Shipman comments: "The wide screen and colour footage of the corrida were incomparably superior to those seen outside Spain hitherto."
After this Rosi moved into the unfamiliar world of the movie fable with More Than a Miracle (also titled Cinderella Italian Style and Happily Ever After, Italian: "C'era una volta" – "Once Upon a Time ..."). The film starred Sophia Loren and Omar Sharif, although Rosi had initially asked for the part to be played by Marcello Mastroianni.
1970s
His 1970 film Many Wars Ago ("Uomini contro") dealt with the absurdity of war in the context of the Trentino Front of 1916–17 during World War I, where Italian army officers demanded far too much of their men. It was based on the novel Un anno sull'altopiano by Emilio Lussu. The lead is played by Mark Frechette and the cost of the film was such that Rosi needed to secure Yugoslavian collaboration. Shipman writes: "The Alpine battlefield has been imaginatively and bloodily re-created, and photographed in steely colours by Pasqualino De Santis, but Rosi's urge to say something important – doubtless intense after the last two films – resulted only in cliché: that military men are fanatics and war is hell."
The years 1972 to 1976 cemented Rosi's reputation internationally as a director who dealt with controversial subjects such as the mysterious death of oil magnate Enrico Mattei (The Mattei Affair, 1972, which won the Palme d'Or at Cannes Film Festival); the political machinations around gangster Lucky Luciano (Lucky Luciano, 1974), and corruption in the judiciary, Illustrious Corpses ("Cadaveri Eccellenti", 1976). During the preparation of The Mattei Affair Rosi was in contact with Mauro De Mauro, the Sicilian journalist murdered in mysterious circumstances for reasons which, it is suspected, included an investigation on behalf of Rosi, into the death of the president of the Italian state-owned oil and gas conglomerate Eni.
Lucky Luciano (1973) starred Gian Maria Volonté with Steiger in a sub-plot about another Italo-American. Edmond O'Brien featured as a UN man. Norman Mailer described the film as "the most careful, the most thoughtful, the truest, and the most sensitive to the paradoxes to a society of crime".
In 1976 followed Illustrious Corpses ("Cadaveri eccellenti"), based on the novel Equal Danger by Leonardo Sciascia, with Lino Ventura. The film is praised highly by Shipman, who describes it as: "a film so rich, so powerful and so absorbing that it leaves the spectator breathless. ... This is a film, rare in the history of cinema, in which location – as opposed to decor – is a character in its own right, commenting on the action." Writing in The Observer, Russell Davies said, "Few directors select their shots with such flamboyant intelligence as this".
In 1979 Rosi directed Christ Stopped at Eboli, based on the memoir of the same name by Carlo Levi, again with Volonté as the protagonist. It won the Golden Prize at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival and was to win BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1983. Rosi had been invited by the state-owned television service RAI to select a subject for filming, and the four-part television programme was cut into a 141-minute feature film which he described as "a journey through my own conscience". Shipman writes, "the film retains all the mystery of Rosi's best work – an enquiry where at least half the answers are withheld. In this enquiry there is a respect for the historical process, but the usual magisterial blend of art and dialectic is softened by a sympathy much deeper than that of Il Momento Della Verità. The occasional self-conscious shot that we associate with peasantry cannot mar it."
1980s and 1990s
After another successful film Three Brothers ("Tre fratelli", 1981), with Philippe Noiret, Michele Placido and Vittorio Mezzogiorno, Rosi wanted bring the novel The Truce by Primo Levi, to the big screen, but the suicide of the writer in April 1987 forced him to give up the project. The film was finally made in 1997. He directed a film adaptation of Carmen (1984) with Plácido Domingo and subsequently he worked on Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1987), adapted from the novel by Gabriel García Márquez, which starred Gian Maria Volonté, Ornella Muti, Rupert Everett, Anthony Delon and Lucia Bosè. The film was shot in Mompox, Colombia.
In 1990 he directed The Palermo Connection ("Dimenticare Palermo") with Jim Belushi, Mimi Rogers, Vittorio Gassman, Philippe Noiret and Giancarlo Giannini. He then returned to the theatre direction with the comedies of Eduardo De Filippo: Napoli milionaria!, Le voci di dentro and Filumena Marturano, all performed by Luca De Filippo.
His last film as director was 1997's The Truce, based on holocaust survivor Levi's memoir, and starring John Turturro. Rosi described the film in a 2008 interview with Variety as being about "the return to life."
Recognition, later life and death
In 2005, for the film Hands over the City, he was awarded an Honorary Degree in "Urban and Environmental Planning" by the Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria.
The 58th edition of the Berlin International Film Festival in 2008 played tribute to Rosi by screening 13 films in its Homage section, a feature being reserved for film-makers of outstanding quality and achievement. He received the Honorary Golden Bear for Lifetime Achievement on 14 February 2008, accompanied by the screening of Salvatore Giuliano.
In 2009 he was awarded the Cavaliere della Legion d'Onore, in 2010 the "Golden Halberd" at the Trieste Film Festival and in May 2012 the Board of the Venice Biennale unanimously approved the proposal of its director Alberto Barber, to award Rosi the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement at its 69th show. Barber praised Rosi for his "absolute rigor in historic reconstruction, never making any compromises on a political or ethical level, combined with engaging storytelling and splendid visuals."
On 27 October 2010 he became an honorary citizen of Matelica, the birthplace of Enrico Mattei, while in 2013, in the presence of the Italian Minister of Cultural Heritage Massimo Bra, he was given the honorary citizenship of Matera, where he had shot three of his films. In 2014 he took part in the film Born in the USE, co-produced by Renzo Rossellini and directed by Michele Dioma.
In the last part of his life he lived on the Via Gregoriana in Rome near the Spanish Steps. In April 2010, his wife Giancarla Mandelli died.
Rosi died on 10 January 2015 at the age of 92, whilst at home, as a result of complications from bronchitis.
A memorial service was held in Rome on 10 January, with a day-long viewing of the body at the Casa del Cinema. Fellow director Giuseppe Tornatore was among many acclaimed Italian film-makers who attended. Italian President Giorgio Napolitano, Rosi's friend and former classmate, sent white roses.
Italian director Giuseppe Piccioni said Rosi's work gave Italy "identity and dignity" continuing, "Rosi was one of those artists who lived his work like a mission."
Director Paolo Sorrentino dedicates his 2015 movie Youth with a simple end credit "For Francesco Rosi".
Legacy
The Variety Movie Guide says of Rosi: "Most films by Francesco Rossi probe well under the surface of people and events to establish a constant link between the legal and the illegal exercise of power."
Writing Rosi's obituary in The Guardian, David Robinson and John Francis Lane said:
In his best films, the director Francesco Rosi ... was essentially a crusading, investigative journalist concerned with the corruption and inequalities of the economically depressed Italian south. He believed that “the audience should not be just passive spectators”: he wanted to make people think and question.
The British Film Institute, recognising that Rosi had made historical films, war pictures and family dramas, in a directorial career that spanned almost four decades, said "he will be remembered above all as the master of the ‘cine-investigation’ and an influence on several generations of artists, including the likes of Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, Roberto Saviano and Paolo Sorrentino.
Interviewed by The New York Times after Rosi's death, actor John Turturro who played Primo Levi in Rosi's last film The Truce, called Rosi "something of a mentor". He said, "I would never have read all of Primo Levi’s work if not for him. There are a lot of films I never would have otherwise seen... He was a wonderful actor. He helped you physically as an actor. If he had trouble explaining something, he could act it out, and all the actors understood."
Awards
BAFTA
Awarded by British Academy of Film and Television Arts:
1983 : BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Language Film – Christ Stopped at Eboli
1986 : nominated for Best Foreign Language Film – Carmen
Cannes Film Festival
Awarded at the Cannes Film Festival:
1972 : Palme d'Or – The Mattei Affair
Venice Biennale
1963 : Golden Lion – Hands over the City
2012 : Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement
David di Donatello Award
1965 : Best Director – The Moment of Truth
1976 : Best Director – Illustrious Corpses
1976 : Best Film – Illustrious Corpses
1979 : Best Director – Christ Stopped at Eboli
1979 : Best Film – Christ Stopped at Eboli
1981 : Best Director – Three Brothers
1981 : Best Screenplay – Three Brothers
1985 : Best Director – Carmen
1981 : Best Film – Carmen
1985 : Best Cinematography – Carmen
1997 : Best Film – The Truce
1997 : Best Director – The Truce
Moscow International Film Festival
1979 : Grand Prix – Christ Stopped at Eboli
Silver Ribbon
The Nastro d'Argento, awarded by the Sindacato Nazionale Giornalisti Cinematografici Italiani:
1959: Best Original Film – The Challenge
1963: Best Director – Salvatore Giuliano
1981: Best Director – Three Brothers
2014: Lifetime Achievement Award
Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
1981 : nomination for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film – Three Brothers
Berlin Film Festival
Awarded at the Berlin International Film Festival:
1962 : Silver Bear for Best Director – Salvatore Giuliano
2008 : Honorary Golden Bear
BIF (Bari International Film Festival)
2010 : "Premio Federico Fellini" for artistic excellence
Honours
* 1995: Cavaliere di gran croce dell'Ordine al merito della Repubblica Italiana
* 1987: Grande ufficiale dell'Ordine al merito della Repubblica Italiana
* 2009: Officier de la Légion d'honneur
Filmography
Director
Rosi directed 20 films, starting with some scenes in Goffredo Alessandrini's Red Shirts. His last film was The Truce in 1997.
1952 – Red Shirts (Camicie rosse)
1956 – Kean (Kean – Genio e sregolatezza), co-directed with Vittorio Gassman.
1958 – The Challenge (La sfida)
1959 – The Magliari (I magliari)
1962 – Salvatore Giuliano
1963 – Hands over the City (Le mani sulla città)
1965 – The Moment of Truth (Il momento della verità)
1967 – More than a Miracle (C'era una volta...)
1970 – Many Wars Ago (Uomini contro)
1972 – The Mattei Affair (Il caso Mattei)
1973 – Lucky Luciano
1976 – Illustrious Corpses (Cadaveri eccellenti)
1979 – Christ Stopped at Eboli (Cristo si è fermato a Eboli)
1981 – Three Brothers (Tre fratelli)
1984 – Carmen
1987 – Chronicle of a Death Foretold (Cronaca di una morte annunciata)
1989 – 12 registi per 12 città, a collaboration work with 11 other directors.
1989 – The Palermo Connection (Dimenticare Palermo)
1992 – Neapolitan Diary (Diario napoletano)
1997 – The Truce (La tregua)
Writer
Bellissima (1951)
The City Stands Trial (1952)
Racconti romani (1955)
The Bigamist (1956)
Director and screenwriter
Original subjects
La sfida (1958)
The Magliari (1959)
Salvatore Giuliano (1962)
Hands over the City (1963)
The Moment of Truth (1964)
More Than a Miracle (1967)
The Mattei Affair (1971)
Lucky Luciano (1973)
Diario napoletano (1992)
Non-original subjects
Kean – Genio e sregolatezza (1956, subject by Dumas and Sartre)
Many Wars Ago (1970, subject by Emilio Lussu)
Illustrious Corpses (1976, from the novel by Leonardo Sciascia)
Christ Stopped at Eboli (1979, taken from the eponymous novel by Carlo Levi)
Three Brothers (1981, based on the story The Third Son by Andrei Platonov")
Carmen (1984, taken from the opera by Bizet)
Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1987, based on the novel by Gabriel García Márquez)
The Palermo Connection (1990, taken from the eponymous novel of Edmonde Charles-Roux)
The Truce (1997, taken from the eponymous novel by Primo Levi)
Theatre
Director
In Memory of a Lady Friend (Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, 1963)
Naples Millionaire (Eduardo De Filippo, 2003)
The Voices Within (Eduardo De Filippo, 2006)
Filumena Marturano (Eduardo De Filippo, 2008)
References
Further reading
Testa, C. (ed.) (1996), Poet of Civic Courage: The Films of Francesco Rosi, Greenwood Press,
Gieri, M. (1996), "Hands Over the City: Cinema as Political Indictment and Social Commitment" (in Testa, 1996)
"58th Berlinale – Homage 2008 Francesco Rosi " at the 58th Berlinale
"Uncensured Ballet: revisiting Francesco Rosi’s film, Il momento della verità" 2015 feature article at ArtsEditor.com
Annarita Curcio, Salvatore Giuliano: una parabola storica,
External links
Q&A with Rosi from The Hollywood Reporter
Biography of Francesco Rosi from Senses of Cinema
Literature on Francesco Rosi
Francesco Rosi, 1922–2015 – obituary at BFI
ROSI, Francesco at treccani.it Film Encyclopedia (2004) (with Bibliography)
1922 births
2015 deaths
Italian film directors
David di Donatello Career Award winners
David di Donatello winners
Directors of Palme d'Or winners
Directors of Golden Lion winners
Filmmakers who won the Best Foreign Language Film BAFTA Award
Honorary Golden Bear recipients
Nastro d'Argento winners
Silver Bear for Best Director recipients
Film people from Naples
People of Calabrian descent
Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Rosi |
Colchester Hunt is an unincorporated community in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. Colchester Hunt is located close to the town of Clifton and the independent city of Fairfax.
History
1970s
The community was formed in the 1970s on what had been farm land, making it one of the first major communities near the town of Clifton, Virginia. A distinguishing characteristic is the placement of the houses on the lots. Rather than being centered on the lots, the houses typically are set in one corner—resulting in some houses having very large side or back yards, with others having very large front yards. The houses were built with septic tanks, and still use that system. Although the houses initially were all-electric, gas mains were extended to the area and many houses converted to gas.
1980s
During the 1980s, the community went through rapid growth and development. More streets and homes were added to the area, and the present-day Fairfax Hunt was constructed.
1990s
The 1990s were about the time the community went to its maximum capacity of about 400 residents and 97 homes in the community. In 1998, an F0 tornado rolled right through the southern tier of the community. No homes were destroyed, but around 25 trees were knocked over. No deaths or injuries were reported.
Today
Today, the community's main roads are Saddle Horn Drive and Queen's Brigade Drive with other roads supporting them. It is served by Oak View Elementary School and by Robinson Secondary School. Fairfax Hunt is served by Fairfax High School.
See also
Clifton, Virginia
Fairfax, Virginia
Lewis Park, Virginia
Vannoy Park, Virginia
References
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Fairfax County, Virginia
Washington metropolitan area
Fairfax, Virginia
Clifton, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester%20Hunt%2C%20Virginia |
2:00 AM Paradise Cafe is the tenth studio album by singer-songwriter Barry Manilow released in 1984. The album peaked at No. 28 on the Billboard 200 and went Gold in the United States.
Background
Johnny Mercer's widow, Ginger, entrusted Manilow with a cache of Mercer's lyrics that had never been set to music, although Manilow used only Mercer's "When October Goes" for the project. He recruited veteran jazz musicians Bill Mays, Gerry Mulligan, Shelly Manne, Mundell Lowe, and George Duvivier for the album. Also enlisted for vocal duets were Mel Tormé and Sarah Vaughan. The entire album was rehearsed for three days, then recorded entirely live (in one take) without overdubs at Westlake Studio 'C' in Los Angeles, California.
Track listing
Charts
Personnel
Barry Manilow – vocals, keyboards, piano
Mel Tormé – vocals
Sarah Vaughan – vocals
Bill Mays – piano, Fender Rhodes
Gerry Mulligan – baritone saxophone
Mundell Lowe – electric guitar, acoustic guitar
George Duvivier – double bass
Shelly Manne – drums, percussion
Production
Arranged and produced by Barry Manilow
Recorded and engineered by Michael Braunstein
Assistant Engineers: Deni King, Greg Laney
Certifications
References
Barry Manilow albums
1984 albums
Arista Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%3A00%20AM%20Paradise%20Cafe |
Feelin' Groovy is the debut album by the American sunshine pop band Harpers Bizarre, released in 1967.
Background
Two Ted Templeman/Dick Scoppettone originals from 1966 were added as bonus cuts to the 2001 Sundazed CD reissue of this title: "Bye, Bye, Bye" and "Lost My Love Today." The latter tune was the "B" side to the single of "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)," Harpers Bizarre's most enduring hit. This recording was also available as an import. It can be found under Warner Brothers label manufactured by His Master's voice (N.Z.) LTD.
Track listing
"Come to the Sunshine" (Van Dyke Parks)
"Happy Talk" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II)
"Come Love" (Alan Bergman, Marilyn Keith, Larry Markes)
"Raspberry Rug" (Leon Russell, Donna Washburn)
"The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)" (Paul Simon)
"The Debutante's Ball" (Randy Newman)
"Happy Land" (Randy Newman)
"Peter and the Wolf" (Ron Elliott, Sergei Prokofiev, Robert Durand)
"I Can Hear the Darkness" (Leon Russell, Donna Washburn)
"Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear" (Randy Newman)
References
1967 debut albums
Harpers Bizarre albums
Warner Records albums
Albums produced by Lenny Waronker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelin%27%20Groovy |
Rhoda Grant (born 26 June 1963) is a Scottish politician who has served as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Highlands and Islands region since 2007, having previously represented the same region from 1999 to 2003. A member of the Scottish Labour and Co-operative Party, She is currently the Shadow Cabinet Secretary Minister for Land Reform, Islands and Chief Whip.
Early life and career
Grant was born in 1963 in Stornoway, Outer Hebrides and studied for a degree in social sciences from the Open University. Prior to her election, Grant worked for the trade union UNISON and Highland Regional Council.
Political career
In the 1999 Scottish Parliament election, Grant was elected to a list seat for the Highlands and Islands region. In the 2003 election, she fought the Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber constituency but came second to Fergus Ewing of the Scottish National Party, who held the seat by 1,000 votes. In that election, she also lost her regional list seat.
In the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, Grant was again elected as a regional list MSP for Highlands and Islands, as the Scottish Green Party's vote share collapsed and Labour won three list seats, and she was re-elected in the 2011 election.
In 2013, Grant campaigned for filters to be put in place to make the viewing or downloading of internet pornography more difficult, arguing there had been a significant connection between pornography, the sex industry, abuse and violence against women.
Grant was appointed Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Women and Equality by new leader Richard Leonard on 19 November 2017, and was also its parliamentary business manager between 19 November 2017 and 4 October 2018, when she was succeeded by Neil Findlay. She became Spokesperson for Finance on 2 September 2019. She served as Spokesperson for Eradication of Poverty and Inequality from April to November 2020 and Spokesperson for Justice from November 2020 to March 2021.
Grant defended Richard Leonard after calls for him to resign in September 2020, saying:
Grant nominated Monica Lennon in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election.
Personal life
Grant is married and has a sister whom she cat-sits for.
References
External links
Rhoda Grant website
Caithness News Bulletins Elections 2007 Caithness Community website
1963 births
Living people
Labour Co-operative MSPs
Scottish trade unionists
Alumni of the Open University
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
People from Stornoway
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
People educated at Plockton High School
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2016–2021
20th-century Scottish women politicians
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2021–2026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoda%20Grant |
No. 630 Squadron RAF was a heavy bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.
History
The squadron was formed at RAF East Kirkby, near Spilsby in Lincolnshire on 15 November 1943 from 'B' Flight of No. 57 Squadron RAF, equipped with Lancaster Mk.I bombers as part of No. 5 Group RAF in Bomber Command. It re-equipped with Lancaster Mk.III bombers the same month, carrying out strategic bombing roles.
Between 18/19 November 1943 and 25 April 1945, the squadron took part in many major raids, including each of the 16 big raids made by Bomber Command on the German capital during what became known as the "Battle of Berlin".
Operational service
The units first operation was the night of 18/19 November 1943 when 9 of its Lancasters bombed Berlin and its last bombing sortie was 25 April 1945 with 5 Lancasters bombing Obersalzberg. Its last military operation was minelaying in Onions area (Oslofjord off Horten) on 25/26 April 1945.
Following April 1945 the squadron became involved in Operation Exodus: ferrying POWs back to Britain, finally disbanding on 18 July 1945.
Aircraft operated
See also
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
- 630 Squadron detailed history
- 57 & 630 Squadron Association
630Squadron.co.uk – The 630 Squadron Home Page
630 Squadron history on RAF website
No. 630 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
History of No.'s 621–650 Squadrons at RAF Web
Wartime memories of 630 Squadron
Les Amis De G. Allan Bullocks
Bomber squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
630 Squadron
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20630%20Squadron%20RAF |
Signe Øye (born 2 June 1945 in Nord-Aukra) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Østfold in 1993, and was re-elected on three occasions.
On the local level she was a member of Hobøl municipal council from 1983 to 1990. She chaired the local party chapter from 1994 to 2000, and the regional chapter since 2002.
Outside politics she worked as a secretary in Spydeberg municipality from 1974 to 1990, and as a consultant in Hobøl municipality from 1990 to 1993.
References
1945 births
Living people
People from Aukra
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Østfold politicians
Women members of the Storting
21st-century Norwegian politicians
21st-century Norwegian women politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signe%20%C3%98ye |
"You Can Do It" is a hip-hop song by American rapper Ice Cube. It was released as the second single from the Next Friday soundtrack. The song features Ice Cube's Westside Connection bandmate Mack 10, as well as rapper Ms. Toi. "You Can Do It" later used as the lead single on Cube's sixth studio album, War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc). The song also appears on his Greatest Hits and In the Movies compilations. It would also appear on the soundtrack for the film [[Save the Last Dance#Soundtrack|Save the Last Dance]].
The song became Ice Cube's sixth and most recent top 40 hit in the US, peaking at number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100, while also reaching number two on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles. In December 2004, the single was re-released in the UK and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart. It has sold 165,000 copies in the UK as of 2015.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Music video
References
External links
Top 40 Charts
1999 singles
1999 songs
Friday (franchise) music
Ice Cube songs
Mack 10 songs
Priority Records singles
Songs written by Ice Cube
Songs written by Mack 10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Can%20Do%20It |
This is a list of ethnic groups in Chad.
Ethnic groups
Arabs
Baggara
Fula
Buduma
Maba
Hausa
Fur
Haddad
Kanembu
Kanuri
Borno
Kim
Lisi
Bilala
Kuka
Medogo
Masalit
Sara
Toubou
Tupuri
Moussei
Masa
Hadjerai.
Kotoko.
Peuvu
(Indented entries in the list are subdivisions of the main entry above them.)
See also
Ethnic groups in Chad
Demographics of Chad
References
Ethnic group
Chad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ethnic%20groups%20in%20Chad |
CKWX (1130 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Owned by Rogers Radio, a division of Rogers Sports & Media, it broadcasts an news/talk radio format branded as CityNews 1130. CKWX's studios and offices are located at 2440 Ash Street in the Fairview neighbourhood of Vancouver.
CKWX is a Class A clear-channel station, broadcasting at 50,000 watts. CKWX broadcasts with a directional antenna at all times, using a two-tower array. The transmitter is located at Number 6 Road at Blundell Road on Lulu Island in Richmond. CKWX's daytime signal covers Southwest British Columbia and Northwest Washington. At night, CKWX can be heard around Western Canada and the Northwestern United States. CKWX is also heard on the second HD Radio subchannel of CJAX-FM.
History
Early years
On April 1, 1923, the station first signed on the air. Its original city of license was Nanaimo, British Columbia, and its call sign was CFDC. It was owned by Arthur "Sparks" Holstead (1890-1971), operator of an automotive battery business. The station broadcast on 430 meters (670 kHz) with 10 watts of power (later increased to 50 watts).
In 1925, the station switched frequencies to 730 kHz and cut its power back to 10 watts to share time with Vancouver stations CFCQ, CKCD, and CJKC.
Holstead had a branch business at 1220 Seymour Street in Vancouver and decided to relocate CFDC there. The station was regularly on the air in its new locale by September 20, 1925, according to the radio listings in the Victoria Daily Colonist. The Department of Marine and Fisheries (which then regulated broadcasting in Canada) had not authorized CFDC's move to Vancouver and revoked the station's license as a result, but listener complaints led to the department granting a new license to the station.
By October 1926, the station was broadcasting sponsored programmes for the Hudson's Bay Company. It was on the air daily except Wednesday, from 4:30 to 5:30 p.m. Other advertisers included the Kelly-Douglas Company, Dominion Battery Company, Canadian National Carbon Company and Moorite Products of Canada. H.W. Paulson was the announcer and R. Burgess the sales representative. The station transmitted through an 80-foot-high aerial on 411 metres at 10 watts. The station's final broadcast from Nanaimo appears to have been a special programme on April 1, 1927, which was claimed at the time of having established a world record for the furthest distance of a transmission over a submarine telephone cable. Holstead asked Nanaimo City Council to bear part of the $125 cost of any similar broadcasts because of the publicity to the city.
CKWX
The station first used the call letters CKWX on August 1, 1927, in conjunction with the opening of its new studios. The official opening wasn't until August 19, and was marked by a four-hour all-star programme, including the band of the H. M. S. Colombo. Other local stations remained off the air as a courtesy. The station was operating from the Hotel Georgia, 801 West Georgia Street, and sharing air time at 411 metres (730 kilocycles) with CFCQ and CKCD, then with CHLS, CKFC and CKMO in 1929. The station was permitted to use a special wave-length of 340.7 metres for a speech by M.P. Henri Bourassa for one occasion in 1927.
Harold William Paulson, who had been a storage battery engineer in the U.S. before coming to British Columbia, left CKWX by 1933 and eventually became commercial manager at the CBC Vancouver.
In 1933, CKWX moved to 1010 kHz, then to 950 kHz in 1938. It moved to 980 kHz in 1941 following the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), which took effect on March 27 that year to settle problems with AM radio interference. Arthur Halstead later sold a 40% share of the station to Taylor, Pearson & Carson, which took over station management, moved the studios to Seymour Street and increased its transmitting power to 1,000 watts. By 1947, CKWX's power further increased to 5,000 watts and it became a network affiliate of the Mutual Broadcasting System, while its transmitter was moved to Lulu Island (now part of Richmond).
Move to 1130 kHz
CKWX went to 24-hour operation on January 1, 1954, at 12:30 a.m., with a program called "Concert Under the Stars." In 1956, the studios moved to 1275 Burrard Street, and on August 15, 1957, CKWX switched from 980 kHz (soon taken by CKNW) to its present 1130 kHz. The station adopted a Top 40 music format in the same year when Red Robinson joined the station's on-air staff. CKWX was, in fact, the first Vancouver radio station to use the all-hit format full-time. In 1958, CKWX became the first non-CBC station in Western Canada to operate with 50,000 watts.
