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No. 530 Squadron RAF was one of the ten Turbinlite nightfighter squadrons of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.
History
No. 530 Squadron was formed at RAF Hunsdon, Hertfordshire on 8 September 1942, from No. 1451 (Turbinlite) Flight, as part of No. 11 Group RAF in Fighter Command. Instead of operating only Turbinlite and -rudimentary- Airborne Intercept (AI) radar equipped aircraft (Havocs and Bostons) and working together with a normal nightfighter unit, such as with 3 Squadron in the Flight, the unit now also flew with their own Hawker Hurricanes. It was disbanded at Hunsdon on 25 January 1943, when Turbinlite squadrons were, due to lack of success on their part and the rapid development of AI radar, thought to be superfluous.
Aircraft operated
Squadron bases
Commanding officers
References
Bibliography
External links
530 Squadron history on MOD site
No. 530 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
Squadron histories for nos. 521-540 squadron on RafWeb's Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation
530 Squadron
Military units and formations established in 1942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20530%20Squadron%20RAF |
Wachtberg is a municipality in the Rhein-Sieg district, of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated approximately 15 km south of Bonn. In 2021 the Wachtberg municipality had approximately 20,352 inhabitants.
The municipality was formed in 1969 to merge 13 now incorporated villages. The town-hall is in the village of Berkum, approximately in the center of the area.
The Rodderberg mountain is in the east of the Wachtberg district.
The municipality is named after another volcanic mountain, the Wachtberg, (extinct for 25 million years, now with a height of 258 m) that is situated near the centre of the municipality.
Landmarks
Four water castles are still inhabited:
Burg Münchhausen (near Adendorf)
Wasserburg Adendorf (near Adendorf)
Burg Gudenau (near Villip)
Burg Odenhausen (near Berkum)
Several water mills are situated on the streams, of which the Broicher Mühle near Villip is in continuous use since 886.
At the top of the mountain Wachtberg there is a cenotaph, built in 1923 by 10 of the 13 villages.
The radome near Berkum has a diameter of 49 m.
In contrast to this several villages have ensembles of timber framed houses.
Niederbachem
Niederbachem is the biggest village within Wachtberg with 4276 inhabitants (July 2018).
References
External links
Official site
Tourist brochure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachtberg |
Originally scheduled to run on 17 February, the downhill portion of the Women's combined was postponed due to high winds. The slalom was held on 17 February and the downhill portion was on Saturday, 18 February. Janica Kostelić was both defending World and Olympic champion, and she led the aggregate World Cup standings. Janica also won the only combined race leading into the championships in St. Moritz, Switzerland and she also won all combined races held in World Cup since the last Olympic games.
Results
The results of the women's combined event in Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
Official Olympic Report
Combined | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20skiing%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20combined |
Sir Raleigh Grey (24 March 1860 – 10 January 1936) was a British coloniser of Southern Rhodesia who played an important part in the early government of the colony.
Early career
Grey, the great-grandson of 1st Earl Grey, was educated at Durham School and Brasenose College, Oxford. In 1881 he joined The Inniskillings (6th Dragoons) and saw service in the Anglo-Zulu War. When the war ended he was in command of the Bechuanaland Border police, and in the Matabeleland rebellion of 1893 he commanded a column of the British army. From 1894 to 1897 his kinsman the 4th Earl Grey was Administrator of Rhodesia, and Grey accompanied Leander Starr Jameson on the Jameson Raid in 1895; in the aftermath of the raid, Grey served five months' imprisonment.
Southern Rhodesia Colony
When Southern Rhodesia was granted a part-elected Legislative Council, Grey was elected at the first election in 1899 to represent Mashonaland. It was subsequently discovered that his supporters had committed bribery and treating of potential voters, and Grey resigned in order to be re-elected free of the taint of electoral corruption.
Following the outbreak of the Second Boer War in late 1899, Grey volunteered for active duty as a special service officer, and left Southampton in the SS Moor in March 1900, arriving in Cape Town the next month. He was promoted to major in March 1901 "for command of mounted troops on the occasion of the capture of Boer guns by Major-General Babington's column". After the war he retired from the Army in 1904, but remained Commandant of the local Volunteers. He established the company Rhodesia Lands, Ltd. to develop mining and farming interests: the 'Jumbo' mine owned by his company became one of the most profitable. He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1919.
Political development
In the early 1920s the Southern Rhodesians decided to break away from the sponsorship of the British South Africa Company. The issue among the leading figures of the colony was whether to obtain their own 'Responsible Government' or to seek membership of the Union of South Africa. Grey strongly believed that joining South Africa would be preferable, and argued forcibly for it in the Legislative Council. However the majority there and among the public was against him, and as a result he lost his seat in the 1920 election.
Later life
Grey took this repudiation in good heart but did not participate in politics again, turning his attention to his business interests. In the late 1920s he returned to Britain, and died in a nursing home in London in 1936.
References
Obituary, The Times, 11 January 1936
1860 births
1936 deaths
People educated at Durham School
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Rhodesian politicians
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons officers
British Army personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
British emigrants to Southern Rhodesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh%20Grey |
Auchterless (, meaning the "Upper Part of Less") is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland; grid reference NJ 713 416, postcode AB53 8BG. The nearest large settlement is Turriff. It is traditionally known as "Kirkton of Auchterless".
History
The history of Auchterless dates back to prehistoric times, with prehistoric remains including stone circles, and the remains of earthen huts.
Ruined St Drostan's Church retains a birdcage bellcote, a chamfered arch window and bell dated 1644.
Towie-Barclay farm incorporates Tolly Castle, once a Barclay stronghold. It is two miles north east of Auchterless. It was built in the 14th century, but the bulk of the remains are from the 16th century.
Auchterless (New Parish) Church was built in 1879 by W & J Smith. Parts of the previous church are built into the tower wall. The Duff of Hamilton mausoleum, 1877, has pedimented gables and a marble coat-of-arms.
Auchterless station served the settlement and was opened in 1857 by the Banff Macduff & Turriff Junction Railway, later part of the Great North of Scotland Railway, then the LNER and finally British Railways, on the branchline from Inveramsay to Macduff, the station closed to passengers in 1951 and the line closed to goods in 1966. The station lay to the north-east, the main building remaining as a private housing as do the railway cottages.
References
Specific
General
AA Touring Guide to Scotland (1978)
Bibliography
Villages in Aberdeenshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchterless |
Sentencing guidelines define a recommended sentencing range for a criminal defendant, based upon characteristics of the defendant and of the criminal charge. Depending upon the jurisdiction, sentencing guidelines may be nonbinding, or their application may be mandatory for the criminal offenses that they cover.
By contrast, mandatory sentencing involves the imposition of legal parameters for criminal sentences, typically mandatory minimum terms of imprisonment.
Worldwide
United States
In the United States federal courts, the Federal Sentencing Guidelines have long been applied to criminal sentencings. State courts use their own sentencing guidelines. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines are non-binding independent agency recommendations that inform sentencing in law. Courts consider these advisory forms, which contain maximum and minimum sentences, before deciding a defendant's sentence.
"The Sentencing Guidelines enumerate aggravating and mitigating circumstances, assign scores based on a defendant's criminal record and based on the seriousness of the crime, and specify a range of punishments for each crime."
State sentencing guidelines vary significantly in their complexity, and whether they are non-binding or mandatory in their application.
United Kingdom
In England and Wales, the Sentencing Council (formerly the Sentencing Guidelines Council) sets sentencing guidelines, and in Scotland the Scottish Sentencing Council holds this responsibility.
Canada
Canada does not possess sentencing guidelines or a sentencing commission.
See also
Aggravated felony
Imprisonment
References
Sentencing (law) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentencing%20guidelines |
Dear Prudence is an advice column appearing several times weekly in the online magazine Slate and syndicated to over 200 newspapers.
History
Herbert Stein
The column was initiated on 20 December 1997. "Prudence" was a pseudonym, and the author's true identity was not revealed at the time. Slate'''s archive currently indicates that the author of those first columns was Herbert Stein. Stein ceased writing the column after three months and the column went on hiatus.
Margo Howard
In mid-March 1998, the column returned, with the explanation that "Prudence" had not come back from her "needlework"—per the explanation offered in Stein's last column—but rather had convinced her daughter and namesake to continue her work. While similarly anonymous at first, the new author of the column was eventually revealed to be Margo Howard, the daughter of Esther Lederer, a.k.a. Ann Landers.
Howard maintained the column for nearly eight years. Her last Dear Prudence column appeared in Slate on 2 February 2006. Howard then had a Creators Syndicate advice column called "Dear Margo", whose run ended on Friday, 10 May 2013.
Emily Yoffe
On 9 February 2006, Dear Prudence was taken over by Slate staffer Emily Yoffe. Beginning in the summer of 2007, when Slate video magazine Slate V was launched, Yoffe also appeared in short, videorecorded Dear Prudence clips, illustrated with animations.
Daniel M. Lavery
In November 2015, Daniel M. Lavery, writer and co-founder of The Toast, took up the "Prudence" role from Yoffe, but wrote as Mallory Ortberg until April 2018. In June 2016, Slate launched the "Dear Prudence" podcast to accompany the column. Lavery, usually accompanied by one or two guests, discusses and responds to additional letters in weekly episodes.
Lavery moved on from the role in May 2021.
Jenée Desmond-Harris
Writer and New York Times'' Opinion Editor Jenée Desmond-Harris took over the column starting June 3, 2021. R. Eric Thomas took over during Desmond-Harris' parental leave in spring and summer 2022.
Cultural reference
The title of the column is a reference to the Beatles song "Dear Prudence".
References
External links
Dear Prudence archive at Slate
Advice columns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear%20Prudence%20%28advice%20column%29 |
Rite Time is the eleventh and final studio album by the German rock band Can. Though Can had not yet split up, it is considered a reunion album because of the time elapsed since the band's previous album, Can, was released in 1979. The album consists of sessions recorded in the South of France in late 1986, edited extensively by the band over the course of subsequent years. Rite Time features the vocals of the band's original singer, Malcolm Mooney, who had left the group in 1970 after their debut album Monster Movie. Upon the album's initial release, "In the Distance Lies the Future" only appeared on the CD version, but it was included on the 2014 vinyl reissue.
Track listing
Personnel
Can
Malcolm Mooney – lead vocals
Michael Karoli – guitar, chorus vocals, pocket organ, bass
Irmin Schmidt – keyboards, kalimba
Holger Czukay – bass, French horn, synthesizer, dictaphone
Jaki Liebezeit – drums, percussion
References
1989 albums
Can (band) albums
Mute Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite%20Time |
Movement EP is the first EP from Denver-based rock band The Fray, released in 2002. The songs "Where You Want To" and "It's For You" feature Joe King on lead vocals, rather than the band's lead vocalist Isaac Slade. The album was recorded after Dave Welsh's earlier departure, and before Ben Wysocki joined the band. Mike Ayars and Zach Johnson are featured on guitar and drums respectively, and Dan Battenhouse on bass. The tracks "Oceans Away" and "Vienna" are also featured on the band's second EP, Reason. "Vienna" was again featured on the band's debut album, How to Save a Life.
Track listing
All songs were written by Slade and King, apart from "Vienna", which was co-written with Dan Battenhouse.
"Where You Want To" – 3:22
"Oceans Away" – 3:59
"It's For You" – 3:46
"Vienna" – 3:46
Personnel
Isaac Slade - lead vocals, piano
Mike Ayars - lead guitar
Joe King - rhythm guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Where You Want To" and "It's For You"
Dan Battenhouse - bass guitar
Zach Johnson - drums
References
The Fray albums
2002 EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement%20%28EP%29 |
Henry Philip Folland OBE (22 January 1889 – 5 September 1954) was an English aviation engineer and aircraft designer.
Early years
Folland was born on 22 January 1889 to Frederick and Mary Folland at 2 King Street, Holy Trinity, Cambridge. His father was listed as a Stonemason.
Aviation career
In 1905, Folland became an apprentice at the Lanchester Motor Company in Birmingham, he then joined the design staff at Swift Motor Company and then in 1908 he became a draughtsman at the Daimler Company. It was at Daimler that he developed his interest in powered flying machines. Folland worked at the Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough from 1912, where he was lead designer on the S.E.4 and later S.E.5. The S.E.4 was the fastest aircraft known in 1914, and the S.E.5 was a major fighter aircraft during the First World War. He also designed the Royal Aircraft Factory's "Aerial Target" (built by Ruston Proctor), an anti-Zeppelin pilotless aircraft designed to use A M Low's radio control systems.
Folland left the Royal Aircraft Factory in 1917, joining the Nieuport & General Aircraft company as chief designer., designing the Nieuport Nighthawk, which was adopted as a standard fighter by the Royal Air Force but did not enter service owing to the problems in development of its ABC Dragonfly engine. Not long after starting at Nieuport, Folland was joined by Howard Preston – a design and stress man – who was also to work with him later at Gloster and Follands. Nieuport & General ceased operations in 1920 and his services were taken up by the Gloster Aircraft Company, who had built Nighthawks under licence during the First World War, joining them in 1921.
Folland was the chief designer for Gloster for many years, producing a range of successful fighter aircraft such as the Grebe, Gamecock, Gauntlet and finally the Gloster Gladiator.
Folland Aircraft Ltd.
Folland left the company in 1937, following the takeover of Gloster by Hawker, feeling that Hawker designs would be favoured over his own. Folland purchased the British Marine Aircraft Company at Hamble, near Southampton, renaming it Folland Aircraft Limited.
Initially, Folland Aircraft was mainly involved in sub-contract work for other aircraft manufacturers particularly during the Second World War. Some 45 civil and military projects were offered by Follands to meet Air Ministry requirements. Only one – the Fo.108 – a flying engine testbed nicknamed the "Frightful" from its appearance, was accepted and 12 of these were built.
Later years
By July 1951, Folland was suffering from severe ill health and resigned as Managing Director being succeeded by the designer W. E. W. Petter who had left English Electric. Nonetheless he remained on the Board until his death on 4 September 1954. Three weeks earlier, Petter's Folland Midge, the precursor to the Folland Gnat had made its first flight. In his book, Sky Fever, Sir Geoffrey de Havilland describes Folland as becoming a recluse after he retired as managing director.
References
Notes
Bibliography
James, Derek N. Gloster Aircraft since 1917. London: Putnam, 1971. .
James, Derek N. Fighter Master Folland and the Gladiators. Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2007.
Lewis, Peter. The British Fighter Since 1912. London:Putnam, 1979. .
"Mr H.P Folland". Flight, 10 September 1954, p. 395.
"Our Designing Staffs and Their Future: A Word of Warning". Flight, 20 August 1919, p. 907.
1889 births
1954 deaths
English aerospace engineers
Aircraft designers
20th-century British businesspeople
People from Cambridge
Officers of the Order of the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Folland |
Summer of '78 is an album by singer-songwriter Barry Manilow, released in 1996. The album was a collection of cover versions of popular songs, mostly from the late 1970s, and was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee.
Track listing
Personnel
Barry Manilow - vocals, keyboards
Tim Akers - keyboards
Mike Brignardello - guitar, bass
Eric Darken - percussion
John Hammond - drums
Tom Hemby - guitar, bass
Dann Huff - electric guitar
Bonnie Keen - backing vocals
Paul Leim - drums
Blair Masters - synthesizer
Marty McCall - backing vocals
Jerry McPherson - electric guitar
Michael Mellett - backing vocals
Michael Omartian - keyboards
Chris Rodriguez - backing vocals
Jimmie Lee Sloas - bass
Biff Watson - acoustic guitar
References
1996 albums
Arista Records albums
Barry Manilow albums
albums produced by Michael Omartian | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer%20of%20%2778 |
Leonardo Malihan Manicio (March 25, 1925 – October 10, 1971), better known through his alias Nardong Putik ("Nardo of the Mud"), was a Filipino gangster who mainly operated in the province of Cavite. Manicio famously credited his ability to survive and escape numerous ambushes and gunfights to his anting-anting (amulet).
Background
Manicio was born on March 25, 1925, in Sabang, Dasmariñas, Cavite. Leonardo's baptism as an infant have Jose Barzaga as godfather or padrino/ninong who belong to a wealthy clan whose scions were prominent lawyers, land owners and politicians in the town. His father Juan Manicio was a farmer and politician of some consequence in his town and enjoyed a long time affiliation centered on the prominent Carungcong, Mangubat, and Barzaga families.
Due to his father's alliance with the Barzagas, his father Juan Manicio became a target and was murdered and robbed of his livestock in their home in 1944 by his political rivals who belonged an armed guerilla group under Col. Emiliano De La Cruz from Barrio Paliparan, Dasmariñas (14th Infantry Unit). De La Cruz had been vying for control over turf in Dasmariñas with a rival armed guerilla unit under Col. Estanislao Mangubat Carungcong (4th Infantry Regiment), and in these circumstances Putik sought revenge for the injustices his family had suffered at the hands of these cattle rustlers.
As a result, Manicio was drawn into factional politics in Dasmariñas and was soon appointed as a police officer in Dasmariñas by then Mayor Felicisimo Carungcong in 1944 and enlisted as a fully armed retainer of the powerful clique of families in Dasmariñas the Carungcong-Mangubat-Barzaga alliance, and with his new capacity one by one his fathers murderers were brought to justice. Putik was married to Feliciana but had many common-law wives. He had one known son, Leonardo, Jr. and two known daughters, Angelita and Estrellita with his legal wife.
Criminal career
Philippine Constabulary files show Manicio was involved in various criminal cases which ranged from illegal possession of firearms to kidnapping, armed robbery and murder starting from 1948. Among the major cases in which Manicio was involved in were the infamous Maragondon Massacre in 1952 where the mayor, police chief and several policemen were killed with hunting knives, and the 1957 Election Day killing of Lt. Colonel Laureano Maraña, then provincial commander of Cavite, and seven others. Cavite politicians were also found to have been in league with the Manicio, utilizing him in their struggle for political supremacy. Manicio led a group of roving bandits engaged in kidnapping, robbery, car theft, murder, marijuana growing, protection, and murder-for-hire as a gunman for Cavite's politicians.
Later on, Manicio affiliated himself with the father and son tandem of Liberal Senator Justiniano and Governor Delfin Montano of Amaya, Tanza Cavite and lastly with President Ferdinand Marcos, Governor Lino Bocalan and Vice Governor Dominador Camerino According to Caviteños, Manicio got that name as he was known to submerge himself in mud paddies, among carabaos, using bamboo or papaya stalks as breathing tubes, whenever he had to evade a police or military dragnet.
First capture
Manicio was first convicted and jailed in 1953 but escaped in July 1955 from the Constabulary stockade in Imus, Cavite where he was held as a detention prisoner and were reporting to then Governor Dominador I Mangubat. On Election Day of 1957, an encounter occurred between his group and the group led by then Cavite Philippine Constabulary (PC) commander Lt. Col. Laureano Marana, wherein Marana and his men were killed.
Second capture
Manicio was re-captured on May 27, 1958, after he was cornered in a rice mill in barrio Medicion in Imus, Cavite, by Lt. Elias R. Lazo, Jr. of the 31st PC Company and Lt. Federico D. Navarro of the 117th PC Company who were both promoted to captain and decorated the Gold Cross Medal, the third highest military battle award, for their daring capture. Manicio surrendered to Lt. Lazo after engaging the patrol in a 45-minute gun battle. Manicio credited his survival to his anting-anting. Manicio was sentenced to jail for 182 years and two months at the national penitentiary in Muntinlupa, but was granted freedom of movement. He escaped in October 1969 and took refuge from his home town who he still have close ties with his longtime mentor Mayor Remigio Carungcong.
Massacre of NBI agents
In the morning of February 10, 1971, two agents of the Narcotics Division of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), Rogelio Domingo and Antonio Dayao, were killed by Putik and his men. Victims belonged to a group headed by Supervising Agent Eligio Songco, that went to Imus, Cavite to survey and raid a marijuana plantation allegedly being protected by Putik. Some of his men involved were later apprehended, charged and convicted in court in connection to the killings.
Death
A joint NBI-Constabulary force was assembled with the intention was to capture Manicio, dead or alive, who by then had a PHP20,000 bounty on his head by the new acting governor, Juanito "Johnny" Remulla. Reportedly, Lt. Col. Miguel Gantuangco, one of the task forces' commanding officers with NBI Agent Epimaco Velasco, attempted to coax Manicio into surrendering via Bishop Vicedo of Caloocan, but the attempts proved fruitless. On October 9–10, 1971, the task force attempted to follow him, discovering his hideout by the 10th. Ambushes were prepared by the Constabulary in the general area in the early morning hours along the possible routes he would take. On October 10, 1971, Manicio's red Chevrolet Impala came upon a task force highway checkpoint between Panamitan and Kawit. Manicio refused to obey the signals for him to stop, and the 20 assembled agents and police officers opened fire, killing him almost instantly. On his person was a revolver, 300 pesos, $150 in counterfeit bills, a wallet, a notebook with information regarding his debts, and several false identity papers.
The operation later boosted the careers of Remulla and Velasco, As the Montano's were on self exile to America, Lino Bocalan in jail, the death of Camerino and the death of the "Kilabot" Nardong Putik, The former would later become a Constitutional Delegate; Velasco the head of the NBI, later DILG secretary and Cavite governor, and so it was to Johnny Remulla who have now a clear path to become new Cavite Governor.
On Manicio's death, some of his men were later arrested, charged and convicted in court for murder and other offenses. The killing was also met with mixed reactions in Cavite as he had built a reputation as a local "Robin Hood" given that his criminal exploits mainly targeted the rich.
Alternate theories regarding his death
An alternate theory regarding Manicio's death later surfaced, supported by some of Manicio's friends, an acquaintance in the press, and a former police chief. This version claimed that Manicio was lured to a resort, drugged, and placed in the Impala, whereupon his pursuers opened fire at the car to give the illusion he had been gunned down while resisting arrest.
Another legend of his true demise, according to Caviteño legends, Nardo was invited by one of his friend (kumpare) into a social gathering that was sponsored and paid generously by a Cavite political leader. When Putik appeared to be tipsy (a condition which is prohibited for an individual who possesses an amulet due to its ability to lose its effect when the holder was intoxicated by alcohol), he was then hit on the back of his head by his turncoat friend and died from the injury. His body was surrendered to the NBI and PC for the aforementioned staging of his
"death".
In popular culture
Two versions of Nardong Putik (Kilabot ng Cavite) were made in 1972 and in 1984, wherein in both films, Manicio was portrayed by action star and then-future politician Ramon Revilla, Sr. Both were a success at the local box office, and Revilla later played a double role as Manicio and his supposed rival and fellow Cavite-based career criminal, Captain Eddie Set in 1974's Kapitan Eddie Set: Mad Killer of Cavite.
The films capitalized on the supposed incredible magic of Manicio's anting-anting. Both were loosely based on his life while portrayed him as an anti-hero.
See also
Anting-anting
Philippine Constabulary
References
Sources
The Manila Bulletin, "Scribe Who Negotiated Years Ago Putik Surrender Sees His Capture" by Amelita Reysio-Cruz, May 27, 1958
The Cavite Independent News, May 28, 1958
Philippine Constabulary Yearbook August 1960
IMDB Information for the movie "Nardong Putik".
External links
Col. Laureño Maraña of the 7th BCT Hukbalahap
"Sino ang pumatay kay kay Nardong Putik?" Inquirer Bandera (Visayas)
"Nardong Putik" Law and Behold!
Banditry in Cavite during the post World War II period
Filipino murderers
People from Dasmariñas
Filipino gangsters
1925 births
1971 deaths
Police officers convicted of crimes
Tagalog people
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardong%20Putik |
Insulation may refer to:
Thermal
Thermal insulation, use of materials to reduce rates of heat transfer
List of insulation materials
Building insulation, thermal insulation added to buildings for comfort and energy efficiency
Insulated siding, home siding that includes rigid foam insulation
Insulated glazing, a thermally insulating window construction
Insulated pipe, widely used for district heating and hot water supply in Europe
Insulated shipping container, a type of packaging used to ship temperature-sensitive products
Electrical
Insulator (electricity), the use of material to resist the electric current and magnetism
Insulating link, a device used on the hook of a crane
Insulation system, for wires used in generators, electric motors, transformers
Myelination, electrical insulation of nerve cells
Other uses
Soundproofing, also known as acoustic insulation, any means of reducing the intensity of sound
Insulated neighborhood, chromosomal loop structures
See also
Insolation or solar irradiance
Insulator (disambiguation)
Isolation (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulation |
() was an Indian fitness club, which was actually used as an underground society for anti-British revolutionaries. In the first quarter of the 20th century it supported revolutionary violence as the means for ending British rule in India. The organisation arose from a conglomeration of local youth groups and gyms (akhara) in Bengal in 1902. It had two prominent, somewhat independent, arms in East and West Bengal, (centred in Dhaka), and the Jugantar group (centred in Calcutta).
From its foundation to its dissolution during the 1930s, the Samiti challenged British rule in India by engaging in militant nationalism, including bombings, assassinations, and politically motivated violence. The Samiti collaborated with other revolutionary organisations in India and abroad. It was led by the nationalists Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra Ghosh, influenced by philosophies like Italian Nationalism, and the Pan-Asianism of Kakuzo Okakura. Ullaskar Dutta used to be the Jugantor group's principal bomb maker until Hemchandra Quanungo returned from Paris learning bomb making and explosive chemistry. The Samiti was involved in a number of noted incidents of revolutionary attacks against British interests and administration in India, including early attempts to assassinate British Raj officials. These were followed by the 1912 attempt on the life of the Viceroy of India, led by Rash Behari Bose and Basanta Kumar Biswas, and the Seditious conspiracy during World War I, led by Jatindranath Mukherjee.
The organisation moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s due to the influence of the Indian National Congress and the Gandhian non-violent movement. A section of the group, notably those associated with Sachindranath Sanyal, remained active in the revolutionary movement, founding the Hindustan Republican Association in north India. A number of Congress leaders from Bengal, especially Subhash Chandra Bose, were accused by the British Government of having links with the organisation during this time.
The Samiti's violent and radical philosophy revived in the 1930s, when it was involved in the Kakori conspiracy, the Chittagong armoury raid, and other actions against the administration in British-occupied India.
Shortly after its inception, the organisation became the focus of an extensive police and intelligence operation which led to the founding of the Special branch of the Calcutta Police. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against the Samiti at various times included Sir Robert Nathan, Sir Harold Stuart, Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore and Sir Charles Tegart. The threat posed by the activities of the Samiti in Bengal during World War I, along with the threat of a Ghadarite uprising in Punjab, led to the passage of Defence of India Act 1915. These measures enabled the arrest, internment, transportation and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation, which crushed the East Bengal Branch. In the aftermath of the war, the Rowlatt committee recommended extending the Defence of India Act (as the Rowlatt Act) to thwart any possible revival of the Samiti in Bengal and the Ghadarite movement in Punjab. After the war, the activities of the party led to the implementation of the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment in the early 1920s, which reinstated the powers of incarceration and detention from the Defence of India Act. However, the Anushilan Samiti gradually disseminated into the Gandhian movement. Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress then led by Subhas Chandra Bose, while others identified more closely with Communism. The Jugantar branch formally dissolved in 1938.
Background
The growth of the Indian middle class during the 19th century led to a growing sense of Indian identity that fed a rising tide of nationalism in India in the last decades of the 1800s. The creation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 by A.O. Hume provided a major platform for the demands of political liberalisation, increased autonomy and social reform. The nationalist movement became particularly strong, radical and violent in Bengal and, later, in Punjab. Notable, if smaller, movements also appeared in Maharashtra, Madras and other areas in the South. The movement in Maharashtra, especially Mumbai (formerly Bombay) and Poona, preceded most revolutionary movements in the country. This movement was supported ideologically by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who may also have offered covert active support. The Indian Association was founded in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) in 1876 under the leadership of Surendranath Banerjee. The Association became the mouthpiece of an informal constituency of students and middle-class gentlemen. It sponsored the Indian National Conference in 1883 and 1885, which later merged with the Indian National Congress. Kolkata – formerly Calcutta was at the time the most prominent centre for organised politics, and some of the students who attended the political meetings began to organise "secret societies" that cultivated a culture of physical strength and nationalist feelings.
Timeline
Origins
By 1902, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India: one founded by Calcutta student Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of Calcutta barrister Pramatha Mitra, another led by Sarala Devi, and the third founded by Aurobindo Ghose. Ghose and his brother Barin were among the strongest proponents of militant Indian nationalism at the time. Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and Barin, including Bande Mataram and Jugantar Patrika(Yugantar), had a widespread influence on Bengal youth and helped Anushilan Samiti to gain popularity in Bengal. The 1905 partition of Bengal stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in Bengal's Bhadralok community, helping the Samiti to acquire the support of educated, politically conscious and disaffected members of local youth societies. The Samiti's program emphasized physical training, training its recruits with daggers and lathis (bamboo staffs used as weapons). The Dhaka branch was led by Pulin Behari Das, and branches spread throughout East Bengal and Assam. More than 500 branches were opened in eastern Bengal and Assam, linked by "close and detailed organization" to Pulin's headquarters at Dhaka. This branch soon overshadowed its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti emerged in Jessore, Khulna, Faridpur, Rajnagar, Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali and Bakarganj, with an estimated membership of 15,000 to 20,000. Within two years, Dhaka Anushilan changed its aims from those of the Swadeshi movement to that of political terrorism.
The organisation's political views were expressed in the journal Jugantar, founded in March 1906 by Abhinash Bhattacharya, Barindra, Bhupendranath Dutt and Debabrata Basu. It soon became an organ for the radical views of Aurobindo and other Anushilan leaders, and led to the Calcutta Samiti group being dubbed the "Jugantar party". Early leaders were Rash Behari Bose, Bhavabhushan Mitra, Jatindranath Mukherjee and Jadugopal Mukherjee. Aurobindo published similar messages of violent nationalism in journals such as Sandhya, Navashakti and Bande Mataram.
Nationalism and violence
The Dhaka Anushilan Samiti broke with the Jugantar group in West Bengal due to disagreements with Aurobindo's approach of slowly building a mass base for revolution. The Dhaka group instead sought immediate action and results through political terrorism. The two branches of the Samiti engaged in dacoity to raise money, and performed a number of political assassinations. In December 1907, the Bengal branch derailed a train carrying Bengal Lieutenant Governor Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser in a plot led by the Ghosh brothers. In the same month, the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti assassinated former Dhaka district magistrate D. C. Allen. The following year, the Samiti engineered eleven assassinations, seven attempted assassinations and explosions and eight dacoities in West Bengal. Their targets included British police officials and civil servants, Indian police officers, informants, public prosecutors of political crimes, and wealthy families. Under Barin Ghosh's direction, the Samiti's members also attempted to assassinate French colonial officials in Chandernagore who were seen as complicit with the Raj.
Anushilan Samiti established early links with foreign movements and Indian nationalists abroad. In 1907 Hem Chandra Kanungo (Hem Chandra Das) went to Paris by selling his land property to learn bomb-making from Nicholas Safranski, a Russian revolutionary in exile. In 1908, young recruits Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki were sent on a mission to Muzaffarpur to assassinate chief presidency magistrate D. H. Kingsford. They bombed a carriage they mistook for Kingsford's, killing two Englishwomen. Bose was arrested while attempting to flee and Chaki committed suicide. Police investigation of the killers connected them with Barin's country house in Manicktala (a suburb of Calcutta) and led to a number of arrests, including Aurobindo and Barin. The ensuing trial, held under tight security, led to a death sentence for Barin (later commuted to life imprisonment). The case against Aurobindo Ghosh collapsed after Naren Gosain, who had turned crown witness, was shot in Alipore jail by Satyendranath Basu and Kanailal Dutta, who were also being tried. Aurobindo retired from active politics after being acquitted. This was followed by a 1909 Dhaka conspiracy case, which brought 44 members of the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti to trial. Nandalal Bannerjee (the officer who arrested Khudiram) was shot and killed in 1908, followed by the assassinations of the prosecutor and informant for the Alipore case in 1909.
After Aurobindo's retirement, the western Anushilan Samiti found a more prominent leader in Bagha Jatin and emerged as the Jugantar. Jatin revitalised links between the central organisation in Calcutta and its branches in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh, establishing hideouts in the Sunderbans for members who had gone underground. The group slowly reorganised, aided by Amarendra Chatterjee, Naren Bhattacharya and other younger leaders. Some of its younger members, including Taraknath Das, left India. Over the next two years, the organisation operated under the cover of two apparently-separate groups: Sramajeebi Samabaya (the Labourer's Cooperative) and S.D. Harry and Sons. Around this time Jatin attempted to establish contacts with the 10th Jat Regiment, garrisoned at Fort William in Calcutta, and Narendra Nath committed a number of robberies to raise money. Shamsul Alam, a Bengal police officer preparing a conspiracy case against the group, was assassinated by Jatin associate Biren Dutta Gupta. His assassination led to the arrests which precipitated the Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case.
In 1911, Dhaka Anushilan members shot dead Sub-inspector Raj Kumar and Inspector Man Mohan Ghosh, two Bengali police officers investigating unrest linked to the group, in Mymensingh and Barisal. This was followed by the assassination of CID head constable Shrish Chandra Dey in Calcutta. In February 1911, Jugantar bombed a car in Calcutta, mistaking an Englishman for police officer Godfrey Denham. Rash Behari Bose (described as "the most dangerous revolutionary in India") extended the group's reach into north India, where he found work in the Indian Forest Institute in Dehra Dun. Bose forged links with radical nationalists in Punjab and the United Provinces, including those later connected to Har Dayal. During the 1912 transfer of the imperial capital to New Delhi, Viceroy Charles Hardinge's howdah was bombed; his mahout was killed, and Hardinge was seriously injured.
World War I
As war between Germany and Britain began to seem likely, Indian nationalists at home and abroad decided to use the war for the nationalist cause. Through Kishen Singh, the Bengal Samiti cell was introduced to Har Dayal when Dayal visited India in 1908. Dayal was associated with India House, then headed by V. D. Savarkar. By 1910, Dayal was working closely with Rash Behari Bose. After the decline of India House, Dayal moved to San Francisco after working briefly with the Paris Indian Society. Nationalism among Indian immigrants (particularly students and the working class) was gaining ground in the United States. Taraknath Das, who left Bengal for the United States in 1907, was among the Indian students who engaged in political work. In California, Dayal became a leading organiser of Indian nationalism amongst predominantly-Punjabi immigrant workers and was a key member of the Ghadar Party.
