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Jēkabs Kazaks (18 February 1895, in Riga – 30 November 1920, in Riga) was a Latvian modernist painter. Biography Kazaks was born in a relatively meager surroundings and had to struggle to finish his high school education. He studied at the Riga Art School between 1913 and 1915 (under Vilhelms Purvītis and Roberts Tillbergs) and the Penza Art School during World War I, (1915-1917). Like many Latvian modernists, his formal artistic training and the choice of his most compelling subjects derived from his experience as a refugee during World War I. Kazaks style contained elements of Impressionism, West European Old Masters, modern French painters and early 20th century Latvian Modernism. He was also profoundly inspired by the series of paintings of his fellow countryman Jazeps Grosvalds, bringing to these themes his own intimist painter's sensitivity. He used his influences and interests to create a personal style characterised by expressiveness, simplicity, synthesis and distortion of forms. He was involved in the formation of the Expressionists' Group in 1919 and then the Riga Artists' Group as its theoretician and first chairman. Several of his major works portray the everyday life of refugees, he also painted portraits and self-portraits. His medium was conditional colour pattern in oil and water colour which he augmented with various graphic techniques (Indian ink, drawing, linocut, woodcut). Over 40 of his oil paintings as well as around 150 of his water colours and drawings are exhibited at the Latvian State Museum of Art. Selected paintings References External links 1895 births 1920 deaths Artists from Riga People from Kreis Riga 20th-century Latvian painters Latvian male painters	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%93kabs%20Kazaks
The Louisiana Baptist Convention (LBC) or Louisiana Baptists is a Baptist state convention affiliated with the Southern Baptists. Comprising approximately 1,600 affiliated churches and 620,000 members, the Louisiana Baptist Convention's offices are located in the city of Alexandria. The executive director of the Louisiana Baptists is Steve Horn. History In 1848, the Louisiana Baptist Convention was organized by 13 Baptists as the Baptist State Convention of North Louisiana; they met at Mount Lebanon. By 1853, the name of the convention was changed to the Baptist State Convention of Louisiana, before changing its name to the present Louisiana Baptist Convention. In 1906, the convention's membership established the present-day Louisiana Christian University, and Baptist Hospital in Alexandria, Baton Rouge General Hospital, and Baptist Hospital in New Orleans were founded between the 1920s and 1940s. In 2012, Fred Luter Jr. of the Louisiana Baptists was elected the first African American president of the Southern Baptist Convention. Following his election, an alternate descriptor for Southern Baptists—the Great Commission Baptists—was approved and gained notable use by the 2020s for racial and regional inclusion. Beliefs Churches affiliated with the Louisiana Baptists are also affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention at large; these churches subscribe to variations of the Baptist Faith & Message. Partner ministries Louisiana Baptists are primarily supported through the Cooperative Program of the Southern Baptist Convention; in the U.S. state of Louisiana, the Southern Baptists own and operate the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, though the Louisiana Baptist Convention operates Louisiana Christian University (formerly Louisiana College). The Louisiana Baptist Convention also owns and operates a state newspaper, The Baptist Message. The state convention also has partnerships with the SBC's North American Mission Board, International Mission Board, Lifeway, and other prominent Southern Baptist entities. References External links Louisiana Baptist Convention Official Website Baptist denominations established in the 19th century Conventions associated with the Southern Baptist Convention Religious organizations established in 1849 Baptist Christianity in Louisiana 1849 establishments in Louisiana Rapides Parish, Louisiana	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%20Baptist%20Convention
Michael "Jakko" Jakszyk ( , born Michael Lee Curran, 8 June 1958) is an English musician, record producer, and actor. He has released several solo albums as a singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. He is best known as lead singer and second guitarist of King Crimson between 2013 and 2021 succeeding Adrian Belew in the role. His work has been variously credited to "Jakko", "Jakko Jakszyk", and "Jakko M. Jakszyk". Before joining King Crimson, he led bands for over thirty years, including 64 Spoons, Dizrhythmia, 21st Century Schizoid Band, Jakszyk Fripp Collins, and Rapid Eye Movement. He was a member of Level 42, the Lodge, and the Tangent and has collaborated with Tom Robinson, Peter Blegvad, Danny Thompson, Gavin Harrison, Warren Harry, Pandit Dinesh, and Dave Stewart. Jakszyk has also worked as a session musician and soundtrack producer. Biography Roots and childhood (1958–1974) Jakszyk was born at Whittington Hospital in Archway, London, the son of Irish singer Peggy Curran and an unknown American airman. At 18 months of age, he was adopted by two European refugees who had settled in England after World War II: Polish Norbert Jakszyk and his French wife, Camille. Jakszyk grew up in Croxley Green, Hertfordshire, and would later describe his childhood as unhappy; his adoptive parents' nationalities led to an unsettled home life. He explained, "There was a lot of confusion – English was [a] second language for both of them, so although I could understand them both, they often couldn't understand each other – it led to all sorts of daft misunderstandings and rows." Jakszyk was frequently in conflict with Norbert, although the two would reconcile later in life. In 1977, he tracked down his birth mother Peggy, who had settled in Arkansas; he and Peggy would eventually meet in 1984. Jakszyk would later reconstruct his complex family history in an extended radio piece, The Road to Ballina. Originally aiming to become a professional footballer, Jakszyk switched his full attention to his other two obsessions, music and acting, after failing to win a place with the Watford Boys football squad at the age of 15. As a developing musician, he was inspired equally by pop, progressive rock, and jazz fusion (with artists such as Allan Holdsworth, Henry Cow, King Crimson, and Hatfield and the North being particular favourites) and developed a high level of skill as both a guitarist and singer by his mid-teens. Having joined the National Youth Theatre at 14, he maintained his acting work in parallel to his musical efforts and would eventually gain his Equity card. In 1974, at the age of 16, he was kicked out of the Jakszyk family home by Norbert, and embarked on a struggling career as part-time actor and musician while working at a number of dead-end jobs to survive financially. Early bands: Soon After, 64 Spoons, and Rapid Eye Movement (1975–1980) By 1975, Jakszyk was leading an eccentric jazz-rock band called Soon After. His self-confessed "dictatorial tendencies" reduced a bigger line-up to a trio of "two screaming lead guitars and a trumpet" (the latter played by ex-National Youth Jazz Orchestra member Ted Emmett). The band reached the finals of the 1975 Melody Maker National Rock/Folk competition, finishing third. When Soon After split up, Jakszyk toured with "a strange little band" which supported Camel, Stackridge, and Judas Priest, then briefly joined a Tring-based band called Synthesis which played progressive rock in the Canterbury-scene vein. Jakszyk's first significant band was 64 Spoons, which he joined as guitarist and lead singer in 1976, co-writing much of the band's material. Between 1976 and 1980, 64 Spoons wrote and performed a blend of pop, progressive rock, jazz, and comedy (typified by their single "Ladies Don't Have Willies"). Boosted by an exuberant and funny live show, 64 Spoons proved popular with audiences but failed to gain an effective record deal or media breakthrough and split up in 1980. Their only album, Landing on a Rat Column, was eventually released in 1992, many years after it was recorded. Jakszyk would describe them as "the wrong band at the wrong time". 64 Spoons's work did, however, lead to friendships with several of the musicians who had inspired the band, notably keyboard player Dave Stewart. Following the split of 64 Spoons, Jakszyk joined Stewart, Rick Biddulph, and Pip Pyle in the band Rapid Eye Movement. Jakszyk contributed several songs to the band's repertoire ("One More Time", "I'll Stand On My Own", "Ingmar Bergman on the Window Sill", "Straining Our Eyes", and "Dear Clare", the last of these a 64 Spoons song) and co-wrote material with Stewart ("This Is Not What I Want" and "'Allo Darlin' I Work on the Fair"). Between August 1980 and June 1981, Rapid Eye Movement toured Spain, France, and the UK and recorded material but split up due to Stewart's desire to concentrate on studio work (Jakszyk sang on the original version of Stewart's cover of "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted?", later a hit with a new vocal track by the Zombies' lead singer Colin Blunstone). During this period, Jakszyk also contributed to sessions for the former Van der Graaf Generator saxophonist David Jackson's album The Long Hello Vol. 3 (eventually released in 1982). Early solo career, Stewart/Gaskin, and the Lodge (1981–1987) Signing a solo deal with Chiswick Records in 1981, Jakszyk began to record his debut solo album, Silesia, aided by Dave Stewart, David Jackson, and Amanda Parsons. During 1982, Chiswick released three singles ("The Night Has a Thousand Eyes", "Straining Our Eyes", and "Grab What You Can"), although none were hits. A full release of Silesia was shelved at the last minute while the album was at the manufacturing stage (although the album had a limited release in Germany). Strengthening his existing links to British art rock, Jakszyk began working with Peter Blegvad and would go on to play on the latter's first three solo albums (beginning with 1983's The Naked Shakespeare). In 1983, Jakszyk signed a second solo recording contract with Stiff Records. Three further singles followed between 1983 and 1984 ("Dangerous Dreams", "I Can't Stand This Pressure", and "Who's Fooling Who") and recordings were made for a second solo album. Due for release in 1985, this album met the same fate as Silesia. It was shelved in 1985 when Stiff Records filed for bankruptcy. Discouraged but not defeated, Jakko supplemented his income with acting work while continuing to pursue music. He continued his collaboration with Dave Stewart, contributing to his duo work with Barbara Gaskin and playing a prominent role on the Stewart-produced Neil's Heavy Concept Album (a 1984 spin-off from the Young Ones comedy series). During this time he also met an up-and-coming drummer named Gavin Harrison, who would become one of his most frequent collaborators. It was also during this time that he finally visited the United States to meet his birth mother. Jakszyk's third attempt at recording a solo album, this time for MDM Records in 1986–87, was shelved when MDM's distributor, Virgin Records, dropped its support. Some of the "lost" material from this and the previously shelved albums resurfaced on Jakszyk's 1996 compilation album Are My Ears on Wrong?, while Jakko's ill-fated first album Silesia was briefly issued on CD in the late 1990s. In 1987, Jakszyk joined Peter and Kristoffer Blegvad, John Greaves, and Anton Fier in the short-lived New York-based band the Lodge, with whom he recorded one album, The Smell of a Friend. Session musician/producer, the Kings of Oblivion, and Dizrhythmia (1987–1989) From 1987 onwards, Jakszyk consolidated his work as a pop session player and budding producer, and also signed a new and remunerative publishing deal. He worked with producer Larry Williams in Los Angeles, during which he wrote with, produced or played for Bill Myers, Shari Belafonte, and Tommy Funderburk's rock band What If. This period was also notable for a ludicrous footwear-related encounter with Michael Jackson and for Jakszyk's refusal to let Whitney Houston record one of his songs (either "Behave Yourself" and "Don't Blame Me", both of which were later recorded by the Nolans). Returning to the UK, he played with Swing Out Sister and Sam Brown, contributing to and co-arranging the latter's 1988 hit single "Stop", and toured with Italian singer Alice. He formed the Kings of Oblivion with Gavin Harrison in order to record the album Big Fish Popcorn, which was released on the Bam Caruso label in 1987. The album was a pastiche project similar to XTC's the Dukes of Stratosphear that was later described as "inspiring" and "the absolute worst of Frank Zappa or Ween". Both musicians took on ridiculous pseudonyms for the project (Jakszyk as "Mario 'Fat Man' Vanzetti" and Harrison as "Helmo 'Hairdo' Hudson") and fictitious liner notes claimed that the recordings were the first and second sides of a "lost" 1967 double LP recorded in the back of an auto shop. The Kings of Oblivion led into a more serious project when Jakszyk and Harrison teamed up with classical Indian singer/percussionist Pandit Dinesh and Danny Thompson on double bass. The quartet formed the world-fusion project Dizrhythmia, which mixed jazz, folk, art rock, and Indian classical music. Pandit Dinesh encouraged Sultan Khan to contribute to the album, while his three British colleagues brought in their own friends and colleagues from the art rock world: Dave Stewart, pedal steel guitarist B. J. Cole, and Lyndon Connah from 64 Spoons. Dizrhythmia's self-titled album was released in 1988 by Antilles Records. Tom Robinson, Level 42, and the Kinks (1990–1994) In 1988, Jakszyk began recording a duo album with Tom Robinson called We Never Had It So Good: it was released in 1990 and gained positive press attention. This brought Jakszyk to the attention of Jazz-funk band Level 42, who needed to replace their recently deceased guitarist Alan Murphy and Murphy's temporary substitute, Allan Holdsworth. Jakszyk's Holdsworthian guitar style, additional instrumental skills, and broad knowledge of pop music made him a natural choice. Jakszyk went on to play on all of Level 42's tours and promotional appearances between 1991 and 1994. However, record company politics restricted his contributions: despite being pictured on the cover of 1991's Guaranteed, he never performed on a Level 42 studio album and was never a full member of the band. For similar reasons, material which he wrote and recorded with the band with the intention of release ended up shelved when Level 42 reunited with drummer and songwriter Phil Gould. Gould's second period with the band was short, and Jakszyk brought in Gavin Harrison as drummer to fulfil tour obligations. Jakszyk left Level 42 in 1994 when group leaders Mark King and Mike Lindup opted to split the band up. He would later play in one of the line-ups of King's solo bands. During 1994, Jakszyk was very briefly a member of the Kinks. He performed with them on 1 January 1994 BBC Radio broadcast of The Johnnie Walker Show, substituting for estranged guitarist Dave Davies. The songs performed on the broadcast were "Phobia", "Over the Edge", "Wall of Fire" and "Till the End of the Day #2". Solo artist, art rock journeyman, and radio documentarian (1994–1999) Following Level 42's disbandment, Jakszyk joined three former members of Japan – Richard Barbieri, Mick Karn and Steve Jansen – who were considering forming another band following the disintegration of their post-Japan project Rain Tree Crow and the end of their work in the No-Man live band. The musical combination of the four players worked well and led to a lasting musical friendship, but did not result in a full-time band project. Instead, Jakko resumed his solo career. Signing a new record deal with the progressive/art rock label Resurgence, he released the Kingdom of Dust EP in 1994. All four of the EP tracks came from his work with Jansen, Barbieri, and Karn. In 1995, Jakszyk released a solo album, Mustard Gas and Roses, on Resurgence, featuring a mixture of sharp, intelligent pop songs and progressive/art rock instrumentals. The album featured further contributions from Karn and Jansen, as well as from Sam Brown, BJ Cole and Jakko's Dizrhythmia colleagues Danny Thompson and Gavin Harrison. In 1996, Resurgence released a Jakko compilation album called Are My Ears on Wrong? – which compiled material from Jakko's second and third solo albums (the ones which had been shelved by Stiff and MDM during the mid -1980s). Since 1991, Jakszyk had been sketching out plans for an autobiographical radio piece called The Road to Ballina, a mixed music-and-spoken word project exploring his own family history and his bittersweet search for his birth mother. In 1995 this went into production. In addition to Jakszyk's own account of growing up as an adoptee, the work included extensive contributions from both of his adoptive parents relating to their often harrowing wartime experience in Europe as refugees and conscripts and as people under occupation. Several of the recordings were conceptually arranged (including specially made recordings of Norbert Jakszyk recorded in Auschwitz-Birkenau) while the music tracks featured Gavin Harrison and two of Jakszyk's former Level 42 colleagues, Mark King and Gary Barnacle. The Road to Ballina was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 in December 1996, and Resurgence released a shorter and compressed version on CD in early 1997. This was the first of Jakszyk's albums to be credited to "Jakko M. Jakszyk", and he would release all of his future solo work under that name. In March 1999, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a second Jakko radio piece called The Church of Lanza, which used many of the same techniques as The Road to Ballina. The piece dealt with the nature of fame and celebrity, focussing on "the deification of stars who die young", and used the life of Mario Lanza as its focal point. The piece incurred the wrath of a number of outraged Mario Lanza fans and, unlike The Road to Ballina, was not released on album. During this period, Jakszyk continued to work as a guest and collaborator. Between 1994 and 1999 he contributed to albums by Akiko Kobayashi (Under the Monkey Puzzle Tree), Peter Blegvad (Just Woke Up), Gavin Harrison (Sanity & Gravity), Pip Pyle (7 Year Itch), Saro Cosentino (Ones and Zeros), and Richard Barbieri (Indigo Falls). A particularly notable Jakko guest effort was his contribution to Mick Karn's 1996 album The Tooth Mother. While providing guitar, keyboards and flute, he also played saxophone, shawm and the Indian bowed dilruba. 21st Century Schizoid Band, The Bruised Romantic Glee Club, and the Tangent (2000–2009) In 2002, Jakszyk was instrumental in the establishment of the 21st Century Schizoid Band, which specialised in performing the 1960s and 1970s repertoire of King Crimson and featured several ex-members/associates of the band – Ian McDonald, Mel Collins, Peter Giles and Michael Giles (the last later replaced by Ian Wallace). Jakszyk led the band, playing guitar and singing. Over a five-year period, the 21st Century Schizoid Band played occasional tours in the UK, North America and Japan. The band was well received by audiences, and released several live albums plus a concert DVD. Its work came to a halt in 2005 due to lack of funding and difficulties in finding worthwhile arrangements for tours: Wallace's death in 2007 finally put an end to the project. By this point, Jakszyk had spent several years assembling another solo album, which was eventually released as The Bruised Romantic Glee Club in 2006. Hailed as his most accomplished work to date, the double album featured one disc of new Jakszyk songs and one disc of his reinterpretations of works by musicians who'd influenced him (including King Crimson, Soft Machine and Henry Cow). The album included a remarkable sweep of guest performers assembled from the full length of Jakszyk's career and associations. As well as contributions from long-standing allies Lyndon Connah, Gavin Harrison and Dave Stewart, the guests included Danny Thompson and Pandit Dinesh (from Dizrhythmia); Mark and Nathan King (from Level 42); and King Crimson members Robert Fripp, Mel Collins and Ian Wallace. Hugh Hopper (Soft Machine) and Clive Brooks (Egg) also made an appearance, playing on a Soft Machine cover version initially recorded for a compilation in 2000. Despite some highly complimentary reviews, the original 2006 release of The Bruised Romantic Glee Club was blighted by bad luck and the collapse of the record company releasing it. Eventually, the album was re-released on the King Crimson-associated record label Panegyric in 2009 (alongside a companion album of material recorded at the same time called Waves Sweep the Sand). In 2007, Jakszyk joined British progressive rock band the Tangent for their album Not as Good as the Book (released 2008). Following one guest appearance and one full live show at the Summers End festival in September 2008, he resigned from the band. King Crimson (2010–present) Since 2002, Jakszyk's connections to the musicians in and around King Crimson had grown closer (via the 21st Century Schizoid Band, Gavin Harrison's recruitment into King Crimson in 2007, and Jakszyk's own developing friendship with Robert Fripp, which led to Jakszyk being invited to remix King Crimson's 1995 album Thrak for reissue) . In January 2010, Jakszyk and Fripp began recording ambient instrumental pieces on a casual basis: this eventually developed into a full song-based project involving Mel Collins. Gavin Harrison and King Crimson bass player Tony Levin were brought in to complete the recordings, which were released in May 2011 on the Panegyric label as an album called A Scarcity of Miracles credited to Jakszyk Fripp & Collins. At the time, King Crimson was in a "dormant" phase, but the involvement of three current band members, one former band member and a previously separate singer-songwriter in this new project led to speculation that King Crimson was about to reactivate and would recruit Jakszyk as a new frontman. Initially Fripp downplayed these suggestions. In an online diary entry, he described the trio as an endeavour which "has the Crimson gene, but is not quite KC. It is a Crimson ProjeKct, although this was not the intention. Given the gene pool, I suppose this counts as evolution. If JFC were named as a ProjeKct, which would be legitimate IMO, then all manner of expectations, categorisations, limitations & dopey commentaries would be launched to deter the ears of innocent audients". Fripp went on to comment that the origin of the trio was in fact a proposed but abandoned ProjeKct Seven (featuring himself, Jakszyk, Collins, Levin, Harrison and possibly some other players) and described the forthcoming A Scarcity of Miracles as "one of my favouritist albums, of those where I am a determining element". A Scarcity of Miracles was met with a good critical response and a mixed welcome from the King Crimson fanbase. Due to Fripp's retirement from live performance, the release was not supported by a concert tour. Fripp's formal retirement from the music industry in 2012 stifled most of the remaining rumours. On 24 September 2013, Fripp made the announcement that he was launching a new lineup of King Crimson, with its first tour planned for September 2014. Shortly afterwards the personnel list was announced, with Jakszyk confirmed as lead singer and second guitarist. The new King Crimson lineup continued and expanded the Scarcity of Miracles project personnel: other members besides Fripp and Jakszyk were Mel Collins, three members from the 2009 Crimson band (Gavin Harrison, Tony Levin and Pat Mastelotto) and another new recruit, American drummer/keyboard player Bill Rieflin (with a second drummer/keyboard player, Jeremy Stacey, also being added to the band in 2016). Jakko has remained with King Crimson until the present day as a key part of the band's longest continual lineup. in September Jakko was awarded the 'Chris Squire Virtuoso award' at the 2017 Progressive Music Awards at Shakespeare's Globe in London. It was presented to him by comedian and actor Ade Edmondson. Secrets & Lies Album (2020) On August 14, 2020 Jakko released an animated video for his single "The Trouble with Angels" directed by Iranian filmmaker, Sam Chegini. The song is taken from his latest album "Secrets & Lies", released on CD/DVD via InsideOut Music on the 23rd of October, 2020. Work in comedy and acting Jakszyk has had a sideline in comedy work parallel to his solo career (ranging from radio programmes to character work on television) and has spent some time as a member of the actor's union Equity. His work as a character comedian has included playing the demented but fleet-fingered Italian guitarist Eduardo, a sidekick to comedy music duo Raw Sex (Simon Brint and Rowland Rivron). As Eduardo, Jakszyk appeared on the French & Saunders TV show in 1987, as well as being part of Raw Sex's subsequent theatre show at the Kings Head in Islington and three-week stint at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Jakszyk also impersonated Lindsey Buckingham in the French & Saunders TV parody of Fleetwood Mac. In the BBC TV movie In Dreams (starring Lenny Henry and Bill Paterson), Jakszyk makes a cameo appearance as Michael Jackson's recording engineer. He has also appeared in the BBC sitcom Birds Of A Feather. Under the pseudonym of "Grand Master Jellytot", Jakszyk produced the novelty hip-hop single "The Stutter Rap" (performed by "Morris Minor and the Majors", who included future comic star Tony Hawks). This record reached Number 4 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1988. Musical style Jakszyk has followed a variety of musical approaches. He has become known – in his solo work in particular – for blending elements of pop with aspects of progressive rock. While known as a guitarist and singer, he also performs on a variety of keyboard, string and wind instruments from various cultures (and can write for even more), and his work has drawn on assorted elements of jazz, art rock, classical, Irish, Eastern European, Indian and Chinese music. His soundtrack work draws on a variety of sources as well, although he has commented that "very few (of the soundtracks) have a distinct Jakko stamp (whatever that may be)." Personal life Jakszyk is divorced from model Amanda Giles, the daughter of King Crimson drummer and co-founder Michael Giles. They have two children who he currently lives with in Hertfordshire. Discography Singles and EPs Albums As guest or sideman David Jackson: The Long Hello Vol. 3 (Butt Records, 1982) – guitars, bass guitar, synthesizer, vocals Peter Blegvad: The Naked Shakespeare (Virgin, 1983 – guitar Neil: Neil's Heavy Concept Album (WEA, 1984) Peter Blegvad: Knights Like These (Virgin, 1985) – guitar What If: What If (RCA, 1987) – guitar Swing Out Sister: It's Better to Travel (Mercury, 1987) – guitar Peter Blegvad: Downtime (Virgin, 1988) – guitar, backing vocals Sam Brown: Stop! (Mercury, 1988) – guitar John Greaves, David Cunningham: Greaves, Cunningham (Eva Records, 1991) (reissued on Piano 1997) – vocals Mica Paris: Whisper a Prayer (4th & Broadway, 1993) – guitar Holi (Akiko Kobayashi): Under the Monkey Puzzle Tree (Resurgence, 1994) – guitar, flute, backing vocals Peter Blegvad with John Greaves and Chris Cutler: Just Woke Up (ReR Megacorp, 1995) – guitars Mick Karn: The Tooth Mother (CMP, 1996) – guitars, shawm, dilruba, flute, tenor saxophone, keyboards, programming, sampler Indigo Falls: Indigo Falls (Medium Productions, 1997) – guitars and low whistle Saro Cosentino: Ones and Zeros (Consorzio Produttori Indipendenti/Mercury/Resurgence, 1997) – vocals Gavin Harrison: Sanity and Gravity (Resurgence, 1997) – keyboards, guitar, vocals, whistle Pip Pyle: 7 Year Itch (Voiceprint, 1998) – guitar, flute, production, lead vocals on three tracks Mark King: Mark King Group Live ... At The Jazz Café (Mark King Self-released, 1999) – guitar, backing vocals Steven Wilson: The Raven That Refused to Sing (And Other Stories) (Kscope, 2013) – vocals on "Luminol" and "The Watchmaker" Fjieri: "Words Are All We Have" (Emerald, 2015) – lead and backing vocals on 9 tracks, guitar Steve Hackett: "Genesis Revisited" (Inside Out Music, 2012) – lead vocals on "Entangled", guitar Level 42 : Live at London's Town and Country Club – Recorded in 1992 – (DVD, Wienerworld, 2013) – Guitar and backing vocals Louise Patricia Crane: "Deep Blue" (Peculiar Doll Records, 2020) – Guitar and backing vocals Album remixes TV and video Jo Brand's "Through the Cakehole" Chef (BBC – music for all series) Hard Cases (Central TV) Clive James's Postcard from... Bombay In Dreams (BBC TV movie) Birds of a Feather (BBC – music for one season and a Christmas special) CD-ROM games World War II and The War in the Pacific. References External links Jakko M. Jakszyk @ MySpace Previous official homepage – old front page 1958 births Living people English adoptees English people of American descent English people of Irish descent Musicians from London People from Croxley Green English funk musicians English jazz musicians English pop musicians English rock musicians English session musicians Discipline Global Mobile artists King Crimson members Level 42 members National Youth Theatre members The Tangent members 21st Century Schizoid Band members Chiswick Records artists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakko%20Jakszyk
Joseph Highmore (13 June 16923 March 1780) was an English painter of portraits, conversation pieces and history subjects, illustrator and author. After retiring from his career as a painter at the age of 70, he published art historical and critical articles. Life Highmore was born in London, the third son of Edward Highmore, a coal merchant, and nephew of Thomas Highmore, Serjeant Painter to William III. He displayed early his ability in art but was discouraged by his family from taking up art professionally, and began a legal training instead. At the ending of a clerkship at the age of 17 (during which he continued to attend a drawing academy run by Godfrey Kneller and lectures on anatomy by William Cheselden), he abandoned his law career and started to work as a portrait painter in London. From 1720 he attended the St Martin’s Lane Academy, where he was exposed to contemporary French art. On the revival of the Order of the Bath in 1725, he was selected to paint the knights in full costume. In 1732 he visited the Low Countries to study Rubens and van Dyck's works. Two years later he visited Paris where he studied works in public and private collections. In the next few years he received patronage from the royal family, but during the 1740s he began to cater more to middle-class clients who appreciated his ability to capture a likeness in a single sitting and to create an informal composition. In 1762 Highmore sold the contents of his studio and retired to Canterbury, where he lived with his daughter and son-in-law. He subsequently published art historical and critical articles, including on Rubens' ceiling decorations in the Banqueting House, Whitehall, London, colour theory and Brook Taylor's theory of perspective. Highmore died aged 87 on 3 March 1780. He was buried in sheep's wool (to comply with a 17th-century statute to encourage the wool trade) in the fifth bay of the south aisle of Canterbury Cathedral. His wife Susanna Highmore (née Hiller) was a poet, though little of her work was published. His son Anthony Highmore (1719–99) was an artist, one of whose 15 children, Anthony Highmore Jnr. (1758–1829), became a writer on legal affairs and a social activist. Work He painted portraits, conversation pieces and history subjects. He worked for artistocratic clients as well as middle-class patrons. His ability to give a group portrait the informal outlook of a conversation piece is demonstrated in his Mr Oldham and his Guests (National Gallery, London). It shows Mr Oldham, who appears to have just arrived, standing at the extreme left of the painting, with his arms folded over the top of a chair. He is looking with an expression of barely concealed amusement at his guests who are already seated at a table. Highmore also made portraits of his children. His portrait of his daughter Susanna (c.1740, National Gallery of Victoria) is remarkable in the richness of the visual details and the confident glance which the sitter casts towards the viewer. For his portraits, he employed the specialist drapery painter Joseph Van Aken to paint the dresses and costumes of his sitters. Highmore painted works illustrating biblical subjects, historical painting being a genre which Highmore had studied during his visit to Paris. One such biblical painting is Hagar and Ishmael, which Highmore donated to the Foundling Hospital for the purpose of decorating its Court Room. The painting is now part of the Foundling Hospital art collection at The Foundling Museum in London. During the 1740s Highmore had become connected with the new Foundling Hospital which aimed to support desperate and abused women. His involvement caused him to engage with issues relating to women's vulnerability to sexual assault and society's unwillingness to support them. He expressed this engagement in his work The Angel of Mercy (c. 1746, Yale Center for British Art). It depicts a desperate mother about to kill her baby, when her hand is stayed by an angel who points to the Foundling Hospital shown in the background as the alternative to the murder of her child. In 1744, Highmore painted a series of 12 paintings after scenes from Samuel Richardson's epistolary novel Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded. The novel was first published in 1740–1 and recounts the virtuous lady’s maid Pamela Andrews' relationship with an aristocratic seducer whom she repeatedly rebuffs, then reforms and finally marries. Highmore's paintings were based on the novel Pamela but were not conceived as book illustrations, although they were later engraved by Antoine Benoist and Louis Truchy. They were rather an attempt to recount the whole story in successive and connected images. Highmore's pictures were conversation pieces which focused on the characters. As an author, he was best known for the works Critical Examination of Reubens' two Paintings in the Banqueting House and Observations on Bodwell's Pamphlet against Christianity. References Attribution External links 1692 births 1780 deaths Painters from London 18th-century English painters English male painters English portrait painters English illustrators English art critics History painters 18th-century English male artists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Highmore
Anagaire (anglicised as Annagry) is a village in The Rosses district of County Donegal, Ireland. , the population was 236. Name The Irish and official name for Annagry is Anagaire, which in turn derives from Áth na gCoire meaning "ford of the whirlpools". Language There are 2,354 people living in the Anagaire ED and 55% of them are native Irish speakers. Annagry is in the Gaeltacht region which means the official language of the area is Irish. However, the use of the language has been in decline since the 1930s. Despite this, it has an Irish language college in the summer months which runs courses for students from English-speaking areas of the country, Coláiste na Rosann. History Annagry has a long history of emigration, much like the rest of County Donegal. In the 1950s, a large number of locals left the area to work in other countries. Education The local primary school is Scoil Náisiúnta Dhubhthaigh with 144 pupils, and the nearest secondary school is Rosses Community School in Dungloe. Sport The local Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) team is Naomh Mhuire CLG which serves the greater Lower Rosses area. Football (also known as soccer) is also popular in the village. Transport Annagry is one mile from Donegal International Airport (Carrickfinn Airport) which has daily flights to Dublin Airport and four flights a week to Glasgow International Airport, which are operated by Aer Lingus and Loganair respectively. Annagry is also serviced by a TFI Local Link route from Crolly to Dungoe (Route 992). Amenities In the first week of June, the Annual Festival takes place. Sharkey's Bar has been run by the Sharkey family since 1888. Caisleáin Óir hotel (formerly Jack's Bar) and Duffy's are also public houses in Annagry. See also List of populated places in the Republic of Ireland List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland References External links Anagaire Pop stats 2006 Gaeltacht places in County Donegal Gaeltacht towns and villages The Rosses Towns and villages in County Donegal	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annagry
Peerage of England \|Duke of Cornwall (1337)\|\|Edward, the Black Prince\|\|1337\|\|1376\|\| \|- \|Duke of Lancaster (1351)\|\|Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster\|\|1351\|\|1361\|\|New creation for the 4th Earl of Leicester and Lancaster \|- \|Earl of Surrey (1088)\|\|Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Surrey\|\|1347\|\|1376\|\|10th Earl of Arundel \|- \|Earl of Warwick (1088)\|\|Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick\|\|1315\|\|1369\|\| \|- \|Earl of Oxford (1142)\|\|John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford\|\|1331\|\|1360\|\| \|- \|Earl of Hereford (1199)\|\|Humphrey de Bohun, 6th Earl of Hereford\|\|1336\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Earl of Norfolk (1312)\|\|none\|\|1338\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Earl of Kent (1321)\|\|John, 3rd Earl of Kent\|\|1332\|\|1352\|\|Died \|- \|Joan of Kent\|\|1352\|\|1385\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Earl of March (1328)\|\|none\|\|1330\|\|1354\|\|Attainted \|- \|Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March\|\|1354\|\|1360\|\|Restored \|- \|Earl of Devon (1335)\|\|Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon\|\|1340\|\|1377\|\| \|- \|Earl of Salisbury (1337)\|\|William de Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury\|\|1344\|\|1397\|\| \|- \|Earl of Huntingdon (1337)\|\|William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon\|\|1337\|\|1354\|\|Died, title extinct \|- \|Earl of Northampton (1337)\|\|William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton\|\|1337\|\|1360\|\| \|- \|Earl of Suffolk (1337)\|\|Robert d'Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk\|\|1337\|\|1369\|\| \|- \|Earl of Pembroke (1339)\|\|John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke\|\|1348\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|Earl of Cambridge (1340)\|\|William of Juliers, 1st Earl of Cambridge\|\|1340\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Earl of Richmond (1342)\|\|John of Gaunt, 1st Earl of Richmond\|\|1342\|\|1372\|\| \|- \|Earl of Stafford (1351)\|\|Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford\|\|1351\|\|1372\|\|New creation \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron de Ros (1264)\|\|William de Ros, 3rd Baron de Ros\|\|1342\|\|1353\|\|Died \|- \|Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros\|\|1353\|\|1383\|\| \|- \|Baron le Despencer (1264)\|\|none\|\|1326\|\|1398\|\|Attainted \|- \|Baron Basset of Drayton (1264)\|\|Ralph Basset, 3rd Baron Basset of Drayton\|\|1343\|\|1390\|\| \|- \|Baron Basset of Sapcote (1264)\|\|Simon Basset, 4th Baron Basset of Sapcote\|\|1326\|\|1360\|\|Never summoned to Parliament \|- \|Baron Mowbray (1283)\|\|John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray\|\|1322\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Baron Astley (1295)\|\|Thomas de Astley, 3rd Baron Astley\|\|1314\|\|1359\|\|Died; none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|Baron Berkeley (1295)\|\|Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley\|\|1326\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Baron Fauconberg (1295)\|\|Walter de Fauconberg, 4th Baron Fauconberg\|\|1349\|\|1362\|\| \|- \|Baron FitzWalter (1295)\|\|John FitzWalter, 3rd Baron FitzWalter\|\|1328\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Baron FitzWarine (1295)\|\|Fulke FitzWarine, 3rd Baron FitzWarine\|\|1349\|\|1373\|\| \|- \|Baron Grey de Wilton (1295)\|\|Reginald Grey, 4th Baron Grey de Wilton\|\|1323\|\|1370\|\| \|- \|Baron Hylton (1295)\|\|Alexander Hylton, 2nd Baron Hylton\|\|1322\|\|1360\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Mauley (1295)\|\|Peter de Mauley, 2nd Baron Mauley\|\|1310\|\|1355\|\|Died \|- \|Peter de Mauley, 3rd Baron Mauley\|\|1355\|\|1389\|\| \|- \|Baron Montfort (1295)\|\|Peter de Montfort, 3rd Baron Montfort\|\|1314\|\|1367\|\| \|- \|Baron Neville de Raby(1295)\|\|Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby\|\|1331\|\|1367\|\| \|- \|Baron Poyntz (1295)\|\|Nicholas Poyntz, 4thd Baron Poyntz\|\|1333\|\|1360\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Segrave (1295)\|\|John de Segrave, 3rd Baron Segrave\|\|1325\|\|1353\|\|Died \|- \|Elizabeth de Segrave, suo jure Baroness Segrave\|\|1353\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|Baron Umfraville (1295)\|\|Gilbert de Umfraville, 3rd Baron Umfraville\|\|1325\|\|1381\|\| \|- \|Baron Bardolf (1299)\|\|John Bardolf, 3rd Baron Bardolf\|\|1328\|\|1363\|\| \|- \|Baron Clinton (1299)\|\|John de Clinton, 3rd Baron Clinton\|\|1335\|\|1398\|\| \|- \|Baron De La Warr (1299)\|\|Roger la Warr, 3rd Baron De La Warr\|\|1347\|\|1370\|\| \|- \|Baron Deincourt (1299)\|\|William Deincourt, 2nd Baron Deincourt\|\|1327\|\|1364\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Ferrers of Chartley (1299)\|\|Robert de Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Chartley\|\|1324\|\|1350\|\|Died \|- \|John de Ferrers, 4th Baron Ferrers of Chartley\|\|1350\|\|1367\|\| \|- \|Baron FitzPayne (1299)\|\|Robert FitzPayne, 2nd Baron FitzPayne\|\|1316\|\|1354\|\|Died, Barony fell into abeyance \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Grandison (1299)\|\|Peter de Grandison, 2nd Baron Grandison\|\|1335\|\|1358\|\|Died \|- \|John de Grandison, 3rd Baron Grandison\|\|1358\|\|1369\|\| \|- \|Baron Lovel (1299)\|\|John Lovel, 4th Baron Lovel\|\|1347\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Baron Mohun (1299)\|\|John de Mohun, 2nd Baron Mohun\|\|1330\|\|1376\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Percy (1299)\|\|Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy\|\|1315\|\|1352\|\|Died \|- \|Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy\|\|1352\|\|1368\|\| \|- \|Baron Rivers of Ongar (1299)\|\|John Rivers, 2nd Baron Rivers\|\|1311\|\|1350\|\|Died; none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|Baron Scales (1299)\|\|Robert de Scales, 3rd Baron Scales\|\|1324\|\|1369\|\| \|- \|Baron Stafford (1299)\|\|Ralph de Stafford, 2nd Baron Stafford\|\|1309\|\|1372\|\|Created Earl of Stafford, see above \|- \|Baron Tregoz (1299)\|\|Thomas de Tregoz, 3rd Baron Tregoz\|\|1322\|\|1405\|\| \|- \|Baron Welles (1299)\|\|John de Welles, 4th Baron Welles\|\|1345\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Baron Beauchamp of Somerset (1299)\|\|John de Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp\|\|1343\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Baron Cauntelo (1299)\|\|Nicholas de Cauntelo, 3rd Baron Cauntelo\|\|1321\|\|1355\|\|Died; none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron de Clifford (1299)\|\|Robert de Clifford, 4th Baron de Clifford\|\|1344\|\|1350\|\|Died \|- \|Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford\|\|1350\|\|1389\|\| \|- \|Baron Ferrers of Groby (1299)\|\|William Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Groby\|\|1343\|\|1372\|\| \|- \|Baron Furnivall (1299)\|\|Thomas de Furnivall, 3rd Baron Furnivall\|\|1339\|\|1364\|\| \|- \|Baron Latimer (1299)\|\|William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer\|\|1335\|\|1381\|\| \|- \|Baron Morley (1299)\|\|Robert de Morley, 2nd Baron Morley\|\|1310\|\|1360\|\| \|- \|Baron Strange of Knockyn (1299)\|\|Roger le Strange, 5th Baron Strange of Knockyn\|\|1349\|\|1381\|\| \|- \|Baron Sudeley (1299)\|\|John de Sudeley, 3rd Baron Sudeley\|\|1340\|\|1367\|\| \|- \|Baron Botetourt (1305)\|\|John de Botetourt, 2nd Baron Botetourt\|\|1324\|\|1385\|\| \|- \|Baron Boteler of Wemme (1308)\|\|William Le Boteler, 2nd Baron Boteler of Wemme\|\|1334\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Zouche of Haryngworth (1308)\|\|William la Zouche, 1st Baron Zouche\|\|1308\|\|1352\|\|Died \|- \|William la Zouche, 2nd Baron Zouche\|\|1352\|\|1382\|\| \|- \|Baron Beaumont (1309)\|\|Henry Beaumont, 3rd Baron Beaumont\|\|1342\|\|1369\|\| \|- \|Baron Everingham (1309)\|\|Adam Everingham, 2nd Baron Everingham\|\|1341\|\|1379\|\| \|- \|Baron Monthermer (1309)\|\|Margaret de Monthermer, suo jure Baroness Monthermer\|\|1340\|\|1390\|\| \|- \|Baron Strange of Blackmere (1309)\|\|John le Strange, 4th Baron Strange of Blackmere\|\|1349\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Lisle (1311)\|\|John de Lisle, 2nd Baron Lisle\|\|1343\|\|1356\|\|Died \|- \|Robert de Lisle, 3rd Baron Lisle\|\|1356\|\|1399\|\| \|- \|Baron Nevill (1311)\|\|John de Nevill, 2nd Baron Nevill\|\|1336\|\|1358\|\|Died, title extinct \|- \|Baron Audley of Heleigh (1313)\|\|James de Audley, 2nd Baron Audley of Heleigh\|\|1316\|\|1386\|\| \|- \|Baron Brun (1313)\|\|Maurice le Brun, 1st Baron Brun\|\|1313\|\|1355\|\|Died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Cobham of Kent (1313)\|\|John de Cobham, 2nd Baron Cobham of Kent\|\|1339\|\|1355\|\|Died \|- \|John de Cobham, 3rd Baron Cobham of Kent\|\|1355\|\|1408\|\| \|- \|Baron Northwode (1313)\|\|Roger de Northwode, 2nd Baron Northwode\|\|1319\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Baron Saint Amand (1313)\|\|Almaric de St Amand, 2nd Baron Saint Amand\|\|1330\|\|1382\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Cherleton (1313)\|\|John Cherleton, 1st Baron Cherleton\|\|1313\|\|1353\|\|Died \|- \|John Cherleton, 2nd Baron Cherleton\|\|1353\|\|1360\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Say (1313)\|\|Geoffrey de Say, 2nd Baron Say\|\|1322\|\|1359\|\|Died \|- \|William de Say, 3rd Baron Say\|\|1359\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1313)\|\|John de Willoughby, 3rd Baron Willoughby de Eresby\|\|1349\|\|1372\|\| \|- \|Baron Holand (1314)\|\|Robert de Holland, 2nd Baron Holand\|\|1328\|\|1373\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Audley (1317)\|\|Margaret de Audley, suo jure Baroness Audley\|\|1347\|\|1347-1351\|\|Died \|- \|Hugh de Stafford, 3rd Baron Audley\|\|abt. 1351\|\|1386\|\| \|- \|Baron Strabolgi (1318)\|\|David Strabolgi, 3rd Baron Strabolgi\|\|1335\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|Baron Arcedekne (1321)\|\|John le Arcedekne, 2nd Baron Arcedekne\|\|1329\|\|1350\|\|Died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|Baron Dacre (1321)\|\|William Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre\|\|1339\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron FitzHugh (1321)\|\|Henry FitzHugh, 1st Baron FitzHugh\|\|1321\|\|1356\|\|Died \|- \|Hugh FitzHugh, 2nd Baron FitzHugh\|\|1356\|\|1386\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Greystock (1321)\|\|William de Greystock, 2nd Baron Greystock\|\|1323\|\|1358\|\|Died \|- \|Ralph de Greystock, 3rd Baron Greystock\|\|1358\|\|1417\|\| \|- \|Baron Lucy (1321)\|\|Thomas de Lucy, 2nd Baron Lucy\|\|1343\|\|1365\|\| \|- \|Baron Aton (1324)\|\|William de Aton, 2nd Baron Aton\|\|1342\|\|1373\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Grey of Ruthin (1325)\|\|Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Ruthyn\|\|1324\|\|1353\|\|Died \|- \|Reginald Grey, 2nd Baron Grey de Ruthyn\|\|1353\|\|1388\|\| \|- \|Baron Harington (1326)\|\|John Harington, 2nd Baron Harington\|\|1347\|\|1363\|\| \|- \|Baron Blount (1326)\|\|William le Blount, 2nd Baron Blount\|\|1330\|\|aft. 1366\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Burghersh (1330)\|\|Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh\|\|1330\|\|1355\|\|Died \|- \|Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh\|\|1355\|\|1369\|\| \|- \|Baron Maltravers (1330)\|\|John Maltravers, 1st Baron Maltravers\|\|1330\|\|1364\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Darcy de Knayth (1332)\|\|John Darcy, 2nd Baron Darcy de Knayth\|\|1347\|\|1356\|\|Died \|- \|John Darcy, 3rd Baron Darcy de Knayth\|\|1356\|\|1362\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Talbot (1332)\|\|Richard Talbot, 2nd Baron Talbot\|\|1346\|\|1356\|\|Died \|- \|Gilbert Talbot, 3rd Baron Talbot\|\|1356\|\|1387\|\| \|- \|Baron Sutton of Holderness (1332)\|\|John Sutton, 2nd Baron Sutton of Holderness\|\|1338\|\|1356\|\|Died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|Baron Meinell (1336)\|\|Elizabet de Meinill, suo jure Baroness Meinill\|\|1342\|\|1368\|\| \|- \|Baron Leyburn (1337)\|\|John de Leyburn, 1st Baron Leyburn\|\|1337\|\|1384\|\| \|- \|Baron Poynings (1337)\|\|Michael de Poynings, 2nd Baron Poynings\|\|1339\|\|1369\|\| \|- \|Baron Chandos (1337)\|\|Roger de Chandos, 1st Baron Chandos\|\|1337\|\|1353\|\|Died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|Baron Grey of Rotherfield (1330)\|\|John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Rotherfield\|\|1338\|\|1360\|\| \|- \|Baron Cobham of Sterborough (1342)\|\|Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham of Sterborough\|\|1342\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Baron Bradeston (1342)\|\|Thomas de Bradeston, 1st Baron Bradeston\|\|1342\|\|1360\|\| \|- \|Baron Bourchier (1342)\|\|John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Bourchier\|\|1349\|\|1400\|\| \|- \|Baron Braose (1342)\|\|Thomas de Braose, 1st Baron Braose\|\|1342\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Baron Bulmer (1342)\|\|Ralph de Bulmer, 1st Baron Bulmer\|\|1342\|\|1357\|\|Died, title dormant \|- \|Baron Colevill (1342)\|\|Robert de Colvill, 1st Baron Colvill\|\|1342\|\|1368\|\| \|- \|Baron Montacute (1342)\|\|Edward de Montacute, 1st Baron Montacute\|\|1342\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Baron Norwich (1342)\|\|John de Norwich, 1st Baron Norwich\|\|1342\|\|1362\|\| \|- \|Baron Strivelyn (1342)\|\|John de Strivelyn, 1st Baron Strivelyn\|\|1342\|\|1378\|\| \|- \|Baron Ughtred (1342)\|\|Thomas Ughtred, 1st Baron Ughtred\|\|1343\|\|1365\|\| \|- \|Baron Manny (1347)\|\|Walter Manny, 1st Baron Manny\|\|1347\|\|1371\|\| \|- \|Baron Dagworth (1347)\|\|Thomas de Dagworth, 1st Baron Dagworth\|\|1347\|\|1359\|\|Died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|Baron Saint Philibert (1348)\|\|John St Philibert, 1st Baron St Philibert\|\|1348\|\|1359\|\|Died, title extinct \|- \|Baron Hussee (1348)\|\|John Hussee, 1st Baron Hussee\|\|1348\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Baron Balliol (1349)\|\|Edward de Balliol, 1st Baron Balliol\|\|1349\|\|1363\|\| \|- \|Baron Bryan (1350)\|\|Guy Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan\|\|1350\|\|1390\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Burnell (1350)\|\|Nicholas Burnell, 1st Baron Burnell\|\|1350\|\|1383\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Beauchamp de Warwick (1350)\|\|John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp\|\|1350\|\|1360\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Scrope of Masham (1350)\|\|Henry Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Masham\|\|1350\|\|1391\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Musgrave (1350)\|\|Thomas Musgrave, 1st Baron Musgrave\|\|1350\|\|1382\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Huntingfield (1351)\|\|William de Huntingfield, 1st Baron Huntingfield\|\|1351\|\|1376\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Saint Maur (1351)\|\|Nicholas St Maur, 1st Baron Saint Maur\|\|1351\|\|1361\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Holand (1353)\|\|Thomas Holland, 1st Baron Holand\|\|1353\|\|1360\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron le Despencer (1357)\|\|Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer\|\|1357\|\|1375\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Lisle (1357)\|\|Gerard de Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle\|\|1357\|\|1360\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Montacute (1357)\|\|John de Montacute, 1st Baron Montacute\|\|1357\|\|1390\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Musgrave (1350)\|\|Thomas Musgrave, 1st Baron Musgrave\|\|1350\|\|1382\|\|New creation \|- \|} Peerage of Scotland \|Earl of Mar (1114)\|\|Thomas, Earl of Mar\|\|1332\|\|1377\|\| \|- \|Earl of Dunbar (1115)\|\|Patrick V, Earl of March\|\|1308\|\|1368\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Earl of Fife (1129)\|\|Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife\|\|1288\|\|1353\|\|Died \|- \|Isabella, Countess of Fife\|\|1353\|\|1371\|\| \|- \|Earl of Menteith (1160)\|\|Mary II, Countess of Menteith\|\|1333\|\|1360\|\| \|- \|Earl of Lennox (1184)\|\|Domhnall, Earl of Lennox\|\|1333\|\|1373\|\| \|- \|Earl of Ross (1215)\|\|Uilleam III, Earl of Ross\|\|1334\|\|1372\|\| \|- \|Earl of Sutherland (1235)\|\|William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland\|\|1333\|\|1370\|\| \|- \|Earl of Angus (1330)\|\|Thomas Stewart, 2nd Earl of Angus\|\|1331\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|Earl of Wigtown (1341)\|\|Malcolm Fleming, Earl of Wigtown\|\|1341\|\|1363\|\| \|- \|Earl of Atholl (1342)\|\|Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl\|\|1342\|\|1371\|\|Created Earl of Strathearn in 1358 \|- \|Earl of Douglas (1358)\|\|William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas\|\|1358\|\|1384\|\|New creation \|- \|} Peerage of Ireland \|Earl of Ulster (1264)\|\|Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster\|\|1333\|\|1363\|\| \|- \|Earl of Kildare (1316)\|\|Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Kildare\|\|1329\|\|1390\|\| \|- \|Earl of Ormond (1328)\|\|James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond\|\|1338\|\|1382\|\| \|- \|rowspan=3\|Earl of Desmond (1329)\|\|Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond\|\|1329\|\|1356\|\|Died \|- \|Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Desmond\|\|1356\|\|1358\|\|Died \|- \|Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond\|\|1358\|\|1398\|\| \|- \|Baron Athenry (1172)\|\|Thomas de Bermingham\|\|1322\|\|1374\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Baron Kingsale (1223)\|\|Miles de Courcy, 7th Baron Kingsale\|\|1338\|\|1358\|\|Died \|- \|John de Courcy, 8th Baron Kingsale\|\|1358\|\|1387\|\| \|- \|Baron Kerry (1223)\|\|Maurice Fitzmaurice, 6th Baron Kerry\|\|1348\|\|1398\|\| \|- \|Baron Barry (1261)\|\|David Barry, 6th Baron Barry\|\|1347\|\|1392\|\| \|- \|} References Lists of peers by decade 1350s in England 1350s in Ireland 14th century in Scotland 14th-century English people 14th-century Irish people 14th-century Scottish earls 1350 in Europe 14th century in England 14th century in Ireland Peers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20peers%201350%E2%80%931359
Cesana San Sicario, located in Cesana, Italy was a location of a venue for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. The biathlon facility is built for 6,500 spectators. The accommodation is located in Cesana and lies in a large ski area named Via Lattea. It is directly connected to the winter venues in Monginevro and Sestriere. The elevation of this area varies between 1630 and 1680 meters. The course is located near Cesana Pariol where the Winter Olympics's bobsled, luge and skeleton events were held. These venues were built as special venues for the Olympic Games with varying heights and difficulties. The facility is part of Torino Olympic Park, created to manage all of the venues used for the 2006 Winter Olympics. See also San Sicario Fraiteve References 2006 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 3. pp. 64–5. Torino Olympic Park official website, including Cesana San Sicario's biathlon facilities. Venues of the 2006 Winter Olympics Olympic biathlon venues Ski areas and resorts in Italy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesana%20San%20Sicario
Herten (; Westphalian: Hiätten) is a town and a municipality in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated in the industrial Ruhr Area, some west of Recklinghausen. Geography Town area Herten covers an area of 37.31 km2, with a maximum north-south extent of 9.5 km, and a maximum east-west extent of 6.5 km. The municipality's highest natural point is in Scherlebeck, close to the border with Recklinghausen, with an altitude of 110 m. Herten is divided into the following urban districts: Neighbouring towns Herten borders Marl in the north, Recklinghausen in the east, Herne in the south, and Gelsenkirchen in the west. History Herten was the seat of the governors of the County of Vest Recklinghausen, an autonomous state within the Archbishopric of Cologne. The first time Herten was mentioned in official documents was in 1050 as Herthene. In 1867 Herten was a village with 891 inhabitants. The first coal mines in Herten were founded in 1872 and Herten developed from a village to a mining town. Depending on additional workers, the coal mines attracted many people. Therefore, Herten rapidly grew by immigration from surrounding Westphalia, from the eastern provinces of Prussia and from eastern Europe. The number of inhabitants rose from 3,616 in 1890 to 6,698 in 1895 and to 12,186 in 1900. At the beginning of the 1920s 18,519 people lived in Herten. When Herten obtained municipal status in 1936 it had 33,000 inhabitants. During World War II Herten was spared serious destruction, although it was hit by bombs 53 times. 62 civilians were killed and 143 injured, 18 industrial plants and commercial enterprises and 145 houses were destroyed or seriously damaged. Herten as a whole was destroyed by 16%. After the war 11,600 cubic metres of demolition rubble had to be removed from the streets. After the villages Westerholt and Bertlich had been incorporated into Herten in 1975 the number of inhabitants rose to 70,676. Due to the crisis of the mining industry in the 1980s the number of inhabitants started declining. The last coal mine in Herten was closed in 2008. Sights Its best known sights are the moated red brick castle of Schloss Herten, dating back to the 14th century and surrounded by a park with a pavilion called Tabakhaus. The orangery dating from 1725 is just being renovated. The "altes Dorf Westerholt" (Westerholt old village) with its many historic half-timbered houses is in the northwestern part of Herten. Westerholt is known for its castle Schloss Westerholt which was founded in 1359, and its present buildings date from 1833. The small chapel Schlosskapelle St. Martinus is just a small part of the remains of a church dating from 1310 which had been torn down in 1907. Beside the chapel a well-preserved medieval clocktower can be seen. Around the chapel and the castle many old wooden houses were renovated in the traditional style. The former Ewald Colliery, which is a repurposed coal mine, now houses commercial space and a visitor center for green energy. Another cultural centre is Glashaus Herten dating from 1994. Rail transport Originally Herten had a train station on the Oberhausen-Osterfeld Süd–Hamm railway which was inaugurated in 1905. Passenger services, however, were discontinued in 1983 and the train station has been shut since then. When the railway line was renovated and reopened for passenger trains of line no. 9 of Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn in September 2020 the train station of Herten was not reopened again and since then the trains have passed Herten without stopping there. In August 2021, however, construction of a new train station in the centre of Herten was started. This new train station Herten (Westf) was inaugurated on 11 December 2022. Line no. 9 of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn offers direct rail connections from Herten to Recklinghausen, Essen, Wuppertal and Hagen in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region. Another new train station will be built in Westerholt. Its inauguration is planned for December 2024. Twin towns – sister cities Herten is twinned with: Arras, France Doncaster, United Kingdom Schneeberg, Germany Szczytno, Poland Notable people Adolf Galland (1912–1996), Luftwaffe General (Air Chief Marshal) Ludger Pistor (born 1959), actor Barbara Mensing (born 1960), archer Christian Timm (born 1979), footballer References External links Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia Recklinghausen (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herten