Harold Carson, one-third of the Taylor, Pearson & Carson firm that owned CKWX, died in 1959. The firm changed its name to Selkirk Holdings Ltd. later in the year. CKWX switched formats from Top 40 to MOR music with some talk shows in 1962, and Red Robinson left the station at that time to join CFUN. Selkirk became a publicly traded company in 1965, and it purchased 100% ownership of CKWX (with approval from the Board of Broadcast Governors) on October 10, 1966.
Country era
On March 7, 1973, CKWX underwent a major change as it dropped its mix of MOR music and talk and switched to country, keeping that format for the next 23 years. On February 13, 1979, the CRTC granted CKWX parent Selkirk Holdings a license for an FM station with a jazz format. Selkirk originally wanted 93.7 MHz, but were advised to find a different frequency. CJAZ would sign on at 92.1 MHz on March 1, 1980, as the first Canadian station playing all jazz. CJAZ later moved to 96.9, then switched call letters and formats in 1985 as it became CKKS, playing adult contemporary music. The 92.1 frequency is now used by CBU-FM-1 in Victoria.
CKWX and CKKS moved to new studios on 2440 Ash Street on June 17, 1988, with the official opening on July 20. On September 28, 1988, Maclean-Hunter Ltd. purchased Selkirk Communications and its stations (including CKWX and CKKS) and also received approval from the CRTC to transfer the former Selkirk stations to Rogers Communications.
All-news
On February 8, 1996, at 8 a.m., after playing "For the Good Times" by Ray Price, CKWX ended its country music format after almost 23 years and switched to its present all-news format as "News 1130". Tom Mark was the first announcer under the new format. Other anchors when the station went on the air were Brian Decker, Dianne Newman, Kevin Rothwell, Andrea Ring, Terri Theodore and Jack Marion, who was also the morning newsman at CKKS. Field reporters included Jim Goddard and Treena Wood, with Garry Raible as sports director, Russell Byth and Herb Hamm as the business editors, and Bruce Williams and Kim Larsson reporting on traffic. Brian Brenn, Ted Schellenberg and Eric Westra joined the station within the first year as anchors, shortly followed by Jim Bennie and veteran Andy Walsh.
In 2003, CKKS switched formats again and became CKLG-FM, playing adult hits under the "Jack FM" branding.
A fairly extensive personnel shuffle took place at CKWX on September 2, 2003. Program Director George Gordon replaced Andrew Dawson as morning co-anchor, joining Kenya Anderson, while Dianne Newman moved to the midday slot joining Brian Brenn. That same day, Jim Bennie joined Joanna Mileos to co-anchor the p.m. drive. In 2006, Don Lehn would rotate in middays with Brian Brenn and Andy Walsh until 2010. Pamela McCall became the newest afternoon anchor, replacing Joanna Mileos, in the Spring of 2007. McCall would later leave the station and be replaced by Karen Thomson in 2008. Following the departure of Kenya Anderson in 2005, Treena Wood and Tammy Moyer alternated in the anchor chair only to be replaced by Dianne Newman in 2006. Ben Wilson was named permanent evening anchor with Tom Bricker in November 2007. That same month, Brian Brenn took early retirement and was replaced in the midday anchor chair by Reaon Ford. George Gordon was terminated July 15, 2009. Reaon Ford was promoted from midday anchor to morning anchor in August 2009.
An editorial commentary segment, titled A Minute with Bill Good was introduced on September 8 2015 with host Bill Good.
On June 23, 2016, CKWX began simulcasting on the HD Radio subchannel of sister station CJAX-FM-HD2.
In June 2021, Rogers announced that it would rebrand CKWX and its other all-news radio stations under the CityNews brand beginning October 18, 2021. The radio station's website is co-branded with CityNews, and includes reporting from Citytv Vancouver's newscasts.
Shortwave CKFX
For listeners in remote areas of British Columbia and the Yukon, CKWX rebroadcast on a 10-watt shortwave radio transmitter at 6.08 MHz. The license for CKFX was deleted on June 8, 2007, after an extended silence. The CKFX call letters are now on an FM radio station in North Bay.
The shortwave service had been in operation since 1929 and had been inherited from CKFC. The shortwave outlet was intended to serve coastal communities that had no existing AM service, in particular Queen Charlotte Islands and upper Vancouver Island. A 10-watt transmitter (output power) and new antenna sent the CKFX signal in a north westerly direction. CKFX operated in the 49-metre band at 6.08 MHz.
References
External links
CKWX Top 40 surveys - 1957-1962
Radio Locator information for CKWX
Kwx
Kwx
Kwx
Radio stations established in 1923
1923 establishments in British Columbia
Clear-channel radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKWX |
Landed is the sixth studio album by the German krautrock band Can.
Recording and production
Landed was recorded in 1975 at Inner Space Studios in Weilerswist, near Cologne. Holger Czukay engineered the recording and mixed side B at Inner Space. He teamed with Toby Robinson to mix side A at Studio Dierks in Stommeln. René Tinner assisted with the mix for both sides. The album was produced by the band themselves and included the single "Hunters and Collectors" (backed by "Vernal Equinox"), which was issued on Virgin that same year.
Reception
Dominique Leone reviewed the album for Pitchfork in 2005.
Musician Barry Adamson included the album in a list of his 13 favorite albums.
Australian rock band Hunters & Collectors took their name from the song of the same title.
Track listing
Notes
Personnel
Can
Holger Czukay – bass, vocals on "Full Moon on the Highway"
Michael Karoli – guitar, violin, lead vocals
Jaki Liebezeit – drums, percussion, winds
Irmin Schmidt – keyboards, Alpha 77, vocals on "Full Moon on the Highway"
– tenor saxophone on "Red Hot Indians"
Production
Holger Czukay – engineer, mixing
Toby Robinson – mixing (Side A only)
René Tinner – recording assistant and road management
Bobby Hickmott – equipment control
Christine – cover collage
J. B. Lansing – P.A.
Farfisa keyboards – electronics
Alpha 77 - Zurich – electronics
References
External links
1975 albums
Can (band) albums
Mute Records albums
Virgin Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landed%20%28album%29 |
Khalid bin Abdullah Al Saud ( Khalid bin ʿAbdullāh Āl Suʿūd; 1937 – 12 January 2021) was a member of the House of Saud. He had extensive business interests, run through Mawarid Holding, but is probably best known as the owner of Juddmonte Farms. As such, he was one of the leading figures in the world of thoroughbred horseracing and the list of outstanding horses to have competed in his racing colours includes Arrogate, Dancing Brave, Enable, Frankel, and Mandaloun.
Early life
Prince Khalid was one of the sons of Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman, a younger half-brother of King Abdulaziz, the founder of Saudi Arabia. His mother was Noura bint Fahd Al Muhanna Aba Al Khail.
Prince Khalid was born in Ta'if in 1937. He studied history in the United States and Riyadh, and was employed for a time at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He then embarked on an extremely successful career in business, serving an apprenticeship under the guidance of Sulaiman Olayan.
Business career
In October 1980 Khalid bin Abdullah and Suleiman Olayan bought stocks from First Chicago Corporation. They also had stocks of various American banks, including Mellon Bank, Pittsburgh; Western Bancorp, Los Angeles; Valley National Bank, Phoenix; Hawaii Bancorp, Honolulu; Southeast Bancorp, Miami; National City Bank, Cleveland and First Bank Systems, Minneapolis.
The main business vehicle of Khalid bin Abdullah was Mawarid Holding, one of Saudi Arabia's largest and most diversified private businesses, with extensive dealings in financial services, manufacturing, construction, medical supplies, catering, telecommunications and the media. A study of the commercial activities of members of the House of Saud published in 2001 listed 65 separate entities in which Prince Khalid held an interest. He was the owner of Orbit Communications Company. Until 8 February 2009 he served as chairman of the Saudi Chemical Company's board of directors and as chairman of Saudi Arabian Amiantit Company.
By the early 2000s responsibility for running his business had passed, in part, to Prince Khalid's four sons.
In 1990, Prince Khalid's wealth was estimated by Fortune magazine at $1.0 billion.
Horseracing career
Development
Although Prince Khalid's father had owned horses, he had not kept them for racing. Prince Khalid's introduction to the sport came on a trip to Longchamp with friends in 1956. Even so, he did not start owning race horses himself until the late 1970s. Prince Khalid's purchases of yearlings at that time heralded the start of the large scale investment in horseracing by owners from the Middle East that was to transform the sport.
In 1977 Prince Khalid's first racing adviser, the former trainer Humphrey Cottrill, bought for him four yearlings at the Newmarket sales. The following year Prince Khalid bought the top two lots in the Houghton Sales at Newmarket, although the top-priced yearling, Sand Hawk, for whom he paid a record 264,000 guineas, proved largely a disappointment; as would Convention, for whom he paid 1.4 million guineas in 1983. However, Cottrill and the trainer Jeremy Tree had also paid $225,000 for a dark bay colt by In Reality at the Keeneland Sales of 1978, their single purchase, who as Known Fact won the Middle Park Stakes in the autumn of 1979 and then, after Nureyev's disqualification, the 2,000 Guineas of 1980, following up his victory with a win in the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes.
Known Fact's victory in the 2,000 Guineas was not only Prince Abdullah's first victory in an English Classic race but was also the first by any Arab owner. His first winner of any kind had come the previous season, when Charming Native came home first at Windsor, while Abeer had provided his first victory at Royal Ascot with her win in the Queen Mary Stakes.
Success
Prince Khalid's colours, of green silks with white sleeves and a pink sash and cap, soon became a regular feature of the winner's enclosure in all the Classic races of the world. In 1985, Rainbow Quest won the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. The following year, Dancing Brave repeated that success and also won the 2,000 Guineas and the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. Furthermore, Dancing Brave failed only narrowly to add a victory in the Derby to this remarkable season.
In 1982 Prince Khalid had his first homebred winner with Fine Edge at Newmarket. His Juddmonte breeding operation soon produced Warning, by Known Fact out of the broodmare Slightly Dangerous, who became Europe's Champion Miler in the 1988 season. Remarkably, Prince Khalid went on to win all five British Classic races with homebred horses: Quest For Fame, sired by Rainbow Quest, won Juddmonte's first Epsom Derby in 1990, followed by Commander In Chief (a son of Dancing Brave) in 1993, and finally the fourth-generation Juddmonte-bred Workforce, who broke the course record at Epsom with the victory in 2010. Toulon won the St Leger of 1991 and Zafonic carried off the 2,000 Guineas two years later, as did Frankel in 2011. Reams of Verse won The Oaks in 1997 and Enable won The Oaks in 2017. Wince won the 1,000 Guineas in 1999, followed by Special Duty's victory in the same race in 2010.
The winner of not just the 2,000 Guineas, but also of multiple Group One races, including the Juddmonte-sponsored International Stakes at York, Frankel was bred by Prince Khalid through three generations via his mare Kind. He is named after Bobby Frankel, who had trained Prince Khalid's horses in America. Many regard him to be one of the greatest racehorses of all time.
Juddmonte also bred a clean sweep of French Classic winners. Sanglamore won the Prix du Jockey Club in 1990 and New Bay won it in 2015, whilst Houseproud, Zenda and Special Duty won the Poule d'Essai des Pouliches in 1990, 2002 and 2010. Jolypha and Nebraska Tornado won the Prix de Diane, in 1992 and 2003 respectively, and Raintrap and Sunshack were the winners of the Prix Royal-Oak in 1993 and 1995, before American Post took the Poule d'Essai des Poulains in 2004. Finally, there was victory for Rail Link in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe of 2006, a success repeated by Workforce in 2010 (making this horse only the sixth horse in history to win both the Derby and the Arc) and Enable in 2017 and 2018.
In Ireland, the list of Juddmonte-bred successes includes Irish Oaks winners Wemyss Bight and Bolas in 1993 and 1994 and Irish 2,000 Guineas winner Kingman in 2014. In North America, the winning horses include Empire Maker, winner of the Belmont Stakes of 2003 and Flute, the Kentucky Oaks winner in 2003. Juddmonte-purchased Arrogate, winner of four Grade One races including the Dubai World Cup, was crowned Longines World's Best Horse for 2017. Eclipse Award champion mares include Ryafan in 1997, Banks Hill in 2001 and Intercontinental in 2005. The last two of these both won the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf, which was also won in 2009 by Midday, a three-time winner of the Nassau Stakes at Goodwood.
At the Breeders' Cup in 2018, homebreds Enable and Expert Eye won the Breeders' Cup Turf and Breeders' Cup Mile respectively.
Recognition
In North America, Prince Khalid was the recipient of an Eclipse Award as Top Owner in 1992, 2003, 2016 and 2017, and received five awards as the Top Breeder: in 1995, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2009. In 2003, Prince Khalid finished third in the American owners' championship.
In Europe, Prince Khalid's 78 winners in Britain and 58 winners in France made him the champion owner in both those countries in 2003, and he was British flat racing's champion owner again in 2010, with 74 winners and prize money of more than £3 million. He took the British title once more in 2011, when he had 63 winners and won more than £3.4 million in prize money.
In 1983 he was made an honorary member of The Jockey Club. In 2023, he was posthumously inducted into the QIPCO British Champions Series Hall of Fame as a 'Special Contributor'.
Trainers
Prince Khalid's horses were initially trained mainly by Jeremy Tree, to whom he was introduced by Humphrey Cottrill, and by Guy Harwood, who trained Dancing Brave. The circle of European trainers widened to include Henry Cecil, Barry Hills and Criquette Head-Maarek, and now comprises André Fabre, Francis-Henri Graffard and Henri-François Devin in France, Dermot Weld and Ger Lyons in Ireland and John and Thady Gosden, Sir Michael Stoute, Hugo Palmer, Roger Charlton, Charlie Hills, and Ralph Beckett in England. In the US, his horses were for a long time in the care of Bobby Frankel and are now with Bill Mott, Bob Baffert, Brad Cox and Chad Brown.
Juddmonte Farms
In 1982, Khalid bin Abdullah purchased Cayton Park Stud at Wargrave in Berkshire, renaming it Juddmonte Farms. That property was sold in 2017. From the early 1980s he built up a collection of carefully selected mares, in the early days buying from Robert Sangster. By 2011 these represented, according to Lord Grimthorpe in an interview given to the Financial Times, "one of the greatest brood-mare bands in the history of breeding".
The British arm of the Juddmonte operations came to include Estcourt Estate in Gloucestershire, as well as Juddmonte Dullingham, Side Hill Stud and Banstead Manor Stud in Newmarket in Suffolk. There, Prince Khalid stood a number of leading stallions, notably Dansili, Oasis Dream, Frankel and Kingman (current).
Juddmonte also owns Ferrans Stud and New Abbey Stud in Ireland, as well as Juddmonte Farm in Lexington, Kentucky.
The Juddmonte Group's CEO is Douglas Erskine Crum. The studs in England are managed by Simon Mockridge, in Ireland by Barry Mahon (also European Racing Manager) and in the US by Garrett O'Rourke.
Prince Khalid was responsible for the allocation of horses to trainers and for approval of mating lists. In a rare interview in 2010 he told The Racing Post: "When I was at the sales I realised that it would be easier to buy horses and race them, but I got the feeling that this was not enough, that it would be more fun to do what people like the Aga Khan and Lord Howard de Walden did and build up your own families." He said that he had his stud book with him all the time.
In 2017, the Juddmonte operation employed around 250 people and extended to 700-800 horses around the world, with a racing stock of about 250.
Personal life and death
Prince Khalid was married to his cousin Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz, daughter of King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. They had four sons and three daughters. Prince Khalid's daughter Nuf married Prince Fahd, son of King Salman. She died on 20 July 2021. Another daughter, Fadwa bint Khalid, is married to Mohammad bin Nawwaf, former Saudi ambassador to the United Kingdom.
Prince Khalid was one of the closest friends of King Fahd, his brother-in-law. He was widely reported to be studiously courteous and personally unassuming.
His son, Saud, serves as deputy chairman of the board of directors of Al Mawarid Holding and as vice chairman of the board of directors of the Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network.
Prince Khalid died on 12 January 2021.
Homes
Prince Khalid had homes in Saudi Arabia and overseas, close to his various stables or to the Classic racecourses. In the United States, he had a home in Kentucky, in Europe, a townhouse in France, on the Parc Monceau in Paris, and, in the United Kingdom, houses in London, Newmarket, Gloucestershire where he owned Estcourt Park, Long Newnton and Kent where he owned the 1,000-acre Fairlawne Estate, adjoining Plaxtol, near Shipbourne. He has also owned Newabbey House in Kildare since 1990.
References
External links
Juddmonte Farms
Mawarid Holding
Khalid
Khalid
1937 births
2021 deaths
Owners of Epsom Derby winners
Owners of Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winners
Khalid
Khalid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid%20bin%20Abdullah%20Al%20Saud%20%281937%E2%80%932021%29 |
No. 623 Squadron RAF was a heavy bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force for several months in 1943 during the Second World War.
History
The squadron was formed on 10 August 1943 at RAF Downham Market in Norfolk from 'C' Flight of 218 Squadron, as well as receiving crews from No.3 L.F.S. and No.1653 Conversion Unit. It was equipped with Stirling Mk.III bombers, as part of No. 3 Group RAF in Bomber Command. The squadron carried out night raids against Germany, but was short-lived and was disbanded on 6 December 1943 at Downham Market. The aircraft went mostly to conversion units of No. 5 Group RAF.
Commanding officers
Notable personnel
Flt Lt John Henry Smythe, a black navigator from Sierra Leone, who was shot down and captured, and later became a Queen's Counsel barrister and the attorney general of Sierra Leone.
Aircraft operated
Some examples:
BF568: IC-B Taken over from No. 218 Squadron RAF, later to No. 214 Squadron RAF and 1651 Heavy Conversion Unit (HCU). Struck of charge 24.4.45
BK727: IC-A Taken over from No. 218 Squadron, later to No. 214 Squadron and 1651 HCU. Struck of charge 24.4.45
BK803: IC-S and IC-D Taken over from No. 218 Squadron, later to 1654 HCU. Crashed 30.6.44
EE876: IC-T Taken over from No. 218 Squadron, later to 1654 HCU. Struck of charge 25.4.46
EE966: IC-E Taken over from No. 218 Squadron, later transferred to No. 299 Squadron RAF. Crashed 11.5.45 at Gardermoen, Norway
EF199: IC-I Went to No. 214 Squadron RAF and later to 1651 HCU. Struck of charge 24.4.45
EF204: IC-E Went to 1654 Conversion Unit after its service life with No. 623 Squadron, crashed 14.1.45
EH878: IC-I Failed to return from a bombing mission to Mannheim, 6.9.43
EH925: IC-C Failed to return from bombing mission to Berlin, 23/24.08.43. Aircraft crashed 10 km south of Zossen, crew killed. Crash site has now been discovered in local area.
EJ121: IC-Q Went to 1654 Conversion Unit after its service life with No. 623 Squadron. Struck of charge 28.2.45
LJ454: IC-E Failed to return from a bombing mission to Mannheim, 19.11.43
LK387: IC-P Failed to return on 5.12.43 on a mine laying operation at the Friesian Islands
Operations
Despatched – number of aircraft taking off
DCO – Duty Carried Out
Alt – Alternative target attacked
DNCO – Duty Not Carried Out (sortie aborted)
Gardening – laying anti-shipping mines in coastal waters
Comments – code names for area where mines dropped and identity of losses.
See also
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
List of Royal Air Force heavy conversion units
References
Notes
Bibliography
No. 623 Squadron Operational Record Book (Forms 540/541), National Archives, Kew (AIR 27/2141).
External links
Squadron history on RAF website
No. 623 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
No 621 - 650 Squadron Histories
Bomber squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20623%20Squadron%20RAF |
The Chowan River (cho-WAHHN) is a blackwater river formed with the merging of Virginia's Blackwater and Nottoway rivers near the stateline between Virginia and North Carolina. According to the USGS a variant name is Choan River.
Flowing for approximately 50 miles (80 km) before ending in the Albemarle Sound on North Carolina's coast, the river drains about of land in North Carolina and Virginia. Flowing through mostly swamp land with occasional high ground, the Chowan River grows to nearly two miles wide (3 km) at its opening to the Albemarle Sound. The river offers excellent fishing for catfish and largemouth bass. While tidal, the variation in tide heights in the Chowan River are normally less than one foot (30 cm) between high and low tide. The average depth is 16 feet and the maximum depth is 40 feet around Holiday Island.
The Eden House bridge on US Route 17 marks the border between the Chowan River and Albemarle Sound.
Significant tributaries include Bonds Creek, the Meherrin River, Bennett's Creek (which connects the Chowan River with Merchant's Millpond State Park), and the Wiccacon River.
The river featured prominently in the Civil War in the region. As part of the Union plan to destroy the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, Union ships sailed up the Chowan river, bombarding small Confederate posts outside of Harrellsville, North Carolina (at Deep Creek, also known as Swain's Mill Creek) and outside of Cofield, North Carolina (at Petty's Shore, where an old bunker is still visible in the landscape). By the time the ships reached Winton, North Carolina, the local troops had been alerted to the oncoming ships. Hiding in the woods near the dock for an ambush, the Confederate battalion at Winton sent a slave girl down to the Union boats to tell them that the locals had fled in fear of a Union attack. The ambush was foiled, however, when a Union soldier saw the gleam of the sun on a musket barrel in the woods. The Union ships quickly pulled anchor, regrouped, and returned minutes later to burn Winton to the ground. That same Union fleet would go on to land at Murfreesboro, North Carolina (via the Meherrin River) and march west to the railroad at Weldon.
The Chowan River is one of the three oldest surviving English place-names in the U.S. Along with Roanoke Island and the Neuse River, it was named in 1584 by Captains Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe, sent to explore the region by Sir Walter Raleigh. Their "Chowanook", or Chowanoke, name was shortened to Chowan.
See also
South Atlantic-Gulf Water Resource Region
References
External links
A story about the last family of Chowanoke Indians at Marvin T. Jones' local web journal roanoke-chowan.com
Bodies of water of Chowan County, North Carolina
Bodies of water of Gates County, North Carolina
Bodies of water of Hertford County, North Carolina
Rivers of North Carolina
Tributaries of Albemarle Sound | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowan%20River |
1st and 10 was a sports talk and debate television program spun off from ESPN2's Cold Pizza morning show.
It began as a segment which ran every in 20 minute intervals during Cold Pizza, a two-hour program broadcast on the American cable television network ESPN2, each weekday morning. It first aired at 7 AM, then moved to 8 before settling in at 10:00 AM and noon ET and later became a standalone program on ESPN2 at 2:30 PM each afternoon. Brian Donlon was the original executive producer of both Cold Pizza and 1st & 10.
History
The program is hosted by Jay Crawford and features a sports columnist Skip Bayless. Woody Paige, another columnist, was a founding co-host, but left the show before the move to Connecticut to return to his writing duties at the Denver Post. Dana Jacobson, First Take co-host, takes over the segments (and the spin-off show) when Crawford is away.
Guest hosts, in place of either Jacobson or Crawford, have included Josh Elliott, Tom Rinaldi, Michael Kim, Michelle Bonner, Sage Steele and Bayless himself. (On the show Bayless hosted, the brothers who make up the 2 Live Stews, Doug and Ryan Stewart, were on either side of him.)
On May 7, 2007, the program moved to ESPN's headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut, from its previous location in New York City. There have been occasional on-location segments as well.
During the show or segment, Bayless and another panelist discuss and debate ten items of significant sports news daily, with the full program ultimately divided into four segments, termed, as in American football, whence comes also the program's title, downs. Viewer e-mail is often read at the beginning of each segment and incorporated into discussion.
Crawford joined ESPN as co-host of Cold Pizza in 2003 having previously served as director of sports programming at WFTS-TV in Tampa, Florida. Paige, having frequently been a panelist on ESPN's Around the Horn while on the staff of the Denver Post, for which he had worked for more than thirty years, left the Post in 2004 to become a full-time employee of ESPN; however, he left the show on November 28, 2006, to return to the Post. Bayless, formerly a columnist for the Dallas Morning News, Miami Herald, and San Jose Mercury News, also left print journalism to join ESPN in 2004.
Since Paige left the show in December 2006 to return to Denver, Colorado, Bayless has been joined by a different guest panelist, whose run on the show has usually lasted for a week. The change affects both the main and spin-off programs. When the move to Bristol was originally announced, Bayless was no longer to be a regular on the show. Instead, he was to be part of a rotating group that will also include Patrick McEnroe, Stephen A. Smith, and Jemele Hill. However, Bayless has continued to be on the show every day since the move (except for vacation periods), and the basic format has not changed.
On August 11, 2008, the show moved to ESPN2 because ESPN unveiled its new live SportsCenter block in the mid-morning and afternoon.
In August 2011, parent show First Take underwent a drastic format change. Gone were the 1st and 10 segments, replaced with a more pronounced role for Skip Bayless. The show greatly increased the amount of debate segments, dropping the 1st and 10 name altogether and using the First Take name throughout.
In August 2011, ESPN rolled out a 1st and 10 podcast, featuring all of the debate topics condensed into a downloadable audio file. On September 13, 2011, the podcast was renamed the First Take podcast, effectively rendering 1st and 10 defunct.
Comparisons to other ESPN talk shows
The show was similar in format to ESPN's other afternoon sports talk programs Jim Rome Is Burning, Around the Horn, and Pardon the Interruption.
What made the show different from others was its use of two panelists who talk about topics without any scoring system (as on Horn) or set amount of time given to a topic (PTI). Also, there are no "theme" segments or interviews with athletes and celebrities (several of the other shows), nor do either of the panelists face "elimination" at the end of a segment (also a feature of Horn).
Guest panelists
Since Paige's departure
(In order of debut appearance)
First appeared in 2006 or 2007
Roy S. Johnson, Sports Illustrated
Marty McNeal, Sacramento Bee
Mark Cannizzaro, New York Post
Jay Feely, NFL placekicker. He made his debut as a member of the New York Giants and has since played for the Miami Dolphins and New York Jets (current team in 2008).