With Naren Bhattacharya, Jatin met the crown prince of Germany during the latter's 1912 visit to Calcutta and obtained an assurance that arms and ammunition would be supplied to them. Jatin learned about Bose's work from Niralamba Swami on a pilgrimage to Brindavan. Returning to Bengal, he began reorganising the group. Bose went into hiding in Benares after the 1912 attempt on Hardinge but he met Jatin towards the end of 1913, outlining prospects for a pan-Indian revolution. In 1914 Bose, the Maharashtrian Vishnu Ganesh Pingle and Sikh militants planned simultaneous troop uprisings for February 1915. In Bengal, Anushilan and Jugantar launched what has been described by historians as "a reign of terror in both the cities and the countryside ... [which] ... came close to achieving their key goal of paralysing the administration". An atmosphere of fear severely affected morale in both the police and courts. In August 1914, Jugantar seized a large amount of arms and ammunition from the Rodda company, a Calcutta arms dealer, and used them in robberies in Calcutta for the next two years. In 1915, only six revolutionaries were successfully tried.
Both the February 1915 plot and a December 1915 plot were thwarted by British intelligence. Jatin and a number of fellow revolutionaries were killed in a firefight with police at Balasore, in present-day Orissa, which brought Jugantar to a temporary end. The Defence of India Act 1915 led to widespread arrests, internments, deportations and executions of members of the revolutionary movement. By March 1916, widespread arrests helped Bengal police crush the Dacca Anushilan Samiti in Calcutta. Regulation III and the Defence of India Act were enforced throughout Bengal in August 1916. By June 1917, 705 people were under house arrest under the Act and 99 were imprisoned under Regulation III. In Bengal, revolutionary violence fell to 10 incidents in 1917. According to official lists, 186 revolutionaries were killed or convicted by 1918. After the war, the Defence of India Act was extended by the Rowlatt Act, the passage of which was a prime target of the protests of M. K. Gandhi's non-cooperation movement. Many revolutionaries released after the war escaped to Burma to avoid repeated incarceration.
After the war
The first non-cooperation movement, the Rowlatt Satyagrahas led by Gandhi, was active from 1919 to 1922. It received widespread support from prominent members of the Indian independence movement. In Bengal, Jugantar agreed to a request by Chittaranjan Das (a respected leader of the Indian National Congress) to refrain from violence. Although Anushilan Samiti did not adhere to the agreement, it sponsored no major actions between 1920 and 1922. During the next few years, Jugantar and the Samiti became active again. The resurgence of radical nationalism linked to the Samiti during the 1920s led to the passage of the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance in 1924. The act restored extraordinary powers of detention to the police; by 1927 more than 200 suspects were imprisoned under the act, including Subhas Chandra Bose, curtailing the resurgence of nationalist violence in Bengal. Branches of Jugantar formed in Chittagong and Dhaka, in present-day Bangladesh. The Chittagong branch, led by Surya Sen, robbed the Chittagong office of the Assam-Bengal Railway in December 1923. In January 1924 a young Bengali, Gopi Mohan Saha, shot dead a European he mistook for Calcutta police commissioner Charles Tegart. The assassin was praised by the Bengali press and, to Gandhi's chagrin, proclaimed a martyr by the Bengal branch of the Congress. Around this time, Jugantar became closely associated with the Calcutta Corporation, headed by Das and Subhas Chandra Bose, and terrorists (and ex-terrorists) became significant factors in local Bengali government.
In 1923 another group linked to Anushilan Samiti, the Hindustan Republican Association, was founded in Benares by Sachindranath Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, helping to radicalise north India. It soon had branches from Calcutta to Lahore. A series of successful dacoities in Uttar Pradesh were followed by a train robbery in Kakori, and subsequent investigations and two trials broke the organization. Several years later, it was reborn as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
In 1927, the Indian National Congress came out in favour of independence from Britain. Bengal had quietened over a four-year period, and the government released most of those interned under the Act of 1925 despite an unsuccessful attempt to forge an alliance between Jugantar and Anushilan Samiti. Some younger radicals struck out in new directions, and many (young and old) took part in Congress activities such as the 1928 anti-Simon Commission protests. Congress leader Lala Lajpat Rai died of injuries received when police broke up a Lahore protest march in October, and Bhagat Singh and other members of the HSRA avenged his death in December; Singh also later bombed the legislative assembly. He and other HSRA members were arrested, and three went on a hunger strike in jail; Bengali bomb-maker Jatindra Nath Das persisted in his strike until his death in September 1929. The Calcutta Corporation passed a condolence resolution after his death, as did Congress when Bhagat Singh was executed.
Final phase
As the Congress-led movement picked up its pace during the early 1930s, some former revolutionaries identified with the Gandhian political movement and became influential Congressmen (notably Surendra Mohan Ghose). Many Bengali Congressmen also maintained links with the Samiti. Simultaneously with the nonviolent protests of the Gandhi-led Salt March, in April 1930, a group led by Surya Sen raided the Chittagong Armoury. In 1930 eleven British officials were killed, notably during the Writer's Building raid of December 1930 by Benoy Basu, Dinesh Gupta and Badal Gupta. Three successive district magistrates in Midnapore were assassinated, and dozens of other actions were carried out during the first half of the decade. By 1931 a record 92 violent incidents were recorded, including the murders of the British magistrates of Tippera and Midnapore. However, soon afterwards, in 1934, the revolutionary movement in Bengal ended.
A large portion of the Samiti movement was attracted to left-wing politics during the 1930s, and those who did not join left-wing parties identified with Congress and the Congress Socialist Party. During the mass detentions of the 1930s surrounding the civil-disobedience movement, many members joined Congress. Jugantar was formally dissolved in 1938; many former members continued to act together under Surendra Mohan Ghose, who was a liaison between other Congress politicians and Aurobindo Ghose in Pondicherry. During the late 1930s, Marxist-leaning members of the Samiti in the CSP announced the formation of the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP).
Organisation
Structure
Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were organised on different lines, reflecting their divergence. The Samiti was centrally organised, with a rigid discipline and vertical hierarchy. Jugantar was more loosely organised as an alliance of groups under local leaders that occasionally coordinated their actions. The prototype of Jugantar's organisation was Barin Ghosh's organisation set up in 1907, in the run-up to the Manicktala conspiracy. It sought to emulate the model of Russian revolutionaries described by Frost. The regulations of the central Dhaka organization of the Samiti were written down, and reproduced and summarised in government reports.
According to one estimate, the Dacca Anushilan Samiti at one point had 500 branches, mostly in the eastern districts of Bengal, and 20,000 members. Branches were opened later in the western districts, Bihar, and the United Provinces. Shelters for absconders were established in Assam and in two farms in Tripura. Organisational documents show a primary division between the two active leaders, Barin Ghosh and Upendranath Bannerjee, and the rank-and-file. Higher leaders such as Aurobindo were supposed to be known only to the active leaders. Past members of the Samiti asserted that the groups were interconnected with a vast web of secret societies throughout British India. However, historian Peter Heehs concluded that the links between provinces were limited to contacts between a few individuals like Aurobindo who was familiar with leaders and movements in Western India, and that relationships among the different revolutionary groups were more often competitive than co-operative. An internal document of circa 1908 written by Pulin Behari Das describes the division of the organisation in Bengal, which largely followed British administrative divisions.
Cadre
Samiti membership was predominantly made up of Hindus, at least initially, which was ascribed to the religious oath of initiation being unacceptable to Muslims. Each member was assigned to one or more of three roles: collection of funds, implementation of planned actions and propaganda. In practice, however, the fundamental division was between "military’’ work and ‘‘civil’’ work. Dals (teams) consisting of five or ten members led by a dalpati (team leader) were grouped together in local Samiti led by adhyakshas (executive officers) and other officers. These reported to district officers appointed by and responsible to the central Dhaka organization, commanded by Pulin Das and those who deputised for him during his periods of imprisonment. Samitis were divided into four functional groups: violence, organisation, keepers of arms, and householders. Communications were carried by special couriers and written in secret code. These practices and others were inspired by literary sources and were partly a concession to the desire of young men to act out romantic drama. Less is known about the Jugantar network, which took the place of the Manicktala society after the Alipore bomb case. It faced divisions similar to the Samiti. Historian Leonard Gordon notes that at least in the period between 1910 and 1915, the dals in the Jugantar network were separate units, led by a dada (lit: elder brother). The dada was also guru, teaching those under his command practical skills, revolutionary ideology, and strategy. Gordon suggests that the dada system developed out of pre-existing social structures in rural Bengal. Dadas both co-operated and competed with each other for men, money, and material.
Many members of the Samiti came from upper castes. By 1918, nearly 90% of the revolutionaries killed or convicted were Brahmins, Kayasthas or Vaidyas; rests are from agricultural or pastoral castes like Mahishya or Yadav. As the Samiti spread its influence to other parts of the country, particularly north India, it began to draw in people of other religions and of varying religious commitments. For example, many who joined the Hindustan Republican Socialist Association were Marxists and many were militant atheists. By the late 1930s, members with a more secular outlook were beginning to participate. Some components of the Samiti also included prominent participation from women, including Pritilata Waddedar who led a Jugantar attack during the Chittagong Armoury raid, and Kalpana Dutta who manufactured bombs at Chittagong.
Ideologies
Indian philosophies
The Samiti was influenced by the writings of the Bengali nationalist author Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. The name of the organisation, Anushilan, is derived from Bankim's works espousing hard work and spartan life. Bankim's cultural and martial nationalism, exemplified in Anandamath, along with his reinterpretation of the Bhagavat Gita, were strong influences on the strain of nationalism that inspired the early societies that later became Anushilan Samiti. A search of the Dacca Anushilan Samiti library in 1908 showed that Bankim's Bhagavat Gita was the most widely read book in the library.
The philosophies and teachings of Swami Vivekananda were later added to this philosophy. The "Rules of Membership" in the Dacca library strongly recommended reading his books. These books emphasised "Strong muscles and nerves of steel", which some historians consider to be strongly influenced by the Hindu Shakta Philosophy. This interest in physical improvement and proto-national spirit among young Bengalis was driven by an effort to break away from the stereotype of effeminacy that the British had imposed on the Bengalis. Physical fitness was symbolic of the recovery of masculinity, and part of a larger moral and spiritual training to cultivate control over the body, and develop national pride and a sense of social responsibility and service. Peter Heehs, writing in 2010, notes the Samiti had three pillars in their ideologies: "cultural independence", "political independence", and "economic independence". In terms of economic independence, the Samiti diverged from the Swadeshi movement, which they decried as a "trader's movement".
European influences
When the Samiti first came into prominence following the Muzaffarpur killings, its ideology was felt to be influenced by European anarchism. Lord Minto resisted the notion that its action might be the manifestation of political grievance by concluding that:
However others disagreed. John Morley was of the opinion that the political violence exemplified by the Samiti was a manifestation of Indian antagonism to the government, although there were also influences of European nationalism and philosophies of liberalism. In the 1860s and 1870s, large numbers of akhras (gymnasiums) arose in Bengal that were consciously designed along the lines of the Italian Carbonari. These were influenced by the works of Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini and his Young Italy movement. Aurobindo himself studied the revolutionary nationalism of Ireland, France and America. Hem Chandra Das, during his stay in Paris, is also noted to have interacted with European radical nationalists in the city, returning to India an atheist with Marxist leanings.
Okakura and Nivedita
Foreign influences on the Samiti included the Japanese artist Kakuzo Okakura and Margaret Noble, an Irish woman known as Sister Nivedita. Okakura was a proponent of Pan-Asianism. He visited Swami Vivekananda in Calcutta in 1902, and inspired Pramathanath Mitra in the early days of the Samiti. However the extent of his involvement or influence is debated. Nivedita was a disciple of Swami Vivekananda. She had contacts with Aurobindo, with Satish Bose and with Jugantar sub-editor Bhupendranath Bose. Nivedita is believed to have influenced members of the Samiti by talking about their duties to the motherland and providing literature on revolutionary nationalism. She was a correspondent of Peter Kropotkin, a noted anarchist.
Major influences
A major section of the Anushilan movement had been attracted to Marxism during the 1920s and 1930s, many of them studying Marxist–Leninist literature whilst serving long jail sentences. A majority broke away from the Anushilan Samiti and joined the Communist Consolidation the Marxist group in Cellular Jail, and they later the Communist Party of India (CPI). Some of the Anushilan Marxists were hesitant to join the Communist Party, few joined the RSP however, since they distrusted the political lines formulated by the Communist International. They also did not embrace Trotskyism, although they shared some Trotskyite critiques of the leadership of Joseph Stalin.
Impact
Police reaction and reforms
Shortly after its inception, the Samiti became the focus of extensive police and intelligence operation. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against them at various times included Sir Robert Nathan, Sir Harold Stuart, Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore and Sir Charles Tegart.
The CIDs of Bengal and the provinces of Eastern Bengal and Assam were founded in response to the revolutionary movement led by the Samiti. By 1908, political crime duties took the services of one deputy Superintendent of Police, 52 Inspectors and Sub-Inspectors, and nearly 720 constables. Foreseeing a rise in the strength of the revolutionary movement, Sir Harold Stuart (then Secretary of State for India) implemented plans for secret service to fight the menace posed by the Samiti. A Political Crime branch of the C.I.D. (known as the "Special Department") was developed in September 1909, staffed by 23 officers and 45 men. The government of India allocated Rs 2,227,000 for the Bengal Police alone in the reforms of 1909–1910.
By 1908 a Special Officer for Political Crime was appointed from the Bengal Police, with the Special Branch of Police working under him. This post was first occupied by C.W.C. Plowden and later by F.C. Daly. Godfrey Denham, then Assistant Superintendent of Police, served under the Special Officer. Denham was credited with uncovering the Manicktala safe house of the Samiti, raiding it in May 1908, which ultimately led to the Manicktala conspiracy case. This case led to further expansion of the Special Branch in Bengal. The CID in Eastern Bengal and Assam (EBA) were founded in 1906 and expanded from 1909 onwards. However, the EBA police's access to informers and secret agents remained difficult. In EBA, a civil servant, H.L. Salkeld, uncovered the eastern branch of Anushilan Samiti, producing a four-volume report and placing 68 suspects under surveillance. However the Samiti evaded detailed intrusion by adopting the model of Russian revolutionaries. Until 1909, the police were unclear whether they were dealing with a single organisation or with a conglomeration of independent groups.
The visit of King George V to India in 1911 catalyzed improvements in police equipment and staffing in Bengal and EBA. In 1912, the political branch of the Bengal CID was renamed the Intelligence Branch, staffed with 50 officers and 127 men. The branch had separate sections dealing with explosives, assassinations, and robberies. It was headed by Charles Tegart, who built up a network of agents and informers to infiltrate the Samiti. Tegart would meet his agents under cover of darkness, at times disguising himself as a pathan or kabuliwallah. Assisting Denham and Petrie, Tegart led the investigation in the aftermath of the Dalhi-Lahore Conspiracy and identified Chandernagore as the main hub for the Samiti. Tegart remained in the Bengal police until at least the 1930s, earning notoriety amongst the Samiti for his work, and was subjected to a number of assassination attempts. In 1924, Ernest Day, an Englishman, was shot dead by Gopinath Saha at Chowringhee Road in Calcutta, due to being mistaken for Tegart. In 1930, a bomb was thrown into Tegart's car at Dalhousie Square but Tegart managed to shoot the revolutionary and escaped unhurt. His efficient curbing of the revolutionary movement earned praise from Lord Lytton and he was awarded the King's medal. In 1937 Tegart was sent to the British Mandate of Palestine, then in the throes of the Arab Revolt, to advise the Inspector General on security.
Criminal Law Amendment 1908
In its fight against the Raj, the Samitis members who turned approvers (i.e. gave evidence against their colleagues) and the Bengal Police staff who were investigating the Samiti were consistently targeted. A number of assassinations were carried out of approvers who had agreed to act as crown witnesses. In 1909 Naren Gossain, crown witness for the prosecution in Alipore bomb case, was shot dead within Alipore Jail by Satyendranath Boseu and Kanai Lal Dutt. Ashutosh Biswas, an advocate of Calcutta High Court in charge of prosecution of Gossain murder case, was shot dead within Calcutta High Court in 1909. In 1910, Shamsul Alam, Deputy Superintendent of Bengal Police responsible for investigating the Alipore bomb case, was shot dead on the steps of Calcutta High Court. The failures of a number of prosecutions of violence linked to the Samiti under the Criminal Procedures Act of 1898 led to a special act that provided for crimes of nationalist violence to be tried by a special tribunal composed of three high-court judges. In December 1908 the Criminal Law amendments were passed under the terms of Regulation III of 1818, with the goal of suppressing associations formed for seditious conspiracies. The act was first applied to deport nine Bengali revolutionaries to Mandalay prison in 1908. Despite these measures however, the high standards of evidence demanded by the Calcutta High Court, insufficient investigations by police, and at times outright fabrication of evidence, led to persistent failures to tame nationalist violence. The police forces felt unable to deal with the operations of secretive nationalist organisations, leading to demands for special powers. The Indian press opposed these demands strenuously, arguing against any extension of the already wide powers enjoyed by the police forces in India, which they claimed were already being used to oppress the Indian people.
Defence of India Act
The threat posed by the activities of the Samiti in Bengal during World War I, along with the threat of a Ghadarite uprising in Punjab, led to the passage of Defence of India Act 1915. The act received universal support from Indian non-officiating members in the Governor General's council and from moderate leaders within the Indian political movement. The British war effort had received popular support within India and the act received support on the understanding that the measures enacted were necessary in the war situation. These measures enabled the arrest, internment, transportation, and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation, which crushed the East Bengal branch of the Samiti. Its application led to 46 executions, as well as 64 life sentences given to revolutionaries in Bengal and Punjab in the Lahore Conspiracy Trial and Benares Conspiracy Trial, and in tribunals in Bengal, effectively crushing the revolutionary movement. By March 1916, widespread arrests had helped Bengal Police crush the in Calcutta. The power of preventive detention was used extensively in Bengal, and revolutionary violence in Bengal plummeted to 10 incidents in 1917. By the end of the war there were over 800 detainees under the act in Bengal under the act. However, indiscriminate application of the act made it increasingly unpopular with the Indian public.
Rowlatt act
The 1915 act was designed to expire in 1919, and the Rowlatt Committee was appointed to recommend measures to continue to suppress the revolutionary movement. The committee recommended an extension of the provisions of the Defence of India Act for a further three years with the removal of habeas corpus provisions. However this was met with universal opposition by the Indian members of the Viceroy's council, as well as the population in general, and Gandhi called the proposed act "The Black Bills". Mohammed Ali Jinnah left the Viceroy's council in protest, after having warned the council of the danger of enacting such an unpopular bill. Nevertheless, the recommendations were enacted in the Rowlatt Bills. Gandhi then led a protest, the Rowlatt Satyagraha, one of the first civil disobedience movements that would become the Indian independence movement. The protests included hartals in Delhi, public protests in Punjab, and other protest movements across India. In Punjab, the protests culminated in the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre in April 1919. After nearly three years of agitation, the government finally repealed the Rowlatt act and its component sister acts.
Bengal Criminal Law Amendment
A resurgence of radical nationalism linked to the Samiti after 1922 led to the implementation of the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment in 1924, which reinstated the powers of incarceration and detention from the Defence of India Act. The act re-introduced extraordinary powers of detention to the police, and by 1927 more than 200 suspects had been imprisoned, including Subhas Chandra Bose. The implementation of the act successfully curtailed a resurgence in nationalist violence in Bengal, at a time when the Hindustan Republican Association was rising in the United Provinces.
After the 1920s, the Anushilan Samiti gradually dissolved into the Gandhian movement. Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress, then led by Subhas Chandra Bose, while others identified more closely with Communism. The Jugantar branch formally dissolved in 1938. In independent India, the party in West Bengal evolved into the Revolutionary Socialist Party, while the Eastern Branch later evolved into the Sramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal (Workers and Peasants Socialist Party) in present-day Bangladesh.
Influence
Revolutionary nationalism
The nationalist publication Jugantar, which served as the organ of the Samiti, inspired fanatical loyalty among its readers. By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies, which later rose to 20,000. Its message was aimed at elite politically conscious readers and was essentially a critique of British rule in India and justification of political violence. Several young men who joined the Samiti credited Jugantar with influencing their decisions. The editor of the paper, Bhupendranath Datta, was arrested and sentenced to one year's rigorous imprisonment in 1907. The Samiti responded by attempting to assassinate Douglas Kingsford, who presided over the trial, and Jugantar responded with defiant editorials. Jugantar was repeatedly prosecuted, leaving it in financial ruins by 1908. However, the prosecutions brought the paper more publicity and helped disseminate the Samiti'''s ideology of revolutionary nationalism. Historian Shukla Sanyal has commented that revolutionary terrorism as an ideology began to win at least tacit support amongst a significant populace at this time.
Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, the founder of the Hindu nationalist organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), was an alumnus of the Anushilan Samiti. He was sent to Calcutta by B. S. Moonje in 1910 to study medicine, and to learn techniques of violent nationalism from secret revolutionary organizations in Bengal. There he lived with independence activist Shyam Sundar Chakravarty, and had contacts with revolutionaries like Ram Prasad Bismil.
Indian independence movement
James Popplewell, writing in 1995, noted that the Raj perceived the Samiti in its early days as a serious threat to its rule. However, historian Sumit Sarkar noted that the Samiti never mustered enough support to offer an urban rebellion or a guerrilla campaign. Both Peter Heehs and Sumit Sarkar have noted that the Samiti called for complete independence over 20 years before the Congress adopted this as its aim. A number of landmark events early in the Indian independence movement, including the revolutionary conspiracies of World War I, involved the Samiti, as noted in the Rowlatt report. Later the ascendant left-wing of the Congress, particularly Subhas Chandra Bose, was suspected of having links with the Samiti. Heehs argued that the actions of the revolutionary nationalists exemplified by the Samiti forced the government to parley more seriously with the leaders of the legitimate movement, and that Gandhi was always aware of this. "At the Round Table Conference of 1931, the apostle of non-violence declared that he held 'no brief for the terrorists', but added that if the government refused to work with him, it would have the terrorists to deal with. The only way to 'say good-bye to terrorism' was 'to work the Congress for all it is worth'".
Social influences
The founders of the Samiti were among the leading luminaries of Bengal at the time, advocating for social change in ways far removed from the violent nationalist works that identified the Samiti in later years. The young men of Bengal were among the most active in the Swadeshi movement, prompting R.W. Carlyle to prohibit the participation of students in political meetings on the threat of withdrawal of funding and grants. Bengali intellectuals were already calling for indigenous schools and colleges to replace British institutions, and seeking to build indigenous institutions. Surendranath Tagore, of the Tagore family of Calcutta financed the establishment of Indian-owned banks and insurance companies. The 1906 Congress session in Calcutta established the National Council of Education as a nationalist agency to promote Indian institutions with their own independent curriculum designed to provide skills in technical and technological education that its founders felt would be necessary for building indigenous industries. With the financial backing of Subodh Chandra Mallik, the Bengal National College was established with Aurobindo as Principal. Aurobindo participated in the Indian National Congress at the time. He used his platform in the Congress to present the Samiti as a conglomeration of youth clubs, even as the government raised fears that it was a revolutionary nationalist organisation. During his time as Principal, Aurobindo started the nationalist publications Jugantar, Karmayogin and Bande Mataram. The student's mess at the college was frequented by students of East Bengal who belonged to the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti, and was known to be a hotbed of revolutionary nationalism, which was uncontrolled or even encouraged by the college. Students of the college who later rose to prominence in the Indian revolutionary movement include M. N. Roy. The Samitis ideologies further influenced patriotic nationalism.
Communism in India
Through the 1920s and 1930s, many members of the Samiti began identifying with Communism and leftist ideologies. Many of them studied Marxist–Leninist literature while serving long jail sentences. A minority section broke away from the Anushilan movement and joined the Communist Consolidation, and later the Communist Party of India. Former Jugantar leader Narendranath Bhattacharya, now known as M. N. Roy, became an influential member of the Communist International, helping to found the Communist Party of India. The majority of the Anushilanite Marxists hesitated to join the Communist Party. Instead, they joined the Congress Socialist Party (CSP), but kept a separate identity within the party as the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP). The RSP held a strong influence in parts of Bengal. The party sent two parliamentarians to the 1952 Lok Sabha elections, both previously Samiti members. In 1969, RSP sympathizers in East Pakistan formed the Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal (SKSD). RSP and SKSD have maintained close ties ever since. The RSP is currently a minor partner in the Left Front, which ruled the Indian state of West Bengal for 34 uninterrupted years. It also holds influence in South India, notably in parts of Kerala. The SUCI, another left-wing party with a presence in Bengal, was founded in 1948 by Anushilan members.
In popular culture
The revolutionaries of the Samiti became household names in Bengal. Many of these educated and youthful men were widely admired and romanticised throughout India. Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi (Bid me farewell, mother), a 1908 lament written by Bengali folk poet Pitambar Das that mourns the execution of Khudiram Bose, was popular in Bengal decades after Bose's death. The railway station where Bose was arrested is now named Khudiram Bose Pusa Railway Station in his honour.
The 1926 nationalist novel Pather Dabi (Right of the way) by Bengali author Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay tells the story of a secret revolutionary nationalist organisation fighting the Raj. The protagonist of the novel, Sabyasachi, is believed to have been modelled after Rash Behari Bose, while the revolutionary organisation is thought to have been influenced by the Bengali Samiti. The novel was banned by The Raj as "seditious", but acquired wild popularity. It formed the basis of a 1977 Bengali language film, Sabyasachi, with Uttam Kumar playing the lead role of the protagonist.Do and Die is a historical account of the Chittagong armoury raid published in 2000 by Indian author Manini Chatterjee. It was awarded the Rabindra Puraskar, the highest literary award in Bengal. The book formed the basis of Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey'' (We Play with Our Lives), a 2010 Bollywood film with Abhishek Bachchan playing the role of Surya Sen.
A marble plaque marks the building in Calcutta where the Samiti was founded. A plaque at the site of Barin Ghose's country house (in present-day Ultadanga) marks the site where Ghosh and his group was arrested in the Alipore bomb case. Many of the Samiti's members are known in India and abroad, and are commemorated in different forms. A number of Calcutta suburbs are today named after revolutionaries and nationalists of the Samiti. Grey Street, where Aurobindo Ghosh's press office stood, is today named Aurobido Sarani (Aurobindo Avenue). Dalhousie Square was renamed B.B.D Bag, named after Benoy, Badal, and Dinesh who raided the Writer's Building in 1926. Mononga lane, the site of Rodda & Co. heist, houses the busts of Anukul Mukherjee, Srish Chandra Mitra, Haridas Dutta, and Bipin Bihary Ganguly who participated in the heist. Chashakhand, a location 15 km east of Balasore where Bagha Jatin and his group made their last stand against Tegart's forces, commemorates the battlefield in Jatin's honour. The locality of Baghajatin in Kolkata is named after Jatin. In Bangladesh, the gallows where Surya Sen was executed are preserved as a historical monument.
Citations
References
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British India
Decolonization
Politics of India
Political movements in India
Political history of India
Indian independence movement
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
1906 establishments in India
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Organizations established in 1906
Resistance to the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushilan%20Samiti |
Anthony Merry (2 August 1756 – 14 June 1835) was a British diplomat. He was Britain's representative to the United States in Washington, D.C. from 1803 to 1806, and British Minister to Sweden from 1808 to 1809.
Biography
The son of a London wine merchant, Anthony Merry served in various diplomatic posts in Europe between 1783 and 1803, holding mostly consular positions. In 1803 he married Elizabeth Leathes, widow of John Leathes of Herringfield House, Suffolk. He was Chargé d'Affaires in Madrid in 1796 and again in Copenhagen about 1799, and Minister ad interim in Paris in 1802. Merry was Britain's representative to the United States in Washington, D.C. from 1803 to 1806.
When Merry arrived in the United States, he was received without any hospitality by President Thomas Jefferson, who greeted him in casual clothes and bedroom slippers and was inclined to show hostility towards Britain through Merry. Merry and his wife were invited to dinner at the White House along with the French chargé d'affaires and his wife at a time when the two countries were at war with one another, a notable breach of etiquette. When Merry made a complaint about protocol to James Madison, Madison increased the offence by referring to it as "a matter of very little moment". Jefferson's hostility extended to Mrs. Merry, whom he called a "virago", though Aaron Burr greatly admired her.
From then on Merry found himself disgusted by America. Soon after, Aaron Burr came to Merry seeking help with detaching the Ohio and Mississippi valleys from the Union. Merry reported back to the Foreign Office that Burr was extremely willing and ready to seek revenge against the United States. In April 1805 Merry was again approached by Burr, who claimed that Louisiana was ready to leave the United States. Burr, however, after being dropped from the Presidential ticket, had not the money nor power to seize Louisiana. He, therefore, sought assistance from Britain through Merry. Unfortunately for Merry and Burr, Britain had a new Foreign Secretary, Charles James Fox, who was friendly with America. Fox found the request treasonous, and on 1 June 1806, recalled Merry to Britain. Burr's intention was no doubt to exploit the dissatisfaction of the populace of Louisiana with the purchase.
Merry did not expect to be employed again, but in 1807 the new British government sent him to Copenhagen to conciliate the Danes over the bombardment of Copenhagen. Merry was then sent as British Minister to Sweden from 1808, a post from which he retired in 1809. He then lived at Dedham, Essex until his death in 1835.
Merry was notorious for his grim and dour manner: Napoleon facetiously nicknamed him Toujours gai. He and his wife had a reputation for arrogance and petulance: Thomas Moore, who shared their voyage to America, later became a good friend but admitted that their incessant complaining made them bad travelling companions.
References
Further reading
Steel, Anthony. "Anthony Merry and the Anglo-American Dispute about Impressment, 1803-6." Cambridge Historical Journal 9#3 (1949): 331-51. online.
1756 births
1835 deaths
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Sweden
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Denmark
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States
People from Dedham, Essex | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Merry |
Guinevere is King Arthur's queen in the Arthurian legend.
Guinevere may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Guinevere (1999 film), an American drama film
Guinevere (1994 film), a television movie about the legendary queen
Guenevere, Queen of the Summer Country, a novel by Rosalind Miles
Guinevere, a 2001 play by Gina Gionfriddo
"Guinevere" (song), a 1966 song performed by Donovan
"Guinevere", a 2010 song by the Eli Young Band from Jet Black & Jealous
Guinevere Jones, the title character of a Canadian/Australian fantasy television series and a series of four novels
Guinivere, the princess of Bern from Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade
Guinevere, a van from the 2020 film Onward
Guinevere trilogy, a novel sequence by Persia Woolley
People
Guinevere Kauffmann (born 1968), American astrophysicist
Guinevere Turner (born 1968), American actress, screenwriter, and film director
Guinevere Van Seenus (born 1977), American model, photographer and jewelry designer
Other uses
, a patrol vessel commissioned in 1917 and wrecked in 1918
, a patrol vessel in commission from 1942 to 1945
2483 Guinevere, an asteroid
See also
Guinevere Castle, a peak in the Grand Canyon
Guinevere Planitia, a lowland region of the planet Venus
Guenhwyvar, a panther from Dungeons & Dragons
"Guinnevere", a song written by David Crosby on the 1969 album Crosby, Stills & Nash
Gwenevere, the title character in Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders
Jennifer (given name), a Cornish variation of the name
Gwenhwyfar (12th century), a daughter of Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd and Emma of Anjou
Gwynevere, Princess of Sunlight, a non-player character in the video game Dark Souls
Feminine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinevere%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Windeck is a municipality in the Rhein-Sieg district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the river Sieg, approx. 35 km east of Bonn and 35 km west of Siegen. The name Windeck comes from the Windeck castle ruins and the nearby village of Windeck.
The community of Windeck was formed in 1969 through the merger of the communities of Dattenfeld, Herchen and Rosdorf. Today Windeck consists of 58 villages and some hamlets and homesteads. The most important are:
Population figures as of March 31, 2019
Other villages are Oppertzau, Dreisel, Werfen, Stromberg and Au an der Sieg.
In Windeck, the Leina company produces first aid kits and warning triangles.
Notable people
Andy Borg (born 1960), percussionist and presenter, lived briefly in Herchen
Renan Demirkan (born 1955), actress and author, lives in Windeck
Hanns Dieter Hüsch (1925–2005), cabaret artist, lived in Werfen
Peter Praet (born 1949 in Herchen), Belgian economist and central banker
Jonas Reckermann (born 1979), beach volleyball player
August Sander (1876–1964), photographer, lived in Kuchhausen
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windeck |
Athens Line, LLC is a Class III shortline railroad operating in Georgia, United States. Established in 2001, the ABR leases of former Norfolk Southern Railway track between Madison and Nicholson, Georgia, via Athens. It is operated under contract by the Hartwell Railroad.
See also
Great Walton Railroad
Central of Georgia
Southern Railway
References
External links
Official website, Great Walton Railroad.com
Athens Line, Georgia Rails (http://www.atlantarails.com/)
Hartwell Railroad Profile, Railfanning.org
Georgia (U.S. state) railroads
Spin-offs of the Norfolk Southern Railway
Non-operating common carrier freight railroads in the United States
Railway companies established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens%20Line |
Liechtenstein competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.
Judo
Shooting
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2000
Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein%20at%20the%202000%20Summer%20Olympics |
An insulator is a type of cis-regulatory element known as a long-range regulatory element. Found in multicellular eukaryotes and working over distances from the promoter element of the target gene, an insulator is typically 300 bp to 2000 bp in length. Insulators contain clustered binding sites for sequence specific DNA-binding proteins and mediate intra- and inter-chromosomal interactions.
Insulators function either as an enhancer-blocker or a barrier, or both. The mechanisms by which an insulator performs these two functions include loop formation and nucleosome modifications. There are many examples of insulators, including the CTCF insulator, the gypsy insulator, and the β-globin locus. The CTCF insulator is especially important in vertebrates, while the gypsy insulator is implicated in Drosophila. The β-globin locus was first studied in chicken and then in humans for its insulator activity, both of which utilize CTCF.
The genetic implications of insulators lie in their involvement in a mechanism of imprinting and their ability to regulate transcription. Mutations to insulators are linked to cancer as a result of cell cycle disregulation, tumourigenesis, and silencing of growth suppressors.
Function
Insulators have two main functions:
Enhancer-blocking insulators prevent distal enhancers from acting on the promoter of neighbouring genes
Barrier insulators prevent silencing of euchromatin by the spread of neighbouring heterochromatin
While enhancer-blocking is classified as an inter-chromosomal interaction, acting as a barrier is classified as an intra-chromosomal interaction. The need for insulators arises where two adjacent genes on a chromosome have very different transcription patterns; it is critical that the inducing or repressing mechanisms of one do not interfere with the neighbouring gene. Insulators have also been found to cluster at the boundaries of topologically associating domains (TADs) and may have a role in partitioning the genome into "chromosome neighborhoods" - genomic regions within which regulation occurs.