Maiwand is a historical city in Afghanistan. The Sufi saint Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalandar was born here early in the twelfth century in 1177 CE. References Cities in Afghanistan Lal Shahbaz Qalandar	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwand
San Sicario Fraiteve is a venue built for the 2006 Winter Olympic. It seated 6,160 spectators, including 5,660 seated and 500 standing, for the women's alpine skiing downhill, super-G, and combined. The course has an overall length of . The venue is located in Cesana. References 2006 Winter Olympics official report. Volume 3. pp. 79–80. Venues of the 2006 Winter Olympics Olympic alpine skiing venues Ski areas and resorts in Italy Sports venues in Italy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Sicario%20Fraiteve
Lists of First Nations cover the First Nations of Canada, the predominant indigenous peoples in Canada south of the Arctic Circle. The lists include: List of First Nations band governments, a list, by province or territory, of the various First Nations government bodies in Canada List of First Nations peoples, a list, by geographical area, of the various First Nations tribes in Canada List of First Nations people, an alphabetical list of people who are members of the First Nations in Canada	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20First%20Nations
is a Japanese voice actress who works for Aksent. On February 24, 2014, she announced that she had been married around December 2013. Filmography 2002 Seven of Seven - Erino Kogarashi Princess Tutu - Malen and Uzura 2004 SD Gundam Force - Core 2005 Aria the Animation - Akari Mizunashi 2006 Aria the Natural - Akari Mizunashi Kiba - Aisha, Elmeyda, Frea, Jure, Mia Tonagura! - Marie Kagura 2007 Aria the OVA ~Arietta~ - Akari Mizunashi Blue Dragon - Kluke Darker than Black - Mayuko (episode 13) Night Wizard the Animation - Longinus (episode 7) 2008 Aria the Origination - Akari Mizunashi 2009 Maria Holic - Maki Natsuru Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka - Mikoto Tachibana Kyo no Gononi - Haruka Tanaka 2010 Hanamaru Kindergarten - Nanako Yamamoto Uragiri wa Boku no Namae wo Shitteiru - Shiori Yoshino References External links Official agency profile Living people Japanese video game actresses Japanese voice actresses Voice actresses from Tokyo Year of birth missing (living people)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erino%20Hazuki
Lord Arthur Lennox (2 October 1806 – 15 January 1864) was a British politician. He was the youngest son of the 4th Duke of Richmond and the uncle of Lord Henry Lennox. Lennox was commissioned into the 71st Foot. He was promoted lieutenant in 1825, major in 1838 and lieutenant-colonel in 1842. He transferred to the 72nd Foot in 1843, to the 6th Foot in 1845, and to the 68th Foot in 1852. He was made lieutenant-colonel-commandant of the Royal Sussex Light Infantry Militia in 1860. On 1 July 1835 he married Adelaide Constance Campbell, daughter of Colonel John Campbell of Shawfield and the writer Lady Charlotte Bury. They had four children: Constance Charlotte Elisa Lennox (March 1836 – 20 June 1925), married Sir George Russell, 4th Baronet and had issue Ada Fanny Susan Lennox (1840 – 22 November 1881) Ethel Lennox Arthur Charles Wriothesley Lennox (1842 – 12 October 1876) Lennox was buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. References External links The Peerage – Person page 7927 1806 births 1864 deaths 68th Regiment of Foot officers British Militia officers Burials at Brompton Cemetery Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers 72nd Highlanders officers UK MPs 1831–1832 UK MPs 1832–1835 UK MPs 1835–1837 UK MPs 1837–1841 UK MPs 1841–1847 Younger sons of dukes 71st Highlanders officers Politics of the Borough of Great Yarmouth	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Arthur%20Lennox
Voyager of the Seas is the lead ship of the of cruise ships operated by Royal Caribbean International (RCI). Constructed by Kværner Masa-Yards at its Turku New Shipyard in Turku, Finland, she was launched on November 27, 1998, and formally named by Olympic figure skater Katarina Witt on November 20, 1999. Royal Caribbean Line announced the suspension of its operations until June 13, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 26, 2021, the CDC approved RCL to resume operations in June. History The ship was constructed in Turku shipyard and completed its construction in November 1998 in Turku New Shipyard, Finland and launched on November 27, 1998, and formally named by Olympic figure skater Katarina Witt on November 20, 1999. Upon her departure on her maiden voyage the following day, November 21, 1999, Voyager of the Seas was the largest cruise ship in the world, although she was overtaken the following year by her sister ship . She measured at launch and following a refit in 2014 her tonnage increased to . She is long overall, has a waterline beam of and a height of . It can hold 3,602 passengers at double occupancy, and 4000 passengers maximum. The investment manager Mario Salcedo began an over 20-year period of living on Royal Caribbean cruise ships after sailing in 2000 on Voyager of the Seas, which impressed him. Salcedo said in a 2016 interview, "It was the biggest cruise ship in the world at the time, and so revolutionary—the first ice skating rink, the first rock climbing wall, so many elements that took cruising to another dimension." Design Voyager of the Seas included the first rock climbing wall (mounted on the funnel) and the first ice-skating rink at sea. In October and November 2014, Voyager of the Seas underwent a refit. The modifications included the installation of an outdoor movie screen near the pool and replacing the inline skating track with a flowrider surf simulator. Voyager of the Seas underwent a US$97 million refit in September 2019 which included the addition of 72 passenger cabins and water slides. It was revamped again in January 2020 on the ice rinks and slide with $142m on the Brisbane to Sydney. Route Voyager of the Seas was chartered for Indian passengers in May 2016. The ship made a maiden call in July 2018, and called the largest cruise ship to call at a Filipino port when it arrived in Manila, Philippines for the first time. It sailed in the Southeast Asia in September 2018 to June 2019, and made a homeport to Sydney at 2019. The ship made a maiden call after it arrived in Bintan Island, Indonesia for the first time. The ship is the first cruise liner visit in 2020, when it berthed at the Port of Lautoka with 3853 passengers. It sailed in Tokyo, Japan during the summer of 2020, and is set to call in Shanghai in the summer of 2021. Incidents In December 2014, many passengers claimed that they were ill and had been diagnosed with whooping cough in the ship; it failed to detect the outbreak during the destination of Singapore to Sydney. In October 2018, the passengers were horrified when 1,300 workers from the Indian tobacco company Kamla Pasand boarded the ship and blocked them from using some facilities. In May 2019, two male passengers from Singapore died of unrelated natural causes while on board the ship. 2020: spread of COVID-19 Thousands of passengers of cruise ships that disembarked at Sydney, Australia in March 2020 were told to isolate due to COVID-19 fears. Passengers disembarked from Voyager of the Seas on March 18. A Toowoomba, Queensland man was infected on the ship and was sent into intensive care unit of a Toowoomba hospital after disembarking but died. the two cases of outbreak in Tasmania were linked to the ship. On 2 April 34 passengers and 5 crew members had tested positively for the virus in New South Wales alone. On 9 April, Ovation of the Seas transferred its 880 Filipino crew members into Voyager of the Seas to send them back to their country while off the coast of Indonesia, and sailed in Manila, Philippines on April 19. On 23 April, 79-year-old New Zealand man died from the disease while his wife had also been infected. References Bibliography External links Official website Ships of Royal Caribbean International Ships built in Turku 1998 ships Cruise ships involved in the COVID-19 pandemic	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager%20of%20the%20Seas
Göteborg Film Festival (GFF), formerly Göteborg International Film Festival (GIFF), known in English as the Gothenburg Film Festival, formerly Gothenburg International Film Festival, is an annual film festival in Gothenburg, Sweden and the largest film event in Scandinavia. When it was launched on February 8, 1979, it showed 17 films on 3 screens and had 3,000 visitors. Today, the film festival takes place over 10 days each year at the end of January and beginning of February. In recent years an estimated 450 films from 60 countries annually have been screened for 115,000 visitors. The film festival is an important market place for contractors in the movie industry. Awards the following prizes were awarded: Dragon Awards Dragon Award Best Nordic Film (Nordiska filmpriset) Dragon Award Best Acting (since 2019) Audience Dragon Award Best Nordic Film – (Nordiska Filmpriset – Publikens val) Dragon Award Best Nordic Documentary (since 2013) Dragon Award Best International Film Honorary Dragon Award Nordic Honorary Dragon Award Dragon Award Best Swedish Short Other awards FIPRESCI Award Sven Nykvist Cinematography Award, named for Sven Nykvist The Ingmar Bergman International Debut Award, named for Ingmar Bergman Draken Film Award (since 2022, for a Swedish short film) Audience Choice Award for Best Swedish Short Angelo Award, the Swedish Church's award Nordisk Film & TV Fond Prize, awarded by the Nordisk Film & TV Fond, secretariat to the Nordic Council Dragon Award for Best Nordic Film The festival's main award is the Dragon Award for Best Nordic Film, which can be won for feature film productions from the Nordic countries. The following films have received the award: Dragon Award for Best Nordic Documentary Festival program The festival is made up of several film sections. Films are chosen in each category with the advice of a committee of film experts. Categories have included: Animation featuring short and long animated films. Documentaries Debuts where debutees can be discovered. Focus featuring a region or theme in focus for that year. In 2012 focus was on Arab film and the Arab Spring. Festival Favorites is a selection of the most liked and prized films that have been shown at festivals throughout the world during the past year. Five Continents showing films from all categories and unconditionally traveling the globe to find the best films. Gala featuring great films, great directors, red carpets and Oscar nominees. HBTQ – a collection of various films that all depict untraditional love or non-heterosexual roles. Nordic Competition focusing on new Nordic feature-films competing for the festival's Nordic Film Prize (100,000 SEK). Nordic Light including the best of the Sweden's four Nordic neighboring countries. Swedish World Premiers with feature-films and documentaries being shown to general audiences for the first time. Swedish Pictures often including circa 100 Swedish short-films. Notes External links Official web page English-language podcast (Radio Sweden) Film festivals in Sweden Film Tourist attractions in Gothenburg 1979 establishments in Sweden Film festivals established in 1979	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg%20Film%20Festival
Redirector may refer to: Network redirector, provide access to file systems and printers on other computers on a network COM port redirector, relay serial data between a "virtual" COM port and a serial device server or modem server on a network URL redirection, URLs rewritten prior to processing by a web server See also Redirect (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redirector
Herten can refer to: Herten, a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Herten, a village in the southeast of the Netherlands Herten, a small village in the northeast of Belgium, now part of Wellen Herten in Frauenfeld, Switzerland Herten, Rheinfelden, a village forming part of Rheinfelden, Germany.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herten%20%28disambiguation%29
Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri () (16 July 1901 – 23 October 1981) was a major figure in British Indian and later Pakistan politics, in particular in the North-West Frontier Province, where served as the deputy speaker of the provincial assembly, first Chief Minister of North-West Frontier Province and served as Interior Minister of Pakistan in the central government from 1972 to 1977. Early life Abdul Qayyum Khan was born in the State of Chitral but had Kashmiri origin. His father, Khan Abdul Hakim, was originally from the Wanigam village in the Baramulla district, Jammu and Kashmir, but worked as a Tehsildar in the North-West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P., now called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan in 2017) of British India. Khan was educated at Aligarh Muslim University and the London School of Economics. He became a barrister of the Lincoln's Inn. One of his brothers, Abdul Hamid Khan (Azad Kashmiri politician), was a prime minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and another brother, Khan Abdul Rauf Khan, was a renowned lawyer. Legal career Abdul Qayum Khan was one of the eminent lawyers of N.W.F.P. During his professional career he conducted some very important cases. He used to practice in criminal law. Mirza Shams ul Haq was his most trustworthy colleague, who remained always close to him during profession and politics. Abdul Qayum was also assisted in his chambers by Muhammad Nazirullah Khan advocate, who later served as a provincial secretary general and senior vice president of Pakistan Muslim League. Political career Indian National Congress Starting his political career in 1934 with the Indian National Congress, Khan quickly rose to serve as an elected member of the Central Legislative Assembly (1937–38) and the deputy leader of the Congress in the Assembly. At that time he admired Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. He authored a book, Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier, in which he praised Ghaffar Khan and denounced Jinnah and the two-nation theory. Abdul Qayyum Khan said that the North West Frontier Province would resist the partition of India with its blood. He switched his loyalties to the Muslim League in 1945. He later claimed that Ghaffar Khan was plotting Jinnah's assassination. He banned his own book after he became the Chief Minister in the N.W.F.P. The book however continued fetching royalties even after he joined the Muslim League. Muslim League and Partition In the 1946 provincial elections, Khan campaigned for the All-India Muslim League along with Pir of Manki Sharif. However, the Muslim League won only 17 seats in comparison to the 30 seats of the Congress Party. The Congress Party formed the provincial government under the premiership of Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (popularly known as "Dr. Khan Sahib"). Abdul Qayyum Khan was put in charge of destabilising the Congress government in the province through street agitations, ideological rhetoric and acquisition of sympathetic Muslim officers in the government. The presence of a Congress government at the extreme north-west of the Indian subcontinent was anomalous, and the province became a bone of contention between the Congress and the Muslim League as part of the Partition of India. Eventually, the British decided to hold a referendum to determine which dominion the province should go to. Abdul Ghaffar Khan demanded a separate nation of 'Pakhtunistan' comprising both the North-West Frontier Province and Pashtun parts of Afghanistan. When it was denied by the British Raj, he and his party boycotted the referendum held by the British government. The Muslim League won an easy victory for Pakistan (289,244 votes against 2,874 for India). Within a week of the independence of Pakistan, the Congress government was dismissed under orders from Governor General Jinnah. Abdul Qayyum Khan was put in charge of a minority government on 23 August 1947. Khan navigated through the troubled waters ably, winning the defection of enough Congress legislators to support his government. First Kashmir War Qayyum Khan was a key instigator of the First Kashmir War, if not the chief instigator. North-West Frontier Province As the premier of the NWFP, Qayyum Khan faced internal dissension. The Pir of Manki Sharif, who was a key figure in the campaign for referendum, was miffed that he was passed over for the post. He objected to Khan holding both the premiership of the state and the presidency of the provincial Muslim League. The Pir gathered disgruntled legislators and intended to bring a vote of no-confidence against Khan. Khan diffused his efforts. Then the Pir formed a separate party under the banner of All Pakistan Awami Muslim League. An exasperated Khan responded with "full fury and force". He forced out the Pir of Manki Sharif from the NWFP and imprisoned nine other leaders. Despite the crackdown, the Awami Muslim League contested the provincial elections in 1951 to win 4 seats. Qayyum Khan's administration was known for its development work in the province, including the construction of Peshawar University and the Warsak dam. He introduced compulsory free education up to middle school level in Frontier province, the first province of Pakistan to have this reform. He also made poor friendly amendments to the land revenue laws. He evoked opposition from a section of the feudal class due to his egalitarian policies. His political stand was opposition to the Khudai Khidmatgar movement of Ghaffar Khan. His alleged role in ordering the Babrra massacre is one which he faces much criticism. He led the Muslim League to a landslide victory in the 1951 elections, despite opposition from the Khudai Khidmatgar movement and opposition from federally backed fellow Muslim league opponents like Yusuf Khattak. Qayyum Khan served as the Chief Minister till 23 April 1953. Central Government He served as central minister for Industries, Food and Agriculture in 1953. Arrested by the Ayub Khan regime, he was disqualified from politics and imprisoned for two years before finally being released. Contesting the 1970 General Election in Pakistan from three seats as leader of the Pakistan Muslim League-Qayyum faction, he won two National Assembly of Pakistan seats, one provincial seat and, in 1973, entered into alliance with the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) after East Pakistan broke away in the Bangladesh Liberation War. Appointed federal interior minister by Zulfiqar Bhutto, he served in that post till the 1977 elections, when his party suffered a near total rout. After Zia-ul-Haqs assumption of power, Qayyum Khan tried to unify all the disparate Muslim League factions. His efforts were inconclusive and he died on 22 October 1981. He was always opposed by Khan Habibullah Khan; they were lifelong rivals since they were young classmates at Islamia College, Peshawar. Criticism Babrra massacre Under the orders of Abdul Qayyum Khan the Babrra massacre occurred on 12 August 1948 in the Charsadda District of the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pukhtunkhwa) of Pakistan, when workers of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement protesting the jailing of their leader, anti-colonial independence activist Abdul Ghaffar Khan were fired upon by the provincial government. According to official figures, around 15 protestors were killed while around 40 were injured. However, Khudai Khidmatgar sources maintained that around 150 were killed and 400 were injured. In September 1948, then Chief Minister, Abdul Qayyum Khan gave a statement in the provincial assembly, "I had imposed section 144 at Babra. When the people did not disperse, then firing was opened on them. They were lucky that the police had finished ammunition; otherwise not a single soul would have been left alive". Khan Qayyum said hinting at the four members of the opposition in the provincial assembly. He said; "If they were killed, the government would not care about them." See also Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan Yusuf Khattak Babrra massacre Notes References Bibliography Further reading Hassan, Syed Minhaj-ul. NWFP Administration under Abdul Qaiyum Khan, 1947–53. Qaiyum, Abdul, Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier, Bombay, 1945 1901 births 1981 deaths Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Leaders of the Pakistan Movement Interior ministers of Pakistan Pakistan Hockey Federation presidents People of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent Indian National Congress politicians	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Qayyum%20Khan
Esther Jane Hall (born 28 August 1970) is an English actress who has appeared in a number of television dramas. Early life Born in Manchester in 1970 and brought up in Cheshire, she took A levels in Manchester before training in theatre arts for three years at the University of Leeds's Bretton Hall College, where she gained a Bachelor of Arts. Career Hall's first high-profile role was as Romey Sullivan in the television drama Queer as Folk (1999–2000), in which she played one half of a lesbian couple who conceive a baby with the help of their gay best friend. In 2001 she appeared in the award-winning TV drama Men Only as Katie, the wife of Mac (Marc Warren). Roles in Always and Everyone (2000–01), Serious and Organised (2003) and an adaptation of D.H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers (2003) followed. Hall played Ellie Simm, the girlfriend of main character Tom Quinn in Spooks from 2002 to 2003. In 2004 Hall starred in the second episode of the seventh series of Midsomer Murders ("Bad Tidings") as Cassie Woods, a school friend of Cully Barnaby. In 2005 Hall joined the main cast of Waking the Dead as Felix Gibson, replacing Holly Aird in the cast as the resident team pathologist, but the character lasted only one series. Subsequent roles included BBC dramas Rome (2005–2007) and True Dare Kiss (2007). She also spoke to Nelson Mandela about Iraq. Hall is also known for co-starring in the high-profile BT advertisements opposite Kris Marshall from 2005 to 2011, in which she played a single mother with two children who started a relationship with Marshall's character and later moved in with and married him. In 2014, Hall appeared in the BBC daytime soap Doctors as Toni Macpherson. In 2014 she appeared as Lady Macbeth in Macbeth at The Mercury Theatre, Colchester. In 2016, she appeared in the Black Mirror episode "Hated in the Nation" and as DI Nina Ryman in “Flight: Parts 1 and 2” S19:E3&4 of Silent Witness. In 2017 she played Cindy Watson (editor of The Weatherfield Gazette) in Coronation Street (a role she later reprised in February 2020), and also appeared in rival soap EastEnders in 2019 playing the role of Dr Elinor Waters. Her most recent roles have been as Cat Barling in BBC drama Casualty, and a brief cameo appearance in an episode of Killing Eve. References External links Living people Actresses from Manchester Alumni of Bretton Hall College Alumni of the University of Leeds English film actresses English television actresses English stage actresses 1970 births People educated at Bramhall High School Actresses from Cheshire	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Hall
Corsiaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system (2003) treats the family in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots. This is a slight change from the APG system, of 1998, which left the family unplaced as to order, but did assign it also to the monocots. Taxonomy The family is usually taken to include three genera, Corsia, Corsiopsis, and Arachnitis with a total of 27 known species. As the members of this family are achlorophyllous non-autotrophic herbs (i.e. they are not green, and do not photosynthesize) they have sometimes been included in the family Burmanniaceae which, however, according to APG II is not even in the same order. The APG companion site cites a reference which suggests the family should consist of Corsia only, with Arachnitis better placed nearer to family Burmanniaceae. Corsiopsis, like Arachnitis a monotypic genus, has been described recently. Genera and species Arachnitis Phil., 1864 Arachnitis uniflora Corsia Becc., 1877 Corsia acuminata Corsia arfakensis Corsia boridiensis Corsia brassii Corsia clypeata Corsia cordata Corsia cornuta Corsia crenata Corsia cyclopensis Corsia dispar Corsia haianjensis Corsia huonensis Corsia lamellata Corsia merimantaensis Corsia ornata Corsia papuana Corsia purpurata Corsia pyramidata Corsia resiensis Corsia torricellensis Corsia triceratops Corsia unguiculata Corsia viridopurpurea Corsia wiakabui Corsia wubungu Corsiopsis D.X.Zhang, R.M.K.Saunders & C.M.Hu, 1999 Corsiopsis chinensis References Bibliography External links links at CSDL, Texas Liliales families Parasitic plants Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsiaceae
The Fremont-Winema National Forest of south central Oregon is a mountainous region with a rich geological, ecological, archaeological, and historical history. Founded in 1908, the Fremont National Forest was originally protected as the Goose Lake Forest Reserve in 1906. The name was soon changed to Fremont National Forest, named after John C. Frémont, who explored the area for the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1843. It absorbed part of Paulina National Forest on July 19, 1915. In 2002, it was administratively combined with the Winema National Forest as the Fremont–Winema National Forests. Geography The Fremont National Forest is the eastern portion of the Fremont-Winema National Forest, which combined comprises a significant portion of south-central Oregon. Yamsay Mountain is located in the extreme north-northwest of the forest region. The Winema portion includes Crater Lake and the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains. The Fremont portion includes an area that begins on the shores of Klamath Marsh in the west, Hagger Mountain in the north, Winter Rim on the east, and down to the California border between near Lakeview, Oregon. This area of Oregon region is nicknamed the ‘pumice plains’, referring to the area having borne the brunt of tephra deposition during the eruption of Mount Mazama (Crater Lake) in 7,620 BP. The climate is significantly drier on the east side of the Cascades, resulting in a rainshadow effect. This difference in precipitation between the lower and higher elevations of forested areas spans two Köppen climate classifications. The majority of the Fremont is Csb: warm summer Mediterranean, whereas elevations of 7,000 feet and higher are designated as Dsc: dry summer subarctic, (Climate Data.org 2016). Precipitation primarily in the form of winter rains and snow pack feed watersheds that include perennial and annual creeks, fen marshes, and small lakes. Perennial rivers include the Chewaucan, Sprague, Williamson, and Sycan. Generally the landscape is relatively flat and rolling, although there are some high peaks that include Yamsay Mountain at 8,196 feet above sea level, and 8,370 foot Gearhart Mountain. Both are volcanic in origin but formed during events separate from what formed the nearby Cascade Range. Geology The volcanoes of the Fremont Forest are typically older than the Cascades and were a result of tectonic shearing stretching the crust thin which allowed mantle magma to emerge at the surface. Crustal stretching continued through the late Miocene resulting in uplifted fault blocking of what was flat basalt landscapes, creating into towering scarp- mountains that are gently sloped on one side and terminate into a sharp scarp face on the other. The east portion of the Fremont Forest region is like this, sloping to the west and terminating in a sheer scarp face along the Summer Lake sub-basin. Archaeological & ethnographic history Human presence in the Fremont region extends back thousands of years. Physical evidence of this comes from the Paisley Caves (location of the discovery of a 14,500 year old human coprolite) Fort Rock Cave (the location of the now famous ‘oldest shoes in the world’ sagebrush sandals), and more recently, Connley Caves (where bison remains and delicate Ice Age bone needles have been found and dated to well over 10k years old). These sites are within 10 to 20 miles from the Fremont Forest boundary. Further archaeological evidence of later human activity can be found at Carlon Village and Picture Rock Pass, and many more smaller house rings and artifact scatters throughout the area. Through clear cultural relationships seen in the artifact record, as well as legends and oral knowledge tying them to this place, the decedents of these early people are the Klamath. The Paiute and Modoc also have a long and rich cultural connection to the Fremont Forest. Native people were quickly moved out of their traditional territories through the late 1800s into the mid-1900s as a response to Euro-American settlers in the region that were attracted to rich forest resources and ranching possibilities. The exception was Yamsay Mountain which remained part of the 1901 Klamath Reservation until 1911 when it became listed as part of the Paulina National Forest and was later ceded to the Fremont National Forest in 1913. The Klamath tried to recover their previous lands, but in 1954 the Klamath Termination Act meant that the tribe's remaining 525,700 acres of former Indian reservation lands, almost all within the Fremont Forest region, were placed under National Forest administration under the 1953 House Concurrent Resolution 108 (HCR-108). Klamath tribal designation was restored in 1986 [1]. Euro-American arrival Euro-American traders began entering the Klamath area at some point between 1825 and 1827, where they worked as trappers for the Hudson's Bay Company. The Fremont National Forest was established in 1908 and was named for Captain John C. Fremont, who was sent to explore the area in 1843. After trade routes inland and to the Pacific were opened up in 1846, Fort Klamath was built in 1863 and the Klamath reservation was established. In the beginning the Klamath were able to keep Yamsay Mountain in their territory, but vast economic opportunities present was too much for the federal government to resist. Trappers may have begun the early movements of Euro-Americans into the area, but it was the harvesting of old growth ponderosa pine timber that was the real draw later in the 19th century. Ecological damage done by excessive logging was exacerbated by the introduction of sheep and cattle ranching, complete fire suppression, and other activities which remain visible on the landscape to this day. Ecology The Fremont Forest region is listed as part of the Mazama ecoregion due to high amounts of Mazama tephra covering the landscape as a result of its catastrophic eruption 7,620 years ago that resulted in the formation of Crater Lake. Fremont ecology is at once fragile and robust, with dominant trees including ponderosa and lodgepole pines, juniper, willow in wetter areas, and occasional firs in some higher elevations as well as over 925 vascular plant species. Examples of herbaceous plants and shrubs include Nootka rose, biscuit root, bitterroot, ipos (wild carrot), gooseberries, service berries, wild strawberries, lily bulbs, and, in wetter areas, camas, wokus (yellow pond lily), and cattails. The Fremont area differs from the Winema area in that it has slightly less tree diversity. This is due to two primary factors: the Cinema encompasses a greater elevation range, and receives more precipitation, due to its location on the east slopes of the Cascades, which provides alpine and subalpine environments. Fauna includes deer, elk, black bears, coyotes, badgers, many types of rodents, jackrabbits and rabbits, cougars, bobcats, porcupines, Reptiles and amphibians. Endangered endemic fauna includes the Larch Mountain salamander (Plethodon larselli), a rare, lungless amphibian that lives on steep talus slopes. Golden and bald eagles are permanent fixtures, as well as hawks, herons, sandhill cranes, and many migratory birds that move along the Pacific flyway. Fire ecology Fire is a necessary component to the health and structure of a meso-xeric landscape forest structure. State, federal, and tribal land managers recognize this and are moving research and implementation of fire regimes along quickly in order to minimize possible future threats to forest, water resources, human health and properties. An assessment of prehistoric forest composition will be of benefit to understanding how climate change might affect future forest structure and thus, better informed management. The genera described below are primary forest structure trees as listed by which trees make up the primary composition of the Fremont forest. This list comes from a combination of primary literature that includes academic studies as well as forestry reports and genera surveys. Forest zones east of the Cascades are generally defined as being Rocky Mountain forest types. The Fremont is on the boundary of the floristic Great Basin and reflects this with the presence of typical Great Basin flora, including sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) and bitterbrush (Purshia sp.). The dominant conifer species is ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Current ecological structures are the result of 100 years of fire suppression. Shrub-steppe flora of the Basin and Range mix with ponderosa pine communities. Fire is a natural and regular occurrence in this region, which is reflected in the flora and fauna evolved to make use of cyclical fire regimes and species distributions are rapidly affected depending on the presence or lack of fire cycles. Tree species of Fremont National Forest Balance between fire suppression and prescribed burning The suppression of fire for the last 100 years within the Fremont has resulted in an increase in fuel loads that lead to too hot forest fires that kill the plants evolved to depend on recurrent fire or create stands of shade-tolerant trees replacing shade-intolerant species, thus altering the structure of the ecosystem. This stand structures can lead to more intense fires, given the right fuel moisture and wind conditions, due to an increase in understory and smaller trees growing closer together. This may also increase susceptibility to disease and insect outbreaks. These results have led to loss of natural diversity, and an increased risk of severe fires threatening homes and lives. Prescribed fires reducing fuel loads beneath existing stands of ponderosa pine have proven useful in reducing the potential threat of wildfires, while also favoring natural regeneration of seral species in many places. However, prescribed fires can lead to the loss of volatile nutrients from burn site, particularly nitrogen. References External links Official Fremont–Winema National Forest website . Former National Forests of Oregon John C. Frémont Protected areas of Klamath County, Oregon Protected areas of Lake County, Oregon Superfund sites in Oregon Protected areas established in 1906 1906 establishments in Oregon 2002 disestablishments in Oregon	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont%20National%20Forest
Arinbjarnarkviða is a skaldic poem by Egill Skalla-Grímsson in praise of his friend Arinbjörn. The poem is preserved in Möðruvallabók but not in other manuscripts of Egils saga. Some lines are lost while others may be corrupted. The metre is kviðuháttr. References Arinbjarnarkviða Old Norse text from heimskringla.no Two editions of the original An English translation Skaldic poems	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arinbjarnarkvi%C3%B0a
Crossing the Line is a 2004 science fiction novel by British writer Karen Traviss. It is the second book of the Wess'Har Series. Its predecessor was called City of Pearl, published in February of the same year. Some of the main characters include Shan Frankland, hardened copper now infected with c'naatat; Aras, the lonely Wess'har, outcast by his horrible disease; Eddie Michallat, journalist who finds himself in a position to affect history; and Lindsay Neville, the Marines Commander trying to deal with the loss of her newborn son David, and bent on revenge on Shan. Plot summary The book concerns the struggle of Shan Frankland, a police officer in the year 2376, to cope with biological changes that have been made to her body by an alien species. References Wess'Har series 2004 novels HarperCollins books	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing%20the%20Line%20%28novel%29
Bradley is a neighborhood two miles southeast of downtown Louisville, Kentucky, United States, and immediately east of the University of Louisville. The housing stock is mostly brick exterior craftsman style homes. Its boundaries are Eastern Parkway, Preston Highway, the Norfolk Southern Railway tracks, and I-65. Demographics As of 2000, the population of Bradley was 1,796, of which 90% was white, 3.3% was black, 6% was listed as other, and 0.6% was Hispanic. College graduates are 24.8% of the population, people without a high school degree are 13.7%, people with 1+ years of college without a degree are 9.3%. Females are 50.1% of the population while males are 49.9%. References External links Street map of Bradley Neighborhoods in Louisville, Kentucky	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley%2C%20Louisville
The 2006 Islamist demonstration outside the Embassy of Denmark in London took place on 3 February 2006, in response to controversy surrounding the publication of editorial cartoons depicting the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Danish newspaper on 30 September 2005. The extremist UK-based Islamist groups al Ghurabaa and The Saviour Sect staged a controversial protest march from London Central Mosque near Marylebone Station to the Danish Embassy near Knightsbridge Underground station. Al Ghurabaa call Muslims to protest Al Ghurabaa published an article on their website entitled, "Kill those who insult the Prophet Muhammad". The article states, "The insulting of the Messenger Muhammad is something that the Muslims cannot and will not tolerate and the punishment in Islam for the one who does so is death". Then on 31 January 2006 they issued a press release calling "all Muslims to rise & defend the honour of the Messenger Muhammad." They stated that the "Islamic verdict on individuals who insult any Prophet needs to be passed by an Islamic Court and implemented by the Islamic State" but go on to explain how they believe the "55 Muslim countries in existence today all implement non-Islamic law and their insults to the Messenger Muhammad are worse than what appears in the newspapers....Clearly were it not for the fact that they fear being overthrown by an angry Muslim population, not a word would have been mentioned about the current incident from the leaders of Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain, Pakistan, Kuwait, etc". The protest The protest occurred on Friday 3 February. The Metropolitan Police stated in a briefing that 450 protesters attended the Friday demonstration, 3,500 attended on Saturday in protests by other groups. Some protesters waved placards reading slogans such as "Massacre those who insult Islam", "Butcher those who mock Islam", "Be prepared for the real holocaust", "Europe you will pay, your 9/11 is on the way", or "7/7 is on its way"; "Europe you will pay, Bin Laden is on his way", "Freedom go to hell" and "Europe you'll come crawling, when the Mujahideen come roaring". Despite the similar theme on al Ghurabaa's website, their spokesman, Anjem Choudary, said he did not know who wrote the placards. Bricklaying student Omar Khayam, 22, from Bedford, was photographed wearing a garment resembling a suicide bomber's jacket outside the Danish Embassy. Police tried to stop press photographers from taking pictures of Omar in the 'bomb vest'. Omar said he had no regrets about his style of dress, telling the Daily Express, "I didn't go there to cause anyone any harm. I went along just to attend a protest. Yet I have been branded a suicide bomber overnight. Did I say, 'Kill Jews?' No. Did I have racist signs on me? No. So why this reaction?" He went on, "Yes, I would do it again to make a point. I could have gone along and held up banners or something, but this made the point better". Two men attended the protest to stage a counter-demonstration, handing out leaflets reading "Free speech or no free speech? You decide" and "Should these cartoons be banned?". Reactions David Davis, the Shadow Home Secretary, said that slogans such as "Massacre those who insult Islam" amounted to incitement to murder and that police should take "a no tolerance" approach to them. He told the Sunday Telegraph, "Clearly, some of these placards are incitement to violence and indeed incitement to murder." Dominic Grieve, the Conservative legal affairs spokesman, expressed concern that it could prove impossible to identify those responsible because arrests had not been made at the time. He said, "It is certainly not a happy state of affairs where such a demonstration takes place and those people who are acting in that way don't end up under arrest before the demonstration is ended." David Winnick, on the Commons home affairs committee, said those carrying banners threatening violence should be prosecuted and, where possible, deported. "Those who are temporarily in Britain, the sooner they are out of the country the better," he said. "Those who have been given permission to live here, insofar as it is possible in law, it would be better for this country and indeed for the Muslim community if that right was removed." The Labour MP Shahid Malik, also on the committee, wrote to Sir Ian Blair, head of the Metropolitan Police, calling for prosecutions. Tony Blair said, "There is a real sense of outrage....it is very important for our overall good relations in this country that people understand there is no political correctness that should prevent the police from taking whatever action they think is necessary". Simon Hughes, Liberal Democrat President states, "To forbid the freedom to offend is not compatible with modern multi-cultural societies. But inciting violence is always wrong and a crime. The leaders of the great faith communities should together make clear that the strength of their religions can withstand all attacks, satirical or otherwise. They should respond to attacks with frankness and clarity but never with hate or retaliation." UK newspapers express disgust at Omar Khayam's protest and his picture made the front page of The Sun. Pictures of Khayam was among those studied by the Scotland Yard team, which also examined police CCTV and sound recordings to identify any offenders and pass on evidence of any offences to the Crown Prosecution Service. The Metropolitan Police, under fire for the lack of arrests, issued a statement, "Those gathered were well natured and in the main compliant with police requests. Arrests, if necessary, will be made at the most appropriate time. This should not be seen as a sign of lack of action ... The decision to arrest at a public order event must be viewed in the context of the overall policing plan and the environment the officers are operating in. Specialist officers were deployed on both days to record any potential evidence should it be needed at any point in the future. All complaints will be passed to the public order crime unit for further investigation". On 6 February, the Home Office requested briefing from the Metropolitan Police's Public Order Branch to provide assessment of two demonstrations. This document was later obtained by the BBC under the Freedom of Information Act and its contents were reported, including some controversial claims. The document states that the Saturday protesters "were encouraged by a large group of photographers and cameramen" although no news organisations or individual's names were given. The protest was also condemned by the Muslim Public Affairs Committee UK, an organisation which encourages British Muslims to vote against politicians who support the Iraq war and/or Israel. MPACUK's leader Asghar Bukhari called for the arrest of the protest's leaders. Aftermath Apology On 6 February 2006, Omar Khayam, accompanied by the chairman of his local mosque and by Patrick Hall MP apologised "wholeheartedly" to the families of the July 2005 London bombings and said it had not been his aim to cause offence. He said, "Just because we have the right of free speech and a free media, it does not mean we may say and do as we please and not take into account the effect it will have on others. But by me dressing the way I did, I did just that, exactly the same as the Danish newspaper, if not worse." In 2002 Khayam was jailed for possessing crack cocaine with intent to supply. Having been released on parole in 2005 after serving half of his six-year sentence, he was arrested the next morning for breaching his parole conditions, and returned to prison. The Daily Mirror interviewed an 'insider' who knew Khayam at Springhill Prison. Their source said, He was a very quiet guy and would only ever speak out when he was with other extremists. He told people that he would use the money from drugs for the cause, meaning radical Muslim groups. He has obviously become even more radicalised since he got out. It was well known that Omar made a lot of money from drugs. He was part of a large crew in Bedford. His street name is Skinner and there are a lot of drug users in the town who know him through these connections. When he got involved with these groups linked to terror I think a lot of non-Muslim prisoners felt they didn't want much to do with him any more. Glorification of terrorism debate On 14 February 2006, the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) urged Parliament to vote for the removal of the 'glorification of terrorism' clause from the Terrorism Bill. The MCB say the Bill is perceived as "unfairly targeting Muslims and stifling legitimate debate." Tony Blair managed to win the battle, banning the glorification of terrorism, by 315 to 277 votes. He said, "The new law will mean that if people are going to start celebrating acts of terrorism or condoning people who engage in terrorism, they will be prosecuted, and if they do not come from this country, they should not be in this country. We have free speech in this country, but you cannot abuse it." William Hague, standing in for David Cameron, said at Prime Minister's Questions that the inclusion of "glorification" in the Bill was mere spin, an attempt to give the impression that tough action was being taken. "Wouldn’t it be better to have a watertight law designed to catch the guilty, rather than a press release law designed to catch the headlines?" he said. Tony Blair replied, "If we take out the word 'glorification' it sends a massive counter productive signal". Blair insisted that an offence of glorifying terror was the only way to prosecute demonstrators who carry banners praising the 7/7 bombers. He said that existing laws only allowed prosecutions for preaching hate by word of mouth, but not by the written word or through placards. Hague said that he was mistaken. Criminal charges There was considerable outcry at the perceived inaction on the part of the police to counter the protests. David Davis wrote to the Home Secretary stating that "[t]here is a clear public interest in ensuring that those who incite murder are appropriately dealt with and an equal public interest that there is no unnecessary delay. Furthermore, not to take action is to let down the moderate Muslim majority". It was reported that members of the public made more than 500 complaints to Scotland Yard about the demonstration. The two charges of using either spoken or written words to cause 'Intentional Harassment, Alarm Or Distress', under Section 5 of the Public Order Act 1986, carry a maximum sentence of 6 months' imprisonment, whereas those causing 'Racially Aggravated Intentional Harassment, Alarm Or Distress', under Section 31 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, carry a maximum sentence of 2 years' imprisonment. On 7 March 2006, having reviewed 60 hours of footage from closed-circuit television, amongst other evidence, and after consultation with and authorisation by the Crown Prosecution Service, the Metropolitan Police announced, "We have been advised today that there are sufficient grounds to arrest individuals for offences under the Public Order Act. This includes offences that are racially or religiously aggravated". On 15 March 2006, five men were arrested and charged for their roles in the protests; one of them was charged and held in custody, two were charged and released on police bail to attend court, and the remaining two were released on police bail for further inquiries. Further arrest were made in the following months and a total of six people have been criminally charged. Anjem Choudary, 39, was originally released on bail to return to a police station on 19 April "pending investigations into material recovered in searches". However, he was arrested again on 7 May at Stansted Airport and taken into custody at a London police station. Choudary was charged under the Public Order Act with organising a procession without the required written notification to the police. Choudary was the leader of al Ghurabaa and the "right-hand man of radical Muslim cleric, Omar Bakri Mohammed" who is banned from the UK. Abdul Muhid, was also bailed to return to a police station on 19 April after further enquiries. Muhid was arrested with Choudary again on 7 May at Stansted Airport. He was charged with two counts of soliciting to murder. On 7 March 2007 he was found guilty of both charges and later sentenced to six years in jail. Muhid is a prominent member of The Saviour Sect and was also arrested in 2005 after complaints that a man had called for British troops in Iraq to be killed and for homosexuals to be hurled from cliff tops, but the charges were dropped by the CPS due to there "not [being] a realistic prospect of conviction" because of problems of proving identity. Mizanur Rahman, was charged with soliciting murder and inciting racial hatred. He was found guilty of inciting racial hatred in December 2006 where the same jury was unable to reach a verdict on the charge of soliciting murder, at a retrial in 2007 he was convicted on the soliciting murder charge as well. Rahman was sentenced to six years in jail. Umran Javed was charged with soliciting murder and inciting racial hatred and remanded in custody. He was denied bail and not asked to enter a plea. On 5 January 2007, he was found guilty of those charges. He was later sentenced to six years in jail. Omar Zaheer was charged with racially aggravated disorderly behaviour and disorderly behaviour and released on bail to appear at Bow Street Magistrates' Court on 31 March. Abdul Rahman Saleem was charged with using words likely to stir up racial hatred and released on bail to appear at West London Magistrates' Court on 31 March. On 1 February 2007, he was found guilty, and was later sentenced to four years in jail. Omar Bakri Mohammed, speaking from Lebanon, issued a warning to Britain after a police raid on his London home, "I am warning the British government – you are playing with fire. Let them go to hell – all of them. Play with fire and you burn your fingers." He said his family was "terrified" as the police searched his London home, adding, "They took my computers". See also Islam Muhammad Timeline of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy al Ghurabaa The Saviour Sect Hizb ut-Tahrir Al-Muhajiroun Islamism in London References External links Video London demonstration in front of the Danish embassy 3 Feb 2006 Anjem Choudary interviewed by Jeremy Paxman Newsnight, BBC Muslim protest – Snopes.com Islamist groups involved al Ghurabaa press release – A call to all muslims to rise and defend muhammad Archive of threatening article, now removed from al Ghurabaa’s site The Guardian Threats that must be countered Downing Street statement on the weekend's cartoon demonstrations Scotland Yard sets up squad to track protesters Police reaction to protest slogans Reborn extremist sect had key role in London protest Violence in the name of Islam has done more to damage the Prophet than any Danish cartoon – Fareena Alam I'm proud of my son – whatever's said about him 'The laws will increase tensions' BBC Cartoon protest sparks outrage In quotes: Protests over cartoons Pressure on police over protest Fury over lack of protest arrests Cartoon protests test legal minds Man apologises for bomber protest Protester is returned to prison Three charged over cartoon demos The Daily Telegraph Islamic group behind protests 'peddles race and religious hatred' Muslim protests are incitement to murder, say Tories The Times Focus: How liberal Britain let hate flourish Islamist Demonstration Outside The Embassy of Denmark in London, 2006 Islamist demonstration outside the Embassy of Denmark in London 2006 in Islam Events relating to freedom of expression Islamism in the United Kingdom Islamism in Denmark Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy Protest marches Islam in London Denmark–United Kingdom relations	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Islamist%20demonstration%20outside%20the%20Embassy%20of%20Denmark%20in%20London