Tony Massarotti, Boston Herald
2 Live Stews (Doug and Ryan Stewart)
Ray Buchanan, former NFL cornerback and Cold Pizza contributor
Patrick McEnroe, former tennis pro and current TV analyst
Chris Broussard, NBA beat writer for ESPN The Magazine
Rob Parker, Detroit News
Pat Forde, ESPN.com
Kordell Stewart, former NFL quarterback
Greg Anthony, ESPN NBA analyst
Tim Smith, New York Daily News
Damon Hack, The New York Times
Jemele Hill, ESPN.com
Lorenzo Neal, fullback for the San Diego Chargers
Howard Bryant, The Washington Post
Gene Wojciechowski, ESPN.com/ESPN The Magazine
Jeffri Chadiha, ESPN The Magazine
Jalen Rose, shooting guard for the NBA's Phoenix Suns
Donnie Wahlberg, actor
Lomas Brown, former NFL offensive tackle (once by himself, once in a joint appearance with Buchanan)
Doug Gottlieb, ESPN college basketball analyst
Jason Smith, ESPN Radio overnight host
Sean Salisbury, former NFL quarterback and ESPN NFL analyst
LZ Granderson, ESPN The Magazine
Marcellus Wiley, former NFL defensive lineman
First appeared or returned in 2008
Shaun King, former NFL quarterback
Donovan McNabb, Philadelphia Eagles quarterback
Israel Gutierrez, Miami Herald
Erik Kuselias, ESPN Radio
Scoop Jackson, ESPN.com
Marcos Bretón, Sacramento Bee
Damon Jones, NBA free agent guard; Jones was traded from the Cleveland Cavaliers to the Milwaukee Bucks only hours after his debut in July 2008, then was granted his release on September 29
Bobby Carpenter, Dallas Cowboys linebacker
Cris Carter, former NFL wide receiver
Jamal Anderson, former NFL running back
Nelly, rapper
First appeared in 2009
Lil Wayne, rapper
Nelly, rapper
Chad Ochocinco, NFL wide receiver
Bow Wow, rapper
Andre Iguodala, NBA Player
Stephen Bardo, former college basketball player for the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and current ESPN analyst, author and motivational speaker
Jean-Jacques Taylor, columnist for the Dallas Morning News
Wale, rapper
After 2009
Terrell Suggs, NFL Outside Linebacker, Baltimore Ravens
Mark Cuban, Owner of NBA Team Dallas Mavericks
Before Paige's departure
Doug Gottlieb
Stephen A. Smith
Erik Kuselias
Michael Irvin
References
External links
ESPN.tv show page
2003 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2000s American television talk shows
2010s American television talk shows
ESPN original programming
ESPN2 original programming
American sports television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20and%2010%20%282003%20TV%20series%29 |
Sanare is a major city and the seat of government in the municipality of Andrés Eloy Blanco in Lara State, Venezuela. Andrés Eloy Blanco is further subdivided into three parishes: Pio Tamayo (in which Sanare is the main city), Yacambú, and La Quebrada Honda del Guache. Sanare was founded in 1620 by the friar Dominico Melchor Ponce de Leon following the orders of the governor Don Francisco de la Hoz Berrio [disputed statement].
Sanare experiences a sub-humid climate, with an average rainfall of 1,680 mm annually and an average yearly temperature of 68 °F. Sanare is situated at 1,357 m above the sea level.
Sanare has a population of 39,052 and a population density of 55.90 inhabitants/km2. Approximately 45.9% of the population is less than 15 years old.
The local economy is driven by agriculture. The most significant crop is coffee. Other crops include potatoes, black beans, corn, and strawberries.
Cities in Lara (state)
Populated places established in 1620
1620 establishments in the Spanish Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanare%2C%20Venezuela |
No. 622 Squadron RAF is a reserve aircrew squadron of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force. During World War II, it operated as a bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force. Post-war it served shortly as a transport squadron in the RAuxAF.
History
World War II
No. 622 Squadron was first formed at RAF Mildenhall in Suffolk on 10 August 1943, equipped with
Stirling Mk.III bombers, as part of 3 Group in Bomber Command.
It re-equipped with Lancaster Mk.III bombers in December, after briefly operating Lancaster Mk.Is that month. It operated in Bomber Command's Main Force as part of No 3 Group until April 1945 when it moved to humanitarian duties dropping food to the Dutch (Operation Manna), repatriating POWs (Operation Exodus) and ferrying troops home from Italy. The Squadron was disbanded at Mildenhall on 15 August 1945.
1950 to 1953
Unlike many of its contemporaries 622 Squadron was reformed post-war as a Royal Auxiliary Air Force transport squadron at RAF Blackbushe on 15 December 1950. It now operated Valettas and consisted of a nucleus of regular officers who would be supplemented by personnel drawn from locally-based air charter operator Airwork Ltd. This arrangement proved to be unsuccessful however, and the squadron was disbanded on 30 September 1953.
Current role
Originally formed as 1359 Flight RAF, it was attached to a Hercules OCU (Operational Conversion Unit), based at RAF Lyneham in Wiltshire in 1994 for a 3-year trial period. After the success of the trial, its role expanded over the years to provide aircrews to all air transport and air-to-air refuelling aircraft of the RAF. It moved to RAF Brize Norton in 2011. On 1 October 2012, in recognition of its continued work with the main squadrons, the flight was authorised by the Standing Committee of the Royal Air Force to be rebadged as 622 (Reserve Aircrew) Squadron.
According to its website, the mission statement is as follows:
Aircraft operated
Squadron bases
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
622 Squadron entry at RAF's official site
No. 622 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
Squadron histories and more for nos. 621–650 sqn on RAFWeb
Bomber squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
622 Squadron
Squadrons of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20622%20Squadron%20RAF |
Daniel Robert Clapton (22 July 1934 – 16 June 1986) was an English footballer.
Born in Stepney, London, Clapton first started out as an amateur with Leytonstone before joining Arsenal in August 1953. He made his debut in a 1–0 win over Chelsea on 25 December 1954, and by the end of the 1954-55 he was Arsenal's first choice right-winger, taking Arthur Milton's place. He became a near ever-present for Arsenal for the next four seasons (aside from 1957-58, where he was out injured for a third of the season), helping Arsenal to third place in 1958-59, their highest league position in six years.
Clapton was also called up for England, playing a solitary international match against Wales on 26 November 1958 at Villa Park, which finished 2-2. Arsenal played a friendly match later that day against Juventus at Highbury, and Clapton played in that match as well, alongside teammate Jack Kelsey, who earlier in the day had been in goal for Wales.
After Arsenal signed Jackie Henderson and Alan Skirton, Clapton had to be content with sharing the right wing position in 1959-60 and 1960-61. Arsenal then signed Johnny MacLeod in the summer of 1961, and Clapton lost his place in the side altogether (only playing five matches in 1961-62) and was sold to Luton Town in September 1962. In all he played 225 matches for Arsenal, scoring 27 goals.
Clapton's spell at Luton was uneventful; he later moved to Australia to play for Sydney side Corinthians. He returned to England in 1970 and later ran a pub in Hackney. His younger brother Denis was also a footballer, but never achieved the same success, making only five league appearances for Arsenal and Northampton Town. He died aged 51, in 1986.
References
1934 births
1986 deaths
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Men's association football wingers
Arsenal F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
English Football League players
English Football League representative players
Leytonstone F.C. players
Footballers from Stepney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Clapton |
Lionel Sebastián Scaloni (, Rioplatense: ; born 16 May 1978) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player who currently coaches the Argentina national team. A versatile player, he operated as a right-back or right midfielder.
Born in Pujato, Santa Fe, Scaloni debuted as a player for Newell's Old Boys in 1995. He spent most of his professional career in Spain, mainly at Deportivo de La Coruña, with whom he won the 1999–2000 Spanish league title and the 2001–02 Copa del Rey; in total, he amassed 258 games and 15 goals over 12 seasons in La Liga with three different teams. He also played for several years in Italy, with Lazio and Atalanta, before retiring in 2015. Internationally, he played for Argentina at under-20 level, and made his debut for the senior team in 2003; he won seven caps for the team between 2003 and 2006, and was part of their 2006 World Cup squad.
Scaloni became a manager in 2016, starting as an assistant at Sevilla and Argentina's under-20 team. In 2018, he was named the outright manager of the under-20 team, and was chosen to lead the Argentina senior team later that year. With the senior team, he guided them to third place at his first international tournament, the 2019 Copa América, in Brazil. He won the 2021 edition, Argentina's first such honour in 28 years, and then beat Italy in the 2022 Finalissima. Thereafter, the Scaloni-led national team won their third World Cup title, the first since 1986, in 2022 in Qatar.
Playing career
Club
Early years and Deportivo
Born in the small town of Pujato in Santa Fe Province, with Italian origins from Ascoli Piceno, Marche, Scaloni began his career in the Argentine Primera División with local club Newell's Old Boys and then Estudiantes de La Plata, before joining Spain's Deportivo de La Coruña in December 1997 for 405 million pesetas.
Regularly used with the Galicians over an eight-and-a-half-year stint, he competed with Manuel Pablo and Víctor for both starting spots on the right flank. Due to a knee injury, he appeared in only 14 La Liga matches as Depor won the title for the first time.
After falling out with manager Joaquín Caparrós, Scaloni joined Premier League side West Ham United on loan on 31 January 2006, the final day of the transfer window, in an attempt to increase his chance of selection for the upcoming World Cup. He took the number 2 shirt from the departed Tomáš Řepka, and made his league debut for the East Londoners against Sunderland, on 4 February; he also helped the team to reach the FA Cup final, a penalty shootout loss to Liverpool.
Racing Santander
Scaloni left West Ham after a permanent move could not be agreed. Deportivo released him on 1 September 2006 alongside Diego Tristán, one day after the close of the summer transfer window.
However, due to the fact there were no limitations for free agents, two weeks later Scaloni signed a one-year contract at Racing de Santander, The Cantabrians subsequently finished in mid table. He appeared – and started – in both games against his former club, both ending in 0–0 draws.
Italy
On 30 June 2007, Scaloni moved to S.S. Lazio in Italy's Serie A on a five-year deal. In January of the following year he returned to Spain, on loan to RCD Mallorca for 18 months; subsequently, he returned to Rome, where he was rarely used for the following three seasons.
At age 35, Scaloni joined Atalanta B.C. in January 2013. He was released at the end of the campaign, but re-signed after failing to find a new club.
International
After making his debut for Argentina on 30 April 2003 in a friendly game with Libya, Scaloni was a surprise selection for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, taking the place of veteran Javier Zanetti who also played as a right wing-back. His only appearance of the tournament was the 2–1 extra time win against Mexico in the round of 16, on 24 June 2006 at the Zentralstadion, which he started and finished.
Coaching career
Assistant
On 11 October 2016, Scaloni joined compatriot Jorge Sampaoli's coaching staff at Sevilla. The following June, when the latter was appointed as the new national team boss, he was again named as his assistant.
Argentina
After Argentina's failure at the World Cup in Russia, Scaloni and Pablo Aimar were named caretaker managers until the end of the year. In November 2018, the former was confirmed in the post until the following June when the 2019 Copa América was due to take place. This decision unleashed a wave of criticism against Scaloni's appointment, including from legendary footballer Diego Maradona, who criticized the move for appointing an "unqualified" and inexperienced person in charge. Scaloni's appointment, at the time, was also seen as an offence against the national team due to the lack of consultation with other experienced managers at the time and the AFA was blamed for having no strategy regarding the appointment.
In the 2019 Copa América, he led the side to third place in Brazil, but not in the style fans expected as Argentina struggled to advance further in the tournament. The poor performance on Argentina's way to the third place finish ultimately released a new wave of criticism against Scaloni appointment due to Argentina's inability to win the tournament despite expectation, and Scaloni's inadequate and inconsistent tactical performances. Despite calls to sack Scaloni, however, the AFA opted to extend Scaloni's contract until 2022, as AFA saw Scaloni's third place finish acceptable.
Scaloni led Argentina to the 2021 Copa América title after defeating Brazil who were once again the hosts (1–0), helping them to win their first trophy in 28 years. In November that year, he was nominated for The Best FIFA Football Coach Award, but did not make the final three shortlist.
On 1 June 2022, Scaloni's Argentina won the 2022 Finalissima after defeating European champions Italy 3–0 at Wembley Stadium. On 16 November, Argentina beat the United Arab Emirates 5–0 in a friendly World Cup warm-up game ahead of the World Cup extending their unbeaten run to 36 matches, just one shy of Italy's record of 37.
On 22 November, Scaloni's side lost 2–1 to Saudi Arabia in their opening group stage match of the World Cup in Qatar ending their unbeaten run of 36 matches; the result was considered by Gracenote statistically the greatest upset in the history of the tournament. Nevertheless, they made it into the knockout stages after recording wins over Mexico (2–0) and Poland (also 2–0). Argentina then overcame Australia (2–1) in the round of 16, and advanced over the Netherlands in the quarter-finals with a penalty shoot-out victory, following which Scaloni defended his team after controversy surrounding the fights and tension between Argentine and Dutch players during the ill-tempered shoot-out. After beating Croatia 3–0 in the semi-finals, the nation reached the final for the second time in eight years. He then led Argentina to their third FIFA World Cup title in the final against France, with the Argentine team winning via a 4–2 penalty shoot-out after the match had ended in 3–3 after extra time. The triumph meant Lionel Scaloni has become the youngest manager since 1978, and the fourth youngest manager to win the World Cup, which, coincidentally, were both achieved by Argentine compatriot César Luis Menotti. Scaloni was recognised as the best men's national coach in the world in 2022 by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS). He was also honoured with The Best FIFA Men's Coach for 2022. Scaloni's success in guiding the national team of Argentina to victory was widely seen as a shock, due to the fact that Scaloni suffered from consistent opposition against his appointment when he was first offered the job in 2018. Due to this shocking conquest by a manager deemed as too inexperienced for the job, Scaloni was also referred for having "Midas' touch", named after the ancient Greek mythological character Midas.
Personal life
Scaloni's older brother, Mauro, also played at Deportivo, but never made it beyond its reserve team. He and his wife Elisa Montero have two sons, Ian and Noah.
In April 2019, Scaloni was run over while cycling in Calvià in Majorca. Some media initially reported him to be in serious condition, but he was discharged a few hours later.
Career statistics
International
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
Deportivo La Coruña
La Liga: 1999–2000
Copa del Rey: 2001–02
Supercopa de España: 2000, 2002
West Ham United
FA Cup runner-up: 2005–06
Argentina U20
FIFA World Youth Championship: 1997
Manager
Argentina U20
2018 COTIF Tournament
Argentina
FIFA World Cup: 2022
Copa América: 2021; third place: 2019
CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions: 2022
Individual
IFFHS Men's World's Best National Coach: 2022
The Best FIFA Men's Coach: 2022
South American Coach of the Year: 2022
Panchina d'Oro: 2023
See also
List of Argentina national football team managers
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Argentine people of Italian descent
Argentine men's footballers
Footballers from Santa Fe, Argentina
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Argentine Primera División players
Newell's Old Boys footballers
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
La Liga players
Deportivo de La Coruña players
Racing de Santander players
RCD Mallorca players
Premier League players
West Ham United F.C. players
Serie A players
SS Lazio players
Atalanta BC players
Argentina men's under-20 international footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in England
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Argentine football managers
Argentina national under-20 football team managers
Argentina national football team managers
2019 Copa América managers
2021 Copa América managers
2022 FIFA World Cup managers
FIFA World Cup-winning managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20Scaloni |
Malabar rites is a conventional term for certain customs or practices of the natives of South India, which the Jesuit missionaries allowed their Indian neophytes to retain after conversion but which were afterwards prohibited by Rome.
The missions concerned are not those of the coast of southwestern India, to which the name Malabar coast properly belongs, but rather those of nearby inner South India, especially those of the former Hindu "kingdoms" of Madurai, Mysore and the Carnatic.
Origins
The question of Malabar Rites originated in the method followed by the Jesuit mission, since the beginning of the seventeenth century, in evangelizing those countries. The prominent feature of that method was an accommodation to the manners and customs of the people to be converted. Enemies of the Jesuits claim that, in Madura, Mysore and the Karnatic, the Jesuits either accepted for themselves or permitted to their neophytes such practices as they knew to be idolatrous or superstitious. Others reject the claim as unjust and absurd and say that the claim is tantamount to asserting that these men, whose intelligence, at least, was never questioned, were so stupid as to jeopardize their own salvation to save others and to endure infinite hardships to establish among the Hindus a corrupt and sham Christianity.
The popes, while disapproving of some usages hitherto considered inoffensive or tolerable by the missionaries, never charged them with having knowingly adulterated the purity of religion. One of them, who had observed the "Malabar Rites" for seventeen years previous to his martyrdom, was conferred by the Church the honour of beatification. The process for the beatification of Father John de Britto was going on at Rome during the hottest period of the controversy over these "Rites", and the adversaries of the Jesuits asserted that beatification to be impossible because it would amount to approving the "superstitions and idolatries" maintained by the missioners of Madura. Still, the cause progressed, and Benedict XIV, on 2 July 1741, declared "that the rites in question had not been used, as among the Gentiles, with religious significance, but merely as civil observances, and that therefore they were no obstacle to bringing forward the process". The mere enumeration of the Decrees by which the question was decided shows how perplexing it was and how difficult the solution. It was concluded that there was no reason to view the "Malabar rites", as practised generally in those missions, in any other light and that the good faith of the missionaries in tolerating the native customs should not be contested; but on the other hand, they erred in carrying this toleration too far.
Father de Nobili's work
The founder of the missions of the interior of South India, Roberto de Nobili, was born in Rome, in 1577, of a noble family from Montepulciano, which numbered among many distinguished relatives the celebrated Cardinal Roberto Bellarmine. When nineteen years of age, he entered the Society of Jesus. After a few years, he requested his superiors to send him to the missions of India. He embarked at Lisbon, 1604, and in 1606 was serving his apostolic apprenticeship in South India, where Christianity was then flourishing on the coasts. It is well known that St Francis Xavier baptized many thousands there, and from the apex of the Indian triangle the faith spread along both sides, especially on the west, the Malabar coast. But the interior of the vast peninsula remained almost untouched. The Apostle of the Indies himself recognized the insuperable opposition of the "Brahmins and other noble castes inhabiting the interior" to the preaching of the Gospel. Yet his disciples were not sparing of endeavours. A Portuguese Jesuit, Gonsalvo Fernandes, had resided in the city of Madura fully fourteen years, having obtained leave of the king to stay there to watch over the spiritual needs of a few Christians from the coast; and, though a zealous and pious missionary, he had not succeeded, within that long space of time, in making one convert. This painful state of things Nobili witnessed in 1606, when together with his superior, the Provincial of Malabar, he paid a visit to Fernandes. At once his keen eye perceived the cause and the remedy.
It was evident that a deep-rooted aversion to the foreign preachers hindered the Hindus of the interior, not only from accepting the Gospel, but even from listening to its message. The aversion was not to the foreigner, but the Prangui. This name, with which the natives of India designed the Portuguese, conveyed to their minds the idea of an infamous and abject class of men, with whom no Hindu could have any intercourse without degrading himself to the lowest ranks of the population. Now the Prangui were abominated because they violated the most respected customs of India, by eating beef, and indulging in wine and spirits; but much as all well-bred Hindus abhorred those things, they felt more disgusted at seeing the Portuguese, irrespective of any distinction of caste, treat freely with the lowest classes, such as the pariahs, who in the eyes of their countrymen of the higher castes, are nothing better than the vilest animals. Accordingly, since Fernandes was known to be a Portuguese, that is a Prangui, and besides was seen living habitually with the men of the lowest caste, the religion he preached, no less than himself, had to share the contempt and execration attending his neophytes, and made no progress whatever among the better classes. To become acceptable to all, Christianity must be presented to all, Christianity must be presented in quite another way. While Nobili thought over his plan, probably the example just set by his countryman Matteo Ricci, in China, stood before his mind. At all events, he started from the same principle, resolving to become, after the motto of St Paul, all things to all men, and a Hindu to the Hindus, as far as might be lawful.
Having ripened his design by thorough meditation and by conferring with his superiors, Francisco Ros, the Archbishop of Cranganore, and the provincial of Malabar, who both approved and encouraged his resolution, Nobili began his career by re-entering Madura in the dress of the saniassy (Hindu ascetics). He never tried to make believe that he was a native of India; else he would have deserved the name of impostor; with which he has sometimes been unjustedly branded; but he availed himself of the fact that he was not a Portuguese, to deprecate the opprobrious name Prangui. He introduced himself as a Roman raja (prince), desirous of living at Madura in practising penance, in praying and studying the sacred law. He carefully avoided meeting with Father Fernandes and took his lodging in a solitary abode in the Brahmins' quarter obtained from the benevolence of a high officer. At first he called himself a raja, but soon he changed this title for that of brahmin (Hindu priest), better suited to his aims: the rajas and other kshatryas, the second of the three high castes, formed the military class; but intellectual avocations were almost monopolized by the Brahmins. They held from time immemorial the spiritual if not the political government of the nation, and were the arbiters of what the others ought to believe, to revere, and to adore. Yet they were in no ways a priestly caste; they were possessed of no exclusive right to perform functions of a religious nature. Nobili remained for a long time shut up in his dwelling, after the custom of Indian penitents, living on rice, milk, and herbs with water. Once a day he received attendance but only from Brahmin servants. Curiosity could not fail to be raised, and all the more as the foreign saniassy was very slow in satisfying it. When, after two or three refusals, he admitted visitors, the interview was conducted according to the strictest rules of Hindu etiquette. Nobili charmed his audience by the perfection with which he spoke their own language, Tamil; by the quotations of famous Indian authors with which he interspersed his discourse, and above all, by the fragments of native poetry which he recited or even sang with exquisite skill.
Having thus won a benevolent hearing, he proceeded step by step on his missionary task, labouring first to set right the ideas of his auditors with respect to natural truth concerning God, the soul, etc., and then instilling by degrees the dogmas of the Christian faith. He took advantage also of his acquaintance with the books revered by the Hindus as sacred and divine. These he contrived, the first of all Europeans, to read and study in the Sanskrit originals. For this purpose he had engaged a reputed Brahmin teacher, with whose assistance and by the industry of his own keen intellect and felicitous memory he gained such a knowledge of this recondite literature as to strike the native doctors with amazement, very few of them feeling themselves capable of vying with him on the point. In this way also he was enabled to find in the Vedas many truths which he used in testimony of the doctrine he preached. By this method, and no less by the prestige of his pure and austere life, the missionary had soon dispelled the distrust. Before the end of 1608, he conferred baptism on several persons conspicuous for nobility and learning. While he obliged his neophytes to reject all practices involving superstition or savouring in any wise of idolatrous worship, he allowed them to keep their national customs, in as far as these contained nothing wrong and referred to merely political or civil usages. Accordingly, Nobili's disciples continued for example, wearing the dress proper to each one's caste; the Brahmins retaining their codhumbi (tuft of hair) and cord (cotton string slung over the left shoulder); all adorning as before, their foreheads with sandalwood paste, etc. yet, one condition was laid on them, namely, that the cord and sandal, if once taken with any superstitious ceremony, be removed and replaced by others with a special benediction, the formula of which had been sent to Nobili by the Archbishop of Cranganore.
While the missionary was winning more and more esteem, not only for himself, but also for the Gospel, even among those who did not receive it, the fanatical ministers and votaries of the national gods, whom he was going to supplant, could not watch his progress quietly. By their assaults, indeed, his work was almost unceasingly impeded, and barely escaped ruin on several occasions; but he held his ground in spite of calumny, imprisonment, menaces of death and all kinds of ill-treatment. In April, 1609, the flock which he had gathered around him was too numerous for his chapel and required a church; and the labour of the ministry had become so crushing that he entreated the provincial to send him a companion. At that point a storm fell on him from an unexpected place. Fernandes, the missioner already mentioned, may have felt no mean jealousy, when seeing Nobili succeed so happily where he had been so powerless; but certainly he proved unable to understand or to appreciate the method of his colleague; probably, also, as he had lived perforce apart from the circles among which the latter was working, he was never well informed of his doings. However, that may be, Fernandes directed to the superiors of the Jesuits in India and at Rome a lengthy report, in which he charged Nobili with simulation, in declining the name of Prangui; with connivance at idolatry, in allowing his neophytes to observe customs, such as wearing the insignia of castes; lastly, with schismatical proceeding, in dividing the Christians into separate congregations. This denunciation at first caused an impression highly unfavourable to Nobili. Influenced by the account of Fernandes, the provincial of Malabar (Father Laerzio, who had always countenanced Nobili, had then left that office), the Visitor of the India Missions and even the General of the Society at Rome sent severe warnings to the missionary innovator. Cardinal Bellarmine, in 1612, wrote to his relative, expressing the grief he felt on hearing of his unwise conduct.
Things changed as soon as Nobili, being informed of the accusation, could answer it on every point. By oral explanations, in the assemblies of missionaries and theologians at Cochin and at Goa, and by an elaborate memoir, which he sent to Rome, he justified the manner in which he had presented himself to the Brahmins of Madura. He then showed that the national customs he allowed his converts to keep were such as had no religious meaning. The latter point, the crux of the question, he elucidated by numerous quotations from the authoritative Sanskrit law-books of the Hindus. Moreover, he procured affidavits of one hundred and eight Brahmins, from among the most learned in Madura, all endorsing his interpretation of the native practices. He acknowledged that the infidels used to associate those practices with superstitious ceremonies; but, he observed,
"these ceremonies belong to the mode, not to the substance of the practices; the same difficulty may be raised about eating, drinking, marriage, etc., for the heathens mix their ceremonies with all their actions. It suffices to do away with the superstitious ceremonies, as the Christians do".
As to schism, he denied having caused any such thing:
"he had founded a new Christianity, which never could have been brought together with the older: the separation of the churches had been approved by the Archbishop of Cranganore; and it precluded neither unity of faith nor Christian charity, for his neophytes used to greet kindly those of F. Fernandes. Even on the coast there are different churches for different castes, and in Europe the places in the churches are not common for all."
Nobili's apology was effectually seconded by the Archbishop of Cranganore, who, as he had encouraged the first steps of the missionary, continued to stand firmly by his side, and pleaded his cause warmly at Goa before the archbishop, as well as at Rome. Thus the learned and zealous primate of India, Alexis de Menezes, though a synod held by him had prohibited the Brahmin cord, was won over to the cause of Nobili. His successor, Christopher de Sa, remained almost the only opponent in India.
At Rome the explanations of Nobili, of the Archbishop of Cranganore, and of the chief Inquisitor of Goa brought about a similar effect. In 1614 and 1615 Cardinal Bellarmine and the General of the Jesuit Society wrote again to the missionary, declaring themselves fully satisfied. At last, after the usual examination by the Holy See, on 31 January 1623, Gregory XV, by his Apostolic Letter "Romanae Sedis Antistes", decided the question provisionally in favour of Father de Nobili. Accordingly, the codhumbi, the cord, the sandal, and the baths were permitted to the Indian Christians, "until the Holy See provide otherwise"; only certain conditions are prescribed, in order that all superstitious admixture and all occasion of scandal may be averted. As to the separation of the castes, the pope confines himself to "earnestly entreating and beseeching (etiam atque etiam obtestamur et obsecramus) the nobles not to despise the lower people, especially in the churches, by hearing the Divine word and receiving the sacraments apart from them. Indeed, a strict order to this effect would have been tantamount to sentencing the new-born Christianity of Madura to death. The pope understood, no doubt, that the customs connected with the distinction of castes, being so deeply rooted in the ideas and habits of all Hindus, did not admit an abrupt suppression, even among the Christians. They were to be dealt with by the Church, as had been slavery, serfdom, and the like institutions of past times. The Church never attacked directly those inveterate customs; but she inculcated meekness, humility, charity, love of the Saviour who suffered and gave His life for all, and by this method slavery, serfdom, and other social abuses were slowly eradicated.