Some insulators can act as both enhancer blocker and barriers, and some just have one of the two functions. Some examples of different insulators are:
Drosophila melanogaster insulators gypsy and scs scs are both enhancer-blocking insulators
Gallus gallus have insulators, Lys 5' A that have both enhancer-blocking and barrier activity, as well as HS4 that have only enhancer-blocking activity
Saccharomyces cerevisiae insulators STAR and UASrpg are both barrier insulators
Homo sapiens HS5 insulator acts as an enhancer-blocker
Mechanism of action
Enhancer-blocking insulators
Similar mechanism of action for enhancer-blocking insulators; chromatin loop domains are formed in the nucleus that separates the enhancer and the promoter of a target gene. Loop domains are formed through the interaction between enhancer-blocking elements interacting with each other or securing chromatin fibre to structural elements within the nucleus. The action of these insulators is dependent on being positioned between the promoter of the target gene and the upstream or down stream enhancer. The specific way in which insulators block enhancers is dependent on the enhancers mode of action. Enhancers can directly interact with their target promoters through looping (direct-contact model), in which case an insulator prevents this interaction through the formation of a loop domain that separates the enhancer and promoter sites and prevents the promoter-enhancer loop from forming. An enhancer can also act on a promoter through a signal (tracking model of enhancer action). This signal may be blocked by an insulator through the targeting of a nucleoprotein complex at the base of the loop formation.
Barrier insulators
Barrier activity has been linked to the disruption of specific processes in the heterochromatin formation pathway. These types of insulators modify the nucleosomal substrate in the reaction cycle that is central to heterochromatin formation. Modifications are achieved through various mechanisms including nucleosome removal, in which nucleosome-excluding elements disrupt heterochromatin from spreading and silencing (chromatin-mediated silencing). Modification can also be done through recruitment of histone acetyltransferase(s) and ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelling complexes.
CTCF insulator
The CTCF insulator appears to have enhancer blocking activity via its 3D structure and have no direct connection with barrier activity. Vertebrates in particular appear to rely heavily on the CTCF insulator, however there are many different insulator sequences identified. Insulated neighborhoods formed by physical interaction between two CTCF-bound DNA loci contain the interactions between enhancers and their target genes.
Regulation
One mechanism of regulating CTCF is via methylation of its DNA sequence. CTCF protein is known to favourably bind to unmethylated sites, so it follows that methylation of CpG islands is a point of epigenetic regulation. An example of this is seen in the Igf2-H19 imprinted locus where methylation of the paternal imprinted control region (ICR) prevents CTCF from binding. A second mechanism of regulation is through regulating proteins that are required for fully functioning CTCF insulators. These proteins include, but are not limited to cohesin, RNA polymerase, and CP190.
gypsy insulator
The insulator element that is found in the gypsy retrotransposon of Drosophila is one of several sequences that have been studied in detail. The gypsy insulator can be found in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the retrotransposon element. Gypsy affects the expression of adjacent genes pending insertion into a new genomic location, causing mutant phenotypes that are both tissue specific and present at certain developmental stages. The insulator likely has an inhibitory effect on enhancers that control the spatial and temporal expression of the affected gene.
β-globin locus
The first examples of insulators in vertebrates was seen in the chicken β-globin locus, cHS4. cHS4 marks the border between the active euchromatin in the β-globin locus and the upstream heterochromatin region that is highly condensed and inactive. The cHS4 insulator acts as both a barrier to chromatin-mediated silencing via heterochromatin spreading, and blocks interactions between enhancers and promoters. A distinguishing characteristic of cHS4 is that it has a repetitive heterochromatic region on its 5' end.
The human β-globin locus homologue of cHS4 is HS5. Different from the chicken β-globin locus, the human β-globin locus has an open chromatin structure and is not flanked by a 5' heterochromatic region. HS5 is thought to be a genetic insulator in vivo as it has both enhancer-blocking activity and transgene barrier activities.
CTCF was first characterized for its role in regulating β-globin gene expression. At this locus, CTCF functions as an insulator-binding protein forming a chromosomal boundary. CTCF is present in both the chicken β-globin locus and human β-globin locus. Within cHS4 of the chicken β-globin locus, CTCF binds to a region (FII) that is responsible for enhancer blocking activity.
Genetic implications
Imprinting
The ability of enhancers to activate imprinted genes is dependent on the presence of an insulator on the unmethylated allele between the two genes. An example of this is the Igf2-H19 imprinted locus. In this locus the CTCF protein regulates imprinted expression by binding to the unmethylated maternal imprinted control region (ICR) but not on the paternal ICR. When bound to the unmethylated maternal sequence, CTCF effectively blocks downstream enhancer elements from interacting with the Igf2 gene promoter, leaving only the H19 gene to be expressed.
Transcription
When insulator sequences are located in close proximity to the promoter of a gene, it has been suggested that they might serve to stabilize enhancer-promoter interactions. When they are located farther away from the promoter, insulator elements would compete with the enhancer and interfere with activation of transcription. Loop formation is common in eukaryotes to bring distal elements (enhancers, promoters, locus control regions) into closer proximity for interaction during transcription. The mechanism of enhancer-blocking insulators then, if in the correct position, could play a role in regulating transcription activation.
Mutations and cancer
CTCF insulators affect the expression of genes implicated in cell cycle regulation processes that are important for cell growth, cell differentiation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Two of these cell cycle regulation genes that are known to interact with CTCF are hTERT and C-MYC. In these cases, a loss of function mutation to the CTCF insulator gene changes the expression patterns and may affect the interplay between cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis and lead to tumourigenesis or other problems.
CTCF is also required for the expression of tumour repressor retinoblastoma (Rb) gene and mutations and deletions of this gene are associated with inherited malignancies. When the CTCF binding site is removed expression of Rb is decreased and tumours are able to thrive.
Other genes that encode cell cycle regulators include BRCA1, and p53, which are growth suppressors that are silenced in many cancer types, and whose expression is controlled by CTCF. Loss of function of CTCF in these genes leads to the silencing of the growth suppressor and contributes to the formation of cancer.
References
External links
Gene expression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator%20%28genetics%29 |
Schick is an American brand of personal care products and safety razors which was founded in 1926 by Jacob Schick. It is currently owned by Edgewell Personal Care.
In the 2000s, Schick was second in sales to Gillette globally and was the top-selling brand of safety razors and blades in Japan. The Schick brand name is used in North America, Australia, Asia and Russia. In Europe, Edgewell sells the same items under the Wilkinson Sword brand name.
Schick also markets shaving gels.
History
Schick was founded in 1926 by Jacob Schick as the Magazine Repeating Razor Company. In the same year, Schick introduced its highly successful single-blade safety razor system, which stored twenty blades in a steel injector. Jacob Schick sold the company in 1928 and founded another company bearing his name, in order to market his newly invented electric shavers.
Patrick Frawley purchased controlling shares in Schick in 1955 and held onto the company until 1970, when the company became a division of Warner–Lambert. In February 2000, Pfizer bought Warner—Lambert along with all of its subsidiary companies.
Schick was purchased by Energizer in 2003 from Pfizer. On July 1, 2015, Energizer split into two companies and Schick is now a subsidiary of Edgewell Personal Care.
Products
Schick Hydro: Schick's redesigned razor system released on April 6, 2010.
Schick Hydro 5: A five-blade razor system with "skin guards advanced hydrating gel and a flip trimmer" (hydrates only while shaving).
Schick Hydro 3: A three-blade razor system similar to the 5-blade system but without a flip trimmer.
Schick Hydro Silk: A five-blade women's razor system. Initially introduced only as a Schick model, but added to the Wilkinson Sword line in late 2012.
Schick Hydro 5 Power Select: A motorized version of the Hydro 5, with three user-selectable vibration levels.
Schick Intuition: A women's shaving system that lathers and shaves at the same time.
Schick Quattro: a four-bladed razor for men, introduced in 2003. The Quattro Midnight and Quattro Chrome are models with redesigned handles and different color schemes from the original Quattro.
Quattro Power: A motorized version of the Quattro; it is supposed to reduce friction. The Quattro Titanium Power is a Quattro Power with a different color scheme and Quattro Titanium cartridges. The Quattro Power is powered by a single AAA battery.
Quattro Titanium: includes a titanium coating on the blades that is claimed to reduce irritation. There is also a Quattro Titanium Trimmer that includes a short face trimmer powered by a AAA battery.
Quattro for Women: A modified version of the Quattro with a feminine color scheme.
Schick Protector: A razor that is claimed to protect against nicks.
Schick Tracer: A two-bladed razor with flexible blades that is supposed to conform with the surface of the face.
Tracer FX: A modified Tracer for sensitive skin
FX Diamond: A Tracer with blades that are supposed to stay sharp longer.
Schick Xtreme3: A three-blade men's shaving razor.
Schick XTreme3 Disposable: A disposable version of the Xtreme3, introduced in 1999.
Schick XTreme3 SubZero: An improved version of the Xtreme3 razor.
Schick Slim Twin: A two-bladed disposable razor that comes in four different varieties.
Schick Double Edge Razor, also known as Schick Krona: A Twist-To-Open safety razor produced from 1965 until the late 1970s.
Schick Injector Razor: A single edge injector style family of razors introduced in 1935 and produced until the early 2000s. (The blades are still manufactured)
References
External links
Razor brands
Personal care brands
American brands
American companies established in 1926
Products introduced in 1926
Edgewell Personal Care
Male grooming brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schick%20%28razors%29 |
Liechtenstein competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.
Results by event
Athletics
Women's Competition
Manuela Marxer
Judo
Women's Competition
Birgit Blum
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1996 Summer Olympics
1996
1996 in Liechtenstein sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein%20at%20the%201996%20Summer%20Olympics |
Vibe Tribe was the music project of Russian-born Israeli former music producer Stas Marnyanski (23 March 1985 - 30 October 2022) and (formerly) Elmar Ivatarov.
Stas has been producing electronic-based music since 13 years of age. After four years of experimentation and thorough learning, he kick-started his professional career, and began publishing tracks on various compilation releases.
His debut album Melodrama was released 2004, and his second studio album, Wise Cracks, in 2006.
Vibe Tribe's tracks have been featured on compilations released under labels, including Utopia Records, Neurobiotic Records, Shiva Space Technology, Turbo Trance Records, BNE Records, Crystal Matrix, Spun Records, Noga Records, and others.
Vibe Tribe's remix of Infected Mushroom's track "Shakawkaw" was released as a bonus track on the LP version of the Infected Mushroom best-selling album Converting Vegetarians (YoYo Records 2004). The production of his third featured studio album release was completed in 2011.
According to his friends and acquaintances, Stas died on October 30, 2022, as a result of a heart attack at the age of only 37.
Discography
Melodrama (2004)
Wise Cracks (2006)
Destination Unknown (2009)
Urban Legend (2011)
External links
Official website
Vibe Tribe at Discogs
Vibe Tribe at MySpace
Vibe Tribe interview at Psychedelic Magazine
References
Israeli psychedelic trance musicians
Remixers
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe%20Tribe |
Sant Quirze del Vallès is a town located in the comarca of the Vallès Occidental, province of Barcelona, Catalonia.
It is located about 12 miles away from the capital city, Barcelona. Sant Quirze is a residential town populated by approximately 20,000 people with a density of 1.432,27 hab/km², and has grown since the end of the 1990s onwards. It shares borders with Sabadell, Rubí, Terrassa and Sant Cugat, among others, which are important towns within the Barcelona area, since they form Catalonia's most important industrial area and probably also Spain's.
Sant Quirze del Vallès is located near the mountain range of the Serra dels Galliners. It has direct access to C58 highway to Barcelona, among others like C58 Manresa and AP7 highway to Girona, Tarragona and Lleida.
History
Sant Quirze was constituted as a municipality in 1848, as a segregation of Terrassa. Therefore, in the 13th century it was known as Sant Quirze de Terrassa (Sant Quirze of Terrassa) and in the 15th century it was denominated as Sant Quirze de Galliners, named after the mountain range called Galliners. In 1857, it was baptized with the name of San Quirico de Tarrasa, in a Spanish way, which was changed to Sant Quirze de la Serra and changed back again to the Spanish way after the war. In 1976 the name changed to Sant Quirze del Vallès, which was officiated in 1983 with the disagreement of some of the population.
Services
Sant Quirze owns many educational centres: Onze de Setembre, El Turonet, Purificació Salas, Pilarín Bayés, Taula Rodona, Lola Anglada, Sant Quirze high school, Salas i Xandri high school, Music municipal school and the Adults centre school.
References
External links
Government data pages
Municipalities in Vallès Occidental | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%20Quirze%20del%20Vall%C3%A8s |
The Mexican woodrat (Neotoma mexicana) is a medium-sized pack rat.
Distribution and habitat
It ranges from the United States (Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and parts of Arizona and Trans-Pecos Texas) south to Honduras. Although occurring at lower elevations during the Pleistocene, it generally is limited now to highlands supporting open coniferous forests or woodlands. In a few places, it occurs in lower country where lava or boulder fields occur; presumably the presence of spaces extending far below the surface enables survival. Like most members of the genus living in rocky areas, dens tend to take advantage of crevices, rock shelters, and caves; stick nests are relatively rare.
Taxonomy
The type locality is near Chihuahua, Mexico. Some 26 species names have been applied to populations of the Mexican woodrat and are now considered synonyms.
Description and diet
The animal averages a bit over 300 mm in total length and weighs 140 to 185 g. Their diets tend to be generalist, with a wide variety of berries, vegetation, nuts, acorns, and fungi, though foliage seems to make up the major food class.
References
Cornely, J. E., and R. J. Baker. 1986. Neotoma mexicana. Mammalian Species, No. 262:1-7.
Mexican Woodrat, The Mammals of Texas, online edition -
Musser, G. G., and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531, in Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp.
Neotoma
Mammals of Mexico
Mammals of the United States
Mammals described in 1855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%20woodrat |
The Valdosta Railway is a shortline railroad in the U.S. state of Georgia, connecting Clyattville to CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway at Valdosta. The company began operations in 1992 as a subsidiary of the Rail Management and Consulting Corporation, and was acquired by Genesee & Wyoming Inc. in 2005.
The line had formerly been operated by the Georgia and Florida Railroad, whose predecessor, the Florida Midland and Georgia Railroad, built the line in the 1880s or 1890s. The Valdosta Southern Railroad was incorporated in August 1951 and bought the portion from Valdosta south to Madison, Florida, which the G&F planned to abandon. The line was cut back to Clyattville, Georgia in March 1972, and in 1992 the new Valdosta Railway took over operations.
In 2005 the Valdosta Railway was acquired by Genesee & Wyoming. As of 2023, the Valdosta Railway interchanges with CSX and Norfolk Southern in Valdosta, Georgia. G&W owns 14 miles of track, and can hold up to 286,000 pounds of supplies.
References
External links
Valdosta Railway official webpage - Genesee and Wyoming website
Map of the abandoned portion of the Valdosta Southern between Clyattville, GA and Madison, FL
HawkinsRails Valdosta Southern page
Georgia (U.S. state) railroads
Genesee & Wyoming
Railway companies established in 1992
Transportation in Lowndes County, Georgia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdosta%20Railway |
A by-election was held in the Richmond (Yorks) constituency of the United Kingdom Parliament on 23 February 1989. It followed the resignation of the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Leon Brittan on 31 December 1988, to allow him to take up the position of Vice-President of the European Commission.
The Conservative Party retained the seat, with future party leader William Hague the winner. The result was affected in part to the decision by the remnants of the Social Democratic Party (the part that objected to the merger with the Liberal Party the previous year) to contest the election as well as the newly formed Social and Liberal Democrats (who subsequently renamed themselves the Liberal Democrats). The SDP candidate, local farmer Mike Potter, finished second (with 16,909 votes, 2,634 behind Hague), while the Social and Liberal Democrats' Barbara Pearce came third with 11,589.
The Labour Party achieved only fourth place in the election, at that time their worst position in any English by-election since World War II.
Hague retained the seat for the next 26 years, winning re-election at the 1992, 1997, 2001, 2005 and 2010 general elections.
Results
Anthony Millns was an independent candidate who used his occupation "University Information Officer" on the ballot paper. His campaign was focused on keeping the brewery company Theakstons within British ownership.
See also
List of United Kingdom by-elections
References
Richmond (Yorks) by-election
Richmond (Yorks) by-election
Richmondshire
Richmond, North Yorkshire
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in North Yorkshire constituencies
1980s in York
Richmond (Yorks) by-election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20Richmond%20%28Yorks%29%20by-election |
The Travancore rupee was a type of currency issued by the erstwhile Indian princely state of Travancore, which was primarily located in the modern Indian state of Kerala. The rupee was largely a newer currency in comparison to the older currencies of Kerala such as the Fanams, Achus, Chuckrams as well as the Kasu (or Cash). Its creation was probably intended for the increased trading with British India and the high-value transactions therein.
The Travancore Rupee was the highest denomination of currency issued for general circulation. The highest face value issued was the '1/2 rupee'. While there had been plans to introduce 'One Travancore Rupee', this was never done. The half-rupee and the quarter-rupee remained the highest values issued for circulation. The Travancore Rulapee was issued until 1946 CE (1121 M.E. or Malayalam Era), remaining in circulation till 1949. It was replaced by the Indian rupee following Travancore's accession into India.
Inscriptions
Issues of the Travancore Rupee often had the names or insignia of the reigning monarch in English. The reverse features inscriptions in the native language of Malayalam as well as the royal insignia of Travancore. The inscriptions are largely a direct translation of the front of the coin. The year, when printed on the coins was based on the Malayalam calendar (and corresponding Malayalam Era - M.E.) which begins circa 825 CE. Therefore, the year of issue of the coin can be found by adding 825 to it.
Example - The year of issue of a coin showing 1000, will be 1825 C.E.(or A.D.). Therefore, the year of issue of the coin with the year 1116, as depicted in the images, will be 1940-41.
Unlike the Indian Rupee issued by the British and other princely States of India, the Travancore Rupee was subdivided into 7 Travancore Fanams. These Fanams were further sub-divided into 4 Chakrams, each of 16 Cash.
We can see these sub-divisions in the following table -
As of the early 1900s, silver coins were issued in the denominations of Rupee and Chakrams. Their various values included 2 chakrams, 4 chakrams, 1/4 rupee (7 chakrams) and 1/2 rupee (14 chakrams). The cash or kashu coins were largely copper coins. They were struck in values of 1 cash, 4 cash and 8 cash. The exchange rate with the British Indian rupee was set at 1 British Indian rupee = 28 chakram, 8 cash; equivalently, 1 Tranvancore rupee = 15 annas, 8.63 pies of a British Indian rupee.
See also
Hyderabadi rupee
References
Currencies of the British Empire
Modern obsolete currencies
Kingdom of Travancore
1949 disestablishments in India
Economy of Kerala
Historical currencies of India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore%20Rupee |
Richard Eugene Forzano (November 20, 1928 – January 10, 2019) was an American football coach at the high school, collegiate and professional levels, most prominently as head coach of the National Football League (NFL)'s Detroit Lions from 1974 to 1976.
Early life and career
Forzano was born November 20, 1928, in Akron, Ohio. He played football at Kenmore High School until he suffered a detached retina as a sophomore, which ended his playing days. He enlisted in the Marine Corps but was medically discharged as a result of the injury that left him with 20/400 vision in one eye.
He enrolled at Kent State University and began coaching at Akron area high schools. A 1951 stint at Kenmore High School was followed one year later by a season at Hower High School. In 1953, he was promoted to head coach at Hower, where he stayed three seasons and compiled a 10–14–1 record. He completed his bachelor's degree in 1951 and his master's degree in 1955.
Coaching career
In 1956, he began his college coaching career an assistant at the College of Wooster before spending two seasons as a backfield coach at Kent State University.
In 1959, he began a five-year stretch as an assistant with Navy under Hall of Fame coach Wayne Hardin. As an assistant, he helped recruit Heisman Trophy winner and Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach to Navy. Navy went to two college bowl games, the 1961 Orange Bowl and the 1964 Cotton Bowl while he was on the staff.
Success at Navy led to his first college head coaching position at the University of Connecticut in 1964. Over two years, he compiled a 7-10-1 record for the Huskies, but was named as the Yankee Conference coach of the year in his first season.
In 1966, he moved up to become an NFL coach with the first of two seasons as the St. Louis Cardinals' offensive backfield coach. Returning to Ohio in 1968, he served one year in that same role as a Cincinnati Bengals assistant under Paul Brown. On January 15, 1969, he then took the head coaching position at the U.S. Naval Academy.
After putting together a 10–33 record with three defeats against rival Army, Forzano resigned on February 1, 1973, to become an assistant coach with the Detroit Lions under Don McCafferty, who had worked with him at Kent State in the late 1950s.
Forzano became the interim head coach after McCafferty's death from a heart attack on July 28, 1974, just before the start of exhibition play and was named as the coach for the remainder of the season a few days later. After the 1974 season in which the team finished 7-7, the Lions signed him to a three-year contract to coach the team. Forzano gave Bill Belichick his first full time coaching job with the Detroit Lions. Forzano and Belichick had known each other for many years, as Forzano coached with his father Steve Belichick at Navy and had briefly lived with the Belichick family in 1959.
Forzano was known as a strict disciplinarian. However, Forzano was unable to lead the team to a winning record and was forced to resign on October 4, 1976, after the team lost three of its first four games. Forzano finished his Lions' tenure with a 15–17 record and never returned to coaching, focusing on his own company, Rick Forzano Associates. The company, based in Detroit, serves as a manufacturer's sales representative. Forzano also served as a commentator for Big Ten Conference football games.
Head coaching record
College
NFL
References
External links
Rick Forzano Associates, Inc. website
1928 births
2019 deaths
American salespeople
Cincinnati Bengals coaches
College football announcers
Detroit Lions coaches
Kent State Golden Flashes football coaches
Navy Midshipmen football coaches
St. Louis Cardinals (football) coaches
UConn Huskies football coaches
Wooster Fighting Scots football coaches
High school football coaches in Ohio
Kent State University alumni
United States Marines
Sportspeople from Akron, Ohio
Coaches of American football from Ohio
Detroit Lions head coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Forzano |
The Associates may refer to:
The Associates (band), a Scottish band
The Associates (American TV series), a 1979–1980 American sitcom television series
The Associates (Canadian TV series), a 2001–2002 Canadian drama television series
See also
Associates First Capital Corporation, an American lender acquired by Citigroup in 2000
Associate (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Associates |
Ebrahim Azizi (Born in Kermanshah) is an Iranian politician.
He was a member and spokesman of the Guardian Council. He also served as a representative of Kermanshah in the Iranian parliament.
References
Living people
Members of the Guardian Council
Members of the 5th Islamic Consultative Assembly
YEKTA Front politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Kermanshah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim%20Azizi |
Ray DiPalma (1943-2016) (born in New Kensington, PA in 1943) was an American poet and visual artist who published more than 40 collections of poetry, graphic work, and translations with various presses in the US and Europe. He was educated at Duquesne University (B.A., 1966) and University of Iowa (M.F.A., 1968).
Overview
DiPalma's were widely anthologized and published in numerous journals. Translations of his poems appeared in French, Portuguese, Italian, German, Spanish, and Chinese. His visual works (including artist's books, collages, and prints) were exhibited in numerous shows in the United States, Europe, Japan, and South America, and in a one-person show at the Stemplelplatt's Gallery in Amsterdam. Two videos based on his book January Zero were made in France.
At the time of his death, DiPalma lived in New York City and taught at the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan. During his life, his work was seen at Art Institute of Chicago; Special Collections, University of California, San Diego; J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; New York Public Library and the Museum of Modern Art.
Poetics
Often associated with the Language poets, DiPalma was the co-author of L E G E N D (1980) with Bruce Andrews, Charles Bernstein, Steve McCaffery, and Ron Silliman, which was the only book to actually appear under the L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E imprint.
His work was praised by such notable poets as Jackson MacLow and Robert Creeley. About his 1995 collection, Motion of the Cypher, critic Marjorie Perloff has written, "These chiseled lyric meditations recall Wallace Stevens in their density, but they are written under the sign of Dada - appropriate for the late twentieth century, that casts a cold eye on the margins, the spaces between, where we live."
Of DiPalma's work, Robert Creeley wrote:
Selected publications
Max (The Body Press, 1969)
Between the Shapes (Zeitgeist, 1970)
Soli (Ithaca House, 1974)
Observatory Gardens (Berkeley: Tuumba Press, 1979)
Planh (Casement, 1979)
January Zero (Coffee House Press, 1984)
The Jukebox of Memnon (Potes & Poets Press, 1988)
Raik (Roof Books, 1989)
Mock Fandango (Los Angeles: Sun & Moon Press, 1991)
Metropolitan Corridor (Zasterle, 1992)
Numbers and Tempers: Selected Early Poems (Los Angeles: Sun & Moon Press, 1993)
Platinum Replica [with Elizabeth DiPalma] (Stele, 1994)
Hôtel des Ruines [with Alexandre Delay], (Royaumont, 1994)
Provocations (Potes & Poets, 1994)
Motion of the Cypher ( Roof Books, 1995)
Letters (Littoral Books, 1998)
Chartings, with Lyn Hejinian. (Chax Press, 2000)
45° (Stele, 2000)
The Ancient Use of Stone: Journals and Daybooks 1998-2008. (Otis Books / Seismicity Editions, 2009)
also of note: Le Tombeau de Reverdy (translated to French by Emmanuel Hocquard & Juliette Valéry) was published in Marseille by cip/M & Un bureau sur l'Atlantique.
External links
DiPalma at TheEastVillage.com
Ron Silliman on Ray DiPalma an appreciation
from The Ancient Use of Stone new poetry (2006) by DiPalma
Three poems at Jacket Magazine
Four poems at "Exquisite Corpse'
e-text of Legend
Ray DiPalma Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
1943 births
American male poets
Language poets
2016 deaths
Duquesne University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
People from New Kensington, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20DiPalma |
No. 683 Squadron RAF was a photo-reconnaissance squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War and from August 1950 to November 1953.
History
Formation and World War II
683 squadron was formed out of 'B' Flight of No. 69 Squadron on 8 February 1943 at RAF Luqa on Malta, as a photo-reconnaissance squadron operating the Spitfire fighter in the photo-reconnaissance role. The squadron added the Mosquito Mk.VI to its strength in May 1943, but they were only operated for a month. The squadron was involved in photo-reconnaissance mission over Sicily and Italy and later over Yugoslavia.
The squadron moved to San Severo in Italy and continued in support of the US 5th Army. As the war continued it was involved in both tactical and strategic reconnaissance, and was involved survey flight across southern Europe. In September 1944, the squadron re-equipped with Spitfire PR.XIX photo-reconnaissance aircraft.
Detachments from the squadron were based at a wide range of bases all across the Italian theatre of operations, with the squadron finally disbanding on 22 September 1945 at San Severo, Italy.
Post war
The squadron was re-formed on 1 November 1950 at RAF Fayid, Egypt with the Avro Lancaster PR.1 and the Vickers Valetta C.1. It was tasked with the survey and mapping of Arabia and East Africa. In January 1952 the squadron moved to RAF Khormaksar, Aden to cover both Aden and Somaliland. Another move to RAF Habbaniya, Iraq allowed the squadron to survey and map the Persian Gulf. With the survey and mapping role completed the squadron was disbanded at Habbaniya on 30 November 1953.
Aircraft operated
Squadron bases
Commanding officers
See also
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
History of 683 Squadron
No. 683 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
Squadron Histories and more of Nos. 671–1435 Squadron on RAFweb
683 Squadron
Aircraft squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1944
Reconnaissance units and formations of the Royal Air Force
Military units and formations disestablished in 1953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20683%20Squadron%20RAF |
Rowe Village, previously known as State Street Village, is a residence hall for the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois. Designed by Helmut Jahn of Murphy-Jahn Associates, the dormitory was completed in 2003.
Although it appears that Rowe Village is a single continuous building, it consists of three different buildings built next to each other and sharing the same facade; they are commonly referred to as "north", "middle", and "south". Each building has five stories, with dorms on the "north" and "south" sides of the building and an elevator and common area splitting the two sections in the middle. Access can only be gained via ID card scanners. Suites usually consist of two double rooms that are connected by a shared central bathroom.
Rowe Village also has kitchens and laundry rooms on all floors, with a lounge and open deck located on the top floor of each of the three separate buildings.
References
External links
State Street Village, IIT Housing
projectchicago.org entry: State Street Village
Info about the project at the Architectural Record
Illinois Institute of Technology
School buildings completed in 2003
Buildings and structures in Chicago
Helmut Jahn buildings
Modernist architecture in Illinois
Postmodern architecture in the United States
2003 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Street%20Village |
Myra is the administrative centre of the municipality of Vegårshei in Agder, Norway. The village is located along the river Storelva, which flows out of the large Vegår lake, just to the north. The village has a population (2017) of 781 which gives the village a population density of .
Myra sits at the junction of the Norwegian County Road 414 and Norwegian County Road 416. The Sørlandsbanen railway line stops just north of Myra at Vegårshei Station. As the administrative centre of Vegårshei, the government offices are located here along with a school and Vegårshei Church.
References
Villages in Agder
Vegårshei | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra%2C%20Norway |
Eikeland is a village in southeastern part of the municipality of Gjerstad in Agder, Norway. It is located about southeast of the municipal center of Gjerstad and about north of the village of Søndeled. The Norwegian County Road 418 runs through the village.
The village has a population (2017) of 596 which gives the village a population density of . The village area was originally centered on the old Eikeland ironworks factory along the river, but has since spread out to the east and the urban area of Eikeland now includes the neighboring village of Fiane. The European Route E18 highway can be reached about to the north of Eikeland.
References
Villages in Agder
Gjerstad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikeland |
The Plaza de España ("Spain Square", in English) is a plaza in the Parque de María Luisa (Maria Luisa Park), in Seville, Spain. It was built in 1928 for the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929. It is a landmark example of Regionalism Architecture, mixing elements of the Baroque Revival, Renaissance Revival and Moorish Revival (Neo-Mudéjar) styles of Spanish architecture.
History
Maria Luisa Park
In 1929, Seville hosted the Ibero-American Exposition World's Fair, located in the celebrated Maria Luisa Park (Parque de María Luisa). The park gardens were designed by Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier. The entire southern end of the city was redeveloped into an expanse of gardens and grand boulevards.
The centre of it is Parque de María Luisa, designed in a "Moorish paradisical style", with a half mile of tiled fountains, pavilions, walls, ponds, benches, and exhedras; lush plantings of palms, orange trees, Mediterranean pines, and stylized flower beds. Numerous buildings were constructed in the park to provide spaces for the exhibition.
Plaza de España
The Plaza de España, designed by Aníbal González, was a principal building built on the Maria Luisa Park's edge to showcase Spain's industry and technology exhibits. González combined a mix of 1920s Art Deco and Spanish Renaissance Revival, Spanish Baroque Revival and Neo-Mudéjar styles. The Plaza de España complex is a huge half-circle; the buildings are accessible by four bridges over the moat, which represent the ancient kingdoms of Spain. In the centre is the Vicente Traver fountain.
Many tiled alcoves were built around the plaza, each representing a different province of Spain. The Plaza's tiled Alcoves of the Provinces are frequent backdrops for visitors' portrait photographs, taken in their own home province. Each alcove is flanked by a pair of covered bookshelves, now used by visitors in the manner of a "Little Free Library". Each bookshelf often contains works with information about their province. Visitors have also donated favorite novels and other books for others to read.
Today the buildings of the Plaza de España have been renovated and adapted for use as offices for government agencies. The central government departments, with sensitive adaptive redesign, are located within it. Toward the end of the park, the grandest mansions from the fair have been adapted as museums. The most distant museum contains the city's archaeology collections. The main exhibits are Roman mosaics and artefacts from nearby Italica.
The Plaza de España has been used as a filming location, including scenes for Lawrence of Arabia (1962). The building was used as a location in the Star Wars movie series Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) — in which it featured in exterior shots of the City of Theed on the Planet Naboo. It also featured in the 2012 film The Dictator. The 2023 Netflix series, Kaos, will also feature scenes filmed at the Plaza.
The plaza was used as a set for the video of Simply Red's song "Something Got Me Started".
Restoration
From 2007 to 2010, the Seville City Council invested 9 million euros in the restoration of the Plaza de España. The objective was to recover the original monument as the architect, Aníbal González, conceived it. To restore it, the restoration team worked to recover pieces such as the ceramic streetlights, benches, and even pavements. In other cases, they created reproductions of elements based on photographs and postcards from the municipal newspaper library. Cefoarte and Diaz Cubero were some of the experts who worked in multidisciplinary teams to restore this complex to lively use.
Panoramics
See also
Ibero-American Exposition of 1929
Spanish gardens
Paradise garden
Persian gardens
History of gardening
References
Buildings and structures completed in 1928
Buildings and structures in Seville
Plazas in Seville
Baroque Revival architecture in Spain
Parks in Spain
Gardens in Spain
Culture of Spain
Azulejos in buildings in Andalusia
World's fair architecture in Seville
Tourist attractions in Seville | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza%20de%20Espa%C3%B1a%2C%20Seville |
Jalal Jalalizadeh (born
in Sanandaj) is an Iranian Kurdish politician, University of Tehran professor, and political activist.
Jalalizadeh was advisor to Iran's interior minister and also a representative of Sanandaj in Iran's 6th parliament. He is now a member of Islamic Iran Participation Front (IIPF). In 2008 Jalalizadeh was sentenced to a year in prison after being charged with "propaganda against the state".
Works
Compilations and translations into Persian
"History of Jurisprudence and Jurists"
"Kurds are descendants of the Medes"
"The Last Journey (True Tragedy of a Kurdish Family)"
"Talk Always"
"The Exalted Passage"
"Mirror of Sentences in Shafi'i Jurisprudence"
"A Revolution in the Prophetic Tradition"
"The Role of Marriage in Community Health"
"History of the Principles of Jurisprudence"
"Luminous Words"
"Do we deserve democracy?"
"Explanation of Problems"
"Principles of Jurisprudence"
References
Iranian Kurdish politicians
Living people
Members of the 6th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Islamic Iran Participation Front politicians
Kurdish United Front politicians
Union of Islamic Iran People Party politicians
1960 births
Members of the National Council for Peace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal%20Jalalizadeh |
The Lisi people are three closely associated Chadian ethnic groups living in the same geographical area, represented by the Batha and Chari-Baguirmi prefectures: the Bilala (136,000), the Kuka (76,000) and the Medogo (19,000).
The Lisi are mainly farmers growing crops such as sorghum, millet, cotton and manioc; herding is occasionally associated with farming. They live in compact villages, each of which is governed by a chief, that settles local disputes, a duty he discharges with the help of the village's elders. Polygamy is quite common, but the husband must guarantee a separate house for every wife. The first wife retains a privileged status over the others.