Conquian, Coon Can or Colonel (the two-handed version) is a rummy-style card game. David Parlett describes it as an ancestor to all modern rummy games, and a kind of proto-gin rummy. Before the appearance of gin rummy, it was described as "an excellent game for two players, quite different from any other in its principles and requiring very close attention and a good memory to play it well". History The game originated in Mexico in the mid-1800s. Court records published in 1861 suggest that Conquian was well established there in the 1850s, and it is recorded in the 1880s being played alongside Tuti, Malilla de Campo, Mus and Rentoy. It continued to be popular into the early 20th century, Mexican politician and military leader, Gonzalo Santos, recalling that "before the Revolution [1910–1920] we had a good life. We lived out there in Tampamolón and did nothing other than play Conquián or domino in the bars..." By 1852 it had crossed the border into New Mexico, where conquian is included in a list of examples of pastimes that were legally permitted as a "game of recreation". Card game expert and publisher Robert F. Foster traced Conquian back to the early 1860s. According to him, even in the US the game was originally played by two players with a Spanish pack of 40 cards from which the 8s, 9s and 10s were missing. He claims that, in 1873, he was the first to propose that the Kings, Queens and Jacks should be removed, leaving a natural sequence of 10 cards in each suit. The earliest rules, however, appear in 1887 under the name Coon Can, but are later described in much more detail in Foster's Hoyle of 1897, where it was said to be "a great favorite in Mexico and in all the American states bordering upon it, especially Texas". By 1900, the game had spread to the eastern US and, around 1908, three- and four-player versions initially under the name of Rum emerged which used a full 52-card pack. By 1912, it had reached England, a variant with 2 packs and 2 Jokers and called Coon Can being popularised by the Bath Club in London. The name is thought to either derive from con quién – Spanish "with whom". It is sometimes corrupted to Coon Can, Cooncan, Conquain, Councan, Conca and Cuncá, a South American variation of the game. In 19th-century Mexican literature the word is spelled cunquián or conquián, but earlier legal publications in New Mexico, in both Spanish and English, record it as conquian and Wood and Goddard state that the game was named after the Spanish "¿con quién?" - "with whom?" referring to the melding of cards. Overview The aim is to be the first to get rid of the cards, including the last one drawn, by melding sets and runs. The total number of cards melded must be 11 at the end. Cards Conquian is played by two or more players with Spanish playing cards or a 40-card pack of French playing cards either by removing the courts or by removing the 8s, 9s and 10s. The two-player game is sometimes called Colonel to distinguish it (see below). Deal Each player is dealt 10 cards in five packets of two and the remainder are placed face down as a stock. During play, cards may be melded by pairing at least three of a kind or by a straight flush sequence i.e. three to eight cards from the sequence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S C R. Thus, 1-2-3 and 6-7-S are valid, but C-R-1 is not. Play After the deal, the dealer turns up the top card from the remainder of the deck to begin the discard pile. The non-dealer then has the option to take the first card, but must use it immediately (with at least two hand-cards) to make a meld. If the non-dealer does not want the card, the dealer has the option to pick it up and use it for his meld. If neither player wants the first card, the non-dealer takes the first card from the draw pile and may use it immediately to meld or discard it. The pick up may not be added to the hand cards. If either player makes a valid meld with it, that player must discard one card from his hand. The other player may then choose this card or draw another from the pile. So whoever turns from the pile has first choice of the card turned, and must either meld it, extend one of his existing melds with it, or pass. If both players pass, the second turns it down and draws next. Melding In melding, a player may "borrow" cards from his or her other melds to help create new ones, provided that those thereby depleted are not reduced to less than valid three-card melds. After melding, the player's discard becomes available to the opponent, who may then either meld it or turn it down and make the next draw. Forcing A player who declines a faced card that can legally be added to one of that player's existing melds, must meld it if the opponent so demands. This is called 'forcing'. By forcing, it is sometimes possible to create a situation from which one's opponent can never go out. It is therefore a feature of much interest to the strategy of the play. If neither is out when the last available card has been declined, the game is drawn and the stake carried forward. Winning Winning a hand entails melding 11 cards, so on the last play, the winning player must use the drawn card in his meld. Play may be extended over several hands by playing to a specified point total. Points still in the losing player's hand may be awarded to the winner. If using a Spanish pack or pip cards from a French pack, a possible scoring system totals the face value of all cards. If using a shortened French pack minus the 8s, 9s and 10s, one scoring system gives face value for 2–7, 10 for jacks, queens and kings, and 15 for aces. Variations The jacks, queens and kings may be removed instead of 8s, 9s and 10s. No cards are removed. Each player may be dealt nine cards and attempt to meld 10. Three players can play this game with eight cards being dealt and attempt to meld nine. Four players can play with seven cards dealt and attempt to meld eight. Players may "borrow" from opponents melds, providing they leave at least three cards on that meld. Black cards with a value of 2 may be used to replace any other card in the deck Trading can happen after the players have reviewed their initial hands, but before the first draw. Each player takes one hand card and passes it clockwise to the next person at the table. Players agree among themselves how many trades are allowed in the game. Colonel According to Routledge (1923, 2005), Colonel is Coon-Can for two players. A single, 40-card, Spanish-suited pack was traditionally used, but a French pack may be used either without the courts or without the 8, 9 and 10. Routledge assumes a full, 52-card French pack. Players cut for the first deal and lowest cuts (Aces low) before both are dealt 10 cards each, individually and face down. The rest are placed face down to form a stock and the top card (known as the 'optional card') is turned and placed beside it to start the wastepile. The aim is to be first to shed all one's cards by melding sets (3 or 4 of a kind) and runs (sequences) in the same suit. A run or set must contain at least three cards and Aces may be high or low, but round-the-corner sequences are not allowed. Players may 'lay off' one or more cards against their own or their opponent's existing melds. Non-dealer (or 'pone') starts by drawing either the turnup or the top card of the stock and may now meld or 'declare' as many sets or runs as possible (but does not have to), before placing a discard on the wastepile. Play continues in this way until one goes out and scores as many points as the opponent has in hand; courts counting ten and the rest counting their face value in pips. A player may 'challenge' at any stage. If a challenge is accepted, the deal ends and the player with the lowest counting hand wins, scoring the number of pips in his opponent's hand. The deal also ends if the stock runs out, whereby the player with the lowest hand wins and scores the opponent's pips less those in the player's own hand. Colonel may be the precursor of Gin Rummy. Foster's recommended variant of Colonel, which he calls Cooncan for two players, has some differences: first, a player must get 11 cards down, not meld 10 and discard one at the end. Second, the player can only lay off a discard to the opponent's melds. Third, cards drawn from stock must be shown and either melded or discarded again. Fourth, cards may be borrowed from one meld and used to another provided both have been melded by the same player. The winner is the first to meld 11 cards on his or her side of the table. If neither can do this, it is a tableau or draw and the next deal decides. See also Rummy Notes References Literature Cambas, Manuel Rivera (1883). Mexico Pintoresco, Artistico y Monumental. Vol. 3. Mexico: Reforma. Dalton, W. (1912). "Coon-Can" in The Saturday Review, 26 October 1912. pp. 520–521. Elwell, Joseph Bowne (1912). "The Game of Coon Can" in The Principles, Rules and Laws of Auction Bridge. New and enlarged edn. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 185–194. Foster, R. F. (1897). "Conquian" in Foster's Complete Hoyle. Frederick A. Stokes, New York, pp. 486–489. Foster, R. F. (1913a). Cooncan (Conquián): A Game of Cards also Called "Rum". NY: F.A. Stokes. Foster, R. F., Walter H. Barney & David A. Curtis (1913b). Official Rules of Card Games: Hoyle Up-to-date. 17th edn. Cincinnati: USPCC. Full-text reproduction of the rules in electronic form, public domain. See also 2007 Edition, . Parlett, David (2008). The Penguin Book of Card Games, Penguin, London. Routledge George. (1923). "Colonel (Coon-Can for Two Players)" in Hoyles Card Games rev. by Lawrence H. Dawson (1950), Part 1 publ. 1979. Reprinted 1980, 1982, 2001, 2005, Routledge, Abingdon. pp. 100-101 Smead, Robert N. (2004). Vocabulario Vaquero/Cowboy Talk: A Dictionary of Spanish Terms from the American West. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma. 19th-century card games Rummy Spanish card games Mexican card games Spanish deck card games French deck card games	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquian
Brussels-Central railway station (, ), officially Brussels-Central (, ), is a railway and metro station in central Brussels, Belgium. It is the second busiest railway station in Belgium and one of three principal railway stations in Brussels, together with Brussels-South and Brussels-North. First completed in 1952 after protracted delays caused by economic difficulties and World War II, it is the newest of Brussels' main rail hubs. Brussels-Central is connected to the rapid transit Gare Centrale/Centraal Station station on lines 1 and 5 of the Brussels Metro system, and serves as an important node of the Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company (STIB/MIVB). History Inception and construction During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Brussels-North and Brussels-South were the primary railway stations in Brussels (Brussels-North slowly supplanted the original / railway station near the same site). However, they were joined only by an inadequate single track running along what is today the Small Ring (Brussels' inner ring road). Many proposals were put forward to link the two stations more substantially. A law was finally passed in 1909 mandating a direct connection; however, the final project would not be completed until nearly half a century later. The famed architect Victor Horta was awarded the design of the Central Station building complex in 1910. He finished the initial version in 1912. Plans for the station originally featured a major urban redevelopment project, for which land was purchased and over 1,000 buildings demolished in the 1920s. The Putterie/Putterij district began to be razed to make way for the underground station and building complex. However, work was halted by World War I. Financial constraints limited work after the war, and in 1927, the Belgian Government suspended the project altogether. In 1935, a new office dedicated to the project was set up and work resumed. The Central Station was planned as a hub in the connection. However, World War II slowed construction again. The interruptions and delays to construction left large areas filled with debris and craters for decades. Horta returned to work on the station after the end of the war. Following his death, in 1947, an architectural team led by Maxime Brunfaut, son of the architect Fernand Brunfaut, president of the National Bureau of the North–South connection, was entrusted with the station's construction. The building was completed according to Horta's plans by Brunfaut, who expanded them by adding a new train line to Brussels Airport, in the suburb of Zaventem, as well as several underground passageways for pedestrians. The station was finally inaugurated on 4 October 1952. Two memorial plaques in the station's main hall commemorate the opening. On the left-hand side of the second plaque is a medallion bearing Fernand Brunfaut's image. 21st century The Central Station was renovated between 2004 and 2010 in an attempt to better equip it to present levels of usage (which can reach 150,000 passengers/day on the busiest days). Two new entrances were created on that occasion, and the main entrance was extensively renovated. The /, a pedestrianised square, was created in front of the station. Plans then came for the renovation of the tunnel which links the main station with the metro stop. It has been described as dilapidated, dirty, and permanently tinged by the smell of urine. An architectural firm had been retained in 2010 to implement the project designed to make the hallway a better "window" to Brussels for the many travellers who begin their journey there. The new tunnel with hops and a more luminous, graffiti resistant environment were completed in 2013. An Islamic jihadist attempted to detonate a suitcase bomb in the Central Station in the failed June 2017 Brussels attack; there were no casualties. The attacker was subsequently shot and killed by one of the soldiers who were patrolling the station at the time. Between 2018 and 2019, the North–South connection's tunnel was renovated to improve ventilation and smoke extraction in the event of a fire. The six-lane underground tunnel, separated by the pillars supporting the vault, was transformed into a tunnel with three openings separated by walls provided with fire doors at regular intervals (an operation carried out by walling the openings between the pillars). The ends of the platforms of the Central Station were also affected. Features Brussels Central Station has six tracks, served by three island platforms. These are underground, beneath the city blocks within the /, the /, the / and the /. The main entrance and ticket office are at ground level on the Boulevard de l'Impératrice, and there are several other entrances on the other streets. An SNCB/NMBS station, its main hall is equipped with ticket machines. Facilities, equipment and services are also available for persons with reduced mobility. Although the railway station is at the very heart of the city, its capacity is not adapted to present usage levels ( 70,000 passengers on a weekday), let alone future ones. The interior and the platforms have been renovated in recent years, but the main problem (i.e. lack of capacity) has not fundamentally been addressed. There have been suggestions to expand the station, but none of them has gained widespread acceptance. Today, at peak times, about 96 trains an hour use the station's six platforms. With passenger growth expected to average 4% per year in the coming decade, Infrabel, the administrator of the Belgian rail network, has determined that an expansion of the rail capacity and of the station will be necessary. The CEO of Infrabel has estimated the cost of an adequate expansion at least €1 billion. However, the task of getting all relevant authorities to agree on a plan has so far proved difficult. Some credit a general taboo against discussions of expanding the North–South connection as a result of the history of extended delays and widespread destruction of neighbourhood blocks that the initial construction brought between 1911 and 1952. Train services The station is served by the following services: Intercity services (IC-35) Amsterdam - The Hague - Rotterdam - Roosendaal - Antwerp - Brussels Airport - Brussels Intercity services (IC-16) Brussels - Namur - Arlon - Luxembourg Intercity services (IC-01) Ostend - Bruges - Gent - Brussels - Leuven - Liege - Welkenraedt - Eupen Intercity services (IC-03) Knokke/Blankenberge - Bruges - Gent - Brussels - Leuven - Hasselt - Genk Intercity services (IC-05) Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels - Nivelles - Charleroi (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-06) Tournai - Ath - Halle - Brussels - Brussels Airport Intercity services (IC-06A) Mons - Braine-le-Comte - Brussels - Brussels Airport Intercity services (IC-11) Binche - Braine-le-Comte - Halle - Brussels - Mechelen - Turnhout (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-12) Kortrijk - Gent - Brussels - Leuven - Liege - Welkenraedt (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-14) Quiévrain - Mons - Braine-le-Comte - Brussels - Leuven - Liege (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-17) Brussels - Namur - Dinant (weekends) Intercity services (IC-18) Brussels - Namur - Liege (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-20) Gent - Aalst - Brussels - Hasselt - Tongeren (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-20) Gent - Aalst - Brussels - Dendermonde - Lokeren (weekends) Intercity services (IC-22) Essen - Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-22) Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels - Halle - Braine-le-Comte - Binche (weekends) Intercity services (IC-23) Ostend - Bruges - Kortrijk - Zottegem - Brussels - Brussels Airport Intercity services (IC-23A) Bruges - Gent - Brussels - Brussels Airport (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-23A) Gent - Brussels - Brussels Airport (weekends) Intercity services (IC-26) Kortrijk - Tournai - Halle - Brussels - Dendermonde - Lokeren - Sint Niklaas (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-29) De Panne - Gent - Aalst - Brussels - Brussels Airport - Leuven - Landen Intercity services (IC-31) Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-31) Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels - Nivelles - Charleroi (weekends) Brussels RER services (S1) Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels - Waterloo - Nivelles (weekdays) Brussels RER services (S1) Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels (weekends) Brussels RER services (S1) Brussels - Waterloo - Nivelles (weekends) Brussels RER services (S2) Leuven - Brussels - Halle - Braine-le-Comte Brussels RER services (S3) Dendermonde - Brussels - Denderleeuw - Zottegem - Oudenaarde (weekdays) Brussels RER services (S6) Aalst - Denderleeuw - Geraardsbergen - Halle - Brussels - Schaarbeek Brussels RER services (S8) Brussels - Etterbeek - Ottignies - Louvain-le-Neuve Brussels RER services (S10) Dendermonde - Brussels - Denderleeuw - Aalst The station is also served by many P-Trains operating only during peak hours as well as on Sunday evenings. Gallery Metro station The metro station, called Gare Centrale/Centraal Station, is located five minutes' walk from the railway station, under the /, and can be accessed through a pedestrian tunnel. It first opened as a premetro (underground tram) station on 17 December 1969 on the tram line between De Brouckère and Schuman. This premetro line was upgraded to full metro status on 20 September 1976. Then, following the reorganisation of the Brussels Metro on 4 April 2009, it now lies on the joint section of metro lines 1 and 5, which cross Brussels from east to west. See also List of railway stations in Belgium Rail transport in Belgium Transport in Brussels Art Deco in Brussels History of Brussels Joe Van Holsbeeck References Notes Bibliography External links Railway stations in Brussels Brussels metro stations City of Brussels Railway stations in Belgium opened in 1952 1952 establishments in Belgium Victor Horta buildings Railway stations located underground in Belgium	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels-Central%20railway%20station
Desmond "Des" McNulty (born 28 July 1952), is a Scottish Labour Party politician, who served as the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Clydebank and Milngavie constituency from 1999 to 2011, serving as Labour's Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning until he was defeated at the 2011 election. Early life and career McNulty studied at St Bede's College, Manchester and graduated from the University of York in social sciences in 1974. Before entering the Scottish Parliament, he worked at Glasgow Caledonian University as a sociologist, later becoming head of strategic planning. He served as Deputy Minister for Social Justice from 2002 to 2003, but was replaced after the 2003 election. He returned to ministerial office in November 2006 as Deputy Communities Minister. On becoming leader of Labour in the Scottish Parliament in September 2008, Iain Gray appointed McNulty Shadow Minister for Transport, Infrastructure and Climate Change. McNulty also served on the Scottish Parliament Transport, Infrastructure and Climate Change Committee. On 27 October 2009 he was appointed Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning by Iain Gray. He is married and has two sons. References External links 1952 births Living people Politicians from Stockport Alumni of the University of York Labour MSPs Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003 Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007 Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des%20McNulty
The Phæno Science Center is an interactive science center in Wolfsburg, Germany, completed in 2005. The Phæno Science Center Phæno arose from urban planning by the City of Wolfsburg. In 1998 City officials were developing a plot of vacant, public land immediately adjacent to Wolfsburg's railway station and just south of VW's huge, then-unfinished attraction Autostadt. An art museum was planned for the site, but Dr. Wolfgang Guthardt, then the City's Director for Culture, Sports and Education, knew that such an institution would compete with Wolfsburg's successful Kunst Museum (Art Museum) and needed other options. Guthardt visited Technorama, a science center in Switzerland and became convinced that a science center in Wolfsburg would complement both Autostadt and the Kunst Museum. Preliminary planning began in November 1998, and one year later Joe Ansel, an American consultant and designer, was approached to handle the exhibitions and other operational aspects of the project. An architectural design competition was held in January 2000 and the prominent architect Zaha Hadid won, in conjunction with structural engineers, Adams Kara Taylor. About five years later, Phæno opened to the public on November 24, 2005 with over 250 interactive exhibits from Ansel Associates, Inc. all enclosed in an astounding concrete structure designed by Zaha Hadid, her German associate, Mayer Bährle architects and Adams Kara Taylor. The architectural design has been described as a "hypnotic work of architecture - the kind of building that utterly transforms our vision of the future." The design won a 2006 RIBA European Award as well as the 2006 Institution of Structural Engineers Award for Arts, Leisure and Entertainment Structures. The building stands on concrete stilts, allowing visitors to the Autostadt to pass through without interfering with the workings of the building. Phæno is connected to the Autostadt by a metal bridge accessed by escalators and stairs either side. The underside of Phæno and the "stilts" are illuminated. Dr. Guthardt is now Phæno's first Executive Director. Phæno has enjoyed high attendance and broad public acceptance since its grand opening. The Science Center has a theme song, "Phaenomenal," which was written and performed by American singer/songwriter Amanda Somerville for the opening. The Phæno was included on a list of the 7 wonders of the Modern World (objects built since 2000) by The Financialist. Movie appearances The Phaeno appears in the movie The International (2009) as headquarters of an Italian weapons company - digitally inserted in front to a cliff at the Iseo Lake. The Phaeno also appears in the German disaster film (2013) as a large hadron collider. The Phaeno appears in the Belgian-Dutch dystopian television series Arcadia (2023). See also List of science centers References Further reading Barbara Linz. Science Spaces: Architecture & Design. Cologne: Daab, 2007. Philip Jodidio. Hadid: Zaha Hadid, Complete Works, 1979-2013. Köln: Taschen, 2013. Greg Lynn (ed.). Christos Passas, Patrik Schumacher and Greg Lynn discuss Phaeno Science Center. Montreal, Canadian Centre for Architecture, 2017. External links Zaha Hadid Architects Finding aid for the Zaha Hadid Architects Phaeno Science Centre project records, Canadian Centre for Architecture Architekturbüro Mayer-Bährle Ansel Associates, Inc. Science Center Celebrates an Industrial Cityscape - New York Times, November 28, 2005 Phaeno Science Center by transform Zaha Hadid buildings Science museums in Germany Museums in Lower Saxony Buildings and structures completed in 2005 Postmodern architecture Modernist architecture in Germany Event venues established in 2005 Buildings and structures in Wolfsburg Science museums Neo-futurist architecture	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeno%20Science%20Center
Marl () is a town and a municipality in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated near the Wesel-Datteln Canal, approx. 10 km north-west of Recklinghausen. It has about 90,000 people. Geography Location The town adjoins in the north to the woodlands of the Haard and the natural park Hohe Mark. The town forms the smooth transition between the industrial Ruhrgebiet and the rural Münsterland. The northern town border coincides nearly completely with the course of the river Lippe. Approximately 60% of the total town area are fields, woods, watercourses, parks and other green areas. Town area Marl has the following urban districts: Neighbour towns In the north Marl adjoins to Haltern am See, in the east to Oer-Erkenschwick, in the southeast to Recklinghausen, in the south to Herten, in the southwest to Gelsenkirchen and in the west to Dorsten. Nature reserves Braucksenke Die Burg (Natura 2000-area) Lippeau (Natura 2000-area) Loemühlenbachtal History Early history The town area was already populated in the old and middle Stone Age, as many archeological finds in the district of Sinsen confirm. Remains of the first settlements are dated to 600 BC. At 300 BC Celtic tribes settled in the area but were expelled by invading Germanic tribes. The Brukterer controlled thereupon the area north of the river Lippe and the Marser lived south of the Lippe. The Germanic invasion was stopped by the advance of the Romans, who built a huge fort in Haltern. Remains of a smaller Roman fort were found at the city limit between Polsum and Herten. After the Battle of the teutoburg forest in 9AC the Romans lost most of their influence and retreated behind the Rhine river. The area was again in Germanic possession. In 80 AC the Brukterer were expelled by rival tribes and moved to the today’s area of Recklinghausen. Early Middle Ages The next migration movement took place in the Marl area between the 5th and 7th century, when the Saxons invaded from the northeast across the Lippe into the former Brukterer area. In the 1920th archeological excavations proofed, that the Brukterer built a circular hillfort in the district of Sinsen to defend against the Saxon attacks. Today the hillfort is only recognisable for the expert and lies in the nature reserve "Die Burg" (which means "the castle") which is named after the hillfort. Archeologists consider the hillfort as an outstanding historical monument which is worth of protection. The hillfort was used by the rural population as a protective barrier until the Late Middle Ages. Assured written regional facts about the Early Middle Ages in the 9th and 10th century were however not documented till the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Origin of the name Marl was first documented in 890 in the urbarium of the benedictine abbey of Werden, which was founded in 799 during the Saxon wars. There is written, that a Dagubraht donated his possession and revenues to the abbey for his salvation. The name of Marl derives from the medieval place name "meronhlare". Linguists interpreted this name as "marshy range" or "range at a pond". The name changed over the centuries from "Marlar", "Maerl" to "Marler" and finally Marl In the urbarium are furthermore found the names of nearby settlements which later became part of the town. They were called "Threviri (Drewer)", "Vrilinctorpe(Frentrop) und "Haranni (Hamm). In addition to the Werden Abbey there were other great land owners as the Cologne and Xanten chapter, the Essen abbey and some nobles. This scattered property caused massive feuds and fighting in the Middle Ages. Church history In the urban district of "Alt-Marl" (Old Marl) stands St George's Church, which in the 11th century belonged to the local Count Balderich of the Lower Rhine. Later he gave the church to Archbishop Heribert of Cologne. A manuscript dating from 1160 states that Archbishop Heribert donated the church to Deutz Abbey. In the 13th century it became a parish church, the appointment of its first priest being recorded in 1228. From 1419 the church was under the patronage of the local noble family of Loe. This lasted until 1830, when the patronage devolved to Baron Twickel of Lüttinghoff. Between 1856 and 1859 the church was completely restored, to plans drawn up by Emil von Manger, a builder employed by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Münster. The church's Romanesque foundation walls dating from the 12th century were retained in the restoration. The Counts of Loe In the year 1111 the noble family of Loe built a castle with a moat named "Strevelsloe". In 1359 it was renamed to "Haus Loe". In official manuscripts of 1373 it was named as "castrum". In 1378 the castle was signed over as an "Offenhaus" by the owner Wessel van Loe to the Archbishop of Cologne, Frederick III. of Saarwerden. "Offenhaus" means, that in the case of war, the owner can use the castle as a stronghold. So the noble family of Loe was subject to the archbishop. The family had very many properties in the region, several farms and mills, like the "Loemill", the "Sickingmill" and the Wermeling manor at the Lippe river. Although the Loe-family had no male successor, the name lived on as in 1585 the daughter of Wolter van Loe married her cousin Baron Dietrich of Dorneburg-Loe from Eickel. From 1705 to 1832 the castle and all properties were passed over to the noble Family of Wiedenbrück. They sold it to the baron of Twickel, who sold it on his part to Theodor Waldhausen from Essen. 30 years later it was sold to the Duke of Arenberg, who demolished the castle. Today on the former site of the castle there is a grammar school and several sports grounds. The noble Loe-family is borne in remembrance through several names like "Loe Street", "Grammar school at the Loefield" or "Loemill-Airport". Middle Ages and Early Modern Age Throughout the Middle Ages Marl was involved in several wars. Between 1243 and 1384 there were many military operations between the Archbishop of Cologne and the Count of Mark among other things about the possession of the neighbor town of Recklinghausen. 1388 and 1389 Marl was involved in the "Great Dortmund feud" and in the fratricidal war between Adolf IV. of Kleve-Mark and Gerhard of the Mark from Hamm. From 1442 to 1449 Marl suffered from the Soest feud in which the town of Soest defended her freedom against the Archbishop of Cologne. At the end of the 16th century Marl had 800 inhabitants. Most of them lived in the farming community of Drewer. In the "War of the Jülich-Cleves succession", the farming communities around Marl were plundered by the Dutch and Spanish troops who joined the war. Directly following this war, the Thirty Years' War began, where the plunderings continued. After the war, there was peace for many centuries. During the French campaign of Charles, Prince of Soubise, in the Seven Years' War in 1758 the plundering of Marl started again. After the French troops, the Prussians came but without improvement for the situation of the inhabitants. Until 1803 the insignificant village Marl was part of the Vest Recklinghausen. Then the Duke of Arenberg owned the village. From 1810 to 1813, during the French occupation the village was renamed in "Mairie Marl" and belonged to the Grand Duchy of Berg. After the War of the Sixth Coalition Marl got under Prussian reign and was part of the district Essen until 1816 and afterwards until now to the district Recklinghausen. In this age, Marl had only village mayors, who were elected for one year and directly responsible to the governors of the Vest Recklinghausen. The village mayors tasks were the collection of the taxes and managing the village real estates. Beside these village mayors there were two Prince-electoral representatives, the "Amtsfron"(village soccage) and the "Amtsführer"(village leader) (from 1785 both offices were combined ) whose task was to supervise the prince-electoral regulations. From 1 April 1816 Marl was consolidated with the town of Dorsten to the "Office of mayor Dorsten"("Bürgermeisterei Dorsten") with the mayor of Dorsten as provost. In 1837, after the territorial reform of the Prussian state, Marl got autonomous again. The village area was enlarged and the village of Altendorf-Ulfkotte was suburbanized, though marl did not get his name back but was named "Dorsten-environs"("Dorsten-Land") On 31 October 1841 the Royal Administration in Münster founded the "Administration Marl" ("Amt Marl"), an in-between of town and village. The administration area included Marl, the villages of Polsum, Hamm and Altendorf-Ulfkotte, plus the surrounding farming communities. Agriculture has always been the main source of income in Marl. This becomes apparent in an official list from 1840. The following is recorded there: 493 horses, 1879 cattle, 857 pigs, 98 goats and 4591 sheep. Despite the muchness of sheep, the importance of sheep farming declined in later centuries. As many farmers needed a sideline, many families weaved, mostly as wageworkers for drapers. The former village mayor Bölling reports in his chronicle: "…has built here some factories and kudos to the damask weaving mills, which deliver precious table-linen for high-standing persons and earned great reputation. It is an elegant weaving." In the records of 1842 the following professions are listed: 3 bakers, 1 butcher, 17 shoemakers, 17 tailors, 17 carpenters, 5 cabinetmakers, 6 coopers, 1 bricklayer, 15 blacksmiths, 6 cellarmen, 60 weavers, 42 chandlers, 12 hawkers, 2 inns, 11 taverns, 6 brewer, 2 distilleries, 6 corn dealer, 5 wood dealer… The turning point in Marls history was 21 January 1875. On this day the "Simson well-drilling Company" found a coal deposit in the depth of 514 meter in the urban district Polsum. Additional drillings in Marl resulted in the formation coalmines. Foundation of the "Auguste Victoria coalmine" August Stein und Julius Schäfer from Düsseldorf founded the coalmine "Auguste Victoria" in 1898 based in Düsseldorf and coal production was planned on the claims "Hansi 1" and "Hansi 2". On 1 May 1900 the depths began and in 1903 the head office moved to Marls urban district Hüls. At the end of 1905 coal production began on the pit "AV 1". Eponym for the mine was Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, (1858–1921) the last German empress and wife of Emperor Wilhelm II. The coalmine was one of the highly productive mines in Germany. Nevertheless, it was closed at the end of 2015, because of the cessation of the coal production in Germany. Foundation of the "Brassert coal mine" In 1905 another coalmine was founded in Marl. It was named after Hermann Brassert, the "father of the common mining law of 1865". In 1910 the coal production began and in the 1950s about 5,000 people were employed "on Brassert". In 1972 the mine was closed and 2/3 of the mine area became a commercial park, the other 1/3 a recreation ground. Some mining buildings have been saved. The old entrance buildings serve as an art studio and as bureau of the bicycle society. The urban district around the mine was named "Brassert" as the mine built houses around the pit for their workers. 20th century The Spartacist Uprising, linked with the Kapp Putsch also had influence on Marl. On 1 April 1920 the so-called "Red Ruhr Army" occupied Marl and started a gunfight with the Reichswehr at the Lippe river-crossing near Hamm-Bossendorf. 15 uninvolved channel diggers were also killed. On 15 January 1923 Marl was occupied by French and Belgian troops. On 1 April 1926 Marl grew bigger as the surrounding villages of Sinsen, Hüls, Lenkerbeck and Löntrop were suburbanized. In 1931 the "Handbook of all towns and villages in the Rhine province and Westpfalia" states, that Marl had 34102 inhabitants ( 19598 Roman Catholic, 12105 Protestants, 30 Jewish and 2309 other confessions) There was no mayor at that time. The city council consisted of 18 people. 10 Centre Party (Germany), 2 Social Democratic Party of Germany, 1 Reich Party of the German Middle Class, 4 Communist Party of Germany, 1 independent . The total town area was 11.076 hectare, thereof 415 hectare build-up area, 3652 hectare farmland and 5574 hectare forests and meadows. On 20 April 1936 marl received its town charter by the headpresident of the province of Westphalia, Ferdinand, Baron of Lüninck. As other town in the Ruhr district Marl is grown very fast because of the coal mines and the chemical industry Foundation of the "Chemical Park" Marl Chemical Park (German: Chemiepark Marl) goes back to the foundation of the Chemische Werke Hüls (English: Hüls Chemical Works) in 1938. At the time of the Third Reich the factories produced synthetic rubber (called "Buna") for tires. Therefore, a lot of forced labourers were used. After the Second World War the factories produced plastics, resources for cleaning agents and again "Buna". In 1985 the company was merged with the Degussa AG and later in 2007 with the Evonik industries and is now called "Chemical Park Marl". The infrastructure of the park was taken over by the "infracor" company. Second World War The Kristallnacht 1938 led to the persecution of the Jewish inhabitants, who have resided in Marl since 1910. They worked mostly in the clothing trade or sold furniture. Several people were injured, their shops burned down and all 29 Jewish inhabitants had to leave the town. Most of them were deported to Riga and murdered. These incidents were documented by the German artist Gunter Demnig and his project "Stolpersteine" (stumbling blocks). Between 1939 and 1945 many foreign forced workers worked in companies and private households. Throughout the war especially the "Buna" factories were target of several allied air raids. Although the civilian areas of the town were relatively near to the factories civilian demolition was kept to a limit. On 31 March 1945 the American 8th Armored Division occupied the town. Hubert Brinkforth holder of the Knights Cross was born in Marl. As the town was merged from several farming communities with the mining settlements and houses of the chemical workers it has no real centre. In the 1960s and 1970s a new centre was built in greenfield strategy as a new town hall, high-rise buildings and the shopping mall "Marler Stern" originated. Train accident at the Marl-Sinsen train station On 5 October 1973 there was a train accident near the Marl-Sinsen train station, in which 7 persons were killed and 44 persons injured. The express train 632 from Flensburg to Düsseldorf collided with a switch engine, which was waiting on the track and derailed. Shortly afterwards a freight train ran into the scene of accident. Both trains fell down a steep slope on the national highway 51. The cause of accident was that one of the points was set wrong. Population From the mid-ages until the early 20th century Marl had just a few hundred inhabitants. The Industrialization led to a fast increase from about 2,000 people in 1900 to over 35,000 in 1939 and 92,000 in 1975. In 2007, the "Official Number of inhabitants" calculated by the Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik of North Rhine Westphalia was 89,122. The following table shows the numbers of inhabitants. The value in 1600 is an estimate, afterwards the result of population counts or calculations of the Statistisches Landesamt. The specifications until 1871 show the "population in the area", from 1925 to 1987 they indicate the resident population and since then the main resident population. Before 1871 the means of measurement were without uniformity. 48.8% of the inhabitants are male, 51.2% female. 17.7% are less than 18, 34.3% are between 18 and 44, 21.9% are between 45 and 59, 26.1% are older than 60 years. 8.9% of the population are of foreign origin (Dec 2006), coming from about 130 different states. 52.5% are from Turkey, 7.5% from Ex-Yugoslavia, 5.6% from Poland. Economy The "Chemical Park Marl", the mine "Auguste Victoria", the "Medienhaus Bauer", are the largest employers in Marl. The coal mine at Marl-Hüls, Zeche Auguste Victoria, was founded in 1899, and is still operating. The mass production of the Loremo was planned for 2010 in a yet-to-be-constructed car factory in the industrial complex of Dorsten/Marl, but looks now into uncertain future. Culture Marl is the home of the Skulpturenmuseum Glaskasten (Marl Glass Box Sculpture Museum). Politics The current mayor of Marl is Werner Arndt of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 2009. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows: ! rowspan=2 colspan=2\| Candidate ! rowspan=2\| Party ! colspan=2\| First round ! colspan=2\| Second round \|- ! Votes ! % ! Votes ! % \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Werner Arndt \| align=left\| Social Democratic Party \| 14,064 \| 46.6 \| 11,224 \| 59.7 \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Angelika Dornebeck \| align=left\| Christian Democratic Union \| 7,890 \| 26.1 \| 7,566 \| 40.3 \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Bernard Keber \| align=left\| Alternative for Germany \| 1,989 \| 6.6 \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Daniel Schulz \| align=left\| Alliance 90/The Greens \| 1,884 \| 6.2 \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Andres Schützendübel \| align=left\| Free Democratic Party \| 1,387 \| 4.6 \|- \| \| align=left\| Beate Kühnhenrich \| align=left\| WG The Greens Marl \| 1,009 \| 3.3 \|- \| \| align=left\| Fritz Dechert \| align=left\| Citizens' List We for Marl \| 823 \| 2.7 \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Claudia Flaisch \| align=left\| The Left \| 636 \| 2.1 \|- \| \| align=left\| Borsu Alinaghi \| align=left\| Independent Citizens' Party \| 609 \| 1.7 \|- ! colspan=3\| Valid votes ! 30,191 ! 98.7 ! 18,790 ! 99.1 \|- ! colspan=3\| Invalid votes ! 410 ! 1.3 ! 166 ! 0.9 \|- ! colspan=3\| Total ! 30,601 ! 100.0 ! 18,956 ! 100.0 \|- ! colspan=3\| Electorate/voter turnout ! 68,184 ! 44.9 ! 68,143 ! 27.8 \|- \| colspan=7\| Source: City of Marl (1st round, 2nd round) \|} City council The Marl city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows: ! colspan=2\| Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Social Democratic Party (SPD) \| 10,735 \| 35.7 \| 7.0 \| 16 \| 5 \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Christian Democratic Union (CDU) \| 8,456 \| 28.2 \| 0.5 \| 12 \| 2 \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) \| 2,649 \| 8.8 \| 5.4 \| 4 \| 2 \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Alternative for Germany (AfD) \| 2,382 \| 7.9 \| New \| 4 \| New \|- \| \| align=left\| WG The Greens Marl \| 1,675 \| 5.6 \| 1.8 \| 2 \| ±0 \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Free Democratic Party (FDP) \| 1,375 \| 4.6 \| 1.6 \| 2 \| 1 \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| The Left (Die Linke) \| 800 \| 2.7 \| 1.3 \| 1 \| 1 \|- \| \| align=left\| Citizens' List We for Marl (WiR) \| 730 \| 2.4 \| 2.0 \| 1 \| 1 \|- \| \| align=left\| Independent Citizens' Party (UBP) \| 622 \| 2.1 \| 2.6 \| 1 \| 1 \|- \| bgcolor=\| \| align=left\| Die PARTEI \| 609 \| 2.0 \| New \| 1 \| New \|- ! colspan=2\| Valid votes ! 30,033 ! 98.1 ! ! ! \|- ! colspan=2\| Invalid votes ! 575 ! 1.9 ! ! ! \|- ! colspan=2\| Total ! 30,608 ! 100.0 ! ! 44 ! 4 \|- ! colspan=2\| Electorate/voter turnout ! 68,184 ! 44.9 ! 1.5 ! ! \|- \| colspan=7\| Source: City of Marl \|} Results of the local elections since 1975 1 Linke: 2004: PDS, since 2009: Die Linke 2 1989: also: REP: 7,5 Mayor 1936-1939: Heinrich Springies, NSDAP, from 1933 to 1936 village mayor 1939-1941: Paul Becker, NSDAP 1942–1945: Friedrich Wilhelm Willeke, till 1933 Zentrum, then NSDAP, from 1945 CDU 1945-1946: Paul Eichmann (independent businessman from Marl-Hüls, was installed as mayor by the American and British military government) 1946–1965: Rudolf-Ernst Heiland, SPD 1965–1974: Ernst Immel, SPD 1975–1984: Günther Eckerland, SPD 1984–1995: Lothar Hentschel, SPD 1995–1999: Ortlieb Fliedner, SPD 1999–2009: Uta Heinrich, CDU, from 2004 independent 2009-: Werner Arndt, SPD Chemiepark Marl One of the largest integrated chemical production sites in Germany, the "Chemical Park Marl" is based in Marl. It was founded as the Chemische Werke Hüls GmbH in 1938. The Hüls synthetic rubber plant was a bombing target of the Oil Campaign of World War II. The second largest producer of synthetic rubber (17% of Axis supply), the plant was 240 miles closer to Allied bomber bases than the larger synthetic rubber plant at Schkopau. On 22 June 1943, the sole Eighth Air Force operation against Nazi Germany synthetic-rubber production during the first phase of the Combined Bomber Offensive opened "a new chapter in aerial warfare" (RAF Fighter Commander Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory) with a bombing that destroying 6,200 of 8,380 built-up acres of "the city". Twin towns – sister cities Marl is twinned with: Creil, France (1975) Herzliya, Israel (1981) Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany (1990) Pendle, England, United Kingdom (1995) Kuşadası, Turkey (1999) Zalaegerszeg, Hungary (2000) Krosno, Poland (2015) Notable people Oğuzhan Aydoğan (born 1997), footballer Karsten Braasch (born 1967), tennis player Michael Groß (born 1956), politician (SPD) Heinz van Haaren (born 1940), Dutch footballer Anna Hepp (born 1977), filmmaker, artist and photographer Peter Neururer (born 1955), football manager Matthias Pintscher (born 1971), composer and conductor Virtual Riot (born 1994), music producer Gertrud Schäfer (born 1944), athlete Sönke Wortmann (born 1959), film director References External links Official site Survey map of the Chemical Park Marl Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia Recklinghausen (district) Holocaust locations in Germany	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marl%2C%20North%20Rhine-Westphalia
The World Before is a science fiction novel by British writer Karen Traviss, published in October 2005. It is the third book in the Wess'Har Series. Plot summary The Bezeri are no more. The effects of the cobalt-salted nuclear weapons have had devastating effects on their population and has wiped them out completely. Aras and the rest of the Wess'Har have a strong desire to see those responsible punished. They have already destroyed the Actaeon and its crew that refused to abandon ship. Those who did are now the occupants of the habitat called Umeh Station on the planet Umeh, as it is called by the Isenj who live there. Aras is battling his conflicting loyalties and genetics. Part of him wants to blame Bennett for Shan's death as he was involved and another part recognizes that Bennett now shares genes with himself and Shan. Aras and Bennett take a trip to the transplanted colony from Constantine, now called Mar'an'cas. Aras feels the need to see the Garrod family and see to the colony's well-being. He finds, unsurprisingly, that he is no longer welcome. They admit him as they do not have the force to stop him but they make their feelings clear. Eddie Michallat is increasingly becoming more involved in the politics of the different worlds interacting. He is friends with the Isenj Minister Ual; who is finding that as he fights to preserve his world from the potential wrath of Eqbas Vorhi, so Umeh seems intent on its own destruction. He is inescapably bound to Wess'ej as tries to honor the memory of Shan Frankland and her sacrifices for everyone involved and his growing friendship with Aras, Bennett and the Wess'Har community. He still is a reporter at heart but that seems to be changing as his conscience affects his decisions for stories more and more. The information he provides now has the power to create war on Earth and the realization is sobering. Eddie decides to tell the real reasons for the destruction of Christopher, the death of Shan Frankland and also of the coming of the World Before and its possible ramifications, to the people of Earth. The Wess'Har have demanded the delivery of Mohan Rayat and Lindsay Neville. Minister Ual has been told by his government that they will only do so only if the Destroyer of Mjat (name given to Aras for the destruction of the Isenj city on Bezer'ej) is turned over to them. Ual, knowing that the Wess'Har do not negotiate, has decided to oppose his government by secretly allying with Eddie and the Royal Marines at Umeh Station to capture Neville and Rayat and turn them over to the Wess'Har. He knows this will be the end of his career and possibly his life but for the sake of Umeh, he feels he must do this. The Wess'Har scouts have discovered the body of Shan Frankland. Nevyan takes a shuttle out to recover her body. To her surprise and astonishment, they discover, once her body is aboard, that Shan is still alive. She has been floating, frozen in the depths of space for months and her c'naatat has somehow kept her dormant but alive. Her body appears as a mummy; waxy and emaciated. They return to F'nar and reveal this to Bennett, Aras, Eddie, and the rest of the F'nar community. They immediately set about taking care of her to nurse her back to health. She does eventually recover enough to wake up. Meanwhile, the World Before has come. A patrol ship lands and disgorges a crew of only males. They are the first ship and advise that another will be along as well. The Wess'Har do what they can to be accommodating but Nevyan does not like the way the Eqbas males seem interested in c'naatat. Eventually the second ship from Eqbas Vorhi arrives and it is massive. The ship itself rearranges and two smaller ships split off from it; one to reconnoiter Bezer'ej and the other for Umeh. The tension on Umeh heightens with this and the Isenj try to make the Wess'Har withdraw but to no avail. Shan is filling out and getting stronger thanks to the care of Ade and Aras. She finds that she has feelings for both men and Aras, whose people practice polyandry, finds this acceptable and would like a house brother but fears that Shan will come to prefer Ade because of their shared homeworld. Ade is having a harder time contemplating a polyandric relationship but is coping as best he can. As Shan gets stronger she begins getting involved in the politics and the goings-on of F'nar. She also makes a trip to Bezer'ej to view the destruction and what the Eqbas are doing to repair the damage. While there, they discover that the blast did not destroy the c'naatat and that there are some survivors of Bezeri. The Bezeri only want to talk to Aras, though. When Aras journeys to the world, the Bezeri tell him that they want those responsible turned over to them for "balancing". Aras knows that the Bezeri would include the Royal Marines in their list of those responsible, so to protect Ade, Aras lies and says that it was just Neville and Rayat. The Bezeri also want Aras to come stay with them underwater to help them rebuild and recover what they've lost. Aras is torn by his duty to the Bezeri and his duty to stay with Shan and make her happy. The Eqbas are moving right into their roles as peacekeepers and environmental control. They advise both Earth and Umeh to prepare for their coming and the changes that will entail. In the instance of Umeh, population control and environmental cleansing—and in the case of Earth, they plan to restore the plants and animals held in the gene bank; whether Earth likes it or not. They are also cleaning up the damage on Bezer'ej in record time. On Wess'Har, one Eqbas named Shapakti, is performing miracles. He has found a way to separate c'naatat from its human host, using sample tissue from Shan, but not from its wess'har host. He also started creating a jungle habitat using DNA and genomes from the gene bank. Aras decides that he will go live with the Bezeri in spite of the pain it will cause him to be separated from Shan. Ade wants Shan to be happy and feels that he is in the way of Shan's and Aras' happiness so he decides to force Aras not to go. The solution presents itself in the form of Mohan Rayat and Lindsey Neville. Lindsey wants to redeem herself (and not die) and feels that the best way to accomplish this is to live underwater and serve the Bezeri. This would mean becoming infected with c'naatat. Ade agrees to this and infects both her and Rayat and send them to the depths with the Bezeri. Shan knows nothing of all this at this point and seems to finally accept her role as an isan to Ade and Aras in their polyandric relationship. References 2005 British novels Wess'Har series American science fiction novels Novels by Karen Traviss HarperCollins books	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20World%20Before%20%28novel%29
Warner Canyon is a small ski area in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in the Warner Mountains of south-central Oregon. Operating since 1938, the ski area was once within the Fremont National Forest, but the land is now owned by Lake County; a land swap was completed between the USFS and Lake County in 1998. It is located northeast of Lakeview, a driving distance of . There is one triple chairlift serving the hill, with two landings. The total vertical drop is . The area is operated by a local non-profit, the Fremont Highlanders Ski Club. References External links Warner Canyon Facebook page Ski areas and resorts in Oregon Buildings and structures in Lake County, Oregon Tourist attractions in Lake County, Oregon	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner%20Canyon
Sapang, Sabah, is 4° 37' 58" north of the equator and 118° 19' 58" east of the prime meridian. Populated places in Sabah	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapang
Mariamma Chedathy, also known as Mariamma John, was a folklorist from the state of Kerala in India. Mariamma Chedathy died on 31 August 2008. Sources B. C. Folklore, Bulletin of the British Columbia Folklore Society, has published three articles based on the book Manikkam Pennu The Death and Resurrection of Kamachavelan, B. C. Folklore, No. 11 Manikkam Pennu: a Paraya Folktale, No. 12 Humans, Gods, and Nature in Paraya Folklore, No. 14 References Year of birth missing 2008 deaths Malayali people Indian folklorists Indian women folklorists Women from Kerala 20th-century Indian women 20th-century Indian people	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamma%20Chedathy
New York State Route 376 (NY 376) is a state highway located entirely within Dutchess County in the Hudson Valley region of New York in the United States. The route begins at an intersection with NY 52 in East Fishkill and passes north through Hopewell Junction and Red Oaks Mill on its way to the city of Poughkeepsie. It ends at a junction with U.S. Route 44 (US 44) and NY 55 east of the city limits in Arlington, a hamlet in the town of Poughkeepsie. NY 376 was originally designated as part of NY 39 in the mid-1920s. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the East Fishkill–Poughkeepsie portion of NY 39 was renumbered to New York State Route 202. NY 202 was renumbered to NY 376 in 1935 to avoid numerical duplication with the new US 202. Route description NY 376 begins at an intersection with NY 52 in the hamlet of East Fishkill. It proceeds north about , crossing over Fishkill Creek and continuing into the hamlet of Hopewell Junction, where it overlaps with NY 82 for . NY 376 leaves NY 82 and continues northwest, crossing railroad tracks and following a sharp 90° S-curve with a advisory speed. Soon after, the route traverses another curve, but at . After this, the speed limit returns to . NY 376 passes by the Dogwood Knolls Country Club before meeting County Route 29 (CR 29) in the hamlet of Fishkill Plains, at which point NY 376 proceeds west. Immediately after crossing from the town of East Fishkill into the town of Wappinger, NY 376 turns north at an intersection with CR 93. It continues north for about through the hamlet of Diddell, where it turns west again towards the hamlet of New Hackensack. Here, the route meets CR 94 and CR 104. NY 376 turns north at this intersection, running along the eastern perimeter of and providing access to the passenger terminal of Dutchess County Airport. North of the airport, NY 376 runs closely parallel to Wappinger Creek, briefly entering the town limits of La Grange before crossing the Wappinger Creek into the town of Poughkeepsie. In the Poughkeepsie hamlet of Red Oaks Mill, NY 376 meets the eastern end of NY 113 (Spackenkill Road) and the northern end of CR 77 (Vassar Road) at the center of the community. NY 376 approaches the intersection at a 45-degree angle, resulting in a series of sharp traffic movements between the three roads—the sharpest being the 135-degree turn between NY 376 northbound and Vassar Road southbound. Past the junction, NY 376 continues north on New Hackensack Road, the northward continuation of Vassar Road. After heading north and northwest for , NY 376 turns right onto Raymond Avenue at Vassar College. Its continuation on New Hackensack Road is known as Hooker Avenue and is designated NY 983T, an unsigned reference route, to the Poughkeepsie town/city line about from its junction with Cedar Avenue (known as CR 74 south of the city limits). NY 376 follows Raymond Avenue for about a mile (1.6 km) to the hamlet of Arlington. Here, it meets US 44 and NY 55, both of which follow a one-way couplet along Haight Street (eastbound) and Maple Street (westbound) through the city of Poughkeepsie. In between the two streets, NY 376 intersects Main Street (CR 114). The route ends upon intersecting westbound US 44 and NY 55, at which point the routing of NY 376 becomes an unnumbered town road named Van Wagner Road. History Route designation NY 376 was originally designated as part of NY 39, a route extending from Patterson to Poughkeepsie by way of West Patterson and East Fishkill, in the mid-1920s. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 39 was reassigned to another highway in western New York while its former routing in the Hudson Valley was broken up into several routes. One of these was NY 202, a new route that began in East Fishkill and ended in Poughkeepsie. The rest of NY 39 became part of NY 52 from East Fishkill to the western fringe of Patterson, and NY 311 for the rest of the routing. In 1934, US 202 was designated by AASHO. US 202 signs did not get put up in New York until April 1, 1935. In order to avoid a numbering conflict, NY 202 was renumbered to NY 376 that day. Roundabouts In 2006, the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) converted NY 376's intersections with the main gate of Vassar College and College Avenue into roundabouts. Both of the roundabouts replaced traffic lights. A traffic signal used to control traffic for a pedestrian crosswalk was also removed as part of their construction. Another roundabout was constructed in 2008 at Fulton and Collegeview Avenues. NYSDOT has called the installation of roundabouts a success, stating that it has significantly calmed traffic, decreased congestion and increased traffic flow. The construction of the roundabouts was controversial from the outset. The first two roundabouts were installed by NYSDOT even though both the town and city of Poughkeepsie declared that they were opposed to the roundabouts. Additionally, the roundabouts have drawn much controversy from local residents because they remove a lane of traffic in each direction, reducing Raymond Avenue (NY 376) from a four-lane road to a divided two-lane boulevard and significantly altering pre-existing traffic patterns. A moderate amount of traffic has diverted onto alternate local routes as a result. In response, NYSDOT installed traffic calming measures on these parallel roads prior to the construction of the Fulton Avenue roundabout. Major intersections See also References External links 376 Transportation in Dutchess County, New York	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%20376