While imitating this wise indulgence to the feebleness of new converts, Father de Nobili took much care to inspire his disciples with the feelings becoming true Christians towards their humbler brethren. At the very outset of his preaching, he insisted on making all understand that
"religion was by no means dependent on caste; indeed it must be one for all, the true God being one for all; although [he added] unity of religion destroys not the civil distinction of the castes nor the lawful privileges of the nobles".
Explaining then the commandment of charity, he inculcated that it extended to the pariahs as well as others, and he exempted nobody from the duties it imposes; but he might rightly tell his neophytes that, for example, visiting pariahs or other of low caste at their houses, treating them familiarly, even kneeling or sitting by them in the church, concerned perfection rather than the precept of charity, and that accordingly such actions could be omitted without any fault, at least where they involved so grave a detriment as degradation from the higher caste. Of this principle the missionaries had a right to make use for themselves. Indeed, charity required more from the pastors of souls than from others; yet not in such a way that they should endanger the salvation of the many to relieve the needs of the few. Therefore, Nobili, at the beginning of his apostolate, avoided all public intercourse with the lower castes; but he failed not to minister secretly even to pariahs. In the year 1638, there were at Tiruchirapalli (Trichinopoly) several hundred Christian pariahs, who had been secretly taught and baptized by the companions of Nobili. About this time he devised a means of assisting more directly the lower castes, without ruining the work begun among the higher.
Besides the Brahmin saniassy, there was another grade of Hindu ascetics, called pandaram, enjoying less consideration than the Brahmins, but who were allowed to deal publicly with all castes. They were not excluded from relations with the higher castes. On the advice of Nobili, the superiors of the mission with the Archbishop of Cranganore resolved that henceforward there should be two classes of missionaries, the Brahmin and the pandaram. Father Balthasar da Costa was the first, in 1540, who took the name and habit of pandaram, under which he effected a large number of conversions, of others as well as of pariahs. Nobili had then three Jesuit companions. After the comforting decision of Rome, he had hastened to extend his preaching beyond the town of Madura, and the Gospel spread by degrees over the whole interior of South India. In 1646, exhausted by forty-two years of toiling and suffering, he was constrained to retire, first to Jafnapatam in Ceylon, then to Mylapore, where he died 16 January 1656. He left his mission in full progress. To give some idea of its development, note that the superiors, writing to the General of the Society, about the middle and during the second half of the seventeenth century, record an annual average of five thousand conversions, the number never being less than three thousand a year even when the missioners' work was most hindered by persecution. At the end of the seventeenth century, the total number of Christians in the mission, founded by Nobili and still named Madura mission, though embracing, besides Madura, Mysore, Marava, Tanjore, Gingi, etc., is described as exceeding 150,000. Yet the number of the missionaries never went beyond seven, assisted however by many native catechists.
The Madura mission belonged to the Portuguese assistance of the Society of Jesus, but it was supplied with men from all provinces of the Order. Thus, for example, Father Beschi (c. 1710–1746), who won respect from the Hindus, heathen and Christian, for his writings in Tamil, was an Italian, as the founder of the mission had been. In the last quarter of the seventeenth century, the French Father John Venantius Bouchet worked for twelve years in Madura, chiefly at Trichinopoly, during which time he baptized about 20,000 infidels. The catechumens, in these parts of India, were admitted to baptism only after a long and a careful preparation. Indeed, the missionary accounts of the time bear frequent witness to the very commendable qualities of these Christians, their fervent piety, their steadfastness in the sufferings they often had to endure for religion's sake, their charity towards their brethren, even of lowest castes, their zeal for the conversion of pagans. In the year 1700 Father Bouchet, with a few other French Jesuits, opened a new mission in the Karnatic, north of the River Kaveri. Like their Portuguese colleagues of Madura, the French missionaries of the Karnatic were very successful, in spite of repeated and almost continual persecutions by the idolaters. Moreover, several of them became particularly conspicuous for the extensive knowledge they acquired of the literature and sciences of ancient India. From Father Coeurdoux the French Academicians learned the common origin of the Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin languages; to the initiative of Nobili and to the endeavours of his followers in the same line is due the first disclosure of a new intellectual world in India. The first original documents, enabling the learned to explore that world, were drawn from their hiding-places in India, and sent in large numbers to Europe by the same missionaries. But the Karnatic mission had hardly begun when it was disturbed by the revival of the controversy, which the decision of Gregory XV had set at rest for three quarters of a century.
The Decree of Tournon
This second phase, which was much more eventful and noisy than the first, originated in Pondicherry. Since the French had settled at that place, the spiritual care of the colonists was in the hands of the Capuchin Fathers, who were also working for the conversion of the natives. With a view to forwarding the latter work, the Bishop of Mylapore or San Thome, to whose jurisdiction Pondicherry belonged, resolved, in 1699, to transfer it entirely to the Jesuits of the Karnatic mission, assigning to them a parochial church in the town and restricting the ministry of the Capuchins to the European immigrants, French or Portuguese. The Capuchins were displeased by this arrangement and appealed to Rome. The petition they laid before the Pope, in 1703, embodied not only a complaint against the division of parishes made by the Bishop, but also an accusation against the methods of the Jesuit mission in South India. Their claim on the former point was finally dismissed, but the charges were more successful. On 6 November 1703, Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon, a Piedmontese prelate, Patriarch of Antioch, sent by Clement XI, with the power of legatus a latere, to visit the new Christian missions of the East Indies and especially China, landed at Pondicherry. Being obliged to wait there eight months for the opportunity of passing over to China, Tournon instituted an inquiry into the facts alleged by the Capuchins. He was hindered through sickness, as he himself stated, from visiting any part of the inland mission; in the town, besides the Capuchins, who had not visited the interior, he interrogated a few natives through interpreters; the Jesuits he consulted rather cursorily, it seems.
Less than eight months after his arrival in India, he considered himself justified in issuing a decree of vital import to the whole of the Christians of India. It consisted of sixteen articles concerning practices in use or supposed to be in use among the neophytes of Madura and the Karnatic; the legate condemned and prohibited these practices as defiling the purity of the faith and religion, and forbade the missionaries, on pain of heavy censures, to permit them any more. Though dated 23 June 1704, the decree was notified to the superiors of the Jesuits only on 8 July, three days before the departure of Tournon from Pondicherry. During the short time left, the missionaries endeavoured to make him understand on what imperfect information his degree rested, and that nothing less than the ruin of the mission was likely to follow from its execution. They succeeded in persuading him to take off orally the threat of censures appended, and to suspend provisionally the prescription commanding the missionaries to give spiritual assistance to the sick pariahs, not only in the churches, but in their dwellings.
Examination of the Malabar Rites at Rome
Tournon's decree, interpreted by prejudice and ignorance as representing, in the wrong practices if condemned, the real state of the India missions, affords to this day a much-used weapon against the Jesuits. At Rome it was received with reserve. Clement XI, who perhaps overrated the prudence of his zealous legate, ordered, in the Congregation of the Holy Office, on 7 January 1706, a provisional confirmation of the decree to be sent to him, adding that it should be executed "until the Holy See might provide otherwise, after having heard those who might have something to object". And meanwhile, by an oraculum vivae vocis granted to the procurator of the Madura mission, the pope decree, "in so far as the Divine glory and the salvation of souls would permit". The objections of the missionaries and the corrections they desired were propounded by several deputies and carefully examined at Rome, without effect, during the lifetime of Clement XI and during the short pontificate of his successor Innocent XIII. Benedict XIII grappled with the case and even came to a decision, enjoining "on the bishops and missionaries of Madura, Mysore, and the Karnatic " the execution of Tournon's decree in all its parts (12 December 1727). Yet it is doubted whether that decision ever reached the mission, and Clement XII, who succeeded Benedict XIII, commanded the whole affair to be discussed anew. In four meetings held from 21 January to 6 September 1733, the cardinals of the Holy Office gave their final conclusions upon all the articles of Tournon's decree, declaring how each of them ought to be executed, or restricted and mitigated. By a Brief dated 24 August 1734, pope Clement XII sanctioned this resolution; moreover, on 13 May 1739, he prescribed an oath, by which every missionary should bind himself to obeying and making the neophytes obey exactly the Brief of 24 August 1734.
Many hard prescriptions of Tournon were mitigated by the regulation of 1734. As to the first article, condemning the omission of the use of saliva and breathing on the candidates for baptism, the missionaries, and the bishops of India with them, are rebuked for not having consulted the Holy See previously to that omission; yet, they are allowed to continue for ten years omitting these ceremonies, to which the Hindus felt so strangely loath. Other prohibitions or precepts of the legate are softened by the additions of a Quantum fieri potest, or even replaced by mere counsels or advices. In the sixth article, the taly, "with the image of the idol Pulleyar", is still interdicted, but the Congregation observes that "the missionaries say they never permitted wearing of such a taly". Now this observation seems pretty near to recognizing that possibly the prohibitions of the rather overzealous legate did not always hit upon existing abuses. And a similar conclusion might be drawn from several other articles, e.g. from the fifteenth, where we are told that the interdiction of wearing ashes and emblems after the manner of the heathen Hindus, ought to be kept, but in such a manner, it is added, "that the Constitution of Gregory XV of 31 January 1623, Romanae Senis Antistes, be observed throughout". By that Constitution, as we have already seen, some signs and ornaments, materially similar to those prohibited by Tournon, were allowed to the Christians, provided that no superstition whatever was mingled with their use. Indeed, as the Congregation of Propaganda explains in an Instruction sent to the Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry, 15 February 1792, "the Decree of Cardinal de Tournon and the Constitution of Gregory XV agree in this way, that both absolutely forbid any sign bearing even the least semblance of superstition, but allow those which are in general use for the sake of adornment, of good manners, and bodily cleanness, without any respect to religion".
The most difficult point retained was the twelfth article, commanding the missionaries to administer the sacraments to the sick pariahs in their dwellings, publicly. Though submitting dutifully to all precepts of the Vicar of Christ, the Jesuits in Madura could not but feel distressed, at experiencing how the last especially, made their apostolate difficult and even impossible amidst the upper classes of Hindus. At their request, Benedict XIV consented to try a new solution of the knotty problem, by forming a band of missionaries who should attend only to the care of the pariahs. This scheme became formal law through the Constitution "Omnium sollicitudinum", published 12 September 1744. Except this point, the document confirmed again the whole regulation enacted by Clement XII in 1734. The arrangement sanctioned by Benedict XIV benefited greatly the lower classes of Hindu neophytes; whether it worked also to the advantage of the mission at large, is another question, about which the reports are less comforting. Be that as it may, after the suppression of the Society of Jesus (1773), the distinction between Brahmin and pariah missionaries became extinct with the Jesuit missionaries. Henceforth conversions in the higher castes were fewer and fewer, and nowadays the Christian Hindus, for the most part, belong to the lower and lowest classes. The Jesuit missionaries, when re-entering Madura in the 1838, did not come with the dress of the Brahmin saniassy, like the founders of the mission; yet they pursued a design which Nobili had also in view, though he could not carry it out, as they opened their college of Negapatam, now at Trichinopoly. A wide breach has already been made into the wall of Brahminic reserve by that institution, where hundreds of Brahmins send their sons to be taught by the Catholic missionaries. Within recent years, about fifty of these young men have embraced the faith of their teachers, at the cost of rejection from their caste and even from their family; such examples are not lost on their countrymen, either of high or low caste.
Notes
Sources
Catholic Church in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar%20rites |
Legislative Council elections were held in Southern Rhodesia on 17 April 1899. They were the first elections to take place in the colony and followed the Southern Rhodesia Order in Council of 1898 which granted the colony a Legislative Council consisting of at least ten voting members: the Administrator of Southern Rhodesia ex officio, five members nominated by the British South Africa Company, and four members elected by registered voters. The Resident Commissioner of Southern Rhodesia, Sir Marshal James Clarke, also sat on the Legislative Council ex officio but without the right to vote.
Electoral system
The Order in Council did not set any of the regulations governing the election, which were left to the (acting) High Commissioner for Southern Africa to set the qualifications for voters and delimit the electoral districts, which happened in Proclamation no. 17 of 1898. The acting High Commissioner required voters to be British subjects, male, 21 years of age and older, able to write their address and occupation, and then to fulfil the following financial requirements: (a) ownership of a registered mining claim in Southern Rhodesia, or (b) occupying immovable property worth £75, or (c) receiving wages or salary of £50 per annum in Southern Rhodesia. Six months' continuous residence was also required for qualifications b and c. All voters were entered onto a common roll.
With only four members to be elected, the Acting High Commissioner decided to have two districts, Mashonaland and Matabeleland, each returning two members. The election was conducted under rules first set down for Cape Colony in 1892 with a secret ballot. No political parties were in existence at the time of the election so each candidate stood on their own record.
Results
By-election
William Fairbridge, defeated in Mashonaland, lodged an election petition after the declaration of the result, alleging that Raleigh Grey's election agents were involved in misconduct during the election. Before the hearing commenced, Grey resigned from the Council feeling that his presence was corrupted. The election court found that Grey's agents had indulged in bribery and 'treating' (providing free food and drink for voters) at a smoking concert, and invalidated his earlier election, but as Grey was no longer a member, this had no effect.
In the meantime, nominations for the byelection closed on August 21, 1899 and Grey was again nominated. With no other candidate in the field he was therefore returned unopposed.
Nominated members
The members nominated by the British South Africa Company were:
Mr Justice Joseph Vintcent, Senior Judge of the High Court (provisionally)
Sir Thomas Charles Scanlen KCMG, Legal Adviser
Joseph Millerd Orpen, Surveyor-General
Townshend Griffin, Commissioner of Mines and Public Works
Herbert Hayton Castens, Chief Secretary
Sir Thomas Scanlen stood down and was replaced by John Gilbert Kotzé, Attorney General, on August 9, 1900. Mr Justice Vintcent stood down and was replaced by Clarkson Henry Tredgold on June 28, 1901. Townshend Griffin was absent for a time and was replaced by James Hutchinson Kennedy on June 28, 1901.
References
Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia 1898-1962 ed. by F.M.G. Willson (Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1963)
Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964 by F.M.G. Willson and G.C. Passmore (Source Book no. 3, Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury, 1966)
Official Year Book of the Colony of Southern Rhodesia, No. 1 - 1924, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia
Southern Rhodesia
Elections in Southern Rhodesia
Legislative
Non-partisan elections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899%20Southern%20Rhodesian%20Legislative%20Council%20election |
Greenbrae is a small unincorporated community in Marin County, California. It is located south-southeast of downtown San Rafael, at an elevation of 33 feet (10 m), located adjacent to U.S. Route 101 at the opening of the Ross Valley. Part of Greenbrae is an unincorporated community of the county while the remaining area is inside the city limits of Larkspur. The ZIP code is 94904, and is shared with the neighboring Census-designated place (CDP) of Kentfield. The community is in area codes 415 and 628.
About
Predominantly composed of hillside and waterfront terrain, its homes and offices are known for their views of the San Francisco Bay, Corte Madera Creek, and Mount Tamalpais. "Brae" means a steep bank or hillside in dialects of Scotland and Northern Ireland; Greenbrae translates to "green hillside."
Greenbrae's neighborhoods are bordered by downtown Larkspur to the south, Larkspur Landing to the east, the unincorporated area of Kentfield to the west, and the city of San Rafael to the north. Straddling Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, its most frequented points of interest include Marin General Hospital and Bon Air Shopping Center.
It is in the Tamalpais Union High School District.
History
The developer of Greenbrae was Schultz Building Company, which included Niels Schultz and his son Niels Schultz, Jr. In 1946, the area of land was originally 635 acres of farmland and was purchased for development by the Archdiocese of San Francisco. Schultz built more than 1,000 homes, 1,500 apartments and dozens of businesses. When designing the neighborhood they focused on saving the local oak trees, design, housing setbacks, landscaped medians, and open areas.
Many years ago Larkspur annexed Greenbrae, as a result Greenbrae is sometimes referred to as a neighborhood within Larkspur.
Politics
In the state legislature, Greenbrae is in , and in .
Federally, Greenbrae is in .
Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Greenbrae has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.
Notable residents
Artists
Larry Sultan (1946–2009), photographer.
Entertainment
Les Crane (1933–2008), radio announcer and television talk show host.
Michael Krasny (born 1944), radio host.
Politicians and civil service
Barbara Boxer (born 1940), member of the United States Senate, she lived in Greenbrae until 2006.
S. I. Hayakawa (1906–1992), member of the United States Senate and president of San Francisco State University.
Gavin Newsom (born 1967), 40th Governor of California.
Sports
Buddy Biancalana (born 1960), baseball player, was born in Greenbrae.
Pete Carroll (born 1951), football coach raised in Greenbrae.
Wilt Chamberlain (1936–1999), basketball and volleyball player.
Chad Kreuter (born 1964), baseball player, born in Greenbrae.
Will Venable (born 1982), baseball player, born in Greenbrae.
Writers
Jack Finney (1911–1995), writer who died in Greenbrae shortly after completing his last novel.
Others
William Silverman (1917–2004), pediatrician who influenced the development of the neonatal intensive care unit.
In popular culture
Director Don Siegal filmed the final scenes from the 1971 movie Dirty Harry on East Sir Francis Drake Boulevard. After hijacking a school bus, "Scorpio" (Andy Robinson) drives into East Sir Francis Drake Boulevard at the Greenbrae interchange.
See also
List of people from Marin County, California
References
External links
Marin General Hospital
Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Marin County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbrae%2C%20California |
No. 619 Squadron RAF was a heavy bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, flying Lancaster bombers from bases in Lincolnshire.
History
The squadron was formed out of elements of 97 Squadron at RAF Woodhall Spa in Lincolnshire on 18 April 1943, equipped with Lancaster Mk.III bombers, as part of 5 Group in Bomber Command. It also flew Lancaster Mk.I bombers. Their first mission was flown in the night of 11 June 1943, when 12 Lancasters were sent to bomb targets in Düsseldorf, and the last bombing mission was flown on 25 April 1945, when 6 Lancasters tried to bomb Obersalzberg. The last operational mission was flown a day later, when 2 Lancasters laid mines in the Oslo Fjord near Horten. After that mission the squadron ferried ex-prisoners of war back to the United Kingdom from Belgium (Operation Exodus).
The squadron operated out of various Lincolnshire stations, before being disbanded at RAF Skellingthorpe on 18 July 1945.
Members of the squadron were awarded 1 DSO, 76 DFCs and 37 DFMs. The squadron was mentioned 10 times in despatches.
Aircraft operated
Squadron bases
Notable people
Charles Clarke: served as a bomb aimer, shot down in 1944, interned in Stalag Luft III, was a spotter and forger for the Great Escape, retired from RAF as an Air Commodore.
Nick Knilans: American who served with the squadron from 1943 to 1944, later served with No. 617 Squadron RAF (the "Dambusters")
Commanding officers
See also
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
No. 619 Squadron history
No. 619 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
No. 619 Squadron bases
Nos. 611 - 620 Squadron Histories
Bomber squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
619 Squadron
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20619%20Squadron%20RAF |
Flow Motion is the seventh studio album by German rock band Can. It was released in October 1976 and features the UK hit single "I Want More".
Recording and production
Recording sessions for what would become Flow Motion began at Can's Inner Space Studio in Cologne in the spring of 1976. Since their previous album Landed, the band had been recording on a state-of-the-art 16-track machine, which had changed the dynamics of the group and the way they recorded. Instead of playing everything live together, different members could now record their parts separately. This, and their embracing of rhythms (especially disco) on Flow Motion that were unpopular with rock music fans, is probably why the album was not as well received by fans and critics when it first appeared.
Flow Motion was mixed using "Artificial Head" binaural stereo.
The cover features a photograph taken by band member Michael Karoli.
Music
Throughout their career, Can had always experimented with a number of different rhythms. With Flow Motion, the band became more playful, adding disco and reggae to this list. Apart from the new rhythms, the influence of recording with 16 tracks meant there are multiple guitar lines from Michael Karoli, and Irmin Schmidt's keyboards also come to the fore, providing much of the shimmering and shiny atmosphere that is found throughout the album.
A disco vibe dominates the opening track "I Want More", which is short, catchy and danceable. The song was released as a single and became a hit, reaching number 26 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1976. The band even appeared on Top of the Pops to perform the song.
Reggae infuses most of the rest of the album, although Can experiments with rhythm and instrumentation, rather than playing it straight. This is exemplified on "Cascade Waltz", which combines a reggae beat with a waltz, and on "Laugh Till You Cry, Live Till You Die", which features guitarist Karoli playing the Turkic bağlama.
After the reprise of the opening track "...And More", which finished side one of the original vinyl album, side two opens with "Babylonian Pearl", which is evocative of "Come Sta, La Luna" on Soon Over Babaluma. The song's vocals are handled by Irmin Schmidt, and speak about a girl who "comes from a land where woman is man". This, and all of the other lyrics on this album, were written by Peter Gilmour, the band's live sound engineer.
The next song, the gloomy-sounding "Smoke (E.F.S. Nr. 59)", is more experimental, with Jaki Liebezeit's intense ethnic tom-tom beat driving the song forward.
Another experimental track, the lengthy and unrestrained "Flow Motion", closes the album.
Reception and influence
The more accessible nature of Flow Motion, and its flirtation with disco, meant this album was not well received at the time of its release. Many took affront to seeing the band playing disco, lip-synching and dancing to Top of the Pops, especially as rock fans generally hated disco in the 1970s.
Many fans felt that Can had abandoned its experimentation and innovation, with artists such as Brian Eno and David Bowie, being influenced by and taking krautrock into a new era. To put this in perspective, Bowie's Station to Station was released the same year as Flow Motion.
Flow Motion, however, has subsequently been re-assessed, with Magnet Magazine labelling it a "hidden gem" in 2012.
Track listing
Personnel
Can
Holger Czukay – bass, djin on "Smoke", backing vocals on "I Want More", "…And More" and "Smoke"
Michael Karoli – guitars, slide guitar, electric violin on "Cascade Waltz", bağlama on "Laugh Until You Cry", background noise on "Smoke", lead vocals on "Cascade Waltz" and "Laugh Until You Cry", backing vocals on "I Want More", "…And More" and "Flow Motion"
Jaki Liebezeit – drums, percussion, backing vocals on "I Want More", "…And More"
Irmin Schmidt – keyboard, Alpha 77, lead vocals on "Babylonian Pearl" and "I Want More" and "…And More"
Produced by Can. "Cascade Waltz" was produced by Can and Simon Puxley.
The album was recorded at Inner Space Studio, Weilerswist, near Cologne by Holger Czukay and René Tinner and was mixed by Manfred Schunke at Delta Acoustic Studio, Wilster, Germany.
References
1976 albums
Can (band) albums
Virgin Records albums
Binaural recordings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20Motion |
Eirin Faldet (born 5 January 1944 in Oslo) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hedmark in 1985, and has been re-elected on five occasions. She has served as Deputy President of the Storting since 2001. On the local level she was a member of Trysil municipal council from 1975 to 1978. Prior to entering politics she was a teacher and a social worker.
References
1944 births
Living people
Members of the Storting
Hedmark politicians
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Women members of the Storting
21st-century Norwegian politicians
21st-century Norwegian women politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirin%20Faldet |
Anything Goes is an album by Harpers Bizarre, released in 1967.
Two bonus tracks were added to the 2001 CD issue of this title: the 45 version of "Cotton Candy Sandman" by Kenny Rankin, and the theme to the TV series Malibu U by Don and Dick Addrisi.
The title track was used in the opening montage of the 1970 film The Boys in the Band.
Track listing
"(Intro) This Is Only the Beginning" (Ted Koehler, Harold Arlen)
"Anything Goes" (Cole Porter)
"Two Little Babes in the Wood" (Cole Porter)
"The Biggest Night of Her Life" (Randy Newman)
"Pocketful of Miracles" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen)
"Snow" (Randy Newman)
"Chattanooga Choo Choo" (Mack Gordon, Harry Warren)
"Hey You in the Crowd" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman)
"Louisiana Man" (Doug Kershaw)
"Milord" (Georges Moustaki, Marguerite Monnot)
"Virginia City" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman)
"Jessie" (Mike Gordon, Jimmy Griffin)
"You Need a Change" (David Blue)
"High Coin" (Van Dyke Parks)
References
1967 albums
Harpers Bizarre albums
Albums produced by Lenny Waronker
Warner Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anything%20Goes%20%28Harpers%20Bizarre%20album%29 |
No. 514 Squadron RAF (514 Sqn) was a bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.
History
Members of 514 Sqn were awarded 1 DSO, 84 DFCs, one Bar to the DFC and 26 DFMs.
514 Squadron was part of 3 Group, RAF Bomber Command. It operated between September 1943 and August 1945, initially from RAF Foulsham, and then, from December 1943 onward, from RAF Waterbeach in Cambridgeshire. 437 aircrew were killed flying with the Squadron.
Aircraft operated
Squadron bases
Reunions
From 1988 to 2012, the Squadron held an annual reunion in June at Waterbeach Barracks hosted by the Royal Engineers. A service of remembrance was held in the parish church, and the BBMF Lancaster made a flypast over the former RAF airfield.
In 2013, following the barracks' closure, a reunion was held in the village on 15 June with the Lancaster flypast over the Recreation Ground.
In 2015, a reunion was again held in Waterbeach Barracks in a new community building.
Museum
The 514 Squadron Association and the Army established a museum in Waterbeach Barracks in 1985. This museum closed in September 2012, as the barracks closed permanently in March 2013, although the contents have been saved. It expected that the new Waterbeach Military Heritage Museum will return to its building at the Barracks, and re-open in early summer 2016.