In religion they are all Muslim, and represent the people who were part of the Yao Sultanate in pre-colonial Chad. The sultanate was founded by the Bulala in the 15th century, conquering the Kuka, who successively passed them their language. For this they all now speak the same language, known as Naba language.
References
Ethnic groups in Chad
Muslim communities in Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisi%20people |
Arthur Timothy Read is a fictional anthropomorphic aardvark created by the best-known author Marc Brown. He is in the third grade and lives in the fictional city of Elwood City.
Physical appearance
Arthur is an anthropomorphic aardvark, who is 8 years old. In Brown's first Arthur book, Arthur's Nose (1976), Arthur is shown with a long nose and resembles an actual aardvark, though as the books progressed (as seen in the first season of PBS's Reading Rainbow in its 13th episode, titled "Arthur's Eyes") and eventually became an animated TV series, Arthur’s appearance changed. The character's most recognizable form is a light brown, slanted face with small ears and nostrils with signature round brown-rimmed eyeglasses. Normally, Arthur wears a yellow V-neck sweater over a white dress shirt, blue jeans along with red and white sneakers. He also occasionally wears a red rugby-style sweater. In the series finale ("All Grown Up"), Arthur's 28-year-old appearance features him with straight dark brown hair, slight facial hair, a green vest with a hood, and a red and yellow shirt with a Dark Bunny insignia.
Arthur's relationships
Family
The tensions between Arthur and his 4-year-old sister, Dora Winifred "D.W." Read, are a common theme in the Arthur series. Arthur is constantly pestered by D.W., who goes out of her way to get Arthur into trouble, which often causes Arthur to retaliate, by getting into quarrels with his friends.
Arthur's parents are his mother, Jane Read, who is a work-at-home accountant, and his father, David L. Read, who runs a catering business.
Arthur's toddler sister is Baby Kate.
Appearances from Arthur's extended family include his grandparents: Thora (David's mother) and Dave (Jane's father). His uncles: Fred (Jane's brother), Richard, Bud, and Sean. His aunts: Jessica, Loretta, and Lucy. His cousins: Cora, Monique, Ricky, George, and other unnamed relatives. However, the only two members of Arthur's extended family who have appeared more than once are his grandparents.
Grandma Thora lives in a house not too far from Arthur's in Elwood City and is known to be a bad cook, but a loving grandmother and a world-class marbles player. She loves to play bingo every Friday night, and in some episodes has to watch over Arthur and D.W. She is good friends with Mrs. McGrady, the school cafeteria monitor. Grandpa Dave lives in a convalescent home and has a roommate who was a ship captain.
Voice actors
Canadian child stars who have voiced the character of Arthur in the TV series:
Michael Yarmush (Seasons 1–5; "All Grown Up") (1996–2000, 2022)
Justin Bradley (Season 6) (2001)
Mark Rendall (Season 6 (U.S. reruns only), Seasons 7–8) (2001–2003)
Cameron Ansell (Seasons 9–11) (2004–2007)
Dallas Jokic (Seasons 12–15) (2008–2012)
Drew Adkins (Seasons 16–17) (2012–2014)
William Healy (Seasons 18–19) (2014–2016)
Jacob Ursomarzo (Seasons 20–21) (2016–2019)
Roman Lutterotti (Seasons 22–25) (2019–2022)
Arthur was originally voiced by Michael Yarmush for the first five seasons. Due to reaching puberty, Yarmush was replaced with Justin Bradley for the 6th season. After that, he was replaced with Mark Rendall who started voicing Arthur in Season 7. After Season 8 ended, Rendall re-dubbed all of Bradley's dialogue in Season 6. Starting with the 9th season until the 11th season, he was replaced with Cameron Ansell. Soon after, Ansell was replaced by Dallas Jokic starting with Season 12 and ending with Season 15. From Seasons 16–17, Drew Adkins replaced Jokic for the role of Arthur. After Adkins got too old to play the character, William Healy replaced him for the role for Season 18 and Season 19. Healy was later replaced by Jacob Ursomarzo in the 20th season.
After Ursomarzo ended his role of Arthur after the 21st season, Roman Lutterotti replaced him for the final four seasons. Michael Yarmush reprised his role in the series finale "All Grown Up", voicing the adult Arthur.
International voice actors
Since Arthur is shown in more than 80 countries, Arthur is dubbed by those young voice actors (in several languages) shown here:
Alfredo Leal (Seasons 1–2), Hector Emmanuel Gómez (Seasons 3–5), Kalimba Marichal (singing voice) (Latin American Spanish)
Diego Larrea (Brazilian Portuguese)
Matko Knešaurek (Seasons 1–4) (Croatian)
Olli Parviainen (Finnish)
Lawrence Arcouette (Seasons 1–3), Kim Jalabert (Seasons 4–6) (First dub in Quebecois French), Vincent de Bouard (Seasons 7–15), and Émilie Guillaume (Seasons 16–present) (2nd dub in European French) (French)
Argiris Pavlidis (ERT), Andria Rapti (Audio Visual), Vasia Lakoumenta (Good Brothers Studios), Nektarios Theodorou (City Studios) (Greek)
Baráth István (Hungarian)
Debbi Besserglick and Shiri Gadni (Besserglick voiced Arthur from its first run until her death from cancer in 2005. After her death, she was replaced by Shiri Gadni as the voice of Arthur in the following seasons.) (Hebrew)
Simone D'Andrea (Italian)
Lee Mi-ja (Daekyo) and Jeong Ok-joo (EBS) (Korean)
Iman Bitar (1st voice) and Eman Hayel (2nd voice) (Arabic)
Fariba Shahin Moghadam (Persian)
Håvard Bakke (Norwegian)
Teresa Chaves (1st voice) and Carlso Martins (2nd voice) (European Portuguese)
Petre Ghimbăşan (Romanian)
Elisabet Bargalló (Castilian Spanish)
Leo Hallerstam (Swedish)
Reception
Arthur Read was listed as number 26 in the TV Guide article, 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time.
References
External links
Arthur | PBS Kids
Arthur (TV series)
Fictional aardvarks
Anthropomorphic mammals
Fictional characters who break the fourth wall
Child characters in literature
Child characters in television
Literary characters introduced in 1976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Read |
Sistranda is the administrative centre of the municipality of Frøya in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village is located on the east side of the island of Frøya, about north of the village of Hammarvika and the entrance to the Frøya Tunnel. The village has a population (2018) of 1,041 and a population density of .
Sistranda has schools representing all levels up to high school. It is also the centre of transportation on the island of Frøya, with buses to locations around the region and ferries with daily routes to Trondheim, Mausund, Sula, and Froan.
Name
The first element is the name of an old farm (). The name of the farm is identical with the word síða which means "side" (here in the sense of the "coast"). The farm is today divided in three parts: Yttersian (Outer-Sian), Midtsian (Middle-Sian) and Innersian (Inner-Sian). The last element is the finite form of strand.
References
Villages in Trøndelag
Frøya, Trøndelag | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistranda |
Karel Boleslav Jirák (né Karel Bohuslav Jirák; January 28, 1891, Prague, Bohemia - January 30, 1972, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.) was a Czechoslovak composer and conductor.
Jirák became a pupil of Josef Bohuslav Foerster and Vítězslav Novák at the Charles University and at music academy in Prague. From 1915-18 he was the Kapellmeister at the Hamburg Opera and worked from 1918 to 1919 as a conductor at the National Theatre in Brno and Ostrava.
From 1920-30, he was a composition teacher at the Prague Conservatory, and principal conductor of the Czechoslovak Radio Orchestra until 1945.
In 1947, he emigrated to the United States, where from 1948 to 1967 a professor at Roosevelt University, Chicago, and, in 1967, a composition teacher at the Conservatory college in Chicago. He remained in this position until 1971.
Jirák's opera was Apolonius z Tyany (Apollonius of Tyana, 1912–1913), which was initially ignored by Prague's National Theatre and later accepted under the title Žena a Bůh (The Woman and the God, 1936). He wrote six symphonies and several symphonic variations.
In 1952, he wrote a Symphonic Scherzo for volume. He also wrote many suites and overtures, numerous pieces of chamber music, many preludes and a Suite for organ, a Requiem, choruses, and song cycles. He was a popular and renowned musical theorist.
References
External links
Biography, Musicbase.cz; accessed February 10, 2018.
Piano Concerto (1946)
1891 births
1972 deaths
Czech composers
Czech male composers
20th-century composers
20th-century Czech male musicians
Charles University alumni
Academic staff of the Prague Conservatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20Boleslav%20Jir%C3%A1k |
Tokelau, a dependent territory of New Zealand, adopted an official flag in 2009. Previously, the flag of New Zealand was used as the official flag for Tokelau.
In May 2008, the local parliament, the General Fono, approved a distinctive flag and national emblem for Tokelau. The Governor-General presented the flag to the Ulu-o-Tokelau as Tokelau's first official flag on 7 September 2009.
Blazon
The official blazon of the flag of Tokelau is:
History
1989 proposal
An alternative and unofficial flag has been reported. The three stars in this flag represent the three atolls which make up the islands of Tokelau.
2007 proposal
In June 2007 the regional parliament (General Fono) decided over the future flag, anthem and national symbol of Tokelau. The proposed flag depicted a stylized Polynesian canoe and four stars. The stars represent the three main islands and also Swains Island, administered by the United States (American Samoa) but claimed by Tokelau. As the required supermajority was not reached in the 2007 self-determination referendum, the flag was not officially adopted.
2008 final proposal
In May 2008, the General Fono approved the final versions of the national symbols of Tokelau. The flag design approved is based on the 2007 proposal with minor changes to the arrangement of the stars, the Southern Cross is used in place of a representation of the geographic location of the islands. A national emblem was also approved at this time.
2009 royal approval
The flag was approved by the General Fono in February 2009 and by Queen Elizabeth II in August. The governor-general presented the new flag to the Ulu as Tokelau's first official flag on 7 September 2009. An official launch of the new flag was planned for October 2009.
See also
Badge of Tokelau
Te Atua o Tokelau
References
External links
Tokelau Flag and National Symbol Government of Tokelau
College of Arms December 2009 Newsletter (No. 23) newsletter
Tokelau
Flags of New Zealand
Flag
Southern Cross flags
Flag
Flag
Tokelau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20Tokelau |
Tanem is a village in the municipality of Trondheim in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located between Nidelva river and Vassfjellet approximately west of the village of Klæbu which sits on the other side of the river. The village has a population (2018) of 1,273 and a population density of . Tanem's population has been growing rapidly. The Tanem village itself and surrounding areas provides few employment opportunities and most of the residents of Tanem commute to Trondheim to work.
Location
The village of Tanem lies at the foot of Vassfjellet and stretches westwards almost down to the river Nidelva. Vassfjellet and the forested areas around the village provides ample room for outdoors activities, like hiking, mountain biking, and foraging for berries. The local skiing clubs include Freidig Alpin and Vassfjellet SK. The local Motorcycle Club Sprengstart MC was founded here in 1983.
Industries
Tanem and the areas along the Vassfjellet mountain has been a large source of naturally occurring sand and gravel and during the last 30 years has seen the establishment of several large gravel pits. This is because Tanem has been below sea level during various ice ages, and large amounts of glacifluvial residue were piled up here. Other industries in the vicinity of Tanem include logging and a water-powered electrical plant.
History
The village of Tanem dates back to before the Viking era. The hill today known as Tanemsåsen was fortified in ancient times, the remnants of this still exist and have been excavated. This hill gave its name to the municipality Klæbu in which Tanem lies, the name Klæbu being derived from the old Klæppabu, which means "the place where people live under the hill with a fort on it". Runestones have been found from this and later ages in the whole area, and one of these is the Tanem Runestone, which is listed as N KJ89 U in the Rundata catalog.
References
External links
Klæbu Municipality
SprengStart.com - motorcycle club
Villages in Trøndelag
Klæbu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanem |
As-Safir (), was a leading Arabic-language daily newspaper in Lebanon. The headquarters of the daily was in Beirut. It was in circulation from March 1974 until December 2016. The last issue of the paper was published on 31 December 2016. The online version was also closed on the same date.
History and profile
As-Safir was first published by Talal Salman on 26 March 1974 as an Arabic political daily. Talal Salman also served as chief editor of the paper. One of the early contributors was Palestinian cartoonist Naji Al Ali. In 2005, the daily's chief editor was Joseph Samaha. Another contributor was Samir Frangieh. The publisher of the daily which was published in broadsheet format was Dar Al Safir.
On 18 July 2011, the paper, together with Al Akhbar, another daily published in Lebanon, was banned in Syria.
As-Safir had a weekly page on the environmental issues.
Political approach
As-Safir stated its mission as to be "the newspaper of Lebanon in the Arab world and the newspaper of the Arab world in Lebanon." This remained the slogan printed on the paper's masthead. It also adopted the slogan "The voice of voiceless". The paper provided an independent voice for the left-wing, Pan-Arab tendency which was increasingly active in Lebanese intellectual and political life in the years after the Arab defeat in the Six-Day War. It also focused on issues pertaining to the Muslim world, advocated Arab nationalism, was close to Hezbollah and had a pro-Syrian stance.
Another Lebanese daily, An-Nahar, was cited as the biggest rival of As-Safir. In the mid-1990s, the paper was described as a left-of-center paper, whereas An-Nahar as a right-of-center paper. During the same period, As-Safir was also described by Robert Fisk as a Syrian-backed newspaper. In the 2000s these papers were supporters of two opposite poles in Lebanon, in that An-Nahar supported March 14 alliance, whereas As-Safir supported March 8 alliance.
Circulation and websites
As-Safir had the second highest circulation in Lebanon in the 1990s after An-Nahar. Its circulation was 45,000 copies in 2003, making it the second best selling paper in Lebanon. The paper sold more than 50,000 copies in 2010. In 2012, the Lebanese Ministry of Information reported that the daily had a circulation of 50,000 copies. The circulation of the paper was less than 10,000 copies in 2016 when it folded.
In addition to its Arabic website, the paper had also an English website. The paper's online version was the 16th most visited website for 2010 in the MENA region.
See also
List of newspapers in Lebanon
References
External links
1974 establishments in Lebanon
2016 disestablishments in Lebanon
Arab nationalism in Lebanon
Arabic-language newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Lebanon
Newspapers published in Beirut
Pan-Arabist media
Newspapers established in 1974
Publications disestablished in 2016
Daily newspapers published in Lebanon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Safir |
"Rein-back" is a dressage term to indicate the two-beat movement in which a horse is asked to back up. The horse picks up and sets down its feet almost in diagonal pairs, and moves straight backwards with the line of his forelegs following those of his hind. The horse should remain on the aids during the rein-back.
The rein-back should be practiced sparingly, as it can easily over-stress the horse's back and joints. This is especially true if the rider tries to force the horse into the movement.
Asking for the rein-back
To perform the rein-back, the rider applies both leg aids and a resisting hand. The leg asks the horse to move, but the hand prevents the horse from going forward, so it instead releases that energy in a step back. As soon as the horse begins to step back, the aids are released. The rein-back should be performed in a straight line, with the rider's legs used softly behind the girth to keep the hindquarters straight.
The upper body of the rider stays upright, leaning neither forward nor back. Leaning back is especially bad, as it drives the seat bones of the rider into the horse, causing the animal to hollow its back.
It is sometimes useful to transfer the weight of the seat onto the thighs when asking for the rein back, so that the horse may easily round up through its back and engage its hind end.
When the rider wishes the horse to stop moving back, the rider sits deeper into his seat, adds more leg, and lightens his contact with the horse's mouth.
Common faults
One of the most common faults in the rein-back is resistance by the horse. Instead of remaining on the aids, the animal tenses up and throws his head up or does not soften to the bit. This is usually the case if the rider tries to pull the horse backwards rather than asking with the legs aids or if the rider sits too heavily on his mount's back.
Other faults may include crookedness, laziness (horse is inactive and drags his feet), or rushing.
Uses
The rein-back is occasionally asked for in equitation classes, in dressage tests (Grand Prix, eventing, and combined driving), reining competition, and is also invaluable on the trail, as it can be used to maneuver out of a tight situation.
The rein-back is also an excellent training tool. The movement requires the horse to engage and move his weight to his hindquarters.
Riding techniques and movements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein-back |
Mære is a village in the municipality of Steinkjer in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located along European route E6 and the Nordlandsbanen railway line, about south of the town of Steinkjer. The village of Sparbu lies about south of Mære. Mære Church is located in this village as well.
The village has a population (2018) of 460 and a population density of .
History
In the early Viking Age, according to the Sagas, Mære was one of the most important religious ceremonial places, with sacrifices to the Norse gods. Under the medieval church at Mære, traces of preceding heathen hof were found in archeological investigations during the 1960s, the only case in Norway so far of a pre-Christian building being found to have existed on the site of a church.
References
Villages in Trøndelag
Steinkjer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A6re |
Velle (also called Velde or Vellamelen) is a village in the municipality of Steinkjer in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village sits at the end of one of the innermost parts of the Trondheimsfjord, west of the village of Følling and northeast of the villages of Beitstad and Bartnes. The village sits along Norwegian County Road 17 about northwest of the town of Steinkjer.
The village has a population (2018) of 439 and a population density of .
References
Villages in Trøndelag
Steinkjer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velle%2C%20Tr%C3%B8ndelag |
Wally Pleasant is an American musician from Michigan. He plays humorous songs based on folk music and 1950s–60s rock and roll influences. Throughout the 1990s he was a fixture in the East Lansing indie-rock scene, alongside fellow local acts like The Verve Pipe.
Career
Born Wally Bullard in Detroit, Pleasant did not become a serious guitarist until college. While majoring in political science at Michigan State University's James Madison College, he performed at various Lansing-area open mic nights, gaining significant local popularity.
A successful homemade cassette tape in the late 1980s led him to release a total of six CDs, the first five on his own record label Miranda Records. His classic 1992 "Songs About Stuff" LP featured fan favorites like "Small Time Drug Dealer" and "Psycho Roommate."
In 1996, Pleasant performed before incumbent-President Bill Clinton's speech during his re-election campaign when he visited East Lansing.
Pleasant has performed throughout the United States over the years, especially in areas where large numbers of MSU Spartan alumni have settled. For much of the 1990s, he was a full-time musician, but has scaled back his schedule in recent years due to personal and family concerns.
He has been a featured artist on the Dr. Demento radio show with songs like "The Day Ted Nugent Killed All the Animals". Nugent had Pleasant perform this song on Detroit radio in the mid-1990s.
Primarily a solo artist, Pleasant performed occasionally in the 1990s with individual sidemen (electric guitarists, bassists) and with a four-piece band, The Happy Neighborhood. In 2003 and 2004 Pleasant also played with a backup band, Appearing as "Wally Pleasant and Carl". Carl was composed of former Turdcutter band members Eric Sweeney (drums) and David Wellbaum (bass).
In a 1997 Daily Vault review of Pleasant's 1992 college radio favorite Songs About Stuff, Sean McCarthy wrote:
Wally's most recent work includes writing and performing the music for Biggby's most recent commercial spots, winning an Emmy for his work in 2011.
2004's Music For Nerds & Perverts was released on Nashville, Tennessee-based Spat! Records. His most recent LP, "Exile in Wally Street" followed in 2011.
Wally is married and currently lives in Charlotte, Michigan.
Discography
Albums
Songs About Stuff – 1992
Welcome To Pleasantville 1993
Houses of the Holy Moly – 1994
Wally World – 1996
Hoedown – 2000
Music For Nerds And Perverts – 2004
Happy Hour – 2018
Exile on Wally Street – 2011 (projected, still timely albeit revised release date)
References
External links
Spat! Records Wally's current label
Miranda Records
Antifolk Online article about Wally Pleasant
Lyrics to some of Wally Pleasant's more popular songs
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Michigan State University alumni
American comedy musicians
People from East Lansing, Michigan
Singers from Detroit
People from Charlotte, Michigan
Singer-songwriters from Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally%20Pleasant |
Bangsund is a village in the municipality of Namsos in Trøndelag county, Norway. It lies along the Løgnin arm of the Namsenfjorden, about south of the town of Namsos. The villages of Klinga and Sævik lie to the northeast along the Norwegian County Road 17.
The village has a population (2018) of 925 and a population density of .
History
Norsemen referred to it as "Icebound", even though there isn't much ice. Bangsund was originally an extremely old settlement. In 1886, a worker found a tombstone that dated back to about 500-600 AD.
The original farm was divided into two when its owner, Mickel Bangsund(1693-1774), divided the "farm" in 1770 for his sons; as Ole Mikelsen Bangsund got the Southern 1/2 (or Bangsund-South) and Paul Mikelsen Bangsund got the Northern 1/2 (or Bangsund-North). After the sons had kids and died off, the little farm started growing into a small town.
In 1781, Carl Olsen Bangsund (and two of his brothers; Mikkel Olsen Bangsund and Petter Olsen Bangsund) moved from the Bangsund Farm to Tromsø, Troms, Norway
The population at Bangsund in 1801 (according to the 1801 census) was 30 people. In 1801 (according to the 1801 census) there were Bangsunds living in/at Alten, Bangsund, Kasnæs, Seiwåg, Talvig, Tromsø, and Trondhiem, Norway. Other Bangsunds (most likely) had married into other families and had changed their family (surname) due to marriage or due to the "custom" of taking on the new 'farm' name.
The village of Bangsund was the administrative centre of the old municipality of Klinga which existed from 1891 until the dissolution of the municipality in 1964.
One of Bangsund's resources was the "Bangdalsbruket" sawmill. The mill burned to the ground in 1907 and was rebuilt in 1910. The sawmill was then used until 1980 and is said to have been one of the biggest sawmills in Northern Norway.
The Northern 1/2 (or Bangsund Farm North) became the Grav Farm when in Halvor Julius Bangsund and Pauline Ingebrigtsdatter Selnes’s deed, Pauline handed over the farm to her son Halvor and son-in-law August (husband of Anne Bangsund), used in community of those two owners.
References
Villages in Trøndelag
Namsos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsund |
The Lockheed Martin A-4AR Fightinghawk is a major upgrade of the McDonnell Douglas A-4M Skyhawk attack aircraft developed for the Argentine Air Force which entered service in 1998. The program was named Fightinghawk in recognition of the F-16 Fighting Falcon, which was the source of its new avionics.
Design and development
Background
The Falklands War in 1982 took a heavy toll on the Argentine Air Force, which lost over 60 aircraft.
The supply of modern combat aircraft had been restricted since the United States had imposed an arms embargo in 1978 for human rights abuses; there were further restrictions when the United Kingdom also imposed an arms embargo in 1982. The only combat aircraft that the Air Force could obtain were 10 Mirage 5Ps transferred from the Peruvian Air Force, 19 Six-Day War veteran Mirage IIICJs from Israel, and 2 Mirage IIIB trainers from the French Air Force.
In 1989, Carlos Menem was elected President of Argentina and quickly established a pro-United States foreign policy which led to the country gaining Major non-NATO ally status. Although the economic situation improved, the funds to purchase new combat aircraft like the Mirage 2000 remained unavailable.
In 1994, the United States made a counteroffer to modernize 36 former US Marine Corps A-4M Skyhawks in a US$282 million deal that would be carried out by Lockheed Martin and included the privatization of the Fabrica Militar de Aviones (Military Aircraft Factory – FMA), which was renamed Lockheed Martin Aircraft Argentina SA (LMAASA) afterward. In 2010, LMAASA reverted to the Argentine government as Fabrica Argentina de Aviones (FADEA).
Production
Argentine Air Force technicians chose 32 A-4M (built between 1970/1976) and 4 TA-4F airframes from the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona to upgrade. The upgrade plans included:
Complete overhaul of the airframe, wiring looms and the Pratt & Whitney J52P-408A engine
Installation of Douglas Escapac 1-G3 ejection seats
HGU-55/P helmets
Honeywell Normal Air-Garrett's OBOGS (On Board Oxygen Generation System)
Westinghouse/Northrop Grumman AN/APG-66V2 (ARG-1) radar
HOTAS controls and a 'glass' cockpit (2 CRT color screens)
Sextant Avionique/Thales Avionics SHUD
Litton/Northrop Grumman LN-100G inertial navigation system
MIL-STD-1553B data bus
Two General Dynamics Information Systems AN/AYK-14 mission computers
Northrop Grumman AN/ALR-93 (V)1 Radar warning receiver
AN/ALQ-126B jammer
AN/ALQ-162 jammer
ALR-47 chaff/flare dispenser
AN/APX-72 IFF
The A-4Ms were equipped with the TV and laser spot tracker Hughes AN/ASB-19 Angle Rate Bombing System, but this was removed after the conversion into A-4ARs, as the radar could provide the same data.
The contract stipulated that 8 airframes would be refurbished at the Lockheed-Martin Plant in Palmdale, California and the rest (27) in Córdoba, Argentina at LMAASA. At least ten TA-4J and A-4M airframes for use as spare parts, eight additional engines, and a new A-4AR simulator were also delivered.
Operational history
The Fightinghawks, having received Air Force serials C-901 to C-936, saw their first group arrive in Argentina on 18 December 1997 and the first "Argentine" A-4AR was rolled out on 3 August 1998 at Cordoba. The last one, number 936, was delivered to the Air Force in March 2000. Two aircraft (a one-seat and a two-seat) remained some time in the United States for weapons homologation. All of the A-4ARs were delivered to the 5th Air Brigade (V Brigada Aérea) at Villa Reynolds, San Luis Province, where they replaced two squadrons of Falklands/Malvinas veteran A-4P (locally known as A-4B) and A-4C. They were soon deployed in rotation around the country from Rio Gallegos in the south to Resistencia in the north where they were used to intercept smugglers and drug trafficking airplanes.
In September 1998, just months after their arrival and again in April 2001, United States Air Force F-16s visited Villa Reynolds for the Southern Falcon joint exercise, known as Aguila (Spanish for Eagle) in Argentina. In 2004, the A-4ARs went abroad for the joint exercise Cruzex, along with Brazilian F-5s and Mirages, Venezuelan F-16s and French Mirage 2000s.
In November 2005 they were deployed to Tandil airbase to enforce a no-fly zone for the Mar del Plata Summit of the Americas and later met Chilean Mirage Elkans, Brazilian AMXs and Uruguayan A-37 at Mendoza for the joint exercise Ceibo.
In July 2006 they were deployed to Cordoba province for the Mercosur's 30th Presidents Summit, while in August and September they went north again to Brazil for the Cruzex III joint exercise with Brazil, Chile, France, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.
In June 2008 they were deployed to Tucumán province for the Mercosur's Presidents Summit.
In August 2009 they were deployed to Bariloche for the UNASUR Presidents summit. Later that month they participated at Reconquista, Santa Fe of the Pre-Salitre official video an exercise of preparation for the Salitre II oficial video of next October in Chile with Chile, Brazil, France and the United States.<ref>[http://www.presalitre.faa.mil.ar/ ejercicio pre salitre 2009''' FAA site] </ref>
On 1 May 2010 they participated in the Air Fest 2010 show at Morón Airport and Air Base.video On 25 May 2010 three A-4AR flew over the 9 de Julio Avenue at Buenos Aires as part of the Argentina Bicentennial shows.<ref>[http://blogs.perfil.com/armas/2010/05/26/a-4-ar-volando-en-el-cielo-del-bicentenario/ A-AR volando en el cielo del Bicentenario' Perfil Blogs] </ref>
In August 2010, the aircraft enforced a no-fly zone at San Juan for the Mercosur's Presidents Summit. On September they joined the rest of the air force aircraft at Reconquista, Santa Fe for the ICARO III integration manoeuvers. On November they deployed to Tandil airbase for the XX Ibero-American Summit held at Mar del Plata.
In January 2016, Argentine Minister of Defence Julio Martinez confirmed that all Air Force Lockheed Martin A-4AR Skyhawk (Fightinghawk) fighters were grounded. Originally this was due to the expiry of the explosive cartridges in their ejection seats, but later it became apparent that there were additional problems. Only 4-5 were found airworthy with the rest in storage at Villa Reynolds.
In May 2017, they participated in the celebrations of the 2017 anniversary of the May Revolution.
By 2020, as few as six of the aircraft were still reported as operational.
Variants
A-4AR 32 converted from A-4Ms
OA-4AR 4 converted from TA-4Fs
Operators
Argentine Air Force – 36 received (32 A-4AR, 4 OA-4AR); as few as 6 reported operational in 2020; operational availability reported in 2022 at perhaps 15-20% of 23 aircraft
Accidents
four of the type have been lost in 20 years of service:
6 July 2005: A-4AR registration C-906 near Justo Daract, San Luis Province, pilot Lt Horacio Martín Flores (29 years old) died.
24 August 2005: A-4AR registration C-936 near Río Cuarto, Cordoba, pilot ejected safely.
14 February 2013: OA-4AR registration C-902 crashed on landing at Angel Aragonés airport near Santiago del Estero, both pilots ejected safely.
5 August 2020: A-4AR registration C-925 near Villa Reynolds, San Luís, pilot Cpt Gonzalo Fabián Britos Venturini ejected but was found dead.
Specifications (A-4AR Fightinghawk)
See also
References
External links
Argentine Air Force
Aerospacio Magazine El programa A-4AR avanza Aerospacio Magazine Halcones al Sur, llegan los A-4AR La Nacion newspaper 1997 Nuevos aviones para la Fuerza Aérea La Nacion newspaper 1998 Ejercicio militar con los EE.UU La Nacion newspaper 1998 Aviones argentinos interceptarán aeronaves norteamericanas La Nacion newspaper 2005 Habilitan un puente aéreo con EE.UU.''
"A-4M Skyhawk II y el A-4AR Fightinghawk"
A-004AR
1990s Argentine attack aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
A-4AR
Aircraft first flown in 1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed%20Martin%20A-4AR%20Fightinghawk |
The Kraków złoty () - was a currency issued in the independent Free City of Cracow in 1835. It was subdivided into 30 groszy. The coins were minted in the Imperial Mint in Vienna.
A history of the currency
The Free City of Kraków created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna was granted the right to introduce its own currency but it chose to enter the monetary union with the Kingdom of Poland and did not implement the right to introduce its own currency until 1835. Between 1815 and 1835 the złoty of the Congress Kingdom of Poland was the official currency of the Free City of Kraków. During the November Uprising also the złoty introduced by the revolutionary government in the Kingdom of Poland was in circulation in the Free City. Its obverse featured the crowned coat of arms consisting of the Polish White Eagle and Lithuanian Vytis, replacing earlier used Russian two-headed eagle with an escutcheon with the Polish White Eagle on its chest. Following the defeat of the Polish army in the November Uprising (1831), the Russian government decided to remove an effigy of the Polish eagle from the currency of the Congress Kingdom of Poland, replacing it with the Russian two-headed eagle. This move of the Russians made the government of the Free City of Kraków to protest, under the pressure exercised by its own citizens who refused to accept the new coins, by introducing its own currency featuring the Polish White Eagle (which constituted a part of the arms of the Free City). The new currency was to circulate in Kraków alongside the Polish złoty. In 1835 three coins of the new currency, the Kraków złoty, were released into circulation in following denominations:
5 groszy (silver, weight 1.45 g, mintage 180.000 pieces)
10 groszy (silver, weight 2.90 g, mintage 150.000 pieces)
1 złoty (silver, weight 3.30 g, mintage 20.000 pieces).
Further two coins were supposed to be released later, namely 3 grosze (copper) and 2 złote (silver), but the annexation of the Free City of Cracow by Austria in 1846 thwarted such plans. The Free City introduced only its own coins and continued to use the banknotes of the Congress Kingdom of Poland. The Kraków złoty was equivalent to the Polish in the Russian-controlled Congress Kingdom, which had a fixed exchange rate to the Russian currencies of 1 kopeck = 2 grosze, or 0.15 ruble = 1 złoty. Following the annexation of Kraków by Austria in 1846 the Kraków złoty remained in circulation until the end of 1847 when it was replaced by Austro-Hungarian florin. The exchange rate was 1 florin=4 złote 12 groszy. Nowadays, due to a small number of coins minted and a relatively short circulation period (only twelve years), the Cracow złoty is an extremely rare collectible much coveted by collectors. The buying power of the Kraków złoty can be illustrated by the following example taken from an 1845 carpenter's bill:
a table with a drawer - 18 zł.
12 chairs - 175 zł.
a desk with two drawers - 48 zł.
The design
The author of the design remains unknown, but the coins were clearly styled on coins introduced in the Congress Kingdom of Poland by the revolutionary government in 1831 (see the picture).
The obverse
The obverse of all three coins is identical and features the crowned coat of arms of the Free City of Kraków (the city gates wide open, topped with three towers and featuring the Polish White Eagle in the centre of the gate) with the name of the city-state in Polish placed above the coat of arms in semi-circle: WOLNE MIASTO KRAKOW.
The reverse
The reverse follows an identical pattern differing only in size and the denomination. It features an oak wreath surrounding the denomination and the year (1835).
For an earlier coin of Kraków, issued in the 14th century, see Kraków grosz.
Notes
External links
photos of 5 groszy and 10 groszy coins
Coinage for Russian Poland (1815-1850)
References
Tadeusz Kałkowski: Tysiąc lat monety polskiej, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1974
Czesław Kamiński, Edmund Kopicki: Katalog monet polskich 1764-1864, KAW, Warszawa 1977
Chester Krause, Clifford Mishler: Standard Catalog of World Coins, 19th Century Edition, 1801-1900, Iola 1997,
Currencies of Poland
Modern obsolete currencies
1835 establishments in Poland
History of Kraków
1846 disestablishments in Europe
1830s in Poland
1840s in Poland
19th-century economic history
Free City of Kraków | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w%20z%C5%82oty |
Walden Galleria is a regional shopping mall located in Cheektowaga, a suburb of Buffalo, New York located east of Interstate 90 and New York State Thruway Exit 52 off Walden Avenue. The Walden Galleria comprises more than of retail space, with 170 stores on two levels, including a food court and a movie theater. In 2021, Walden Galleria was listed among the top 20 most visited shopping centers in America, attracting over 23 million visitors from the United States and Canada. The mall is owned and managed by The Pyramid Companies of Syracuse, New York, the same management firm which developed it. The mall features Macy's, JCPenney, Primark, Dick's Sporting Goods, Best Buy, in addition to a 16-screen Regal Cinemas which also features 4DX.
History
Walden Galleria was developed by The Pyramid Companies, an Upstate New York-based shopping center development and management firm. Built on a site near Exit 52 of the New York State Thruway, the mall was opened in 1989. The mall featured a range of upscale and traditional anchors, Bonwit Teller, L.L.Berger, The Sample, AM&A's, Sibley's, JCPenney, and Sears. At the time, the mall featured more than 150 stores, as well as a theater owned by Hoyts Cinemas.