The following is a partial list of First Nations peoples of Canada, organized by linguistic-cultural area. It only includes First Nations people, which by definition excludes Metis and Canadian Inuit groups. The areas used here are in accordance to those developed by the ethnologist and linguist Edward Sapir, and used by the Canadian Museum of Civilization. Northwest Coast These people traditionally eat fish, primarily salmon and eulachon from the ocean, as well as fish from lakes and rivers, and roots and berries. Recently discovered clam gardens suggest that they were not limited only to hunting and gathering. They made use of the forests of the Pacific to build dug-out canoes, and houses made of evenly split planks of wood. They used tools made of stone and wood. The native peoples of the Pacific coast also make totem poles, a trait attributed to other tribes as well. In 2000 a land claim was settled between the Nisga'a people of British Columbia and the provincial government, resulting in the return of over 2,000 square kilometres of land to the Nisga'a. Major ethnicities include the: Coast Salish peoples Shishalh (Sechelt) Squamish Pentlatch (a.k.a. Puntledge, extinct) Qualicum Comox-speaking: K'omoks (Kwak'wala speaking today) Sliammon Homalco Klahoose Halkomelem-speaking Hulquminum (Island Halkomelem): Hwlitsum (Lamalcha or Lamalchi) Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo) Snaw-naw-as (Nanoose) Cowichan Somena (S’amuna’) Quw'utsun Quamichan Clemclemaluts (L’uml’umuluts) Comiaken (Qwum’yiqun’) Khenipsen (Hinupsum) Kilpahlas (Tl’ulpalus) Koksilah (Hwulqwselu) Penelakut Hunquminum (Downriver Halkomelem) Musqueam Tsleil-Waututh (Burrard) Katzie Kwantlen Kwikwetlem (Coquitlam) Snokomish (extinct) Tsawwassen Halqemeylem (Upriver Halkomelem) Sts'Ailes (Chehalis) Sto:lo (Fraser River Salish) Aitchelitz Leq'á:mel Matsqui Popkum Skway Skawahlook Skowkale Squiala Sumas Tzeachten Yakweakwioose Chawathil Cheam Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt Sq'éwlets (Scowlitz) Seabird Island Shxw'ow'hamel Soowahlie North Straits Salish-speaking Songhees (a.k.a. Songish, a.k.a. Lekwungen) T'Souke (Sooke) Semiahmoo Malahat Lummi Klallam Tsartlip Tsawout Tseycum Pauquachin Esquimalt New Westminster (no language affiliation) Nuxálk (Bella Coola) Kimsquit Tallheo Stuie Kwatna Tsimshianic peoples (Northern Mainland) Tsimshian (Sm'algyax speaking) Gitxsan (Gitxsanimaax speaking) Nisga'a Haida (Haad kil speaking) Southern Wakashan peoples Nuu-chah-nulth (incorrectly called Nootka) Tla-o-qui-aht (Clayoquot) Mowachaht-Muchalaht Ahousaht (formed from the merger of the Ahousaht and Kelsemeht bands in 1951) Ehattesaht Hesquiaht Cheklesahht Kyuquot Nuchatlaht Huu-ay-aht (formerly Ohiaht) Hupacasath (formerly Opetchesaht) Toquaht Tseshaht Uchucklesaht Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ (Ucluelet) Ditidaht Pacheedaht Northern Wakashan peoples (Central Coast) Kwakwaka'wakw Laich-kwil-tach (Euclataws/Yuculta a.k.a. Southern Kwakiutl) Weewaikai (Cape Mudge) Wewaykum (Campbell River) Kwiakah Koskimo 'Namgis (Nimpkish) Haisla (Kitamaat) Henaksiala Heiltsuk (Bella Bella, at the community of the same name) Wuikinuxv (Owekeeno) Tsetsaut (extinct Athapaskan-speakers) Plains These people traditionally used tipis covered with skins as their homes. Their main sustenance was the bison, which they used as food, as well as for all their garments. The leaders of some Plains tribes wore large headdresses made of feathers, something which is wrongfully attributed by some to all First Nations peoples. Major ethnicities include the: Anishinaabe Plains-Ojibwa Blackfoot Kainai (Blood) North Peigan Siksika Dene Chipewyan Nakoda Assiniboine Stoney Plains-Cree Tsuut'ina (Sarcee) Plateau Ktunaxa (Kootenay) Okanagan Sinixt St'at'imc (Lillooet) Lil'wat Lower Stl'atl'imx (Skatin, Semahquam, Xa'xtsa) Nequatque Nicola Nicola Athapaskans (extinct) Nlaka'pamux (Thompson) Secwepemc (Shuswap) Western subarctic These peoples live in the boreal forest in what are now Canada's western provinces and territories. They were originally hunter-gatherers dependent on caribou, moose and the fur trade. Most spoke Athapaskan languages except the Crees and Inland Tlingit. Major ethnicities in the Yukon, Northwest Territories and the northern parts of the western provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) include the following: Cree Dakelh (Carrier) Wet'suwet'en Lheidli T'enneh Dene Chipewyan Sahtu (includes Bearlake, Hare and Mountain peoples) Slavey Tlicho Yellowknives Dane-zaa (also Dunne-za, Beaver, Tasttine) Gwich'in (Kutchin, Loucheaux) Hän Kaska Sekani Tagish Tahltan Inland Tlingit Áa Tlein Kwáan (Atlin people) Deisleen Kwáan (Teslin people) Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin) Southern and Northern Tutchone Woodlands and eastern subarctic Major ethnicities include the: Abenaki Anishinaabe Algonquin Nipissing Ojibwa Mississaugas Saulteaux Oji-cree Ottawa (Odawa) Potawatomi Cree Innu Naskapi Atlantic coastal region Beothuk (Newfoundland extinct) Innu (Labrador) Maliseet Mi'kmaq (Micmac) Passamaquoddy Hydin St. Lawrence River Valley The largest First Nations group near the St. Lawrence waterway are the Iroquois. This area also includes the Wyandot (formerly referred to as the Huron) peoples of central Ontario, and the League of Five Nations who had lived in the United States, south of Lake Ontario. Major ethnicities include the: Anishinaabe Algonquin Nipissing Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Cayuga (Guyohkohnyo) Mohawk (Kanien'kéhaka) Oneida (Onayotekaono) Onondaga (Onundagaono) Seneca (Onondowahgah) Tuscarora (Ska-Ruh-Reh) Munsee branch of the Lenape (Delawares) Neutral Petun (Tobacco) Wyandot (Huron) See also Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas Indigenous languages of the Americas List of Canadian Inuit List of First Nations governments List of Indian reserves in Canada List of Indian reserves in Canada by population List of place names in Canada of Aboriginal origin Notable Aboriginal people of Canada Notes First Nations First Nations peoples First Nations	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20First%20Nations%20peoples
Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu JP, DL (5 November 1832 – 4 November 1905), styled Lord Henry Scott until 1885, was a British Conservative Party politician. Background and education Montagu was the second son of Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch and Lady Charlotte Anne Thynne, daughter of Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath. He was educated at Eton. He suffered from severe asthma and it was recommended by physicians he spend the cold British winters in a warmer climate. Accordingly, from the age of 15, he and his tutor, the Rev Henry Stobart, travelled overseas each winter. These trips became longer and took them further afield. Madeira, Egypt, the West Indies, Turkey, Greece, South Africa, and the Pacific Islands were visited over the next 14 years. In March 1853, he and his friend, Lord Schomberg Kerr, and their tutor arrived at Sydney. Young British aristocrats were rare visitors to New South Wales and Sydney matrons with unmarried daughters ensured they did not lack invitations to dinners, balls and other social events. Lord Henry made many sketches and paintings in the colony, some of which are now held by the Mitchell Library and John Oxley Library in Australia. Political career Montagu sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Selkirkshire from 1861 to 1868 and for South Hampshire from 1868 to 1884. He was official Verderer of the New Forest from 1890 to 1892, and Honorary Colonel of the 4th Hampshire Rifle Volunteers from 1885. In 1885 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, in the County of Southampton. Family Lord Montagu of Beaulieu married Hon. Cecily Susan Stuart-Wortley, daughter of John Stuart-Wortley, 2nd Baron Wharncliffe, in 1865. In 1899 Lady Montagu gave £1 to the Women's Suffrage Auxiliary Fund of the Englishwoman's Review. They had two sons and one daughter, the Honourable Rachel Cecily Montagu-Scott, wife of Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster. References Who Was Who External links Lord Henry Douglas Scott-Montagu Sketchbook 1853, State Library of Queensland Montagu of Beaulieu, Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 1st Baron Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Henry John Montagu of Beaulieu, Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 1st Baron Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Henry John UK MPs who were granted peerages Henry 1 Deputy Lieutenants of Hampshire Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Douglas-Scott-Montagu%2C%201st%20Baron%20Montagu%20of%20Beaulieu
James Douglas Ignatius Macdonald (born 1954) is an American author and critic who lives in New Hampshire. He frequently collaborated with his late wife Dr. Debra Doyle. He works in several genres, concentrating on fantasy, but also writing science fiction, and mystery and media tie-ins. Biography Macdonald was born in 1954, and raised in White Plains, New York. He attended the University of Rochester, and went on to serve in the US Navy for fifteen years. He has been writing professionally since the early 1990s and has published 35 novels. Educational work Macdonald is well known for his work in educating aspiring authors, particularly for his advice on avoiding literary scams. Early in his career he was asked by such an author how much he had paid to have his books published, and in response began a campaign of educating other writers about the problems of vanity publishers. As part of this campaign, he coined Yog's Law, which states "Money should flow toward the author." This rule is named after "Yog Sysop", a nickname of Macdonald that refers to Yog-Sothoth. It is often quoted by professional authors such as John Scalzi and Teresa Nielsen Hayden when giving advice on finding an agent and getting published. Atlanta Nights and PublishAmerica One target of his campaign is PublishAmerica, a company that claims not to be a vanity publisher but a "traditional publisher" that accepts or rejects books based on their quality. Macdonald organized a group of professional authors to test whether that company was actually reading any submissions for clarity and realism before accepting them. One day after Macdonald issued a press release announcing that PublishAmerica had accepted a manuscript that was created to be as bad as possible, the company withdrew the offer to publish it. Awards and honors Knight's Wyrd was awarded the Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Children's Literature, 1992, and named to the New York Public Library Books for the Teen Age list in 1993. In 1997, he was awarded Best Young-Adult Science Fiction by the Science Fiction Chronicle for Groogleman. Select bibliography This bibliography is based on Macdonald's entry on the Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Novels The Apocalypse Door, Tor (New York, NY), 2002. Novels with Debra Doyle (Under pseudonym Robyn Tallis) Night of Ghosts and Lightning ("Planet Builders" series), Ivy, 1989. (Under pseudonym Robyn Tallis) Zero-Sum Games ("Planet Builders" series), Ivy, 1989. (Under pseudonym Nicholas Adams) Pep Rally ("Horror High" series), HarperCollins, 1991 (Under pseudonym Victor Appleton) Monster Machine ("Tom Swift" series), Pocket Books (New York, NY), 1991. (Under pseudonym Victor Appleton) Aquatech Warriors ("Tom Swift" series), Pocket Books (New York, NY), 1991. Timecrime, Inc. ("Robert Silverberg's 'Time Tours'" series), Harper (New York, NY), 1991. Night of the Living Rat ("Daniel Pinkwater's 'Melvinge of the Megaverse'" series), Ace Books (New York, NY), 1992. Knight's Wyrd, Harcourt, Brace (New York, NY), 1992. Groogleman, Harcourt, Brace (New York, NY), 1996. Requiem for Boone (based on the television series Gene Roddenberry's Earth—Final Conflict), Tor (New York, NY), 2000. (As Douglas Morgan) Tiger Cruise, Forge (New York, NY), 2000. (As Douglas Morgan) What Do You Do with a Drunken Sailor? (nonfiction), Swordsmith, 2002. Land of Mist and Snow, Eos, 2006. Lincoln's Sword, HarperCollins, 2010 Circle of Magic series, with Debra Doyle School of Wizardry, Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. Tournament and Tower/The Secret of the Tower, Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. City by the Sea/The Wizard's Statue, Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. The Prince's Players/Danger in the Palace, Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. The Prisoners of Bell Castle/The Wizard's Castle, Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. The High King's Daughter, Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. Mystery at the Wizardry School, Troll (Metuchen NJ), 2003. Voice of the Ice, Cloverdale Press, 2003. Mageworlds series Written with Debra Doyle, Mageworlds is a space opera novel series originally published in the 1990s and re-issued as e-books in 2012. The Price of the Stars, Tor Books (New York), 1992. Starpilot's Grave, Tor, 1993. By Honor Betray'd, Tor, 1994. The Gathering Flame, Tor, 1995. The Long Hunt, Tor, 1996. The Stars Asunder, Tor, 1999. A Working of Stars, Tor, 2002. Bad Blood series, with Debra Doyle Bad Blood, Berkley (New York, NY), 1993. Hunters' Moon, Berkley (New York, NY), 1994. Judgment Night, Berkley (New York, NY), 1995. Under joint pseudonym "Martin Delrio", with Debra Doyle Mortal Kombat (movie novelization), Tor (New York, NY), 1995. Midnight Justice (Spider-Man Super-Thriller series), Byron Preiss (New York, NY), 1996. Global War (Spider-Man Super-Thriller series), Byron Preiss (New York, NY), 1996. Harold R. Foster's Prince Valiant (movie novelization), Avon (New York, NY), 1998. The Loch Ness Monster (nonfiction), Rosen Publishing (New York, NY), 2002. A Silence in the Heavens (novel; MechWarrior: Dark Age series), Roc (New York, NY), 2003. Truth and Shadows (novel; MechWarrior: Dark Age series), Roc (New York, NY), 2003. Service for the Dead (novel; MechWarrior: Dark Age series), Roc (New York, NY), 2003. Short stories Rosemary: Scrambled Eggs on a Blue Plate, Tor, 1992 (co-written with Alan Rodgers and collected in Mike Resnick's alternate history anthology Alternate Kennedys) Now And in the Hour of Death, Tor, 1992 (co-written with Debra Doyle and also collected in Mike Resnick's alternate history anthology Alternate Kennedys) Souvenirs, Tor, 1992 (co-written with Alan Rodgers and collected in Mike Resnick's alternate history anthology Alternate Outlaws) References External links (search pseudonyms too) Travis Tea - collective author of Atlanta Nights Interview on IT Conversations 20th-century American novelists 21st-century American novelists American children's writers American fantasy writers American male novelists American science fiction writers Living people Writers from White Plains, New York Novelists from New York (state) 1954 births 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20D.%20Macdonald
Joël Thierry Retornaz (born 30 September 1983 in Chêne-Bougeries, Genève, Switzerland) is an Italian curler from Cembra. He was the skip of the Italian men's Olympic curling team in 2006, 2018, and 2022. Retornaz gained sudden renown in Italy during the 2006 Winter Olympics. Although Italy has little curling tradition, and the sport was practiced only by a few hundred amateurs, Retornaz led the semi-professional Italian team to several unexpected victories over strong teams, including Canada. This breakthrough inspired a sudden national curiosity for curling, previously almost unknown in Italy. Retornaz returned to the Olympics in 2018, skipping the Italians again while throwing third rocks. The team finished 9th with a 3-6 record. The team finished 3–6 again at the 2022 Olympics, placing 9th again. Retornaz has represented Italy in eight World Curling Championships, in 2005, 2010, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022, skipping the team in each event except 2005. Their best record was a bronze medal at the 2022 World Men's Curling Championship, Italy's first medal at the men's worlds. Retronaz has competed for Italy in 14 European Curling Championships (as of 2022), finally winning a bronze medal in his 11th try in 2018, skipping the rink of Amos Mosaner, Sebastiano Arman, Simone Gonin and Fabio Ribotta. Retornaz won a second bronze in 2021 and a third in 2022. Personal life In addition to curling, Retornaz breeds and races quarter horses. He is employed as a businessman. He is currently married and lives in Lugano, Switzerland. Grand Slam record Retornaz won Italy's first Grand Slam championship at the 2022 Masters. References External links Italian male curlers Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics Curlers at the 2018 Winter Olympics 1983 births Living people Italian people of Swiss descent Olympic curlers for Italy Sportspeople from the canton of Geneva Sportspeople from Trentino Sportspeople from Lugano Italian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland Curlers at the 2022 Winter Olympics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl%20Retornaz
Charles Henry Bennett (26 July 1828 – 2 April 1867) was a British Victorian illustrator who pioneered techniques in comic illustration. Beginnings Charles Henry Bennett was born at 3 Tavistock Row in Covent Garden on 26 July 1828 and was baptised a month later in St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden. He was the eldest of the three children of Charles and Harriet Bennett, originally from Teston in Kent. His father was a boot-maker. Little is known of Charles' childhood, although some speculate that he received some education, possibly at St. Clement Dane's School. At the age of twenty, Charles married Elizabeth Toon, the daughter of a Shoreditch warehouseman, on Christmas Day 1848, also in St. Paul's Church. Their first son, who they named after Charles, was born a year later and by 1851 the family was settled in Lyon's Inn in the Strand. At the time of their wedding, Charles was attempting to support his family by selling newspapers; however, in the 1851 census three years later he described himself as an artist and portrait painter. By 1861, Charles and Elizabeth had six children and lived in Wimbledon. Charles, the eldest, was by this time at school, while the youngest, George, was just seven months old. Early career As a child, Charles developed a passion for art, drawing for his inspiration the motley crowds he saw daily in the market. His father did not support Charles' artwork and considered it a waste of time. As an adult, Charles became part of the London bohemian scene, and was a founder member of the Savage Club, each member of which was "a working man in literature or art". As well as socializing over convivial dinners, members of the club published a magazine called The Train. Charles Bennett contributed many illustrations, signed 'Bennett' rather than with his CHB monogram, but the magazine was short-lived. The mid-nineteenth century saw the launch of many cheap, mostly short-lived periodicals in London, and Bennett contributed small illustrations to several, although it is difficult to identify some of his work because he didn't always sign them with his distinctive "CHB" monogram. Bennet is known to have contributed to The Devil in London, The Penny Trumpet, The Whig Dresser, The Squib, and The Man in the Moon. James Hannay, a novelist, journalist and protégé of Thackeray, founded Pasquin in 1847, followed by The Puppet Show in 1848 and The New Puppet Show in 1849. By 1855, Bennett was better known and was invited to design the masthead and front page cartoon for the first issue of the Comic Times. He also contributed to Diogenes (1855) and Comic News (1863-1865) as well as mainstream illustrated magazines such as The London Journal (1858), Good Words (1861), London Society (1862-1865), and Every Boy's Magazine (1864-1865). His occasional full-page illustrations (such as the page of characters from Twelfth Night) appeared in Christmas and New Year editions of The Illustrated London News. Children’s books 1858 saw the publication of the first of more than a dozen children's books illustrated by Charles Bennett. Old Nurse's Book of Rhymes, Jingles & Ditties (1858) was a collection of children's verse with colour illustrations on every page and a frontispiece illustrating ‘Old Nurse at Home.’ Among the children's books that followed were Nine Lives of a Cat (1860) with twenty illustrated pages and The Adventurers of Young Munchausen (1863). Bennett dedicated The Stories that Little Breeches Told (1863) to his daughters Harriet and Polly (Mary), with a suggestion that he was already ill, as follows: DEAR HARRIET AND POLLY,As soon as Little Breeches had told me these stories, I told them to you; but I am afraid I should soon have forgotten them, every one, if you had not so carefully treasured them up. Now when they are in print, and the pictures are all etched on copper-plates, I am made happy indeed, by your kindness in allowing me to dedicate them (in this new form) to you. And remain, All that is left of me, Your affectionate Father, CHARLES BENNETT In addition to this dedication, the book has comments from family members after each story. Similarly, The Sorrowful Ending of Noodledoo (1865) was dedicated to Bennett's son George, who had been ill, although "as he got better his temper fell sick." Lightsome and the Little Golden Lady (1866) also begins with a family dedication in which Charles thanks "my dear Charley" (by now 16) who had written down the story from his father's telling, a task which had given them both much enjoyment. In addition to his own children's books, Charles Bennett provided the illustrations for Tom Hood's Jingles and Jokes for the Little Folks (1865) as well as for books of fairy tales by Henry Morley and Mark Lemon. Shadows and Fables Among Charles Bennett's best known and best loved books were his Shadows series. In Shadow and Substance (1860), Charles Bennett and Robert Barnabas Brough (with whom he had collaborated on the 1854 edition of Punch and Judy) describe the a fictional magic lantern which they call the eidolograph. The shadows cast by the eidolograph indicate the true character and personality of the sitter; for example, a fat schoolboy's shadow is portrayed as a snail while Charles Bennett becomes an ass. The collection of shadow illustrations was reprinted several times in colour without the accompanying text and seems to have been something of a best seller. The shadow of a man leaning on a post shows him to be "A Queer Fish" and that of a young woman servant depicts a Black slave. The Shadows illustrations first appeared in The Illustrated Times, which also published his weekly series of Studies in Darwinesque Development in 1863. These circular drawings, in which various animal species evolve into human beings, were published posthumously in the book Character Sketches, Development Drawings and Original Pictures of Wit and Humour in 1872. The most reprinted of Charles Bennett's books has been his illustrated version of Aesop's Fables. First published in 1857, it has reappeared many times, most recently in 1978, with a French translation in 1979 (Le renard qui avait la queue coupée et autres fables adaptées et dessinées par Bennett). Pilgrim's Progress Towards the end of the 1850s, Charles Bennett prepared an illustrated version of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, for which he produced more than 120 drawings, including sparely drawn caricatures of all the characters. At first he struggled to get this work published until it came to the attention of Charles Kingsley, who provided a preface for the book, after which Longman accepted it for publication. In his letter to Charles Bennett, Kingsley agreed that an appropriately illustrated version of the book was needed and offered his views on the style to be used. He cautioned against imaginative freedom at the cost of beauty of form and pointed to a strong German element in Bunyan, which should be expressed by a tendency to the grotesque. He concludes the letter by urging the artist to put the visions on paper as they appeared to the mind of the seer himself. "Now we know that Bunyan saw these people in his mind's eye, as dressed in the garb of his own century. It is very graceful and I should keep to it, not only for historic truth's sake, but because in no other way can you express Bunyan's leading idea, that the same supernatural world which was close to old prophets and martyrs was close to him; that the devil who whispered in the ears of Judas, whispered in the ears of a cavalier over his dice, or a Presbyterian minister in his Geneva gown." Perhaps feeling that he was being too prescriptive, Kingsley concluded, "Take these hints as meant, kindly." Charles Bennett added a small illustration at the end of the preface showing the writer (Kingsley) helping the artist (Bennett) up the hill of fame. The two became friends and Charles Bennett visited Kingsley at home in Eversley, where he was the rector, returning home with gifts for Elizabeth from Mrs. Kingsley. His other two serious books from this period were Quarles’ Emblems (1861) and London People: Sketched from Life (1863). Francis Quarles was a seventeenth century poet who was a cupbearer to the future Queen Elizabeth and subsequently secretary to James Usher, the primate of all Ireland, who was best known for his biblical chronology which claimed to establish the date of creation as the night preceding Sunday, 23 October 4004 BC. Quarles' Emblems (originally published in 1635) consisted of a series of paraphrases from the Bible expressed in ornate and metaphorical language, each concluding with an epigram of four lines. Originally popular, Emblems was panned by 17th and 18th century critics but the publication of a new edition illustrated by Charles Bennett and W Harry Rogers indicated that it may still have been popular in the 1800s. London People:Sketched from Life contains some of Charles Bennett's best illustrations. Co-authored with John Hollingshead, the book brings together sketches from The Cornhill Magazine, "designed to exhibit faithful delineations of physiognomies characteristic of different classes of LONDON PEOPLE as they appear, not aiming at humorous exaggeration on the one hand or ideal grace on the other. In 1865, Charles Bennett contributed a frontispiece and three illustrations to The Reverend John Allan's temperance tale, John Todd and How He Stirred His Own Broth-pot. The Punch years Charles Bennett’s drawings appeared in Punch from time to time and in 1865 he was invited to join the Punch Council, which included Mark Lemon (Editor), Shirley Brooks and John Tenniel. By March 1866 Charles was a regular attendee and another member of the Council, Henry Silver, recorded in his diaries some of Charles Bennett’s contributions to discussion and reported that he was deaf in his right ear and smoked cigars. Silver also mentions that Charles was left handed although he sometimes drew with his right hand. In a discussion of recurring nightmares, Shirley Brooks’ was swimming in a sea of butter, while Charles Bennett described how he had to tie up a parcel but was unable to find a piece of string the right length, despite cutting a hundred bits. His regular contributions began in February 1865 at the beginning of a new parliamentary session with a cartoon of Mr. Punch opening parliament. Over the next two years he contributed nearly 200 drawings signed with his characteristic CHB monogram. He specialised in very elaborate initial letters, such as the letter Z at the beginning of Punch's Essence of Parliament in April 1866. He occasionally contributed political cartoons, and in September 1866 he depicted the Pope as a turnip propped up by a musket, about to be knocked away by Louis Napoleon. Charles Bennett's bohemian appearance, apparently the result of his financial straits, seems to have been the cause of comment even around the Punch table. In October 1866, therefore, the Council passed the following resolution:Resolved• That this meeting deeply sympathises with C. H. Bennett on the state of his hair • That this meeting appreciates the feeling which detains the said Bennett from the Council until his hair shall have been cut • That this meeting deplores the impecuniosity which prevents the said Bennett from attending a barber • That this meeting, anxious to receive the said Bennett to its bosom once again, organizes a subscription to enable him to attend the said barber • That this meeting, having (limited) confidence in Mr. Mark Lemon, entrusts him with the following subscriptions in aid of the above object, and requests him to communicate with the aforesaid Bennett, to the end that he may have his damn hair cut, and rejoin the assembly of the brethren.This resolution was signed by ten members of the Council, who each contributed one penny by attaching a penny red stamp to the letter. It seems unlikely that the state of his hair was the true reason for Charles's absence from Council meetings, it being more likely that his deteriorating health was already keeping him away. His final attendance at the table was apparently on 12 December 1866 and Henry Silver recorded his absence the following week, but made no further reference to his subsequent presence. Later life and death By the beginning of 1867, Charles and Elizabeth were living in Caversham Road, Kentish Town. His health was failing and his final cartoon appeared in Punch on 23 March. Shirley Brooks visited him on 31 March, recording in his diary: "Went off to enquire about Bennett, who has just got into a new house in the Kentish Town wilds ... Never having been in the region, I managed to forget the directions of the map and found myself in the Holloway Road, but soon worked my way round to the spot, which is pleasant enough. Saw his son only, a very nice boy, who said Bennett was "a little better"." Charles Bennett died on 2 April 1867 between eight and nine in the morning. His death certificate recorded the cause of death as neuralgia and atrophy (although his widow subsequently asserted that he had died of consumption) and his occupation was given as "Draftsman on wood." Brooks recorded in his diary: "I am very sorry. Bennett was a man one could not help loving for his gentleness. Such a wonderful artist", and Henry Silver wrote the following day: "Intelligence of poor Bennett’s death yesterday. So we didn’t dine." An obituary appeared in Punch on 13 April. Charles Bennett was buried in Brompton Cemetery on 8 April. His wife and one of his sons were later buried in the same grave. Two days later the Punch Council discussed the needs of his widow, Elizabeth, with eight children and another on the way, "although no debts." Because of his long illness, his life had been too hazardous for insurance. They agreed that there was a case for a public appeal and that they would press their private channels as well. The published appeal, over the names of Charles Kingsley, Mark Lemon and John Everett Millais as well as Brooks himself, was distributed widely and appeared as a letter in the Times. With the help of Charles's friends at Punch, his widow also approached the Artists’ Benevolent Institution and the Royal Literary Fund. The Punch Council solicited donations through advertisements and personal contacts and decided to stage a benefit performance for the family. The Adelphi Theatre in London was duly booked for the afternoon of Saturday, 11 May 1867, five weeks after Charles Bennett's death. The afternoon included the first public performance of Cox and Box, Arthur Sullivan's first opera, given by the Moray Minstrels, along with performances by Kate Terry, Florence Terry and Ellen Terry and others. The afternoon was a success and another benefit performance was arranged in Manchester at the end of July. There is no record of the total amount raised for his family, but by the time of the 1871 census Elizabeth (who described herself as an "Annuitand") and the children were living in Gainford Road, Kentish Town. In 1881 she claimed to have "Means derived from dividends"’ despite having considered taking lodgers at the time of Charles’s death. Personality In his obituary of Charles Bennett for Punch, Shirley Brooks records that "he was a very able colleague, a very dear friend. None of our fellow−workers ever entered more heartily into his work, or laboured with more earnestness to promote our general purpose. His facile execution and singular subtlety of fancy were, we hoped, destined to enrich these pages for many a year. It has been willed otherwise, and we lament the loss of a comrade of invaluable skill." The reference to his "earnestness" contrasts with his nickname of "Cheerful Charley" and his reputation as an eccentric bohemian. In the History of Punch, M H Spielmann reports that, in the words of Augustus Sala, Charles Bennett was "sober, industrious, and upright, and scarcely a Bohemian; but throughout his short life he was ‘Murad the unlucky'." The Dalziel brothers, noted 19th century engravers, also described him as an "earnest man concerning his work … time should never be allowed to enter into the question; the task should be defined but never trammelled by 'How long will it take?'" His prodigious output - well over 1000 illustrations in his short working life - is an indicator of how hard he worked and suggests an earnest approach to every project. A fuller description of his nature appeared nearly thirty years after his death in The Magazine of Art (1895), where M H Spielmann described him as "one of the best known, and most keenly appreciated amongst the humorous artists of the century." Spielmann asserted that his nature "was largely made up of that love & pity, of that breadth of sympathy and depth of emotion which are to be found in the heart of all true humourists. He was, moreover, a man of deep religious thought, profoundly moved by the love of children; and accordingly religion and childhood inspired much of his art and produced most of his happiest works. The strength of the man’s nature, too, declared itself in its technique, which, however halting at the beginning, was always firm in touch and resolute in design; and to these qualities he owes it that we forgive much of the obvious lack of training with which his earlier work was tainted." Charles Bennet loved children, and his children's books were filled with family dedications and references, and many of the ideas in the books came from morning walks in Wimbledon with his children. He considered walking a profitable pastime and would trudge for miles thinking up new characters and imagining fresh faces. The same Magazine of Art article asserts that "most of the roads of Kent knew him as a familiar figure, and Canterbury, Ashford & Maidstone were his constant goal when he started, knapsack on back, with no other companion than his sketchbook, pipe & stick." Opinions of his work vary, from those who consider Charles Bennett to have been among the leading illustrators of the 19th century to other critics who found his drawings outdated and over-characterised. It is clear, however, from the few written observations that survive, that he was affectionately respected by colleagues and revelled in his family life, telling stories to his children and illustrating them for publication. He combined an earnest single-mindedness in his work with a cheerful and sympathetic manner, which justified the assertion in the Punch obituary that Charles Bennett was "one of the kindliest and gentlest of our associates, the power of whose hand was equalled by the goodness of his heart." Bibliography Illustrated books by Charles H Bennett Fables of Aesop (1857) Old Nurse's Book of Rhymes, Jingles and Ditties (1858) The Faithless Parrot (1858) Birds, Beasts and Fishes (1859) Proverbs with Pictures (1859) The Nine Lives of a Cat (1860) Little Breeches (1863) The Book of Blockheads (1863) Nursery Fun: the Little Folks’ Picture Book (1863) The Frog who Would A-Wooing Go (1864) The Sorrowful Ending of Noodledoo (1865) The Adventures of Young Munchausen (1865) The Sad History of Greedy Jem (1865) Lightsome and the Little Golden Lady (1867) Mr. Wind and Madam Rain (1867) Other books illustrated by Charles H Bennett The Wonderful Drama of Punch and Judy (1854) Umbrellas and Their History (1855) John Cargill Brough's The Fairy Tales of Science (1859) Pilgrim's Progress (1860) Shadow and Substance (1860) Henry Morley's Fables and Fairy Tales (1860) Games of Skill and Conjuring (1861) Henry Morley's Oberon's Horn (1861) Francis Quarles' Emblems (1861) W. H. Wills' Poets' Wit and Humour (1861) London People: Sketched from Life (1863) Darcy W Thompson's Nursery Nonsense (1864) John Allan's John Todd & How He Stirred His Own Broth-pot (1864) Darcy W Thompson's Fun and Earnest (1865) Tom Hood's Jingles and Jokes for the Little Folks (1865) Henry Morley's The Chicken Market and other stories (1866) Mark Lemon's Fairy Tales (1866) Mark Lemon's The Chronicles of the Three Sisters (1866) Character Sketches, Development Drawings ... (1872) Magazine contributions Comic News Comic Times Diogenes Every Boy's Magazine Good Words Illustrated London News Illustrated Times London Society Punch Punchinello The London Journal The New Puppet Show The Penny Illustrated Paper The Puppet Show The Train (magazine) Further reading Blanchard, E.L. (1891) Theatrical Obituaries from 1844 to 1889 Briggs, Julia, et al. (2008) Popular Children's Literature in Britain Everitt, Graham (1893) English Caricaturists and Graphic Humourists of the Nineteenth Century Kingsley, Mary Lucas (Ed) (1890) Charles Kingsley, His Letters and Memories of His Life Layard, G.S. (1907) Shirley Brooks of Punch Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Charles H Bennett Ray, Gordon Norton (1992) The Illustrator and the Book in England from 1790 to 1914 Silver, Henry (1858-1870) Diary Smith, Jonathan (2006) Charles Darwin and Victorian Culture Solly, Henry Shaen (1898) The Life of Henry Morley Ll.D Spielmann, M.H. (1895) The Artistic Works of Charles Bennett, The Magazine of Art, October 1895 Spielmann, M.H. (1895) The History of Punch Strauss, Gustave (1883) Reminiscences of an Old Bohemian Swain, Joseph (1888) Charles Henry Bennett Good Words XXIX 589 Worth, George J (1964) James Hannay: His Life and Works Further bibliography Papernose Woodensconce. 1854 The Fables of Aesop and Others, Translated into Human Nature. W. Kent & Co., 1857. The Faithless Parrot, Routledge, 1858. The sad history of Greedy Jem and all his little brothers, 1858. The Nine Lives of a Cat, Griffith and Farran, 1860 Mr. Wind and Madame Rain, 1864. "Hair-Dressing by Electricity". Punch, 1866. The origin of species, dedicated by natural selection to Dr. Charles Darwin (caricatures series, included in Character Sketches and Development Drawings, 1872) Aesop's Fables and Others, Designed and Drawn on Wood by Charles H. Bennett, with Additional Fables Designed and Drawn by Randolph Caldecott. London: Bracken Books, 1986. References Notes External links Charles H. Bennett at Lambiek Comiclopedia (lambiek.net) The Faithless Parrot at Images of the Victorian Book, British Library Bennett search at Historical Children's Literature Collection, University of Washington – 4 images from The Sad Story of Greedy Jem (selection of any one retrieves text on Bennett) Books by Bennett at ChildrensLibrary.org (4): Fables of Æsop and Others (1857); The Faithless Parrot (1858); Proverbs with Pictures (1859); Mother Goose's Chimes, Rhymes and Jingles (1875); 1829 births 1867 deaths British illustrators 19th-century British writers 19th-century British male writers 19th-century British artists People from Covent Garden Artists from London Writers from London English caricaturists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20H.%20Bennett%20%28illustrator%29
"Rabbit in Your Headlights" is a song by British electronic duo Unkle. It was released as the lead single from their debut album Psyence Fiction (1998). The song features vocals from Radiohead singer Thom Yorke. The song was written by Yorke and Unkle member Josh Davis and produced by Unkle, the track heavily uses samples from other songs. "Rabbit in Your Headlights" combines Yorke's vocals with a variety of samples from sources ranging from Dutch band Supersister to the film Contact (1997). It takes its title from a quote from the thriller film Jacob's Ladder (1990); dialogue from the film is also one of many samples on the song. The song also appears to sample the percussion from Talk Talk's "New Grass" from their album Laughing Stock (1991). While the single was not a commercial success, it was positively received by critics. Pitchfork credited "Rabbit in Your Headlights" as a "turning point" for Yorke, placing his vocals in the context of experimental electronic music for the first time and foreshadowing Radiohead's 2000 album Kid A. The music video, directed by Jonathan Glazer and starring actor Denis Lavant, was acclaimed for its direction and cinematography, and won numerous awards. Music video The music video, directed by Jonathan Glazer, premiered in November 1998. Glazer said he saw it as a companion to his music video for the 1997 Radiohead single "Karma Police". The video won the MVPA's Best International Video of the Year Award in 1999. In 2006, Stylus Magazine ranked it number one on their list of the Top 100 Music Videos of All Time. It is anthologised on the DVD Directors Label, Vol. 5: The Work of Director Jonathan Glazer. The video uses a technique which Glazer later used for the "A Song for the Lovers" video, being shot in real-time and allowing the diegetic sounds produced by objects and characters to be audible above the music. The music itself is non-diegetic. Plot The video stars Denis Lavant as a man wearing a heavy parka and walking along the middle of the road in a busy car tunnel. He appears to be disoriented, mumbling and shouting incoherences, only occasionally including intelligible words such as "Cristo", "Allahu Akbar", and "sinner!" Some of the cars honk at him and swerve out of his way. All of a sudden a car hits him from the side, and he is left on the ground. The car continues its course without stopping or slowing down. After a while, the man stands up and starts walking again as if nothing had happened. Then another car hits him; this time the hit occurs straight on and sends him flying a couple of feet. A passing motorist watches with contempt as the man rolls in the street. The man gets up again. A car swerves by and slows down alongside the man, occupied by three young men played by British actor Craig Kelly as the vehicle's driver and UNKLE's James Lavelle and Richard File as passengers. The driver repeatedly inquires as to the man's destination, who for his part seems oblivious to their presence and continues along his way blurting, "Saint Christopher"; the driver soon tires of this and speeds off whilst calling out, "Nice coat, man!" Another car hits the man, and he gets up almost instantly. More accidents occur, some cars honk, some cars swerve out of the way — but none stop. The man removes his parka and throws it on the ground. He is shirtless underneath, and we see his chest covered with bruises and cuts. After the ritornello, leaving just a piano and drums playing, the man stops as well. He smiles and opens his arms in a crucifix-like position. A car is coming his way and makes no intention of stopping. The car hits the man, but this time he stands unmoved, and the car is destroyed upon impact. Track listing "Rabbit in Your Headlights" – 6:18 "Rabbit in Your Headlights (Instrumental)" – 6:00 "Rabbit in Your Headlights (Underdog Mix)" – 4:46 "Rabbit in Your Headlights (Underdog Instrumental)" – 4:31 "Rabbit in Your Headlights (3D Mix - Reverse Light)" – 7:32 "Rabbit in Your Headlights (3D Mix - Reverse Light Instrumental)" – 7:32 "Rabbit in Your Headlights (Suburban Hell Remix)" – 6:07 "Rabbit in Your Headlights" (DJ Shadow and James Lavelle [UNKLE] featuring Thom Yorke) -- 5:02 References External links Music video profile on mvdbase.com 1998 singles Unkle songs Songs written by Thom Yorke	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit%20in%20Your%20Headlights
Oer-Erkenschwick is a town in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated approximately 5 km north-east of Recklinghausen, on the northern periphery of the Ruhrgebiet. When pronouncing the name, “Oer” should be pronounced like the German Ohr, not Ör. Geography Oer-Erkenschwick is situated east of the city of Recklinghausen and on the southern edge of the Hohe Mark Nature Park. Sports The town is the home of football club SpVgg Erkenschwick. Twin towns – sister cities Oer-Erkenschwick is twinned with: Alanya, Turkey Halluin, France Kočevje, Slovenia Lübbenau, Germany North Tyneside, England, United Kingdom Pniewy, Poland Notable people Moondog (1916–1999), American musician and composer, lived there for a while Horst Szymaniak (1934–2009), footballer Klaus Wennemann (1940–2000), actor References Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia Recklinghausen (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oer-Erkenschwick
Papas arrugadas ( ) is a traditional boiled potato dish eaten in the Canary Islands. It is usually served with a chili pepper garlic sauce, called mojo rojo, or as an accompaniment to meat dishes. The dish is made from small new potatoes which are cleaned (but not peeled), then boiled in salt water. Originally, seawater was used, but today it is more common to use tap water with a very generous amount of salt added. After cooking, the water is removed and the potatoes are briefly left in the pot on the stove to dry off, until they become shrivelled with a fine salt crust. Papas arrugadas are considered a signature dish of Canarian cuisine. The dish is sometimes served with conejo en salmorejo, a common Canarian rabbit stew. See also Salt potatoes List of Spanish dishes References Canarian culture Canary Islands cuisine Potato dishes Baked foods National dishes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papas%20arrugadas
Tabawan Island or Tabauawan () is the highest and largest of a group of heavily wooded islands lying in the southwest quadrant of Darvel Bay (Teluk Lahad Datu), Sabah. It has dual volcanic peaks, and is 275 metres at its highest point. On the south side of the island there is a small bay, or inlet, quite deep, at 25 to 35 metres. It is about 7.25 kilometres from Sebatik Island, which lies to the southeast. For decades, the pearl farm of the island has safeguarded nearby waters to keep thieves and trespassers away. Tabawan Island also called as Tabauwan Island, is situated in the southwest part of Darvel Bay. On the southern side of the island, there's a small deep bay that goes down to about 25 to 35 meters underwater. This island is the tallest and biggest among a bunch of islands covered in dense forests, and it has two tall volcanic peaks. The highest peak reaches up to 275 meters. See also List of islands of Malaysia References External links Tabawan Eco Dive Tabawan the Pearl Island Islands of Sabah Underwater diving sites in Malaysia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabawan%20Island
Masurian or Mazurian may refer to: someone or something from Masuria the Masurians, a sub-ethnic group the Masurian dialects of Polish the Masurians, historical name for Masovians Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, an administrative division in northern Poland Masurian Landscape Park, a protected area in Masuria Masurian Lake District	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masurian
The Humber Scout Car was a British light scout car used in the Second World War. It entered service in 1942 and continued in production until 1945. Designed for reconnaissance, and liaison between armoured units, it provided protection only against light arms fire, so was not a front line vehicle. More importantly it was small and fast and could quickly evade trouble. It became the shape format for the post war Ferret armoured car which began production in 1952. History Although at the outbreak of the Second World War the British Army had already selected the Daimler Dingo for production, the need for scout cars could not be met by Daimler alone, so other companies were required to produce similar vehicles. One of these companies was Humber which along with other companies in the Rootes Group was already producing armoured cars and the Humber Light Reconnaissance Car. In 1942 they built a vehicle similar to the Dingo in layout. To comply with the official requirement to keep the weight down, the Daimler "Dingo" was open top (the Humber had an unarmoured floor). The vehicle carried a crew of two, with an emergency seat for a third member. It was equipped with a No. 19 radio set. The armament consisted of one Bren light machine gun with a 100-round drum. A second Bren could be added if necessary. This was mounted above the roof, and could be operated from inside the vehicle using a system looking similar to bicycle handlebars, where the "brake" levers fired the triggers of the Brens. Production of the vehicles continued until 1945. At least 4,298 were ordered and at least 4,102 delivered, 1,698 of them Mk I. They were used by British armoured units (e.g. the 11th Armoured Division and the Guards Armoured Division) for scouting and liaison and were generally considered less capable and reliable than the Dingo. A number of vehicles were given to the Polish II Corps and the 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade. After the war, some European armies used the Humber. The Belgian army used the Mk II in their tank and reconnaissance units until 1951. A unknown number of these vehicles were then handed over to the Belgian police which continued to use the car until 1958. Most of the vehicles were destroyed in the 1960s when the British Army used them as targets for tank gunnery practice. There are now currently only about 20 known to exist. Operators - Inherited from the Netherlands. Variants Mk I. Mk II - improved transmission and raised armour over steering wheel. Notes References George Forty - World War Two Armoured Fighting Vehicles and Self-Propelled Artillery, Osprey Publishing 1996, . I. Moschanskiy - Armored vehicles of the Great Britain 1939-1945 part 2, Modelist-Konstruktor, Bronekollektsiya 1999-02 (И. Мощанский - Бронетанковая техника Великобритании 1939-1945 часть 2, Моделист-Конструктор, Бронеколлекция 1999-02). The Tank Museum: CAR, SCOUT, HUMBER, MARK I (E1949.317) External links Humber Scoutcar Mk I at Armyvehicles.dk Humber Scout Car Mark 1 & 2 at Warwheels.net Surviving Humber Scout Cars World War II scout cars World War II armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom Scout cars of the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber%20Scout%20Car
The Pleistocene bush dog (Speothos pacivorus) is an extinct canid species in the genus Speothos from the Late Pleistocene. It was a relative of the extant bush dog. When compared to the bush dog, S. pacivorus had an overall larger body size, a straighter radial shaft and a double-rooted second lower molar. References Speothos Prehistoric canines Holocene extinctions Pleistocene carnivorans Pleistocene mammals of South America Lujanian Pleistocene Brazil Holocene Brazil Fossils of Brazil Fossil taxa described in 1839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speothos%20pacivorus
No. 2, released as Naming Number Two in North America, is a 2006 New Zealand film written and directed by Toa Fraser in his feature film debut. It was released 16 February 2006 in New Zealand and 3 August 2007 in the U.S. It was adapted from New Zealand-Fijian playwright Fraser's 2000 play. Plot Nanna Maria, the matriarch of a Fijian extended family living in a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand, feels that the heart and passion has gone out of her clan. One morning, she demands that her grown grandchildren put on a big family feast at which she will name her successor. The grandchildren—Soul, Charlene, Hibiscus, Erasmus, and her favorite, Tyson—reluctantly turn up, Tyson with his new Danish girlfriend, Maria. Family conflicts play out as the difficult day progresses, but in the end the grandchildren—and eventually Nanna's children too—join with cousins and others in a traditional celebration. Cast Production The film was shot in the Auckland, New Zealand suburb of Mount Roskill during the latter part of summer 2005, with interior scenes of Nanna Maria's house taking place on a soundstage at Henderson Valley Studios. Post Production was completed in Wellington, at Park Road Post. Soon after the arrival of Ruby Dee in New Zealand, the film was put on hold after the news that her husband Ossie Davis had died in the U.S. Dee flew back to attend the funeral. However, before she left New Zealand, she vowed to return and complete the film. The crew were stood down for a 3-week period, and principal photography commenced at the beginning of March 2005. Awards 2006 Sundance Film Festival World Cinema Audience Award: Dramatic Nomination, 2006 Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize Soundtrack References External links Cyan Pictures: Number Two official site New Zealand Film Commission profile 2006 films New Zealand drama films Sundance Film Festival award-winning films Films produced by Tim Bevan 2000s English-language films	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%202%20%28film%29
The San Rafael Stakes was an American Thoroughbred horse race run at Santa Anita Park, located in Arcadia, California. The race was a Grade III event with a purse of $150,000 and was open to three-year-olds willing to race one mile (8 furlongs) on the facility's dirt race track. Prior to 2005, the race was held in early March. Beginning in 2005, the race was moved to mid-January to offer a better fit to trainers to race in the Sham Stakes, the Robert B. Lewis Stakes (formerly known as the Santa Catalina Stakes) and the San Felipe Stakes. It became the year's first official prep race for the U.S. Triple Crown series. However, after Conveyance's win in 2010, Santa Anita has stopped running this event. On November 28, 2007, this Grade II stakes race was downgraded to a Grade III by the American Graded Stakes Committee. Records Speed record: 1:33.37 - El Gato Malo (2008) (On Cushion Track) 1:34.40 - Prince Spellbound (1982) (on dirt) Most wins by a jockey: 5 - Chris McCarron (1983, 1984, 1986, 1991, 2002) 5 - Gary Stevens (1988, 1989, 1990, 1996, 2005) Most wins by a trainer: 2 - Laz S. Barrera (1985, 1990) 2 - Craig A. Lewis (1989, 1995) 2 - Neil Drysdale (1992, 2000) 2 - D. Wayne Lukas (1994, 1996) 2 - Wallace Dollase (1998, 1999) Most wins by an owner: 2 - Thoroughbred Corp. (1998, 1999) Winners of the San Rafael Stakes References The San Rafael Stakes at Pedigree Query Thoroughbred Times article on the 2008 San Rafael Stakes titled El Gato Malo streaks to record-setting San Rafael win Horse races in California Santa Anita Park Flat horse races for three-year-olds Triple Crown Prep Races Graded stakes races in the United States Recurring sporting events established in 1981 1981 establishments in California	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Rafael%20Stakes