See also
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
References
Notes
Bibliography
(available from the Museum)
External links
514 Squadron RAF website - commemorates all who served in the Squadron
514 Squadron Facebook page
Squadron history, on RAF website
No. 514 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
The Wartime Memories Project - 514 Sqn
Waterbeach Military Heritage Museum
Squadron histories for nos. 500–520 squadron on RAFweb's Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation
Former Air Gunner tells his story - William MacDonald
Video about the last flight of 514 Squadron Lancaster A2-C, lost 28 July 1944
Bomber squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
514 Squadron
Military units and formations established in 1943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20514%20Squadron%20RAF |
Olema (Miwok: Olemaloke) is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California. It is located on Olema Creek south-southeast of Point Reyes Station, at an elevation of 69 feet (21 m).
Olema is along State Route 1 at its intersection with Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, on the eastern edge of the Point Reyes Peninsula in the western part of Marin County. The name Olema comes from the Coast Miwok placename meaning "coyote valley".
Olema was once thought to be the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake due to the huge fault rifts still visible via a nearby hiking path. There are historical references to this in and around the town, including at shops and restaurants. However, more recent evidence suggests that a location near Daly City is more likely the epicenter.
Olema was also the title subject of the late-1960s country-rock song, "Hippie from Olema", The Youngbloods' rejoinder to Merle Haggard's "Okie from Muskogee".
The Olema post office opened in 1859, closed in 1860, and re-opened in 1864.
Attractions
Olema has a few shops, two restaurants (Sir and Star and Due West), a lodge, and several bed and breakfasts. Nearby is a large campground and also a large retreat for the Vedanta Society (a branch of Hinduism). Also, the Bear Valley Visitor Center, a quarter-mile from town on Bear Valley Road, provides a standard starting point for a visit to the Point Reyes National Seashore. Inside the center are exhibits and books for sale. Outside are picnic tables, a Morgan horse ranch, and Kule Loklo, a reconstructed Miwok village.
Politics
In the state legislature, Olema is in the 3rd Senate District and in the 6th Assembly District.
Federally, Olema is in .
References
Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Marin County, California
West Marin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olema%2C%20California |
Corgan may refer to:
People with the surname
Billy Corgan (born 1967), American musician, singer-songwriter, and wrestling promoter
Jack Corgan (died 2000), American architect
Mike Corgan (1918–1989), American football player
Richard Corgan (born 1978), Welsh actor
Other uses
Corgan (company), an American architecture firm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corgan |
NGC 4027 (also known as Arp 22) is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 83 million light-years away in the constellation Corvus. It is also a peculiar galaxy because one of its spiral arms goes out more than the other. This is probably due to a galactic collision in NGC 4027's past.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 4027: SN 1996W (type II, mag. 16).
Galaxy group information
NGC 4027 is part of the NGC 4038 Group, a group of galaxies that also contains the Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/NGC 4039).
See also
NGC 4618 - a similar one-armed spiral galaxy
NGC 4625 - a similar one-armed spiral galaxy
NGC 5713 - a similar one-armed spiral galaxy
References
External links
NGC 4027
The spiral galaxy NGC 4027
Barred spiral galaxies
Peculiar galaxies
NGC 4027
Corvus (constellation)
4027
37773
022
UGCA objects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204027 |
Skotterud is the administrative centre of Eidskog Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian National Road 2 and the Kongsvingerbanen railway line. Skotterud sits about south of the town of Kongsvinger and about northwest of the village of Magnor which sits just inside the border with Sweden.
The village has a population (2021) of 1,360 and a population density of .
The village is located about from Sweden, so there is some commercial and tourist traffic in the village. The local industry is heavily associated with forestry, including some sawmills and other timber-related businesses.
References
Eidskog
Villages in Innlandet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotterud |
Iain Cumming Gray (born 7 June 1957) is a Scottish politician who served as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party from 2008 to 2011. He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the East Lothian constituency from 2007 to 2021, having previously represented Edinburgh Pentlands from 1999 to 2003.
A former aid worker and teacher of mathematics and physics, Gray was first elected to the Scottish Parliament in 1999 as MSP for the Edinburgh Pentlands constituency, which he lost to Leader of the Scottish Conservative Party David McLetchie in 2003. Gray was returned to Holyrood in 2007 as MSP for East Lothian. Following Wendy Alexander's resignation as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2008, Gray stood at the subsequent leadership election, and was elected with a 57.8% share of the vote in the second round.
Initially, Gray oversaw some electoral successes for Scottish Labour, such as repelling SNP challenges at the Glenrothes (2008) and Glasgow North East (2009) by-elections, as well as seeing Scottish Labour retain all their 41 seats in the House of Commons at the 2010 general election; despite the election overall resulting in the first UK hung parliament in 36 years, and the Labour Party being defeated after thirteen years in government. The 2011 Scottish Parliament election proved disastrous for the party, which lost 20 seats as the SNP won an outright majority of seats. Gray himself was only re-elected as MSP for East Lothian with a narrow majority of 151 votes. Gray announced his resignation the day after the result, but remained in post as leader until his successor, Johann Lamont, took over on 17 December 2011.
Due to his experience, Gray was appointed as Acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party while a leadership and a deputy leadership election were being simultaneously held, on account of deputy leader Kezia Dugdale resigning to run for the leadership and the resignation of previous leader Jim Murphy after Scottish Labour's landslide defeat at the 2015 general election.
Early life and career
Gray was educated at the state comprehensive Inverness Royal Academy and briefly privately at George Watson's College, Edinburgh. He studied physics at the University of Edinburgh before training as a teacher at Moray House College of Education. After graduation, he worked as a mathematics and physics teacher at Gracemount High School in Edinburgh before a teaching stint in Mozambique. He then spent twelve years as the campaigns director for the Scottish arm of the aid charity Oxfam.
Early political career
Having previously stood as a candidate in Lothian Regional Council elections, Gray was first elected to the devolved Scottish Parliament at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election. Immediately after his election to Holyrood, he was made a deputy minister in the first Scottish Executive under Donald Dewar.
Following Jack McConnell becoming First Minister in 2001, Gray was promoted to Minister for Social Justice. After the sudden resignation of Wendy Alexander (following disagreements with McConnell) in 2002, Gray took over her role as Minister for Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning, where he was responsible for overseeing changes to Scottish higher education.
At the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, Gray was defeated by Scottish Conservative leader David McLetchie, who he had stood against in 1999. Leaving Holyrood, he went to work in London as a special adviser to Alistair Darling, who was Secretary of State for Scotland, and initially announced that he would not be seeking re-election.
Having subsequently a change of mind, he was selected as the official Labour candidate for East Lothian for the 2007 election and subsequently won. Gray was appointed as Scottish Labour's Shadow spokesman for enterprise, energy and tourism upon his return to Holyrood.
Leader of the Scottish Labour Party
Following the resignation of Wendy Alexander over a foreign donation scandal, Gray announced in July 2008 that he would stand in the contest to find the next Leader of the Labour group in the Scottish Parliament, and was elected to this post in September 2008.
In December 2010, Iain Gray sparked a diplomatic row when he appeared to claim in parliament that Montenegro had been involved in ethnic cleansing and war crimes during the 1990s Balkans Conflict.
On 7 April 2011, whilst campaigning at Glasgow Central station for the Scottish Parliament election, Gray was forced to cancel an event due to disruption by a group protesting against public spending cuts. He quickly left the station and ran into a nearby Subway outlet to escape the protesters, who followed him into the shop and continued to heckle him. Gray later stated that he had not been unsettled by the incident as "I spent two years working in the civil war in Mozambique, I've been to Rwanda two months after the genocide, I walked the killing fields in Cambodia and I was in Chile three days after Pinochet was demitted from office".
At the 2011 election, Labour suffered a net loss of seven seats, with many of their leading figures being defeated. Labour took a particularly severe beating in its Central Belt heartland, having to rely on regional lists in many cases. It was Labour's worst electoral performance in Scotland in eighty years. Gray himself was re-elected as MSP for East Lothian by the narrowest margin of his political career; with just 151 votes over the SNP candidate, making the Holyrood seat for the first time ever a Labour–SNP marginal. He announced on 6 May that he would stand down as party leader in the autumn.
Later political career
Gray was reappointed to the post of Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Finance in the Scottish Labour Shadow Cabinet on 29 June 2013. After the 2014 leadership election, he was made Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning.
On 13 June 2015, Gray was appointed Acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party whilst a leadership and a deputy leadership election were simultaneously held, on account of deputy leader Kezia Dugdale resigning to run for the leadership. At the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, while several Labour MSPs lost their seats, Gray retained his seat with an increased majority compared to 2011.
Gray announced that he would be standing down at the 2021 Scottish Parliament election in June 2020, in order to spend more time with his family.
Gray nominated Anas Sarwar in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election.
Personal life
Gray has been married twice. His first wife, Linda Malloch, divorced him and later married Gray's long-time friend Kevin Dunion. Gray married his second wife Gill (a part-time constituency secretary to Labour MSP Mary Mulligan) in 1997, with whom he has two step-daughters. He is a lifelong fan of Edinburgh football club Hibernian, and enjoys reading, music and hill walking. He is a member of the Church of Scotland.
Notes
References
External links
Scottish Government biography
Gray becomes Scots Labour leader BBC News
Labour frontline team announced BBC News
1957 births
Living people
Members of the Scottish Parliament for Edinburgh constituencies
Labour MSPs
Ministers of the Scottish Government
People educated at George Watson's College
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish schoolteachers
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Politics of East Lothian
People educated at Inverness Royal Academy
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
Leaders of Scottish Labour
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2016–2021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain%20Gray |
The Woodstock Theological Center (1973-2013) was an independent, nonprofit Catholic theological research institute in Washington, D.C.
History
Founded in 1973, the center took its name from Woodstock College, a former Jesuit seminary located in Maryland. The center was an associate member of the Washington Theological Consortium. Until it closed, the center was housed at Georgetown University.
In February 2013, the center announced that it was scheduled to close on June 30, 2013, citing a lack of Jesuit staff as a reason. On July 1, 2013, the Board of Trustees announced the center would no longer be an independent ministry, but that the library would be maintained as the Woodstock Theological Library, a part of the Georgetown University Library.
References
External links
Educational institutions established in 1974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock%20Theological%20Center |
Thomas de la Rue (24 March 1793 – 7 June 1866) was a printer from Guernsey who founded De La Rue plc, a printing company which is now the world's largest commercial security printer and papermaker.
Biography
Born on Le Bourg, Forest, Guernsey to Rachel Allez and Eleazar de la Rue. Thomas was the seventh of their nine children. Thomas de la Rue was apprenticed to a master-printer, Joseph Antoine Chevalier in Saint Peter Port in 1803.
He went into business with Tom Greenslade and together they launched the newspaper Le Publiciste. Having fallen out with Greenslade, Thomas de la Rue launched his own publication, Le Miroir politique, first published on 6 February 1813.
In 1816 he left Guernsey, for London, where he initially established a business making straw hats. Then in 1830 together with Samuel Cornish and William Rock he founded a business of "cardmakers, hot pressers and enamellers". in 1831, de la Rue was granted the right to print playing cards, making it the first company to do so; it printed its first pack the following year. Soon afterwards, Thomas hired Owen Jones, a well-known designer and architect.
By 1837 his wife, his two sons William Frederick and Warren De la Rue and his eldest daughter were involved in the business. In 1855 Thomas was made a Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion of Honour. In 1858, he retired from De La Rue, handing over the management of the business to his sons.
Thomas de la Rue died in Kensington in 1866.
Family
He married Jane Warren (17 June 1789 – 22 September 1858) on 21 March 1816.
He had six daughters and two sons: Mary, Elizabeth, Georgiana, Louisa, Jane, Warren and William.
Memorials
The Guernsey Post Office has issued two sets of postage stamps commemorating his life and achievements, in 1971 and 1993.
There is a pub on The Pollet, Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, named after him.
In 1991 the States of Guernsey issued a £5 banknote with Thomas De La Rue on the reverse. A commemorative one-pound note was issued in July 2013, to mark 200 years since the first commercial venture of Thomas De La Rue. The note is in circulation alongside the standard one-pound note.
References
Further reading
Houseman, Lorna, The House That Thomas Built: the Story of De La Rue, Chatto & Windus (1968)
Marr, L. James, Guernsey People, Phillimore (1984)
Guernsey people
British printers
1793 births
1866 deaths
Anglo-Normans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20de%20la%20Rue |
Presidential elections were held in Chile in 1846. General Manuel Bulnes was the only candidate and elected unopposed.
Results
References
Presidential elections in Chile
Chile
1846 in Chile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846%20Chilean%20presidential%20election |
Edward Silas Tobey (1813 – March 29, 1891, in Brookline, MA) served as the postmaster at the Boston Office, president of American Missionary Association and president of Boston Board of Trade. He was the Republican Party nominee in the 1861 Boston mayoral election.
References
External links
Obituary online
1813 births
1891 deaths
United Church of Christ
Massachusetts postmasters
American financial businesspeople
19th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Silas%20Tobey |
Magnor is a village in Eidskog Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located from the border with Sweden. The village lies along the Norwegian National Road 2 and the Kongsvingerbanen railway line. The municipal centre, Skotterud lies about to the northwest of Magnor and the Swedish village of Charlottenberg lies about to the southeast of Magnor.
The village has a population (2021) of 918 and a population density of .
The village is known as a production site for glass, made at Magnor Glassverk (lit. Magnor Glass Works) and also for the production of aluminium, made at Hydro Extrusion Norway.
During the border wars in the middle of the 17th century, there were fortifications in the area. In 1914, the famous Peace Monument was built in Magnor. It was designed by the Swedish architect Lars Johan Lehming and funded by the Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society to celebrate the peaceful dissolution of the union between Sweden and Norway in 1905.
References
Eidskog
Villages in Innlandet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnor |
The St. Marys Railroad is a class III railroad operating in Georgia United States.
History
The St. Mary's and Kingsland Railroad, incorporated on October 24, 1906, was founded in 1865 by Captain Lemuel Johnson. It received its charter from the state of Georgia, and its first two locomotives purchased were #207 and #308.
The SM&K eventually became the Atlantic, Waycross and Northern Railroad. After the death of Johnson in 1918, the railroad was sold to the Southern Fertilizer and Chemical Company in Savannah, Georgia, with the sale being completed on January 24, 1918. The AW&N was sold in 1939 to Gilman Paper Company-St. Marys Kraft Corporation and became the St. Marys Railroad. The SM purchased its first diesel locomotive #500 in 1945 which was nicknamed the "Goat." Ten years later the railroad constructed a 4-mile spur to service the US Army's Kings Bay ammunition storage facility which is now the Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay.
The SM was merged into the Gilman Paper Company on January 11, 1999, and operated initially under the Gilman name. The Gilman Paper Company separated the railroad by establishing a limited liability corporation operating under the name of Saint Marys Railroad, LLC. On December 17, 1999, the paper plant and railroad were purchased by the Durango Paper Company (changing its name in 2000 to the Durango-Georgia Company) and the railroad was renamed the Durango Railroad. All federal reporting requirements for the railroad were filed under that name. The company declined to change its reporting marks however, thus the locomotives and rolling stock continued to use the St. Marys Railroad name.
The Durango Paper Company closed its doors in 2002 after two industrial accidents at the plant resulted in nearly $200,000 in fines from OSHA. All employees of the paper plant lost their jobs, putting the future of the railroad in doubt. The railroad continues to operate and the St. Marys Railroad right-of-way and assets remain intact. The railroad has always maintained its own locomotives and cars with a fully equipped shop facility in St. Marys.
In January 2007, the St. Marys Railroad, LLC was purchased by the Birmingham, Alabama-based Boatright Companies. The railroad continues to be fully operational with no change in its reporting marks.
Current
Currently the St. Marys Railroad leases two locomotives; ex-NS 2379 (MP15DC, built as SOU 2379) and ex-NS 2389 (MP15DC, ex-SOU 2389). Annually, St. Marys Railroad moves approximately 1100 carloads of freight and 2000 railcars placed in and out of storage.
Interchanges
The only connection to other railroads along the 11 mile route is to the First Coast Railroad at Kingsland.
See also
Georgia Coastal Railway
References
External links
St. Marys RR Official Website
St. Marys Railroad (RailGA)
Georgia (U.S. state) railroads
Regional railroads in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Mary%27s%20Railroad |
Challenge may refer to:
Voter challenging or caging, a method of challenging the registration status of voters
Euphemism for disability
Peremptory challenge, a dismissal of potential jurors from jury duty
Law
A procedure or action
The act of appealing a ruling or decision of a court or administrative agency
Places
Geography
Challenge, California, an unincorporated community
Challenge-Brownsville, California, a census-designated place in Yuba County, California, United States
Structures
Challenge Stadium, former name of Perth Superdrome, a sports complex in Perth, Australia
Books and publications
Challenge (anarchist periodical), American anarchist weekly tabloid, 1938–1939
Challenge (Communist journal), British Young Communist League magazine, and also the name of the newspaper of the communist Progressive Labor Party (USA)
Challenge (game magazine), a role-playing game magazine
Challenge (economics magazine), a magazine covering economic affairs
Challenge (Bulldog Drummond), a Bulldog Drummond novel by H. C. McNeile
Challenges (magazine), a French language weekly business magazine
Challenge (1923), a novel by Vita Sackville-West
Film and TV
Film
Challenge (1984 film), an Indian Telugu-language film by A. Kodandarami Reddy
Challenge (2009 film), an Indian Bengali-language film
Challenge 2, its 2012 sequel
Challenges (film), a 2011 Sri Lankan film
Challenge (2012 film), an Indian Tamil-language film
Challenge (2017 film), an Indian film
The Challenge (2023 film), Russian film shot aboard the ISS
Television
Challenge (TV channel), a British television channel
The Challenge (TV series)
Food Network Challenge, competitive cooking television series
Games
Challenge (Scrabble), an element of the word game
Music
Challenge (album), a 1969 album by Yuya Uchida & The Flowers
The Challenge (album), a 1968 Hampton Hawes recording
Challenge Records (disambiguation), multiple record labels
Transportation
Challenge (cycle and car), an early British manufacturer of cycles and cars
Challenge 67, a yacht
MS Challenge, a ferry
Sports
Challenge (competition), when a challenger requests to compete against a champion with the title at stake
Challenge match, a type of exhibition game not part of a wider tournament or series
Coach's challenge (disambiguation), when a coach requests the officials review a play or call
Tourist plane contests
Challenge International de Tourisme 1929
International Touring Competition 1930
Challenge International de Tourisme 1932
Challenge International de Tourisme 1934
Brands
Challenge (company), a New Zealand petroleum brand
Challenge, an electronics company in the United Kingdom owned by Argos (retailer)
Other
Internet challenge, Internet memes in the form of challenges
Challenge (literature), an attempt to remove or restrict access to literary materials
Challenge coin
SGI Challenge, a family of server computers from Silicon Graphics
Challenge Girls Club, associated with ECyD
See also
Challenge Cup (disambiguation)
Challenge–response authentication in computer security, a component of client authentication in some systems
The Challenge (disambiguation)
Challenger (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge |
Eucalyptus gunnii, commonly known as cider gum, is a species of large tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to the island of Tasmania, Australia. It has mostly smooth bark, lance-shaped to egg-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and cylindrical to barrel-shaped fruit.
Description
Eucalyptus gunnii is a tree that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, mottled, white or grey bark, sometimes with persistent rough bark on the lower trunk. Young plants and coppice regrowth have sessile leaves arranged in opposite pairs. Juvenile stems can be rounded or square in cross section. The juvenile leaves are heart-shaped to more or less round, greyish green or glaucous, long and wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, lance-shaped to egg-shaped, the same dull greyish to bluish green on both sides, long and wide on a petiole long.
The flowers are arranged in leaf axils in groups of three on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds sessile or on a pedicels up to long. Mature buds are oval, long and wide with a conical, rounded or flattened operculum. It flowers in most months and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody cylindrical to barrel-shaped capsule long and wide with the valves near rim level or enclosed.
Taxonomy and naming
Eucalyptus gunnii was first formally described in 1844 by the British botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in the London Journal of Botany. The type material was collected "on the elevated tablelands of the interior of Tasmania, especially in the neighborhood of the lakes" by Ronald Campbell Gunn. The specific epithet honours the collector of the type material.
Joseph Maiden's 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia’ recorded that common names in Tasmania are "cider gum" and in southeastern Australia occasionally as the "sugar gum" and that in the same part it is known as "white gum", "swamp gum" or "white swamp gum". In the Noarlunga and Rapid Bay districts of South Australia it is known as "bastard white gum", occasionally as "yellow gum." Near Bombala, New South Wales two varieties go by the names of "flooded or bastard gum" and "red gum", although the species only occurs in Tasmania.
Distribution and habitat
Cider gum is native to woodland in Tasmania, where it occurs on the plains and slopes of the central plateaux and dolerite mountains at altitudes up to about , with isolated occurrences south of Hobart. It has been introduced to New Zealand and parts of the Caucasus.
Use in horticulture
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. This species is noted for exceptional cold tolerance for a eucalyptus (to −14 °C, exceptionally −20 °C for brief periods) and is now commonly planted as an ornamental tree across the British Isles and some parts of western Europe. Fast-growing, it will produce a tree up to tall when mature, with growth rates of up to , rarely , per year.
Uses
The fragrant leaves give off essential oils when they are creased or burned, which are used in different forms (floral composition, infusion, tincture, oil, etc) to treat many respiratory diseases, rheumatism, migraines, fatigue and as antiseptic.
The indigenous people of Tasmania used the sap of the tree to produce a fermented beverage called way-a-linah.
Gallery
References
gunnii
Trees of Australia
Myrtales of Australia
Flora of Tasmania
Endemic flora of Tasmania
Trees of mild maritime climate
Ornamental trees
Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker
Plants described in 1844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus%20gunnii |
Ørje is the administrative centre of Marker municipality, Norway, not far from the Swedish border. Its population (2013) is 3872
Ørje was founded in the 1880s around a timber-processing mill. Engebret Soot had built the first Norwegian canal locks at Ørje in the years 1857-1860 (:no:Ørje sluser). The total lift of the locks are 10 meters (30 feet) divided on 3 steps. The locks are situated between the lakes "Rødenessjøen" and "Øymarksjøen" as a part of the Halden Canal Waterway System.
In the decades following World War II, Ørje developed substantial industry and commerce. Today, the service sector, including tourism have partly replaced manufacture and agriculture/forestry as the most important economic sectors. Ørje is known for its canal museum (Haldenvassdragets Kanalmuseum) and steamboat club, military fortifications from 1905 and locks.
Ørje has also become well-known due to a pedestrian crossing sign installed at Storgata 59 by the Swedish artists' collective Kreativiteket. The sign is based on a character from Monty Python's "Ministry of Silly Walks" sketch, and instructs pedestrians to cross the street in a silly manner.
See also
Ørje Fortress
References
Villages in Østfold
Marker, Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98rje |
Skjønhaug is a village in the municipality of Trøgstad, Norway. Its official population, as of 2005, was 1,817.
Villages in Østfold
Trøgstad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skj%C3%B8nhaug |
Al-Shaykh Muwannis (), also Sheikh Munis, was a small Palestinian Arab village in the Jaffa Subdistrict of Mandatory Palestine, located approximately 8.5 kilometers from the center of Jaffa city in territory earmarked for Jewish statehood under the UN Partition Plan. The village was abandoned in March 1948 due to the threats of Jewish militias, two months before the 1948 Arab–Israeli war. Today, Tel Aviv University lies on part of the village land.
History
According to local legend, the village was named for a local religious figure, al-Shaykh Muwannis, whose maqam was in the village.
Ottoman era
During the Ottoman era, Pierre Jacotin named the village Dahr on his map from 1799.
Al-Shaykh Muwannis was noted in December 1821, as being "located on a hill surrounded by muddy land that was flooded with water despite the moderate winter". In 1856 the village was named Sheikh Muennis on Kiepert's map of Palestine published that year.
In 1870, Victor Guérin noted about al-Shaykh Muwannis: "It contains four hundred inhabitants and is divided into several quarters, each under the jurisdiction of a particular sheikh. On the outskirts one can note some gardens where succulent watermelons grow, with hardly any horticultural care." In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) noted "ruins of a house near the kubbeh", while Al-Shaykh Muwannis was described as an ordinary adobe village. Most of the villagers were members of the Abu Kishk tribe.
The village population was 315 in 1879.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Shaik Muannes had a population of 664 residents, all Muslims. This had increased in the 1931 census when Esh Sheikh Muwannis had 1154 inhabitants, still all Muslims, in 273 houses.
In the 1920s, the government of the British mandate attempted to gain title to lands lying to the west of Al-Shaykh Muwannis and extending to the coast of the Mediterranean Sea on the grounds that it was "waste and uncultivated." According to the authors of a book on the Israeli-Arab conflict, the Arabs of the Jaffa-Tel Aviv region "understood the implications of the Zionist-cum-British discourses of development generally and their implementation through town planning schemes." In 1937, the Arabic daily al Ja'miah al-Islamiyya commented on British plans to build a bypass road for Tel Aviv residents on what they claimed were village lands: "[I]n reality the plan in the Town Planning Commission now including Sheikh Muwannis is not really a 'plan', but rather a plan to take the land out of the hands of its owners."
There were two schools in the village, a boys' school built in 1932 and a girls' school built in 1943. 266 students were registered in these schools in 1945. The villagers worked in agriculture, particularly citrus cultivation. In the 1945 statistics, 3,749 dunums were used for growing citrus and bananas, and 7,165 dunums of village land was used for cereals. 66 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, irrigation water was drawn from al-Awja river and a large number of artesian wells. 41 dunams of village lands were classified as built-up areas.
In 1946, three Arab villagers raped a Jewish girl. In the midst of the court proceedings, members of the Haganah shot and wounded one of the attackers, and kidnapped and castrated another. In 1947, in the wake of growing hostility in the days leading up to the war, some of the villagers began to leave. Most stayed, as village notables had secured Haganah protection in exchange for keeping the peace and preventing Arab Liberation Army (ALA) irregulars from using the village to attack Yishuv forces.
Before the 1948 war, the population of al-Shaykh Muwannis was 2,000.
1948 war and aftermath
In 1948, the population was largely made up of fellaheen who enjoyed friendly relations with Jews, despite occasional tension. While occasional shots were fired from the village toward Jewish residential areas in January and February 1948, there were no casualties, and the Abu Kishk abided by their promise to keep out ALA irregulars. The emissary of the ALA was informed by the Abu Kishk that "the Arabs of the area will cooperate with the Jews against any outside force that tries to enter."