An additional anchor space was built for Lord & Taylor in 1990.
1990s
During 1990, storied regional division Sibley's became Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based Kaufmann's. In 1995, York, Pennsylvania-based department store chain The Bon-Ton acquired the AM&A's chain, converting all branches to The Bon-Ton. Later that year, on December 14, 17-year-old Cynthia Wiggins of Buffalo was struck by a dump truck while trying to get to her first day of work in the mall's food court from a NFTA Metro bus stop on Walden Avenue. The incident sparked allegations from Buffalo's African-American community that Pyramid did not want people from Buffalo's predominantly minority East Side to have easy access to the mall. In settling a wrongful death claim against Walden Galleria and NFTA Metro and to prevent a boycott of the mall, the bus stop was soon moved to a point inside the mall, where it remains today.
In 1996, sporting apparel retailer Finish Line opened one of its largest stores.
Montgomery Ward, which acquired the Lechmere chain in 1994, closed the Lechmere stores nationwide in 1998, as part of a corporate restructuring. After its closure, Lechmere converted to JCPenney Home and a DSW Shoe Warehouse. In 1999, Kaufmann's also opened a home store within the mall.
2000s
As the new millennium arrived, so did several exciting developments. A Pottery Barn and Upstate NY's first Apple Store which would occupy in front of the Bon Ton and Forever 21, a junior clothing store, who opened an store on the mall's first floor. Also joining the mall was Abercrombie & Fitch and Hollister, the latter of which was the first location in Western New York. In 2001, a brand-new Galyan's Trading Company store was added to the mall.
By 2002, General Cinemas had sold the mall's theater complex to AMC Theatres. In 2004, the Galyan's location was rebranded to Dick's Sporting Goods following the latter's acquisition of the former. In 2006, The Bon-Ton closed its store at the mall. In September 2006, Kaufmann's was rebranded to Macy's after Macy's merged with the parent company of Kaufmann's.
2007 Expansion
Plans were announced to expand Walden Galleria by razing the recently shuttered The Bon-Ton to make way for a wing for additional stores, anchored by a 16-screen Regal Cinemas multiplex on the upper level. An existing exterior entrance with escalators and an elevator going up to the food court was removed and the large exterior glass wall was temporarily blocked off with the intention of creating a Barnes and Noble store in front of that space that would open up to the food court. However, that location became Dave and Buster's instead due to complications in the construction of Barnes and Noble's proposed escalators since that particular section of the mall was built on caissons over Scajaquada Creek. Additionally, a portion of the multi-level parking ramp near the Bon-Ton store was demolished to make way for new store fronts that would create a boulevard-like design along the mall's western facade. A five-storey, 1,200-vehicle parking ramp was also built to replace the spaces affected by the expansion.
2010s
A new decade brought many changes to the now 21-year-old shopping center. In 2011, Anthropologie, a trendy women's clothing and accessory store joined the mall. A wave of other stores opened that year as well including Fossil, which opened its second area location in a space on the first floor, Free People, a Philadelphia-based retailer which opened its first Upstate New York location in a space on the first floor, and White House/Black Market whose store is its second area location. Gordon Biersch, a brew pub opened in the restaurant outparcel attached to the parking garage.
In 2013, several aesthetic upgrades were made throughout the mall. New Italian marble floors were installed. Lighting and seating updates were made as well. The main entrances were updated to reflect the 2007 expansion.
In November 2014, the mall was involved in a controversy regarding stores being fined for deciding not to open on Thanksgiving Day. The mall owners threatened to fine stores $200 an hour if they remain closed on the holiday.
Around this time World of Beer opened which buoyed off of the craft beer boom happening in the Buffalo area. About a month later in September, Dave and Buster's relocated to the center in a space next to the Cheesecake Factory.
In April 2018, Spanish retailer Zara opened a two-story space next to H&M and Gap. In June, Macy's opened a furniture store in the location that also formerly hosted the same concept under its predecessor, Kaufmann's.
In late 2019, Macy's announced that their location was among the first to receive millions of dollars in cosmetic upgrades. Regal Cinemas also announced upgrades which saw it bring 4-DX technology that immerses people in movies with moving seats, wind, rain, lights and even smells.
2020s
On August 27, 2020, it was announced that department store retailer Lord & Taylor would close its traditional brick and mortar format as a direct result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Early plans envision the store reconstructed into a modern space known as York Factory, a co-working sub-brand offering soft amenities such as a program delivering lunch straight to your office, bike rentals, a physical and mental wellness studio, salon services, and weekly events.
In 2021, Walden Galleria was listed among the top 20 most visited shopping centers in America attracting over 23 million visitors from the United States and Canada.
References
External links
Walden Galleria Review
The Pyramid Companies
Shopping malls established in 1989
1989 establishments in New York (state)
Shopping malls in New York (state)
Tourist attractions in Erie County, New York
Buildings and structures in Erie County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden%20Galleria |
Dr. Assad Sheikholeslami () (born in Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province, Iran) is a prominent theologian and professor at Tehran University.
Biography
Dr. Sheikholeslami was an advisor to President Mohammad Khatami during his eight years of presidency with a focus on the issues related to the Sunni population of Iran. He was also a chairman at Tehran University.
He is a Sunni Kurd. Dr. Sheikholeslami is the author of two books on Kalam and continues to teach and advise graduate students at Tehran University. He is also a member of the advisory board for all universities in the western region of Iran.
References
21st-century Muslim theologians
Iranian scholars
Iranian Kurdish people
Kurdish theologians
People from Sanandaj
Academic staff of the University of Tehran
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assad%20Sheikholeslami%20Sanandaji |
Kopperå is a village in the municipality of Meråker in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village lies about east of the municipal center of Midtbygda and about west of the Swedish border. The Meråker Line railway runs through the village and stops at the Kopperå Station. The village sits near the confluence of the rivers Kåpperåa and Stjørdalselva, and it is about south of the lake Fjergen. The local Kopperå Chapel sits on the northwest edge of the village.
Manufacturing
Kopperå had one of the best microsilica factories, Elkem Meraaker, a member of the Elkem Group. Elkem Meraaker (originally Meraaker Smelteverk) started to manufacture carbide in 1898, and was later re-built to manufacture microsilica. But in 2005 the company made the decision to end microsilica manufacturing. The factory ceased operations in summer 2006 and the buildings were taken down by 2008.
References
Villages in Trøndelag
Meråker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopper%C3%A5 |
Skatval is a village in the municipality of Stjørdal in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located on the Skatval peninsula about northwest of the town of Stjørdalshalsen. The inhabitants are called as Skatvalsbygg. Skatval Church is located in the village.
The village has a population (2018) of 943 and a population density of .
History
The southwestern coast of the peninsula was called Aglo during the Viking Age. In autumn 962, Sigurd Håkonsson Ladejarl (the ruling Earl of Trøndelag and surrounding areas) and his party were burned to death by the Erikssønene (sons of Eric Bloodaxe), among them Harald Greyhide, while staying the night at a party at Oglo (Aglo), according to the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturlasson.
The remains of Steinvikholm Castle, built during the 1530s by Norway's last Catholic archbishop, Olav Engelbrektsson, are under restoration. The fortress, innovative in design, played a major part as the last stronghold for Norwegian independence during the Reformation in the Danish-Norwegian union. The islet situated at the northern coast of Skatval is also the place for the yearly outdoor midnight opera "Olav Engelbrektsson".
The old Fløan Church was located in Fløan, on the northern coast of the Skatval peninsula. It was the main church for Skatval. It was taken down in 1851, and a new Skatval Church was built in 1901 in the village of Skatval. Materials from the old church are now in a museum in Trondheim.
On 1 January 1902, the Skatvold peninsula was established as the municipality of Skatval when the old municipality of Nedre Stjørdal was divided into three parts: Skatval, Stjørdal, and Lånke. On 1 January 1962, Skatval was merged with Lånke, Stjørdal, and Hegra to form a new, larger municipality of Stjørdal.
Transport
The Nordland Line runs through Skatval, with a stop at Skatval Station, with hourly Trøndelag Commuter Rail service. The station opened on 29 October 1902 and was designed by Paul Due. The station is from Trondheim. European Route E6 runs through Skatval.
Sports
The community has a football team, IL Fram, that plays in the 4th division. The village and surrounding areas also have many sports facilities such as:
Klempen Ski Arena: lighted cross country track, biathlon shooting range and several ski jumps, some with summer capabilities.
Langstein: lighted cross country track.
Framnes: artificial turf football field with flood lights.
Skatvalshallen: indoor sports hall.
Skjervold: tennis court.
Notable residents
Jon Olav Alstad, a politician
Eli Arnstad, a civil servant
Marit Arnstad, a politician, former Norwegian Minister of Petroleum and Energy
Oscar Midtlyng, an athlete
Brit Sandaune, a soccer player
References
External links
Skatval map
Skatval Historical Society
Olav Engelbrektsson Midnight Opera
Villages in Trøndelag
Stjørdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skatval |
Vanvikan is a village in the municipality of Indre Fosen in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located along the Trondheimsfjord in the southeastern part of the municipality. The village of Seter lies about northeast of Vanvikan and the lake Storvatnet lies about north of the village. One of the schools in the municipality, Vanvikan Skole is located in the village of Vanvikan. Stranda Church is also located in the village.
The village has a population (2018) of 731 and a population density of .
The village is an industrial centre with the various technology industries that are part of Lyng Industrier. Vanvikan is connected to the city of Trondheim by means of a fast passenger boat route across the Trondheimsfjord. The Flakk–Rørvik Ferry (car ferry) is accessed at Rørvika about to the southwest. The Norwegian County Road 755 connects it with other villages to the northeast.
References
External links
Indre Fosen
Villages in Trøndelag | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanvikan |
The electricity sector in Sweden has three operational nuclear power plants with 6 operational nuclear reactors, which produce about 29.8% of the country's electricity. The nation's largest power station, Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant, has three reactors producing 3.3 GW and 14% of Sweden's electricity.
Sweden formerly had a nuclear phase-out policy, aiming to end nuclear power generation in Sweden by 2010. On 5 February 2009, the Government of Sweden announced an agreement allowing for the replacement of existing reactors, effectively ending the phase-out policy.
In June 2023, the new Kristersson Cabinet established after the country's 2022 election voted to switch the national energy target from 100% renewable electricity by 2045 to 100% fossil fuel-free electricity by 2045, a move seen as supporting and extending the ongoing use of nuclear power in the country. At the time, hydro, nuclear, and wind power already produced 98% of Sweden's electricity, with the government aiming to increase electricity production from carbon-free sources to meet an estimated doubling of national electricity consumption by 2040.
History
Early history
Sweden began research into nuclear energy in 1947 with the establishment of the Atomic Energy Company, AB Atomenergi, which originated in the ongoing military research and development at the Defence Institute FOA.
In 1954, the country built its first small research heavy water reactor, the R1 nuclear reactor. The R1 was dismantled in 1970.
It was followed by two heavy water reactors: Ågesta or R3 nuclear reactor, a small heat and power reactor in 1964, and Marviken or R4 nuclear reactor which was finished but never operated (was never loaded with nuclear fuel), due to several safety issues. The R3 reactor stopped operations in 1974 and is to be demolished with work beginning in 2020 and ending 2025. The R4 project was cancelled in 1970, with the site being used in non-nuclear capacity since.
Also a reactor named the R2 nuclear reactor, the second nuclear reactor in Sweden, was built in Studsvik, east of Nyköping. Studsvik also hosted a reactor named R2-0 nuclear reactor. Both R2 and R2-0 were small research reactors, and both were decommissioned in 2005. Furthermore there was also a third research reactor in Studsvik called FR-0 nuclear reactor which was a zero-power fast reactor with low power output. It was operated 1964–1971 and was then dismantled.
On 1 May 1969, the prototype nuclear cogeneration plant Ågestaverket (R3) suffered an incident in which secondary cooling water flooded through a broken valve and caused a number of electrical problems in the plant, resulting in a 4-day shutdown.
R1, R3, and particularly the never finished R4 project at Marviken were heavy water reactors, motivated by the option to use Swedish uranium without isotope enrichment and by the possibility to use the reactors to produce weapons grade plutonium for Swedish nuclear warheads. The Swedish nuclear weapons program was eventually shut down, however, and Sweden signed the nuclear non-proliferation treaty in 1968.
Six nuclear reactors began commercial service in the 1970s, and another six through 1985. Nine of the reactors were designed by Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA), and three supplied by Westinghouse.
Plans for nuclear phase-out
After the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, there was a national referendum in Sweden about the future of nuclear power. As a result of this, the Riksdag decided in 1980 that no further nuclear power plants should be built, and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010. Some observers have condemned the referendum as flawed because people could only vote "NO to nuclear", although three options were basically a harder or a softer "NO".
After the 1986 Chernobyl accident in USSR, the question of security of nuclear energy was again raised.
In July 1992 an incident at Barsebäck 2 showed that the five older boiling water reactors had had potentially reduced capacity in their emergency core cooling systems since they started operation. Mineral wool was dislodged and ended up in the suppression pool where it clogged the suction strainers. It was classified as a grade 2 incident in the IAEA INES scale, due to the degradation of defence-in-depth. All five reactors were ordered down by the Nuclear Inspectorate for remedial action where backwash and additional strainers were installed. Most of the reactors were back in operation by next Spring, but Oskarshamn 1 remained down until January 1996 due to other work being carried out.
During the late 1990s a unique capacity tax on nuclear power (effektskatten) was introduced. It was initially set at 5514 SEK per MWth per month, and only applied to nuclear power plants, thus penalizing them relative to other energy sources. In January 2006 it was almost doubled (at 10,200 SEK per MWth per month). An agreement struck in June 2016 among other things meant the capacity tax would be phased out by 2019. By then the tax constituted about one third of the cost of operating a nuclear reactor.
In 1997 the Riksdag decided to shut down one of the reactors at Barsebäck nuclear power plant by 1 July 1998 and the second before 1 July 2001, although under the condition that their energy production would be compensated.
The next conservative government tried to cancel the phase-out, but, after protests, decided instead to extend the time limit to 2010. At Barsebäck, block 1 was shut down on 30 November 1999 and block 2 on 1 June 2005.
In August 2006 three of Sweden's ten nuclear reactors were shut down due to safety concerns following an incident at Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant, in which two out of four emergency power generators failed causing a power shortage. It was classified as a grade 2 incident in the INES scale, due to the degradation of defence-in-depth.
In 2006 the Centre Party of Sweden, an opposition party that until then had supported the phase-out, announced that it was dropping its opposition to nuclear power, at least for the time being, claiming that it is unrealistic to expect the phase-out in the short term. It said it would now support the stance of the other opposition parties in Alliance for Sweden, which were considerably more pro-nuclear than the then Social Democratic government.
Phase-out abandoned
On 17 June 2010, the Riksdag adopted a decision allowing the replacement of the existing reactors with new nuclear reactors, starting from 1 January 2011.
In June 2016, the coalition government decided to abolish the nuclear power output tax in 2019 and to successively replace the existing reactors with new ones. In October 2022, the new Swedish governing decided to have Ringhals 1 and 2 reactors restarted and the construction of further reactors examined.
List of electricity producing nuclear reactors
Decommissioned reactors
The decommissioned nuclear reactors of Sweden are:
R1 reactor, dismantled in 1970
R2 reactor, decommissioned in 2005
R2-0 reactor, decommissioned in 2005
FR-0 reactor, dismantled after 1971
Ågesta Nuclear Plant R3, decommissioned 1974, demolition planned 2020-2025
R4 nuclear reactor, cancelled in 1970
Barsebäck Nuclear Power Plant Reactor 1, decommissioned 1999, demolition planned 2020-2028
Barsebäck Nuclear Power Plant Reactor 2, decommissioned 2005, demolition planned 2020-2028
Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant Unit 1, decommissioned 2017, demolition planned 2020-2028
Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant Unit 2, decommissioned 2016, demolition planned 2020-2028
Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant R1, decommissioned 2020
Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant R2, decommissioned 2019
Public opinion
The nuclear energy phase-out is controversial in Sweden. The energy production of the remaining nuclear power plants has been considerably increased in recent years to compensate for the Barsebäck shut-down.
In May 2005, a poll of residents living around Barsebäck found that 94% wanted it to stay. The subsequent leak of radioactive water from the nuclear waste store in Forsmark did not lead to a major change in public opinion. According to a poll of January 2008, 48% of Swedes were in favour of building new nuclear reactors, 39% were opposed and 13% were undecided. However, the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan reversed prior support of nuclear power, with polls showing that 64% of Swedes opposed new reactors while 27% supported them. However, in a poll November 2019 the public opinion has changed with 78% in favor of nuclear power and only 11% against.
Prior public support for nuclear power stood in contrast to the stances of the major political parties in Sweden, but after the polls in late 2019 the debate changed and the parties that want to build new nuclear power in Sweden (SD, M, KD, L ) put forth a demand to the leading government party, the Social Democrats to choose a path forward, otherwise they might break with the standing energy agreement and work to reform the policy towards nuclear power, outside of the influence of the minority government.
Nuclear waste
Sweden has a well-developed nuclear waste management policy. Low-level waste is currently stored at the reactor sites or destroyed at Studsvik. The country has dedicated a ship, M/S Sigyn, to move waste from power plants to repositories. Sweden has also constructed a permanent underground repository, SFR, final repository for short-lived radioactive waste, with a capacity of 63,000 cubic meters for intermediate and low-level waste. A central interim storage facility for spent nuclear fuel, Clab, is located near Oskarshamn. The government has also identified two potential candidates for burial of additional waste (high-level), Oskarshamn and Östhammar.
Anti-nuclear activists
In June 2010, Greenpeace anti-nuclear activists invaded Forsmark nuclear power plant to protest the then-plan to remove the government prohibition on building new nuclear power plants. In October 2012, 20 Greenpeace activists scaled the outer perimeter fence of the Ringhals nuclear plant, and there was also an incursion of 50 activists at the Forsmark plant. Greenpeace said that its non-violent actions were protests against the continuing operation of these reactors, which it says are unsafe in European stress tests, and to emphasise that stress tests did nothing to prepare against threats from outside the plant. A report by the Swedish nuclear regulator said that "the current overall level of protection against sabotage is insufficient". Although Swedish nuclear power plants have security guards, the police are responsible for emergency response. The report criticised the level of cooperation between nuclear site staff and police in the case of sabotage or attack.
Photo gallery
See also
Politics of Sweden
Nuclear energy policy
Energy policy of the European Union
Notes
References
Further reading
William D. Nordhaus, The Swedish Nuclear Dilemma — Energy and the Environment, 1997 Hardcover, .
Arne Kaijser / Jan-Henrik Meyer, “The World's Worst Located Nuclear Power Plant”: Danish and Swedish perspectives on the Swedish nuclear power plant Barsebäck. Journal for the History of Environment and Society 3 (2018): 71-105. Full Text
Arne Kaijser, Sweden. Short Country Report (History of Nuclear Energy and Society Project) Update 2018. http://www.honest2020.eu/sites/default/files/deliverables_24/SW.pdf.
External links
News
3 August 2006, BBC: Swedes shut down some nuclear reactors following testing failures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20in%20Sweden |
The Sultans of Ping are an Irish band formed in 1988 by Niall O'Flaherty, Pat O'Connell, Paul Fennelly and Ger Lyons.
The band's name is a play on the 1978 Dire Straits song "Sultans of Swing", dating from a time when "it was sacrilege to say anything whatsoever funny or nasty about Dire Straits".
History
Following a number of line up changes, the band came to the attention of the Irish and UK music press, when "Where's Me Jumper" was released in January 1992. After several other independently released singles, the band signed to Epic Records, through a deal organised by Rhythm King Records's Martin Heath.
With Epic, the band released their debut album Casual Sex In The Cineplex, and its follow up Teenage Drug, with additional tracks gaining a Japan-only release. Teenage Drug was renamed Teenage Planet Sexy War in Japan, and included the single "Michiko".
Renaming themselves as The Sultans, they released their third album Good Year For Trouble in 1996. It included a cover version of The Third Bardo’s 1967 single “I’m Five Years Ahead Of My Time” listed as “Five Years” on the track listing. However, the album cover's artwork caused problems, as major record chains like HMV and Virgin decided that the display of bondage and S&M was too explicit. By this time, Rhythm King had been absorbed into Arista Records, as Martin Heath became the head of the department. The record label released the band from their recording contract.
Following a split in 1996, McCarthy joined the band Pharmacy, O'Flaherty was involved in producing the Japanese girl band Mika Bomb, while McFeely formed the rock and roll band Sister, and later recruited former bassist with The Young Offenders, Steve Hackett. McCarthy moved to Stockholm where he taught English. Vocalist Niall O'Flaherty subsequently pursued a career in academia.
The band reformed as The Sultans of Ping in 2005. Their decision to reform was officially confirmed by drummer Morty McCarthy in an interview with the Cork Evening Echo’s Mark McAvoy published in April 2005. They later played a number of gigs with Jim Bob of Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine. In 2006, the group played a show with Radio 2's Mark Radcliffe, and his band The Family Mahone, as part of Manchester's yearly Irish Festival. That same year, the Sultans of Ping released their live DVD U Talk 2 Much: Live At The Cork Savoy Theatre on Cherry Red Records.
The band played several gigs in 2007, at the Brixton Academy in London (with Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine), in Glasgow, and in Roscommon. They played a number of gigs in 2008, including Southend, London and Cork.
Drummer Morty McCarthy has written a book on Cork slang entitled Dowtcha Boy.
The title of the song "Give Him a Ball and a Yard of Grass", which appeared on their first album, was about Nottingham Forest player Nigel Clough and was based on a quote from football manager Brian Clough about John Robertson. The song contains several more of his sayings in its lyrics. This was given away free with Nottingham Forest Fanzine 'Brian' as a one track flexi-disk in April 1992.
The band were announced as the support act for Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine's 'Norf and Sarf' show at London's Brixton Academy in November 2011. In April 2015, the Sultans played a one off sold out gig at the Soundhouse, Leicester.
Today, Niall O’Flaherty is a lecturer in the History of European Political Thought at King's College London, specialising in 18th and 19th century thinkers such as Thomas Robert Malthus and Charles Darwin. Pat O’Connell is in banking in London. Alan McFeely moved into film music. Morty McCarthy teaches English in Sweden.
Impact
"Where's Me Jumper" featured as the theme song to the Sky1 series of 2012 Moone Boy, and was the closing song in the Irish comedy of 2016, The Young Offenders. The band later explained that the song was based on a real incident in Nottingham hotspot The Black Orchid, though the item lost was in fact a cardigan. "Give Him a Ball and a Yard of Grass" is the theme song used by Irish national radio station Newstalk 106/108 on their 'Off The Ball' sports show.
Band members
Niall O'Flaherty – vocals
Pat O'Connell – guitar-
Ian Olney – bass (from 2005)
Samuel Steiger – guitar (from 1995)
Alan McFeely – bass (1991–1996)
Morty McCarthy – drums (from 1991)
Paul Fennelly – bass (until 1990)
John McAuliffe – bass (until 1991)
Ger Lyons – drums (until 1991)
Discography
Albums
As Sultans of Ping F.C.:
Casual Sex in the Cineplex (Rhythm King Records – Feb 93) No. 26 (UK Albums Chart)
As Sultans of Ping:
Teenage Drug (Epic Records – Mar 94) No. 57 (UK Albums Chart)
As Sultans:
Good Year for Trouble (Arista Records – June 1996)
Singles
As Sultans of Ping F.C.:
"What About Those Sultans?" EP featuring "Stupid Kid" / "Riot at the Sheepdog Trials" / "Eamon Andrews"
"Where's Me Jumper" (Divine Records ATHY 01 – Feb 92) No. 67 (UK Singles Chart) No. 8 (Ireland)
"Stupid Kid" (Divine Records ATHY 02 – 27 Apr 92) No. 67 (UK Singles Chart) No. 11 (Ireland)
"Veronica" (Divine Records ATHY 03 – Oct 92) No. 69 (UK Singles Chart)
"You Talk Too Much" (Rhythm King Records 6588877 – Jan 93) No. 26 (UK Singles Chart) No. 4 (Ireland)
As Sultans of Ping:
"Teenage Punks" (Epic Records – Sep 93 ) No. 49 (UK Singles Chart)
"Michiko" (Epic Records – Oct 93 ) No. 43 (UK Singles Chart)
"Japanese Girls" (Sony Japan – 1993)
"Wake Up And Scratch Me" (Epic Records – Feb 94) No. 50 (UK Singles Chart)
"Miracle Michiko" EP (Japan only release – 1994)
As Sultans:
"Mescaline" (1996) No. 21 (UK Independent Chart)
As The Sultans of Ping:
"Girlwatching" (2007)
References
External links
Originals Sultans website
Sultans Of Ping entry in The Irish Punk & New Wave Discography
Dancing in the Disco - The Story of The Sultans of Ping (RTE doc by Paul McDermott)
Sultans Of Ping FC
Irish punk rock groups
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups from Cork (city)
Rhythm King artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sultans%20of%20Ping |
In the United States, nuclear power is provided by 92 commercial reactors with a net capacity of 94.7 gigawatts (GW), with 61 pressurized water reactors and 31 boiling water reactors. In 2019, they produced a total of 809.41 terawatt-hours of electricity, which accounted for 20% of the nation's total electric energy generation. In 2018, nuclear comprised nearly 50 percent of US emission-free energy generation.
there are two new reactors under construction with a gross electrical capacity of 2,500 MW, while 39 reactors have been permanently shut down. The United States is the world's largest producer of commercial nuclear power, and in 2013 generated 33% of the world's nuclear electricity. With the past and future scheduled plant closings, China and Russia could surpass the United States in nuclear energy production.
the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has granted license renewals providing 20-year extensions to a total of 74 reactors. In early 2014, the NRC prepared to receive the first applications of license renewal beyond 60 years of reactor life as early as 2017, a process which by law requires public involvement. Licenses for 22 reactors are due to expire before the end of 2029 if no renewals are granted. Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station in Massachusetts was the most recent nuclear power plant to be decommissioned, on June 1, 2019. Another five aging reactors were permanently closed in 2013 and 2014 before their licenses expired because of high maintenance and repair costs at a time when natural gas prices had fallen: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California, Crystal River 3 in Florida, Vermont Yankee in Vermont, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin. In April 2021, New York State permanently closed Indian Point in Buchanan, 30 miles from New York City.
Most reactors began construction by 1974; following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and changing economics, many planned projects were canceled. More than 100 orders for nuclear power reactors, many already under construction, were canceled in the 1970s and 1980s, bankrupting some companies.
In 2006, the Brookings Institution, a public policy organization, stated that new nuclear units had not been built in the United States because of soft demand for electricity, the potential cost overruns on nuclear reactors due to regulatory issues and resulting construction delays.
There was a revival of interest in nuclear power in the 2000s, with talk of a "nuclear renaissance", supported particularly by the Nuclear Power 2010 Program. A number of applications were made, but facing economic challenges, and later in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, most of these projects have been canceled.
Up until 2013, there had also been no ground-breaking on new nuclear reactors at existing power plants since 1977. Then in 2012, the NRC approved construction of four new reactors at existing nuclear plants. Construction of the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station Units 2 and 3 began on March 9, 2013, but was abandoned on July 31, 2017, after the reactor supplier Westinghouse filed for bankruptcy protection in March 2017. On March 12, 2013, construction began on the Vogtle Electric Generating Plant Units 3 and 4. The target in-service date for Unit 3 was originally November 2021. In March 2023, the Vogtle reached "initial criticality" and started service on July 31, 2023. On October 19, 2016, TVA's Unit 2 reactor at the Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station became the first US reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996.
History
Emergence
Research into the peaceful uses of nuclear materials began in the United States under the auspices of the Atomic Energy Commission, created by the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946. Medical scientists were interested in the effect of radiation upon the fast-growing cells of cancer, and materials were given to them, while the military services led research into other peaceful uses.
Power reactor research
Argonne National Laboratory was assigned by the United States Atomic Energy Commission the lead role in developing commercial nuclear energy beginning in the 1940s. Between then and the turn of the 21st century, Argonne designed, built, and operated fourteen reactors at its site southwest of Chicago, and another fourteen reactors at the National Reactors Testing Station in Idaho. These reactors included initial experiments and test reactors that were the progenitors of today's pressurized water reactors (including naval reactors), boiling water reactors, heavy water reactors, graphite-moderated reactors, and liquid-metal cooled fast reactors, one of which was the first reactor in the world to generate electricity. Argonne and a number of other AEC contractors built a total of 52 reactors at the National Reactor Testing Station. Two were never operated; except for the Neutron Radiography Facility, all the other reactors were shut down by 2000.
In the early afternoon of December 20, 1951, Argonne director Walter Zinn and fifteen other Argonne staff members witnessed a row of four light bulbs light up in a nondescript brick building in the eastern Idaho desert. Electricity from a generator connected to Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I) flowed through them. This was the first time that a usable amount of electrical power had ever been generated from nuclear fission. Only days afterward, the reactor produced all the electricity needed for the entire EBR complex. One ton of natural uranium can produce more than 40 gigawatt-hours of electricity — this is equivalent to burning 16,000 tons of coal or 80,000 barrels of oil. More central to EBR-I's purpose than just generating electricity, however, was its role in proving that a reactor could create more nuclear fuel as a byproduct than it consumed during operation. In 1953, tests verified that this was the case.
The US Navy took the lead, seeing the opportunity to have ships that could steam around the world at high speeds for several decades without needing to refuel, and the possibility of turning submarines into true full-time underwater vehicles. So, the Navy sent their "man in Engineering", then Captain Hyman Rickover, well known for his great technical talents in electrical engineering and propulsion systems in addition to his skill in project management, to the AEC to start the Naval Reactors project. Rickover's work with the AEC led to the development of the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), the first naval model of which was installed in the submarine . This made the boat capable of operating under water full-time – demonstrating this ability by reaching the North Pole and surfacing through the Polar ice cap.
Start of commercial nuclear power
From the successful naval reactor program, plans were quickly developed for the use of reactors to generate steam to drive turbines turning generators. In April 1957, the SM-1 Nuclear Reactor in Fort Belvoir, Virginia was the first atomic power generator to go online and produce electrical energy to the U.S. power grid. On May 26, 1958, the first commercial nuclear power plant in the United States, Shippingport Atomic Power Station, was opened by President Dwight D. Eisenhower as part of his Atoms for Peace program. As nuclear power continued to grow throughout the 1960s, the Atomic Energy Commission anticipated that more than 1,000 reactors would be operating in the United States by 2000. As the industry continued to expand, the Atomic Energy Commission's development and regulatory functions were separated in 1974; the Department of Energy absorbed research and development, while the regulatory branch was spun off and turned into an independent commission known as the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC or simply NRC).
Pro-nuclear power stance
As of February 2020, Our World In Data stated that "nuclear energy and renewables are far, far safer than fossil fuels as regards human health, safety and carbon footprint," with nuclear energy resulting in 99.8% fewer deaths than brown coal; 99.7% fewer than coal; 99.6% fewer than oil; and 97.5% fewer than gas.
Under President Obama, the Office of nuclear energy stated in January 2012 that "Nuclear power has safely, reliably, and economically contributed almost 20% of electrical generation in the United States over the past two decades. It remains the single largest contributor (more than 70%) of non-greenhouse-gas- emitting electric power generation in the United States. Domestic demand for electrical energy is expected to grow by more than 30% from 2009 to 2035. At the same time, most of the currently operating nuclear power plants will begin reaching the end of their initial 20-year extension to their original 40-year operating license, for a total of 60 years of operation." It warned that if new plants do not replace those which are retired then the total fraction of generated electrical energy from nuclear power will begin to decline.
The United States Department of Energy web site states that "nuclear power is the most reliable energy source", and to a great degree "has the highest capacity factor. Natural gas and coal capacity factors are generally lower due to routine maintenance and/or refueling at these facilities while renewable plants are considered intermittent or variable sources and are mostly limited by a lack of fuel (i.e. wind, sun, or water)." Nuclear is the largest source of clean power in the United States, generating more than 800 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity each year and producing more than half of the nation's emissions-free electricity. This avoids more than 470 million metric tons of carbon each year, which is the equivalent of removing 100 million cars off of the road. In 2019, nuclear plants operated at full power more than 93% of the time, making it the most reliable energy source on the power grid. The Department of Energy and its national labs are working with industry to develop new reactors and fuels that will increase the overall performance of nuclear technologies and reduce the amount of nuclear waste that is produced.
Advanced nuclear reactors "that are smaller, safer, and more efficient at half the construction cost of today’s reactors" are part of President Biden's clean energy proposals.
Opposition to nuclear power
There has been considerable opposition to the use of nuclear power in the United States. The first U.S. reactor to face public opposition was Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station in 1957. It was built approximately 30 miles from Detroit and there was opposition from the United Auto Workers Union. Pacific Gas & Electric planned to build the first commercially viable nuclear power plant in the US at Bodega Bay, north of San Francisco. The proposal was controversial and conflict with local citizens began in 1958. The conflict ended in 1964, with the forced abandonment of plans for the power plant. Historian Thomas Wellock traces the birth of the anti-nuclear movement to the controversy over Bodega Bay. Attempts to build a nuclear power plant in Malibu were similar to those at Bodega Bay and were also abandoned.
Nuclear accidents continued into the 1960s with a small test reactor exploding at the Stationary Low-Power Reactor Number One in Idaho Falls in January 1961 and a partial meltdown at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station in Michigan in 1966. In his 1963 book Change, Hope and the Bomb, David Lilienthal criticized nuclear developments, particularly the nuclear industry's failure to address the nuclear waste question. J. Samuel Walker, in his book Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective, explains that the growth of the nuclear industry in the U.S. occurred in the 1970s as the environmental movement was being formed. Environmentalists saw the advantages of nuclear power in reducing air pollution, but were critical of nuclear technology on other grounds. They were concerned about nuclear accidents, nuclear proliferation, high cost of nuclear power plants, nuclear terrorism and radioactive waste disposal.
There were many anti-nuclear protests in the United States which captured national public attention during the 1970s and 1980s. These included the well-known Clamshell Alliance protests at Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant and the Abalone Alliance protests at Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, where thousands of protesters were arrested. Other large protests followed the 1979 Three Mile Island accident.
In New York City on September 23, 1979, almost 200,000 people attended a protest against nuclear power. Anti-nuclear power protests preceded the shutdown of the Shoreham, Yankee Rowe, Rancho Seco, Maine Yankee, and about a dozen other nuclear power plants.