That Petrol Emotion were a London-based Northern Ireland-originating band with an American vocalist, Steve Mack. It featured the O'Neill brothers from celebrated Derry pop-punk band The Undertones plus ex-members of fellow Derry bands Bam Bam and The Calling and The Corner Boys. They recorded five albums between 1986 and 1994, exploring an eclectic fusion of alternative rock, post-punk, garage rock and dance music (including sampling) which in part anticipated and overlapped with the dance-pop era of the 1990s. Following a 14-year break, the band reunited in 2008 for various dates, tours and festival appearances before returning to hiatus in 2010. Four members of the band went on to form The Everlasting Yeah. Career Formation and debut single Following the split of The Undertones, John O'Neill (the band's former guitarist and principal songwriter) returned to his hometown of Derry and teamed up with friend and fellow guitarist Raymond Gorman (ex-Bam Bam And The Calling) to DJ together at Derry's 'Left Bank' club. Inspired by the records they were playing, the two formed first a new songwriting project and then a new band, playing a couple of gigs with a drum machine and Gorman's then-girlfriend as singer. Another friend, drummer Ciaran McLaughlin (formerly with The Corner Boys), but who had also played a few Undertones gigs covering for an absent Billy Doherty) was the next member to join. In autumn 1984, the nascent That Petrol Emotion relocated to London, where the existing three members were joined by John's brother and former Undertones lead guitarist Damian O'Neill (who, desperate to join, agreed to switch to bass guitar). Charismatic Seattle-born American singer Steve Mack (at the time, on a year out from his studies and working in a pizzeria in London) completed the lineup. In 2020, comedian Paul Whitehouse revealed that he had unsuccessfully auditioned for the band during this period. That Petrol Emotion's influences encompassed artists as diverse as The Beatles, Afrika Bambaataa, Television, Sly & the Family Stone, Captain Beefheart and Can. Following some initial interest from Creation Records, they released their debut single "Keen" on Pink Records in July 1985. The sound of the new band severed overt musical links with The Undertones due to its darker, more edgy sound: That Petrol Emotion were also far more political and outspoken than The Undertones had been, with the Irish members listing their names in their Irish language forms on the sleeve art and (in their songwriting) beginning to look into issues relating to the Irish Troubles. O'Gorman would later describe the band as having been "like the Undertones after discovering drugs, literature and politics, with a lot more girls in the audience dancing." As with The Undertones, John O'Neill emerged as principal songwriter (although songwriting contributions were made by all group members). Manic Pop Thrill and Babble Following a busy period gigging in small venues and becoming "ridiculously popular on the pub circuit", plus the release of a second single in September 1985 ("V2", which the band put out on there own temporary Noiseanoise label), That Petrol Emotion signed a deal with Demon Records. Their debut album Manic Pop Thrill, released in 1986, charted at number 1 in the UK Indie Chart. It was received with rave reviews from the critics, especially by Undertones champion John Peel. They were described by Rolling Stone magazine as "The Clash crossed with Creedence", and the New York Times described them in 1987 as "a youthful Rolling Stones" crossed with a "revved-up Television". The band's second album and major label debut Babble (released in 1987 on Polydor Records) broke into the UK Albums Chart and won universal acclaim, being voted as one of the albums of the year by Rolling Stone magazine critics, and receiving an A− 'grade' from Robert Christgau. In the UK, the single "Big Decision" was released in 1987 which charted at number 42. This would be the band's highest chart position for a single release. Demonstrating an intensification of the band's political stance, the back sleeve of "Big Decision" had contained text criticising the Diplock Courts in Northern Ireland and their potential ability to convict on false or forced confessions. Twenty-seven years later, Raymond O'Gorman would comment "with regard to the politics and having grown up with Protestants, my thing was always to go back to civil rights. To make people understand that the only reason the IRA were in existence in the first place was due to the intransigence of the British and the Unionists. The whole situation in Northern Ireland is too difficult to explain and hard for most outsiders to grasp. Once we started talking about politics the music almost became secondary." The next TPE single of 1987, "Genius Move", was banned from being aired by the BBC due to a reference in the sleeve artwork to Sinn Féin politician Gerry Adams (at the time, a hate figure for the UK establishment due to his suspected links with the IRA, which would lead to his voice being banned from British media between 1988 and 1994). O'Gorman has pointed out "there was no need for any reference to (Adams) 'cos the quote was from Liam Mellows, but I think it had been left to our tour manager to sort out the sleeve and without thinking he included a reference to Adam's book. It will haunt us forever that one. Pretty poor excuse all the same to ban us/the single; pathetic, really; however, no one knew we were banned as they didn't make a fuss a la Frankie Goes To Hollywood, very smart on their part." By this stage, That Petrol Emotion had won the praise of significant alternative rock figures such as Robert Smith and Robin Guthrie. However, the band's failure to gain further hit singles led to problems with Polydor when the latter's management changed in this period. Following demands made to the band to deliver immediate hit singles, That Petrol Emotion exploited a loophole in their contract and left Polydor, only to be snapped up within a few weeks by Virgin Records. Lineup shuffle: End of the Millennium Psychosis Blues and Chemicrazy On the eve of the recording sessions for the third That Petrol Emotion album, End of the Millennium Psychosis Blues, John O'Neill announced his imminent departure from the band. Although he stayed to record the album, the sessions were fraught with tension and foreboding. Gorman has recalled "it was a complete bombshell. When I look back now, we should have thrown him out there and then and got on with the new recording ourselves. Instead we meekly accepted everything and he hung around for another three or four months. It was a toxic situation." Upon release in 1988, End of the Millennium Psychosis Blues was greeted with confusion by critics and fans alike. It was meant to emulate the eclectic mixtapes the band listened to and loved on their tour bus but this dance and sample experimentation ("Groove Check", "Here It Is... Take It!", "Tension") mixed with heavy alt.rock ("Under the Sky"), Celtic ballads ("Cellophane") and indie ("Sooner or Later", "Every Little Bit") proved too disjointed and diverse to break into the mainstream at the time. However, the album has been reappraised, with many critics and fans admitting that, while this diversity in style did alienate people on the contemporary scene, That Petrol Emotion were very much before their time and were even trailblazers for the Britpop and Madchester indie-dance scene (thanks to their early experiments mixing up indie rock with funk and dance). Having completed tour dates to promote the album, John O'Neill left That Petrol Emotion in October 1988. Following his departure, a reshuffle took place in the band. Drummer Ciaran McLaughlin and guitarist Raymond Gorman picked up major songwriting duties (blossoming as writers in the process) whilst John Marchini (who had covered on guitar for an ailing Gorman on some of the tour dates) joined on bass guitar to allow Damian O'Neill to take up the guitar alongside Gorman. This new dynamic of musicians and songsmiths led to the 1990 album Chemicrazy, produced by Scott Litt. Working with Litt, the band developed a more alt rock style than before, as hinted at on the final track of the previous album "Under the Sky". Although the album's song were more intense than previous work, Chemicrazy also maintained a pure pop heart, exemplified by singles "Sensitize", "Tingle" and "Hey Venus" (the former track sounding particularly R.E.M-esque). Frustratingly for the band, however, the massive predicted sales for Chemicrazy never happened. The album stalled at UK number 62 and its disappointing performance led to the end of the band's contract with Virgin Records. Independence: Fireproof and split After being dropped by Virgin, That Petrol Emotion also parted company with bassist John Marchini (he was replaced by Belfast-born Brendan Kelly) and set up their own record label, Koogat. Kelly's playing pushed That Petrol Emotion towards their heaviest, most riff-laden album to date - Fireproof, released in 1993 - which, like their debut, reached number 1 in the UK Indie Chart. However, despite the generally positive press coverage (and the loyal fan base they had garnered over ten years and five full-length albums), That Petrol Emotion were failing to attain the level of sustained commercial success, or popularity, enjoyed by contemporaries such as My Bloody Valentine and Sonic Youth. As a result, the band split amicably in 1994. A documentary of That Petrol Emotion's farewell concerts in London and Dublin was released posthumously in 2000 as Final Flame (Fire, Detonation And Sublime Chaos). Following the band's breakup, drummer Ciaran McLaughlin played jazz for a while before switching to guitar and returning to work as a solo singer-songwriter. Singer Steve Mack returned to Seattle, where he would later play bass with Seattle pop-group Cantona and form Anodyne with fellow songwriter Harris Thurmond: an Anodyne album, Tensor, was released in 1998 (using the project name "Marfa Lights" in Europe). Raymond Gorman, Brendan Kelly and Damian O'Neill formed a new band called Wavewalkers in 1996, which played six shows in London, Derry and Paris before splitting up (Gorman would later resurrect the name for a solo project). In 2000, Damian O'Neill released a 12-inch single, "Higher Grace", on the Toy's Factory label (under the name of X-Valdez, featuring arrangements by Xavier Jamaux and vocals by Athena Constantine) and, in 2001, signed to Alan McGee's post Creation label Pop Tones in order to release the experimental electronic album A Quiet Revolution. Former TPE guitarist and songwriting mainstay John O'Neill had already formed the intermittently active Northern Irish trip hop band Rare in 1990, scoring a hit single in 1996 with "Something Wild" and releasing a lone album, Peoplefreak, in 1998. In November 1999, the O'Neill brothers reunited in a reformed Undertones (with a new lineup minus estranged original frontman Feargal Sharkey) which continues to perform and release records to this day. Reunion On 26 March 2008, Steve Mack announced that That Petrol Emotion were reforming (in their Fireproof lineup) to play reunion concerts in the summer. In August 2008 the reunited band played London's The Boston Arms and Dundalk's Spirit Store, then went on to play at the Electric Picnic festival in Stradbally, Ireland. In March 2009 the band played at the South by Southwest festival in Austin, Texas. In the same month their official site confirmed that That Petrol Emotion would be playing the Hop Farm Festival in Kent, England in July 2009. Shortly afterwards a UK tour also in July 2009 was announced along with stints at Oxegen Festival in Ireland and T In The Park in Scotland. That Petrol Emotion continued their reformation with a spot at the My Bloody Valentine curated Nightmare Before Christmas All Tomorrow's Parties festival in December 2009, followed by dates in the UK and the US. Hiatus (2010-present) and spinoff band The Everlasting Yeah (2012-present) Since 2010, That Petrol Emotion have been on an indefinite hiatus, due to Steve Mack choosing to stay in Seattle and concentrate on parental duties. Gorman, McLaughlin, Kelly and Damian O'Neill continued working together (initially with the intention of carrying on with the existing band) but in 2012 announced that they had formed a new band named The Everlasting Yeah playing kosmische/Krautrock-influenced music. The new band's debut gig was in London in support of The June Brides, while their debut album - Anima Rising - was released on their own label Infinite Thrill in 2014. Via crowdfunding, Damian O'Neill recorded the Refit Revise Reprise album with new project The Monotones for release in 2018. In 2022 Edsel issued a boxed set entitled “Every Beginning Has a Future: An Anthology 1984-1994” of all the band’s albums, the majority of their live tracks/b-sides released while the band was active. An unreleased 1987 live show was included as part of the set. Legacy That Petrol Emotion's body of work remains critically acclaimed within the music press. It is widely agreed that, while never achieving chart success, the band left a lasting influence on the Britpop and Madchester movements, specifically on such artists such as The Stone Roses, Happy Mondays, Manic Street Preachers, Andrew Bird, Spoon, Blur and Radiohead. They were posthumously described as having perfected "the art of the scuzzed up alternative pop song" during the 1980s. Discography Albums Manic Pop Thrill (Demon Records - May 1986) UK No. 84 Babble (Polydor Records - May 1987) UK No. 30 End of the Millennium Psychosis Blues (Virgin Records - September 1988) UK No. 53 Chemicrazy (Virgin Records - April 1990) UK No. 62 Fireproof (Koogat Records - 1993) Final Flame (Fire, Detonation And Sublime Chaos) (live album) (Sanctuary Records - 2000) Boxed Sets Every Beginning Has a Future: An Anthology 1984-1994 (Edsel - 2022) Singles and EPs "Keen" (The Pink Label - July 1985) "V2" (Noiseanoise - September 1985) "It's a Good Thing" (Demon Records - April 1986) UK No. 160 "Natural Kind of Joy" (Demon Records - August 1986) "Big Decision" (Polydor Records - April 1987) UK No. 43 "Swamp" (Polydor Records - July 1987) UK No. 64 "Genius Move" (Virgin Records - October 1987) UK No. 65 "Cellophane" (Virgin Records - September 1988) UK No. 98 "Groove Check" (Virgin Records - 1989) UK No. 95 "Abandon" (Virgin Records - March 1990) UK No. 73 "Hey Venus" (Virgin Records - September 1990) UK No. 49 US Modern Rock No. 9 "Tingle" (Virgin Records - February 1991) UK No. 49 "Everybody's Goin' Triple Bad Acid Yeah!"/"Big Decision (Slight Return)" (Clawfist Records - March 1991) (Split single with The Membranes) "Sensitize" (Virgin Records - April 1991) UK No. 55 "Detonate My Dreams" (Koogat Records - 1993) Catch a Fire E.P. (Koogat Records - 1993) Notes References External links Official site at the Wayback Machine That Petrol Emotion at Discogs Official fan site The Undertones Musical groups from Derry (city) Musical groups established in 1985 Musical groups disestablished in 1994 Indie rock groups from Northern Ireland Virgin Records artists Polydor Records artists New wave musical groups from Northern Ireland Musical groups reestablished in 2008 1985 establishments in the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%20Petrol%20Emotion
Isla Ángel de la Guarda, (Guardian Angel Island) also called Archangel Island, is a large island in the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez) east of Bahía de los Ángeles in northwestern Mexico, separated from the Baja California Peninsula by the Canal de Ballenas (Whales Channel). It is the second largest of the eleven Midriff Islands or Islas Grandes. It is part of the state of Baja California, located northwest of Tiburón Island. It is a biological reserve called Isla Angel de la Guarda National Park. The island is part of the Mexicali municipality. The geologically active Ballenas Fault runs along the seabed of the linear Canal de Ballenas. A 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on this fault in 2009. Geography The island is extremely dry, with no sources of freshwater other than washes following rainfall. It has an area of and a chain of mountains runs along its 69 km length, reaching a maximum of above sea level. It runs northwest to southeast. The west coast is roughly straight in that direction, but the east coast runs inward near the middle before heading outward until it reaches the island's widest point. The coast then runs south for a while before finally returning to its southeasterly direction. Much of the island is inaccessible due to mountains at or near the shore, especially on the west coast. There are a few flat areas on the coast at the outlets of washes that were created by sediment. These alluvial fans are mostly on the east coast, but a large one is found on the west coast where the island narrows in the middle. Much of the island's geology is made up of volcanic and alluvial sand deposits. Biology Despite its extreme dryness, the island is relatively diverse in plant and animal life. There are many types of birds and reptiles, especially lizards. The Angel Island chuckwalla, Angel Island speckled rattlesnake (Crotalus angelensis), Angel Island mouse (Peromyscus guardia) and Angel de la Guarda woodrat (Neotoma insularis) occur only on the island. The only mammals are bats, rodents, and introduced feral cats. Plants include elephant trees, cacti, grasses, shrubs, succulents, and boojum trees. See also History of the west coast of North America Notes References The Columbia Gazetteer of North America Desert USA Islands of Mexicali Municipality Islands of the Gulf of California Nature reserves in Mexico Protected areas of Baja California Uninhabited islands of Mexico Important Bird Areas of Mexico	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla%20%C3%81ngel%20de%20la%20Guarda
Xanterra Travel Collection® (formerly Xanterra Parks & Resorts, Amfac Resorts and Amfac Parks & Resorts) is a privately owned American park and resort management company based in Greenwood Village, Colorado, controlled by entertainment magnate Philip Anschutz. Denver-based billionaire Anschutz, who has an extensive history of developing and operating mineral, railroad, newsmedia and entertainment enterprises, is one of the largest private promoters of live events in the world, most notably soccer. Xanterra currently partners with the National Park Service to provide lodging and other tourism services inside National Parks. Current concessions contracts in the national parks include Glacier National Park, Grand Canyon National Park (South Rim), Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Rocky Mountain National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Zion National Park. In addition to its National Park contracts, Xanterra Travel Collection also owns and operates the Grand Canyon Railway & Hotel, The Grand Hotel at The Grand Canyon, Cedar Creek Lodge, The Oasis at Death Valley, Country Walkers, Vermont Bicycling Tours (VBT), Holiday Vacations, and Windstar Cruises. History A legacy of the 19th century Fred Harvey Company, after the death of the founder's grandson in 1965, the company became affiliated with Chicago-based JMB Realty, which acquired large Hawaii landholder Amfac in 1968 and broke it up into independent corporations including Amfac Resorts. In 1995, Amfac bought the large national parks management concession TW Recreational Services from Flagstar. In 2002, Amfac changed its corporate name to Xanterra after the bankruptcy of Amfac Hawaii. The name comes from a combination of Xanadu and terra (Earth). The Anschutz Company bought Xanterra from JMB in 2008. Xanterra specializes in tourism in U.S. National Parks, and has a presence in Yellowstone and Grand Canyon, Glacier, Rocky Mountain, and Zion, as well as Mount Rushmore National Memorial. They are contracted by the US National Park Service to provide lodging and services in these parks. Accommodations and pricing vary widely and include quality hotel rooms, lodges, rustic cabins, motel-style lodging and camping. The most notable of the original Harvey operations is the Grand Canyon, South Rim concession, including the El Tovar Hotel. In addition to its National Park contracts, Xanterra Travel Collection also owns and operates several gateway hotels (Grand Canyon Railway & Hotel in Williams, Arizona, The Grand Hotel at The Grand Canyon in Tusayan, Arizona, Cedar Creek Lodge in Columbia Falls, Montana, The Oasis at Death Valley in Death Valley National Park), adventure travel companies (Country Walkers based in Williston, Vermont, Vermont Bicycling Tours (VBT) in Williston, Vermont, Holiday Vacations in Eau Claire, Wisconsin), and the yacht-style cruise line Windstar Cruises based in Miami, Florida. Grand Canyon Railway Xanterra operates the Grand Canyon Railway in Arizona on the line originally built by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Since their takeover of the operation in 2007, the line has removed its historic steam locomotives and ALCO FA diesels from service in favor of their modern EMD F40FH diesels. Although, two of the FAs, #6793 and #6860, are still operational to pull the Williams Flyer train, and steam locomotives #29 and #4960, modified to run on waste vegetable oil, are also still used on special occasions. References External links Xanterra website Anschutz Corporation Travel and holiday companies of the United States Transport companies established in 1994 Companies based in Greenwood Village, Colorado 1994 establishments in Colorado 2008 mergers and acquisitions	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanterra%20Travel%20Collection
No. 310 Squadron RAF was a Czechoslovak-manned fighter squadron of the Royal Air Force in the Second World War. History The squadron was formed on 10 July 1940 at RAF Duxford. It was the first RAF squadron to be raised crewed by foreign nationals, in this case escaped Czechoslovak pilots. Initially it had two Squadron Leaders: the British Douglas Blackwood and the Czechoslovak . Hess and many of his men had served in the Czechoslovak Air Force, escaped from Czechoslovakia after it was occupied by Nazi Germany, and then joined the French Air Force and fought in the Battle of France. Initially the squadron was equipped with Hawker Hurricane I fighters. The squadron was operational in only a month and as part of 12 Group took part in the Battle of Britain as part of the Duxford Big Wing. The squadron claimed 37½ victories in the battle. From 1941 the squadron began offensive operations flying sweeps over the English Channel and providing bomber escorts. In 1941 Hess was transferred to be a Czechoslovak liaison officer at Fighter Command, and on 28 February Sqn Ldr succeeded him in command of 311 Squadron. In March 1941 the squadron was re-equipped with the Hurricane II. On 26 June it moved to RAF Martlesham Heath in Suffolk. On 19 July 1941 the squadron moved again, to RAF Dyce in Scotland, to rest. It was re-equipped with the Supermarine Spitfire IIa and Vb in October 1941. On 14 December 1941 the squadron moved to RAF Perranporth in Cornwall for defensive operations. On 7 April 1942 Sqn Ldr František Doležal succeeded Weber as squadron commander. On 7 May the squadron moved to RAF Exeter. On 15 January 1943 Doležal was succeeded by Sqn Ldr Emil Foit. On 26 June 1943 the squadron moved to RAF Castletown in Caithness, Scotland for another three-month rest period. From July to September it operated the Spitfire VI. On 18 September 1943 the squadron moved to RAF Ibsley in Hampshire. On 13 January 1944 Sqn Ldr Hugo Hrbáček succeeded Foit as squadron commander. On 20 February the squadron moved to RAF Mendlesham in Suffolk, on 29 March it moved again to RAF Rochford in Essex, and on 3 April it moved again to RAF Appledram in West Sussex. On 21 May Sqn Ldr Václav Raba succeeded Hrbáček as squadron commander. In 1944 the squadron was re-equipped with the Spitfire IX and became a fighter-bomber unit with 134 Wing, flying ground attack duties during the Normandy landings. From 22 June until 4 July the squadron was based at RAF Tangmere in West Sussex, and from 4 to 11 July it was based at RAF Lympne in Kent. On 11 July 1944 the squadron moved to RAF Digby in Lincolnshire, and on 28 August it moved again to RAF North Weald in Essex. On 15 September Sqn Ldr Jiří Hartman succeeded Raba as squadron commander. The squadron then spent the rest of the war flying armed reconnaissance missions along the Dutch and Belgian coasts. On 29 December 1944 it moved to RAF Bradwell Bay in Essex, and on 27 February 1945 the squadron moved to RAF Manston in Kent. The squadron's final score was 52½ claims including four V-1 flying bombs shot down. Three of those flying bombs were shot down on 8 July by the same fighter ace, Flt Lt Otto Smik DFC, in one sortie, within 32 minutes of each other. On 7 August 1945 the squadron moved to Hildesheim, and on 31 August it moved again to Ruzyně Airport in Prague. It became a squadron of the new Czechoslovak Air Force, and on 15 February 1946 was officially disbanded as an RAF squadron. Aircraft operated References Notes Bibliography External links – movement and equipment history – lists of locations, squadron commanders, flight commanders and aircraft types – list of all members 310 Military units and formations disestablished in 1946 Military units and formations established in 1940 310 Squadron RAF squadrons involved in the Battle of Britain	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20310%20Squadron%20RAF
Baron Carteret is a title that has been created twice in British history, once in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of Great Britain. The first creation came into the Peerage of England in 1681 when the fourteen-year-old Sir George Carteret, 2nd Baronet, was made Baron Carteret, of Hawnes in the County of Bedford (now Haynes Park). The peerage was originally proposed for his grandfather Sir George Carteret, 1st Baronet, a celebrated royalist statesman, but he died before he was granted the title and as his eldest son, Philip, predeceased him, it was eventually bestowed on his grandson, George, with remainder to the latter's brothers. The Baronetcy, of Metesches in the Island of Jersey, had been created for George Carteret in the Baronetage of England on 9 May 1645. Lord Carteret married Lady Grace Granville, daughter of John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath. In 1715 Lady Grace was raised to the Peerage of Great Britain in her own right as Viscountess Carteret and Countess Granville (see Earl Granville for more details on these two peerages). Lord Carteret and Lady Granville were both succeeded by their son John Carteret, the second Baron and second Earl. The titles became extinct on the death of the latter's son Robert Carteret, the third Earl, in 1776. However, the late Earl Granville bequeathed his lands to his nephew the Honourable Henry Thynne. he was the second son of Lady Louisa Carteret by her husband Thomas Thynne, 2nd Viscount Weymouth. He was the younger brother of Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath. Under the terms of the legacy, Henry Thynne assumed the surname and arms of Carteret instead of his patronymic and in 1784 was raised to the Peerage of Great Britain as Baron Carteret, of Hawnes in the County of Bedford, with the remainder to the younger sons of his brother, the Marquess of Bath. He was succeeded according to the special remainder by his nephew George Thynne, the second Baron. He notably served as Comptroller of the Household between 1804 and 1812. He was childless and was succeeded by his younger brother John Thynne, the third Baron (who like his elder brother the second Baron had retained the original family surname of Thynne). He held political office as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household between 1804 and 1812. He also had no children and the title became extinct on his death in 1849. Carteret Baronets, of Metesches (1645) Sir George Carteret, 1st Baronet (c. 1610–1680) Sir George Carteret, 2nd Baronet (1669–1695) (created Baron Carteret in 1681) Barons Carteret; First creation (1681) George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret (1669–1695) John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, 2nd Baron Carteret (1690–1763) Robert Carteret, 3rd Earl Granville, 3rd Baron Carteret (1721–1776) Barons Carteret; Second creation (1784) Henry Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret (1735–1826) George Thynne, 2nd Baron Carteret (1770–1838) John Thynne, 3rd Baron Carteret (1772–1849) See also Earl Granville Marquess of Bath Carteret, New Jersey Carteret (name) References Extinct baronies in the Peerage of Great Britain Baron Extinct baronies in the Peerage of England Peerages created with special remainders Noble titles created in 1681 Noble titles created in 1784	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Carteret
"Bop Gun (One Nation)" is the third single from American rapper, actor and filmmaker Ice Cube's fourth album, Lethal Injection (1993). The song samples the Funkadelic song "One Nation Under a Groove". It reached number six on the US Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart and number 23 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. The song features lyrics from Tom Tom Club's hit "Genius of Love." The song was included on Ice Cube's Greatest Hits album and on the 1996 George Clinton remix album Greatest Funkin' Hits. "Bop Gun (One Nation)" was mixed at Aire LA Studios in Glendale, CA by Raymundo Silva. The version of "Bop Gun (One Nation)" featured on Lethal Injection is about 11 minutes, while the radio edit clocks in at under four minutes. The radio edit also features slightly different lyrics sung by Ice Cube, such as the replacement of certain expletives, so as to make it more suitable for radio play. Background The term "Bop Gun" was invented and popularized by George Clinton's band Parliament in the 1977 song "Bop Gun (Endangered Species)". It is "shot" at the funkless people and fills their heart with funk and enlightenment from false ideology. (George Clinton's Funkcyclopedia) Music video The video for the single portrays a crazy houseparty at George Clinton's, was directed by Cameron Casey and also features Bootsy Collins and WC. In the ending, the music stops with a fadeout and we can finally catch George Clinton holding the Bop Gun. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References Ice Cube songs 1993 songs 1994 singles Songs written by Ice Cube Songs written by George Clinton (funk musician) G-funk songs Priority Records singles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bop%20Gun%20%28One%20Nation%29
Amri is an ancient settlement in modern-day Sindh, Pakistan, that goes back to 3600 BCE. The site is located south of Mohenjo Daro on Hyderabad-Dadu Road more than 100 kilometres north of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Cultural context The earliest site of this culture is Kunal (4000 BCE) in Haryana which is older than Rehman Dheri (3300 BCE). The type site, the first excavated site of this type of culture is Kot Diji. Rehman Dheri, which was considered oldest example of this culture, is now the second oldest example of this culture after Kunal was excavated and found to be older than Rehman Dher with similar older cultural artifacts then the Rehman Dheri. Kot Diji and Amri are close to each other in Sindh, they earlier developed indigenous culture which had common elements, later they came in contact with Harappan culture and fully developed into Harappan culture. Earliest examples of artifacts belonging to this culture were found at Rehman Dheri, however, later excavations found the oldest example of this culture at Kunal. These are cultural ancestor to site at Harappa. These sites have pre-Harappan indigenous cultural levels, distinct from the culture of Harappa, these are at Banawali (level I), Kot Diji (level 3A), Amri (level II). Rehman Dheri also has a pre Kot Diji phase (RHD1 3300-28 BCE) which are not part of IVC culture. Kot Diji has two later phases that continue into and alongside Mature Harappan Phase (RHDII and RHDII 2500-2100 BCE). Fortified towns found here are dated as follows. Kunal (5000/4000 BCE- ), in Hisar district of Haryana in India is the earliest site found with layers in phase I dating back to 5000 BCE and 4000 BCE, site's culture is an older ancestry of the Pre-Harappan site of Rehman Dheri which was dated to 3300 BC. A button seal was discovered at Kunal during 1998-99 excavations by Archaeological Survey of India. The seal is similar to the Rehman Dheri examples. It contained a picture of two deer on one side, and geometrical pattern on other side. The similar specimen from Rehman-Dheri is datable to , which makes Kunal site an older ancestor of Rehman Dheri. The second phase of Kunal corresponds to post-neolithic phase of Hakra culture' (also called Early Harappan Phase, c.3300-2800 BCE or c.5000-2800 BCE) was also found. Kot Diji (3300 BCE), is the type site, located in Sindh in Pakistan. Amri (3600–3300 BCE), also has non-Harappan phases daring 6000 BC to 4000 BC, and later Harappan Phses till 1300 BCE. Kalibangan (3500 BC – 2500 BC), in northwest Rajasthan in India on Ghaggar River. Rehman Dheri, 3300 BCE, near Dera Ismail Khan and close to River Zhob Valleyin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. Archaeology Prehistoric Amri-Nal culture is attributed to the dual typesites of Amri and Nal. This site had multi-level structures, although it was never a big city. Pre-Harappan stage Situated near the foothills of Kirthar Mountains, this was an important earlier urban center in Lower Sindh. Amri is close to Balochistan where development of earlier farming communities from 6000 BC to 4000 BC ultimately led to urbanization. The ancient mounds of 8 hectares on the west bank of Indus River have been extensively excavated. The earliest phase was a fortified town that flourished from 3600 to 3300 BC, and belonged to the Pre-Harappan stage of the Indus Valley civilization. Amri is dated after Rehman Dheri. The pottery discovered here had its own characteristics and is known as Amri Ware. Sohr Damb (Nal) is a related site in Balochistan to the west of Amri. Their pottery is sometimes collectively described as 'Amri-Nal ware'. Like other Pre Harappa towns, no writings were found at this site. Evidence indicates widespread fire at the town around 2500 BCE. Later phases In period II (ca. 2750-2450 BC), more and more elements of Indus Valley culture appear. Period III (ca. 2450-1900 BC) belongs almost entirely to Indus Valley culture. Period IV (ca. 1900-1300 BC) is marked by the mingling of cultural traditions. Elements of the Jhukar culture appear, and co-exist with the last phase of the Indus Valley culture. Later, the elements of Jhangar culture appear. Period V is Muslim and dated much later. Based on the evidence from this site, Indus culture was probably not developed directly from Amri culture. Also, at least at this location, rather than suddenly being replaced by the Amri culture, there was a co-existence of both cultures. See also Indus Valley civilization List of Indus Valley civilization sites Bhirrana, 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE Harappa Kalibanga, an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase Kunal, Haryana pre harappan cultural ancestor of Rehman Dheri Mohenjo Daro Rakhigarhi, one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley civilization Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley civilization Sanitation of the Indus Valley civilisation Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation Pottery in the Indian subcontinent Bara culture, subtype of Late-Harappan Phase Black and red ware, belonging to neolithic and Pre-Harappan phases Kunal culture, subtype of Pre-Harappan Phase Sothi-Siswal culture, subtype of Pre-Harappan Phase Cemetery H culture (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into Painted Grey Ware culture of Vedic period References External links Ancient History J.M. Casal: Fouilles d’Amri'', Paris 1964 Hyderabad District, Pakistan Archaeological sites in Sindh Ghost towns in Pakistan Indus Valley civilisation sites Former populated places in Pakistan Pre-Indus Valley civilisation sites Amri-Nal culture	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amri%2C%20Sindh
The Wess'har Wars series is a six-book science fiction novel series written by author Karen Traviss and is set several hundred years in the future. It involves humanity's contact with a number of alien species with conflicting interests and beliefs, while her central character, Shan Frankland, is caught in the middle of a coming conflict. The series has a focus on environmental impact. All six novels were published by Eos, an imprint of HarperCollins: City of Pearl, Crossing the Line, The World Before, Matriarch and Ally (formerly Task Force). The last book of the series, Judge was released on March 25, 2008. Volumes City of Pearl (2004) Crossing the Line (2005) The World Before (2005) Matriarch (2006) Ally (formerly Task Force) (2007) Judge (2008) Featured alien species : first seen in City of Pearl. The are native to the planet Bezer'ej in the Cavanagh's Star system. They are aquatic creatures whom humans liken to squid. They communicate primarily by bioluminescence. Living underwater and thus without access to fire, their technology is at the neolithic level, although with some biotechnology based on selective breeding; the latter has allowed them to build "podships" for faster underwater travel, and for hurling small numbers of explorers out of the water to investigate (briefly) what they term the "Dry Above". Wess'har: first seen in City of Pearl. Humanoid in appearance, with heads that humans liken to seahorses and with distinctive four-lobed pupils. Their sense of smell is more acute than that of humans, and pheromonal signals play a greater role in their interactions. Their culture is matriarchal, with matriarchs establishing a hierarchy through emission of the jask pheromone. In their ethical system, motive is considered irrelevant when judging the rightness of actions; only outcomes are considered important. Ecological balance is a primary value of wess'har society; they take great pains to minimize their environmental footprint and do not consider sentient creatures to have more rights than nonsentient ones. The wess'har that the Earth expedition first encounters have been living on Wess'ej, Bezer'ej's moon (itself a fully habitable world), for thousands of years, following the philosophy of the thinker Targassat, who believed in the supreme importance of non-intervention in the affairs of other species except in extreme cases. In The World Before they meet wess'har from Eqbas Vorhi ("The World Before"), the species' homeworld five light-years from Cavanagh's Star. The eqbas believe in unsolicited intervention to preserve planetary ecologies and have done so many times. They consider the Wess'ej wess'har to be agrarian primitivists, even though wess'har technology is fantastically advanced compared to humanity's. Isenj: first seen in City of Pearl. The isenj are native to the planet Umeh in the Cavanagh's Star system; they also live on Umeh's habitable moon Tasir Var, and once had colonies on Bezer'ej and possibly worlds in other star systems. Humans liken them to spiders, although they have more than eight legs, and their primeval ancestors appear to have occupied an ecological niche similar to that of termites on Earth. They possess a genetic memory which lets them remember the experiences of their ancestors, and which has profound effects on their psychology and culture. Talented engineers, the isenj have constructed an interstellar instantaneous communication network, based on quantum mechanical principles, which humans refer to as "ITX". They are either unable or unwilling to control their population growth, to the extent that at the time of the novels, Umeh's land area has been completely urbanized with the only other life present on the planet being food organisms grown industrially. : first seen in City of Pearl. The co-evolved with the wess'har on Eqbas Vorhi and expanded into space with them. Humans liken them to meerkats or ferrets in appearance. The play many support roles in both wess'har cultures and are especially valued as interpreters, as they are talented mimics of alien sounds and excel at learning languages. In the Cavanagh's Star system the pilot spacecraft between the inhabited worlds, and also between Umeh's continents and Tasir Var. Skavu: first seen in Ally. The skavu are native to the planet Garav, about four light-months away from Cavanagh's Star. Garav was the subject of a rather bloody eqbas ecological intervention, and the surviving skavu are fanatical about preserving ecological balance to the point of cheerfully slaughtering entire populations to bring it about. Humanoid in form, humans liken their features to a mix of iguanas and seals. C'naatat: first seen in City of Pearl. C'naatat is a microscopic organism native to Bezer'ej, which, when it infects other species, forms a symbiotic relationship that grants many powerful traits to the host organism: aging stops, wounds heal very quickly, and adaptation to many different extreme environments becomes possible. This results in the host being virtually immortal and unkillable except by being blown to pieces with explosives. C'naatat strains can transfer biological traits of the organisms they have passed through to their new hosts (for example, granting the ability to emit wess'har pheromones, bioluminescence, or a shared memory like that of the isenj). The organism is also able to defend itself from attempts to remove it from a host – it improvises countermeasures that render the removal attempt ineffective. References External links Karen Traviss's Homepage	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wess%27Har
Sutkagan Dor (or Sutkagen Dor) is the westernmost known archaeological site of the Indus Valley civilization. It is located about 480 km west of Karachi on the Makran coast near Gwadar, close to the Iranian border, in Pakistan's Baluchistan Province. The site is near the western bank of the Dasht River and its confluence with a smaller stream, known as the Gajo Kaur. It was a smaller settlement with substantial stone walls and gateways. Excavations Sutkagan Dor was discovered in 1875 by Major Edward Mockler, who conducted small-scale excavation. In 1928 Aurel Stein visited the area as part of his Gedrosia tour, and carried out further digs. In October 1960, Sutkagan Dor was more extensively excavated by George F. Dales as a part of his Makran Survey, uncovering structures made from stone and mud bricks without straw. Architecture This site measures approximately 4.5 hectares (300 × 150 m). Along with the typical "citadel" and "lower town", there is a massive fortification wall of semi-dressed stones. This citadel wall varies in height and thickness due to the irregular contours of the natural rock foundation, but at one point about midway along the eastern wall, it is approximately 7.5 m thick at the base. The inner face of the wall is slightly battered, whereas the outer face has a decided slope, varying from 23° to 40°. Coastal route Though inland at present, the site may have been near navigable water in ancient times, on a trade route between other centers. A coastal route existed linking sites such as Lothal and Dholavira to Sutkagan Dor on the Makran coast. It has been suggested that the site may well have been an important trading post, connecting seaborne trade from the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the hinterland. Findings Stein recovered 127 flint blades without cores measuring up to 27.5 cm. Stone vessels, stone arrowheads, copper arrowheads, shell beads, pottery, and various other items were found. A copper-bronze disc probably associated with the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) was also discovered there. See also Indus Valley civilization List of Indus Valley Civilization sites List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization Manda, Jammu, northernmost IVC site (excluding Shortugai) Alamgirpur, easternmost IVC site Sutkagan Dor, westernmost IVC site Daimabad, southernmost IVC site Sokhta Koh Malwan References External links Indus Valley sites Archaeological sites in Balochistan, Pakistan Indus Valley civilisation sites Former populated places in Pakistan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutkagan%20Dor
Chowka Bara or Ashta Chamma is a two- or four-player board game from India. This game is an example of a “fully observable” system that has an element of chance introduced by the roll of special dice and an element of strategy (the strategy being the pawn the player decides to move after the roll of the dice). While traditionally played with 4 or 6 cowry shells, dice can also be used. History The game of Chowka Bhara is one of the oldest board games in existence, still being played in certain parts of India. There are references to this game in some ancient Indian epics like the Mahabharata. Names This game is called by various names in different languages in different regions of India. This list shows the name, the language and then the region: Chauka Bara - Kannada - Mysuru region - Karnataka Katte Mane - Kannada - Rural Mysuru - Karnataka Gatta Mane - Kannada - Rural Mysuru - Karnataka Chakaara - Kannada - Karnataka Pakidakali - Malayalam - Kerala region Ashta Chamma - Telugu - Andhra Pradesh/Telangana Daayam or Thaayam - Tamil - Tamil Nadu Atthu (अट्ठू) - Hindi - Madhya Pradesh Kanna Kauri (कन्ना कौड़ी) - Hindi - Jabalpur,Madhya Pradesh Kavidi Kali - Malayalam - Kerala Chunga (चंगा) - Hindi - Madhya Pradesh Champool/ Kach kangri - Marathi - Maharashtra Ahmedabad Baji - Gujarati Chomal Ishto - Gujarati Kaangi chaala - Gujarati Mach kooki - Gujarati Changa po - Rajasthan Cheeta - Madhya Pradesh Chanda - Madhya Pradesh Teri chowk- Chhattisgarh Setup Chowka bhara normally has a 5x5 square board and four players, but one can also increase the number of squares depending on the number of players to any odd number squared (for example, 11x11). Assuming the size of the board is NxN (with N being odd), then each player will have N-1 pawns. The 5x5 version is shown in the example diagram. Four players each have four pawns, starting at different positions at the four crossed squares at the outermost ring. Play The game is controlled by throwing four cowry shells and counting how many are 'as it is' versus those that land 'inverted': if all four shells land inverted it is called "ashta" and if all land as it is then it is called an "chamma". Each player takes a turn to roll the cowrie shells. The mouth of the shell landing upwards has a value of 1 and downwards has a value of 0. However, if every shell shows a value of 0, then the value of the roll is 8 and if all of them shows a value of 1, then the value of the roll is 4. Therefore, the possible values are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8. Casting 4 or 8 gives the player an additional turn, which can continue until that player rolls a number other than 4 or 8 (namely 1, 2, or 3). Depending on the number rolled, the player can move one (or more) of their pawns that many number of squares on the board. Each player has a fixed path to move pawns, which is in an anti-clockwise direction. The path for Player 1 is given in the example diagram. Each player's piece must completely traverse the outer squares before moving into the inner squares. The tokens enter the board only after a Chamma or Ashta is thrown. Since each cowrie carry 2 points, 2 tokens for Chamma and 4 tokens for Ashta are entered on the board. The tokens travel anti-clockwise in outer squares, clockwise in inner squares and finally lands up in central square (home), with a throw of Ashta or Chamma. If a player's token lands on a square occupied by opponent's token, then the opponent's token is "killed" and the player gets an extra turn to play. The killed token returns to its starting home square and has to go round all over again. In crossed boxes, killing is not possible. When a token reaches the square left of its home square, it further moves up into the inner squares and now moves in clockwise direction. However the tokens enter the inner squares, only when at least one of the opponent's tokens are killed. Otherwise they keep circling around until at least one of the tokens of opponent is killed by them. Every token need not kill an opponent. Each token finishes its race when it manages to get into the home. The first player to get all his tokens into home wins the game. Whenever a Chamma or an Ashta (4 or 8) is obtained during a throw of cowry shells, the player gets a bonus turn to throw the cowries. When a player cuts an opponent's token, he gets an extra turn to play. During an extra turn, either the same token or some other token can be played. If a player throws either a Chamma or an Ashta three times consecutively during his turn, he is out, and cannot use any of the moves. If a player has cut once, all the coins can move into the inner circle, not necessary for every coin to cut opponent. When most of the tokens are dead, it is possible to bring back the dead tokens. For Ashta, 2 tokens and for Chamma 1 token can be brought back. Cowries and their values: 3 inverted, 1 as is - Move 1 square 2 inverted, 2 as is - Move 2 squares 1 inverted, 3 as is - Move 3 squares 4 as is Chamma - Move 4 squares 4 inverted Ashta - Move 8 squares In Senior board (8x4=32) tokens of four distinct colors are used. Since each cowry carries 1 point, 4 tokens for Chamma and 8 tokens for Ashta are entered on the board. The rules of playing Senior board is same as that of Junior board. When most of the tokens are dead, it is possible to bring back the dead tokens. For 8, 1 token, for Ashta, 4 tokens and for Chamma 2 tokens can be brought back Cases when cowries are cast: 1 as is and 7 inverted; move 1 square In some places there is no move of 1. If you throw 1 as is and 7 inverted ; you move 11 squares and this is also a bonus chance. 2 as is and 6 inverted; move 2 squares ; In some places a player can move Two tokens opposite of the closing square and by throwing 2 one can declare Two tokens finishing the race. As 1 doesn't exist. But making two tokens stand opposite the clearance square also puts the player at higher risk as the opponent can kill two tokens at one time and they have to do the whole race again. 3 as is and 5 inverted; move 3 squares 4 as is and 4 inverted; move 4 squares 5 as is and 3 inverted; move 5 squares 6 as is and 2 inverted; move 6 squares 7 as is and 1 inverted; move 7 squares. If one gets 7 he cannot kill an opponent token by this move and can only carry on a movement normal. 8 as is Chamma; move 4 squares Or Is considered as 12 and gets a bonus to throw again. In ashta chamma played by Telugu people of Andhra Pradesh. 8 as is Ashta; move 8 squares 8 inverted drakshi move 16 squares Objective of the game For a player to win, they must have all their pawns in the center square. Rules This game has several intricate rules which need to be followed. Although there are several variations of this game, the following rules are for the standard implementation if we got 4 time 3 then which player got their pawns will not move and.if We got 4 time 4 them which player and they can't not move and their turn is passed . 1. A player casts the shells to determine the number of square their pawns can move. If a player has cast 1,2 or 3, then their needs to choose one of their pawns and move it that many squares along the path designated for that player. The player needs to be able to smartly choose a pawn to move, so that it optimizes their chance of winning the game. If a player has cast either a 4 or an 8, the player will have another turn to cast the dice. The player does not have to move any of their pawns until they have cast 1, 2, or 3. For example, if a player casts a 4, they will get another chance to roll the dice. If on the second turn they get a 3, then the player can move one of their pawns 4 squares and one of their other pawns 3 squares. They can of course choose to move the same pawn (4+3) 7 squares if they want to. This argument can be extended to the player getting 3 or more consecutive turns. 2. "Hit": Pawns of two players cannot exist in the same square, other than a "Safe" square, which are marked with an X in the figure. For a 5x5 board this is simply the starting positions of each of the players and the center square. However, for higher dimension boards, more safe squares can be added symmetrically across the board. So if the pawn of player X lands on the same square of a pawn of player Y, then player X has "hit" player Y. Player Y's pawn is returned to its starting square and this pawn needs to start over. For a player's pawn to progress into the inner squares, they should have "hit" at least one of their opponent's pawns. This condition is imposed on the player and not on his pawn. For example, even if one of the player's pawns has hit one of the opponent's, then all their other pawns will be eligible to enter the inner square. If it so happens that a player cannot move any of their pawns because they have not "hit" any of their opponents, then the player will lose that turn. 3. "Double": It is possible for a player to have two of their pawns in the same square. This is called a "double". If a player forms a double on the outer square, then it blocks the opponent's pawns behind them for one move; i.e. if an opponent's pawn crosses the double, then that move is voided and the opponent loses a turn. However, on the next turn for the same opponent, their pawn can go past (or "cross") the double. This rule is applicable for every opponent of the player in the game. This rule is not valid once the double is formed on the inner squares. For the player forming the double, there are two choices on his subsequent moves. They can "break" the double by moving only one of the pawns in it, or keep the double and advance the pawns together. In case a player has got multiple turns (as they may have thrown 4s and 8s), they can treat the double as one pawn and make it move to one of the values on the dice. 4. Double vs Single: It is not possible for a single pawn to "hit" a double. A player cannot move their single pawn to the same square as an opponent's double. A player cannot move past an opponent's double for 1 move. However, a double can "hit" a single pawn, and make it move back to its home square. If 2 singles are in the same square, then the double can "hit" only one of the singles. the other single is not affected at all. 5. Reaching the central square: A pawn needs to reach the central square exactly. For example, if a pawn is 3 squares away from the center and the player throws a 4, then that pawn cannot be moved. If that is the only pawn left for the player to move (which may be because of a variety of reasons such as being blocked by double, or by virtue of being the last pawn left), the player will lose their turn. Tools Four pawns per players (Maximum players - 4, Minimum players - 2) Four tamarind seeds or four shells or a dice Piece of chalk An even surface for the board and to roll the dice (draw 5x5 square on the plane space) Popular culture Ashta Chamma plays a pivotal role in the 2006 Indian art house film Vanaja. In 2008, a Tollywood comedy film, Ashta Chamma, was released, which was written and directed by Mohan Krishna Indraganti. The film deals with four quirky friends interwoven in a romantic narration. See also Ashte kashte List of chess variants Bibliography Mahabharata, Ved Vyasa Traditional Board Games of India, Raghu Dharmendra, Chauka Bara Online KavidiKali (Malayalam name of Ashta Chemma) Peddabala Siksha (Telugu Encyclopedia) - by Gajula Satyanarayana References External links Pagdi/Chowka bhara Overview How to play Rules Java applet of a player vs player Chowka Bhara Nodejs implementation of Chowka Bhara Kavidkali - A flash implementation of Chowka Bhara Bordgame - An online implementation of Chowka Bhara to play with friends Traditional board games Race games Board wargames	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowka%20bhara
Handsworth Park (originally Victoria Park) is a park in the Handsworth area of Birmingham, England. It lies 15 minutes by bus from the centre of Birmingham and comprises 63 acres (25 hectares) of landscaped grass slopes, including a large boating lake and a smaller pond fed by the Farcroft and Grove Brooks, flower beds, mature trees and shrubs with a diversity of wildlife, adjoining St. Mary's Church, Handsworth to the north, containing the graves of the fathers of the Industrial Revolution, James Watt, Matthew Boulton and William Murdoch, and the founders of Aston Villa Football Club and the Victoria Jubilee Allotments site to the south opened on 12 June 2010. The completion of a £9.5 million restoration and rejuvenation of Handsworth Park was celebrated with a Grand Re-Opening Celebration led by Councillor Mike Sharpe, the Lord Mayor of Birmingham, speaking from the restored bandstand at 2.00pm on Saturday 8 July 2006, followed by a count down by a large enthusiastic crowd and the release of clouds of confetti; in the words of one observer "Great wedding! Now we must make the marriage a success." The park is listed Grade II in Historic England's Register of Parks and Gardens. Founding Handsworth Victoria Park was founded in the 1880s by the Handsworth Local Sanitary Board – a body instituted by the government, and led by locally elected citizens, to oversee the supply of clean water and the laying down of sewers for the growing population of the area. As the Civic Gospel of municipal improvement spread from centre of Birmingham into the growing suburban estates of Handsworth, its local government leaders saw a public park as a benefit for the district. Following the setting up of an education board and a free library, the adoption and proper kerbing of roads, street lighting, tramways and the construction of sewers, influential voices in the district began to speak of the need for a 'lung' in the city. They did not pursue this idea simply out of expediency or to raise the value of their properties. Such self-interest was present – used unashamedly to strengthen their case among the practically minded citizens of Handsworth – but opposition to the Park from that quarter was at times so intense that calculative motives alone would not have carried the project through. The first part of Handsworth Park was laid out to the west of the original London and North Western Railway and was opened on 25 December 1890 despite initial opposition. At a public meeting in the council offices off Soho Road on 11 January 1887, the Rector of St. Mary's Church, Handsworth Dr. Randall, who could be seen as the voice of receding rural Staffordshire against the spreading metropolis of Birmingham, rose amid the uproar to make what the Handsworth News reporter, with irony, called the speech of the evening: "Allow me to say that from my heart I am the last man in the parish to stand between any object which is for the welfare of the people of the parish. It is because I don't think it is for the well-being that we should have the park that I lift up my voice against it. We have an agricultural parish, and we have some of the finest air in the kingdom, and I believe that the park will be more for the benefit of the roughs of Birmingham." This view was described by the reporter as being received with "a perfect howl of dissent, uproar for at least a minute and cries of 'shame' followed by alternations of groaning and cheering". (Baddeley 1997) The park is divided into two parts by a working railway line and was the site of Handsworth Wood railway station until 1942. Its western half was landscaped by the award-winning landscape architect Richard Hartland Vertegans who had a liking for broad tree-lined boulevards leading visitors to unexpected prospects. Far from being a disadvantage, the railway running through the completed park would prove consistent with Vertegan's intention, since, to this day, there are people who speak of "never having been to the other side of the park". The eastern side of Handsworth Park – Victoria Park Extension – was laid out 10 years later under the supervision of the local surveyor, Edwin Kenworthy, by the new Handsworth Urban District Council on St. Mary's glebe-land, with the support of a new vicar, the Rev. Prebendary Hodgson, and amid a steady downpour of rain declared "open to the people for ever" by the 6th Earl of Dartmouth on 30 March 1898. The completed park contains a cricket ground, pavilion, leisure centre – built on the remains of Grove House whose estate was bought to create the original park – a children's play-area, a small distinctive building previously used by the 'Sons of Rest' movement founded by Lister Muff in 1927, small monuments and a bandstand built at the Lion Foundry of Kirkintilloch, near Glasgow. Over the railway bridge you will find a large peaceful looking lake surrounded by plenty of wildlife and flowerbeds filled with colour. Just by the lake there is a new Boathouse. The boats were reintroduced to the lake in June 2009. Thanks to The Handsworth Park Association and a local resident (Mark Bent), The Boathouse has a cafe and is open to the public 7 days a week. The Park has a zero tolerance policy and its well patrolled by the park rangers and local police. The park was incorporated, with the old Handsworth Urban District – successor to the Handsworth Sanitary Board – into Birmingham City Council in 1911 and was the venue, for many years, of the Birmingham Flower Show and other citywide and national events including dog shows, Girl Guides' and Boy Scout Jamboree. In 1922 The Birmingham Civic Society designed and paid for the creation of a new formal garden which they called a "Sunk Garden" near the Grove Lane entrance. The site of the garden was previously an irregular hollow, but the executed design carries on the axial line of the park entrance and featured as its centrepiece a bronze sculpture of a child holding a lamb atop a Portland stone plinth. This was meant to symbolise the historic use of the land as glebe land. The statue was unveiled on 15 January 1937 and was designed by John P. Walker. Unfortunately it was stolen in 1988 and has not been recovered. For more information on the sculpture, follow the Public Monuments & Sculpture Association link below on External Links From the 1970s the Handsworth Carnival (now removed to Perry Park, Perry Barr, as Birmingham International Carnival, having been said by the acting Head of Parks to have "outgrown Handsworth Park") and later the festival of Vaisakhi. Neglect, rediscovery and restoration From the 1970s Handsworth Park, like many across the UK, was increasingly neglected, though needed by, happily remembered, respected and enjoyed by citizens from the diverse communities of Sandwell, Handsworth, Soho and Perry Barr, as well as visitors from further afield. In 1994 a group of local people began to campaign against a plan to build on the site of the old swimming pool, demolition of one of the last 'Sons of Rest' buildings in the city – most others being already demolished with the exception of the one in Cannon Hill Park – and the sale and development of the Victoria Jubilee Allotments site next to the park. Originally called 'Save Handsworth Park', the group renamed itself the 'Handsworth Park Association', when it became clear that the park was to be improved and cared for. From then on members of this group worked in consultation with the City Council's Landscape Practice Group on plans for the restoration of Handsworth Park. The objectives of the Association are: [a) to preserve Handsworth Park for the benefit of the community locally and in the surrounding area. (b) to promote the educational use of the park. [c) to encourage a general appreciation of the history, flora and wildlife of the Park. Consultant for Birmingham City Council, Dr Hilary Taylor, observed: There is no doubt that Handsworth Park is a successful design, one where everything from the basic landform to the elements of planting and ornament were the outcome of careful consideration, both of the site and the requirements of the local community. There are theatrical contrasts of panoramic space and enclosure, apparently wild nature and intricate artistic detail. All this is linked by an elegant circulation system which afforded opportunities for healthy exercise and ensured that every landscape incident was visited and enjoyed. Today, of course, it takes some time to perceive all this. There is a melancholy quality, conveyed particularly by the dark tree cover, the poor maintenance and lack of care, and—less easy to resolve—the modern intrusions of leisure centre and car parks. The latter have completely altered the character of this park and ensured that attention and resources have been removed from any of those facilities or features which once appealed to the whole community and not just the young and fit. Though Handsworth Park had never been forgotten by locals despairing at its state, such statements signalled a much wider awareness of Handsworth Park amid a national revival of sensibilities about the importance of green space in cities that would end decades of neglect, whose consequences in dereliction, vandalism and crime was lazily and habitually attributed to the fecklessness of the neglected. The value of parks in cities was once again acknowledged by politicians. Amid the slow burning social fragmentation of Britain's post-industrial Midlands, Handsworth Park, with other parks across the city, was being placed on a par with local housing, education, health and policing as part of what made the area a place where people might actually desire to live and work. External links Public Monuments & Sculpture Association – entry for 'Child and Lamb' Image of Child and Lamb Birmingham City Council Handsworth Park page Digital Handsworth pages on 'Handsworth Park' Government policy on parks and urban green spaces Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) on 8 ways of paying for urban green spaces Images to supplement this article Image posted on Flickr with links to the PMSA data base References Simon Baddeley (1997), The Founding of Handsworth Park 1882-1898 (Birmingham University) Robert K. Dent (1916), History and Description of the Public parks, Gardens and Recreation Grounds of Birmingham, Birmingham Parks Committee. John Morris Jones (1980), The Manor of Handsworth: An Introduction to its Historical Geography, with amendments by "Friends of Handsworth Old Town Hall", 1969, Handsworth Historical Society. Handsworth General Purposes & other Committees – Minute Book 1880A, Handsworth Local Sanitary Board, Birmingham City Council Central Library Archives, ref: BCH/AD 1/1/1 Handsworth & Birmingham newspaper cuttings collected and arranged by G.H. Osborne between approx. 1870 and 1900, Birmingham City Council Central Library Archive ref: L.f30.3 Memoranda submitted to the Environment Sub-Committee of the Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs Committee on "Town & Country Parks" by the Handsworth Park Association The Work of The Birmingham Civic Society 1918-46 (1946) by William Haywood, Honorary Secretary, Pages 61–62. Park Committee – Minute Book 1895A, Handsworth Urban District Council, Birmingham City Council Central Library Archives, ref: BCH/AJ/ 1/1/1 Hilary A. Taylor, Phillada Ballard, Krysia Campbell (1998), Handsworth Park, Handsworth, The City of Birmingham: History and Development ~ A Study presented by Parklands Consortium Ltd, Nottingham (now Hilary Taylor Landscape Associates Ltd. Foxhall Lodge Foxhall Road Nottingham NG7 6LH) Parks and open spaces in Birmingham, West Midlands Handsworth, West Midlands Grade II listed parks and gardens in the West Midlands (county)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsworth%20Park