Some intelligence reports, which were never corroborated, suggested that in early 1948 the village, which overlooked both the Sde Dov Airport and the Reading Power Station, was being infiltrated by heavily-armed Arab irregulars. On 7 March, the Haganah's Alexandroni Brigade imposed a 'quarantine' on the village by closing off all access roads to it and the two smaller satellite villages of Jalil al Shamaliyya and Jalil al Qibliya and may even have occupied houses on the edge of the village. The underground Stern Gang (LHI) maintained one of its encampments in the village, and, five days later, on 12 March, militants from either the Irgun or Lehi groups kidnapped five village notables. The Jewish Intelligence Services noted that "many of the villagers ... began fleeing following the abduction of the notables of Sheikh Muwannis. The Arab learned that it was not enough to reach an agreement with the Haganah and that there were 'other Jews' of whom to beware, and possibly to be aware of more than the Haganah, which had not control over them."
The villagers then protested that Jewish forces in the area were subjecting them to intimidation, looting and shooting at them randomly. Though the notables were turned over to the Haganah on the 23 March and returned to Shaykh Muwannis, most of the villagers there and in other villages north of the Yarkon River continued to leave, as their confidence had been "mortally undermined". Tawfiq Abu Kishk threw a large parting 'banquet' for the remaining villagers and their Jewish friends on the 28 March 1948. After their departure, the village lands were promptly allocated for Jewish use by the Yishuv leaders, and were ultimately incorporated into the municipality of Tel Aviv.
In the days following, the Abu Kishk leaders attributed their abandonment of the village to: "a) the [Haganah] roadblocks ... b) the [Haganah] limitations on movement by foot, c) the theft [by Jews?] of vehicles, and d) the last kidnapping of Sheikh Muwannis men by the LHI." The villagers of Shaykh Muwannis became refugees, with the majority taking up residence in Qalqilya and Tulkarem.
According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, the village's remaining structures in 1992 consisted of several houses occupied by Jewish families and the wall of a house. Soon after the war, it was used to accommodate members of the new Israeli Air Force and men from Mahal units. It was initially repopulated, from 1949 onwards, by Jews from North Africa, called "Moroccans" by other Jews in the area, and much of its land, as the North African Jews were relocated, was taken over for the development of Tel Aviv University, and the former home of the village sheikh, known as the 'Green House', serves as the University's faculty club.
In a right of return march organized by the Israeli group Zochrot on Nakba Day in 2004, participants called upon the Tel Aviv municipality to name six streets in the city after Palestinian villages that had existed there until 1948, among them, Al-Shaykh Muwannis.
See also
Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome to al-Shaykh-Muwannis,
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 13: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Shaykh Muwannis, from Zochrot
, Zoroch
Tel Aviv University is asked to acknowledge its past and to commemorate the Palestinian village on which grounds the university was built, 2003, Zochrot
2003.
Map, 1946
District of Jaffa
Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shaykh%20Muwannis |
Mary Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury (1556–1632) (née Cavendish) was the wife of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury.
Life
Family
Born Mary Cavendish, she was the daughter of Sir William Cavendish, who died when she was about a year old, and his wife Bess of Hardwick. By all accounts, Mary inherited her mother's strong will and colourful character.
Bess of Hardwick remarried to Sir William St. Loe, who left his wife everything when he died in 1564/5, making her one of the most eligible women in England; a number of important men began to court her, including George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury.
From The Living Age:
Lady St. Loe consented to give her hand and heart to the 6th Earl of Shrewsbury in consideration of his settling a large jointure on her, and marrying his second son, Gilbert Talbot, to her daughter, Mary Cavendish, and his daughter Grace to her son Henry Cavendish. These preliminary alliances were duly effected in 1568, one of the brides, Mary, being then not quite twelve years old. The parents were married soon after.
Marriage
She married her stepbrother Gilbert Talbot, later the 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, in 1568.
Their children were:
George, 1575–1577
Mary, later Countess of Pembroke
Elizabeth, later Countess of Kent
John, born and died 1583
Alethea, later Countess of Arundel
In May 1573 Gilbert Talbot hired a "sober maiden" Margaret Butler who had been a servant of Nazareth Newton, Lady Southwell for his wife. In December 1607 the Earl and Countess of Shrewsbury and her brother Charles Cavendish went to Hardwick Hall for a day to see Bess of Hardwick. Shrewsbury wrote he "found a lady of great years, or great wealth, and of a great wit, which yet still remains".Charles Cavendish drew plans for a new house for the couple in May 1607 and wrote to both of them about the design. He told his sister Mary that the great chamber and principal lodgings would all be on the first floor or "first height". There were lodgings for the king and queen. He put the kitchen and hall where noise and smell would not trouble the staterooms.
Imprisonment
Although her family was Anglican Protestant, Mary converted to Catholicism as an adult. This may have been one of the reasons why she gave financial assistance to her niece Arbella Stuart, who was also first cousin to the King, in 1610, with the knowledge that the latter was planning to elope to the Continent with her cousin William Seymour. This marriage was certain to enrage King James I of England, since William, like Arbella, had a respectable claim to the Throne (by most reckonings she was fourth in line to the Throne and he was sixth in line). Arbella and Seymour tried to escape to France in 1611. For this, Mary was imprisoned in the Tower of London. It was said that Arbella remained calm when they were questioned, but Mary cried out, "All is but tricks and giggs".
She was tried for her role in the elopement, and was heavily fined, but not released. Later, Arbella accused Mary of being involved in a Catholic plot. One of Arbella's biographers remarks that Mary's motives in aiding Arbella are very difficult to understand: even allowing that Mary was a Catholic, and fond of her niece, she was certainly intelligent enough to understand the dire consequences for herself. Perhaps she relied on her husband's influence to save her from the Tower. Like her mother, she was one of the few women of the time who was used to getting her own way.
Mary was deeply distressed by Arbella's death in 1615, especially since she had been assured that Arbella was on the road to recovery, and remarked that she could think of nothing else. The court physician Théodore de Mayerne treated her for a spell of melancholy in which she imagined she had been poisoned.
In 1615, Mary was released from the Tower, partly in recognition of her role in detecting the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, and partly because her husband was very ill. In 1618, she was called to give evidence in the course of an inquiry into the rumours that Arbella had secretly given birth to a child. Mary refused to testify, saying she had sworn a binding oath not to, and was returned to the Tower, where she remained until 1623, occupying the best lodgings. Mary was not easily intimidated: Dorothy L. Sayers in her novel Gaudy Night described her as "uncontrollable by her menfolk, undaunted by the Tower, and contemptuously silent before the Privy Council". Francis Bacon remarked that while Lord Shrewsbury was a "great person", there was "a greater than he, which is my Lady of Shrewsbury".
In fiction
There is a brief sketch of her character in the mystery novel Gaudy Night by Dorothy L. Sayers, which is set in Shrewsbury College, a fictional Oxford college named in her honour. The heroine Harriet Vane studies Lady Shrewsbury's portrait and wonders why the college had chosen "so ominous a patroness … a great intellectual certainly, but something of a holy terror".
References
1556 births
1632 deaths
Mary Cavendish
English countesses
Waterford
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
English Roman Catholics
Mary
16th-century English women
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English women
17th-century English nobility
Prisoners in the Tower of London
Wives of knights
Recusants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Talbot%2C%20Countess%20of%20Shrewsbury |
Havnås is a village in the municipality of Trøgstad, Norway. Its population (2005) is 213.
Villages in Østfold | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamn%C3%A5s |
Xishui County () is a county of eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. The county extends over an area of and is under the administration of Huanggang City.
History
Xishui was a center of revolutionary activity during the Chinese Civil War. In 1922, an underground group was formed to try to undermine the Kuomintang. Between 1926 and 1949, thousands of locals lost their lives in the struggle.
Famous persons whose ancestral home was Xishui County:
Wen Yiduo ( Chinese: 聞一多), famous writer of China.
Yang Jisheng (historian) ( Chinese traditional: 楊繼繩), the author of Tomb: Great famine of China: 1959-1962( Chinese name:
< 墓碑:中國1959-1962年三年大饑荒> )
Xu Fuguan, a Chinese historian and philosopher, notable for Confucian studies
Geography
Administrative divisions
Xishui County administers:
Climate
Natural Resources
Xishui county has large proven reserves of ore, including magnetite, vanadium, copper, pyrite, yellow sand, granite, potassium, quartz, green jade, and gold.
Economy
The very first agricultural cooperative in Hubei province was established at Xishui in 1952, as impoverished peasants pooled their land and cattle to create one large farm. In the first year, the commune increased its production by one third. The commune also expanded fresh-water fish and lotus root cultivation, and began planting two crops of rice per year. In 1956, the Xishui cooperative was recognized as an exemplary “national production growth model.” A major flood-control and irrigation reservoir was completed in 1961 and it began generating electricity the following year. This again became a national model for other villages to follow.
Yangtze Flooding
Xishui is subject to flooding from the Yangtze River. In 1996, the main dike wall shielding the village from the Yangtze broke in several places, endangering the entire county. Emergency support personnel from Qichun County and Wuxue City were required to help deal with the emergency. Since then, the dike was widened and raised in height.
References
Xishui Government websites (Chinese)
Counties of Hubei
Huanggang | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xishui%20County%2C%20Hubei |
Party institutionalism is an approach that sees political parties as having some capacities for adaptation, but also sees them as being "prisoners of their own history as an institution". Aspects of the ideology that a party had when it was founded, persists even though the conditions and the party-base in society have changed. Scholars of this approach claim that the party's history determines how the party adapts to modern day challenges.
The left–right is still central in order to understand a party's policy, but the core of these theories is to compare the party's beliefs and values today with the ones at their founding. In analyzing a party's ideological orientation we must begin by analyzing the very origin of the party.
One framework within this tradition is offered by Klaus von Beyme who identifies nine party-groups, or "familles spirituelles", that can be found in European liberal democracies today:
Liberal and Radical parties
Conservative parties
Socialist and Social Democratic parties
Christian Democratic parties
Communist parties
Agrarian parties
Regional and ethnic parties
Right-wing extremist parties
Ecology movement
Von Beyme claims that at the time of their founding these parties reflected the needs to defend a particular kind of interests, but recognized that not every European party could be fitted into this schema. He has been criticized of being tempted to try to fit too many parties into this schema, when in reality there is not grounds for doing so. It needs to be said as well that quite many of the European parties classified into the categories above are regarded as having more or less lost contact with their original "famille spirituelle".
Consequently one can wonder what, eg, the British Conservatives today have in common with their founding fathers hundreds of years ago, taking into account New Right ideas and certain aspects of liberalism applied by the party. Likewise the Norwegian Social Democratic party is widely held to have moved away drastically from its inception as a socialist party in 1889. Today this party has assumed more of a centralist role (regarding for instance issues like state ownership as well as abandoning their corporatist ties with the Norwegian Trade Association).
One might ask what the point is of classifying the parties into these categories when they do not fit. The answer would be that one should look at the broad picture, and use von Beyme’s tool to make sense of certain tendencies in European politics.
However, it would also be important to recognize the fact that western European societies have changed tremendously in course of the last decades regarding a number of issues. Therefore, by identifying these factors one might also broaden the understanding of the generally changing patterns of party ideology in Europe today, compared to the 1950s.
References
Institutionalism
Political parties
Political science theories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionalism%20in%20political%20parties |
Trømborg is a small village in the municipality of Eidsberg, Norway. Its population (2019) is 263. Footballer Rune Buer Johansen began his career here.
References
Villages in Østfold | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8mborg |
"The Loss" is the 84th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the tenth episode of the fourth season. It originally aired on December 31, 1990.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, the USS Enterprise becomes trapped within a field of two-dimensional lifeforms, while Counselor Troi struggles with the sudden unexpected loss of her empathic abilities.
Plot
Traveling through deep space, the Enterprise stops to investigate an odd phenomenon of phantom sensor readings. Meanwhile, ship's counselor Deanna Troi experiences pain and loses consciousness as her empathic abilities suddenly cease to work.
The crew discovers they cannot resume course, as the Enterprise is caught up in a group of two-dimensional lifeforms.
Without her powers, Troi suffers a tremendous sense of loss, and goes through several classic psychological stages, including denial, fear and anger. Ultimately, despite the reassurances of her friends, she resigns as ship's counselor, believing that without her empathic abilities she cannot perform her duties.
Commander Data and Commander Riker determine that the two-dimensional creatures are heading for a cosmic string, with the Enterprise in tow, and that once they reach the string the ship will be torn apart. Realizing that Troi's loss and the ship's predicament are somehow linked, Captain Picard pleads with her to try and communicate with the strange creatures.
After attempting to warn the creatures of the danger posed by the cosmic string, Troi posits that they are seeking out the cosmic string in much the way a moth is drawn to a flame. Working from this hypothesis, Data simulates the vibration of a cosmic string, using the deflector dish at a position well behind the Enterprise. The simulations eventually cause the creatures to briefly reverse their course, breaking their momentum long enough to allow the Enterprise to break free.
Freed from the two-dimensional creatures' influence, Troi's empathic ability is restored. She discovers that her powers were never lost, but were instead overwhelmed by the two-dimensional creatures' strong emotions. Troi returns to her old job with a renewed confidence.
Production
This episode was overall written by Hilary J. Bader. Bader began as TNG season 3 writing intern, and would also write for "Dark Page" and one other episode "Hero Worship" (3 total for TNG).
The teleplay was written by Hilary J. Bader, Alan J. Alder, and Vanessa Greene.
Reception
In 2019, ScreenRant ranked it the 8th worst episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation based on IMDB ratings, which was 6 out of 10 at that time.
In 2020, Syfy highlighted this episode for the character of Troi, noting how it gives her "dramatic moments of crisis" rather than having to more typically offer advice to others.
Releases
"The Loss" was released in the United States on September 3, 2002, as part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation season four DVD box set.
On April 23, 1996, episodes "The Loss" and "Final Mission" were released on LaserDisc in the United States by Paramount Home Video. Both episodes were included on a single double sided 12 inch optical disc, with a Dolby Surround sound track.
References
Star Trek The Next Generation DVD set, volume 4, disc 3, selection 2.
External links
"The Loss" rewatch by Keith R. A. DeCandido
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 4) episodes
1990 American television episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Loss |
The Secret Life of Harpers Bizarre is an album by Harpers Bizarre, released in September 1968.
Two bonus tracks were added to the 2001 Sundazed CD reissue of this title. They had previously been the two sides of a single: "Both Sides Now" by Joni Mitchell and "Small Talk" by Garry Bonner and Alan Gordon.
Track listing
"Look to the Rainbow" (E.Y. Harburg, Burton Lane)
"Battle of New Orleans" (Jimmy Driftwood)
"When I Was a Cowboy" (Sylvia Fricker, Ian Tyson)
"Interlude"
"Sentimental Journey" (Les Brown, Bud Green, Ben Homer)
"Las Mananitas" (Traditional)
Medley: "Bye, Bye, Bye" (Ted Templeman, Dick Scoppettone) / "Vine Street" (Randy Newman)
"Me, Japanese Boy" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David)
"Interlude"
"I'll Build a Stairway to Paradise" (Buddy DeSylva, George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin)
"Green Apple Tree" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman)
"Sit Down, You're Rocking the Boat" (Frank Loesser)
"Interlude"
"I Love You, Mama" (Ron Elliott)
"Funny How Love Can Be" (Leon Bowman)
"Mad" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman)
"Look to the Rainbow" (E.Y. Harburg, Burton Lane)
"The Drifter" (Roger Nichols, Paul Williams)
"Reprise"
References
1968 albums
Harpers Bizarre albums
Albums produced by Lenny Waronker
Warner Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20Life%20of%20Harpers%20Bizarre |
Eco-Schools is an international programme of the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE) that aims to “empower students to be the change our sustainable world needs by engaging them in fun, action-orientated, and socially responsible learning.”
Each school follows a seven step change process and aims to “empowers young people to lead processes and actions wherever they can.”
Over time and through commitment to the Eco-Schools Seven Step process, improvements will be seen in both the learning outcomes, attitude, and behaviour of students and the local community, and ultimately the local environment. Evidence of success in these areas will eventually lead to a school being awarded with the International Green Flag.
Eco-Schools is one of the programmes recognised by the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005 – 2014), awarding certificates to thousands of schools around the world.
The Eco-Schools programme extends from kindergartens to universities and is implemented in 67 countries, involving 51,000 schools and institutions, and over 19,000,000 students. It is the largest international network of teachers and students in the world. FEE EcoCampus is the name of the programme at university level.
History
The programme was developed in 1992 in response to the need to involve young people in environmental projects at the local level as identified at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development of 1992.
Eco-Schools was launched in 1994 in Denmark, Germany, Greece and the United Kingdom with the support of the European Commission. When the Foundation for Environmental Education became global in 2001, countries outside of Europe began joining the Eco-Schools programme as well. South Africa was the first country to do so.
In 2003 Eco-Schools was identified by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as a model initiative for Education for Sustainable Development.
When countries joined Eco-Schools
Methodology
The International Eco-Schools Programme takes a holistic, participatory approach to learning for sustainability. The aim of the programme is to engage students through classroom study, school and community action to raise awareness of sustainable development issues. It encourages students and teachers to conduct research on the amount of waste, energy or water use at their school and work towards making it a more sustainable environment. Eco-Schools provides an integrated system for the environmental management of schools and involve all stakeholders in this process.
The whole schools approach embedded in the Eco-Schools programme emphasizes the importance of an ongoing focus on the issues linked to environmental, climate, and sustainability issues.
The programme's methodology consists of Seven Steps that the school needs to adopt:
Step 1 Establishment of the Eco-Schools Committee
Step 2 Environmental review
Step 3 Action Plan
Step 4 Monitoring and Evaluation
Step 5 Curriculum Linking
Step 6 Informing and involving the wider community
Step 7 Eco Code
Schools are encouraged to work on eleven Themes, which are as follows: Biodiversity & Nature, Climate Change, Energy, Global Citizenship, Health & Wellbeing, Litter, Marine and Coast, School Grounds, Transport, Waste, and Water.
Participation and awards
Any school may participate in the scheme by registering with the FEE member organisation in their country. Once registered, each school must review and improve their impact on the environment, and in recognition of their commitment and progress, they can then apply for an award.
Successful Eco-Schools are awarded the International Green Flag, an internationally acknowledged symbol for environmental excellence. In some countries, this recognition happens through a three level system, where schools are awarded either bronze and silver awards before receiving the International Green Flag.
There is flexibility to the ceremony and awarding process but the criteria for assessing schools for the award must follow the guidelines of FEE's International Eco-Schools programme.
Process
To qualify for an award the school must follow the following programme:
Register – usually done by an adult (teacher or parent).
Eco-Schools Committee – a group of pupils and adults – some elected by their peers are assembled to manage the process.
Environmental Review – the Eco-Schools Committee must organise the school to carry out a review of the school's energy and water usage, waste production and state of the school grounds with respect to litter.
Action Plan – formed from issues identified by the review
Eco Code – the Eco-Schools Committee, with the participation of the whole school must develop a mission statement to be prominently advertised inside and outside the school.
Link to Curriculum and Take Action – demonstrable progress must be made in three areas of the curriculum and involve as much of the school as possible.
Monitor and Review – the Eco-Schools Committee must record and analyse the progress made
After these processes are complete, the school can apply for one of the awards mentioned above, ultimately dependent on the level of environmental progress made.
FEE EcoCampus
The FEE EcoCampus programme is an evolution of the Eco-Schools programme. It targets students in third level education in various countries and is implemented in the same way as Eco-Schools. The only real difference is that students devise an Eco Charter instead of an Eco Code.
This Charter is a document which is a guide to environmental management on site.
EcoCampus began in Russia in 2003 and the first whole institution Green Flags were awarded in Ireland in 2010, to University College Cork.
Eco-Schools Partners and Sponsors
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Earth Charter International
TheGoals.org
The Environmental Association for Universities and Colleges (EAUC)
The Global Action Programme (GAP) on Education for Sustainable Development
The Wrigley Company Foundation
Toyota Fund for Europe
eTwinning
Alcoa
Podio
Global Forest Fund
Eco-Schools compensates for their emissions from their flight travels when they go to, for example, conferences and National Operator Meetings through the Global Forest Fund. FEE has established the Global Forest Fund to help minimise the effects of emissions from the increased travel activity worldwide. The Fund supports schools and organisations by funding compensation efforts such as planting trees and environmental education activities.
Links
Eco-Schools is a programme of the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE). FEE is a non-governmental, non-profit organisation promoting sustainable development through environmental education, and is active in five programmes; Blue Flag, Young Reporters for the Environment (YRE), Learning about Forests (LEAF), Green Key International and Eco-Schools.
FEE is an international umbrella organisation with members in 76 countries worldwide.
Research
Jelle Boeve-de Pauw & Peter Van Petegem (2017). Eco-school evaluation beyond labels: the impact of environmental policy, didactics and nature at school on student outcomes, Environmental Education Research, DOI: 10.1080/13504622.2017.1307327
HGSE Global Education Innovation Initiative Book 3: Case Studies from 50 Global Examples of Teaching and Learning in the 21st Century. Sowing the Seeds for an Ecologically Conscious Society: Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE) by Ashim Shanker and Connie K. Chung
ERIC ED497546: Evaluation of Eco-Schools Scotland. SCRE Research Report No. 124 at http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED497546.pdf
Sibel Ozsoy, Hamide Ertepinar and Necdet Saglam (2012). Can eco-schools improve elementary school students’ environmental literacy levels? in Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, Volume 13, Issue 2, Article 3
References
Sharma, P.K., Anderou, N., Funder A. C.. D, Changing Together - Eco-Schools (1994-2019), (2019) Foundation for Environmental Education
retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/41661936/Changing_Together_Eco_Schools_1994_2019_
External links
Eco-Schools
Environmental education
Environmentalism
International environmental organizations
Schools programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-Schools |
Pascal Michel Obispo (; born 8 January 1965) is a French singer-songwriter.
Biography
Pascal Obispo, son of Max Obispo (a former Bordeaux Girondins football player of Basque origin) and Nicole Guérin (originally from Angers), was born on 8 January 1965 in Bergerac. After the divorce of his parents in 1978 he was raised by his mother, who decided to settle in Rennes. His father Max gained some notoriety by publishing two books, one on football, and Le Sable d'Ararat in 2010, a novel born from a meeting with the Armenian Minister of Culture Hasmik Boghossian when he discovers the similarities between the Armenian and Basque languages.
Career
Pascal Obispo started singing in 1980. He got his first record deal in 1990. The record deal was Le long du fleuve. Some of his most famous songs are "Plus que tout au monde", "Laurelenn", "Tombé pour elle", "L'important c'est d'aimer", "Personne" and "Fan".
With his 2007 release of Les Fleurs du Bien (a play on Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal) he makes allusions to Rosa Parks, Pablo Picasso and others. He is also well known for his various escapades, his unconservative behavior, his haircut, etc. His name is an anagram of painter Pablo Picasso's name.
Obispo used his popularity to help with charity work and particularly for fighting the spread of HIV/AIDS. He has worked with many other well-known artists such as Jean-Jacques Goldman, Florent Pagny, Johnny Hallyday, Patricia Kaas, Amel Bent, and Natasha St-Pier.
1980s
In the beginning of the 1980s Rennes was one of the cities of rock in France. While studying at the Lycée Émile-Zola, Pascal found his passion for music, after discovering the group The Cure in rehearsal next to the basketball court where he was playing. He also fell in love with the Rennes rock group Marquis de Sade.
In 1983, while he was in Terminale interne at the free institution of Combrée, he created the group Words Of Goethe with friends from his former high school in Rennes (notably the lyricist Alain Gaudiche). After his military service, between January and August 1986, he was the bassist of the new wave group Evening Legions.
In 1988, he joined the new wave group Senso, which consisted of the members Frank Darcel (a former member of the Marquis de Sade group) and Frédéric Renaud. Originally a bass player, Pascal later became the singer of the project.
1990s
At the turn of the 1990s, the Senso group prepared a first album but, after discussion, decided to make it Pascal Obispo's first solo album. The disc, entitled Le Long du Fleuve, was released in 1990 by EMI with songs written by Franck Darcel, and supported by the single Les avions se souvenir. The album went unnoticed.
In 1991, Pascal Obispo signed his first artist contract with Epic and published his second album (Plus que tout au monde) in 1992, which met with real success thanks to the single of the same name and the title Tu vas me manquer, which placed 16th in the Top 50.
At the end of 1994, he released the album Un jour comme today, confirming his success with titles like Tombé pour elle and Tu compliques tout, and revealing the influence of Michel Polnareff (from whom he took over Holidays) and the Beatles. The album sold over 500,000 copies.
In 1995, he met Lionel Florence, with whom he wrote the credits for the TF1 series Sous le soleil. The same year, he took advantage of his growing fame to get involved in the fight against AIDS, around the album Entre sourires et larmes, with six titles signed by Lionel Florence.
In early 1996, he opened for Celine Dion for 13 dates, including four at Bercy. He then released his 4th album, Superflu. Thanks to the titles Il faut du temps, Lucie, Où et avec qui tu m'aimes? and the duo Les Meilleurs Enemies with Zazie, he reached a very large audience, allowing the album to exceed one million sales.
In 1997 he began collaborating with other artists. In November, he worked with Florent Pagny on his album Savoir aimer, which reached 2 million sales. The following year, he produced Johnny Hallyday's album, Ce que je sais (including the song Allumer le feu). Then, with Lionel Florence, he wrote Sa raison d'être, a song bringing together 42 artists on the same song for the benefit of the fight against AIDS. This compilation reaches 700,000 sales and brings in more than 45 million francs to ECS, of which he is an honorary member of the board of directors.
On July 28, 1997, during an outdoor concert in Ajaccio, a 19-year-old man shot him with a pellet gun and injured him in the face (he left a scar on his left eyebrow).
After publishing the album Live 98, from his Superflu tour, he produced the album Le mot de passe by Patricia Kaas in 1999, and participated in the production of several titles for Florent Pagny's new album, RéCréation. In December, he released his 5th studio album, Soledad, which totaled 700,000 sales, carried by the titles Soledad, L'important c'est d'aimer, Tue par amour, Pas besoin de regrets and Ce qu'on voit Allée Rimbaud.
2000s
Pascal Obispo worked for almost a year on the release of the album of the musical Les Dix Commandements, which premiered in October at the Palais des sports in Paris. In December, he composed Noël Ensemble, bringing together 112 artists for the benefit of the fight against AIDS (600,000 copies sold). That same year on April 4, he married Isabelle Funaro in Paris. His son Sean was born a few months later, on October 11, inspiring the title Millésime. In 2001, he was voted "male artist of the year" at the NRJ Music Awards.
In 2002, he produced the album De l'amour le mieux by Natasha Saint-Pier (including the duo Tu definables) which reached more than 750,000 sales and was certified Platinum in France. He then went on to collaborate on several of the singer's following albums, performing with her another duet, Mourir demain, which became a great success.