Historical use of Native land in nuclear energy
Nuclear Energy in the United States has greatly affected Native Americans due to the large amount of mining for uranium, and disposal of nuclear waste done on Native lands over the past century. Environmental Sociologists Chad L. Smith and Gregory Hooks have deemed these areas and tribal lands as a whole "sacrifice zones", due to the prevalence of mishandled nuclear materials. Uranium as a resource has largely been located in the southwestern USA, and large amounts have been found on Native lands, with the estimates being anywhere from 25% to 65% of Uranium being located on Native land. Due to this many mines have been placed on Native land and have been abandoned without proper closing of these mines. Some of these mines have led to large amounts of pollution on Native land which has contaminated the water and ground. This has led to a large uptick in cancer cases. On the Navajo reservation in particular, there has been three separate cleanup efforts done by the EPA, all unsuccessful.
Nuclear waste has been an issue that Native Americans have had to deal with for decades ranging from improper disposal of waste during active mining to the government trying and succeeding to place waste disposal sites on various native lands. In 1986 the US government tried to put a permanent nuclear waste repository on the White Earth Reservation, but the Anishinaabe people who lived there commissioned the Minnesota legislature to prevent it, which worked. However, because there was no permanent place found, the government placed a temporary facility on Yucca Mountain to contain the waste. Yucca Mountain is also on Native Land and is considered a sacred site that the government did not have consent to place nuclear waste on. Yucca Mountain still houses this temporary facility to this day and is being debated over if it should become a permanent facility.
Over-commitment and cancellations
By the mid-1970s, it became clear that nuclear power would not grow nearly as quickly as once believed. Cost overruns were sometimes a factor of ten above original industry estimates, and became a major problem. For the 75 nuclear power reactors built from 1966 to 1977, cost overruns averaged 207 percent. Opposition and problems were galvanized by the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.
Over-commitment to nuclear power brought about the financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System, a public agency which undertook to build five large nuclear power plants in the 1970s. By 1983, cost overruns and delays, along with a slowing of electricity demand growth, led to cancellation of two WPPSS plants and a construction halt on two others. Moreover, WPPSS defaulted on $2.25 billion of municipal bonds, which is one of the largest municipal bond defaults in U.S. history. The court case that followed took nearly a decade to resolve.
Eventually, more than 120 reactor orders were canceled, and the construction of new reactors ground to a halt. Al Gore has commented on the historical record and reliability of nuclear power in the United States:
Of the 253 nuclear power reactors originally ordered in the United States from 1953 to 2008, 48 percent were canceled, 11 percent were prematurely shut down, 14 percent experienced at least a one-year-or-more outage, and 27 percent are operating without having a year-plus outage. Thus, only about one fourth of those ordered, or about half of those completed, are still operating and have proved relatively reliable.
Amory Lovins has also commented on the historical record of nuclear power in the United States:
Of all 132 U.S. nuclear plants built (52% of the 253 originally ordered), 21% were permanently and prematurely closed due to reliability or cost problems, while another 27% have completely failed for a year or more at least once. The surviving U.S. nuclear plants produce ~90% of their full-time full-load potential, but even they are not fully dependable. Even reliably operating nuclear plants must shut down, on average, for 39 days every 17 months for refueling and maintenance, and unexpected failures do occur too.
A cover story in the February 11, 1985, issue of Forbes magazine commented on the overall management of the nuclear power program in the United States:
The failure of the U.S. nuclear power program ranks as the largest managerial disaster in business history, a disaster on a monumental scale … only the blind, or the biased, can now think that the money has been well spent. It is a defeat for the U.S. consumer and for the competitiveness of U.S. industry, for the utilities that undertook the program and for the private enterprise system that made it possible.
Three Mile Island and after
The NRC reported "(...the Three Mile Island accident...) was the most serious in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant operating history, even though it led to no deaths or injuries to plant workers or members of the nearby community." The World Nuclear Association reports that "...more than a dozen major, independent studies have assessed the radiation releases and possible effects on the people and the environment around TMI since the 1979 accident at TMI-2. The most recent was a 13-year study on 32,000 people. None has found any adverse health effects such as cancers which might be linked to the accident." Other nuclear power incidents within the US (defined as safety-related events in civil nuclear power facilities between INES Levels 1 and 3 include those at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant, which was the source of two of the top five highest conditional core damage frequency nuclear incidents in the United States since 1979, according to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Despite the concerns which arose among the public after the Three Mile Island incident, the accident highlights the success of the reactor's safety systems. The radioactivity released as a result of the accident was almost entirely confined within the reinforced concrete containment structure. These containment structures, found at all nuclear power plants, were designed to successfully trap radioactive material in the event of a melt down or accident. At Three Mile Island, the containment structures operated exactly as it was designed to do, emerging successful in containing any radioactive energy. The low levels of radioactivity released post incident is considered harmless, resulting in zero injuries and deaths of residents living in proximity to the plant.
Despite many technical studies which asserted that the probability of a severe nuclear accident was low, numerous surveys showed that the public remained "very deeply distrustful and uneasy about nuclear power". Some commentators have suggested that the public's consistently negative ratings of nuclear power are reflective of the industry's unique connection with nuclear weapons:
[One] reason why nuclear power is seen differently to other technologies lies in its parentage and birth. Nuclear energy was conceived in secrecy, born of war, and first revealed to the world in horror. No matter how many proponents try to separate the peaceful atom from the weapon's atom, the connection is firmly embedded in the mind of the public.
Several US nuclear power plants closed well before their design lifetimes, due to successful campaigns by anti-nuclear activist groups. These include Rancho Seco in 1989 in California and Trojan in 1992 in Oregon. Humboldt Bay in California closed in 1976, 13 years after geologists discovered it was built on the Little Salmon Fault. Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant was completed but never operated commercially as an authorized Emergency Evacuation Plan could not be agreed on due to the political climate after the Three Mile Island accident and Chernobyl disaster. The last permanent closure of a US nuclear power plant was in 1997.
US nuclear reactors were originally licensed to operate for 40-year periods. In the 1980s, the NRC determined that there were no technical issues that would preclude longer service. Over half of US nuclear reactors are over 30 years old and almost all are over twenty years old. more than 60 reactors have received 20-year extensions to their licensed lifetimes. The average capacity factor for all US reactors has improved from below 60% in the 1970s and 1980s, to 92% in 2007.
After the Three Mile Island accident, NRC-issued reactor construction permits, which had averaged more than 12 per year from 1967 through 1978, came to an abrupt halt; no permits were issued between 1979 and 2012 (in 2012, four planned new reactors received construction permits). Many permitted reactors were never built, or the projects were abandoned. Those that were completed after Three Mile island experienced a much longer time lag from construction permit to starting of operations. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission itself described its regulatory oversight of the long-delayed Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant as "a paradigm of fragmented and uncoordinated government decision making," and "a system strangling itself and the economy in red tape." The number of operating power reactors in the US peaked at 112 in 1991, far fewer than the 177 that received construction permits. By 1998 the number of working reactors declined to 104, where it remains as of 2013. The loss of electrical generation from the eight fewer reactors since 1991 has been offset by power uprates of generating capacity at existing reactors.
Despite the problems following Three Mile Island, output of nuclear-generated electricity in the US grew steadily, more than tripling over the next three decades: from 255 billion kilowatt-hours in 1979 (the year of the Three Mile Island accident), to 806 billion kilowatt-hours in 2007. Part of the increase was due to the greater number of operating reactors, which increased by 51%: from 69 reactors in 1979, to 104 in 2007. Another cause was a large increase in the capacity factor over that period. In 1978, nuclear power plants generated electricity at only 64% of their rated output capacity. Performance suffered even further during and after Three Mile Island, as a series of new safety regulations from 1979 through the mid-1980s forced operators to repeatedly shut down reactors for required retrofits. It was not until 1990 that the average capacity factor of US nuclear plants returned to the level of 1978. The capacity factor continued to rise, until 2001. Since 2001, US nuclear power plants have consistently delivered electric power at about 90% of their rated capacity. In 2016, the number of power plants was at 100 with 4 under construction.
Effects of Fukushima
Following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission announced it would launch a comprehensive safety review of the 104 nuclear power reactors across the United States, at the request of President Obama. A total of 45 groups and individuals had formally asked the NRC to suspend all licensing and other activities at 21 proposed nuclear reactor projects in 15 states until the NRC had completed a thorough post-Fukushima reactor crisis examination. The petitioners also asked the NRC to supplement its own investigation by establishing an independent commission comparable to that set up in the wake of the serious, though less severe, 1979 Three Mile Island accident. The Obama administration continued "to support the expansion of nuclear power in the United States, despite the crisis in Japan".
An industry observer noted that post-Fukushima costs were likely to go up for both current and new nuclear power plants, due to increased requirements for on-site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats. License extensions for existing reactors will face additional scrutiny, with outcomes depending on plants meeting new requirements, and some extensions already granted for more than 60 of the 100 operating U.S. reactors could be revisited. On-site storage, consolidated long-term storage, and geological disposal of spent fuel is "likely to be reevaluated in a new light because of the Fukushima storage pool experience". Mark Cooper suggested that the cost of nuclear power, which already had risen sharply in 2010 and 2011, could "climb another 50 percent due to tighter safety oversight and regulatory delays in the wake of the reactor calamity in Japan".
In 2011, London-based bank HSBC said: "With Three Mile Island and Fukushima as a backdrop, the US public may find it difficult to support major nuclear new build and we expect that no new plant extensions will be granted either. Thus we expect the clean energy standard under discussion in US legislative chambers will see a far greater emphasis on gas and renewables plus efficiency".
Competitiveness problems
In May 2015, a senior vice president of General Atomics stated that the U.S. nuclear industry was struggling because of comparatively low U.S. fossil fuel production costs, partly due to the rapid development of shale gas, and high financing costs for nuclear plants.
In July 2016, Toshiba withdrew the U.S. design certification renewal for its Advanced Boiling Water Reactor because "it has become increasingly clear that energy price declines in the US prevent Toshiba from expecting additional opportunities for ABWR construction projects".
In 2016, Governor of New York Andrew Cuomo directed the New York Public Service Commission to consider ratepayer-financed subsidies similar to those for renewable sources to keep nuclear power stations profitable in the competition against natural gas.
In March 2018, FirstEnergy announced plans to deactivate the Beaver Valley, Davis-Besse, and Perry nuclear power plants, which are in the Ohio and Pennsylvania deregulated electricity market, for economic reasons during the next three years.
In 2019, the Energy Information Administration revised the levelized cost of electricity from new advanced nuclear power plants to be $0.0775/kWh before government subsidies, using a 4.3% cost of capital (WACC) over a 30-year cost recovery period. Financial firm Lazard also updated its levelized cost of electricity report costing new nuclear at between $0.118/kWh and $0.192/kWh using a commercial 7.7% cost of capital (WACC) (pre-tax 12% cost for the higher-risk 40% equity finance and 8% cost for the 60% loan finance) over a 40-year lifetime, making it the most expensive privately financed non-peaking generation technology other than residential solar PV.
In August 2020, Exelon decided to close the Byron and Dresden plants in 2021 for economic reasons, despite the plants having licenses to operate for another 20 and 10 years respectively. On September 13, 2021, the Illinois Senate approved a bill containing nearly $700 million in subsidies for the state's nuclear plants, including Byron, causing Exelon to reverse the shutdown order.
Westinghouse Chapter 11 bankruptcy
On March 29, 2017, parent company Toshiba placed Westinghouse Electric Company in Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of $9 billion of losses from its nuclear reactor construction projects. The projects responsible for this loss are mostly the construction of four AP1000 reactors at Vogtle in Georgia and V. C. Summer in South Carolina. The U.S. government had given $8.3 billion of loan guarantees for the financing of the Vogtle nuclear reactors being built in the U.S., which are delayed but remain under construction. In July 2017, the V.C. Summer plant owners, the two largest utilities in South Carolina, terminated the project. Peter A. Bradford, former Nuclear Regulatory Commission member, commented "They placed a big bet on this hallucination of a nuclear renaissance".
The other U.S. new nuclear supplier, General Electric, had already scaled back its nuclear operations as it was concerned about the economic viability of new nuclear.
In the 2000s, interest in nuclear power renewed in the US, spurred by anticipated government curbs on carbon emissions, and a belief that fossil fuels would become more costly. Ultimately however, following Westinghouse's bankruptcy, only two new nuclear reactors were under construction. In addition Watts Bar unit 2, whose construction was started in 1973 but suspended in the 1980s, was completed and commissioned in 2016.
Possible renaissance
In 2008, it was reported that The Shaw Group and Westinghouse would construct a factory at the Port of Lake Charles at Lake Charles, Louisiana to build components for the Westinghouse AP1000 nuclear reactor. On October 23, 2008, it was reported that Northrop Grumman and Areva were planning to construct a factory in Newport News, Virginia to build nuclear reactors.
the NRC had received applications to construct 26 new reactors with applications for another 7 expected. Six of these reactors were ordered. Some applications were made to reserve places in a queue for government incentives available for the first three plants based on each innovative reactor design.
In May 2009, John Rowe, chairman of Exelon, which operates 17 nuclear reactors, stated that he would cancel or delay construction of two new reactors in Texas without federal loan guarantees. Amory Lovins added that "market forces had killed it years earlier".
In July 2009, the proposed Victoria County Nuclear Power Plant was delayed, as the project proved difficult to finance. , AmerenUE has suspended plans to build its proposed plant in Missouri because the state Legislature would not allow it to charge consumers for some of the project's costs before the plant's completion. The New York Times has reported that without that "financial and regulatory certainty" the company has said it could not proceed. Previously, MidAmerican Energy Company decided to "end its pursuit of a nuclear power plant in Payette County, Idaho." MidAmerican cited cost as the primary factor in their decision.
The federal government encouraged development through the Nuclear Power 2010 Program, which coordinates efforts for building new plants, and the Energy Policy Act. In February 2010, President Barack Obama announced loan guarantees for two new reactors at Georgia Power's Vogtle Electric Generating Plant. The reactors are "just the first of what we hope will be many new nuclear projects," said Carol Browner, director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy.
In February 2010, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 to block operation of the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant after 2012, citing radioactive tritium leaks, misstatements in testimony by plant officials, a cooling tower collapse in 2007, and other problems. By state law, the renewal of the operating license must be approved by both houses of the legislature for the nuclear power plant to continue operation.
In 2010, some companies withdrew their applications. In September 2010, Matthew Wald from the New York Times reported that "the nuclear renaissance is looking small and slow at the moment".
In the first quarter of 2011, renewable energy contributed 11.7 percent of total U.S. energy production (2.245 quadrillion BTUs of energy), surpassing energy production from nuclear power (2.125 quadrillion BTUs). 2011 was the first year since 1997 that renewables exceeded nuclear in US total energy production.
In August 2011, the TVA board of directors voted to move forward with the construction of the unit one reactor at the Bellefonte Nuclear Generating Station. In addition, the Tennessee Valley Authority petitioned to restart construction on the first two units at Bellefonte. As of March 2012, many contractors had been laid off and the ultimate cost and timing for Bellefonte 1 will depend on work at another reactor TVA is completing – Watts Bar 2 in Tennessee. In February 2012, TVA said the Watts Bar 2 project was running over budget and behind schedule.
The first two of the newly approved units were Units 3 and 4 at the existing Vogtle Electric Generating Plant. As of December 2011, construction by Southern Company on the two new nuclear units had begun. They were expected to be delivering commercial power by 2016 and 2017, respectively. One week after Southern received its license to begin major construction, a dozen groups sued to stop the expansion project, stating "public safety and environmental problems since Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor accident have not been taken into account". The lawsuit was dismissed in July 2012.
In 2012, The NRC approved construction permits for four new nuclear reactor units at two existing plants, the first permits in 34 years. The first new permits, for two proposed reactors at the Vogtle plant, were approved in February 2012. NRC Chairman Gregory Jaczko cast the lone dissenting vote, citing safety concerns stemming from Japan's 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster: "I cannot support issuing this license as if Fukushima never happened".
Also in 2012, Units 2 and 3 at the SCANA Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station in South Carolina were approved, and were scheduled to come online in 2017 and 2018, respectively. After several reforecasted completion dates the project was abandoned in July 2017.
Other reactors were under consideration – a third reactor at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Maryland, a third and fourth reactor at South Texas Nuclear Generating Station, together with two other reactors in Texas, four in Florida, and one in Missouri. However, these have all been postponed or canceled.
In August 2012, the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia found that the NRC's rules for the temporary storage and permanent disposal of nuclear waste stood in violation of the National Environmental Policy Act, rendering the NRC legally unable to grant final licenses. This ruling was founded on the absence of a final waste repository plan.
In March 2013, the concrete for the basemat of Block 2 of the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station was poured. First concrete for Unit 3 was completed on November 4, 2013. Construction on unit 3 of Vogtle Electric Generating Plant started that month. Unit 4 was begun in November 2013. However, following Westinghouse's bankruptcy, the project was abandoned.
In 2015, the Energy Information Administration estimated that nuclear power's share of U.S. generation would fall from 19% to 15% by 2040 in its central estimate (High Oil and Gas Resource case). However, as total generation increases 24% by 2040 in the central estimate, the absolute amount of nuclear generation remains fairly flat.
In 2017, the US Energy Information Administration projected that US nuclear generating capacity would decline 23 percent from its 2016 level of 99.1 GW, to 76.5 GW in 2050, and the nuclear share of electrical generation to go from 20% in 2016 down to 11% in 2050. Driving the decline will be retirements of existing units, to be partially offset by additional units currently under construction and expected capacity expansions of existing reactors.
The Blue Castle Project is set to begin construction near Green River, Utah in 2023. The plant will use of water annually from the Green River once both reactors are commissioned. The first reactor is scheduled to come online in 2028, with the second reactor coming online in 2030.
On June 4, 2018, World Nuclear News reported, "President Donald Trump has directed Secretary of Energy Rick Perry to take immediate action to stop the loss of 'fuel-secure power facilities' from the country's power grid, including nuclear power plants that are facing premature retirement."
On August 23, 2020, Forbes reported, that "[the 2020 Democratic Party platform] marks the first time since 1972 that the Democratic Party has said anything positive in its platform about nuclear energy".
In April 2022, the Federal government announced a $6 billion subsidy program targeting the seven plants scheduled for closure as well as others at-risk of closure, to attempt to encourage them to continue operating. It will be funded by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act passed in November 2021.
Nuclear power plants
a total of 88 nuclear power plants have been built in the United States, 86 of which have had at least one operational reactor.
In 2019 the NRC approved a second 20-year license extension for Turkey Point units 3 and 4, the first time NRC had extended licenses to 80 years total lifetime. Similar extensions for about 20 reactors are planned or intended, with more expected in the future.
Safety and accidents
Regulation of nuclear power plants in the United States is conducted by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which divides the nation into 4 administrative divisions.
Three Mile Island
On March 28, 1979, equipment failures and operator error contributed to loss of coolant and a partial core meltdown at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant in Pennsylvania. The mechanical failures were compounded by the initial failure of plant operators to recognize the situation as a loss-of-coolant accident due to inadequate training and human factors, such as human-computer interaction design oversights relating to ambiguous control room indicators in the power plant's user interface. The scope and complexity of the accident became clear over the course of five days, as employees of Met Ed, Pennsylvania state officials, and members of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) tried to understand the problem, communicate the situation to the press and local community, decide whether the accident required an emergency evacuation, and ultimately end the crisis. The NRC's authorization of the release of 40,000 gallons of radioactive waste water directly in the Susquehanna River led to a loss of credibility with the press and community.
The Three Mile Island accident inspired Perrow's book Normal Accidents, where a nuclear accident occurs, resulting from an unanticipated interaction of multiple failures in a complex system. TMI was an example of a normal accident because it was "unexpected, incomprehensible, uncontrollable and unavoidable". The World Nuclear Association has stated that cleanup of the damaged nuclear reactor system at TMI-2 took nearly 12 years and cost approximately US$973 million. Benjamin K. Sovacool, in his 2007 preliminary assessment of major energy accidents, estimated that the TMI accident caused a total of $2.4 billion in property damages. The health effects of the Three Mile Island accident are widely, but not universally, agreed to be very low level. The accident triggered protests around the world.
The 1979 Three Mile Island accident was a pivotal event that led to questions about U.S. nuclear safety. Earlier events had a similar effect, including a 1975 fire at Browns Ferry and the 1976 testimonials of three concerned GE nuclear engineers, the GE Three. In 1981, workers inadvertently reversed pipe restraints at the Diablo Canyon Power Plant reactors, compromising seismic protection systems, which further undermined confidence in nuclear safety. All of these well-publicised events undermined public support for the U.S. nuclear industry in the 1970s and the 1980s.
Other incidents
On March 5, 2002, maintenance workers discovered that corrosion had eaten a football-sized hole into the reactor vessel head of the Davis-Besse plant. Although the corrosion did not lead to an accident, this was considered to be a serious nuclear safety incident. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission kept Davis-Besse shut down until March 2004, so that FirstEnergy was able to perform all the necessary maintenance for safe operations. The NRC imposed its largest fine ever—more than $5 million—against FirstEnergy for the actions that led to the corrosion. The company paid an additional $28 million in fines under a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice.
In 2013 the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station was permanently retired when premature wear was found in the Steam Generators which had been replaced in 2010–2011.
The nuclear industry in the United States has maintained one of the best industrial safety records in the world with respect to all kinds of accidents. For 2008, the industry hit a new low of 0.13 industrial accidents per 200,000 worker-hours. This is improved over 0.24 in 2005, which was still a factor of 14.6 less than the 3.5 number for all manufacturing industries. However, more than a quarter of U.S. nuclear plant operators "have failed to properly tell regulators about equipment defects that could imperil reactor safety", according to a Nuclear Regulatory Commission report.
As of February 2009, the NRC requires that the design of new power plants ensures that the reactor containment would remain intact, cooling systems would continue to operate, and spent fuel pools would be protected, in the event of an aircraft crash. This is an issue that has gained attention since the September 11 attacks. The regulation does not apply to the 100 commercial reactors now operating. However, the containment structures of nuclear power plants are among the strongest structures ever built by mankind; independent studies have shown that existing plants would easily survive the impact of a large commercial jetliner without loss of structural integrity.
Recent concerns have been expressed about safety issues affecting a large part of the nuclear fleet of reactors. In 2012, the Union of Concerned Scientists, which tracks ongoing safety issues at operating nuclear plants, found that "leakage of radioactive materials is a pervasive problem at almost 90 percent of all reactors, as are issues that pose a risk of nuclear accidents". The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission reports that radioactive tritium has leaked from 48 of the 65 nuclear sites in the United States.
Post-Fukushima concerns
Following the Japanese Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, according to Black & Veatch’s annual utility survey that took place after the disaster, of the 700 executives from the US electric utility industry that were surveyed, nuclear safety was the top concern. There are likely to be increased requirements for on-site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats at nuclear power plants. License extensions for existing reactors will face additional scrutiny, with outcomes depending on the degree to which plants can meet new requirements, and some extensions already granted for more than 60 of the 104 operating U.S. reactors could be revisited. On-site storage, consolidated long-term storage, and geological disposal of spent fuel is "likely to be reevaluated in a new light because of the Fukushima storage pool experience". In March 2011, nuclear experts told Congress that spent-fuel pools at US nuclear power plants are too full. They say the entire US spent-fuel policy should be overhauled in light of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents.
David Lochbaum, chief nuclear safety officer with the Union of Concerned Scientists, has repeatedly questioned the safety of the Fukushima I Plant's General Electric Mark 1 reactor design, which is used in almost a quarter of the United States' nuclear fleet.
About one third of reactors in the US are boiling water reactors, the same technology which was involved in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. There are also eight nuclear power plants located along the seismically active West coast. Twelve of the American reactors that are of the same vintage as the Fukushima Daiichi plant are in seismically active areas. Earthquake risk is often measured by "Peak Ground Acceleration", or PGA, and the following nuclear power plants have a two percent or greater chance of having PGA over 0.15g in the next 50 years: Diablo Canyon, Calif.; San Onofre, Calif.; Sequoyah, Tenn.; H.B. Robinson, SC.; Watts Bar, Tenn.; Virgil C. Summer, SC.; Vogtle, GA.; Indian Point, NY.; Oconee, SC.; and Seabrook, NH. Most nuclear plants are designed to keep operating up to 0.2g, but can withstand PGA much higher than 0.2.
Security and deliberate attacks
The United States 9/11 Commission has said that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally considered for the September 11 attacks. If terrorist groups could sufficiently damage safety systems to cause a core meltdown at a nuclear power plant, and/or sufficiently damage spent fuel pools, such an attack could lead to widespread radioactive contamination. The research scientist Harold Feiveson has written that nuclear facilities should be made extremely safe from attacks that could release massive quantities of radioactivity into the community. New reactor designs have features of passive nuclear safety, which may help. In the United States, the NRC carries out "Force on Force" (FOF) exercises at all Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) sites at least once every three years.
Uranium supply
A 2012 report by the International Atomic Energy Agency concluded: “The currently defined uranium resource base is more than adequate to meet high-case requirements through 2035 and well into the foreseeable future.”
At the start of 2013, the identified remaining worldwide uranium resources stood at 5.90 million tons, enough to supply the world's reactors at current consumption rates for more than 120 years, even if no additional uranium deposits are discovered in the meantime. Undiscovered uranium resources as of 2013 were estimated to be 7.7 million tons. Doubling the price of uranium would increase the identified reserves as of 2013 to 7.64 million tons. Over the decade 2003–2013, the identified reserves of uranium (at the same price of US$130/kg) rose from 4.59 million tons in 2003 to 5.90 million tons in 2013, an increase of 28%.
Fuel cycle
Uranium mining
The United States has the 4th largest uranium reserves in the world. The U.S. has its most prominent uranium reserves in New Mexico, Texas, and Wyoming. The U.S. Department of Energy has approximated there to be at least 300 million pounds of uranium in these areas. Domestic production increased until 1980, after which it declined sharply due to low uranium prices. In 2012, the United States mined 17% of the uranium consumed by its nuclear power plants. The remainder was imported, principally from Canada, Russia and Australia. Uranium is mined using several methods including open-pit mining, underground mining, and in-situ leaching. there are more than 4000 abandoned uranium mines in the western USA, with 520 to over 1000 on Navajo land, and many others being located on other tribal lands.
Uranium enrichment
There is one gas centrifuge enrichment plant currently in commercial operation in the US. The National Enrichment Facility, operated by URENCO east of Eunice, New Mexico, was the first uranium enrichment plant in 30 years to be built in the US. The plant started enriching uranium in 2010. Two additional gas centrifuge plants have been licensed by the NRC, but are not operating. The American Centrifuge Plant in Piketown, Ohio broke ground in 2007, but stopped construction in 2009. The Eagle Rock Enrichment Facility in Bonneville County, Idaho was licensed in 2011, but construction is on hold.
Previously (2008), demonstration activities were underway in Oak Ridge, Tennessee for a future centrifugal enrichment plant. The new plant would have been called the American Centrifuge Plant, at an estimated cost of US$2.3 billion.
As of September 30, 2015, the DOE is ending its contract with the American Centrifuge Project and has stopped funding the project.
Reprocessing
Nuclear reprocessing has been politically controversial because of the alleged potential to contribute to nuclear proliferation, the alleged vulnerability to nuclear terrorism, the debate over whether and where to dispose of spent fuel in a deep geological repository, and because of disputes about its economics compared to the once-through fuel cycle. The Obama administration has disallowed reprocessing of spent fuel, citing nuclear proliferation concerns. Opponents of reprocessing contend that the recycled materials could be used for weapons. However, it is unlikely that reprocessed plutonium or other material extracted from commercial spent fuel would be used for nuclear weapons, because it is not weapons-grade material. Nonetheless, according to the Union of Concerned Scientists, it is possible that terrorists could steal these materials, because the reprocessed plutonium is less radiotoxic than spent fuel and therefore much easier to handle. Additionally, it has been argued that reprocessing is more expensive when compared with spent fuel storage. One study by the Boston Consulting Group estimated that reprocessing is six percent more expensive than spent fuel storage while another study by the Kennedy School of Government stated that reprocessing is 100 percent more expensive. Those two data points alone can serve to indicate that calculations as to the cost of nuclear reprocessing and the production of MOX-fuel compared to the "once thru fuel cycle" and disposal in deep geological repository are extremely difficult and results tend to vary widely even among dispassionate expert observers - let alone those whose results are colored by a political or economic agenda. Furthermore, fluctuations on the uranium market can make usage of MOX-fuel or even re-enrichment of reprocessed uranium more or less economical depending on long term price trends.
Waste disposal
Recently, as plants continue to age, many on-site spent fuel pools have come near capacity, prompting creation of dry cask storage facilities as well. Several lawsuits between utilities and the government have transpired over the cost of these facilities, because by law the government is required to foot the bill for actions that go beyond the spent fuel pool.
There are some 65,000 tons of nuclear waste now in temporary storage throughout the U.S. Since 1987, Yucca Mountain, in Nevada, had been the proposed site for the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, but the project was shelved in 2009 following years of controversy and legal wrangling. Yucca Mountain is on Native American land and is considered sacred. Native Americans have not consented to having any nuclear waste plants placed in this area. An alternative plan has not been proffered. In June 2018, the Trump administration and some members of Congress again began proposing using Yucca Mountain, with Nevada Senators raising opposition.
At places like Maine Yankee, Connecticut Yankee and Rancho Seco, reactors no longer operate, but the spent fuel remains in small concrete-and-steel silos that require maintenance and monitoring by a guard force. Sometimes the presence of nuclear waste prevents re-use of the sites by industry.
Without a long-term solution to store nuclear waste, a nuclear renaissance in the U.S. remains unlikely. Nine states have "explicit moratoria on new nuclear power until a storage solution emerges".
Some nuclear power advocates argue that the United States should develop factories and reactors that will recycle some spent fuel. But the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future said in 2012 that "no existing technology was adequate for that purpose, given cost considerations and the risk of nuclear proliferation".
A major recommendation was that "the United States should undertake...one or more permanent deep geological facilities for the safe disposal of spent fuel and high-level nuclear waste".
There is an "international consensus on the advisability of storing nuclear waste in deep underground repositories", but no country in the world has yet opened such a site. The Obama administration has disallowed reprocessing of nuclear waste, citing nuclear proliferation concerns.
The U.S Nuclear Waste Policy Act, a fund which previously received $750 million in fee revenues each year from the nation's combined nuclear electric utilities, had an unspent balance of $44.5 billion as of the end of FY2017, when a court ordered the federal government to cease withdrawing the fund, until it provides a destination for the utilities commercial spent fuel.
Horizontal drillhole disposal describes proposals to drill over one kilometer vertically, and two kilometers horizontally in the earth's crust, for the purpose of disposing of high-level waste forms such as spent nuclear fuel, Caesium-137, or Strontium-90. After the emplacement and the retrievability period, drillholes would be backfilled and sealed. A series of tests of the technology were carried out in November 2018 and then again publicly in January 2019 by a U.S. based private company. The test demonstrated the emplacement of a test-canister in a horizontal drillhole and retrieval of the same canister. There was no actual high-level waste used in this test.
Water use in nuclear power production
A 2011 NREL study of water use in electricity generation concluded that the median nuclear plant with cooling towers consumed 672 gallons per megawatt-hour (gal/MWh), a usage similar to that of coal plants, but more than other generating technologies, except hydroelectricity (median reservoir evaporation loss of 4,491 gal/MWh) and concentrating solar power (786 gal/MWh for power tower designs, and 865 for trough). Nuclear plants with once-through cooling systems consume only 269 gal/MWh, but require withdrawal of 44,350 gal/MWh. This makes nuclear plants with once-through cooling susceptible to drought.
A 2008 study by the Associated Press found that of the 104 nuclear reactors in the U.S., "... 24 are in areas experiencing the most severe levels of drought. All but two are built on the shores of lakes and rivers and rely on submerged intake pipes to draw billions of gallons of water for use in cooling and condensing steam after it has turned the plants’ turbines," much like all Rankine cycle power plants. During the 2008 southeast drought, reactor output was reduced to lower operating power or forced to shut down for safety.
The Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station is located in a desert and purchases reclaimed wastewater for cooling.
Plant decommissioning
The price of energy inputs and the environmental costs of every nuclear power plant continue long after the facility has finished generating its last useful electricity. Both nuclear reactors and uranium enrichment facilities must be decommissioned, returning the facility and its parts to a safe enough level to be entrusted for other uses. After a cooling-off period that may last as long as a century, reactors must be dismantled and cut into small pieces to be packed in containers for final disposal. The process is very expensive, time-consuming, dangerous for workers, hazardous to the natural environment, and presents new opportunities for human error, accidents or sabotage.
The total energy required for decommissioning can be as much as 50% more than the energy needed for the original construction. In most cases, the decommissioning process costs between US$300 million to US$5.6 billion. Decommissioning at nuclear sites which have experienced a serious accident are the most expensive and time-consuming. In the U.S. there are 13 reactors that have permanently shut down and are in some phase of decommissioning, but none of them have completed the process.
New methods for decommissioning have been developed in order to minimize the usual high decommissioning costs. One of these methods is in situ decommissioning (ISD), which was implemented at the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site in South Carolina for the closures of the P and R Reactors. With this tactic, the cost of decommissioning both reactors was $73 million. In comparison, the decommissioning of each reactor using traditional methods would have been an estimated $250 million. This results in a 71% decrease in cost by using ISD.
In the United States a Nuclear Waste Policy Act and Nuclear Decommissioning Trust Fund is legally required, with utilities banking 0.1 to 0.2 cents/kWh during operations to fund future decommissioning. They must report regularly to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) on the status of their decommissioning funds. About 70% of the total estimated cost of decommissioning all U.S. nuclear power reactors has already been collected (on the basis of the average cost of $320 million per reactor-steam turbine unit).
there are 13 reactors that had permanently shut down and are in some phase of decommissioning. With Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant and Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station having completed the process in 2006–2007, after ceasing commercial electricity production circa 1992.
The majority of the 15 years, was used to allow the station to naturally cool-down on its own, which makes the manual disassembly process both safer and cheaper.
The number of nuclear power reactors are shrinking as they near the end of their life.
It is expected that by 2025 many of the reactors will have been shut down due to their age.
Because the costs associated with the constructions of nuclear reactors are also continuously increasing, this is expected to be problematic for the provision of energy in the country.
When reactors are shut down, stakeholders in the energy sector have often not replaced them with renewable energy resources but rather with coal or natural gas.
This is because unlike renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, coal and natural gas can be used to generate electricity on a 24-hour basis.
Organizations
Fuel vendors
The following companies have active Nuclear fuel fabrication facilities in the United States. These are all light water fuel fabrication facilities because only LWRs are operating in the US. The US currently has no MOX fuel fabrication facilities, though Duke Energy has expressed intent of building one of a relatively small capacity.