is an 8-dan professional Go player. Biography Kikuyo joined the Nihon Ki-in in 1981. She is the sister of Shinichi Aoki, who is a 9 dan professional at the Nihon Ki-in. Kikuyo has won 10 major titles. Promotion Record Titles See also International Go Federation List of Go organizations List of professional Go tournaments References 1968 births Japanese Go players Living people Female Go players	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikuyo%20Aoki
No. 311 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF was a Czechoslovak-manned bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force in the Second World War. It was the RAF's only Czechoslovak-manned medium and heavy bomber squadron. It suffered the heaviest losses of any Czechoslovak formation in the RAF. In the Second World War 511 Czechoslovaks serving in Allied air forces were killed. Of these 273 (53%) died while serving with 311 Squadron. After the end of the war, 311 Squadron was disbanded as an RAF unit and became the 6 letecká divize ("6th Air Division") of the reformed Czechoslovak Air Force. History Bomber Command The squadron was formed at RAF Honington in Suffolk on 29 July 1940, although RAF records give the official date as 2 August. It was crewed mostly by Czechoslovaks who had escaped from German-occupied Europe. Some were airmen who had trained with the Czechoslovak Air Force, escaped to France, served in the French Air Force in the Battle of France and then been evacuated to the UK. Others were soldiers who had served in Czechoslovak Army units in the Battle of France, been evacuated to the UK and then volunteered to transfer to the RAF Volunteer Reserve in order to serve in 311 Squadron. The squadron was equipped initially with Wellington Mark I medium bombers, which were soon succeeded by Wellingtons of Marks IA and IC. From 16 September 1940 the squadron was based at RAF East Wretham in Norfolk as part of Bomber Command's No. 3 Group, whose commanding officer was Air Vice-Marshal John Baldwin. He said 311 Squadron "put up a wonderful show" and had "the finest navigators in Bomber Command". On 18 January 1941 HM King George VI and his consort Queen Elizabeth visited the squadron at East Wretham. On 6 February 1941 six of the squadron's Wellington Mk IC aircraft took part in a raid on Boulogne-sur-Mer in German-occupied France. On the return flight one aircraft, L7842/T, suffered navigation problems. Then it ran low on fuel, its commander Plt Off František Cigoš mistakenly judged that they were over England and he landed at Flers in northern France. Both the aircraft and its crew were captured. The Luftwaffe repainted KX-T in German markings and transferred it to its Erprobungsstelle (experimental and test facility) at Rechlin–Lärz Airfield in Mecklenburg. On 20 June 1941 the squadron gave a dinner for the President of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, Edvard Beneš. Other guests included Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk and Defence Minister, General Antonín Hasal-Nižborský. 311 Squadron was with Bomber Command for 19 months. In that time it flew 1,029 sorties, attacked 77 targets, dropped of explosive bombs and 95,438 incendiary bombs. It attacked targets in Germany, Italy, and occupied Belgium, France and the Netherlands. Its most frequent targets were Cologne, Hamburg and Kiel in Germany and Dunkirk, Brest and Boulogne in France. The squadron deployed 318 airmen formed into 53 aircrew. 94 were killed on operations and 34 were captured: a loss rate of more than 40%. Unlike crews derived from England or the Commonwealth nations, there were no Czechoslovakian replacement crews arriving to fill the ranks of the lost. To keep the squadron functional, it would have to be put to a different use. Coastal Command At the end of April 1942 the squadron was transferred from Bomber Command to Coastal Command to undertake maritime patrols. It moved to RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland on 28 April and began maritime patrol training on 1 May. The squadron was made part of No. 19 Group RAF, moved to RAF Talbenny in Wales on 12 June and undertook its first anti-submarine patrol on 30 June. Its Wellingtons lacked air to surface vessel (ASV) radar, but despite this between June 1942 and April 1943 the squadron achieved the highest success rate of any Coastal Command squadron. Throughout July and August the squadron's Wellingtons remained in Bomber Command's Temperate Land Scheme camouflage: dark green and dark earth above, and black below. This was unsuitable for maritime patrols, but not until September 1942 were the aircraft repainted in Coastal Command's Temperate Sea Scheme: dark slate grey and extra dark sea grey above, and white below. In April 1943 the squadron was partly re-equipped with five Wellington Mark X aircraft. This could carry two torpedoes or of bombs, but it was primarily a Bomber Command variant, not designed for maritime patrol work. Air Vice-Marshal Karel Janoušek, Inspector-General of the Czechoslovak Air Force, eventually convinced the UK Air Ministry to re-equip the squadron with Consolidated Liberator heavy bombers, as these had radar and a longer range, both of which made them more suitable for maritime patrols. Retraining flights began on 25 May and continued until August. On 26 May 1943 the squadron moved to RAF Beaulieu in Hampshire. On 4 August it celebrated its third anniversary. Guests again included President Beneš and Foreign Minister Masaryk. They included also General Sergej Ingr, who had succeeded General Hasal-Nižborský as Defence Minister, and the head of Coastal Command, Air Marshal John Slessor. On 21 August 1943 the squadron began maritime patrols with Consolidated Liberator GR Mk V aircraft and continued anti-submarine work, but now over the Bay of Biscay. On 10 November Liberator BZ774/D, led by Flt Sgt Otto Žanta, attacked with rocket projectiles (RP's) off the Galician coast. The submarine ran aground and her crew abandoned her. On 27 December 1943 Liberator BZ796/H, led by Plt Off Oldřich Doležal, attacked the German blockade runner in the Bay of Biscay. Doležal's crew set the cargo ship on fire with five RP's and a bomb, and she sank the next day. In February 1944 the squadron was re-equipped with nine Liberator C Mk VI aircraft. On 23 February it moved to RAF Predannack in Cornwall. On 24 June Liberator FL961/O led by Fg Off Jan Vella, along with the s and , attacked and sank just west of the English Channel. On 7 August 1944 the squadron transferred to RAF Tain in Scotland and its area of operations changed from the Bay of Biscay and Western Approaches to the North Sea. In September its rôle was changed from day to night anti-submarine patrols. On 27 October Fleet Air Arm aircraft from damaged , forcing her to run aground on the coast of German-occupied Norway. Two days later two 311 Squadron Liberators, FL949/Y led by Fg Off Josef Pavelka and BZ723/H led by Sqn Ldr Alois Šedivý, damaged the grounded submarine with salvos of RP's. Later two Halifax heavy bombers of No. 502 Squadron RAF finished off U-1060 with depth charges. In February 1945 the squadron was re-equipped, again with Liberator C Mk VI aircraft but now equipped with anti-submarine Leigh Lights. In March the entire squadron took part in the "Chilli-II" and "Chilli-III" raids on German submarine training areas in the Baltic. 311 Squadron was with Coastal Command for 38 months, in which time it flew 2,111 sorties. By the end of the war 247 of its men had been killed, either in combat or in accidents. 33 of its members were released from German prisoner-of-war camps. One PoW, Plt Off Arnošt Valenta, was murdered by the Gestapo in March 1944 for taking part in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III. Peacetime transport After the End of World War II in Europe, on 26 May 1945 the Czechoslovak government-in-exile formed the Letecká dopravní skupina ("Air Transport Group"), and recruited most of its personnel from 311 Squadron. Its initial aircraft were two Avro Anson C XII aircraft bought from the RAF. On 12 June 1945 the unit began flights to Ruzyně Airport, Prague. By October the Letecká dopravní skupina had also acquired a number of Siebel Si 204D aircraft seized from Germany as war reparations. On 25 June 1945 the remainder of 311 Squadron was transferred to RAF Transport Command's No. 301 Wing. It too flew transport flights to Ruzyně Airport, the first being on 30 July from RAF Manston in Kent, where the squadron was based from 3 August. On 21 August the squadron relocated to Ruzynĕ. The squadron first transferred military equipment and personnel from the UK to Czechoslovakia. It then repatriated Czechoslovak civilians. Czechoslovak runways were found to be unsuitable for Liberators. Therefore, in December 1945 all those of 311 squadron were returned to the UK, landing at RAF Valley in Wales. 311 Squadron was officially disbanded as an RAF unit at RAF Milltown in Moray, Scotland on 15 February 1946. Most of its personnel had transferred to the Czechoslovak Air Force in August 1945, and in Czechoslovakia the unit was officially disbanded on 15 January 1946, but its personnel were not officially discharged from the RAF until 30 June 1946. On 15 January 1946 311 Squadron became the Czechoslovak 6 letecká divize ("6th Air Division") at Havlíčkův Brod in southeastern Bohemia. In May it was divided into Letecký pluk 24 and Letecký pluk 25 ("24th and 25th Air Regiments"). Letecký pluk 24 was given the name Biskajsky ("Biscay") and initially equipped with Mosquito FB Mk VI fighter-bombers. Letecký pluk 25 was given the name Atlantický ("Atlantic") and equipped with Petlyakov Pe-2FT aircraft. Squadron codes This squadron displayed the squadron code letters "KX" and later "PP" on its Wellingtons and "PP" on its Liberators. Commanding officers Squadron bases Aircraft operated Notable incidents 1942 Wellington crash On 18 October 1942 Wellington 1C aircraft of 311 Squadron crashed and burst into flames at South Ruislip, Middlesex, on approach to RAF Northolt. The aircraft was en route to a debriefing and was carrying nine passengers as well as its usual crew of six. Everyone aboard was killed, along with four children and two mothers on the ground. 1945 Liberator crash On 8 October 1945 a Liberator B-24 GR.VI aircraft of 311 Squadron suffered an engine fire, crashed and burst into flames in a field at Elvetham, near Hartley Wintney, Hampshire. Five minutes earlier it had taken off from RAF Blackbushe on a flight to Ruzyně Airport, Prague. All 23 people aboard were killed: five crew, 17 passengers and one stowaway. The passengers included nine women and five young children, the latter ranging from 18 months to three years old. Legacy In 1964, 311 Squadron veteran Richard Husmann, writing as Filip Jánský, published his novel Nebeští jezdci, portraying the lives of Czech and Polish airmen in the wartime RAF. In 1968 a film based on the book was released, having been made the previous year around Klecany military airfield north of Prague. In 1969 Hodder & Stoughton published an English translation of the book as Riders in the Sky. In 1999 the Air Café commemorating No. 311 Squadron RAF opened in Brno, South Moravia. It is in the early 17th-century Dietrichstein Palace, which also houses the Moravian Museum. The café exhibits a small collection of memorabilia connected with the Czechoslovak-manned squadron. In February 2016 the 438th Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron, 438th Air Expeditionary Advisory Group, USAF, Kabul, Afghanistan, was renamed 311th Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron, to follow in the traditions of the squadron, under Czech Air Force command. This 311 Squadron was disbanded in February 2019. See also 1942 Ruislip Wellington accident Elvetham air crash Charles Pickard Jindřich Svoboda Arnošt Valenta Tomáš Lom List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons References Notes Bibliography External links – movement and equipment history with Bomber Command – movement and equipment history with Coastal Command Air Cafe in Brno, a cafe to commemorate the Czech manned squadron with a small exhibition of memorabilia 311 Military units and formations established in 1940 Military units and formations disestablished in 1946 311 Squadron	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20311%20Squadron%20RAF
, a contraction of , is the name of the vehicle inspection program in Japan for motor vehicles over 250 cc in engine displacement. Reason for existence Officially, the inspection system is in place to ensure that vehicles on Japanese roads are properly maintained and are safe to be on the road. Another reason is to determine if a vehicle has been illegally modified. Illegally modified vehicles and vehicles deemed unsafe will have a red sticker with the following: (illegal vehicle) in yellow and the date the vehicle was declared not fit to be on the street. Registration and cost The registration and inspection process may be performed by the owner of the vehicle, though it is most commonly contracted to a professional mechanic or a dealership. The cost for the shaken is broken up as follows: Paperwork fee Inspection fee Compulsory vehicle insurance Vehicle weight tax For a new registration, there are also additional fees for registration and number plates. A typical third-party shaken for a small or normal sized passenger vehicle costs between ¥100,000 (US$806) and ¥200,000 (US$1,612). However, these prices often include large service fees so the cost of a self-performed "user" shaken is much lower, although exact prices are dependent on the size, weight and age of the vehicle. Renewal periods An initial inspection occurs at the vehicle's first registration, and renewal inspections must then take place at prescribed intervals thereafter. Vehicles with an engine displacement of or less are exempt and therefore not required to undergo an inspection. Testing process The process of the shaken involves these steps: An exterior inspection to ensure the vehicle meets Japanese exterior regulations and does not have illegal exterior modifications such as extreme body kits that increase the exterior dimensions. A wheel alignment inspection to ensure the vehicle has its wheels in-line and can turn correctly. A speedometer inspection to ensure the vehicle's speedometer is accurate. A headlamp inspection to ensure that the vehicle's headlights are correctly placed and aligned. A brake inspection to ensure the brakes work correctly. An exhaust gas/muffler inspection, which includes testing carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions along with exhaust noise levels. An undercarriage inspection, which includes looking at suspension parts. Should a car not meet any of the tests, it will have to be repaired and retested before passing. Requirements Exterior Tailpipes: Tailpipes are not allowed to protrude past the car's body, however tailpipes that are built into the side of the vehicle are allowed. Body kits/Aero parts: Aerodynamic mirrors, windage trays under the tail section of the car and body kits using front bumper scoops are allowed. However, all aerodynamic parts must fit and be molded correctly so they are flush with the car's body. Fenders and overfenders: All fenders and overfenders (including widebody style-kits) must not inhibit the turning of the car's wheels (which must be able to turn 30 degrees inward and 50 degrees outward). Spoilers: All spoilers (aftermarket or original equipment manufacturer) must not be wider than the car's rear and must be bolted to the car's trunk. Lamps and reflectors: Front, side, and rear turn signals; brake lights, front and rear position lights, hazard warning lights, rear reflectors, low and high beam headlamps are all required. Sidemarker reflectors and lights and fog and driving lamps are permitted. All devices must function correctly and emit or reflect the required colours of light. Windows: No tint can be present on driver and passenger side windows, however commercial UV window blocker is allowed. Lexan windows are not allowed unless they are approved via a case by case basis. Stickers/banners on the front windshield and rear glass are not allowed. Etching on the windows, except for vehicle identification number information, is not allowed. Speedometer The speedometer of the car is tested by driving on a dynamometer. The vehicle will be accelerated to 40 km/h twice and the vehicle's speedometer reading is recorded. If the reading is different, it will not pass. Headlamps All headlamps must be an approved type, designed for left-hand traffic, emit white or yellow light, and be aimed correctly. Kei cars built 2006 and older are allowed white or yellow headlights, while kei cars built 2007 and newer are only allowed to have white headlights. Incorrect headlight colour, depending on the person's knowledge during the inspection, will result in a fail. Exhaust and Emissions Cars under 10 years old may emit not more than 1% carbon monoxide, and not more than 300ppm unburned hydrocarbons. Cars older than 10 years may emit up to 4.5% carbon monoxide and up to 1200ppm unburned hydrocarbons. This emission standard is laid out in the Japanese Emission Standard legislation. High flow catalytic converters are allowed. All oxygen sensors must be in working order along with any oil catch tanks. Exhaust noise is tested at a 45-degree angle, from the tailpipe outlet. Vehicles up to 10 years old may emit not more than 96 decibels; older vehicles are allowed 103 dB. Suspension No bushings may be broken or in bad condition. All control arms must be in working order. There can be no rust/corrosion on springs, struts or other suspension components. If the car has 4 wheel steering, it must be working. The vehicle must also meet minimum height requirements, which will be checked by referencing the lowest part of the vehicle (not including the suspension components). For vehicles with 200–249 cm wheelbase they must be 8 cm off the ground and vehicles with 250–299 cm wheelbase they must be 9 cm off the ground. For all other vehicles for every 50 cm over 299 cm in wheelbase add .5 cm to the minimum height and for vehicles under 200 cm in wheelbase subtract .5 cm to the minimum height. Interior General interior equipment must be intact (i.e.: dash). Roll cages (must have padding around bars) and carpet removal is allowed. Bucket seats must measure 420 mm from left to right bank but can not be over 450 mm from left exterior side to right exterior side (total width of seat). Aftermarket seats made of fiber-reinforced plastic are not allowed. Any holes or rips in seats must either be taped or repaired. Older vehicles As vehicles get older, maintaining them to the required standards can become expensive. Most Japanese do not get involved in mechanical repairs, and as a result, mechanics can charge high prices. Vehicles that cannot pass inspection are not permitted on public roads. Unwanted vehicles must be exported or destroyed and recycled. Many Japanese used vehicles are exported once it is no longer cost-effective to keep them in service in Japan. See also Vehicle inspection MOT test (UK) National Car Test (Republic of Ireland) Warrant of Fitness (New Zealand) References External links Light Motor Vehicle Inspection Organization National Agency of Vehicle Inspection (Japanese & English) Motor Vehicle Inspection and Registration Guide (Japanese) Road transport in Japan Car costs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor-vehicle%20inspection%20%28Japan%29
Derek Brownlee (born 10 August 1974) is a Scottish accountant and politician. A member of the Scottish Conservative Party, he was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the South of Scotland region from 2005 to 2011. Background Brownlee grew up in Selkirk, Scottish Borders and went to Selkirk High School. He graduated in Scots Law LLB (Hons) from the University of Aberdeen in 1996, and then trained as a chartered accountant. He worked as a chartered accountant at Ernst & Young from 1996 to 2002, the Institute of Directors from 2002 to 2004 and Deloitte from 2004 to 2005. Political career In the 2003 Scottish Parliament election Brownlee stood as the Conservative candidate in Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale constituency, finishing fourth but within 1,500 votes of winning the seat. He became an MSP on 17 April 2005, following David Mundell resigning his regional seat at Holyrood following his election as MP for Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale constituency in the 2005 General Election. Brownlee was next on the Conservative's list for the South of Scotland region. Brownlee was appointed the Conservative's finance spokesman in Holyrood in July 2005, replacing Annabel Goldie who became the party's leader in Scotland. Brownlee stood at the 2007 Holyrood elections, contesting the Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale constituency, coming third – pushing the Labour candidate into fourth place. He was again elected as an additional member for the South of Scotland region. After the 2007 election, Brownlee was a member of the Scottish Parliament's Finance Committee and a substitute member of the Scottish Commission for Public Audit. In 2010 Brownlee was selected by the East Lothian Conservative Party as their candidate for the East Lothian at the 2011 Holyrood election. Brownlee was placed at the top of the Conservatives' South Scotland list after a ballot of party members. At the 2011 election, the Conservatives took three constituency seats in the region but no regional seats and Brownlee failed to be re-elected. Notes References External links Derek Brownlee MSP personal site Derek Brownlee MSP Personal Blog Derek Brownlee MSP profile at the site of the Scottish Conservative Party Derek Brownlee MSP profile at the site of the Conservative Party 1974 births Living people People from Selkirk, Scottish Borders People educated at Selkirk High School Conservative MSPs Alumni of the University of Aberdeen Scottish accountants Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007 Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Brownlee
Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae. Liliidae in Takhtajan system The Takhtajan system treats this as one of six subclasses within class Liliopsida (= monocotyledons). This subclass consists of: subclass Liliidae superorder Lilianae order Melanthiales order Colchicales order Trilliales order Liliales order Alstroemeriales order Iridales order Tecophilaeales order Burmanniales order Hypoxidales order Orchidales order Amaryllidales order Asparagales order Xanthorrhoeales order Hanguanales superorder Dioscoreanae order Stemonales order Smilacales order Dioscoreales order Taccales Liliidae in Cronquist system The Cronquist system treats this as one of five subclasses within class Liliopsida (= monocotyledons), and it consists of: subclass Liliidae order Liliales order Orchidales Liliidae in Dahlgren and Thorne systems In the Dahlgren system and the Thorne system (1992) this is an important name: this subclass comprises the monocotyledons (in APG II these are the monocots). Dahlgren (1985) subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons] superorder Alismatanae superorder Triuridanae superorder Aranae superorder Lilianae superorder Bromelianae superorder Zingiberanae superorder Commelinanae superorder Arecanae superorder Cyclanthanae superorder Pandananae Thorne (1992) (in the version of the system as depicted by Reveal) subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons ] superorder Lilianae superorder Hydatellanae superorder Triuridanae superorder Aranae superorder Cyclanthanae superorder Pandananae superorder Arecanae superorder Commelinanae Liliidae in APG II system The APG and APG II systems do not use formal botanical names above the rank of order, and names such as Liliopsida and Liliidae have no place in these systems. References Monocots Historically recognized angiosperm taxa	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliidae
The Meghalaya subtropical forests is an ecoregion of Northeast India. The ecoregion covers an area of , and despite its name, comprise not only the state of Meghalaya, but also parts of southern Assam, and a tiny bit of Nagaland around Dimapur and adjacent Bangladesh. It also contains many other habitats than subtropical forests, but the montane subtropical forests found in Meghalaya is an important biome, and was once much more widespread in the region, and for these reasons chosen as the most suitable name. The scientific designation is IM0126. The Meghalaya subtropical forests are part of the larger Indo-Burma biological hotspot with many endemic species not found anywhere else in the world. Together with the Western Ghats, Northeast India are the only two regions of India endowed with rainforest. For these and other reasons, protection and conservation of the Meghalaya subtropical forests are important on a local, national, regional and even global level. The ecoregion is one of the most species-rich areas in India, with a rich diversity of birds, mammals, and plants in particular. The lowlands holds mostly tropical forests, while the hills and mountains, that comprise most of the area, are covered in grasslands and several distinct types of forest habitats, including subtropical moist broadleaf forests in some of the montane areas above 1,000 metres. The region is one of the wettest areas in the world, with some places, notably Mawsynram and Cherrapunji in the south of Meghalaya, receiving up to eleven meters of rain in a year. The Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests ecoregion lies to the north, the Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests ecoregion lies to the east, and the Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests ecoregion lies to the west and south in Bangladesh. Flora The elevated and damp forest ecoregion is a center of diversity for the tree genera Magnolia and Michelia, and the families Elaeocarpaceae and Elaeagnaceae. Over 320 species of orchids are native to Meghalaya. The endemic pitcher plant (Nepenthes khasiana) is now an endangered species. About 3,128 flowering plant species have been reported from the state, of which 1,236 are endemic. In the later half of the 1800s, Joseph Dalton Hooker, a British botanist and explorer, made a huge taxonomic collection for the Kew Herbarium from Khasi and Jaintia Hills and remarked the place as one of the richest biodiversity spots in India, perhaps in all of Asia as well. Meghalaya state is rich in medicinal plant species, but the natural occurrence of most medicinal plants has decreased due to habitat loss. A total of 131 RET (Rare, Endemic and Threatened) medicinal plant species, including 36 endemic and 113 species under different threat categories, are found within Meghalaya. As in other rural areas of India, Meghalaya villages have an ancient tradition of nurturing sacred groves. These are sacred spots within the forest where medicinal and other valued plants are grown and harvested sustainably, and they present a very high biodiversity. In Meghalaya these sacred groves are known as Law Kyntang or Law Lyngdoh. Fauna The montane ecoregion is home to a diverse mix of birds, with a total of 659 species recorded as of 2017. Some of the birds living here are endemic to the Indo-Burma ecoregion, and quite a few species are threatened or near threatened on a global scale. Of these, two kinds of vultures, the Oriental White-backed Vulture and the Slender-billed Vulture, are both in need of extra protection as critically endangered species near extinction. The Meghalaya forests are not only important as a wildlife refuge for birds, it is also important to migratory birds on their long-distance flights. The subtropical forests presents a diverse range of reptiles, with as much as 56 species of known snakes, in addition to several lizards and turtles. The Tokay Gecko, among the largest geckos in the world, are here, as are three different kinds of monitor lizards, all of them to be protected since 1972, and a new species of skink (sphenomorphus apalpebratus) was discovered in the forests as late as 2013. Both Brahminy Blind snake and Copperhead Rat Head are among the more common snakes encountered in the forests, but there are several venomous and deadly serpents too, such as the Green Pit viper and the King Cobra, the longest venomous snake in the world. Many of the snake species here are elusive (and rare), such as the Cherrapunji keelback, Khasi keelback or Khasi earth snake. The damp and moist environment of the Meghalaya forests also supports what is the most diverse range of amphibians in North-east India, with a total of 33 recorded species living here. The two frog species Shillong bush frog and Khasi Hill toad are endemic, and both rare and threatened. Molluscs thrive in the moist conditions and are abundant throughout, both on land and in the water, As much as 223 species has been recorded by science, and many of the land-dwelling molluscs are endemic to Meghalaya. Fresh water molluscs are generally considered a good indicator species of clean waters, and Meghalaya's waterways are home to 35 species, with a lot of paludomus-snails in the hill streams. Several types of fresh water snails are part of the hill tribes diet, including the large bellamya bengalensis snails. Situated between the mighty Brahmaputra in the north and the Barak River to the south, Meghalaya's many waterways are also home to a diverse range of fish species. 152 known species has been observed as of 2017. Two types of mahseer (neolissochilus and tor) are fished for sport. The subtropical forests are home to 110 species of mammals, none of which are endemic. By far, most of these species comprise smaller mammals, in particular bats and small carnivores, and the population of large mammals is comparatively sparse. The Western hoolock gibbons in the forests of Meghalaya are globally endangered, and also threatened in this particular habitat, but they have a special place among the local tribes who cherish their song. Other large mammals important to conservation here includes the tiger (Panthera tigris), clouded leopard (Pardofelis nebulosa), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), dhole or Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus), sun bear (Ursus malayanus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), Indian civet (Viverra zibetha), Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata), Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis), bear macaque (Macaca arctoides), and capped leaf monkey (Semnopithecus pileatus). Protected areas The ecoregion has several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, but they are all of relatively small size. In addition, Meghalaya holds a total of 712.74 km2 reserved forest and 12.39 km2 protected forest. Balphakram National Park, a large national park in south Garo Hills Nokrek National Park, in east Garo Hills Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary Siju Wildlife Sanctuary, a bird sanctuary Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary Baghmara Pitcher Plant Sanctuary, a small sanctuary park of 2 hectares Some of the reserved forest is used by locals for voluntary wildlife reserves, in particular to help save the threatened Hoolock Gibbons. Other parts of the reserved forest are maintained as wildlife corridors, for elephants for example, and to safeguard against damaging habitat fragmentation. Related parks and gardens The nature and wildlife of Meghalaya, and the montane rainforests of the ecoregion in particular, is of interest to the tourist industry in the area, and to cater for these interests, an Eco Park has been created in Cherrapunjee. Several waterfalls and caves of the region are also of interest to nature loving tourists. The state of Meghalaya maintains a total of three botanical gardens, all three are in the capital of Shillong. Conservation status The Meghalaya subtropical forest ecoregion is part of the larger Indo-Burma biological hotspot with many endemic species not found anywhere else in the world. Together with the Western Ghats, Northeast India are the only two regions of India, endowed with rainforest. For these, and other, reasons, protection and conservation of the Meghalaya subtropical forests are important on a local, national, regional and even global level. As seen in other rainforests of the world, deforestation occurs on an alarming scale in Meghalaya too, with accelerated clearcutting for agriculture, industry, mining and infrastructure projects since the 1990s. Apart from the obvious loss of primary forest, this has also caused local problems with soil erosion and fragmentation of habitats. The clearcut areas in Meghalaya are sometimes allowed to regrow, but the second-growth forests are much less species-rich (both flora and fauna), than the original forest. In addition to these problematic issues, the dense forest habitats of Meghalaya are also dwindling because of tree thinning. This forestry practise puts extra pressure on species that can only thrive in dense forests. The root motivation for the increase in these environmentally changing practises are thought to be a high population growth and increased industrial activity in Meghalaya. See also List of ecoregions in India Indomalayan realm Sources Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment, Island Press; Washington, DC. Aabid Hussain Mir, Krishna Upadhaya and Hiranjit Choudhury (2014): Diversity of endemic and threatened ethnomedicinal plant species in Meghalaya, North-East India, Int. Res. J. Env. Sc. 3(12): 64-78. Hooker, J.D. 1872-1897. The Flora of British India, 7 vols. L. Reeva and Company, London. Khan, M.L., Menon, S. and Bawa, K.S. 1997. Effectiveness of the protected area network in biodiversity conservation: A case study of Meghalaya state, Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 853-868. Notes and references External links Geographical ecoregion maps and basic info. Flora of Meghalaya (Government of Meghalaya) Ecoregions of India Indomalayan ecoregions Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya%20subtropical%20forests
No. 312 Squadron RAF was a Czechoslovak-manned fighter squadron of the Royal Air Force in the Second World War. History The squadron was formed at Duxford on 29 August 1940. It was crewed mostly by escaped Czechoslovak pilots, but its first commander was the British Squadron Leader Frank Tyson. On 12 September a Slovak fighter pilot, Ján Ambruš, was appointed as joint commander of the squadron. The plan was for responsibility to be transferred gradually from Tyson to Ambruš. Initially the squadron was equipped with Hawker Hurricane Mk I fighters. On 26 September the squadron moved to RAF Speke to join the air defence of Merseyside. Its first victory was on 8 October 1940, when its Yellow Flight (Denys Gillam, Alois Vašátko and Josef Stehlík) shot down a Junkers Ju 88 medium bomber over Liverpool. On 13 October Ambruš led a flight of three Hurricane Mk I fighters on patrol. Over the Irish Sea Ambruš mistakenly led the flight to attack two Bristol Blenheim Mk IF light bombers of No. 29 Squadron RAF. One Blenheim, L6637, code letters RO-S, crashed into the sea off Point of Ayre on the Isle of Man and not far from the Morecambe Bay light ship. All three of its crew were killed. The other Blenheim, L7135, code letters RO-S, survived with minor damage and returned safely to RAF Ternhill in Shropshire with its crew unharmed. Ambruš was relieved of his command, and on 12 December Sqn Ldr Evžen Čižek was appointed to succeed him. On 17 December Ambruš was transferred to the Inspectorate-General of the Czechoslovak Air Force in London. On 3 March 1941 the squadron moved to RAF Valley on Anglesey and began flying convoy patrols over the Irish Sea. On 24 April the squadron moved to RAF Jurby, Isle of Man. In May 1941 the squadron was re-equipped with the Hurricane Mk II. On 27 May Sqn Ldr Jan Klán succeeded Čižek as commanding officer, and two days later the squadron moved to RAF Kenley in Surrey. Klán's tenure was brief, as he was replaced on 5 June with Sqn Ldr Alois Vašátko. On 20 July the squadron moved to RAF Martlesham Heath in Suffolk. On 19 August it moved again to RAF Heathfield in Ayrshire, Scotland. The squadron was re-equipped with the Supermarine Spitfire Mk IIA in October 1941 and again with the Spitfire Mk VB/C in December. The squadron spent the first part of 1942 in Wales. It moved to RAF Fairwood Common in Glamorgan on 1 January, then to RAF Angle in Pembrokeshire on 20 February, and then returned to Fairwood Common on 10 April. The squadron's duties included coastal patrols and shipping reconnaissance flights. On 23 June 1942 Sqn Ldr Vašátko was killed in action and Sqn Ldr Jan Čermák was appointed to succeed him. On 3 July 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Harrowbeer in Devon. On 19 August the squadron provided air cover for the Operation Jubilee raid on Dieppe. During the raid shot down a Dornier Do 217 bomber and 312 Squadron lost one of its own aircraft. On 10 October 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Church Stanton in Somerset. On 1 January 1943 Sqn Ldr Tomáš Vybíral succeeded Čermák as squadron commander. On 24 June the squadron moved to RAF Skaebrae on Orkney. On 7 September the squadron moved to RAF Ibsley in Hampshire and joined the 2nd Tactical Air Force as a fighter-bomber unit. The squadron operated over France softening up targets in preparation for the invasion and then supporting the landings. On 1 November Sqn Ldr František Vancl succeeded Vybíral as squadron commander. In January 1944 the squadron was re-equipped with the Spitfire Mk IX. From 20 February it spent a few days at RAF Mendlesham in Suffolk, before moving on 23 February to RAF Rochford in Essex. On 3 April 1944 the squadron moved to RAF Appledram in West Sussex. From here its operations included intercepting V-1 flying bombs, escorting bombers and attacking rail and road targets in German-occupied Europe. On 15 May Sqn Ldr Jaroslav Hlad'o succeeded Vancl as squadron commander. On 22 June the squadron moved to nearby RAF Tangmere, also in West Sussex. From 4 July 1944 the squadron spent a week at RAF Lympne in Kent. On 11 July it moved again to RAF Coltishall in Norfolk and operated daytime bomber escort flights over continental Europe. However, on 27 August its duties were switched to the Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB), for which it was moved on RAF North Weald in Essex. On 3 October it moved again to RAF Bradwell Bay, also in Essex. On 15 November 1944 Sqn Ldr Václav Šlouf succeeded Hlad'o as squadron commander. From 27 February to 8 June 1945 the squadron was based at RAF Manston in Kent. On 3 August members of all of the RAF's Czechoslovak squadrons held a farewell parade at RAF Manston. Air Marshal John Slessor inspected the parade, accompanied by Air Marshal Karel Janoušek. On 24 August 312 squadron moved to Ruzyně Airport in Prague. It became a squadron of the new Czechoslovak Air Force, and on 15 February 1946 was officially disbanded as an RAF squadron. Seven Spitfire F Mk IXs survive today that flew with the squadron in 1944–45. This is by far the largest number of surviving aircraft associated with a single squadron. Notable members Ján Ambruš František Peřina Otto Smik Miroslav Štandera Josef Stehlík (last surviving member of the squadron) Aircraft operated Aircraft of this squadron used a unit code letters DU. Loch Doon Spitfire On 25 October 1941, when 312 Squadron was based at RAF Heathfield, F/O František Hekl crashed a Spitfire Mk IIA into a reservoir in Ayrshire on a solo training flight. The Spitfire was serial number P7540, carrying the marking DU-W. An eyewitness the Spitfire flying low over the surface of Loch Doon when Hekl banked the aircraft to starboard and its starboard wingtip caught the water surface. Hekl lost control and the aircraft broke up and sank, leaving only a patch of oil on the water. An RAF salvage crew brought a boat and spent several days trawling parts of the bed of the loch, but failed to find either the aircraft or Hekl's body. In 1977 the Dumfries branch of the Scottish Sub Aqua Club began a systematic search of the bed of the loch in the area where an eyewitness thought the aircraft had crashed. In 1979 several clubs from the Northern Federation of British Sub-Aqua Clubs joined the search, and Blackpool Sub-Aqua Club took over organisation of the project. The search was unsuccessful so in 1982 it was moved to a different area of the loch, where divers quickly found the Spitfire's tail and rear part of the fuselage. In subsequent dives other parts of the aircraft were found, scattered over a distance of 200 metres. Both wings were badly damaged, magnesium parts such as the undercarriage wheels had corroded away, but the Merlin Mk XII engine was recovered in good condition. Hekl's body was not found. The wreckage was moved to Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum, where the aircraft was slowly restored and a pair of replica wings fitted. Restoration to non-flying condition was completed in 2017. References Notes Bibliography External links – movement and equipment history 312 Military units and formations disestablished in 1946 Military units and formations established in 1940 312 Squadron RAF squadrons involved in the Battle of Britain	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20312%20%28Czechoslovak%29%20Squadron%20RAF
Burlington Resources Inc. was a company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration. In 2006, the company was acquired by ConocoPhillips. History In 1988, the company was formed to own the resource assets of Burlington Northern Railroad. The company became a public company. In 1989, the company spun off Plum Creek Timber. In 1997, the company acquired Louisiana Land & Exploration, gaining interest in properties in the Gulf of Mexico. In 1999, the company acquired Poco Petroleums, gaining properties in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. The company also acquired ARCO's operations in Ecuador. In 2001, the company acquired Canadian Hunter Exploration, expanding its base in Canada. In 2003, the company started production in Algeria. In 2004, the company received approval to develop a gas field in China. In 2006, the company was acquired by ConocoPhillips. References Defunct oil companies of the United States Petroleum in Texas Defunct companies based in Texas Energy companies established in 1988 Non-renewable resource companies established in 1988 American companies established in 1988 Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 2006 1988 establishments in Texas 2006 disestablishments in Texas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington%20Resources
Peerage of England \|Duke of Cornwall (1337)\|\|Edward, the Black Prince\|\|1337\|\|1376\|\| \|- \|Duke of Lancaster (1351)\|\|Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster\|\|1351\|\|1361\|\|Died, titles became extinct \|- \|Duke of Clarence (1362)\|\|Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence\|\|1362\|\|1368\|\|New creation; died, title became extinct \|- \|Duke of Lancaster (1362)\|\|John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster\|\|1362\|\|1399\|\|New creation \|- \|Earl of Surrey (1088)\|\|Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Surrey\|\|1347\|\|1376\|\|10th Earl of Arundel \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Earl of Warwick (1088)\|\|Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick\|\|1315\|\|1369\|\|Died \|- \|Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick\|\|1369\|\|1401\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Earl of Oxford (1142)\|\|John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford\|\|1331\|\|1360\|\|Died \|- \|Thomas de Vere, 8th Earl of Oxford\|\|1360\|\|1371\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Earl of Hereford (1199)\|\|Humphrey de Bohun, 6th Earl of Hereford\|\|1336\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford\|\|1361\|\|1373\|\| \|- \|Earl of Norfolk (1312)\|\|none\|\|1338\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|Earl of Kent (1321)\|\|Joan of Kent\|\|1352\|\|1385\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Earl of March (1328)\|\|Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March\|\|1354\|\|1360\|\|Died \|- \|Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March\|\|1360\|\|1381\|\| \|- \|Earl of Devon (1335)\|\|Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon\|\|1340\|\|1377\|\| \|- \|Earl of Salisbury (1337)\|\|William de Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury\|\|1344\|\|1397\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Earl of Northampton (1337)\|\|William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton\|\|1337\|\|1360\|\|Died \|- \|Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Northampton\|\|1360\|\|1373\|\|In 1361 succeeded to the more senior Earldom of Hereford, see above \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Earl of Suffolk (1337)\|\|Robert d'Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk\|\|1337\|\|1369\|\|Died \|- \|William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk\|\|1369\|\|1382\|\| \|- \|Earl of Pembroke (1339)\|\|John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke\|\|1348\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|Earl of Cambridge (1340)\|\|William of Juliers, 1st Earl of Cambridge\|\|1340\|\|1361\|\|Died, title did not pass to his heir \|- \|Earl of Richmond (1342)\|\|John of Gaunt, 1st Earl of Richmond\|\|1342\|\|1372\|\|Created Duke of Lancaster, see above \|- \|Earl of Stafford (1351)\|\|Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford\|\|1351\|\|1372\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Earl of Kent (1360)\|\|Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent\|\|1360\|\|1360\|\|New creation, died \|- \|Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent\|\|1360\|\|1397\|\| \|- \|Earl of Cambridge (1362)\|\|Edmund of Langley, 1st Earl of Cambridge\|\|1362\|\|1402\|\|New creation \|- \|Earl of Bedford (1366)\|\|Enguerrand de Coucy, 1st Earl of Bedford\|\|1366\|\|1377\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron de Ros (1264)\|\|Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros\|\|1353\|\|1383\|\| \|- \|Baron le Despencer (1264)\|\|none\|\|1326\|\|1398\|\|Attainted \|- \|Baron Basset of Drayton (1264)\|\|Ralph Basset, 3rd Baron Basset of Drayton\|\|1343\|\|1390\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Basset of Sapcote (1264)\|\|Simon Basset, 4th Baron Basset of Sapcote\|\|1326\|\|1360\|\|Never summoned to Parliament; died \|- \|Ralph Basset, 5th Baron Basset of Sapcote\|\|1360\|\|1378\|\| \|- \|rowspan="3"\|Baron Mowbray (1283)\|\|John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray\|\|1322\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|John de Mowbray, 4th Baron Mowbray\|\|1361\|\|1368\|\|Died \|- \|John de Mowbray, 5th Baron Mowbray\|\|1368\|\|1379\|\| \|- \|rowspan="3"\|Baron Berkeley (1295)\|\|Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley\|\|1326\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley\|\|1361\|\|1368\|\|Died \|- \|Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley\|\|1368\|\|1418\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Fauconberg (1295)\|\|Walter de Fauconberg, 4th Baron Fauconberg\|\|1349\|\|1362\|\|Died \|- \|Thomas de Fauconberg, 5th Baron Fauconberg\|\|1362\|\|1407\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron FitzWalter (1295)\|\|John FitzWalter, 3rd Baron FitzWalter\|\|1328\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|Walter FitzWalter, 4th Baron FitzWalter\|\|1361\|\|1386\|\| \|- \|Baron FitzWarine (1295)\|\|Fulke FitzWarine, 3rd Baron FitzWarine\|\|1349\|\|1373\|\| \|- \|Baron Grey de Wilton (1295)\|\|Reginald Grey, 4th Baron Grey de Wilton\|\|1323\|\|1370\|\| \|- \|Baron Hylton (1295)\|\|Alexander Hylton, 2nd Baron Hylton\|\|1322\|\|1360\|\|Died; none of his heirs received summons to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|Baron Mauley (1295)\|\|Peter de Mauley, 3rd Baron Mauley\|\|1355\|\|1389\|\| \|- \|Baron Montfort (1295)\|\|Peter de Montfort, 3rd Baron Montfort\|\|1314\|\|1367\|\|Died, Barony extinct or in abeyance \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Neville de Raby (1295)\|\|Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby\|\|1331\|\|1367\|\|Died \|- \|John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby\|\|1367\|\|1388\|\| \|- \|Baron Poyntz (1295)\|\|Nicholas Poyntz, 4thd Baron Poyntz\|\|1333\|\|1360\|\|Died, Barony fell into abeyance \|- \|Baron Segrave (1295)\|\|Elizabeth de Segrave, suo jure Baroness Segrave\|\|1353\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|Baron Umfraville (1295)\|\|Gilbert de Umfraville, 3rd Baron Umfraville\|\|1325\|\|1381\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Bardolf (1299)\|\|John Bardolf, 3rd Baron Bardolf\|\|1328\|\|1363\|\|Died \|- \|William Bardolf, 4th Baron Bardolf\|\|1363\|\|1385\|\| \|- \|Baron Clinton (1299)\|\|John de Clinton, 3rd Baron Clinton\|\|1335\|\|1398\|\| \|- \|Baron De La Warr (1299)\|\|Roger la Warr, 3rd Baron De La Warr\|\|1347\|\|1370\|\| \|- \|Baron Deincourt (1299)\|\|William Deincourt, 2nd Baron Deincourt\|\|1327\|\|1364\|\|Died; none of his heirs received summons to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Ferrers of Chartley (1299)\|\|John de Ferrers, 4th Baron Ferrers of Chartley\|\|1350\|\|1367\|\|Died \|- \|Robert de Ferrers, 5th Baron Ferrers of Chartley\|\|1367\|\|1416\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Grandison (1299)\|\|John de Grandison, 3rd Baron Grandison\|\|1358\|\|1369\|\|Died \|- \|Thomas de Grandison, 4th Baron Grandison\|\|1369\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Lovel (1299)\|\|John Lovel, 4th Baron Lovel\|\|1347\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|John Lovel, 5th Baron Lovel\|\|1361\|\|1408\|\| \|- \|Baron Mohun (1299)\|\|John de Mohun, 2nd Baron Mohun\|\|1330\|\|1376\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Percy (1299)\|\|Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy\|\|1352\|\|1368\|\|Died \|- \|Henry Percy, 4th Baron Percy\|\|1368\|\|1408\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Scales (1299)\|\|Robert de Scales, 3rd Baron Scales\|\|1324\|\|1369\|\|Died \|- \|Roger de Scales, 4th Baron Scales\|\|1369\|\|1386\|\| \|- \|Baron Tregoz (1299)\|\|Thomas de Tregoz, 3rd Baron Tregoz\|\|1322\|\|1405\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Welles (1299)\|\|John de Welles, 4th Baron Welles\|\|1345\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|John de Welles, 5th Baron Welles\|\|1361\|\|1421\|\| \|- \|Baron Beauchamp of Somerset (1299)\|\|John de Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp\|\|1343\|\|1361\|\|Died, Barony fell into abeyance \|- \|Baron de Clifford (1299)\|\|Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford\|\|1350\|\|1389\|\| \|- \|Baron Ferrers of Groby (1299)\|\|William Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Groby\|\|1343\|\|1372\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Furnivall (1299)\|\|Thomas de Furnivall, 3rd Baron Furnivall\|\|1339\|\|1364\|\|Died \|- \|William de Furnivall, 4th Baron Furnivall\|\|1364\|\|1383\|\| \|- \|Baron Latimer (1299)\|\|William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer\|\|1335\|\|1381\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Morley (1299)\|\|Robert de Morley, 2nd Baron Morley\|\|1310\|\|1360\|\|Died \|- \|William de Morley, 3rd Baron Morley\|\|1360\|\|1379\|\| \|- \|Baron Strange of Knockyn (1299)\|\|Roger le Strange, 5th Baron Strange of Knockyn\|\|1349\|\|1381\|\| \|- \|Baron Sudeley (1299)\|\|John de Sudeley, 3rd Baron Sudeley\|\|1340\|\|1367\|\|Died, Barony fell into abeyance \|- \|Baron Botetourt (1305)\|\|John de Botetourt, 2nd Baron Botetourt\|\|1324\|\|1385\|\| \|- \|rowspan="3"\|Baron Boteler of Wemme (1308)\|\|William Le Boteler, 2nd Baron Boteler of Wemme\|\|1334\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|William Le Boteler, 3rd Baron Boteler of Wemme\|\|1361\|\|1369\|\|Died \|- \|Elizabeth Le Boteler, de jure Baroness Boteler of Wemme\|\|1361\|\|1411\|\| \|- \|Baron Zouche of Haryngworth (1308)\|\|William la Zouche, 2nd Baron Zouche\|\|1352\|\|1382\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Beaumont (1309)\|\|Henry Beaumont, 3rd Baron Beaumont\|\|1342\|\|1369\|\| \|- \|John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont\|\|1369\|\|1396\|\| \|- \|Baron Everingham (1309)\|\|Adam Everingham, 2nd Baron Everingham\|\|1341\|\|1379\|\| \|- \|Baron Monthermer (1309)\|\|Margaret de Monthermer, suo jure Baroness Monthermer\|\|1340\|\|1390\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Strange of Blackmere (1309)\|\|John le Strange, 4th Baron Strange of Blackmere\|\|1349\|\|1361\|\| \|- \|John le Strange, 5th Baron Strange of Blackmere\|\|1361\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|Baron Lisle (1311)\|\|Robert de Lisle, 3rd Baron Lisle\|\|1356\|\|1399\|\| \|- \|Baron Audley of Heleigh (1313)\|\|James de Audley, 2nd Baron Audley of Heleigh\|\|1316\|\|1386\|\| \|- \|Baron Cobham of Kent (1313)\|\|John de Cobham, 3rd Baron Cobham of Kent\|\|1355\|\|1408\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Northwode (1313)\|\|Roger de Northwode, 2nd Baron Northwode\|\|1319\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|John de Northwode, 3rd Baron Northwode\|\|1361\|\|1378\|\| \|- \|Baron Saint Amand (1313)\|\|Almaric de St Amand, 2nd Baron Saint Amand\|\|1330\|\|1382\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Cherleton (1313)\|\|John Cherleton, 2nd Baron Cherleton\|\|1353\|\|1360\|\|Died \|- \|John Cherleton, 3rd Baron Cherleton\|\|1360\|\|1374\|\| \|- \|Baron Say (1313)\|\|William de Say, 3rd Baron Say\|\|1359\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1313)\|\|John de Willoughby, 3rd Baron Willoughby de Eresby\|\|1349\|\|1372\|\| \|- \|Baron Holand (1314)\|\|Robert de Holland, 2nd Baron Holand\|\|1328\|\|1373\|\| \|- \|Baron Audley (1317)\|\|Hugh de Stafford, 3rd Baron Audley\|\|abt. 1351\|\|1386\|\| \|- \|Baron Strabolgi (1318)\|\|David Strabolgi, 3rd Baron Strabolgi\|\|1335\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Dacre (1321)\|\|William Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre\|\|1339\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|Ralph Dacre, 3rd Baron Dacre\|\|1361\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|Baron FitzHugh (1321)\|\|Hugh FitzHugh, 2nd Baron FitzHugh\|\|1356\|\|1386\|\| \|- \|Baron Greystock (1321)\|\|Ralph de Greystock, 3rd Baron Greystock\|\|1358\|\|1417\|\| \|- \|Baron Lucy (1321)\|\|Thomas de Lucy, 2nd Baron Lucy\|\|1343\|\|1365\|\|Died, none of his heir were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|Baron Aton (1324)\|\|William de Aton, 2nd Baron Aton\|\|1342\|\|1373\|\| \|- \|Baron Grey of Ruthin (1325)\|\|Reginald Grey, 2nd Baron Grey de Ruthyn\|\|1353\|\|1388\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Harington (1326)\|\|John Harington, 2nd Baron Harington\|\|1347\|\|1363\|\|Died \|- \|Robert Harington, 3rd Baron Harington\|\|1363\|\|1406\|\| \|- \|Baron Blount (1326)\|\|William le Blount, 2nd Baron Blount\|\|1330\|\|aft. 1366\|\|Died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Burghersh (1330)\|\|Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh\|\|1355\|\|1369\|\|Died \|- \|Elizabeth de Burghersh, 3rd Baroness Burghersh\|\|1369\|\|1409\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Maltravers (1330)\|\|John Maltravers, 1st Baron Maltravers\|\|1330\|\|1364\|\|Died \|- \|in abeyance\|\|1364\|\|1377\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Darcy de Knayth (1332)\|\|John Darcy, 3rd Baron Darcy de Knayth\|\|1356\|\|1362\|\|Died \|- \|Philip Darcy, 4th Baron Darcy de Knayth\|\|1362\|\|1398\|\| \|- \|Baron Talbot (1332)\|\|Gilbert Talbot, 3rd Baron Talbot\|\|1356\|\|1387\|\| \|- \|Baron Meinell (1336)\|\|Elizabet de Meinill, suo jure Baroness Meinill\|\|1342\|\|1368\|\|Died, title passed to her son, Baron Darcy de Knayth \|- \|Baron Leyburn (1337)\|\|John de Leyburn, 1st Baron Leyburn\|\|1337\|\|1384\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Poynings (1337)\|\|Michael de Poynings, 2nd Baron Poynings\|\|1339\|\|1369\|\|Died \|- \|Thomas de Poynings, 3rd Baron Poynings\|\|1369\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Grey of Rotherfield (1330)\|\|John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Rotherfield\|\|1338\|\|1360\|\|Died \|- \|John de Grey, 2nd Baron Grey of Rotherfield\|\|1360\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Cobham of Sterborough (1342)\|\|Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham of Sterborough\|\|1342\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|Reginald de Cobham, 2nd Baron Cobham of Sterborough\|\|1361\|\|1403\|\| \|- \|Baron Bradeston (1342)\|\|Thomas de Bradeston, 1st Baron Bradeston\|\|1342\|\|1360\|\|Died, title dormant \|- \|Baron Bourchier (1342)\|\|John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Bourchier\|\|1349\|\|1400\|\| \|- \|Baron Braose (1342)\|\|Thomas de Braose, 1st Baron Braose\|\|1342\|\|1361\|\|Died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Colevill (1342)\|\|Robert de Colvill, 1st Baron Colvill\|\|1342\|\|1368\|\|Died \|- \|Robert de Colvill, 2nd Baron Colvill\|\|1368\|\|1370\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Montacute (1342)\|\|Edward de Montacute, 1st Baron Montacute\|\|1342\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|Joan de Ufford, suo jure Baroness Montacute\|\|1361\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|Baron Norwich (1342)\|\|John de Norwich, 1st Baron Norwich\|\|1342\|\|1362\|\|Died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|Baron Strivelyn (1342)\|\|John de Strivelyn, 1st Baron Strivelyn\|\|1342\|\|1378\|\| \|- \|Baron Ughtred (1342)\|\|Thomas Ughtred, 1st Baron Ughtred\|\|1343\|\|1365\|\|Died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|Baron Manny (1347)\|\|Walter Manny, 1st Baron Manny\|\|1347\|\|1371\|\| \|- \|Baron Hussee (1348)\|\|John Hussee, 1st Baron Hussee\|\|1348\|\|1361\|\|Died, title extinct \|- \|Baron Balliol (1349)\|\|Edward de Balliol, 1st Baron Balliol\|\|1349\|\|1363\|\|Died, title extinct \|- \|Baron Bryan (1350)\|\|Guy Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan\|\|1350\|\|1390\|\| \|- \|Baron Burnell (1350)\|\|Nicholas Burnell, 1st Baron Burnell\|\|1350\|\|1383\|\| \|- \|Baron Beauchamp de Warwick (1350)\|\|John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp\|\|1350\|\|1360\|\|Died, title extinct \|- \|Baron Scrope of Masham (1350)\|\|Henry Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Masham\|\|1350\|\|1391\|\| \|- \|Baron Musgrave (1350)\|\|Thomas Musgrave, 1st Baron Musgrave\|\|1350\|\|1382\|\| \|- \|Baron Huntingfield (1351)\|\|William de Huntingfield, 1st Baron Huntingfield\|\|1351\|\|1376\|\| \|- \|rowspan="3"\|Baron Saint Maur (1351)\|\|Nicholas St Maur, 1st Baron Saint Maur\|\|1351\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|Nicholas St Maur, 2nd Baron Saint Maur\|\|1361\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|Richard St Maur, 3rd Baron Saint Maur\|\|1361\|\|1401\|\| \|- \|Baron Holand (1353)\|\|Thomas Holland, 1st Baron Holand\|\|1353\|\|1360\|\|Created Earl of Kent, see above \|- \|Baron le Despencer (1357)\|\|Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer\|\|1357\|\|1375\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Lisle (1357)\|\|Gerard de Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle\|\|1357\|\|1360\|\|Died \|- \|Warine de Lisle, 2nd Baron Lisle\|\|1360\|\|1382\|\| \|- \|Baron Montacute (1357)\|\|John de Montacute, 1st Baron Montacute\|\|1357\|\|1390\|\| \|- \|Baron Benhale (1360)\|\|Robert de Benhale, 1st Baron Benhale\|\|1360\|\|Aft 1369\|\|New creation; died, title extinct \|- \|Baron Ufford (1360)\|\|William de Ufford, 1st Baron Ufford\|\|1360\|\|1361\|\|New creation; died, title extinct \|- \|Baron Kirketon (1362)\|\|John de Kirketon, 1st Baron Kirketon\|\|1362\|\|1367\|\|New creation; died, title extinct \|- \|Baron Beauchamp of Bletso (1363)\|\|Roger Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Bletso\|\|1363\|\|1380\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Bohun (1363)\|\|John de Bohun, 1st Baron Bohun\|\|1363\|\|1367\|\|New creation; died, none of his heirs were summoned to Parliament in respect of this Barony \|- \|Baron Ufford (1364)\|\|William de Ufford, 1st Baron Ufford\|\|1364\|\|1382\|\|New creation; succeeded as Earl of Suffolk, see above \|- \|Baron Botreaux (1368)\|\|William de Botreaux, 1st Baron Botreaux\|\|1368\|\|1391\|\|New creation \|- \|} Peerage of Scotland \|Earl of Mar (1114)\|\|Thomas, Earl of Mar\|\|1332\|\|1377\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Earl of Dunbar (1115)\|\|Patrick V, Earl of March\|\|1308\|\|1368\|\|Died \|- \|George I, Earl of March\|\|1368\|\|1420\|\| \|- \|Earl of Fife (1129)\|\|Isabella, Countess of Fife\|\|1353\|\|1371\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Earl of Menteith (1160)\|\|Mary II, Countess of Menteith\|\|1333\|\|1360\|\|Died \|- \|Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith\|\|1360\|\|1390\|\| \|- \|Earl of Lennox (1184)\|\|Domhnall, Earl of Lennox\|\|1333\|\|1373\|\| \|- \|Earl of Ross (1215)\|\|Uilleam III, Earl of Ross\|\|1334\|\|1372\|\| \|- \|Earl of Sutherland (1235)\|\|William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland\|\|1333\|\|1370\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Earl of Angus (1330)\|\|Thomas Stewart, 2nd Earl of Angus\|\|1331\|\|1361\|\|Died \|- \|Thomas Stewart, 3rd Earl of Angus\|\|1361\|\|1377\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Earl of Wigtown (1341)\|\|Malcolm Fleming, Earl of Wigtown\|\|1341\|\|1363\|\|Died \|- \|Thomas Fleming, Earl of Wigtown\|\|1363\|\|1372\|\| \|- \|Earl of Atholl (1342)\|\|Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl\|\|1342\|\|1371\|\| \|- \|Earl of Douglas (1358)\|\|William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas\|\|1358\|\|1384\|\| \|- \|Earl of Carrick (1368)\|\|John Stewart, Earl of Carrick\|\|1368\|\|1390\|\|New creation \|- \|} Peerage of Ireland \|rowspan=2\|Earl of Ulster (1264)\|\|Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster\|\|1333\|\|1363\|\|Died \|- \|Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster\|\|1363\|\|1382\|\| \|- \|Earl of Kildare (1316)\|\|Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Kildare\|\|1329\|\|1390\|\| \|- \|Earl of Ormond (1328)\|\|James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond\|\|1338\|\|1382\|\| \|- \|Earl of Desmond (1329)\|\|Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond\|\|1358\|\|1398\|\| \|- \|Baron Athenry (1172)\|\|Thomas de Bermingham\|\|1322\|\|1374\|\| \|- \|Baron Kingsale (1223)\|\|John de Courcy, 8th Baron Kingsale\|\|1358\|\|1387\|\| \|- \|Baron Kerry (1223)\|\|Maurice Fitzmaurice, 6th Baron Kerry\|\|1348\|\|1398\|\| \|- \|Baron Barry (1261)\|\|David Barry, 6th Baron Barry\|\|1347\|\|1392\|\| \|- \|} References Lists of peers by decade 1360s in England 1360s in Ireland 14th century in Scotland 14th-century English people 14th-century Irish people 14th-century Scottish earls 1360s in Europe 14th century in England 14th century in Ireland Peers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20peers%201360%E2%80%931369