In 2004, his 6th album, Studio Fan - Live Fan, was released, a double album which pays tribute in particular to Michel Polnareff. The Fan Tour, which brought together more than 500,000 spectators, allowed him to receive his first Victoire de la Musique in a personal capacity, that of "Musical show, tour or concert of the year" (in 2001, the title L'Envy to love that he composed for The Ten Commandments won the "Victory for Original Song of the Year").
On May 15, 2006, he released his 7th album, Les Fleurs du bien, which included the songs Rosa and 1980 (with Melissa Mars), among others. In January 2007, he took the pseudonym of Vitoo for a song with Fatal Bazooka, Mauvaise foi nocturne (No. 1 in the Top 50), a parody of the duo Confessions nocturnes by Diam's and Vitaa. In June, he resumed the role of Vitoo for his song Le Chanteur ideal.
In 2007, he released the single Nouveau voyage (C'est la vie), featuring American rapper Baby Bash, which ranked 10th best selling singles.
In February 2009, the singer offered two concerts, at the Olympia theater in Arcachon, all of the proceeds from which went to benefit oyster farmers in the Arcachon basin and to the reconstruction of the forest massif (following the storm in January 2009). On April 16, 2009, he launched his web radio on the digital radio station GOOM, where he broadcasts his titles freely.
In April 2009, he took the pseudonym "Captain Samouraï Flower" and published the album Welcome to the Magic World of Captain Samouraï Flower, which met with mixed success.
2010s
In June 2010, Pascal Obispo embarked on the production of the musical Adam and Eve: La Seconde Chance. Its objective is to create a modern and poetic musical show, which speaks of love and music to generations born with the web. Performances of the show took place from January 31, 2012, to March 25, 2012, at the Palais des Sports in Paris, but the tour scheduled for September was cancelled.
In January 2013, the best of Millésimes was released, celebrating and retracing its twenty years of success, supported by two unreleased titles, Tu m'had dit and Comment-vous que je t'aime, and a new tour, the Millésimes Tour.
In September 2013, the single D'un Ave Maria was released, taken from the album Le Grand Amour, which was released on December 224 and was certified double platinum.
In February 2016, the album Billet de femme was published, the texts of which are taken from the collections Romance and Pauvres fleurs by the poet Marceline Desbordes-Valmore.
In December 2016, Pascal Obispo unveiled the single La bonne nouvelle, taken from his musical show Jesus, from Nazareth to Jerusalem, which evokes the last three years of Jesus' life. Performances begin on October 17, 2017, at the Palais des Sports in Paris. A tour throughout France then takes place from February to April 2018.
In 2018, he was a coach in the 7th season of The Voice: La Plus Belle Voix. The same year, he played himself in the film La Ch'tite Famille by Dany Boon.
2020s
Pascal becomes a coach during the ninth season of The Voice, he goes on to win the edition in 2020 with Abi Bernadoth.
During the COVID-19 Pandemic in France in 2020, he composed the music for the title Pour les gens du rescue on a text by Marc Lavoine. Florent Pagny accompanies them on vocals. All royalties are paid to the Fédération hospitalière de France and the Fondation des Hôpitaux de France28.
In June 2020, his new single I counted sort.
In January 2021, he launched his own Obispo All Access music app, available on the App Store and Google Play, giving access to his entire catalog, unreleased tracks and interviews.
Personal life
Pascal Obispo has a child named Sean, whom he had in 2000 with Isabelle Funaro and for whom he wrote his song Millésime.
In February 2008, he began a relationship with the singer Jenifer. After a somewhat chaotic romance, the two artists separated in February 2009.
On 26 February 2008, he saved the life of Nicolas Lacambre, a young motorcyclist who had just been hit by a hit-and-run driver. Pascal Obispo saw the accident happen in the distance. When he arrived at the scene, he called emergency services and carried the victim and his severed arm to the side of the road to avoid any further accidents. He drove off as soon as emergency services arrived, to avoid making the front page of the magazines. It was the gendarmes who informed Nicolas Lacambre of the identity of his saviour. They finally met a year and a half after the events, at the end of a Girondins de Bordeaux match, and became friends. This episode remained secret for 11 years, until the publication of Nicolas Lacambre's book "On n'est pas seul sur Terre" and Pascal Obispo's single of the same name.
He got married on 19 September 2015 to model Julie Hantson at the Notre-Dame-des-Flots church in Cap Ferret. The couple divorced in 2022.
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Singles
Musicals
2000: Les Dix Commandements – Music: Pascal Obispo, Book and Lyrics: Lionel Florence and Patrice Guirao
2012: Adam et Ève : La Seconde Chance – musical at the Palais des Sports in Paris, France.
Philanthropy
Obispo has been a member of the Les Enfoirés charity ensemble since 1997.
External links
Official website
Biography of Pascal Obispo, from Radio France Internationale
References
1965 births
Living people
People from Bergerac, Dordogne
French male singers
French-language singers
French pop singers
French-Basque people
French male singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%20Obispo |
Karlshus village is the administrative centre of the Råde municipality, Norway. Its population is 1,952, with 1,073 residents per km2 (2008). Karlshus is located near Moss Airport, Rygge, with European route E6 passing through it, and is served by Råde Station on the Østfold Line.
References
Villages in Østfold
Råde | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlshus |
Presidential elections were held in Chile in 1906. Conducted through a system of electors, they resulted in the election of Pedro Montt as President.
Results
References
Presidential elections in Chile
1906 in Chile
Chile
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%20Chilean%20presidential%20election |
Love at Absolute Zero is the debut album by the indie pop band My Favorite, released on Double Agent in 1999. The subject matter included the end of new wave, the new millennium, and growing up in suburban Long Island, New York.
Critical reception
AllMusic wrote that the album "translates palpable pre-millennial tension into neon-lit synthesizer drama—recalling the heyday of the new wave with none of the irony which sinks like-minded retro-futurists from Romania to the Rentals." Trouser Press called it "an excellent debut, nostalgic but forward-looking at the same time."
Track listing
Absolute Zero
Absolute Beginners Again
17 Berlin
The Truth About Lake Ronkonkama
Let's Stay Alive
Go Kid Go
Modulate
Party Crashers
Between Cafes
The Informers
Working Class Jacket
You Belong With Us
References
1999 albums
My Favorite albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20at%20Absolute%20Zero |
Sacred Heart Convent School is an English language Catholic education private school for girls run by Apostolic Carmelite nuns in the city of Jamshedpur, India. It is registered under the Indian Societies Registration Act of 1860 under the title 'The Apostolic Carmel Educational Society'.
The school has grades from kindergarten to 12th. There are two kindergarten levels, both aimed at preparing the girls for school, the first being similar to a playschool rather than emphasising intellectual achievement.
Admissions
Students are admitted at the beginning of the school year, in mid-March.
Academics
Computer science is taught as a compulsory subject until grade nine, where students can choose to continue with it or to choose another stream of subjects. The school is equipped with a lab for computer literacy and programming courses. The computer and basic science courses offered at the school include GW-BASIC; Java (using the BlueJ IDE); and Logo. C++ is an optional course for the Plus Two students wishing to study computer science in college. The standard Chemistry, Physics and Biology courses are offered as part of the science curriculum.
The arts and sciences offering at the school are mathematics (covering geometry, algebra and the calculus); English; Hindi, Sanskrit; geography; environmental science; home economics; political science; commerce; economics; and history.
As students move from 9th grade to 12th grade, they are allowed more freedom in choosing their classes; they typically opt for a science or commerce related curriculum to facilitate their entrance into college.
Many students struggle with the I.C.S.E. exams, so the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) was introduced. This is a program that allows weaker students to prepare for their examination and thus increases their chances of success. Boys and girls of Jamshedpur and other districts have registered for the examination through this school.
Student life
Athletics
Track sports include 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 4X100 m Relay and 100 m hurdles and the field events are discus throw, javelin throw, and shot put. Most of the students take part in track and field – it is one of the most popular sports at the school.
The basketball teams have represented the city and the state at district and national level tournaments. Football is practised for an hour each morning. Handball is practised at the Handball Court of JRD Tata Sports Complex adjacent to its premises. The school has a Kho Kho team. Volleyball practices are held in the morning, for one hour, in anticipation of the Annual Volleyball Tournament.
Karate in the Matsubayashi Shorin-ryu style is offered by qualified senseis to promote skills in self-defence as well as to increase the self-esteem and physical fitness of the girls.
Competitions
School contests include the nationwide quiz-type competitions, the QUANTA, a contest for science, mathematics, astronomy and computer science; the Fountainhead Essay Contest; the Cadbury Bournvita Quiz Contest; and essay and short story competitions for The Telegraph (the local newspaper) are offered throughout the year.
School uniform
The school uniform is worn at all times. The uniform colours are mainly blue and white.
The blue pleated skirt with white blouse are the central items, with an optional maroon sweater for winter wear. The white blouse has the school logo emblazoned on the left pocket.
11th and 12th grade students wear full-sleeved white shirts with a blue vest and blue pleated skirt. Ties are worn from 31 October to 31 March, and black blazers are worn during winter.
Black shoes are worn with the uniform and white keds during sports.
The band uniform is made of white straight skirts and white shirts with red rims.
Principals
Sister Cleopha (1945–1948)
Sister Mary Joan (1948–1952)
Sister Cleopha (1952–1955)
Sister Mary Denise (1955–1958)
Sister Mary Digna (1958–1961)
Sister Vera (1961–1966)
Sister Veronique (1966–1972)
Sister Yvette (1972–1973)
Sister Marie Anne (1973–1974)
Sister Marie Eugene (1974–1978)
Sister Veronique (1978–1981)
Sister Norella (1981–1986)
Sister Flavian (1986–1998)
Sister Teresita Mary (1998–2014)
Sister Mridula (2014–2019)
Sister Rashmita (2019–present)
Alumni association
The Association of Sacred Heart Alumni (ASHA) was founded in 1995 by Sister Flavian. Among the activities and services provided to the community and school by ASHA are counselling to help students to receive guidance on careers and personal problems; inviting ex-students for career counselling and to share their experiences; conducting the blood drives for cancer patients; raising funds for the cancer hospital and the old age home; conducting spoken English classes are given for non-native speakers; operating a book store on the school premises; and volunteering at the Samaria Ashram (leper colony).
See also
Education in India
Literacy in India
List of schools in India
References
External links
Carmelite educational institutions
Catholic secondary schools in India
Christian schools in Jharkhand
Girls' schools in Jharkhand
High schools and secondary schools in Jharkhand
Education in Jamshedpur
Educational institutions established in 1945
1945 establishments in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred%20Heart%20Convent%20School%20%28Jamshedpur%29 |
Friedrich Materna (21 June 1885 – 11 November 1946) was a general in the Bundesheer (Austrian Federal Army) in the 1930s and the German Wehrmacht during the World War II.
He became a general-major in the Austrian army in 1935, and he was also a part of the Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung (Federal Ministry of Defence), in which he acted as Head of the Training Department.
After the Anschluss he was incorporated into the Wehrmacht, where from 1938 to 1940, he commanded the 45. Infanterie-Division. Between 1940 and 1942, he commanded the XX Armeekorps, and from 1942 to 1943, the Military District XVII.
Between 1943 and 1944, he was held in reserve, and, in 1944, he retired from the Army.
He died in 1946.
Awards
Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
German Cross in Gold (15 December 1942)
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 5 August 1940 as Generalleutnant and commander of the 45. Infanterie-Division
References
Further reading
External links
Friedrich Materna @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht
German Army generals of World War II
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
Moravian-German people
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
1885 births
1946 deaths
Austrian generals
People from Bruntál District
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Austrian military personnel of World War II
Austro-Hungarian Army officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Materna |
Manilow is the eleventh studio album by singer-songwriter Barry Manilow, released in 1985. It was his first album to miss the Top 40 and fail to earn a gold certification. Many feel it was due to the prominence of synthesizers, a departure from his renowned piano ballads. This album was one of Manilow's two albums with RCA Records.
The only other release with the RCA Company was an original soundtrack album of his 1985 CBS television movie, Copacabana, in which he starred as Tony Starr with Annette O'Toole as Lola Lamarr.
Release
Three singles released from this album are "In Search of Love" (#11 US AC, #80 UK), "I'm Your Man" (#86 US, #96 UK) and "He Doesn't Care (But I Do)" (#22 US AC), with "I'm Your Man" becoming the only single from the album to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 86. However, "In Search of Love" and "He Doesn't Care (But I Do)" entered the Adult Contemporary chart, peaking at number 11 and 22, respectively.
None of its singles captured the general public, except for the song "If You Were Here with Me Tonight", which became a mainstay in adult contemporary radio setlists.
Track listing
2007 US reissued version
Side 1
"I'm Your Man" (music: Barry Manilow, Howie Rice; lyrics: Allan Rich) – 4:53
"It's All Behind Us Now" (music: Barry Manilow, Howie Rice; lyrics: Allan Rich) – 4:08
"In Search of Love" (music: Barry Manilow, Howie Rice; lyrics: Allan Rich) – 4:08
"He Doesn't Care (But I Do)" (music: Kevin DiSimone; lyrics: Robin Grean) – 4:16
"Some Sweet Day" (music: Barry Manilow; lyrics: Adrienne Anderson) – 5:06
Side 2
"At the Dance" (music: Barry Manilow, Charles Fearing; lyrics: Adrienne Anderson) – 3:55
"If You Were Here with Me Tonight" (music: Eric Borenstein, Barry Manilow, lyrics: Eric Borenstein, Lisa Thomas) – 4:55
"Sweet Heaven (I'm in Love Again)" from the movie Copacabana (music: Barry Manilow; lyrics: Bruce Sussman, Jack Feldman) – 4:05
"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" (Duet with Muffy Hendrix) (Nick Ashford, Valerie Simpson) – 3:13
"It's a Long Way Up" (John Annesi, Barry Manilow) – 3:30
French version
Side 1
"I'm Your Man" – 4:53
"It's All Behind Us Now" – 4:08
"In Search of Love" – 4:08
"He Doesn't Care But I Do" – 4:16
"Some Sweet Day" – 5:06
Side 2
"At the Dance" – 3:55
"If You Were Here With Me Tonight" – 4:55
"Sweet Heaven (I'm in Love Again)" – 4:05
"Don't Talk to Me of Love" (Duet with Mireille Mathieu) – 4:10
"It's a Long Way Up" – 3:30
Italian version
Side 1
"Amare Chi Si Manchi Tu (Who Needs To Dream)"
"I'm Your Man" – 4:53
"It's All Behind Us Now" – 4:08
"In Search of Love" – 4:08
"He Doesn't Care But I Do" – 4:16
Side 2
"Con Chi Sei (Some Sweet Day)" – 5:06
"At the Dance" – 3:55
"If You Were Here With Me Tonight" – 4:55
"Sweet Heaven (I'm In Love Again)" – 4:05
"It's a Long Way Up" – 3:30
Japanese Version
Side 1
"I'm Your Man" – 4:53
"It's All Behind Us Now" – 4:08
"In Search of Love" – 4:08
"He Doesn't Care But I Do" – 4:16
"Some Sweet Day" – 5:06
"Sakura"
Side 2
"At the Dance" – 3:55
"If You Were Here with Me Tonight" – 4:55
"Sweet Heaven (I'm in Love Again)" – 4:05
"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" (Duet with Muffy Hendrix) – 3:13
"It's a Long Way Up" – 3:30
"In Search of Love" (Duet with Hideki Saijo)
Personnel
Barry Manilow - vocals, grand piano, keyboards, drums
John Pondel, Michael Landau - guitar
Howie Rice - guitar, bass, keyboards, drums
Neil Stubenhaus, Marc Levine, Will Lee, "Ready" Freddie Washington, Lequeint "Duke" Jobe - bass
Raymond Crossley - grand piano
John Philip Shenale - synthesizer
George Duke - Synclavier II
Randy Kerber - acoustic piano, Yamaha DX-8 synthesizer
Ron Pedley, Victor Vanacore, Kevin Jones, Jon Gilutin - keyboards
Kevin DiSimone - Linn drums, Yamaha grand piano, Yamaha DX-7 synthesizer, Roland Super Jupiter synthesizer, Synclavier
John Robinson, Rick Shlosser, Kerry Ashby - drums
Bud Harner - drums, drum programming
Peter Moshay - drum programming
Terral Santiel, Paulinho Da Costa - percussion
Joel Peskin - saxophone
Billie Hughes, Jason Scheff, Jon Lind, Luther Waters, Oren Waters, Barry Edward Hirschberg, James Jolis, Kevin DiSimone, Tom Kelly, Tommy Funderbunk, Bob Carlisle, Steve George - backing vocals
Barry Fasman, Howie Rice, Alan Foust - string arrangements
References
Barry Manilow albums
1985 albums
Albums produced by Ron Dante
RCA Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilow%20%28album%29 |
Kirkebygden is the administrative centre of Våler municipality, Østfold, Norway. Its population as of 2005 was 738.
Villages in Østfold | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkebygden |
Våk is a village in the municipality of Våler, Østfold, Norway. Its population (2005) is 1,021.
References
Villages in Østfold | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5k |
Svinndal is a village and parish in the municipality of Våler, Østfold, Norway. The population of the village (2009) is 353. Svinndal shares its coat-of-arms with Våler.
Svinndal church (Svinndal kirke) was constructed in mixed Gothic and Swiss style during 1856. The church was built of wood based upon an architectural design by Chr. H. Grosch. It replaced a prior church that burned down in 1854. The church is located on Fylkesvei 115 (Fv 115) which runs between Bjørkelangen in Aurskog-Høland and Rødsundet in Våler. The parish is associated with the Vestre Borgesyssel deanery of the Diocese of Borg.
References
Villages in Østfold | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svinndal |
Black is a Bangladeshi Grunge and Alternative rock band formed in 1998 in Dhaka which was the first band in Bangladesh to introduce Grunge music in the country. Originally formed by Jon Kabir (lead singer, rhythm guitars), Mushfeque Jahan (lead guitars), Mahmudul Karim Miraz (bass guitars), Tony Vincent (drums) and Tahsan Rahman Khan (keyboards and vocals) who joined the band in 2000.
After signing a contract with G-Series, Black broke through the mainstream with their debut studio album "আমার পৃথিবী (Amar Prithibi)" (2002). Since then, they have released five studio albums and have appeared in some mixed albums. Their latest album "ঊনমানুষ (Unomanush)" was released in 2016 by G-Series. They were one of key rock bands of the 2000s along with Nemesis and Stentorian, who popularized alternative rock music in Bangladesh.
History
Formation and Early Days (1997–1998)
Childhood friends and schoolmates Jahangir "Jon" Kabir, Mushfeque Jahan, and Tony Vincent (Mehmood Afridi Tony) always shared a similar passion for music. Their time was mostly spent at each other's houses listening to records from bands such as Pearl Jam, Stone Temple Pilots, Soundgarden. Pearl Jam's debut album Ten had a profound effect on the three and is said to have been the tipping point at which they decided to take up music professionally. After convincing each other about their musical skills the trio decided to form a band and soon enough they were jamming at their friend's homes. Initially, they decided to name their group "Dope Smuglazz", as a wink to the irreverent parental fears of rock music and its supposed concurrent substance abuse, but soon enough shifted to the name "Black" by a suggestion from a friend, classmate, and future band member Asif Haque. The band would then be introduced to Zubair Hossain Imon, an old acquaintance of guitar player Asif, whom the band considers to be "The Stalwart Member" and their "Philosophical Mentor". He is widely known for helping the band with their songwriting, often directly contributing words and ideas.
Black was formed in 1998 with the five members of Jon in vocals, Jahan in guitar, Tony in drums, Asif for additional guitar work, and Tamzid Siddiq Spondon in bass. Soon enough Spondon and Asif parted ways with the band to follow their own interests.
"আমার পৃথিবী (Amar Prithibi)" (2001–2002)
In 2002, Black released their debut album titled আমার পৃথিবী (Amar Prithibi). Work began on the album in late 2001, between which they had also released several other singles in various compilation albums, and came into completion fall of 2002. This album includes some of their classical hit songs like "আমরা (Amra)", "আমার পৃথিবী (Amar Prithibi)" and "কোথায় (Kothay)". The album also displayed Black's earlier heavy music influences in songs like "কবর (Kobor)" and "অন্ধকারের পাশে (Andhokarer Pashe)".
"উৎসবের পর (Utshober Por)" and "Offbeat" (2003–2004)
Shortly after the release of আমার পৃথিবী (Amar Prithibi), Black started working on their second studio album under the title উৎসবের পর (Utshober Por). This album was completed in a much shorter time since the band already had enough material from আমার পৃথিবী (Amar Prithibi) for a second album. The album was a departure from Black's usually heavy and alternative styling and instead focused on more mellow and folk-oriented tunes and dealt with more self-exploratory writing. The album includes hit singles like "উৎসবের পর (Utshober Por)" and "শ্লোক (Shlok)", which received frequent playback in commercial radio stations.
Considering the sudden emergence of piracy in music, the album had sold well enough to have superseded আমার পৃথিবী (Amar Prithibi). The album was received fairly well by critics despite having sold so well. Soon after releasing উৎসবের পর (Utshober Por), the band took a stab at acting. The members of Black were cast as a ragtag group of street urchins in the teleplay "Offbeat". The soundtrack to the song সে যে বসে আছে(Se Je Boshe Ache) had been a collaborative effort between Black and Arnob.
Death of Imran Ahmed Choudhury Mobin
On 20 April 2005, returning home after successfully completing a tour in Chittagong the bus in which the band was on, crashed near a ditch on the road. The crash caused the death of Imran Ahmed Choudhury Mobin, a prominent sound engineer in the Bangladesh music industry and a close friend of the band. Band members Jon, Jahan and Tahsan suffered minor bruises and cuts while Tony and Miraz had to be hospitalised. The members of the band announced a hiatus until further notice. Miraz had been diagnosed with a permanently damaged patella and had to leave the band indefinitely.
"আবার (Abar)" (2007–2008)
After a five-year hiatus Black released their third studio album আবার (Abar) at 10 July 2008. Under the sponsorship of Warid Telecom a press conference was held at Bashundhara City shopping mall, followed by a gala event for the album's launch. A documentary chronicling Black's career, including Imran Ahmed Choudhury Mobin's death, was shown and released publicly prior to আবার (Abar) being launched. It was produced under Black's supervision and released through the G-Series label. The documentary features interviews by notable artists and figures amongst the Bangladesh music industry such as, Isha Khan Duray, Azam Khan, Saidus Sumon, Sheikh Monirul Alam Tipu and Iqbal Asif Jewel. This album was stated as one of the most commercially successful album in the history of Bangladeshi rock music.
"Black" (2009–2011)
In late 2009, Black stated on their official Facebook page they had started working on their fourth studio album since June and that it is planned to be self-titled, a first for the band. In mid 2010, bass player Shahriar Sagar parted with the band paving the way for former Aashor member Rafiqul Ahsan Titu to take the place. Upon his joining vocalist Jon Kabir says:
Black released their 4th album, Black on 21 August 2011. Just after that Jon Kabir took a break from the band for an indefinite time of period. He stated that he along with his wife is going for higher studies in the end of 2012. As a part of that, he's getting prepared and in the meantime Black would perform with guest vocalists in concerts if they want to do so. Besides Jon also stated via Black's official Facebook fan page that he was working on a side project on music but not forming a band neither going solo. After a couple of months Jon opened a fan page on Facebook named "Indalo". It stated that he was working with Dio Haque from Nemesis on drums, Zubair Hasan from Aashor on guitar, Rafiqul Ahsan Titu of Black on bass.
"ঊনমানুষ (Unomanush)" (2013-2016)
Black released their fifth studio album, named "উন মানুষ (Unomanush)", on 26 November 2016, under G series. There are a total of eight songs in this album. All the songs are recorded in Acoustic Artz Studio. The album was officially launched at RCC with the physical CD. Eventually this is first album recorded by the newly included members Rubayet Chowdhury on vocals and Charlz Francis on bass guitar. Three of the songs have already been released with the music video "আক্ষেপ", "গহিনে" and "অধরা".
Playing Style
Their playing style is heavily influenced by Grunge and alternative bands like Alice in Chains, Nirvana, Soundgarden; Heavy guitar riffs and complex drum beats. Before and during Amar Prithibi, their sound was very heavy but it was also balanced with melodious keyboard progressions played by Tahsan. The title track of their first album which is their most popular song to date, incorporated the sitar into their grunge setting.
During Utshober Por they started experimenting with more new sounds lie folk but it still had the bands original grunge tone in some of the songs. Their next three albums and singles were much more heavier and is still developing with their major lineup changes.
Most of the compositions were done by Jon before his departure from the band. Majority of their songs were played in Drop D♭/Drop C# tuning which made them sound exceptional and set them apart from other bands during the early 2000s.
Discography
Studio albums
"আমার পৃথিবী (Amar Prithibi)" (2002)
"উৎসবের পর (Utshober Por)" (2003)
"আবার (Abar)" (2008)
"Black" (2011)
"ঊনমানুষ (Unomanush)" (2016)
Members
Present members
Ishan Hossain – Vocals, Rhythm guitars
Khademul Jahan – Lead guitars
Mehmood Afridi Tony – Drums, Percussion, Backing vocals
Charles Francis – Bass
Farhan Tanveer – Drums
Past members
Jon Kabir - vocals, guitars
Ahsan Titu - bass
Ashifur Rahman Chowdhury- vocals, guitars
Mashuk Islam Khan- vocals
Tahsan Rahman Khan – vocals, keyboards
Mahmudul Karim Miraz - bass
Shahriar Sagar - bass
Tamzid Siddiq Spondon – bass
Asif Haque – guitars
Imran Ahsan - guitars
Rubayet Chowdhury – vocals, rhythm guitars (2015–2021)
Music videos
"অন্ধ (Andho)" performed by Black (2002)
"উৎসবের পর (Utshober Por)" performed by Black (2004)
"কোথায় (Kothay)" performed by Black (2004)
"আবার (Abar)" performed by Black (2008)
"৩৫ (35)" performed by Black (2008)
"আজো... (Ajo...)" performed by Black (2011)
References
1998 establishments in Bangladesh
Musical groups established in 1998
Bangladeshi rock music groups
G-Series (record label) artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20%28Bangladeshi%20band%29 |
Bedford/St. Martin's is an American publishing company specializing in humanities college textbooks. Bedford/St. Martin's is part of the Bedford, Freeman, and Worth Publishing group owned by the Macmillan Publishers, which is in turn owned by the Stuttgart-based Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. Its offices are located in Boston and New York. The company was founded in 1981 by Charles Christensen and Joan Feinberg as Bedford Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.