Framatome
Framatome (formerly Areva) runs fabrication facilities in Lynchburg, Virginia and Richland, Washington. It also has a Generation III+ plant design, EPR (formerly the Evolutionary Power Reactor), which it plans to market in the US.
Westinghouse Electric Company
Westinghouse operates a fuel fabrication facility in Columbia, South Carolina, which processes 1,600 metric tons Uranium (MTU) per year. It previously operated a nuclear fuel plant in Hematite, Missouri but has since closed it down.
General Electric
GE pioneered the BWR technology that has become widely used throughout the world. It formed the Global Nuclear Fuel joint venture in 1999 with Hitachi and Toshiba and later restructured into GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy. It operates the fuel fabrication facility in Wilmington, North Carolina, with a capacity of 1,200 MTU per year.
KazAtomProm
KazAtomProm and the US company Centrus Energy have a partnership on competitive supplies of Kazakhstan's uranium to the US market.
Industry and academic
The American Nuclear Society (ANS) scientific and educational organization has both academic and industry members. The organization publishes a large amount of literature on nuclear technology in several journals. The ANS also has some offshoot organizations such as North American Young Generation in Nuclear (NA-YGN).
The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) is an industry group whose activities include lobbying, experience sharing between companies and plants, and provides data on the industry to a number of outfits.
Anti-nuclear power groups
Some sixty anti-nuclear power groups are operating, or have operated, in the United States. These include: Abalone Alliance, Clamshell Alliance, Greenpeace USA, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Musicians United for Safe Energy, Nuclear Control Institute, Nuclear Information and Resource Service, Public Citizen Energy Program, Shad Alliance, and the Sierra Club.
In 1992, the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that "his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups".
Pro-nuclear power groups
Debate
There has been considerable public and scientific debate about the use of nuclear power in the United States, mainly from the 1960s to the late 1980s, but also since about 2001 when talk of a nuclear renaissance began. There has been debate about issues such as nuclear accidents, radioactive waste disposal, nuclear proliferation, nuclear economics, and nuclear terrorism.
Some scientists and engineers have expressed reservations about nuclear power, including Barry Commoner, S. David Freeman, John Gofman, Arnold Gundersen, Mark Z. Jacobson, Amory Lovins, Arjun Makhijani, Gregory Minor, and Joseph Romm. Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University, has said: "If our nation wants to reduce global warming, air pollution and energy instability, we should invest only in the best energy options. Nuclear energy isn't one of them". Arnold Gundersen, chief engineer of Fairewinds Associates and a former nuclear power industry executive, has questioned the safety of the Westinghouse AP1000, a proposed third-generation nuclear reactor. John Gofman, a nuclear chemist and doctor, raised concerns about exposure to low-level radiation in the 1960s and argued against commercial nuclear power in the U.S. In "Nuclear Power: Climate Fix or Folly", Amory Lovins, a physicist with the Rocky Mountain Institute, argued that expanded nuclear power "does not represent a cost-effective solution to global warming and that investors would shun it were it not for generous government subsidies lubricated by intensive lobbying efforts".
Patrick Moore (an early Greenpeace member and former president of Greenpeace Canada) spoke out against nuclear power in 1976, but today he supports it, along with renewable energy sources. In Australian newspaper The Age, he writes "Greenpeace is wrong — we must consider nuclear power". He argues that any realistic plan to reduce reliance on fossil fuels or greenhouse gas emissions requires increased use of nuclear energy. Phil Radford, executive director of Greenpeace US responded that nuclear energy is too risky, takes too long to build to address climate change, and by showing that the can U.S. shift to nearly 100% renewable energy while phasing out nuclear power by 2050.
Environmentalist Stewart Brand wrote the book Whole Earth Discipline, which examines how nuclear power and some other technologies can be used as tools to address global warming. Bernard Cohen, Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Pittsburgh, calculates that nuclear power is many times safer than other forms of power generation.
President Obama early on included nuclear power as part of his "all of the above" energy strategy. In a speech to the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers in 2010, he demonstrated his commitment to nuclear power by announcing his approval of an $8 billion loan guarantee to pave the way for construction of the first new US nuclear power plant in nearly 30 years. Then in 2012, his first post-Fukishima state-of-the-union address, Barack Obama said that America needs "an all-out, all-of-the-above strategy that develops every available source of American energy," yet pointedly omitted any mention of nuclear power. But in February 2014, Energy secretary Ernest Moniz announced $6.5 billion in federal loan guarantees to enable construction of two new nuclear reactors, the first in the US since 1996.
According to the Union of Concerned Scientists in March 2013 over one-third of U.S. nuclear power plants suffered safety-related incidents over the past three years, and nuclear regulators and plant operators need to improve inspections to prevent such events.
Pandora's Promise is a 2013 documentary film, directed by Robert Stone. It presents an argument that nuclear energy, typically feared by environmentalists, is in fact the only feasible way of meeting humanity's growing need for energy while also addressing the serious problem of climate change. The movie features several notable individuals (some of whom were once vehemently opposed to nuclear power, but who now speak in support of it), including: Stewart Brand, Gwyneth Cravens, Mark Lynas, Richard Rhodes and Michael Shellenberger. Anti-nuclear advocate Helen Caldicott appears briefly.
As of 2014, the U.S. nuclear industry has begun a new lobbying effort, hiring three former senators — Evan Bayh, a Democrat; Judd Gregg, a Republican; and Spencer Abraham, a Republican — as well as William M. Daley, a former staffer to President Obama. The initiative is called Nuclear Matters, and it has begun a newspaper advertising campaign.
Founder of the Energy Impact Center, a research institute analyzing solutions towards net negative carbon by 2040, Bret Kugelmass believes that “even if we achieved net zero new emissions globally, we’d continue to add extra heat at the same rate we are adding it today,” explaining that we need to remove the already existent carbon dioxide in our atmosphere in order to reverse climate change, not just stop the generation of new emissions. Research efforts conducted by the Energy Impact Center have concluded that nuclear energy is the only energy source that is capable of becoming net-negative and effectively solving global warming.
Public opinion
The Gallup organization, which has periodically polled US opinion on nuclear power since 1994, found in March 2016 that, for the first time, a majority (54%) opposed nuclear power, versus 44% in favor. In polls from 2004 through 2015, a majority had supported nuclear power. support peaked at 62% in 2010, and has been in decline since.
According to a CBS News poll, what had been growing acceptance of nuclear power in the United States was eroded sharply following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, with support for building nuclear power plants in the U.S. dropping slightly lower than it was immediately after the Three Mile Island accident in 1979. Only 43 percent of those polled after the Fukushima nuclear emergency said they would approve building new power plants in the United States. A Washington Post-ABC poll conducted in April 2011 found that 64 percent of Americans opposed the construction of new nuclear reactors. A survey sponsored by the Nuclear Energy Institute, conducted in September 2011, found that "62 percent of respondents said they favor the use of nuclear energy as one of the ways to provide electricity in the United States, with 35 percent opposed".
According to a 2012 Pew Research Center poll, 44 percent of Americans favored and 49 percent opposed the promotion of increased use of nuclear power.
A January 2014 Rasmussen poll found likely US voters split nearly evenly on whether to build more nuclear power plants, 39 percent in favor, versus 37 percent opposed, with an error margin of 3 percent.
Knowledge and familiarity to nuclear power are generally associated with higher support for the technology. A study conducted by Ann Bisconti shows that those who feel more educated about nuclear power also have a more positive opinion towards it; in addition, people who live near nuclear power plants also tend to be largely more in support of nuclear power than the general public.
Decreasing public support is seen as one of the causes for the premature closure of many plants in the United States.
Economics
The low price of natural gas in the US since 2008 has spurred construction of gas-fired power plants as an alternative to nuclear plants. In August 2011, the head of America's largest nuclear utility said that this was not the time to build new nuclear plants, not because of political opposition or the threat of cost overruns, but because of the low price of natural gas. John Rowe, head of Exelon, said “Shale [gas] is good for the country, bad for new nuclear development".
In 2013, four older reactors were permanently closed: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California, Crystal River 3 in Florida, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin. The state of Vermont tried to shut Vermont Yankee, in Vermont, but the plant was closed by the parent corporation for economic reasons in December 2014. New York State is seeking to close Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant, in Buchanan, 30 miles from New York City, despite this reactor being the primary contributor to Vermont's green energy fund.
The additional cancellation of five large reactor upgrades (Prairie Island, 1 reactor, LaSalle, 2 reactors, and Limerick, 2 reactors), four by the largest nuclear company in the U.S., suggest that the nuclear industry faces "a broad range of operational and economic problems".
In July 2013, economist Mark Cooper named some nuclear power plants that face particularly intense challenges to their continued operation. Cooper said that the lesson for policy makers and economists is clear: "nuclear reactors are simply not competitive".
In December 2010, The Economist reported that the demand for nuclear power was softening in America. In recent years, utilities have shown an interest in about 30 new reactors, but the number with any serious prospect of being built as of the end of 2010 was about a dozen, as some companies had withdrawn their applications for licenses to build. Exelon has withdrawn its application for a license for a twin-unit nuclear plant in Victoria County, Texas, citing lower electricity demand projections. The decision has left the country's largest nuclear operator without a direct role in what the nuclear industry hopes is a nuclear renaissance. Ground has been broken on two new nuclear plants with a total of four reactors. The Obama administration was seeking the expansion of a loan guarantee program but as of December 2010 had been unable to commit all the loan guarantee money already approved by Congress. Since talk a few years ago of a “nuclear renaissance”, gas prices have fallen and old reactors are getting license extensions. The only reactor to finish construction after 1996 was at Watts Bar, Tennessee, is an old unit, begun in 1973, whose construction was suspended in 1988, and was resumed in 2007. It became operational in October 2016. Of the 100 reactors operating in the U.S., ground was broken on all of them in 1974 or earlier.
In August 2012, Exelon stated that economic and market conditions, especially low natural gas prices, made the "construction of new merchant nuclear power plants in competitive markets uneconomical now and for the foreseeable future". In early 2013, UBS noted that some smaller reactors operating in deregulated markets may become uneconomic to operate and maintain, due to competition from generators using low priced natural gas, and may be retired early. The 556 MWe Kewaunee Power Station is being closed 20 years before license expiry for these economic reasons. In February 2014, the Financial Times identified Pilgrim, Indian Point, Clinton, and Quad Cities power stations as potentially at risk of premature closure for economic reasons.
, the U.S. shale gas boom has lowered electricity generation costs placing severe pressure on the economics of operating older existing nuclear power plants. Analysis by Bloomberg shows that over half of U.S. nuclear plants are running at a loss. The Nuclear Energy Institute has estimated that 15 to 20 reactors are at risk of early closure for economic reasons. Nuclear operators in Illinois and New York have obtained financial support from regulators, and operators in Connecticut, New Jersey, Ohio and Pennsylvania are seeking similar support. Some non-nuclear power generating companies have filed unfair competition lawsuits against these subsidies, and have raised the issue with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
Statistics
See also
High-level radioactive waste management
Nuclear energy policy of the United States
Energy policy of the United States
List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California
List of nuclear reactors
List of largest power stations in the United States
List of the largest nuclear power stations in the United States
Nuclear energy policy
Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States
List of nuclear whistleblowers
United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act
United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan
References
External links
GA Mansoori, N Enayati, LB Agyarko (2016), Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State, World Sci. Pub. Co.,
Comment: A US nuclear future? Nature, Vol. 467, September 23, 2010, pp. 391–393.
World Nuclear Association
US Nuclear Power Plants – General U.S. Nuclear Info
World Nuclear Association: Nuclear energy in the world
The Nuclear Energy Institute: The policy organization of the nuclear energy and technologies industry
Nuclear power plant operators in the United States (SourceWatch).
How many people live near a nuclear power plant in the United States? Data Visualization
Nuclear | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20in%20the%20United%20States |
Van Aalten or van Aalten, a family name meaning "from Aalten", may refer to:
Jacques Van Aalten, an American artist born in Antwerp, Belgium
Thomas van Aalten, a Dutch writer
Truus van Aalten, a Dutch actress who appeared in many German films in the 1920s and 1930s
Dutch-language surnames
Surnames of Dutch origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Aalten |
Gidazepam, also known as hydazepam or hidazepam, is a drug which is an atypical benzodiazepine derivative, developed in the Soviet Union. It is a selectively anxiolytic benzodiazepine. It also has therapeutic value in the management of certain cardiovascular disorders.
Gidazepam is a prodrug for its active metabolite 7-bromo-2,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (desalkylgidazepam or bromo-nordazepam). It is used as an antianxiety drug. Its anxiolytic effects can take several hours to manifest after dosing however, as it is the active metabolite which primarily gives the anxiolytic effects, and Gidazepam's half-life is among the longest of all GABA-ergic agonists.
See also
Phenazepam—another benzodiazepine widely used in Russia and other CIS countries
Cinazepam
Cloxazolam
References
Benzodiazepines
Organobromides
Lactams
Hydrazides
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Russian drugs
Anxiolytics
Prodrugs
Drugs in the Soviet Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidazepam |
Samabula Tamavua Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It was located in the Greater Suva metropolitan area.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samabula%20Tamavua%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Lucy Renee Speed (born 31 August 1976) is an English actress best known for her television roles as Natalie Evans in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders appearing in 526 episodes between 1994 and 2004, and as DS Stevie Moss in the ITV police drama series The Bill from 2008 to 2010. She has also starred in the BBC One sitcom Cradle to Grave (2015) and ITV dramas Marcella (2018) and Unforgotten (2021). Speed is also a prolific stage performer, appearing in numerous theatrical productions.
Early life
Speed is the second of two children born to Sue (née Salter) and Sid Speed, having an older brother, Dan. Her career in performing began at the age of seven after her ballet teacher saw potential and advised her parents to get her an agent. She attended a local after-school theatre group in south Croydon alongside actor Nigel Harman, who she would later work with in EastEnders. Speed spent two terms at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts.
Career
Early career
At the age of seven, Speed modelled clothes for Kays catalogue and she went on to appear in commercials for Sunpat peanut butter, then for gas, paint, soup and the children's toy My Little Pony. By the age of eight she was acting on stage at London's National Theatre in Neap Tide, a controversial play about lesbianism and women's oppression. Speed has commented "Mum wasn't keen for me to be a child actress — she thought I'd be even more precocious than I already was… I worked constantly and I loved it."
Speed appeared in several films during her youth, which included playing the role of Josephine Stitch in the 1987 film Scoop when she was eleven. She went on to secure the role of 'young Aurora' in the film Impromptu (1991), which was about Polish pianist Frédéric Chopin and starred Hugh Grant.
Speed made an early appearance on television when she filmed at Windsor Safari Park with television presenter Johnny Morris. She went on to have roles in legal drama Rumpole of the Bailey (as Isolde Erskine-Brown) in 1987, and later appeared in an episode of Saracen in 1989. In 1991 she starred in the award-winning Dodgem alongside actor Sean Maguire. Dodgem was a six-part televised drama for children's BBC, written and adapted by Bernard Ashley. Speed played Rose Penfold, a streetwise love interest for Maguire's character, Simon; they meet at a children's home and then run away to be together.
During 1992–93 Speed appeared as Beki Jenner in two series of Rides, a BBC drama about an all-woman minicab firm, written by Carole Hayman. She later appeared in an episode of the BBC children's programme Parallel 9, which aired in 1994.
EastEnders
Speed's big television break came in 1993 aged 17, when she won the part of Natalie Price in the BBC soap EastEnders. She played the brow beaten best friend of Bianca Jackson (played by Patsy Palmer), making her first appearance on-screen in January 1994. Speed quit the soap after a year as she felt overwhelmed and unprepared by all the press attention she received from being in such a high-profile show. Speed commented: "I was very frightened by it quite frankly and certainly unprepared for it. I didn't like at all the attention that came with being on such a high-profile show. It simply wasn't what I signed up for in the first place---all that craziness. I was very young and extremely shy, so it all became a huge difficulty for me…I honoured my initial one-year contract and then moved on…they did express their interest in signing me for another year, but I politely but firmly declined. They were a bit shocked. I tried to explain in the best way I could my reasons for leaving at the end of my contract and they ultimately understood, and so I left on good terms with them…I had some growing up to do and instinctively knew that growing up more or less in front of the British public for one year was enough!"
However, in 1999 Speed reprised the role of Natalie Price, four years after her initial departure. Her return was prompted by her friend and EastEnders co-star Ross Kemp, who initiated contact between her and producer Matthew Robinson. Speed commented "I have changed. I've grown up and I'm more confident. I've had more life experiences. I've had bad times, lived in different places. I'm a bit more grown up and settled now. And as I've grown older I appreciate that it's much nicer to have a regular job. When EastEnders asked me back, I thought, `Cool, I can pay the mortgage."
Speed decided to leave the soap once again in 2004. She commented "I'd been back for five years and had very little to do the year before. I quite like being busy and I could see the scriptwriters were struggling with Natalie and where to place her so it seemed like the right time to go. It's nice that they've left it open, I'd hate to think the door was shut behind me. Absolutely, I'd like to go back, never say never.”
Other roles
In 1995 Speed played Nell Gwyn in England, My England, a film about the composer Henry Purcell. She made minor appearances in the films Metroland (1997), Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1997), and the Academy Award-winning film Shakespeare in Love (1998).
Her television work includes roles in BBC drama Dangerfield, BBC comedy Men Behaving Badly, An Unsuitable Job for a Woman, hospital drama Casualty and The New Adventures of Robin Hood, which was shot in Lithuania. She also worked on a television series in America called Unsolved Mysteries. She appeared in the BBC hospital drama Holby City in 2004, the Detective series Jericho in 2005, and in 2007 she filmed for the second series of the BBC comedy Love Soup. Speed later appeared in The Bill as DC/DS Stevie Moss from series 24 in 2008 until the final episode in August 2010.
Away from acting, Speed has appeared in television game shows. These include Celebrity Ready, Steady, Cook, and Celebrity Weakest Link hosted by Anne Robinson, and Pointless Celebrities partnering her former on-screen EastEnders husband, Shaun Williamson. In 2007, Speed fronted the first self-protection instructional DVD, entitled "Stay Safe With Lucy Speed". The DVD features special forces and "martial arts guru" Andy Hopwood, and teaches various self-defence techniques.
Stage and radio
Speed has appeared in stage and radio plays. In 2000 she starred in Be My Baby at London's Soho Theatre, playing a four-month pregnant singer called Queenie. In 2004 she toured with the Vagina Monologues and in 2006 she starred in the Louise Roche play/musical Girls' Night, which toured the UK. The comedy play follows five friends as they relive their past at a karaoke night. In 2007 Speed was one of several former soap stars to act in the stage play Soap at the Royal Theatre, which was a parody of TV soap operas written by Sarah Wood. The play also starred Coronation Street's Paul Fox, Emmerdale's Janice McKenzie and EastEnders''' Marc Bannerman. In 2003 she performed in the Radio 4 series Elephants to Catch Eels, with former Coronation Street star John Bowe, and she played the part of Silver in the radio play, Speed and Silver.
In 2017, Speed appeared in Stephen Unwin's All Our Children, which premiered at the Jermyn Street Theatre. Speed portrayed the mother of a disabled son in Nazi Germany. About the role, Speed told the Evening Standard: "I’ve always been interested in history, but when I was a child I did a play called Rosie Blitz at the Polka Theatre where I played a refugee and it was a really lovely play and all-consuming [...] I just felt the emotional connections and then I kept returning to reading about the home front and Germany and Russia — and when you start reading about the subject you just learn more and more [...] I met Stephen and spoke with him and I know about his history with it, and I just thought when it comes from such an honest place I wanted to be involved. I wanted to represent a lot of those parents I knew, and this is the same reason I would say people should come and see it."
Speed joined radio soap opera The Archers as Home Farm manager Stella Pryor in 2021. She was part of the show's first on-air lesbian kiss in August 2023.
In March 2022, Speed performed as Ada Jarvis in Mark Ravenhill's version of Blackmail. Chris Wiegand, reviewing for The Guardian, rated the play 3/5 stars. Dave Fargnoli, for The Stage, rated Blackmail 4/5 stars.
In January 2023, Speed starred as Truvy in a production of Steel Magnolias at the Richmond Theatre, London. Speed appeared alongside Laura Main, Diana Vickers, Caroline Harker and Elizabeth Ayodele. The production, going on to tour the UK, was rated 2/5 stars by What's on Stage. Speed's last performance was on 22 April 2023.
Personal life
Speed married model and actor Spencer Hayler on 12 September 2009, and gave birth to their daughter Kitty Bina Grace Hayler on 20 May 2012. They live in Fulham, west London. Speed is good friends with Charlie Brooks, the actress who played Janine Butcher, her on-screen adversary in EastEnders''. Away from acting she enjoys horse riding, skiing and dance. She gave birth to a baby boy Sullivan in August 2018.
Acting credits
Film
Television
Radio
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Actors from Croydon
Actresses from London
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
English child actresses
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English soap opera actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy%20Speed |
Jaijaidin ( Jaejaedin) is a Bengali-language daily published from Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Editor
In Bangladesh, Jaijaidin was published and edited by Shafik Rehman, but he lost the editorship of Jaijaidin in 2008 for his stand against a military-backed government. Kazi Rukanuddin Ahmed is now the acting editor. Sayeed Hossain Chowdhury is now the chairman of the Board of Editors. It used to be published as a weekly until mid-2006, at which point it became a daily. It came into fame during the 1980s because of its modern outlook and strong stance against the military ruler Hossain Mohammad Ershad. At one point it was banned by Ershad. It started republication after democracy was restored in 1991.
Location
It is located in the "HRC Media Bhaban" in the Tejgaon Industrial Area. The complex has two buildings.
The South Building has three floors. The ground floor houses the printing section, the commercial department, circulation department and the Reception desk. The first floor is open for visitors. The Clinton room is the round table room. It was opened formally by the US ambassador to Bangladesh Patricia Butenis. The Mahathir Room is the place to organize workshops. The Monroe Studio is used for staged photo shoot for the newspaper and for recording television programs. The Hitchcock Hall is a 40-seat movie theatre. then comes the Picasso Gallery and the Che Cafe. It is the place for the popular entertainment article "10 minutes at the Che Café". The second floor is the work place for journalists. The News, Editorial, Feature, IT and Photography departments are housed here. The Floor has 176 desks for Journalists.
The North Building has two floors. The printing paper storage is on the ground floor. The power generation facility is on this floor as well. The first floor has a 44-bed Dormitory. This dorm facility is for the students from the remote places of the country invited by the newspaper for a short visit to Dhaka to have a practical idea of the internal structure of a daily newspaper. The paper offers free short courses for the students as well. This floor also has the Mao Canteen.
Other information
Shafik Rehman's Jaijaidin has introduced in Bangladesh celebration of Love Day (ভালবাসা দিবস) Bhalobasha Dibôsh (Valentine's Day) on 14 February. Jaijaidin first introduced special issues with the articles from mass readers. Special magazines are written by mass people, and these magazines helped create thousands of freelance writers in Bangladesh. The publication is the writing place for most non-resident Bangladeshi's. Beside introducing Valentine's Day this was the first Bangladeshi news publication to have its own website. As a weekly the Jaijaidin first implemented the idea of Reader's Poll to elect the most popular performing artists.
See also
List of newspapers in Bangladesh
Notes
External links
Jaijaidin homepage
Bengali-language newspapers published in Bangladesh
Daily newspapers published in Bangladesh
Newspapers published in Dhaka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaijaidin |
Burgdorf District is a constitutional district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland with its seat at Burgdorf Castle in Burgdorf.
From 1 January 2010, the district lost its administrative power while being replaced by the Emmental (administrative district), whose administrative centre is Langnau im Emmental. Since 2010, it remains a fully recognised district under the law and the Constitution (Art.3 al.2) of the Canton of Berne.
It includes 24 cities and towns in an area of :
External links
Former districts of the canton of Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgdorf%20District |
Aamodt is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksander Aamodt Kilde (born 1992), Norwegian alpine ski racer
Bjørn Aamodt (1944–2006), Norwegian poet
Christen Thorn Aamodt (1770–1836), Norwegian priest
Henning Bue Aamodt, Norwegian footballer
Kjetil André Aamodt (born 1971), Norwegian skier
Michael Sevald Aamodt (1784–1859), Norwegian politician
Mike Aamodt (born 1957), American psychologist
Ragnhild Aamodt, Norwegian handball player
Rannveig Aamodt, Norwegian rock climber
References
Norwegian-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamodt |
Richard Adam Adubato (born November 23, 1937) is an American former basketball coach in the National Basketball Association. He has served as head coach for three NBA teams, the Detroit Pistons, the Dallas Mavericks, and the Orlando Magic.
He was promoted from assistant to head coach of the Detroit Pistons on an interim basis upon the dismissal of Dick Vitale on November 8, 1979. His first game at the helm was a 106–98 Pistons win over the Philadelphia 76ers at the Pontiac Silverdome the following night on November 9.
Adubato replaced Brian Hill halfway through the 1996–97 season and guided the Magic to a 21–12 record and made their fourth consecutive playoff appearance. The Magic then nearly upset Pat Riley's Miami Heat in the playoffs with the help of spectacular play from Penny Hardaway, but ultimately lost the series 3–2.
In 1999, Adubato became head coach for the New York Liberty of the Women's National Basketball Association, making his WNBA debut on June 10, 1999 when he guided the Liberty to an 87–60 victory over the defending Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Rockers. With the Liberty posting impressive attendance figures for the third straight season, Madison Square Garden played host to the first-ever WNBA All-Star Game - a sellout (18,649) - on July 14, 1999. Four Liberty players were selected to the Eastern Conference squad: Rebecca Lobo, Teresa Weatherspoon, Kym Hampton, and Vickie Johnson.
With Adubato at the helm, the Liberty posted an overall mark of 18-14 and won its first Eastern Conference title. After defeating Charlotte in the first round of the playoffs, the team faced a rematch with the defending WNBA champion Houston Comets. Despite falling short of the title, the series was pushed to a third game when Weatherspoon made the most famous shot in WNBA history -- a half-court, buzzer-beating shot that won Game 2 before a stunned Houston squad and Compaq Center crowd.
Under Adubato, the Liberty went to the finals three out of four seasons and won the Eastern Conference regular-season championship three times.
Adubato took over as coach of the Washington Mystics, but left the Mystics on June 1, 2007, reportedly upset over his team's 0–4 start to the season, a number of recent transactions, and his contract status.
During his NBA coaching career, Adubato replaced Dick Vitale as head coach of the Detroit Pistons after 12 games of the 1979–80 season. He later was head coach of the Dallas Mavericks for 264 games between 1989 and 1992.
Adubato currently serves as the radio color analyst for the Orlando Magic.
Adubato has also been an assistant NBA coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Dallas Mavericks, Detroit Pistons, New York Knicks, and Orlando Magic and an NBA scout for the Atlanta Hawks.
Head coaching record
NBA
|-
| align="left" |Detroit
| align="left" |
|70||12||58||||align="center" |6th in Central||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Dallas
| align="left" |
|71||42||29||||align="center" |3rd in Midwest||3||0||3||.000
| align="center" |Lost in First round
|-
| align="left" |Dallas
| align="left" |
|82||28||54||||align="center" |6th in Midwest||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Dallas
| align="left" |
|82||22||60||||align="center" |5th in Midwest||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Dallas
| align="left" |
|29||2||27||||align="center" |(fired)||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |–
|-
| align="left" |Orlando
| align="left" |
|33||21||12||||align="center" |3rd in Atlantic||5||2||3||.400
| align="center" |Lost in First round
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left" |Career
|||367||127||240||||||8||2||6||.250||
WNBA
|-
| align="left" | New York
| align="left" |1999
|32||18||14||.563|| align="center" |1st in East||6||3||3||.500
| align="center" |Lost in WNBA Finals
|-
| align="left" |New York
| align="left" |2000
|32||20||12||.625|| align="center" |1st in East||7||4||3||.571
| align="center" |Lost in WNBA Finals
|-
| align="left" |New York
| align="left" |2001
|32||21||11||.656|| align="center" |2nd in East||6||3||3||.500
| align="center" |Lost in Conf. Finals
|-
| align="left" |New York
| align="left" |2002
|32||18||14||.563|| align="center" |1st in East||8||4||4||.500
| align="center" |Lost in WNBA Finals
|-
| align="left" |New York
| align="left" |2003
|34||16||18||.471|| align="center" |6th in East||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |New York
| align="left" |2004
|16||7||9||.438|| align="center" |(fired)||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |–
|-
| align="left" |Washington
| align="left" |2005
|34||16||18||.471|| align="center" |5th in East||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Washington
| align="left" |2006
|34||18||16||.529|| align="center" |4th in East||2||0||2||.000
| align="center" |Lost in First round
|-
| align="left" |Washington
| align="left" |2007
|4||0||4||.000|| align="center" |(resigned)||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |–
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left" |Career
| ||250||134||116||.536|| ||29||14||15||.483||
References
External links
NBA career stats as a head coach at Basketball-Reference
WNBA career stats as a head coach at Basketball-Reference
WNBA.com biography
1937 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American women's basketball coaches
Atlanta Hawks assistant coaches
Basketball coaches from New Jersey
Cleveland Cavaliers assistant coaches
Dallas Mavericks assistant coaches
Dallas Mavericks head coaches
Detroit Pistons assistant coaches
Detroit Pistons head coaches
New York Knicks assistant coaches
New York Liberty head coaches
Orlando Magic assistant coaches
Orlando Magic head coaches
People from Irvington, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Essex County, New Jersey
Upsala Vikings men's basketball coaches
Washington Mystics head coaches
William Paterson University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie%20Adubato |
James Horan may refer to:
James Horan (actor) (born 1954), American character actor
James Horan (cricketer) (1880–1945), Australian cricketer
James Horan (Gaelic footballer) (born 1972), two-time and current Mayo manager
James Horan (monsignor) (1911–1986), parish priest of Knock, Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Horan |
Oz is a trade paperback collecting comic stories based on the Buffy television series about the character Daniel "Oz" Osbourne.
This story is generally considered not part of the official Buffyverse canon.
Story synopsis
Oz left Sunnydale in search of his own nature, he travels to the Far East. Oz goes across the globe in search of a secret monastery where he might learn to find inner peace. When he arrives, he discovers that a number of the monks have been kidnapped by a demon-race. Oz must rescue the monks and overcome a terrible demon.
The story is set in Buffy season 4, after "Wild at Heart". Takes place after Blood of Carthage, and before Giles.
Publication
Issues
Trade paperback
The series was collected into a trade paperback published May 15, 2002, which included a sketchbook section featuring the work of cover artist John Totleben and series artist Logan Lubera.
Comics based on Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Werewolf comics
Comics set in Tibet
2001 comics debuts
2001 comics endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz%20%28Buffy%20comic%29 |
Raghuram Govind Rajan (born 3 February 1963) is an Indian economist and the Katherine Dusak Miller Distinguished Service Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business. Between 2003 and 2006 he was Chief Economist and director of research at the International Monetary Fund. From September 2013 through September 2016 he was the 23rd Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. In 2015, during his tenure at the RBI, he became the Vice-Chairman of the Bank for International Settlements.
At the 2005 Federal Reserve annual Jackson Hole conference, three years before the 2008 crash, Rajan warned about the growing risks in the financial system, that a financial crisis could be in the offing, and proposed policies that would reduce such risks. Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers called the warnings "misguided" and Rajan himself a "luddite". However, following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Rajan's views came to be seen as prescient, and he was extensively interviewed for the Academy Awards-winning documentary Inside Job (2010).
In 2003, Rajan received the inaugural Fischer Black Prize, given every two years by the American Finance Association to the financial economist younger than 40 who has made the most significant contribution to the theory and practice of finance. His book, Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy, won the Financial Times/Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year award in 2010. In 2016, he was named by Time in its list of the '100 Most Influential People in the World'.
Early life and education
Raghuram Rajan was born on 3 February 1963 in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
Assigned to the Intelligence Bureau, R. Govindarajan, his father, was posted to Indonesia in 1966. In 1968, he joined the newly created external intelligence unit, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) where he served as staff officer under R. N. Kao and became part of the "Kaoboys". In 1970, he was posted to Sri Lanka, where Rajan missed school one year because of political turmoil. After Sri Lanka, R. Govindarajan was posted to Belgium where the children attended a French school. In 1974, the family returned to India. Throughout his childhood, Rajan presumed his father to be a diplomat since the family traveled on diplomatic passports. He was a half-term student of Campion School, Bhopal until 1974.
From 1974 to 1981 Rajan attended Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram, In 1981 he enrolled at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi for a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. In the final year of his four-year degree, he headed the Student Affairs Council. He graduated in 1985 and was awarded the Director's Gold Medal as the best all-round student. In 1987, he earned a Master of Business Administration from the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, graduating with a gold medal for academic performance. He joined the Tata Administrative Services as a management trainee, but left after a few months to join the doctoral program at the Sloan School of Management at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
In 1991, he received a PhD for his thesis titled Essays on Banking under the supervision of Stewart Myers, consisting of three essays on the nature of the relationship between a firm or a country, and its creditor banks. The nature of financial systems had witnessed widespread changes in the 1980s, with markets getting deregulated, information becoming more widely available and easier to process, and competition having increased. The established orthodoxy claimed that deregulation must necessarily increase competition, which would translate into greater efficiency. In his thesis, Rajan argued that this might not necessarily be the case. The first essay focused on the choice available to firms between arm's length credit and relationship-based credit. The second focused on the Glass-Steagall Act, and the conflict of interest involved when a commercial lending bank enters into investment banking. The final essay examined why indexation of a country's debt, despite offering potential advantages, seldom featured in debt reduction plans.
He was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by the London Business School in 2012, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in 2015, and the Catholic University of Louvain in 2019.
Career
Academic career
In 1991, Rajan joined as an assistant professor of finance at the Booth School of Business at the University of Chicago, and became a full professor in 1995. He has taught as a visiting professor at Stockholm School of Economics, Kellogg School of Management, MIT Sloan School of Management, and Indian School of Business.
Rajan has written extensively on banking, corporate finance, international finance, growth and development, and organisational structures. He is a regular contributor to Project Syndicate. He has collaborated with Douglas Diamond to produce much-cited work on banks, and their interlinkages with macroeconomic phenomena. He has worked with Luigi Zingales on the effect of institutions on economic growth, their research showing that development of free financial markets is fundamental to economic modernisation. Rajan and Zingales built on their work to publish Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists in 2003. The book argued that entrenched incumbents in closed financial markets stifle competition and reforms, thereby inhibiting economic growth. Rajan's 2010 book Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy examined the fundamental stresses in the American and the global economy that led to the financial crisis of 2007–2008. He argued that widening income inequality in the US, trade imbalances in the global economy, and the clash between arm's length financial systems, were responsible for bringing about the crisis. The book won the Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award.