Rundfunk der DDR (, 'GDR Broadcasting'; from about 1948 to 1972 Deutscher Demokratischer Rundfunk, 'German Democratic Broadcasting') was the collective designation for radio broadcasting organized by the State Broadcasting Committee in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) until German reunification in 1990. History Post-war The pre-war Reichssender stations, under the control of Joseph Goebbels' Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda as Großdeutscher Rundfunk, were either destroyed by the Wehrmacht or closed by the Allied occupation forces upon Germany's surrender in May 1945. On 13 May 1945, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAG) began a radio broadcasting service to the people of Berlin called Berliner Rundfunk, operating from what would become the British sector of West Berlin. For the most part the station retained staff from the Nazi era. The first broadcast included recordings of the "State Anthem of the Soviet Union," "The Star-Spangled Banner," "God Save the Queen," and "La Marseillaise" followed by greetings from Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the next few days the station focused on playing classical music by German and Russian composers such as Ludwig van Beethoven and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky alongside news. The station was controlled by the Ulbricht Group politicians Hans Mahle, Matthaus Klein, Wolfgang Leonhard, and Markus Wolf. The station began to become more ideological in tone after the Socialist Unity Party of Germany performed poorly in the 1946 Berlin state election. From December 1945 it was meant to cover the north-eastern part of the Soviet occupation zone (territory of former Reichssender Berlin), while Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk should transmit to the south-western part (territory of former Reichssender Leipzig). Both networks were put under the control of the Zentralverwaltung für Volksbildung ("Central Administration for People's Education") and a Generalintendant (general manager) in 1946 and also provided air time for regional Landessender in the five states of the Soviet occupation zone. A Sorbian language broadcast was launched by Landessender Dresden in 1948, continued by Berlin in 1952 and by Bezirkssender Cottbus in 1957. As a third channel the East German Deutschlandsender was broadcasting for the whole of Germany. Early GDR The Funkhaus Berlin building was erected in 1951. It was the largest radio station in East Germany and was noted for its excellent acoustics. It was designed by the Bauhaus architect Franz Ehrlich. Because staff were working in the building 24 hours a day, it included a supermarket, an outpatients' clinic and a sauna. After formation of the GDR in 1949 and dissolution of the states in 1952, the State Broadcasting Committee subordinate to the East German government was constituted. Originally it produced three central radio programmes called Berlin I, II and III, but soon the first two channels were named Berliner Rundfunk and Deutschlandsender again, while the third channel became Radio DDR. Regional outlets were reintroduced as Bezirkssender for the new districts. In 1955 an external service was launched, becoming Radio Berlin International in 1959. For Eastern Germany Radio DDR 2 started in October 1958. Iron Curtain and Berlin Wall In February 1958 a second channel of Berliner Rundfunk was introduced especially for West Berlin to tackle RIAS (a United States Information Agency outlet) and Sender Freies Berlin (SFB, the local outlet of the West German broadcasting consortium ARD). It was renamed Berliner Welle in 1959. The GDR also instituted a programme of jamming foreign signals, both shortwave broadcasts from international broadcasters such as the BBC World Service and local broadcasts such as RIAS. A network of jamming stations was built covering the entire country. However, jamming RIAS broadcasts was discontinued in 1978 due to the Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975 signed also by East Germany. The diplomatic prestige gained through recognition by the Western signatories was more important to the GDR leadership than continuing jamming, which furthermore had already been proven inefficient. Listening to or watching Western broadcasts in itself was legally tolerated, but communicating received content to others or inviting others to common reception could lead to penal sanctions for an offense called "incitement endangering the state" (staatsgefährdende Hetze). After the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961, the Freie Deutsche Jugend (Free German Youth), the official youth movement in the GDR, started the campaign "Blitz kontra NATO-Sender" ("Lightning against NATO's transmitters") to encourage young people to remove or turn away aerials pointing at Ochsenkopf Transmitter in Bavaria, West Germany. In 1964 most Bezirkssender shared frequencies with Radio DDR 2, the districts adjacent to Berlin (Potsdam and Frankfurt/Oder) with Berliner Rundfunk. Special regional broadcasts included Ferienwelle during summer holiday season from Rostock and Messewelle twice a year during trade fair from Leipzig. In 1968 the State Committee for Television was split from the State Broadcasting Committee whose name was slightly changed to State Committee for Broadcasting. In 1972 Deutschlandsender and Berliner Welle were merged to form Stimme der DDR ("Voice of the GDR"). In 1981, a further attempt was made to draw GDR radio listeners - especially the young - from Western broadcasts by launching a youth radio station, DT64. By 1985 there were 6,646,500 licensed radios in the country, or 39.9 for every 100 persons. After the fall of the Wall After the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, Stimme der DDR was renamed Deutschlandsender again, soon merged with Radio DDR 2 to become Deutschlandsender Kultur. The Bezirkssender were transformed to regional stations for the five newly developing states using the frequencies of former Radio DDR 2. Radio DDR 1 was renamed Radio aktuell. Upon reunification in October 1990, the first station to cease broadcasting was Radio Berlin International. All other programmes were continued under the roof of the "Institution according to Article 36 of the Unification Treaty". In 1992 two new public broadcasters (ORB in the east and MDR in the south) were created, and two existing West German public broadcasters expanded their coverage areas (NDR from the north of the Federal Republic to the north of the whole country, and SFB from West Berlin to the entire city). They took over the frequencies of the regional stations, Radio aktuell and Berliner Rundfunk; Berliner Rundfunk itself became a local private broadcaster in Berlin. DT64 was continued by MDR until May 1993, Deutschlandsender Kultur by ARD and ZDF until merging with RIAS to constitute DeutschlandRadio Berlin in 1994. Broadcast hours Stations Domestic Radio DDR 1 – information and discussion (1955–1990/91). Radio DDR 2 – culture and education (1958–1990), with regional programmes in the morning (Bezirkssender). Berliner Rundfunk – station focusing on East Berlin (1945–1952, 1955–1991). DT64 – the station for young people (1981–1993). Sorbischer Rundfunk – Sorbian language programme (1948–1991). – a holiday radio service broadcast on the Baltic coast from May to September (1967–1993). Messewelle – a West-oriented station broadcast during the week-long Leipzig Trade Fair in March and September (1971–1991?). International Radio Berlin International – the foreign-language service (1955/59–1990). Deutschlandsender – the "all-German" service (1948–1952, 1953–1971 and 1990–1993). – the eastern service for West Berlin (1958/59–1971). – "Voice of the GDR", the German language international service, formed from Deutschlandsender and Berliner Welle (1971–1990). Clandestine stations – "German Liberty Radio", aimed at West German listeners (1956–1971) – "German Soldiers Radio", aimed at West German armed forces (1960–1972) "Voice of the Immigrants" – Aimed at "Guest workers" from Greece and Turkey in West Germany/Berlin (1970's) – aimed for listeners in Czechoslovakia (1968–1969) Soviet broadcasts The Soviet Union maintained a service for its troops on GDR soil, "Radio Wolga", which broadcast on 261 kHz longwave. The Soviet foreign service was broadcast from East Germany on 1323 kHz mediumwave. Radio Wolga was closed when the last Soviet troops left German soil. At Soviet military barracks, Programme 1 of Soviet television was transmitted on low power for the soldiers, in a similar way to the highly localised broadcasts of AFN, SSVC, CFN and the French FFB in the west. The last Russian transmitter was closed in 1994. See also German Broadcasting Archive Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor (RIAS) Radio Wolga Deutscher Fernsehfunk Television service Eastern Bloc information dissemination Culture of East Germany Rolf Gumlich Bibliography Klaus Arnold; Christoph Classen (eds.): Zwischen Pop und Propaganda. Radio in der DDR. Berlin: Ch. Links, 2004. . Online Ingrid Pietrzynski (ed.): Das Schriftgut des DDR-Hörfunks. Eine Bestandsübersicht. Potsdam-Babelsberg: DRA, 2002. . Online Sibylle Bolik: Das Hörspiel in der DDR. Frankfurt [u.a.]: Lang, 1994. . Online Ingrid Scheffler (ed.): Literatur im DDR-Hörfunk. Günter Kunert - Bitterfelder Weg - Radio-Feature. Konstanz: UVK, 2005. . Online Patrick Conley: Der parteiliche Journalist. Die Geschichte des Radio-Features in der DDR. Berlin: Metropol, 2012. Georg Dannenberg: Sozialistischer Rundfunkjournalismus. 2nd edition. Leipzig: Karl-Marx-Universität, 1978 References External links Funkhaus Berlin website (in English and German) Eastern Bloc mass media Radio in Germany Defunct radio stations in East Germany Organizations established in 1946 Organizations disestablished in 1991 1946 establishments in Germany Radio stations in Berlin 1991 disestablishments in Germany	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunk%20der%20DDR
Wuxue (), formerly Guangji County (; Postal Romanization: Kwangtsi), is a county-level city on the north shore of the Yangtze River in eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Wuxue falls under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Huanggang. Geography Wuxue's total population is about 580,000 and the city extends over , almost all of which is cultivated. The city has Mount Lu to the east, is close to the Qizhou hometown of famed ancient pharmacist Li Shizhen in neighboring Qichun County in the west, borders the Yangtze River in the south, and leans against the Dabie Shan mountain range in the north. Wuxue is 220 kilometers downriver from the provincial capital of Wuhan and about 50 kilometers upriver from the port of Jiujiang City, on the south side of the Yangtze in Jiangxi province. Climate Administrative divisions Wuxue administers four subdistricts and eight towns: History Wuxue opened as a port towards the end of the 16th century. Upon China signing the 1876 Yantai treaty with Britain, foreign merchants established an upgraded wharf. The port's strategic advantage lies in its proximity to the juncture of three provinces — Hubei, Anhui, and Jiangxi — and serves as a central hub for commodity trade. The port was modernized in 1953, with further-enhanced navigational improvements in 1975 and 1980. The total length of the port waterfront is now 14 kilometers, with 23 quay berths and many large warehouses, hoists, and cranes. The port handles both commodity and passenger traffic. Transportation In addition to the port, Wuxue is known as the "Gateway to Three Provinces" (mentioned above). As well, it is served by the east-west inter-provincial Shanghai-Hibiscus Expressway, and is a major station on the Beijing-Guangzhou railway. A passenger ferry runs across the river and downstream to Jiujiang, and Wuxue is about one hour by car from Jiujiang airport. References Cities in Hubei Populated places on the Yangtze River County-level divisions of Hubei Huanggang	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxue
The Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli), a subspecies of the eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana), is a medium-sized rat found on less than 2,000 acres (~8.09 square kilometers) of the northern area of Key Largo, Florida, in the United States. It is currently on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species. Only 6500 animals were thought to remain in North Key Largo in the late 1980s. Taxonomy Although a 1923 article described woodrat nests on Key Largo, the form was not scientifically described until 1955, when H.B. Sherman described it as Neotoma floridana smalli, a subspecies of the widespread eastern woodrat. In 1987, Lazell suggested that it is distinct enough to be considered a separate species, but this proposal has not been accepted. The mitochondrial DNA of Key Largo woodrats is distinct by at least 0.6% from that of the most similar subspecies, the Florida woodrat (N. f. floridana) from further north in Florida, but members of that subspecies differ about as much from each other as from the Key Largo woodrat. Description The Key Largo woodrat is similar to the mainland Florida woodrat and cannot be distinguished from it in size or external anatomy. It differs in the shape of the sphenopalatine vacuities (openings in the roof of the mesopterygoid fossa, the gap behind the palate), which are narrower and shorter than in N. f. floridana. The rat grows to 260 grams (about nine ounces). It has a gray-brown back and white belly, chest, and throat, and a hairy tail. On average, males are a bit larger than females. In the holotype, an adult male, total length is , tail length , hindfoot length , ear length , dimensions of the testis , and mass is . Distribution and habitat The animal is found exclusively in the northern part of Key Largo, at least 210 km removed from mainland populations. It is endemic to the tropical hardwood hammocks of Key Largo, where its habitat has shrunk by half since the 1920s, and the remainder is fragmented, thinned, and developed. It retains some 850 ha, most of which is in the Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park and the adjacent Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Behavior Shelter The Key Largo woodrat feeds on fruit, leaves and buds. It also builds nests out of sticks; these nests can be as high as a man's shoulder. They are reused by successive generations of woodrats; some are possibly centuries old. Conservation Since the Key Largo woodrat has a small and specific habitat, it is susceptible to human encroachment. Since the 1920s, it has lost almost half of its traditional habitat. In the early 1980s, biologists began equipping rats with radio devices to count them and study them; by the end of the 1980s, a study showed that the rat had disappeared from Key Largo proper and its total population had dwindled to some 6500 animals on North Key Largo. Its fate in Key Largo was tied to that of the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus), and when a planned reservation for the crocodile in North Key Largo bogged down during the presidential transition in the US Administration in 1980, the woodrat was threatened with extinction; the crocodile reservation was to be a haven for the woodrat, and also for the rare Schaus swallowtail butterfly (Papilio aristodemus). A project called Port Bougainville, with 15 hotels besides condos, would add 45,000 inhabitants to North Key Largo by the year 2000, adding to the pressure on the crocodile and other animals. The project, which by 1982 included a planned 2806 units, ran into opposition from environmental groups and by 1984 had ground to a halt after one of the investors withdrew a $54 million investment. in 1983 already, the administration had intervened and declared the Key Largo woodrat and the Key Largo cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola) endangered on a "temporary emergency basis"; the developer of a golf course, for instance, was ordered to restore the area he was illegally developing, to preserve the woodrat's habitat. Since 1984, the Key Largo woodrat is on the United States list of endangered species, along with the Schaus swallowtail and the Key Largo cotton mouse. By the 1990s, the animal's habitat had shrunk to about three square miles, and the Key Largo woodrat was called "one of the rarest creatures on earth." The animal also suffers from competition with the invasive black rat (Rattus rattus). As of 2005, the Key Largo woodrat population was still struggling to survive among the half-built condominiums of the former Port Bougainville project, which in 2003 became part of the Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park. of the developer's land were bought up by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1987; the Botanical State Park now takes up . Besides in this area, the rat finds refuge in the Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge, which has a captive breeding program currently in operation but increasing development continues to threaten the animal. Cultural importance The threat to many threatened species, but especially the woodrat and the cotton mouse generated broad interest in the Florida Keys in the 1980s, with many environmental groups being formed. Anna Dagny Johnson (1918–2003), a well-known environmentalist, led efforts by the Upper Keys Citizens Association, Friends of the Everglades, and the Izaak Walton League to stop development around North Key Largo; the Florida Division of Recreation and Parks honored her by naming the Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park for her, a year before she died. The rat's habit of building large nests ("4ft by 6ft homes") was seen as proof that "even wildlife in Florida want enormous homes." Novelist Lydia Millet paid homage to the woodrat in her 2008 novel How the Dead Dream, a story of a young real estate developer from Los Angeles who, after some personal turmoil, takes an obsessive interest in vanishing species. A 1997 collection of poetry and prose by a writers' cooperative from Key West features a poem ("The Place We Live" by Robin Orlandi) in which the woodrat is mentioned as one of three "endangered native species," alongside the Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) and the Stock Island snail (Orthalicus reses reses). References and external links U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Endangered Species – Neotoma Mammals described in 1955 ESA endangered species Subspecies	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20Largo%20woodrat
The Georgia Woodlands Railroad operates of track between Washington, Georgia, and Barnett, Georgia. Originally a subsidiary of the Chicago West Pullman Transportation Corporation, it was acquired by OmniTRAX in 1992. Primary commodities include woodchips, lumber products, butane, and plastics, generating 570 annual carloads. The railroad interchanges with CSX Transportation at Barnett. History Originally completed by the Georgia Railroad as the Washington branch in 1852, the railroad remained in control of the Georgia until its merger with the Seaboard System in 1983. CSX gained control of the Seaboard System in 1986. CSX sold the line to the Georgia Eastern Railroad in February 1987. The railroad lasted just over a year before becoming the Georgia Woodlands Railroad on June 7, 1988. Upon its start, traffic included pulpwood, woodchips, plastic, lumber, fertilizer, and others, generating 2,500 annual carloads. The railroad became part of OmniTRAX in 1992. See also References Georgia (U.S. state) railroads OmniTRAX	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Woodlands%20Railroad
Alchester is the site of an ancient Roman town. The site is not included in any ancient references; hence, the Roman name is not known. However, Eilert Ekwall contended that it appears as Alavna in the Ravenna Cosmography, with the addition of the Old English ceaster to signify a Roman fort. It lies about south of Bicester, in the northwest corner of the civil parish of Wendlebury in the English county of Oxfordshire. Alchester had a strategic location in Roman Britain at a crossroads on the Silchester–Dorchester on Thames–Towcester road and the Cirencester–St Albans road (Akeman Street). Recent excavations have shown that it was the site of one of the earliest legionary fortresses in Roman Britain after the invasion of 43 AD. The site has been the subject of investigation since 1996, firstly under the auspices of Oxford University Archaeological Society, then under those of the University of Leicester and the University of Edinburgh. History Archaeology has revealed that there was an Iron Age settlement close to the later Roman town, and that Roman occupation of the site began in the Claudian period in the form of a fort soon after the invasion of Britain in 43 AD. Military phase From the time of the Roman invasion Alchester was in a strategic position in the border region of the Catuvellauni and Dobunni tribes, and in an ideal position to exercise control over wide areas. During the first few years after the invasion, a large legionary fortress of the Legio II Augusta commanded by Vespasian was built here. Alchester was situated behind the early military front line of the Fosse Way in an ideal position as a supply base. After the conquest of most of the rest of Roman Britain, the legion moved to Exeter before AD 68 and abandoned the fortress. Civilian era The town continued to grow, helped by its location at a road junction. Walls were built around the town during the turbulent times of the late 3rd century. After the 5th century the place was deserted. Archaeology The Legionary Fortress Playing-card-shaped enclosures with ditches were shown on aerial photographs taken in 1943–45. Excavations in 1990 focussed initially on the Roman military enclosure near and under the later Roman town, and then on its fortified annex. This proved that the larger enclosure was surrounded by an army-style V-shaped ditch, characteristic of a fort. The spread in time and frequency of early objects and the buildings shows that the fort was more substantial than a vexillation camp, and existed for a longer time than a temporary camp for use only during the invasion. Investigation of the gate of the annex revealed two wooden gateposts preserved in waterlogged conditions; dendrochronology gives each of them a felling date of between October AD 44 and March AD 45. The main fortress must have been built earlier, probably in the year of invasion, 43 AD. The smaller enclosure, with its U-shaped ditch and square corners was atypical for Roman forts, and was interpreted as a parade ground. Parallels for this have been found associated with legionary fortress of Lambaesis (Algeria), as well as at Tomen y Mur (Gwynedd). The presence of this would also support the idea of a fairly permanent military base. The discovery in 2003 of smashed fragments of the tombstone of Lucius Valerius Geminus, a veteran of the Legio II Augusta is significant in that it shows he retired from the legion while stationed at Alchester even though he came from north-west Italy and lived in the vicinity until his death. The fortress must have been well-established and probably associated with a nearby vicus. The inscription reads: Dis Manibus/ L(ucius) Val(erius) L(uci filius) Pol(lia tribu) Gemi/nus For(o) ♠Germ(anorum)/ vet(eranus) Leg(ionis) [I]I Aug(ustae)/ an(norum) L h(ic) s(itus) e(st)/ he(res) c(uravit)/ e(x) t(estamento) "To the souls of the departed: Lucius Valerius Geminus, the son of Lucius, of the Pollia voting tribe, from Forum Germanorum, veteran of the Second Augustan Legion, aged 50(?), lies here. His heir had this set up in accordance with his will." The size of the fort at 14-15ha including the annex is larger than that estimated for the previous fortress of Legio II Augusta at Strasbourg. Other finds also support the conclusion that this was its legionary fortress soon after invasion of Britain and before it moved to Exeter, and that its commander Vespasian was located here rather than in southern England at this time. Evidence from coins found at the site suggest abandonment was likely to have taken place before the death of Emperor Nero in AD 68. The Town Outside the western defences, excavation in 1766 of what was then a prominent mound known as the Castle uncovered a sizable Roman bath. Excavations in 2003 of the town wall near the west gate showed this had been robbed of building stone in post-Roman times, except for two stones that were found in situ and the wall's rubble foundations. The area bounded by defences, about , is almost square, with the earliest defences consisting of a gravel rampart and one or more ditches; later, a stone wall was added to the rampart. The dating of these two phases is obscure. The planning of streets approaches a rectangular grid, uncommon in smaller Romano-British towns. Along the main street, aerial archaeology has revealed a number of narrow, rectangular strip buildings. Near the centre of the town lay a building with a central court, surrounded by a portico on three sides. References Further reading History of Oxfordshire Archaeological sites in Oxfordshire Roman fortifications in England Roman towns and cities in England Former populated places in Oxfordshire Roman fortified camps in England Roman legionary fortresses in England	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchester%20%28Roman%20town%29
"You Know How We Do It" is a song by American rapper, actor and filmmaker Ice Cube, released as the second single from his fourth studio album, Lethal Injection (1993). The song was released on February 2, 1994 by Lench Mob and Priority, and was a No. 30 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100. Musically, it is in the G-funk genre, and has the same kind of mood and feeling as "It Was a Good Day". The song samples "The Show Is Over" by Evelyn "Champagne" King, "Summer Madness" by Kool & the Gang, and "Billie Jean" by Michael Jackson. Critical reception Paul Moody from NME named "You Know How We Do It" Big Funky Single of the Week, adding, "A deep, oven-baked rhythm, a sample stolen from the wonderful "The Show is Over" by Evelyn Champagne King and then Ice himself, grumbling about how ...They wanna have me in stripes, like Dennis the Menace and mumbling incoherently about the 'West Side'. [...] A funk record for people scared to funk and a rap record for people who... yeah, yeah, you know. A monster hit." Music video The accompanying music video for "You Know How We Do It" was directed by American film and music video director Marcus Raboy and filmed in Las Vegas, Nevada. It features Ice Cube driving in a convertible Jaguar XJS and standing on top of casinos. In popular culture The song first appeared on the soundtrack of the 1993 film Surf Ninjas. Mariah Carey sampled "You Know How We Do It" in her song "Irresistible (West Side Connection)" from her 2002 album Charmbracelet; it features Ice Cube as part of the hip hop supergroup the Westside Connection, which also included Mack 10 and WC. The song was also featured in Sonic The Hedgehog 2 and Grand Theft Auto V. Track listing "You Know How We Do It" "You Know How We Do It (Instrumental)" "2 n the Morning" "2 n the Morning (Instrumental)" Charts Certifications References 1994 singles 1994 songs G-funk songs Ice Cube songs Music videos directed by Marcus Raboy Priority Records singles Songs written by Ice Cube	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Know%20How%20We%20Do%20It
Apremont-sur-Allier (, literally Apremont on Allier) is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. Geography An area of forestry and farming comprising a small village and two hamlets situated by the west bank of the river Allier, some southeast of Bourges at the junction of the D100 with the D76 and D45 roads. The river forms the boundary between the commune and the department of Nièvre. Population Sights The church, dating from the 13th century. The castle, dating from the 12th century and the surrounding "Parc Floral" gardens. A museum, in the stables of the castle. The village is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ("The most beautiful villages of France") association. See also Communes of the Cher department References External links Official website of Apremont-sur-Allier Communes of Cher (department) Plus Beaux Villages de France	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apremont-sur-Allier
No. 313 Squadron RAF was a Czechoslovak-manned fighter squadron of the Royal Air Force in the Second World War. History The squadron was formed at RAF Catterick on 10 May 1941. It was the last RAF squadron to be formed mostly of escaped Czechoslovak pilots. Its first commander was the British Squadron Leader Gordon Sinclair. On 29 July, Czechoslovak fighter pilot Josef Jaške was appointed as joint commander of the squadron. The plan was for responsibility to be transferred gradually from Sinclair to Jaške. The squadron was equipped initially with Supermarine Spitfire I fighters. On 30 June 1941 it moved to RAF Leconfield in the East Riding of Yorkshire. In August the squadron was re-equipped with the Spitfire IIA, and on 25 August it moved to RAF Portreath in Cornwall. In October the squadron was re-equipped with the Spitfire VB/C. On 15 December 1941 Sqn Ldr Karel Mrázek succeeded Jaške as commanding officer and the squadron moved to RAF Hornchurch in Essex. On 8 June 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Church Stanton in Somerset and on 26 June Sqn Ldr Jaroslav Himr succeeded Mrázek as commanding officer. In 1943 the squadron moved to Scotland, firstly on 28 June to RAF Sumburgh "A" in Shetland, and shortly thereafter to RAF Peterhead "B" in Aberdeenshire. The squadron briefly flew the Spitfire VI in June and July 1943. On 20 July it moved to RAF Hawkinge in Kent. On 18 September it moved to RAF Ibsley in Hampshire and on 24 September Sqn Ldr František Fajtl succeeded Himr as commanding officer. On 1 February 1944 Sqn Ldr Václav Bergman succeeded Fajtl as commanding officer. Also in February the squadron was re-equipped with the Spitfire IX. This model was fitted with 190-gallon "slipper" tanks to extend its range, enabling the squadron to escort bombers on raids deep into Germany. On 20 February the squadron moved to RAF Mendlesham in Suffolk. On 14 March it moved again, to RAF Rochford in Essex. On 3 April 1944 the squadron moved to RAF Appledram in West Sussex. On 22 May Sqn Ldr Alois Hochmál succeeded Bergman as commanding officer. From 29 June the squadron spent a few days at RAF Tangmere, also in West Sussex. On 4 July it spent a week at RAF Lympne in Kent. On 11 July 1944 the squadron moved to RAF Skeabrae on Orkney in Scotland. The squadron briefly flew the Spitfire VII in July and August 1944. On 3 October 1944 the squadron moved to RAF North Weald in Essex. Also in October it reverted to the Spitfire IX, which it continued to operate until the end of its history as an RAF unit. On 1 September 1944 Sqn Ldr Karel Kasal succeeded Hochmál as commanding officer, and on 15 November Sqn Ldr Otmar Kučera succeeded Kasal. On 29 December the squadron moved to RAF Bradwell Bay, also in Essex. From 27 February to 8 May 1945 the squadron was based at RAF Manston in Kent. On 3 August members of all of the RAF's Czechoslovak squadrons held a farewell parade at RAF Manston. Air Marshal John Slessor inspected the parade, accompanied by A/M Karel Janoušek. On 24 August 313 Squadron moved to Ruzyně Airport in Prague. It became a squadron of the new Czechoslovak Air Force, and on 15 February 1946 was officially disbanded as an RAF squadron. Aircraft operated References Notes Bibliography External links – movement and equipment history 313 Military units and formations disestablished in 1946 Military units and formations established in 1941 313 Squadron	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20313%20Squadron%20RAF
Kürten is a village and a municipality in the Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Geography Kürten is situated approximately 25 km east of Cologne. Neighbouring places Nearby cities include Bergisch Gladbach, Overath, Wermelskirchen, and Wipperfürth. Neighboring municipalities are Lindlar and Odenthal. Constituent villages, localities, and communities The municipality includes 69 districts (Ortsteile): Ahlendung - Bechen - Biesenbach - Biesfeld - Bilstein - Blissenbach - Bornen - Breibach - Broch - Broich - Broichhausen - Burgheim - Busch - Dahl - Delling - Dörnchen - Dorpe - Duhr - Dürscheid - Eichhof - Eisenkaul - Engeldorf - Enkeln - Forsten - Furth - Hachenberg - Hahn - Heidergansfeld - Hembach - Herrscherthal - Herweg - Höchsten - Hufe - Hungenbach - Hutsherweg - Jähhardt - Junkermühle - Kalsbach - Kochsfeld - Kohlgrube - Laudenberg - Miebach - Müllenberg - Nassenstein - Nelsbach - Oberbersten - Oberbörsch - Oberkollenbach - Oeldorf - Offermannsberg - Offermannsheide - Olpe - Olperhof - Petersberg - Richerzhagen - Schanze - Schnappe - Schwarzeln - Selbach - Spitze - Sülze - Sürth - Unterbersten-Unterbörsch - Unterossenbach - Viersbach - Waldmühle - Weiden - Weier - Wolfsorth. Twin towns Rodengo-Saiano, (Italy) since 1999 Population Kürten is one of the historically slow-growing localities in the Bergische Land. Only since the 1960s has the number of inhabitants risen significantly. History Origin of the place name Up until 1930 the place name "Kürten" was written with a "C". Already in the high Middle Ages—around 1300—the Liber Valoris (a listing of all churches as a basis for collecting the crusade tithe) registers the place "Curtine" as the location of a church. The church itself was devoted to John the Baptist. This name could suggest that the location of today's place of worship possibly already served as a baptismal site at the time of Christianization. There are two interpretations for the origin of the name. The conventional version holds that the name developed from medieval Latin curtis, meaning "courtyard", "socage farm", "princely court", or "place where court is held": In the terminology of the later Middle Ages, toward the 14th century, in Latin documents curtis designates the open space within an enclosed courtyard, where jurors met and the court of justice was held. On the other hand, the resident local historian Theo Stockberg, after many years of comparative etymological research on names of the settlements and fields of the Bergisches Land, holds the view that Kürten is derived from "Op de Corte", which means more or less: "on the short (watercourse)". A wellspring does in fact exist in the original settlement area, from which today a reed-banked brook flows from the summit above the school complex into the river Sülz. Archives of the municipality The Kürten municipality archives predominantly contain administrative documents, beginning at present after the Code Civil under Napoleonic rule of administrative structuring (starting in 1804). Inventory 1 covers the documents from 1804 to 1918, Inventory 2 refers to the collection from the end of the First to the end of the Second World War; from 1945 Inventory 3 begins. Owing to a lack of written evidence from the time before Napoleon, the archives can provide information about local historical affairs only over the past 200 years. In the year 2000 a sheaf of 160 much older official documents were deposited in the municipal archives: Nine original documents from the sixteenth century, on the one hand church documents from Olpe, and on the other hand feudal court records. These are original papers from the 16th to the 19th century, and in particular from the time around 1780. The oldest document in the collection, a court record, originated from as early as 1572. Chronology 1171 First documented mention of the municipal area of Olpe 1175 First documented mention of the municipal area of Bechen 1308 First documented mention of Kürten: "Curtine" is catalogued in the Liber Valoris as the location of a church. 1300 The Counts (later Dukes) of Berg introduce an Ämterverfassung (jurisdictional constitution), which remains valid for 500 years. 1555 Reference to the old seal of the Kürten Landgeding (regional court). 1699 Kürten is the location of a law court (cf. local-name interpretation of Curtis, cf. medieval record for Curtine). Reference to a manor house with a patronage of living and a legal jury, to which Biesfeld and Offermannsheide are also assigned. 1739 Records of the association of the parish of Kürten with the Steinbach authority. 1806 Elector Max Joseph von Kurpfalz-Bayern surrendered the Duchy of Berg to Napoleon. In 1808 a Grand Duchy under Joachim Murat was created and the administration was reformed (Mairies = mayoralties). 1815 Kürten and Olpe are attached to Prussia. 1929 The jurisdictions of Kürten (consisting of the municipalities of Kürten and Bechen) and Olpe (consisting of the municipalities Olpe and Wipperfeld) are combined. 1947 The municipality becomes part of the newly formed Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. Refugees from former eastern German regions lead to a distinct increase in the population. 1965 World-famous classical music composer Karlheinz Stockhausen has a house built in Kürten, designed to his specifications by the architect Erich Schneider-Wessling. In 1998, Stockhausen founded the Stockhausen Courses, held annually in Kürten. 1975 In the course of the kommunalen Neugliederung (repartitioning of communities) the former municipality of Kürten and significant parts of the municipalities of Bechen and Olpe are merged into the new municipality of Kürten (Köln-Gesetz, § 11 Abs. 1). Into this new municipality, parts of the then city of Bensberg (amongst others, Dürscheid) and smaller areas of the (at that time partial) municipalities of Lindlar, Odenthal, and Wipperfeld are integrated. In the course of restructuring of the Kürten Authority, the greater part of Wipperfeld became part of the city of Wipperfürth. 2000 The reconstruction achievements in all regions of the Federal Republic of Germany in the second half of the 20th century open up also in Kürten, up to the 1990s, a comparatively undreamt-of infrastructural and economic upswing, accompanied with an increase in the population from scarcely 4,000 people in the post-war period to over 20,000 citizens in the year 2000. In a counter-action, since the turn of the century indications of a decrease in growth are becoming stronger, with the ever-shrinking means of household budgets. 2008 The "Karlheinz-Stockhausen-Platz" is dedicated in Kürten on 22 August, the 80th anniversary of the late composer's birth (Press release). Coat of arms The upper half of the coat of arms displays the Lion of Berg. The heron in the lower part of the escutcheon alludes to the abundance of fish in the numerous brooks in the area. The official blazon reads: Or, in English blazon: Party per fess Argent and Gules, in the chief a demi-lion rampant Gules with double tail, langued, membered and crowned Azure, in base a heron bearing in its bill a fish Argent. The municipal coat of arms corresponds in all essentials to the original seal of the Law-courts of Cürten from 1598. In 1925 an act from 1742 was discovered in the Staatsarchiv in Düsseldorf, which bears the impression of this legal seal. The coat of arms was first bestowed on the municipality of Kürten by a decree of the Prussian State Ministry of 5 October 1926, and a second time on the Amt of Kürten, this time by a charter from the central government of the State of North Rhine–Westphalia dated 8 December 1949. The coat of arms remained valid up until the local reorganization on 1 January 1975: At this point in time the present submunicipalities of Bechen and Olpe were included in the armorial charter. In reaction to the altered local-political situation, Kürten received a newly redesigned municipal coat of arms, which was authorized in its present form by a charter from the district president in Cologne, dated 15 March 1982. Traditionally the Bergische Lion forms one part of the configuration of coats of arms belonging to the communities of the original County of Berg. For this reason the cities and municipalities of this region retain this charge as part of the armorial achievement, supplemented with independent local symbols in order to differentiate the coats of arms from each other. Politics Since the general election in 2004, the Mayor has been Ulrich Iwanow (BFB). Local council: CDU 39.00% (13 seats) The Bürger für Bürger (Citizens for Citizens) BFB 26.75% (9 seats) SPD 14.75% (5 seats), FDP 13.14% (5 seats) Alliance 90/Green Party 6.37% ( 2 seats) Elections in 2014: CDU 16 seats SPD 6 seats Bündnis 90/Grüne 4 seats FDP 4 seats BfB 8 seats References External links Official site Kürten in the German version of the Open Directory Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis Districts of the Rhine Province	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrten
Soon Over Babaluma is the fifth studio album by the rock music group Can. This is the band's first album following the departure of Damo Suzuki in 1973. The vocals are provided by guitarist Michael Karoli and keyboardist Irmin Schmidt. It is also their last album that was created using a two-track tape recorder. It takes the ambient style of Future Days and pushes it even further at times, as on "Quantum Physics", although there are also some upbeat tracks, such as "Chain Reaction" and "Dizzy Dizzy". Reception American musician Dominique Leone reviewed Soon Over Babaluma for Pitchfork, writing that he "was constantly surprised at how clear everything sounded, as if the band had recorded all of this stuff in one fell swoop during an unbelievably inspired, marathon session. One of the great things about Can ... was the attention to detail and realization that the effect of each tiny moment in the course of a song can affect the momentum of the entire piece. No small miracles here: even if it's sad to think these albums represent Can's last great gasp, none of their moments have ever sounded better". In his review for Allmusic, American music journalist Ned Raggett stated that "With Suzuki departed, vocal responsibilities were now split between Karoli and Schmidt. Wisely, neither try to clone Mooney or Suzuki, instead aiming for their own low-key way around things", giving the album a rating of four stars out of five. Robert Christgau was less impressed in The Village Voice, comparing its "singularly European" music to a less interesting, less biting variation on Miles Davis' 1970s electric period: "It's never pompous, discernibly smart, playful, even goofy. If you give it your all you can make out a few shards of internal logic. But the light tone avoids texture, density, or pain. The jazzy pulse is innocent of swing, funk, or sex". In The Rolling Stone Album Guide, Douglas Wolk said the album was "mellow and almost timid in places", with the exception of "Chain Reaction", deeming the song a precursor to 1990s techno. Track listing All lyrics written by Holger Czukay, Michael Karoli, Jaki Liebezeit, and Irmin Schmidt, unless otherwise noted. Personnel Can Michael Karoli – vocals (1, 4, 5), violin (1), guitar (all tracks), electric violin (2, 3), backing vocals (2) Irmin Schmidt – organ (all tracks), electric piano (1, 3, 4, 5), Alpha 77 (all tracks), piano (1, 3, 4, 5), electronic percussion (2) Jaki Liebezeit – percussion (all tracks) Holger Czukay – bass (all tracks) Production Can – producers Holger Czukay – chief engineer and editing Ulli Eichberger – artwork and design Andreas Torkler – 2005 remastering Release history The album was first released in LP format throughout Europe in 1974 via United Artists Records, with the exclusion of Spain where it was released on Ariola Eurodisc. It was published in the U.S. the following year through United Artists. In 1989, it was first released in CD format in Europe and the U.S. on Spoon Records and Mute Records. In 2005, the album was remastered and first published in Super Audio CD format. See the table below for a more comprehensive list of the album releases. References 1974 albums Can (band) albums Mute Records albums United Artists Records albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soon%20Over%20Babaluma
Ioannis "Giannis" Okkas (Greek: Ιωάννης «Γιάννης» Οκκάς; born 11 February 1977) is a retired Cypriot striker and a football manager who serves as assistant manager of Anorthosis Famagusta. He was also the captain of the National Team of Cyprus for many years and he is the 2nd leading scorer of all time just behind Michalis Konstantinou, scoring in total 27 goals for Cyprus. With 106 national caps since 1997, Okkas has made more appearances for Cyprus than any other player in history. Club career Okkas started his career with Nea Salamis in the 1993–94 season, aged 17. He scored the second goal in Anorthosis' 3–1 win against Apollon Limassol for the 1997–98 Cypriot Cup final. In the summer of 1997 he transferred to Anorthosis Famagusta for a reported fee of £350,000. In 2000 Okkas signed for Greek Super League club PAOK for a reported 900 million greek drachmas. In 2003 Okkas signed for AEK Athens. After being release from his AEK contract, due to the club's financial problems, Okkas signed for Olympiacos. His league debut for Olympiacos was marked by Okkas' scoring the very first goal for Olympiacos, in the newly built Karaiskakis Stadium. In 2007, after trials at West Ham United and Derby County, Okkas became the first Cypriot player to move to Spain, signing a contract with Celta Vigo. In 2008, he returned to Cyprus to play for Omonia. Okkas was released from Omonoia, in June 2009, after confronting manager Takis Lemonis on his playing position. In 2009, he returned to Anorthosis, signing a three-year contract with the club. After being released by Anorthosis, Ermis Aradippou became the fourth, and last, team, Okkas would play in the Cypriot First Division. He debuted for Ermis, in an away defeat against APOEL. In his second match for Ermis, Okkas scored twice to help the club get past ENP. Stats International career Okkas debuted for Cyprus on 15 February 1997 in a friendly 2–3 home loss against Poland. He made his competitive debut in a match against Russia, on 29 March 1997, for the 1998 World Cup qualifying stage. Four days later he scored his first goal for Cyprus in a 4–1 away defeat against Bulgaria. He scored three goals in his side's failed attempts to qualify for the 2002 World Cup, and was also on target in Euro 2004's qualifying stage, notably against France, in which Cyprus lost 1–2, but with fine displays from Okkas, including a delicate chip that left French keeper Grégory Coupet completely stranded. On 15 November 2006, Okkas netted in a surprising Euro 2008 qualifier draw with giants Germany. He started captaining the national squad since the 2006 FIFA World Cup. On 8 October 2010, Okkas reached 100 appearances for Cyprus national football team in a 1–2 home loss against Norway, in match that he managed to score his 26th goal for Cyprus. On 11 October 2011, he played for the last time with the national side, in UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group H match against Norway in Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, where he scored his last goal for the Cypriot national team. After fifteen full playing years as the captain for Cyprus, Okkas announced his retirement from international football on 2 March 2012. At the time of his retirement Okkas was the most capped player for Cyprus and the second all-time scorer. International goals \|} Trivia For two consecutive years, Okkas scored the first league goal of the season in Greece, with AEK in 2003–04 and Olympiacos the next season. Coaching career After retiring as a professional football player, Okkas was appointed as an assistant manager in Ermis Aradippou. In March 2015 he replaced Mitchell van der Gaag as manager of Ermis Aradippou. He was dismissed from his position at Ermis on 11 May. Honours Anorthosis Cypriot First Division: 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000 Cypriot Cup: 1997–98 Cypriot Super Cup: 1998, 1999 PAOK Greek Football Cup: 2000–01, 2002–03 Olympiacos Greek Superleague: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07 Greek Football Cup: 2004–05, 2005–06 Individual PAOK MVP of the Season: 2001–2002, 2002–2003 See also List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps References External links Stats and profile at zerozero.pt 1977 births Living people Greek Cypriot people Sportspeople from Larnaca Cypriot men's footballers Cyprus men's international footballers Cypriot expatriate men's footballers Cypriot expatriate sportspeople in Greece Cypriot expatriate sportspeople in Spain Men's association football forwards Anorthosis Famagusta FC players PAOK FC players AEK Athens F.C. players Nea Salamis Famagusta FC players Olympiacos F.C. players RC Celta de Vigo players AC Omonia players Expatriate men's footballers in Spain Expatriate men's footballers in Greece Cypriot First Division players Super League Greece players Segunda División players FIFA Men's Century Club Ermis Aradippou FC players Cypriot football managers Ermis Aradippou FC managers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis%20Okkas
Wilhelm Adam (28 March 1893 – 24 November 1978) was an officer in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. Following the German surrender after the Battle of Stalingrad, he became a member of the National Committee for a Free Germany. Adam later served in the National People's Army of East Germany. World War II Born in 1893, Adam attended from 1908 to 1913 the teacher training college in Schlüchtern. From October 1913 to January 1919 Adam served in the Imperial German Army. He saw action during World War I and reached the rank of Lieutenant. After the war, Adam joined the Nazi Party and participated in the Beer Hall Putsch. In the 1930s, he joined the Stahlhelm, and later the Sturmabteilung. Adam and his wife had two children, a daughter and a son. His son was killed in France at the start of World War II on 16 May 1940. In 1939 Adam was appointed an adjutant in the XXIII Army Corps, under the Army Commanders Walther von Reichenau and later in 1941, Friedrich Paulus. On 17 December 1942, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. On 31 January 1943, now a colonel, Adam was captured by the Soviet Army after the surrender at Stalingrad, where he was interrogated by Nikolay Dyatlenko. While a prisoner of war, he went to the Central Anti-Fascist School at Krasnogorsk and became a member of the National Committee for a Free Germany. He was also sentenced to death in absentia by a Nazi German court. Concerning the war, Adam states, "That the Second World War started by Hitler's Germany was a crime not only against the peoples attacked by us, but also against the German nation, did not occur to us. And because of this, we did not recognize the deeper reasons for the defeat on the Volga, superiority of the socialist state and social system, whose sharp sword was the Soviet army." Post-war period In 1948, Adam returned to the Soviet Zone of Germany. He was among the co-founders of the National Democratic Party of Germany, an East German political party that acted as an organization for former members of the Nazi Party and the Wehrmacht. From 1948 to 1949 he worked as a consultant for the Saxony state government. From 1950 to 1952 he was Saxony's finance minister and from 1949 to 1963 a member of East Germany's Volkskammer. In 1952, Adam became a colonel in the Kasernierte Volkspolizei (KVP) ("Barracked People's Police"), the forerunner of the East German National People's Army. From 1953 to 1956 he was commander of the Officers' College of the KVP – and later became the National People's Army. In 1958, Adam was sent into retirement. He kept on working, though, for the Working Group of Former Officers. In 1968 he was decorated with the Banner of Labor, and on the occasion of the twenty-eighth anniversary of East Germany's founding on 7 October 1977, he was appointed major general, retired in the East German Army. Adam died on 24 November 1978 in Dresden. Awards Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (6 September 1914) & 1st Class (30 September 1917) Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (26 May 1940) & 1st Class (10 October 1941) Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 3rd class (2 October 1936) Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 December 1942 as Oberst and adjutant of Armeeoberkommando 6 (Supreme Command of the 6th Army) Works Adam, Wilhelm. Der schwere Entschluss, (autobiography), Berlin, 1965. Adam, W. with Otto Ruhle. With Paulus At Stalingrad, "Pen & Sword Books Ltd.", England, 2015. References Citations Bibliography 1893 births 1978 deaths People from Main-Kinzig-Kreis Politicians from Hesse-Nassau German People's Party politicians National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany) politicians Members of the Provisional Volkskammer Members of the 1st Volkskammer Members of the 2nd Volkskammer Members of the 3rd Volkskammer National Committee for a Free Germany members Major generals of the National People's Army (Ground Forces) Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp) Recipients of the Banner of Labor People condemned by Nazi courts in absentia Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch Stahlhelm members Sturmabteilung personnel	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Adam