Among others works, Bedford/St. Martin's has published The Bedford Handbook and A Writer's Reference by Diana Hacker, Patterns for College Writing, The Bedford Reader, The American Promise, Ways of the World and Writer's Help.
In 2013, Bedford/St. Martin's made a deal with Coursera to offer instructional materials.
References
External links
BSM History
Academic publishing companies
Book publishing companies based in New York (state)
Publishing companies based in New York City
Companies based in Boston
Publishing companies established in 1981
1981 establishments in the United States
Holtzbrinck Publishing Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford/St.%20Martin%27s |
Harpers Bizarre 4 is an album by Harpers Bizarre, released in 1969. Ry Cooder contributes on slide guitar.
The film I Love You, Alice B. Toklas featured music from Harpers Bizarre.
Two bonus tracks were added to the 2001 Sundazed CD reissue of this title: "Poly High" by Harry Nilsson and "If We Ever Needed the Lord Before" by Thomas A. Dorsey.
Track listing
"Soft Soundin' Music" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman)
"Knock on Wood" (Steve Cropper, Eddie Floyd)
"Witchi Tai to" (Jim Pepper)
"Hard to Handle" (Alvertis Isbell, Allen Jones, Otis Redding)
"When the Band Begins to Play" (Scoppettone, Templeman)
"Something Better" (Gerry Goffin, Barry Mann)
"Blackbird" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)
"I Love You, Alice B. Toklas" (Elmer Bernstein, Paul Mazursky, Larry Tucker)
"There's No Time Like Today" (Scoppettone, Templeman)
"All Through the Night" (John Petersen, Scoppettone, Templeman)
"Cotton Candy Sandman (Sandman's Coming)" (Kenny Rankin)
"Leaving on a Jet Plane" (John Denver)
2001 Remaster Bonus Tracks
"Poly High" (Harry Nilsson)
"If We Ever Needed the Lord Before" (traditional, Thomas A. Dorsey)
References
1969 albums
Harpers Bizarre albums
Albums produced by Lenny Waronker
Warner Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers%20Bizarre%204 |
The Afrikaner Volksfront (AVF; ) was a separatist umbrella organisation uniting a number of right-wing Afrikaner organisations in South Africa in the early 1990s.
History
The AVF was formed by General Constand Viljoen and three other generals from the South African Defence Force (SADF), and launched on 7 May 1993. The other three generals were Major General Tienie Groenewald, a former chief of military intelligence, Lieutenant General Koos Bischoff, former chief of operations of the SADF, and Lieutenant General Cobus Visser, a former head of investigations of the South African Police. The AVF President was Dr Ferdi Hartzenberg, leader of the Conservative Party, and the chief secretary was Colonel Piet Botha.
The AVF existed as an umbrella group for right wing groups rather than a party in itself. Other groups involved included the Boerestaat Party, the Herstigte Nasionale Party, and the Oranjewerkers. The AVF aimed to disrupt the 1994 elections.
The AVF established a Volksrepubliek werkkomitee ("People's Republic working committee") to gather information and put the ideal of Afrikaner self-determination into practice. In September 1993 this committee recommended a Volkstaat solution incorporating Pretoria, parts of the Transvaal, and northern Kimberley and Northern Natal, which would exist as a state with the right to secede from a federal South Africa; in November 1994 a new proposal was suggested for a smaller state with just autonomy. The negotiations held with the ANC displeased hardliners within the AVF, with Hartzenberg demanding nothing less than an independent Afrikaner homeland. After negotiations failed Viljoen's position in the AVF was undermined by the hardliners; Viljoen left and subsequently formed the Freedom Front. The AVF rejected the interim constitution of South Africa which was passed in November 1993.
In 1994 the AVF sought to have the Boers recognised as an indigenous people by the United Nations but were unsuccessful after 82 other indigenous peoples signed a petition against the AVF's participation. The AVF also participated in the 1994 Bophuthatswana crisis in which several members of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging were killed.
The AVF was disbanded in November 1996.
References
External links
First Report of the Volk's Republic Works Committee of the Afrikaner Volksfront
1993 establishments in South Africa
1996 disestablishments in South Africa
Afrikaner nationalism
Boer nationalism
Defunct political parties in South Africa
Far-right politics in South Africa
Nationalist parties in South Africa
Organisations associated with apartheid
Political parties disestablished in 1996
Political parties established in 1993
Political party alliances in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner%20Volksfront |
According to the annals of Shalmaneser I, discovered at Assur, an ancient Assyrian city on the Tigris and traditional capital of Assyria, near the modern city of Al-Shirqat in Iraq, he conquered eight countries in the northwest in his first year and destroyed the fortress of Arinnu, the dust of which he brought to Assur.
Ancient Assyrian cities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arinnu |
Alethea Howard, 14th Baroness Talbot, 17th Baroness Strange of Blackmere, 13th Baroness Furnivall, Countess of Arundel (1585 – ), née Lady Alethea Talbot (pronounced "Al-EE-thia"), was a famous patron and art collector, and one of England's first published female scientists. She was the wife of Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel with whom she built one of the most important art collections in 17th-century England. She was the youngest daughter of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury and his wife Mary Cavendish; and the sister of two other countesses: Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke and Elizabeth Grey, Countess of Kent.
Marriage and issue
Lady Alethea Talbot was born in Sheffield, Yorkshire in 1585. In September 1606, she married the courtier Thomas Howard. They had six children; their first son died as a youth aged 17; three died in infancy:
James Howard, Baron Maltravers (1607–1624)
Henry Frederick Howard, 22nd Earl of Arundel (1608–1652)
William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford (c. 1614–1680)
Thus, she survived all but one of her children.
Life at court
Along with her sister Elizabeth and cousin Arbella Stuart, she performed in The Masque of Queens, written to Royal order by Ben Jonson, with costumes by Inigo Jones. The masque was originally planned to celebrate Christmas 1608 and was eventually performed at court on 2 February 1609. On 5 June 1610, she danced as the "Nymph of Arun" in the masque Tethys' Festival. In 1612, the English diplomat in the Netherlands, William Trumbull sent trees for her house in Highgate, shipped from Vlissingen.
Overseas travel
Lady Arundel wished to join her husband abroad but was dissuaded from doing so. Alethea and her husband accompanied the Elector Palatine Frederick V and his bride Princess Elizabeth Stuart to Heidelberg on their marriage in 1613.
Lady Arundel used her own money to buy back Arundel House and financed their trip to Italy in 1613–1614, travelling with Inigo Jones. The Earl of Arundel was one of the first Englishmen to buy antique statues. She met him in Siena. Then they travelled to Rome, Naples, Padua, Genoa, Turin, and Paris. They reached England in November 1614. Alethea's father died in 1616; she inherited a third of the estate and her husband's serious collecting started.
On 30 August 1618 Anne of Denmark provided a grand reception for the Venetian ambassador Piero Contarini at Oatlands Palace. Arundel sat next to the ambassador and talked of her time in Venice. At the end of the dinner there were sweetmeats, then they stood and toasted Elizabeth, Electress Palatine and Frederick V.
Around 1619 Lord Arundel sent his two elder sons to Padua. In 1620 Rubens painted Alethea Talbot, and her retinue, jester, dwarf and dog in Antwerp when she was on her way to Italy. (The male figure, called lord Arundel, was added many years later by an unknown hand.) He wished to visit his sons but decided that Lady Arundel should go alone. Lady Arundel was accompanied by Francesco Vercellini. She stayed in Spa and engaged apartments. Lady Arundel moved to Milan and Padua.
In 1622 she lived in Venice in the Palazzo Mocenigo facing the Canal Grande, and also in a villa at Dolo. Antonio Priuli's election to office as Doge of Venice began a brutal process of ferreting out individuals suspected of plotting against Venice. Hundreds were arrested, with or without cause, with attention specially focused on foreign soldiers and sailors. The manhunt led to the arrest of many actual plotters, but also of many innocent victims, such as Antonio Foscarini, a patrician and Venetian Ambassador to England (1611–15), who was executed on 21 April 1621, after attending an event at the English Embassy.
The hysteria ended in 1622, and on 16 January 1623, the Venetian government issued an apology for Foscarini's execution, thus marking a scaling back of the manhunt. Sir Henry Wotton warned her to leave Venice. She declined the advice and went straight to Venice. Insisting on appearing the next day, with Wotton, before Doge Priuli and the Senate she was completely justified. Lady Arundel left Venice with letters from Priuli ordering every favour to be shown to her on her journey through Venetian territory. She spent the winter in Turin together with her two sons. She met with Anthony van Dyck, the painter. Together they went to Mantua.
In 1623 she attempted to go to Spain to woo the Infanta, sister of Philip IV of Spain. She started for England, intending to visit the Queen of Bohemia at the Hague on the way. In 1624 her eldest son Maltravers died of smallpox in Ghent. In 1626 her husband was put in the Tower of London by Charles because their elder son Maltravers had secretly married Elisabeth Stuart (daughter of Esme Stuart, 1st Duke of Lennox), a kinswoman of Charles, without permission. Joachim von Sandrart gave his opinion on the collection and copied the works by Holbein. The King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria visited Arundel House to see the collections. Birth of another grandson to Lord Arundel.
The king refused to allow Lady Arundel to accompany her husband on a special embassy to Holland, to invite the Winter Queen, his sister, to England.
Return to England
In 1633 Lady Arundel purchased a small villa, known as Tart Hall, located just south of Buckingham House (now Buckingham Palace). Her second son, Lord Maltravers, was elected member of the Dublin Parliament of 1634. Arundel and his son paid a visit to Lord Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford in Dublin.
In 1636 Lady Arundel met her husband on the Thames, after his visit to the Holy Roman Emperor. She is involved in a Catholic intrigue. Lord Arundel acquired the cabinet of the Dutch merchant Daniel Nijs. Maria de' Medici comes to England.
In 1638 Lady Arundel was indicted for recusancy and debts threatened to ruin the estate, and her husband started the Madagascar plan. Arundel House contained thirty-seven statues, 128 busts and 250 inscriptions. Artemisia Gentileschi may have worked for Aletheia. Van Dyck painted a portrait of Lord Arundel and his wife. With the departure of the Queen-Mother, Maria de' Medici from England, Lord and Lady Arundel were appointed to escort her to Cologne.
Exile in the Netherlands
In 1641, on the eve of the English Civil War, she and her husband, their son, Viscount Stafford, and his wife fled to the Netherlands. She commissioned an inventory of the contents of Tart Hall, her home on the margins of St James's, which included a chamber known as the Dutch Pranketing Room. Lady Arundel was not prepared to wait for Marie de' Medici and with characteristic decisiveness set off for the Continent on her own, the reason being, so it was said, that she had a 'mania' for travel.
Alethea went straight to Utrecht and met there with her husband. When he accompanied Maria de' Medici to Cologne, Alethea tried to persuade Urban VIII to allow her to enter a Carthusian monastery. In 1642, her husband accompanied the Queen and Princess Mary for her marriage to William II of Orange and left straight for Padua.
She lived in Antwerp, but moved to Alkmaar after her husband died. She invited Franciscus Junius, for thirty years in their service, to rearrange the collection of books. Then she moved to Amersfoort (1649), and rented a pied-a-terre in Amsterdam at Singel 292, an elegant house, with a courtyard facing Herengracht.
When the Earl of Arundel died, Alethea inherited the collection of 600 paintings and drawings including works by Dürer, Holbein, Brueghel, Lucas van Leyden, Rembrandt, Rubens, Van Dyck, Raffaello da Urbino and Titian. There were 181 works with no attribution; 200 statues and 5,000 drawings, which he had bought with her money. His debts (or the collection) were estimated £100.000.
She inherited Arundel Castle and Arundel House. Her eldest son argued for three years in court against his father's will. In 1651, she succeeded to the title of Baroness Furnivall, a title of her father's that had been in abeyance since his death. In 1652, her favourite son, William, was arrested in the Kurpfalz.
In 1652, her son, Henry, died. In 1653, William arrived in Amsterdam. On 3 June 1654, Alethea died in Amsterdam without leaving a will and a compiled and far from clear inventory was made. The inventory consisted of 36 paintings by Titian, 16 by Giorgione, 19 by Tintoretto, 11 by Correggio, 17 by Veronese 12 by Rafaello and five by Da Vinci.
Legacy
Two grandchildren claimed half of the inheritance and sent Sir Edward Walker to the Netherlands. In 1655 Stafford was arrested in Utrecht, but released within a few weeks. Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk and his brother Charles were keen on getting the paintings and went in Utrecht to court in 1658 and 1661. Later on Henry inherited Arundel House, and Tart Hall (on Stafford Row) went to their uncle William.
Writing and architecture
Like her sister, Elizabeth, Alethea was interested in the use of herbs and other foodstuffs for medical purposes. Her recipes were published under the title Natura Exenterata Alethea's father Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, was a noted patron of early science, and Alethea herself was the author of one of the earliest printed books of technical and scientific material in England to be attributed to a woman – making her one of England’s first published female scientists.
She would have been devisor with her husband of their buildings, and was involved in site management at their Highgate house, Arundel House on the Strand, their lodge in Greenwich Park, and especially later in the 1630s during the development of her own Tart Hall in St James's Park. Tart Hall was built with the advice of the Catholic priest George Gage and the master mason Nicholas Stone.
Tart Hall, long demolished, is believed to have had some resemblance to the villas of the Veneto that the countess had seen. An inventory details the furnishings, including her bed chamber which was decorated with fabrics from India, a parlour with Indian furniture, and a room for the display of porcelain and other collections, called in Dutch fashion, a "Pranketing Room".
Ancestry
References
Sources
Edward Chaney, The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance (Routledge, 2000).
L. Cust, 'Notes on the collections formed by Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, and Surry', in The Burlington Magazine 1911/12, XX, pp. 97–100, 233–236 and 341–343.
Dianne Duggan, 'Tart Hall: the Countess of Arundel's 'Casino' at Whitehall', in The Renaissance Villa in Britain 1500–1700, eds Malcolm Airs and Geoffrey Tyack (Spire Books 2007)
M. F. S. Hervey, The life, correspondence and collections of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, Cambridge 1921, Appendix V, The Arundel inventory, pp. 473–500.
D. Howarth, Lord Arundel and his circle (New Haven/London 1985)
J. Rabe, 'Mediating between Art and Nature: The Countess of Arundel at Tart Hall', in Sites of Mediation: Connected Histories of Places, Processes, and Objects in Europe and Beyond, 1450–1650, eds. Susanna Burghartz e.a. (Brill 2016)
External links
Profile, SHAFE.co.uk. Accessed 30 December 2022.
Profile, geocities.com. Accessed 30 December 2022.
Times Higher Education website. Accessed 30 December 2022.
|-
1585 births
1654 deaths
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English nobility
16th-century English women
17th-century English women
17th-century English scientists
17th-century women scientists
English countesses
Daughters of British earls
Furnivall, Alethea Howard, 13th Baroness of
Talbot family
Barons Furnivall
British women scientists
Barons Talbot
Barons Strange of Blackmere
Wives of knights | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alethea%20Howard%2C%20Countess%20of%20Arundel |
Eugen Beyer (18 February 1882 in Pohrlitz (Moravia) – 25 July 1940 in Salzburg) was an Austrian Feldmarschalleutnant in the 1930s and Wehrmacht General of the Infantry during the early years of the Second World War.
From 1935 to 1938, Beyer was commander of the Bundesheer's 6th Division (stationed in Innsbruck). After the Anschluss he was incorporated into the Wehrmacht where he was given command of XVIII Corps, a post he held until shortly before his death. He was the most senior Austrian officer to transfer to the German Army.
Promotions
Decorations & awards
Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Military Jubilee Cross 1848-1908
Military Merit Cross, 3rd class with war decoration and swords (Austria-Hungary)
Order of the Iron Crown, 3rd class with war decoration and swords (Austria)
Silver Military Merit Medal ("Signum Laudis") with swords (Austria-Hungary)
Bronze Military Merit Medal ("Signum Laudis") with swords (Austria-Hungary)
Austrian War Commemorative Medal with Swords
Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918
Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria
References
1882 births
1940 deaths
People from Pohořelice
People from the Margraviate of Moravia
Moravian-German people
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Austrian lieutenant field marshals
German Army generals of World War II
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Recipients of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
Deaths from cancer in Nazi Germany
Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
Austrian military personnel of World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen%20Beyer |
"Un Alma Sentenciada" (English: "A Sentenced Soul") is the second single from Thalía's tenth studio album El Sexto Sentido (2005). The ballad was written by Estéfano and Julio Reyes and produced by Estéfano. The remixes of the song were done by Hex Hector (as HQ2), Dennis Nieves, Jean Smith, and Javier Garza.
"Un Alma Sentenciada" is one of the songs that proves her high vocal abilities.
The remix Hex Hector's version reached #37 position of "Billboard's Dance/Club Play Songs".
Music video
Directed by Jeb Brien and shot in New Jersey, the music video for "Un Alma Sentenciada" tells the story of a hermit woman who lives in a lost city. She lives alone, and therefore she feels surprised when she finds a strange shoe lying on the ground.
Then, she starts looking for the intruder, and she find a poor, injured man. She takes him home, takes care of him and washes his feet. Finally, she falls asleep at his side, and she has a dream where the poor man is Jesus, who puts a little rock in her hand. When she wakes up, the man is not at her side, but the rock of her dream is in her hand. Then, she realizes that the dream was not a dream.
The video was officially released by the TV Magazine "Primer Impacto" ("First Impact").
Track listing
Mexican 5" CD single
"Un alma sentenciada" [Album Version] – 3:41
U.S. Remixes 5" CD single
"Un Alma Sentenciada" [HQ2 Club] – 7:42
"Un Alma Sentenciada" [HQ2 Dub] – 5:13
"Un Alma Sentenciada" [HQ2 Radio] – 3:36
"Un Alma Sentenciada" [Reggaeton Mix] – 4:16
"Un Alma Sentenciada" [Reggaeton Mix] (feat. Chavito) – 3:49
"Un Alma Sentenciada" [Salsa Version] – 4:41
"Un Alma Sentenciada" [Grupero Version] – 2:55
"Un Alma Sentenciada" [Ranchera Version] – 3:49
"Un Alma Sentenciada" [Album Version] – 3:41
Charts
1: Hex Hector & Mac Quayle Mixes
External links
Watch the music video to Un Alma Sentenciada
Watch the music video to Un Alma Sentenciada (Hex Hector Radio Remix)
References
2005 singles
Spanish-language songs
Thalía songs
Songs written by Estéfano
Pop ballads
EMI Latin singles
2005 songs
Songs written by Julio Reyes Copello
Song recordings produced by Estéfano | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un%20alma%20sentenciada |
Grevenbroich () is a town in the Rhein-Kreis Neuss, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the river Erft, approximately 15 km southwest of Neuss and 15 km southeast of Mönchengladbach. Cologne and Düsseldorf are in a 30 km reach. It is notable for having the Frimmersdorf Power Station, which was one of Europe's least carbon-efficient power stations.
City districts
Grevenbroich consists of the urban quarters and villages:
Postal code 41515:
Allrath, Barrenstein, Elsen, Fürth, Gewerbegebiet-Ost, Laach, Neu-Elfgen, Noithausen, Orken, Stadtmitte, Südstadt
Postal code 41516:
Busch, Gruissem, Gubisrath, Hemmerden, Hülchrath, Kapellen, Langwaden, Mühlrath, Münchrath, Neubrück, Neukirchen, Neukircher Heide, Tüschenbroich, Vierwinden, Wevelinghoven
Postal code 41517:
Frimmersdorf, Gindorf (population 1,817), Gustorf, Neuenhausen, Neurath
In pop culture
Grevenbroich became widely known as home town of comedian Hape Kerkeling's fictional persona Horst Schlämmer.
Twin towns – sister cities
Grevenbroich is twinned with:
Celje, Slovenia
Peel en Maas, Netherlands
Saint-Chamond, France
Notable people
Vincenz Hundhausen (translator of Chinese literature and Peking University professor)
See also
Frimmersdorf Power Station
References
Bieg, Lutz. "Literary translations of the classical lyric and drama in the first half of the 20th century: The "case" of Vincenz Hundhausen (1878-1955)." (Archive) In: Alleton, Vivianne and Michael Lackner (editors). De l'un au multiple: traductions du chinois vers les langues européennes Translations from Chinese into European Languages. Éditions de la maison des sciences de l'homme (Les Editions de la MSH, FR), 1999, Paris. p. 62-83. , 9782735107681.
Notes
External links
Rhein-Kreis Neuss | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevenbroich |
Maurice Ravel's Piano Trio for piano, violin, and cello is a chamber work composed in 1914. Dedicated to Ravel's counterpoint teacher André Gedalge, the trio was first performed in Paris in January 1915, by Alfredo Casella (piano), Gabriel Willaume (violin), and Louis Feuillard (cello). A typical performance of the work lasts about 30 minutes.
Composition
Ravel had been planning to write a trio for at least six years before beginning work in earnest in March 1914. At the outset, Ravel remarked to his pupil Maurice Delage, "I’ve written my trio. Now all I need are the themes." During the summer of 1914, Ravel did his compositional work in the French Basque commune of Saint-Jean-de-Luz. Ravel was born across the bay in the Basque town of Ciboure; his mother was Basque, and he felt a deep identification with his Basque heritage. During the Trio's composition, Ravel was also working on a piano concerto based on Basque themes entitled Zazpiak Bat (Basque for "The Seven are One"). Although eventually abandoned, this project left its mark on the Trio, particularly in the opening movement, which Ravel later noted was "Basque in colouring."
However, Ravel's first biographer and friend Roland-Manuel had a different account of the theme's origin:
Our great musicians have never been ashamed of admiring a pretty tune from a café concert. It is said that it was in watching ice-cream vendors dancing a fandango at Saint-Jean-de-Luz that Ravel picked up the first theme of his Trio in A, a theme which he believed to be Basque, but wasn't.
While initial progress on the Trio was slow, the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 spurred on Ravel to finish the work so that he could enlist in the army. A few days after France’s entry into the war, Ravel wrote again to Maurice Delage: "Yes, I am working on the Trio with the sureness and lucidity of a madman." By September he had finished it, writing to Igor Stravinsky, "The idea that I should be leaving at once made me get through five months' work in five weeks! My Trio is finished." In October, he was accepted as a nurse's aide by the Army, and in March 1916 he became a volunteer truck driver for the 13th Artillery Regiment.
Musical overview
In composing the Trio, Ravel was aware of the compositional difficulties posed by the genre: how to reconcile the contrasting sonorities of the piano and the string instruments, and how to achieve balance between the three instrumental voices – in particular, how to make that of the cello stand out from the others, which are more easily heard. In tackling the former problem, Ravel adopted an orchestral approach to his writing: by making extensive use of the extreme ranges of each instrument, he created a texture of sound unusually rich for a chamber work. He employed coloristic effects such as trills, tremolos, harmonics, glissandos, and arpeggios, thus demanding a high level of technical proficiency from all three musicians. Meanwhile, to achieve clarity in texture and to secure instrumental balance, Ravel frequently spaced the violin and cello lines two octaves apart, with the right hand of the piano playing between them.
Inspiration for the musical content of the Trio came from a wide variety of sources, from Basque dance to Malaysian poetry. However, Ravel did not deviate from his usual predilection for traditional musical forms. The Trio follows the standard format for a four-movement classical work, with the outer movements in sonata form flanking a scherzo and trio and a slow movement. Nevertheless, Ravel manages to introduce his own innovations within this conventional framework.
Movements
The Trio is written in the key of A minor and consists of four movements:
I. Modéré
According to Ravel, the first movement draws on the zortziko, a Basque dance form. The movement is notated in time, each bar being subdivided into a rhythmic pattern. The influence of Zazpiak Bat is most obvious in the opening theme, whose rhythm is identical to that of the Zazpiak Bat main theme but with halved note values. Also notable is the melody's stepwise movement before followed by a leap of a fourth; the opening themes of the other three movements are similarly constructed—in the second and fourth movements, the jump is of a fifth.
Ravel employs sonata form in this movement but not without introducing his own touches. The second theme is presented in the tonic A minor, and reappears untransposed in the recapitulation but with different harmonies. To avoid overuse of the tonic key, Ravel ends the movement in the relative key of C major. In the recapitulation, the appearance of the main theme in the piano is superimposed over a rhythmically modified version of the second theme in the strings. This juxtaposition of themes was a favourite device of Ravel's, who used it in other works as well, such as the Menuet antique and the Menuet in Le Tombeau de Couperin.
II. Pantoum: Assez vif
This movement is based on a traditional scherzo and trio A-B-A form. The scherzo presents two themes: the piano opens with the spiky first theme in A minor, while the strings respond in double octaves with the smoother second theme in F minor. The name of the movement refers to a Malaysian verse form, in which the second and fourth lines of each four-line stanza become the first and third lines of the next. While Ravel never commented on the significance of the movement's title, Brian Newbould has suggested that the poetic form is reflected in the way these two themes are developed in alternation.
The F-major melody of the trio is in a completely different metre () from the scherzo (). When the piano introduces it, the strings continue to play material derived from the scherzo in time, and the two time signatures continue to coexist in the different parts until the return of the trio.
III. Passacaille: Très large
The third movement is a passacaglia based on the piano's opening eight-bar bass line, which is derived from the first theme of the Pantoum. The cello joins next, followed by the violin. While the melody is passed between the three instruments, the movement builds singlemindedly to a powerful climax, then dies away.
IV. Final: Animé
Against a backdrop of violin arpeggio harmonics (previously used by Ravel in his Trois poèmes de Mallarmé) and double-stopped trills from the cello, the piano presents the five-bar first theme. As in the first movement, irregular time signatures are again in use: the movement alternates between and time. The trumpet calls in the development section (played by the piano after rehearsal number 7) may be an allusion to the declaration of war in August 1914, which coincided with Ravel's work on this movement. As the most orchestral of the four movements, the Final exploits the resources of the three players to the utmost, and Ravel rounds off the entire work with a brilliant coda.
Popular culture
The first movement was used extensively as a soundtrack in the 1992 film Un cœur en hiver (A Heart in Winter). The music credits in the film are given to Maurice Ravel.
An adapted version of the third movement features in the 2014 film Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance).
In a 1993 London Proms concert, Yan-Pascal Tortelier premièred his orchestration of the trio with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra.
References
External links
Performance of Ravel's Piano Trio by the Claremont Trio from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
Analysis of Ravel's Trio
Compositions by Maurice Ravel
Ravel
1914 compositions
Compositions in A minor
Music dedicated to students or teachers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano%20Trio%20%28Ravel%29 |
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