60 Minutes is an Australian version of the United States television newsmagazine show of the same title, airing on the Nine Network since 1979 on Sunday nights. A New Zealand version uses segments of the show. The program is one of five inducted into Australia's television Logie Hall of Fame. History The program was founded by United States television producer Gerard Stone, who was appointed its inaugural executive producer in 1979 by media tycoon Kerry Packer. Stone devised it to be an Australian version of CBS's US 60 Minute's program and it featured upon it's inauguration well known reporters George Negus, Ray Martin, Ian Leslie. Its prominent early programs included a 1981 interview Negus conducted with UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, during which the prime minister aggressively countered his questions. Negus asked Thatcher why people described her as ''pig-headed'' and the Prime Minister demanded he tell her who, when and where such comments were made. In 1982, Jana Wendt interviewed Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and asked him why he had been so often described as a terrorist, a butcher, a gangster and a madman. In 2019, the program produced a report on the infiltration of organised crime into listed Australian casino firm Crown Resorts. It led to multiple state and federal inquiries, including the NSW Bergin Inquiry, that recommended Crown Resorts may be unfit to hold a casino licence. In March 2021, the Nine Network launched a one hour one story studio-based 60 Minutes spin-off Under Investigation presented by Liz Hayes and produced by Gareth Harvey that features a panel of guests. Staff Current correspondents Sources: Liz Hayes (1996–present) Tara Brown (2001–present) Tom Steinfort (2018, 2020–present) Amelia Adams (2022–present) Former correspondents Source: George Negus (1979–1986) Ray Martin (1979–1984) Ian Leslie (1979–1989) Kate Baillieu (1979, resigned before show went to air) Jana Wendt (1982–1986, 1994) Jeff McMullen (1985–2000) Jennifer Byrne (1986–1993) Mike Munro (1986–1992) Richard Carleton † (1987–2006) Tracey Curro (1993–1997) Ellen Fanning (1999–2000) Paul Barry (2004–2005) Peter Harvey † (2003–2013) Michael Usher (2009–2016) Ross Coulthart (2015–2018) Charles Wooley (1993–2005, 2009–2019) Liam Bartlett (2006–2012, 2015–2022) Contributing reporters Source: Peter Overton (2001–2009 full-time, 2009–present) Karl Stefanovic (2005–present) Ray Martin (2010–present) Deborah Knight (2020–present) Allison Langdon (2011–2017 full-time, 2018–present) Nick McKenzie (2019–present) Sarah Abo (2019–2022 fulltime, 2023–present) Commentators Paul Lyneham † (1996–2000) Peter Harvey † (2003–2013) Executive producers Gerald Stone † (1979–1992) Kirsty Thomson (2016–present) Awards 60 Minutes has won numerous awards for broadcasting, including five Silver Logies, one Special Achievement Logie, and received nominations for a further six Logie awards. In 2018, 60 Minutes was inducted into the TV Week Logie Hall of Fame. In 2019, its report on the organised crime infiltration of gaming giant Crown Resorts was awarded a Walkley Award and led to two Royal Commissions. In 2020, its program on political malfeasance, The Faceless Man, was awarded a Walkley Award for best long format television reporting. Controversies In February 1988, 60 Minutes collaborated with James Randi to create a fictional psychic called "Carlos", played by José Alvarez, for an elaborate investigation into how much free publicity a fraudulent medium could garner through the Australian media, and how such people could manipulate the gullibility of vulnerable people. However, during their investigation and successful attempt at convincing the Australian media that "Carlos" was a genuinely notable medium who had a strong following in America, other Channel 9 programs were caught out reporting on the fake "Carlos" who appeared on Today and A Current Affair and was featured on Sunday and Nine News. An orchestrated incident where his assistant threw water on George Negus during a second appearance on Today garnered even more attention for "Carlos". When the sting was revealed on 60 Minutes, anger at the network was palpable and reports soon circulated about staff sackings as a result. In April 2016, Tara Brown and eight other people (including three other staff members of Nine, David Ballment, Stephen Rice, and Ben Williamson) were arrested on allegations of child abduction in Beirut. According to Lebanese authorities, 60 Minutes allegedly paid $115,000 directly to the Child Abduction Recovery International Agency, despite claims that the exchange was made by the mother of the children. The abduction agency used has also been widely discredited, with fake recovery stories being posted on Facebook and their operators having been arrested all over the world. The recovery involved the team waiting in a parked car on the street and then snatching the children from their grandmother and nanny before driving away. "A Lebanese judicial source" told The Guardian that the group were to be charged with "armed abduction, purveying threats and physical harm" – crimes which carry sentences of twenty years' imprisonment with hard labour. The group were released from custody only after Nine paid a substantial money settlement to the father of the children the subject of the abduction attempt. This operation sparked wide debate about the ethics of the journalism being conducted. In May 2019, a jury ruled that a 60 Minutes story aired in 2015 about the 2011 Grantham floods defamed four members of the Wagner family, from Toowoomba, Queensland, by implying they were responsible for the 12 deaths that occurred during the disaster. In November, a court ordered Channel Nine to pay $2.4 million plus $63,000 in interest to the family. Nick Cater, a journalist featured in the program, was ordered to pay an additional $1.2 million in damages. Justice Peter Applegarth, who was in charge of the case, stated that while Cater had information contradicting the program's allegations, he did not include them in the story. Applegarth also concluded that Channel Nine failed to inform the Wagners of the allegations until after the program had been publicised, and when the family did send a statement to Nine, they did not include it in the program. See also List of Australian television series Journalism in Australia List of longest-running Australian television series References External links Australia's 60 Minutes official website Australian television news shows Nine News 1979 Australian television series debuts 1980s Australian television series 1990s Australian television series 2000s Australian television series 2010s Australian television series 60 Minutes Television shows set in Sydney English-language television shows Australian television series based on American television series	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60%20Minutes%20%28Australian%20TV%20program%29
The Clumsy Lovers are a folk rock/bluegrass/Celtic jam band formed in Vancouver, British Columbia with more than 2500 performances in the United States and Canada. The 2015 line-up consists of Jason Homey on banjo and mandolin, Jeff Leonard on bass guitar and vocals, Chandra Johnson on fiddle and vocals, Devin Rice on drums, and Trevor Rogers on vocals and guitar. History All of the band's original members were previously members of The Paperboys, reforming as The Clumsy Lovers in 1993 after the Paperboys' original lineup broke up due to creative differences. Later many of the original members left, and the band changed its name temporarily to the Six Million Dollar Band. In 2002 the Clumsy Lovers toured Canada and the US. with Devon Wells, and have performed in various rock clubs. Fiddler Jode and songwriter Chris Jonat are a former members of the band, as is Andrea Lewis. The band has officially released seven independent albums and released two others, After the Flood and Smart Kid with the Nettwerk Music Group. Discography The Red Tape (1993) Picture This (1998) Barnburner (1999) Still Clumsy After All These Years (2000) Live (2001) Under The Covers (2002) After The Flood (2004) Smart Kid (2005) Make Yourself Known (2009) References External links Clumsy Lovers Official website Clumsy Lovers on Bandcamp Facebook page Clumsy Lovers collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive Nettwerk Records: Key Catalogue Roster Musical groups established in 1993 Musical groups from Vancouver Canadian folk rock groups Celtic fusion groups 1993 establishments in British Columbia Canadian Celtic music groups	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clumsy%20Lovers
Viðareiði (, literally: Wood-Isthmus, ) is the northernmost settlement in the Faroe Islands and lies on the Island of Viðoy, which belongs to the Norðoyar Region. Geography It lies on an isthmus with high mountains to both the north and south. The community is linked overland by a causeway and tunnel system to the regional centre of Klaksvík to the south on Borðoy. The road to Viðareiði goes along the west coast of Viðoy, through the town, and then along the island's east coast to the uninhabited Miðdalur Valley with its typical small waterfall. To the north, Mount Villingdalsfjall rises over from the water. It is the highest mountain in the North Islands and the third-largest in the entire Faroese archipelago. The north coast is marked by Cape Enniberg, the second-highest sea cliff in Europe at and the highest promontory in the world. Looking to the west from Viðareiði, one has a view of the mighty northern peaks on Borðoy and Kunoy. Turning around, one can see through the crag and tails of the isthmus to the eastern Island of Fugloy. Finally, to the south of the town, the high cone-shaped mountain of Malinsfjall can be seen during good weather. Viðareiði is a departure point for a vast area of hiking. In the community, there is not only a small grocery store, but also the Hotel Norð with its restaurant that serves traditional cuisine. History In the 17th century, the old church was destroyed in a storm. It is said that a part of the cemetery was washed away by the sea and that coffins from the cemetery were recovered in Hvannasund and reburied in Viðareiði. The current church was built in 1892. The church silver is a gift from the British government, thanking Viðareiði's citizens for the rescue of the brig Marwood, which was shipwrecked near Viðareiði during a winter storm in 1847. See also List of towns in the Faroe Islands References The information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent. Faroeislands.dk: Vidareidi External links Official website Municipalities of the Faroe Islands Populated places in the Faroe Islands Populated coastal places in the Faroe Islands	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B0arei%C3%B0i
Odenthal is a municipality in the Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Geography Odenthal is situated approximately 5 km north of Bergisch Gladbach and 15 km north-east of Cologne. Neighbouring places Nearby cities are Leverkusen, Burscheid, Wermelskirchen, and Bergisch Gladbach. Neighboring municipalities include Kürten. Division of the town The municipality includes 32 districts (Ortsteile): Altehufe - Altenberg - Blecher - Busch - Bülsberg - Bömberg - Bömerich - Eikamp - Erberich - Feld - Glöbusch - Grimberg - Großgrimberg - Hahnenberg - Holz - Höffe - Hüttchen - Klasmühle - Küchenberg - Kümps - Landwehr - Menrath - Neschen - Oberscheid - Osenau - Pistershausen - Schallemich - Scheuren - Schmeisig - Schwarzbroich - Selbach - Voiswinkel. Twin towns Cernay la Ville (France), since 1996 Paimio (Finland), since 2011 References External links Districts of the Rhine Province	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odenthal
Oswald Sigg (born 1944 in Zürich) is a Swiss journalist. In August 2005, he was elected Vice-Chancellor of Switzerland and Spokesman of the government of Switzerland, the Swiss Federal Council. He served as Spokesman until his retirement on 31 March 2009. Sigg studied sociology and economics in St. Gallen, Paris and Berne. After graduating, he served as deputy spokesperson for the Federal Chancellery between 1975 and 1980, then as a spokesperson for the Federal Department of Finance (1975-1980), the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport (1998-2004) and the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (2004-2005), under five different Federal Councillors. He also worked as editor-in-chief for the Swiss Telegraphic Agency (1988-1990) and spokesman for the management of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation between 1991 and 1997. He was one of the figureheads behind the popular initiative for an unconditional basic income submitted to popular vote in 2016. After beginning his political career with the BGB (the future Swiss People's Party), he is a member of the Social Democratic Party since 1973. Works Political Switzerland (translated from Die politische Schweiz), 1997, References Living people 1944 births Swiss journalists University of St. Gallen alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald%20Sigg
Madhapar is a village located in Kachchh district in the state of Gujarat, India. It is one of the richest villages in India in terms of bank deposits. The village has around 7600 households and 2000 crore Indian rupee worth bank deposits. History Madhapar is one of the 18 villages established by the Mistris of Kutch. In the 12th century, many people of this community also known as Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas moved into a village named Dhaneti and later settled between Anjar and Bhuj. Madhapar is named after Madha Kanji Solanki who had shifted from the Dhaneti village to Madhapar in the year 1473–1474 (VS 1529). Madha Kanji was the third generation of Hemraj Hardas of Solanki dynasty of Gujarat, who moved from the Halar region to Dhaneti and then to Madhapar. This early Madhapar today is known as Junavaas (Old Residence). These warrior Kshatriyas later came to be known by Mistri mainly because of their occupation. These Mistris have founded the Junavaas and contributed a lot to the development of all early infrastructure, temples of the village and erection of other architects of Kutch. The Patel Kanbi community moved into the village around 1576 AD (V.S. 1633). Navovaas (New Residence) was started in around 1857, by which time Madhapar had become congested and other communities like the Kanbis had also increased and prospered. The village was not heavily affected by the 2001 Gujarat earthquake that had caused severe damage in the region. However, some of the century-old houses of Mistris in Juna Vaas (Old Residence) with unique architect were damaged in the earthquake of 26 January 2001. Schools The first government boys' school was started in 1884. Bhimji Devji Rathod of Mistri Community built and started the first girls' school in Madhapar in 1900. The first high school, Madhapar Saraswati Vidhyalay High School, was founded in 1968. Present status The town of Madhapar, with a population of more than ninety two thousand people, some 3 km from the main town of Bhuj in the province of Kutch (Gujarat). In recent times, the town has become greener, with new lakes, check dams and deep bore artesian wells that provide fresh water all year round. It has new health centers, playing fields, parks and temples. Geology There are two large lakes in Madhapar. One is called Jagasagar and was built by Mistri railway contractor Jagamal Bhima Rathod around the year 1900; it is named after him. His brother, Karasan Bhima Rathod also built an artificial lake with steps near the Suralbhit Temple, which today is known as Karasan Bhimjee's Pond. The other is called Meghrajji Lake, named after Meghrajji, the last ruler of the Cutch State. Temples Sanatan Thakor Mandir, Mahadev Temple, Barla Temple and Swaminarayan Temple (1949) are in Madhapar. Kuldevi Temples of Momai Mata of Solanki, Rathods are also there. As per records of the old Thakor Madir, Shiva Mandir and the noted Barla Temple were built by Mistri Mandan Jiwani Chauhan of the Mistri community around 1880–1890 from the monies he earned as railway contract works in Sindh Yaksh Mandir or Jakh Bautera (72) Temple is the most popular temple of town, enshrining the 72 Yakshas or Jakh Botera folk deities of Jakh community. Economy Agriculture plays a large part in the region's prosperity, and most of the agricultural goods are exported to Mumbai. These primarily consist of corn, mangoes and sugarcane. Many residents of Madhapar work abroad in the Africa, UK, USA, and Canada. But they prefer to save their money in India, which has made Madhapar one of the richest villages in terms of bank deposits worth over $200 crores. The village has earned a special name in India and is considered a barometer of NRI deposits. The migrant population of Madhapar living outside India have huge love for their village and have formed community associations. In 1968, Kutch Madhapar Karyalay was formed in London to bind the UK Madhapar community together and maintain their cultural activities and traditions. Gallery References Villages in Kutch district	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhapar
Virago is a British publisher of women's writing and books on feminist topics. Started and run by women in the 1970s and bolstered by the success of the Women's Liberation Movement (WLM), Virago has been credited as one of several British feminist presses that helped address inequitable gender dynamics in publishing. Unlike alternative, anti-capitalist publishing projects and zines coming out of feminist collectives and socialist circles, Virago branded itself as a commercial alternative to the male-dominated publishing industry and sought to compete with mainstream international presses. History Virago was founded in 1973 by Carmen Callil, primarily to publish books by women writers. It was originally known as Spare Rib Books, sharing a name with the most famous magazine of the British women's liberation movement or second-wave feminism. (The first issue of Spare Rib magazine, whose founders included Rosie Boycott and Marsha Rowe, was published in June 1972.) From the start, Virago published two sorts of books: original works, and out-of-print books by neglected female writers. The latter were reissued under the "Modern Classics" insignia, which launched in 1978 with Frost in May, a novel by the British author Antonia White originally published in 1933. The Virago list also contains works with feminist themes by male authors, such as H. G. Wells. Valentine Cunningham has praised Virago for trawling "most impressively and fruitfully in the novel catalogues" of the 1930s for women's fiction to reprint. In 1982, Virago became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Chatto, Virago, Bodley Head, and Cape Group (CVBC), but in 1987 Callil, Lennie Goodings, Ursula Owen, Alexandra Pringle, and Harriet Spicer put together a management buy-out from CVBC, then owned by Random House, USA. The buy-out was financed by Rothschild Ventures and Robert Gavron. Random House UK kept a ten per cent stake in the company, and continued to handle sales and distribution. In 1993 Rothschild Ventures sold their shares to the directors and Gavron, who thus became the largest single shareholder. After a downturn in the market forced a reduction in activity, the board decided to sell the company to Little, Brown, of which Virago became an imprint in 1996 (with Lennie Goodings as Publisher and Sally Abbey as Senior Editor). The sale to Little Brown, a large company owned by the telecommunications giant Time Warner, was met with negative publicity and raised questions about the future of feminist publishing houses. In 2006, Virago's parent company became part of publishing group Hachette Livre. Lennie Goodings remains as editor and publisher. Legacy In 2008 the British Library acquired the Virago Press Archive consisting of organisational papers, author/editor files, publicity materials and photographs. Virago was the subject of an hour-long BBC Four television documentary, Virago: Changing the World One Page at a Time, that was first broadcast in October 2016. Notable authors Maya Angelou Margaret Atwood Beatrix Campbell Angela Carter Barbara Comyns Daphne du Maurier Eva Figes Zora Neale Hurston Kate Millett Juliet Mitchell Adrienne Rich Sheila Rowbotham Lynne Segal Elaine Showalter Melanie Silgardo (also editor) Carolyn Steedman Barbara Taylor Sylvia Townsend Warner Antonia White Naomi Wolf Notes Further reading Google preview. External links Virago website List of Virago modern classics Virago Press Archive at the British Library 1973 establishments in the United Kingdom Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom Feminist mass media Publishing companies established in 1973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virago%20Press
Joseph (Joe) F. Berardino (born 1950) is an American businessman, Certified Public Accountant, and managing director at Alvarez and Marsal. Beradino was formerly managing partner and CEO of Arthur Andersen and chairman and CEO of Profectus Bioscience. Career Arthur Andersen Berardino joined Arthur Andersen in 1972, after graduating from the Fairfield University Dolan School of Business with a B.S. in accounting. He was admitted to the partnership in 1982, rising to head of Andersen's U.S. audit practice. In 1998, then United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Chairman Arthur Levitt launched an attack on the auditing business. At that time, it was felt that accounting firms were conflicted by selling consulting services to the same companies whose books they were auditing. In 2000, Berardino negotiated a compromise with the SEC. Auditing and consulting fees would henceforth be disclosed. At Andersen, Berardino was admired for having negotiated this compromise, because a prohibition from signing consulting contracts with audit clients would have been very damaging to Andersen's business. Levitt praised Berardino's leadership in his book Take on the Street.... Berardino became managing partner – chief executive officer of Andersen Worldwide (the governing body of Andersen's operations in 84 countries including 85,000 people) in January 2001 shortly after its split with Andersen Consulting (Accenture). When Andersen's client Enron declared bankruptcy in the highly publicized Enron scandal, Berardino appeared before Congress and announced a series of steps to improve Andersen and the accounting profession. In early 2002, when Andersen discovered that its auditors had been involved with shredding documents related to the Enron audit, Berardino disclosed this activity voluntarily to the U.S. Department of Justice and the SEC. While in Tokyo meeting with Asia-Pacific partners in an attempt to keep the firm together, Berardino received the news that the U.S. Justice Department was likely to indict the firm. Berardino hired former Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker in February 2002 to create an independent oversight board and reform Andersen into a pure auditing business. On March 14, 2002, the Justice Department indicted Andersen for obstruction of justice based on the document shredding which took place. Initially, the firm's 18-strong Board of partners asked Berardino to stay on. He resigned on March 26, 2002, in the hope that justice would reconsider the indictment. They did not, and Andersen was convicted of obstruction of justice on June 15, 2002. By the end of August, it surrendered its licenses to audit public companies in the US. In 2006, the Supreme Court of the U.S. overturned this conviction in a unanimous opinion. It was a symbolic victory for the defunct accounting firm. Profectus BioScience He was chairman and chief executive officer of Profectus BioSciences in Baltimore, Maryland up until January 24, 2008. Berardino continued with the company as a director through 2010. He had joined the company as a director in 2004. Profectus Biosciences, Inc. is a biotechnology start-up that develops therapeutic and vaccine technologies intended to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by viral diseases. The company's near-term target is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). On the vaccine front, Profectus is trying to target HIV as it attempts to enter a cell. The company's therapies aim to cool the body's overheated immune system after it is infected with HIV. Profectus is a spin-off from the Institute of Human Virology and was created to commercialize its work. Alvarez & Marsal Berardino is currently a managing director (since 2008) based in New York. Joe works with public companies in need of corporate transformation typically caused by disruptions to their historic business models. Affiliations Berardino served on the boards of directors of Quiksilver (NYSE:ZQK); ValueVision Media (aka ShopHQ from 2008 to 2012; NASDAQ:VVTV) and Neuberger Berman from 2011 to 2012 and has served for eighteen years on the board of trustees of Fairfield University. He has served since 2019 on the board of directors of ettain, a company owned by Alvarez & Marsal Capital Partners and its employees. In 2001, he received Fairfield University's Beta Alpha Sigma Award, as well as a Doctor of Law, Honoras Causas, from the University of the East in the Philippines. In 2004, Berardino was invested as a Knight of Malta. References External links Alvarez & Marsal: Joseph Beradino American accountants Fairfield University Dolan School of Business alumni Living people 1950 births	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Berardino
The Great Walton Railroad is a class III railroad that operates of track in Georgia, United States. In addition to its own line between Monroe and Social Circle, Georgia, the railroad operates the Athens Line, LLC and the Hartwell Railroad. Clay, feldspar, grain, machinery, fertilizer, woodchips, plastics, pulpwood, and silica are carried by the railroad, generating around 3,650 annual carloads. History The railroad between Social Circle and Monroe was originally constructed by the Walton Railroad beginning in 1880. In March 1884 the railroad was consolidated with the Gainesville, Jefferson and Southern Railroad and later leased to the Georgia Railroad. Following acquisition by the Georgia Railroad the line continued to operate as a separate division, the Monroe Railroad, until 1917. The Georgia Railroad was merged into the Seaboard System Railroad in 1983, and CSX Transportation in 1986. The branch from Social Circle to Monroe was sold to the Georgia Eastern Railroad in February 1987. On March 30, 1987, the Georgia Eastern sold the line to the Great Walton Railroad. In addition to the Monroe branch, Norfolk Southern Railway leased a branch from Covington to Shady Dale under the Thoroughbred Shortline Program to the Great Walton on April 10, 1989. The Covington line was transferred to the Squaw Creek Southern Railroad in 2008. See also Hartwell Railroad Athens Line, LLC References External links Official website HawkinsRails.net Great Walton page Georgia (U.S. state) railroads Spin-offs of the Norfolk Southern Railway	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Walton%20Railroad
Auto-wah (also known as a "Q-wah", "T-wah", "envelope following filter", "envelope follower" or "envelope filter") is a type of wah-wah effects pedal typically used with electric guitar, bass guitar, clavinet, and electric piano etc. The distinctive choppy rhythm guitar sound on many funk and disco recordings from the 1970s popularized the effect. Operation Instead of the effect being controlled by a pedal, as on a standard wah-wah, the effect alters in response to the volume of the input signal. Like a wah, it works by adjusting the central frequency of a peaking filter, which amplifies a specific frequency and cuts off other selected frequencies. Since the electronic circuits in the effect can respond much faster than a human musician can physically move a pedal, certain effects that a standard wah cannot achieve are only possible with auto-wah. The response of the effect is highly interactive with the dynamics of the input signal - this makes it possible to vary the response at will via slight adjustments to playing technique. Therefore, it may take some practice before the response of the auto-wah can be wilfully controlled in order to achieve a consistent sound. A typical auto-wah circuit uses an envelope detector to produce a voltage representing the overall volume of the input. This signal is then used to sweep the cutoff frequency of a filter. The filter usually has a low-pass or bandpass response. The Boss AW-3 is an example of such a device. There is a variant of auto-wah that utilizes a low-frequency oscillator (LFO) instead of an envelope detector to alter the effect. The filter response varies constantly with time and is not linked to playing dynamics. The Boss AW-2 is an example of such a device. The difference in sound is subtle, but careful listeners will notice the constant period of the filter sweep. The song "Falling Into Grace" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers is an example of an LFO controlled auto-wah applied to the bass guitar. Typical controls on an auto-wah include a sensitivity control to adjust the input level to match the level expected by the envelope follower and other circuitry, a control for the initial cutoff point of the filter, and a control for the depth of the filter sweep. Some more sophisticated units offer controls for the resonance of the filter, multiple filter types, and options for sweeping the filter up or down. Notable examples The first envelope-controlled filter built for musical instruments was the Mu-Tron III, invented by Mike Beigel. Other examples include the MXR Envelope Filter and the Boss AW-2 Auto Wah (LFO controlled). Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia is known for extensive use of an envelope filter (particularly the Mu-Tron III), examples being his playing on "Estimated Prophet" and "Shakedown Street". Phish guitarist Trey Anastasio also frequently uses the effect, especially in addition to the use of distortion. The guitar solo in "What I Am" by Edie Brickell & New Bohemians features an auto-wah effect. J Mascis became well known for the use of the effect thanks to his role as guitarist in the group Dinosaur Jr. References Effects units	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-wah
Play-through or play through may refer to: Sports Play through, a verb which in golfing describes the act of a faster group of golfers passing a slower group on a golf course Videos and video games Replay value or play-through, a video game's attribute of being playable repeatedly while still being enjoyable Video game walkthrough or play-through, video footage of a video game being played	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-through
WBOB may refer to: WBOB (AM), a radio station (600 AM) licensed to serve Jacksonville, Florida, United States WVRA, a radio station (107.3 FM) licensed to serve Enfield, North Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WBOB-FM from 2006 to 2012 WCVX, a radio station (1160 AM) licensed to serve Florence, Kentucky, United States, which held the call sign WBOB from 1997 to 2006 WCGX, a radio station (1360 AM) licensed to serve Galax, Virginia, United States, which held the call sign WBOB from 1947 to 1997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBOB
Lake Varna (, ) is the largest by volume and deepest liman or lake along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, divided from the sea by a 2 km-wide strip of sand and having an area of 19 km², maximal depth 19 m, and a volume of 166 million m³. The lake has an elongated shape, its south shores are high, steep and wooded, and the north slant. Lake Varna was formed in a river valley by the raising of sea level near the end of the Pleistocene. Its bottom is covered by a thick alluvium of slime and hydrogen sulphide mud in the deepest parts; there are large deposits of medicinal fango (mineral mud). A number of rivers pour into the lake, including Devnya and Provadiyska that empty near the western shores of Lake Beloslav, which is connected to Lake Varna. Until the 20th century, fresh water from the lake emptied into the Black Sea through the Devnya River, but following the construction of the modern Port of Varna East (and the subsequent draining of the river), a canal was dug through the strip of sand between the sea and the lake between 1906 and 1909, which led to the lake's level dropping by 1.40 m and the incursion of sea water into the lake, which became brackish. In 1976, when a new 12 m-deep canal crossed by the Asparuhov most began operating, the lake was dredged along the stream. Another navigable canal to the west lead through the neighboring Lake Beloslav to the Port of Varna West and the Railroad Ferry Terminal. A couple of smaller specialized ports dot Lake Varna's north shore, notably the Port of LesPort and the Port of Varna Thermal Power Plant. Industrialization came at the cost of the lake's reputation of a rich fishing ground that had sustained human settlements for nearly 100,000 years. The Varna Necropolis, where the oldest gold treasure in the world was found, is located near the north shore, while the city of Varna is situated at the lake's eastern extremity. Also along the north shore are the villages of Kazashko and Ezerovo, and the villages of Zvezditsa and Konstantinovo overlook the lake from the southern heights. References External links Panorama photo of Kazashko village on the shores of Lake Varna, Apple QTVR Photos of Varna Lake Varna Estuaries of the Black Sea Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Varna, Bulgaria Landforms of Varna Province	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Varna
SURS may refer to: Singapore Underground Road System, an underground road proposal in Singapore since scrapped. State Universities Retirement System, a government agency of the U.S. state of Illinois Statistični urad Republike Slovenije (Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia), an independent institution in charge of official statistical surveying.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SURS
Barry Live in Britain is the eleventh album released by singer and songwriter Barry Manilow. The album was recorded live at the Royal Albert Hall in London in January 1982 with Victor Vanacore as the musical director. It was a huge success in Britain, soaring to number one on the charts, reaching platinum status. The LP contains one new song that became a hit single, "Stay" that reached #23 in the UK. Track listing Side 1 "It's a Miracle/London" - 5:10 "The Old Songs Medley" - 9:45 "Even Now" - 3:30 "Stay" - 3:15 "Beautiful Music/I Made It Through the Rain" - 7:15 Side 2 "Bermuda Triangle" - 4:05 "Break Down The Door/Who's Been Sleeping In My Bed" - 5:05 "Copacabana (At The Copa)" - 3:40 "Could It Be Magic/Mandy" - 5:40 "London/We'll Meet Again" - 4:25 "One Voice" - 3:04 "It's a Miracle" - 1:05 Personnel Barry Manilow - vocals John Pondel - guitar Carl Sealove - bass Robert Marullo, Victor Vanacore - keyboards Bud Harner - drums Robert Forte - percussion Bill Page - woodwind Charts Certifications References 1982 live albums Barry Manilow live albums Arista Records live albums Live albums recorded at the Royal Albert Hall	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Live%20in%20Britain
is the second in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms series of turn-based strategy games produced by Koei and based on the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Gameplay Upon starting the game, players choose from one of six scenarios that determine the initial layout of power in ancient China. The scenarios loosely depict allegiances and territories controlled by the warlords as according to the novel, although gameplay does not follow events in the novel after the game begins. The six scenarios are listed as follows: Dong Zhuo seizes control of Luoyang (AD 189) Warlords struggle for power (AD 194) Liu Bei seeks shelter in Jing Province (AD 201) Cao Cao covets supremacy over China (AD 208) The empire divides into three (AD 215) Rise of Wei, Wu and Shu (AD 220) After choosing the scenario, players determine which warlord(s) they will control. Custom characters may be inserted into territories unoccupied by other forces, as well. A total of 41 different provinces exist, as well as over 200 unique characters. Each character has three statistics, which range from 10 to 100 (the higher the better). A warlord's Intelligence, War Ability and Charm influence how successful he or she will be when performing certain tasks, such as dueling or increasing land value in a province. The player wins the game by conquering all territories in China. This is accomplished by being in control of every province on the map. New features A reputation system that affects the rate of officers' loyalties towards their lords Added treasures and special items that can increase an officer's stats Advisers can help their lords predict the chances of success in executing a plan. An adviser with Intelligence stat of 100 will always accurately predict the result. Intercepting messengers Ability to create new lords on the map based on custom characters created by players Reception Computer Gaming World stated that Romance of the Three Kingdoms II "did a better job of simulating the chaos of" second-century China than the game's predecessor. In a 1993 survey of pre 20th-century strategy games the magazine gave the game four stars out of five. On release, Famicom Tsūshin scored the Famicom version of the game a 30 out of 40. References External links Japan Gamecity RTK2 page GameFaqs Page 1989 video games Amiga games DOS games Grand strategy video games FM Towns games Classic Mac OS games MSX2 games NEC PC-8801 games NEC PC-9801 games Nintendo Entertainment System games PlayStation (console) games 2 Sharp X1 games X68000 games Sega Genesis games Super Nintendo Entertainment System games Turn-based strategy video games Video game sequels Video games developed in Japan Windows games WonderSwan games	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance%20of%20the%20Three%20Kingdoms%20II
The Île-de-France tramways () is a network of modern tram lines in the Île-de-France region of France. Thirteen lines are currently operational (counting Lines T3a and T3b as separate lines), with extensions and additional lines in both construction and planning stages. Although the system mainly runs in the suburban regions of Paris, lines T3a and T3b run entirely within Paris city limits, while lines T2 and T9 start their routes within Paris' borders. While lines operate independently of each other and are generally unconnected, some connections do exist: between lines T2 and T3a (at the Porte de Versailles station, since 2009), T3a and T3b (at the Porte de Vincennes station, since 2012), T1 and T5 (at the Marché de Saint-Denis station, since 2013), T1 and T8 (at the Saint-Denis train station, since 2014), T8 and T11 Express (at two stations: Villetaneuse-Université and Épinay-sur-Seine, since 2017), T3a and T9 (at the Porte de Choisy station, since 2021) and T6 and T10 (at Hôpital Béclère, since 2023). However, the final design of the entire planned tram network is fairly integrated. (The prefix "T" in tram line numbers avoids confusion with the numbering of Paris Métro lines.) Most lines (with the exceptions of lines T4, T9, T11 Express, and T13 Express) are operated by the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP), which also operates the Paris Métro and most bus services in the Paris immediate area. Furthermore, while most lines use conventional steel-wheel rolling stock, two lines (T5 and T6) use rubber-tired trams. Lines T4, T11 Express, and T13 Express are tram-trains, sharing tracks with main-line railways, and are operated by the French national rail operator SNCF as part of its Transilien regional rail network (except Line T11 Express which is operated by SNCF's subsubsidiary Transkeo). History From 1855 to 1938, Paris was served by an extensive tramway network, predating the Paris Métro by nearly a half-century. In 1925 the network had a length, with 122 lines. In the 1930s, the oil and automobile industry lobbies put pressure on the Paris Police Prefecture to remove tram tracks and make room for cars. The last of these first generation tram lines inside of Paris, connecting Porte de Saint-Cloud to Porte de Vincennes, was closed in 1937, and the last line in the entire Paris agglomeration, running between Le Raincy and Montfermeil, ended its service on 14 August 1938. Originally horse-powered, Paris trams used steam, as well as later pneumatic engines, then electricity. The funicular that operated in Belleville from 1891 to 1924 is sometimes erroneously thought of as a tramway, but was actually a cable car system. The first of the new generation of trams in Paris, the current Line T1, opened in 1992, with Line T2 opening in 1997 and Lines T3 and T4 in 2006. Lines T5 and T7, opened in 2013 while T6 and T8 opened in 2014. T11 Express opened in 2017, and T9 opened in 2021. T13 Express opened in 2022 and Line T10 opened in 2023. Lines T12 Express is currently under construction, the last part of the former Grande Ceinture Line that is not covered by Lines T11 Express and T13 Express. Lines T1 Line T1 currently connects Asnières-sur-Seine and Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec, running almost parallel to the Paris city's northern limit. It opened in 1992 from Saint Denis's RER station to the Bobigny–Pablo Picasso Paris Métro station, where the prefecture offices of the Seine-Saint-Denis department are located. The eastern extension from Bobigny to Noisy-le-Sec was completed in 2003, while the western extension to Asnières-sur-Seine and Gennevilliers, connecting to western branch of Paris Métro Line 13, opened in 2012. A continuation towards Nanterre is planned on the western side, while another one towards Montreuil, then to the Val de Fontenay RER station is also planned on the eastern side of the line. T2 Line T2 (Trans Val-de-Seine) connects the bridge of Bezons (Pont de Bezons) to the Porte de Versailles Paris Métro station (near Paris's main exhibit grounds) via La Défense and Issy-les-Moulineaux business districts. It opened in 1997 between La Défense and Issy–Val de Seine stations, exploiting a former SNCF line, the Moulineaux Line, which closed to regular train traffic in 1993. Tram line T2 was first extended south in 2009, from Issy–Val de Seine station to the Porte de Versailles, then north in 2012 from La Défense to the Pont de Bezons. T3a and T3b Line T3 (Tramway des Maréchaux) is the first modern tramway line to actually enter Paris city itself. It is divided into two sections, called T3a and T3b, separated at the Porte de Vincennes stop in order not to cut the road traffic there, despite rail and electrical infrastructure being present and operational. The line bears its name as it follows the Boulevards of the Marshals, a series of boulevards that encircle Paris along the route of the former Thiers Wall, built from 1841 to 1844. The boulevards are, with three exceptions, all named from Napoleon's First Empire marshals (maréchaux). T3a connects the Pont du Garigliano–Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou RER station in the southwestern part of the 15th arrondissement, with the Porte de Vincennes in the northeastern corner of the 12th arrondissement. T3b connects Porte de Vincennes with the Porte de la Chapelle Métro station in the 18th arrondissement, then to the Porte d'Asnières (17th arrondissement) since 24 November 2018. An extension westward towards the Porte Dauphine (16th arrondissement) is planned, but currently halted by western extension of the RER E line. T4 Line T4 is an , 11-stop forked tram-train line, connecting the Bondy and Aulnay-sous-Bois RER stations on top of a former train track similar to Line 2. It opened on 18 November 2006. Unlike the other tramways in Île-de-France, Line T4 is operated by the SNCF. A new branch of this tram-train line, heading east towards Montfermeil, opened in 2020. T5 Tramway T5 is a Translohr tram-on-tyres running along a mainly segregated "track" on the busy Route Nationale 1 (similar to the systems in Nancy or Caen) where it replaces the former bus lines 168 and 268. The route serves 16 stops between Saint-Denis, Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Sarcelles and Garges-lès-Gonesse. It has an interchange with T1 at its southernmost terminus, Marché de Saint-Denis, and with RER D at its northernmost terminus, the Garges-Sarcelles RER station. Line T5 opened in July 2013. T6 Tramway Line 6 is a Translohr tram-on-tyres line serving 21 stations, from the Châtillon–Montrouge Métro station (the southern terminus of Paris Métro Line 13) to the Viroflay-Rive-Droite Transilien station through Vélizy-Villacoublay. The westernmost part of the line (through Viroflay), is underground, in a single tunnel grossing the town from south to north and including the two final stops, each under the two train stations the city has, Rive-Gauche (Lines C and N) and Rive-Droite (Line L). The majority of the current line opened in 2014, with said tunnel section opening in 2016. It replaced bus line 295, that became overcrowded and too slow for proper use, as well as multiple of the former Kéolis lines operating across Vélizy. T7 Tramway Line 7 is an route serving 18 stations between Villejuif–Louis Aragon (southwestern terminus of Paris Métro Line 7) and Athis-Mons, via Rungis International Market and Orly Airport. It opened in 2013 in order to both allow a supplemental rail service from Paris to Orly Airport and replace bus line 285, which had also become overcrowded on its now supplemented part. The remaining part of said bus line is also planned to be replaced by the upcoming southern extension of Tram Line 7 towards the Juvisy-sur-Orge train station. T8 Formerly known as Tram'y due to its opening-day Y-shape (while T4 got its Y-shape after its initial opening), this tram line goes from the Saint-Denis–Porte de Paris Métro station to Épinay-sur-Seine — Orgemont, with a branch to the university campus of Villetaneuse, where it connects to the more recent T11 Express Line. An extension is also planned south, to Paris itself, at the Rosa Parks RER station. Construction of the line began in 2010; service began in 2014. The southern extension's opening date has not yet been set. T9 T9 is a tram line that runs between the Porte de Choisy Paris Métro station and the centre of Orly with a length of and 19 stops. Despite what its indice digit suggests, it opened after Tram Line 11 express. An extension south towards Orly is planned. T10 T10 is a tram line from La Croix de Berny station in Antony to Clamart in the southwestern suburbs of Paris. It opened in 2023 with a length of and thirteen stops. T11 Express First "Express" tram line of the Parisian network — due to reusing the long-closed Grande Ceinture train line with only a handful of stations — Line T11 Express serves as the first of three lines to cover the former Grande Ceinture rail line and offers eventually a second circular railroad service around Paris, something the Paris public transport system sorely lacked for decades. Line T11 Express opened in 2017 between the Épinay-sur-Seine and Le Bourget RER stations, the middle part of its expected full route between Sartrouville and Noisy-le-Sec RER stations. This full route project would make T11 the first tram line to connect every RER line currently in service. T13 Express T13 Express is a tram-train line between Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Saint-Cyr-l'École train stations (RER C and Transilien lines N and U) via the westernmost point of the gardens of Versailles with a length of and 11 stops. It opened on 6 July 2022. No extensions are planned. Future lines T12 Express T12 Express is a tram-train line under construction between Évry-Courcouronnes station (RER D) and Massy-Palaiseau station (RER B and C) via Épinay-sur-Orge station (RER C), with a length of and 16 stops. This part would reclaim the train service between Épinay and Massy currently covered by RER C. An extension of T12 further northwest, towards Versailles-Chantiers, is planned and would take over RER C on the Massy to Versailles portion as well if entered. Tvm The Trans-Val-de-Marne bus line, which runs in a designated BRT corridor (bus rapid transit) and is intended to provide high-capacity, rapid bus transit southeast of Paris in the department of Val-de-Marne, is operated by RATP unlike most suburban bus lines. Despite beginning with a T, it is not a tramway. The RATP however considers it to be part of the T network, and is currently drawing plans for more BRT lines. The Tvm has been certified to be BRT with Silver Excellence in 2014. Network Map See also List of tram stops in Île-de-France Transportation in Paris Trams in France List of town tramway systems in France List of tram and light rail transit systems References External links Official RATP website Official SNCF Transilien website Comprehensive map of the Paris tram network including track layouts Ile-de-France Rail transport in Île-de-France Rail transport in Paris RATP Group Ile-de-France Articles containing video clips	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramways%20in%20%C3%8Ele-de-France
is a 1983 Japanese drama film directed by Koreyoshi Kurahara and starring Ken Takakura. Its plot centers on the 1958 ill-fated Japanese scientific expedition to the South Pole, its dramatic rescue from the severe weather conditions on the return journey, the relationship between the scientists and their loyal and hard-working Sakhalin huskies, particularly the lead dogs Taro and Jiro, and the fates of the 15 dogs left behind to fend for themselves. The film was selected as the Japanese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 56th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. It entered into the 34th Berlin International Film Festival, and at the Japan Academy Awards was nominated for the best film, cinematography, lighting, and music score, winning the Popularity award for the two dogs Taro and Jiro as most popular performer, as well the cinematography and reader's choice award at the Mainichi Film Awards. It was a big cinema hit, and held Japan's box office record for its homemade films until it was surpassed by Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke in 1997. The original electronic score was created by Greek composer Vangelis, who had recently written music for Chariots of Fire and Blade Runner. The soundtrack is available worldwide in various formats as Antarctica. Plot In February 1958, the Second Cross-Winter Expedition for the Japanese Antarctic Surveying Team rides on the icebreaker Sōya to take over from the 11-man First Cross-Winter Expedition. The First Cross-Winter Expedition retreats by helicopter, leaving 15 Sakhalin huskies chained up at the Showa Base for the next Expedition. Due to the extreme weather conditions, Sōya can not get near enough to the base and it is decided not to proceed with the handover, leaving the base unmanned. The team is worried about the dogs, as the weather is extremely cold and only one week of food for the dogs has been left. They wish to rescue them but in the end are unable to, due to a shortage of fuel and drinking water. Eight of the fifteen sled dogs manage to break loose from their chains (Riki, Anko, Shiro, Jakku, Deri, Kuma, Taro, and Jiro), while the other seven starve. As the eight journey across the frozen wilderness, they are forced to survive by hunting penguins and seals on the ice shelves and even on eating seal excrement. As the months pass, most die or disappear. Riki is fatally injured by a killer whale while trying to protect Taro and Jiro. Anko and Deri fall through the ice and drown in the freezing waters. Shiro falls off a cliff to his death, and Jakku and Kuma disappear in the wilderness. Eleven months later, on 14 January 1959, Kitagawa, one of the dog handlers in the first expedition, returns with the Third Cross-Winter Expedition, wanting to bury his beloved dogs. He, along with the two dog-handlers Ushioda and Ochi, recover the frozen corpses of the seven chained dogs, but are surprised to discover that eight others have broken loose. To everyone's surprise, they are greeted warmly at the base by Taro and Jiro, brothers who were born in Antarctica. It is still unknown how and why they survived, because an average husky can only live in such conditions for about one month. In the movie, the director used the data available, together with his imagination, to reconstruct how the dogs struggled with the elements and survived. Cast Ken Takakura as Akira Ushioda Tsunehiko Watase as Kenjirō Ochi Eiji Okada as Chief Ozawa Masako Natsume as Keiko Kitazawa Keiko Oginome as Asako Shimura Takeshi Kusaka as Morishima Kyōju Shigeru Kōyama as Horigome Taichō So Yamamura as Iwakiri Senchō Jun Etō as Tokumitsu Taiin Kōichi Satō as Toda Taichō Shin Kishida as Kissaten Master Takeshi Ōbayashi as Nonomiya Taichō Shinji Kanai as Ozaki Taichō Production The film took over three years to make. It was filmed at the northern tip of Hokkaidō. The dogs in the film were sired by Kuma, a Sakhalin from Furen and were born in Wakkanai, Hokkaidō, some footage was shot in Antarctica in the summer of 1982 using dog teams from Scott Base (New Zealand). Release and reception Antarctica was entered into the 34th Berlin International Film Festival. It was released in Japan in 1983, and in France in 1985. , the film is available on DVD in Japan (Japanese subtitles) and Hong Kong (Chinese and English subtitles). The breed of dog also became briefly popular. However, concerns were raised that the dogs who took part in the filming might have been subjected to extreme conditions to obtain the degree of realism involved. American Humane withheld its "No Animals Were Harmed" disclaimer, rating the film "Unacceptable" due to what it regarded as deliberate cruelty on the set. The director responded that the emotions shown by the dogs during the film were painstakingly captured and then edited into the relevant parts. In order to recreate the death scenes the dogs were carefully anesthetized. The parts where the dogs drowned or fell were done in the studio and blue-screened with the actual filming location. The blood on the dogs was fake. It remained unclear whether the deaths of the prey animals (a seabird and a seal) were also simulated. Box office The film was a big hit in Japan, where it sold tickets in pre-sales prior to release. It became the number-one Japanese film on the domestic market in 1983, earning ¥5.9 billion in distributor rental income. It became the highest-grossing domestic film in Japan up until then with () in gross receipts, from 12million ticket sales in the country. It held the domestic box office record for fourteen years. Adjusted for inflation, the film grossed the equivalent of in Japan . In France, the film sold 543,470 tickets at the box office, making it the 77th top-grossing film of 1985. Adaptations In 2006, Antarcticas plot was adapted into the American Disney live-action film remake Eight Below, which is dedicated to the memory of the director Koreyoshi Kurahara. A 2011 Japanese television drama series titled Nankyoku Tairiku centers on Japan's first expedition to Antarctica in 1958. It also carries the American Humane disclaimer "No Animals Were Harmed". Original score album The original score to Antarctica was composed, arranged, produced and performed by Greek artist Vangelis. It was recorded at Vangelis' Nemo Studios, in London, UK, by sound engineer Raine Shine. The album was released worldwide (including Japan) as Antarctica. Fate of Taro and Jiro The younger brother, Jiro, died at the age of four during the fifth expedition in July 1960. His body was made into a specimen and is placed together in the National Museum of Nature and Science at Ueno, Tokyo. The older brother, Taro, returned to Hokkaido University for his retirement, and died at the age of 15 in 1970. His body was also made into a specimen at Hokkaido University. See also List of submissions to the 56th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of Japanese submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Survival film References External links Details of the film (Chinese) Filming Location (Japanese) 1983 films 1983 drama films Japanese drama films 1980s Japanese-language films Drama films based on actual events Films scored by Vangelis Films about dogs Films directed by Koreyoshi Kurahara Films set in 1958 Films set in 1959 Films set in Antarctica Survival films 1980s Japanese films	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica%20%281983%20film%29
Ernst Vettori (born 25 June 1964) is an Austrian former ski jumper. Career He won the Four Hills Tournament twice (1985/1986 and 1986/1987). At the 1992 Winter Olympics, he won gold from the normal hill, and silver in the team competition. Vettori won five medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with gold in the team large hill (1991), silver in the team large hill (1985), and bronzes in individual large hill (1987) and team large hill (1987 and 1993). He also won the ski jumping competition at the Holmenkollen ski festival twice (1986 and 1991). Vettori won the Holmenkollen medal in 1991 (shared with Vegard Ulvang, Trond Einar Elden, and Jens Weißflog). He is now marketing director for the Austrian Ski Association. World Cup Standings Wins References Holmenkollen medalists - click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file Holmenkollen winners since 1892 - click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file 1964 births Austrian male ski jumpers Ski jumpers at the 1984 Winter Olympics Ski jumpers at the 1988 Winter Olympics Ski jumpers at the 1992 Winter Olympics Holmenkollen medalists Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners Living people Olympic ski jumpers for Austria Olympic gold medalists for Austria Olympic silver medalists for Austria Olympic medalists in ski jumping FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in ski jumping Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics People from Hall in Tirol Recipients of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria Skiers from Tyrol (state) 20th-century Austrian people	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Vettori

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