The Research Papers in Economics project ranks him among the world's most influential economists, featuring him among the top 5% of authors. He was awarded the inaugural 2003 Fischer Black Prize, given biennially by the American Finance Association to the best finance researcher under the age of 40, for his "path-breaking contributions to our knowledge of financial institutions, the workings of the modern corporation, and the causes and consequences of the development of the financial sector across countries."
He became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009, and served as the president of the American Finance Association in 2011. He is a member of the Group of Thirty international economic body. He has served as a founding member of the academic council of the Indian School of Business since 1998.
Policymaking
International Monetary Fund
In the aftermath of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the International Monetary Fund was facing criticism for its imposition of fiscal austerity and tighter monetary policies on developing nations. Critics, including Nobel laureate and former chief economist at the World Bank, Joseph Stiglitz, held the IMF's policies responsible for increased economic volatility and destabilisation. While the role of the chief economist had previously always been held by a leading macroeconomist, the IMF wanted to strengthen its financial expertise. American economist Anne Krueger, then the IMF's first deputy managing director, had recently read Rajan's book Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists, and reached out to him to understand if he would be interested. Although Rajan seemed to harbour reservations initially, reportedly telling her, "Well, Anne, I don't know any macroeconomics", he appeared for an interview, and was subsequently appointed. In announcing his appointment, IMF managing director Horst Köhler noted that Rajan's "particular experience in financial sector issues will help strengthen the IMF's role as a centre of excellence in macroeconomic and financial sector stability." At 40, he was the youngest individual, and the first born in an emerging-market nation, to be appointed the chief economist at the IMF. He served in the position from October 2003 to December 2006.
At the IMF, Rajan laid the groundwork for integrating financial sector analysis into the IMF's economic country models. He also led a team to assist some major economies in reducing balance of payments imbalances. During his tenure the Research Department, which Rajan led, contributed to a complete review of the IMF's medium-term strategy, worked on introducing modern modelling and exchange rate assessment techniques to the IMF's consultations with member countries, and analysed the growth and integration of China and India into the world economy. While he largely kept fiscal austerity policies intact, on occasions he also published research that went against the prevailing orthodoxy at the IMF. A 2005 paper, published with Arvind Subramanian, questioned the efficacy of foreign aid, arguing that aid inflows have adverse effects on growth in developing economies. A 2006 paper, published with Eswar Prasad and Arvind Subramanian, concluded that while growth and the extent of foreign financing were positively correlated in industrial countries, non-industrial countries that had relied on foreign finance had grown slower than those that had not.
While he was asked to stay on as the chief economist for a second term, Rajan left after one term as the University of Chicago indicated that his leave could not be extended.
Economic Advisor to Government of India
In 2007, then Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, Montek Singh Ahluwalia, drafted Rajan to write a report proposing the next generation of financial sector reforms in India. A High Level Committee on Financial Sector Reforms was constituted consisting of twelve members, with Rajan as chairman. The committee, in its report titled A Hundred Small Steps, recommended broad-based reforms across the financial sector, arguing that instead of focusing "on a few large, and usually politically controversial steps", India must "take a hundred small steps in the same direction".
In November 2008, Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh appointed Rajan as an honorary economic adviser, a role that involved writing policy notes at Singh's request. On 10 August 2012 Rajan was appointed as chief economic adviser to India's Ministry of Finance, succeeding Kaushik Basu in the role. He prepared the Economic Survey of India for the year 2012–13. In the annual survey, he urged the government to reduce spending and subsidies, and recommended the redirection of Indians from agriculture to service and skilled manufacturing sector. He was also skeptical of the Food Security Bill in light of the rising fiscal deficits.
Reserve Bank of India
On 6 August 2013 it was announced that Rajan would take over as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India for a term of 3 years, succeeding Duvvuri Subbarao. On 5 September 2013 he took charge as the 23rd governor, at which point he took a leave of absence from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
In his first speech as RBI governor, Rajan promised banking reforms and eased curbs on foreign banking, following which the BSE SENSEX rose by 333 points or 1.83%. After his first day at office, the rupee rose 2.1% against the US dollar. As Governor of the RBI, Rajan made curbing inflation his primary focus, bringing down retail inflation from 9.8% in September 2013 to 3.78% in July 2015 – the lowest since the 1990s. Wholesale inflation came down from 6.1% in September 2013 to a historic low of -4.05% in July 2015.
In a 2014 interview, Rajan said his major targets as governor of the Reserve Bank of India were to lower inflation, increase savings and deepen financial markets, of which he believed reducing inflation was the most important. A panel he appointed proposed an inflation target for India of 6% for January 2016 and 4%(+-2%) thereafter. Under Rajan, the RBI adopted consumer price index (CPI) as the key indicator of inflation, which is the global norm, despite the government recommending otherwise. Foreign exchange reserves of India grew by about 30% to the tune of $380 billion in two years. Under Rajan, the RBI licensed two universal banks and approved eleven payments banks to extend banking services to the nearly two-thirds of the population who are still deprived of banking facilities.
During his tenure, he enforced two-factor authentication of domestic credit card transactions to ensure the safety of customers. However, in an apparent contradiction of his previous stance of encouraging customers to use banks, he also permitted banks to charge customers for conducting ATM transactions beyond a certain number of times per month, at a time when the Indian Government was actively attempting to promote financial inclusion through its Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana scheme, which effectively prevented people from easily accessing their own savings and discouraged them from using formal banking channels.
Media reports positioned Rajan as a prospective successor to Christine Lagarde as head of the IMF when her term expired in 2016, even as Rajan himself countered such speculation. This did not eventually come to bear, as Lagarde was nominated for a second term at the end of her tenure. On 9 November 2015, Rajan was appointed as Vice-Chairman of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).
In May 2016, in a letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Rajya Sabha MP Subramanian Swamy leveled several allegations against Rajan. He accused Rajan of raising interest rate to the detriment of small and medium industries. He also claimed that Rajan has been sending confidential and sensitive financial information using his University of Chicago unsecured personal email address. But Rajan said that these allegations are fundamentally wrong and baseless and addressing them would amount to giving them legitimacy.
On 18 June 2016, Rajan announced that he would not be serving a second term as RBI Governor, and planned to return to academia. In September 2017, Rajan revealed that though he was willing to take an extension and serve a second term as RBI Governor, the government had not extended any offer to him which left him with no choice but to return to the University of Chicago. He also denied claims that the University of Chicago had, at that time, refused to accept his leave of absence to continue for a second term.
Economic and political views
Rajan's economic and political views were influenced by his experience of the Indian economy during The Emergency. As an economist, he was therefore wary of the risks of both unnecessary government intervention as well as unregulated financial markets, while remaining a champion of capitalism. He is a proponent of democracy working with capitalism. In May 2023, in his speech at the Ideas for India Conference organised by Bridge India he argued that India’s democracy is the path to its economic growth, attracting media attention.
Financial markets
Rajan advocates giving financial markets a greater role in the economy. In the book Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists: Unleashing the Power of Financial Markets to Create Wealth and Spread Opportunity co-authored with Luigi Zingales, the two authors argue in favour of deregulated financial markets in order to facilitate access of the poor to finance: "Capitalism, or more precisely, the free market system, is the most effective way to organise production and distribution that human beings have found … healthy and competitive financial markets are an extraordinarily effective tool in spreading opportunity and fighting poverty. …Without vibrant, innovative financial markets, economies would ossify and decline." (p 1)
In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector. In that paper, "Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?", Rajan "argued that disaster might loom." Rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to "take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but, in return, offer generous compensation the rest of the time. These risks are known as tail risks. But perhaps the most important concern is whether banks will be able to provide liquidity to financial markets so that if the tail risk does materialise, financial positions can be unwound and losses allocated so that the consequences to the real economy are minimised."
The response to Rajan's paper at the time was negative. For example, former U.S. Treasury Secretary and former Harvard President Lawrence Summers called the warnings "misguided" and Rajan himself a "luddite". However, following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Rajan's views came to be seen as prescient; by January 2009, The Wall Street Journal proclaimed that now, "few are dismissing his ideas." In fact, Rajan was extensively interviewed on the global crisis for the Academy Award-winning documentary film Inside Job. Rajan wrote in May 2012 that the causes of the ongoing economic crisis in the US and Europe in the 2008–2012 period were substantially due to workforce competitiveness issues in the globalisation era, which politicians attempted to "paper-over" with easy credit. He proposed supply-side solutions of a long-term structural or national competitiveness nature: "The industrial countries should treat the crisis as a wake-up call and move to fix all that has been papered over in the last few decades... Rather than attempting to return to their artificially inflated GDP numbers from before the crisis, governments need to address the underlying flaws in their economies. In the United States, that means educating or retraining the workers who are falling behind, encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation, and harnessing the power of the financial sector to do good while preventing it from going off track. In southern Europe, by contrast, it means removing the regulations that protect firms and workers from competition and shrinking the government's presence in a number of areas, in the process eliminating unnecessary, unproductive jobs."
Austerity vs stimulus
During May 2012, Rajan and Paul Krugman expressed differing views on how to reinvigorate the economies in the US and Europe, with Krugman mentioning Rajan by name in an opinion editorial. This debate occurred against the backdrop of a significant "austerity vs stimulus" debate occurring at the time, with some economists arguing one side or the other or a combination of both strategies. In an article in Foreign Affairs magazine, Rajan advocated structural or supply-side reforms to improve competitiveness of the workforce to better adapt to globalisation, while also supporting fiscal austerity measures (E.g., raising taxes and cutting spending), although he conceded that austerity could slow economies in the short-run and cause significant "pain" for certain constituencies. Krugman rejected this focus on structural reforms combined with fiscal austerity. Instead he advocated traditional Keynesian fiscal (government spending and investment) and monetary stimulus, arguing that the primary factor slowing the developed economies at that time was a general shortfall in demand across all sectors of the economy, not structural or supply-side factors that affected particular sectors.
As far as his position on India is concerned, Rajan stayed away from the Bhagwati vs. Sen debate, and has tended to sympathize with both sides of the so-called "growth vs. welfare" argument. While Rajan's views in general align with Bhagwati's (with respect to how growth is seen as the main source of development), he has also argued for government involvement in health and education like Sen, and has pointed to the resultant threat of oligarchy or alienation of the poor.
In 2019, Rajan said that, following the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the imposition of austerity, contemporary capitalism "is under serious threat" because it has stopped providing opportunities for the many and is now facing a possible revolt from the masses.
Demonetization in India
In interviews in September 2017, Rajan said the Government of India had consulted the Reserve Bank of India, during his Governorship, on the issue of demonetization but never asked to take a decision. He said the RBI was against the move and warned the government of the potential negative effects. Rajan also termed the currency notes ban exercise as, "One cannot in any way say it has been an economic success". In addition to his work at the University of Chicago and RBI, Raghuram is also a member of the Berggruen Institute's 21st Century Council.
Bharat Jodo Yatra
A longtime critic of Modi's government, Rajan was criticized by BJP leaders after attending the Rahul Gandhi-led Bharat Jodo Yatra.
Awards
In 2003, Rajan won the inaugural Fischer Black Prize awarded by the American Finance Association for contributions to the theory and practice of finance by an economist under age 40.
In February 2010 NASSCOM named him Global Indian at its 7th annual global leadership awards.
In 2010, he was awarded the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award, Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy.
In November 2011 he received the Infosys Prize for Social Sciences – Economics for his work in analyzing the contribution of financial development to economic growth, as well as the potentially harmful effects of dysfunctional incentives that lead to excessive risk-taking.
In 2013, he was awarded the fifth Deutsche Bank Prize in Financial Economics for his "ground-breaking research work which influenced financial and macro-economic policies around the world".
In 2014 he was conferred with the "Governor of the Year Award 2014" from London-based financial journal Central Banking.
In March 2019, he was awarded "Yashwantrao Chavan National Award 2018" for his contribution to economic development.
In May 2023 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the London School of Economics.
Bibliography
Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists (2004), Random House. Co-authored with fellow Chicago Booth professor Luigi Zingales.
Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy (2010), Princeton University Press. Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award for 2010.
I Do What I Do (2017), Harper Collins. A collection of speeches delivered during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India
The Third Pillar: How the State and Markets are leaving Communities Behind (2019), Penguin Press.
What the Economy Needs Now (2019), Juggernaut Books. Co-authored.
Rajan has also published numerous articles in finance and economics journals including the American Economic Review, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Journal of Political Economy, Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Finance and Oxford Review of Economic Policy.
The True Lessons of the Recession; The West Can't Borrow and Spend Its Way to Recovery by Rajan in May/June 2012 Foreign Affairs
Personal life
Raghuram Rajan is an Indian citizen and holds a USA Green Card. He is married to Radhika Puri Rajan, whom he met while they were both students at IIM Ahmedabad. Radhika teaches at University of Chicago Law School. She is also an Adjunct Associate Professor of Behavioral Science at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. They have a daughter and a son.
Rajan is a vegetarian. He likes the outdoors and plays tennis and squash. He enjoys reading Tolstoy, J. R. R. Tolkien and Upamanyu Chatterjee. Rajan appeared on Siddharth Basu's quiz show Quiz Time, telecasted on the national television channel Doordarshan, in 1985, teaming up with his batchmate Jayant Sinha to represent IIT Delhi. He has also participated in various marathons, such as the Standard Chartered Mumbai Marathon 2015.
References
External links
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1963 births
20th-century Indian economists
21st-century Indian economists
Presidents of the American Finance Association
Chief Economic Advisers to the Government of India
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Governors of the Reserve Bank of India
Hoover Institution people
Indian academics
Indian emigrants to the United States
Indian Hindus
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni
International Monetary Fund people
IIT Delhi alumni
Living people
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
MIT Sloan School of Management faculty
People from Bhopal
University of Chicago Booth School of Business faculty
University of Chicago faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghuram%20Rajan |
Protest cycles (also known as cycles of contention or waves of collective action) refers to the cyclical rise and fall in the social movement activity. Sidney Tarrow (1998) defines them as "a phase of heightened conflict across the social system", with "intensified interactions between challengers and authorities which can end in reform, repression and sometimes revolution".
Tarrow argues that cyclical openings in political opportunity create incentives for collective action. Those cycles begin when the authority (like the government) becomes seen as vulnerable to social change, in a time when demands for social change are increasing. He defines the political opportunity as "consistent dimension of the political environment that provides incentives for people to undertake collective action by affecting their expectations of success or failure". When the political opportunity disappears, for example because of a change in the public opinion caused by a rise in insecurity and violence, the movement dissolves.
Tarrow lists the qualities of a cycle of contention:
a rapid diffusion of collective action and mobilization as existing social movements create political opportunities for others to act or join in;
innovation in the forms of contention;
the creation or major change in collective action frames, discourses and frames of meaning;
coexistence of organized and unorganized activists;
increased interaction between challengers and authorities.
Tarrow (1998) notes that "such widespread contention produces externalities that give challengers at least a temporary advantage and allows them to overcome the weaknesses in their resource base. It demands that states devise broad strategies of response that are either repressive or facilitative, or a combination of the two."
He writes that even defeated or suppressed movements leave some kind of residue behind them, and that effect of social movements, successful or failed, is cumulative in the long term, leading to new protest cycles. This is visible especially when those cycles are analysed in the historical frame. Prior to the 18th century, rebellions were usually aimed at local targets in response to local grievances, usually without many preparations and without allies in different social or ethnic groups. This has however changed in the 18th century, when social movements evolved in West Europe and North America (see also works by Charles Tilly).
See also
Framing (social sciences)
References
Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Collective Action, Social Movements and Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1998. (Spanish trans.: El Poder en Movimiento, Alianza, 1998; revised as Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Social movements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest%20cycle |
Aaronovich, Aaronovitch or Aharonovich () is a Russian-Jewish patronymic surname literally meaning "son of Aaron". Notable people with the surname include:
Igor Aharonovich (born 1982), Australian physicist
Yitzhak Aharonovich (born 1950), Israeli politician
Sam Aaronovitch (1919–1998), economist and British communist activist and his sons:
David Aaronovitch (born 1954), English journalist, broadcaster, and author
Owen Aaronovitch (born 1956), English actor
Ben Aaronovitch (born 1964), English writer
See also
Aronowicz
Aronov
Aronin
Russian-Jewish surnames
Patronymic surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaronovich |
Madhapur is a suburb of Hyderabad, India. It is noted as a centre of information technology activity. The heart of this area is called HITEC City which has the highest concentration of IT/ITES establishments in the city. Located in Ranga Reddy district of Telangana, It is administered as Ward No. 107 of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation.
Geography
The entire city sits below 550m. The official elevation sits at about 576m. In the southeast corner of the city, next to the Inorbit Mall, there is a lake named Durgam Cheruvu which is being destroyed by the construction activities in that area affecting the swans in the lake.
Economy
Madhapur has transformed from a small, rocky village in the early 1990s into a modern IT and BPO hub. Madhapur has made its mark on the city map by having the highest concentration of IT/ITES companies in Hyderabad city. Top IT/ITES and Telco companies from all over the world are located in this suburb, fuelling the software and BPO businesses. Cyber Towers, Cyber Gateway and Cyber Pearl were the first IT structures to come up. Later on big names like Broadcom, Qualcomm, CSC, Tata Communications, Accenture, Tata Consultancy Services, Automatic Data Processing(ADP), NTT Data, Tech Mahindra,Prolifics Corporation, Deloitte, Amazon.com, Convergys, Oracle Corporation, IBM, Dell, Google, Verizon, CA Inc., Infosys, Wipro, Tata Consultancy Services, AppLabs, Invensys, Keane, Cognizant, Patni, Ram info solutions, Cyient, Capital IQ, Genpact, Novartis, Deloitte, Sitel India, Colruyt , Netcracker Technology and many others have made the city their business centre.
This suburb is also home to National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), Sri Venkateshwara college of Architecture: Sri Venkateshwara college of Arts and pharmacy college, Manthan International School and CGR International school, which are leading new International Schools in Hyderabad.
Real estate is on the rise with big names such as Ramky Estates, Aparna, Aliens, Lanco Infratech and many others constructing skyscrapers, luxury homes, SEZs etc. Companies choosing Madhapur for their business ventures have made Madhapur an integrated and modern city.
Madhapur also has become the preferred meeting place, with many international conferences and meetings taking place at Hitex Convention Center and Hotel Novotel, Hotels like Westine, Lemon Tree, Trident and other business hotels in surrounding areas like Banjara Hills and Jubilee Hills has enhanced the value of Madhapur over the last decade.
Transport and infrastructure
TSRTC, a state-owned bus service, connects Madhapur with other parts of the city.
The bus numbers plying to Madhapur are 10H, 127K, 222A.
Madhapur is served by MMTS train service, the station is HiTech City Station, which is a kilometer away. Taxis and autos shuttle between the station and the city. Hyderabad Metro Rail is also available at a distance.
Inner and outer ring roads are being developed to ease traffic during peak hours, and also to provide connectivity to the new Hyderabad International Airport near Shamshabad.
Hospitals
Hegde Fertility
Medicover Hospitals
Oakridge Hospitals
Image Hospital
FirstHealth Diagnostics
Landmarks
Shilparamam Auditorium, Arts and crafts centre
State Gallery of Arts
HITEX Convention Centre
Fortune Towers
Mind Space campus
Vanenberg IT Park
Cyber Pearl
Image Hospital
Cyber Towers
Cyber gateway
Durgam cheruvu
Inorbit Mall
Botanical gardens 3 km from madhapur
Peddamma Temple is 4 km from madhapur
References
Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India
Municipal wards of Hyderabad, India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhapur |
The Villa Medici () is a Mannerist villa and an architectural complex with a garden contiguous with the larger Borghese gardens, on the Pincian Hill next to Trinità dei Monti in Rome, Italy. The Villa Medici, founded by Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and now property of the French State, has housed the French Academy in Rome since 1803. A musical evocation of its garden fountains features in Ottorino Respighi's Fountains of Rome.
History
In ancient times, the site of the Villa Medici was part of the gardens of Lucullus, which passed into the hands of the Imperial family with Messalina, who was murdered in the villa.
In 1564, when the nephews of Cardinal Giovanni Ricci of Montepulciano acquired the property, it had long been abandoned to viticulture. The sole dwelling was the Casina of Cardinale Marcello Crescenzi, who had maintained a vineyard here and had begun improvements to the villa under the direction of the Florentine Nanni Lippi, who had died however, before work had proceeded far. The new proprietors commissioned Annibale Lippi, the late architect's son, to continue work. Interventions by Michelangelo are a tradition.
In 1576, the property was acquired by Cardinal Ferdinando de' Medici, who finished the structure to designs by Bartolomeo Ammanati. The Villa Medici became at once the first among Medici properties in Rome, intended to give concrete expression to the ascendancy of the Medici among Italian princes and assert their permanent presence in Rome. Under the Cardinal's insistence, Ammanati incorporated into the design Roman bas-reliefs and statues that were coming to sight with almost every spadeful of earth, with the result that the facades of the Villa Medici, as it now was, became a virtual open-air museum. A series of grand gardens recalled the botanical gardens created at Pisa and at Florence by the Cardinal's father Cosimo I de' Medici, sheltered in plantations of pines, cypresses and oaks. Ferdinando de' Medici had a studiolo, a retreat for study and contemplation, built to the north east of the garden above the Aurelian wall. Now these rooms look onto Borghese gardens but would then have had views over the Roman countryside. These two rooms were only uncovered in 1985 by the restorer Geraldine Albers: the concealing whitewash had protected and conserved the superb fresco decoration carried out by Jacopo Zucchi 1576 and 1577.
Among the striking assemblage of Roman sculptures in the villa were some one hundred seventy pieces bought from two Roman collections that had come together through marriage, the Capranica and the della Valle collections. An engraving detailing the arrangement of statues prior to 1562 was documented by Galassi Alghisi. Three works that arrived at the Villa Medici under Cardinal Fernando, ranked with the most famous in the city: the Niobe Group and the Wrestlers, both discovered in 1583 and immediately purchased by Cardinal Ferdinando, and the Arrotino. When the Cardinal succeeded as Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1587, his elder brother having died, he satisfied himself with plaster copies of his Niobe Group, in full knowledge of the prestige that accrued to the Medici by keeping such a magnificent collection in the European city whose significance far surpassed that of their own capital. The Medici lions were completed in 1598, and the Medici Vase entered the collection at the Villa, followed by the Venus de' Medici by the 1630s; the Medici sculptures were not removed to Florence until the eighteenth century. Then the antiquities from the Villa Medici formed the nucleus of the collection of antiquities in the Uffizi, and Florence began to figure on the European Grand Tour.
The fountain in the front of the Villa Medici is formed from a red granite vase from ancient Rome. It was designed by Annibale Lippi in 1589. The view from the Villa looking over the fountain towards St Peter's in the distance has been much painted, but the trees in the foreground have now obscured the view.
Like the Villa Borghese that adjoins them, the villa's gardens were far more accessible than the formal palaces such as Palazzo Farnese in the heart of the city. For a century and a half the Villa Medici was one of the most elegant and worldly settings in Rome, the seat of the Grand Dukes' embassy to the Holy See. When the male line of the Medici died out in 1737, the villa passed to the house of Lorraine and, briefly in Napoleonic times, to the Kingdom of Etruria. In this manner Napoleon Bonaparte came into possession of the Villa Medici, which he transferred to the French Academy at Rome. Subsequently, it housed the winners of the prestigious Prix de Rome, under distinguished directors including Ingres and Balthus, until the prize was withdrawn in 1968.
In 1656, Christina, Queen of Sweden was said to have fired one of the cannon on top of the Castel Sant'Angelo without aiming it first. The wayward ball hit the villa, destroying one of the Florentine lilies that decorated the facade.
French Academy in Rome
In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte moved the French Academy in Rome to the Villa Medici with the intention of preserving an institution once threatened by the French Revolution. At first, the villa and its gardens were in a sad state, and they had to be renovated in order to house the winners of the Prix de Rome. In this way, he hoped to retain for young French artists the opportunity to see and copy the masterpieces of antiquity and the Renaissance.
The young architect Auguste-Henri-Victor Grandjean de Montigny undertook the renovation.
The competition was interrupted during the first World War, and Benito Mussolini confiscated the villa in 1941, forcing the Academy of France in Rome to withdraw until 1945. The competition and the Prix de Rome were abolished in 1968 by André Malraux, the French Minister of Culture. The Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris and the Institut de France then lost their guardianship of the Villa Medici to the Ministry of Culture and the French State.
From that time on, the boarders no longer belonged solely to the traditional disciplines (painting, sculpture, architecture, metal-engraving, precious-stone engraving, musical composition, etc.) but also to new or previously neglected artistic fields (art history, archaeology, literature, stagecraft, photography, movies, video, art restoration, writing and even cookery.) Artists are no longer recruited by a competition but by application, and their stays generally vary from six to eighteen months.
Between 1961 and 1967, the artist Balthus, then at the head of the Academy, carried out a vast restoration campaign of the palace and its gardens, providing them with modern equipment. Balthus participated “hands on” in all the phases of the construction. Where the historic décor had disappeared, Balthus proposed personal alternatives. He invented a décor that was a homage to the past and, at the same time, radically contemporary: The mysterious melancholic decor he created for Villa Medici has become, in turn, historic and was undergoing an important restoration campaign in 2016. Work continued under the direction of the previous director, Richard Peduzzi, and the Villa Medici resumed organizing exhibitions and shows created by its artists in residence.
The Academy continues its programme of inviting young artists, who receive a stipend to spend twelve months in Rome, exhibiting their work. These artists-in-residence are known as pensionnaires. The French word ‘pension’ refers to the room & board these, generally young and promising, artists receive. The Villa Medici hosts a number of guest rooms, and when these are not used by pensionnaires or other official guests, they are open to the general public.
Architectural influence
Several structures base their style on the villa. Architect Edward Lippincott Tilton designed the Hotel Colorado in Glenwood Springs, Colorado, in 1893. Philanthropist James H. Dooley had a mansion called Swannanoa built on Rockfish Gap, Virginia, in 1912. The NYC architectural firm, Schultze and Weaver, modeled the Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach, Florida after the Villa for the hotel's second reconstruction, which took place between 1925 and 1926.
The marble Medici lions by the stairs to the courtyard served as inspiration for Bernard Foucquet's bronze lions at the Lejonbacken (lion slope) on the northern side of the Royal Palace in Stockholm in 1700–1704.
See also
Villa Medicea di Cafaggiolo
Villa Medici at Careggi
Villa Medici in Fiesole
Villa Medicea di Pratolino
Notes
References
Morel, Ph., Le Parnasse astrologique. Les décors peints pour le cardinal Ferdinand de Médicis. Étude iconologique (Paris, De Boccard, 1991) (La villa Médicis, 3).
Hochmann, Michel, Villa Medici, il sogno di un Cardinale – Collezioni e artisti di Ferdinando de’ Medici (Roma, De Luca, 1999).
External links
Houses completed in 1544
Medici
Renaissance architecture in Rome
Mannerist architecture in Italy
Medici villas
Rome R. IV Campo Marzio
1544 establishments in the Papal States
Medici residences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa%20Medici |
Mohammad Reza Rahimi (, born on 11 January 1949) is an Iranian politician who served as the fifth first vice president from 13 September 2009 until 3 August 2013. His previous posts included governor of the Kurdistan province and vice president for parliamentary affairs.
On 15 February 2015, Rahimi was convicted of corruption and is currently jailed in Evin Prison. He was allegedly head of the "Fatemi Circle".
Early life and education
Rahimi was born into a Kurdish Shiite family on 11 January 1949 in a village, Serishabad, in Iran's Kurdistan province. He received a law degree from Tehran University. Rahimi also claims to hold a PhD from Oxford University but no record of his name has been found in the university and also this claim has been vastly disputed by many Iranian sources. Rahimi is considered to be the second high-ranking member of Ahmadinejad's administration to have lied about receiving a PhD from Oxford University, the other being Ali Kordan. He has also claimed to have a PhD from Belford University, characterized as "just one of hundreds of diploma mills easily accessible online." Alef, an Iranian site that belongs to Ahmad Tavakkoli, published documents purporting to show fraudulent documents created by Rahimi.
Career
Rahimi worked as a public prosecutor in Qorveh and Sanandaj. He headed the city council of Sanandaj, too. During this period, he taught law at the school of law at Tehran Azad University and served as head of the school for a short time.
Rahimi was elected as member of the Parliament of Iran from his province of birth Kurdistan in Legislative election of 1980 as a member of Islamic Republican Party. He was in Parliament until 1992 when he resigned from his seat. He held many positions when he was an MP such as head of arts commission and a member of foreign policy commission. Then he was appointed governor of the Kurdistan Province in August 1993 by then-president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and was in office until August 1997 when Mohammad Khatami was elected as new president and named new governors. Rahimi was not in Khatami's list of governors. During his governorship, he firstly met Mahmoud Ahmedinejad.
Ahmadinejad named Rahimi as his vice president for legal and parliamentary affairs in 2008. He was appointed as the 5th first vice president of Iran on 13 September 2009 in a declaration by the president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and succeeded Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei who was in office for a short time.
He was acting president of Iran from 20 April 2011 to 1 May 2011 when president Ahmadinejad boycotted his official duties. He run for the presidency of Iran in the 2013 elections, but withdrew his candidacy in May 2013. After the election of Hassan Rouhani as the president, his term ended as first vice president.
Corruption charges
Based on the claims of at least two members of the Iranian Parliament (Majlis), Rahimi was the head of a corruption band that became known as Fatemi Circle. This circle had an office in Fatemi street in Tehran. Naderan, a member of Majlis who is close to Ahmad Tavakkoli, has criticized the judicial system for not arresting him. Motahari, another member of Majlis, has asked Ahmadinejad to cooperate with judicial system on this issue and called the accusations serious.
In January 2015, Iran's judiciary announced that Rahimi has been sentenced to 5 years in prison and an equivalent of $1 million fine.
Indictment
On 1 September 2014, Rahimi was sentenced to a prison term and a cash fine, convicted of yet unknown charges. The sentence needs to be finalized by a Court of Appeal for details of the indictment to be revealed.
On 21 January 2015, Iran's supreme court sentenced Rahimi to five years and 91 days in prison and fined him to pay 10 billion rials. Rahimi was also ordered to pay a compensation equivalent to 28.5 billion rials.
Statements on Jews and illegal drugs
At an international anti-drug conference held in Tehran with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime on 26 June 2012, Rahimi delivered an antisemitic speech, at which at least 10 Western diplomats were present, blaming the Talmud for the spread of illegal drugs worldwide. Rahimi stated that the Talmud teaches "how to destroy non-Jews so as to protect an embryo in the womb of a Jewish mother" and that "Zionists" are in control of the illegal drug trade. He stated his "proof" is that there is not "one single Zionist who is an addict." The New York Times, which covered the conference marking a U.N.-sponsored International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking, further quoted Rahimi as saying Zionists ordered gynaecologists to kill black babies and that the Russian Revolution of 1917 was started by Jews – although none, he was also quoted as saying, died in it. Rahimi's statements, which subsequently appeared on the official presidential website, were also broadcast by the Fars News Agency.
Responses
Rahimi's remarks drew sharp criticism from the international community.
Rabbi Abraham Cooper, associate dean of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, stated that "Here is yet another example of the fact that anti-Semitism is a pillar of the Mullahocracy in Tehran...on a day when nations are supposed to set aside their differences to combat illegal drugs, the Iranian government continues to malign the Jewish people and its religious traditions – all part of their ongoing campaign of demonizing the Jewish people and dehumanizing supporters of the Jewish state." Abe Foxman, the National Director of the Anti-Defamation League, stated that "To all those who thought that anti-Semitism is a thing of the past, certainly this makes it very clear that it is alive and well again. What makes it more sinister and dangerous is the fact that it comes from a leader of a country that has vowed to destroy the Jewish state and is making efforts to obtain the means to do it."
John Baird, Canada's Foreign Minister condemned the remarks, stating that "Iran's ongoing use of UN forums to harass Israel and insult Jewish people around the world is completely unacceptable. Canada hopes the international community joins us in speaking out against, and utterly rejecting, such ridiculous and anti-Semitic assertions."
The European Union's foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton, who leads nuclear talks with Iran on behalf of six world powers, released a statement, stating that she "is deeply disturbed by racist and anti-Semitic statements made by Iranian First Vice-President Mohammad Reza Rahimi. Such statements are unacceptable and should not be tolerated." Italian Foreign Minister Giulio Terzi also condemned Rahimi's remarks, calling them "Disturbing and absolutely unacceptable." Alistair Burt, the British foreign minister for the Middle East, stated that "We condemn utterly the baseless comments from Iran's vice president Rahimi about the Talmud and the Jewish faith, made at a United Nations drugs control event in Tehran this week. Racism and anti-semitism are unacceptable in any circumstance, let alone at an event sponsored by the United Nations. We call upon Iran to correct this scandalous statement, and to ensure that its officials respect the proper international norms and standards in the future."
Alun Jones, spokesman for the Vienna-based United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, later stated that UNODC attended the Tehran conference as well as related events across the world on Tuesday, as mandated by the U.N. General Assembly, and that it could not anticipate what the Iranian hosts would say.
Affiliation
Rahimi reportedly "professed" allegiance to Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani when he served in his administration, despite the fact he later became his "outspoken foe".
Naghmeh Sohrabi, a professor at Brandeis University, classifies Rahimi among "new guard" conservatives which came to mainstream political arena in 2005. She names Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Mojtaba Samareh Hashemi and Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei among the prominent figures of the faction. He was a member of the committee composed of 15 figures from different spectrum of conservative factions that planned establishment of the United Front of Principlists in 2008 elections. In November 2010, Rahimi was among 30 figures invited to a similar meeting of conservatives for 2012 parliamentary elections, although he did not attend.
References
1949 births
Living people
University of Tehran alumni
Iranian governors
Iranian businesspeople
Academic staff of the Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch
Academic staff of the Islamic Azad University
Iranian prosecutors
People from Kurdistan Province
First vice presidents of Iran
Iranian white-collar criminals
Spokespersons of the Government of Iran
Members of the 2nd Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 3rd Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 4th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Iranian politicians convicted of crimes
Vice Presidents of Iran for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs
Heads of government who were later imprisoned | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Reza%20Rahimi |
The fanam (or panam in the local language of Tamil) was a currency issued by the Madras Presidency until 1815. It circulated alongside the Indian rupee, also issued by the Presidency. The fanam was a small silver coin, subdivided into 80 copper cash, with the gold pagoda worth 42 fanams. The rupee was worth 12 fanams. After 1815, only coins of the rupee currency system were issued.
Conversion table
Fanams were also issued in Travancore, worth 1/7 of a rupee, whilst in Danish India the fano was issued, worth 1/8 rupee, and in French India the fanon was issued, worth 1/8 rupee.
See also
French Indian rupee
Danish Indian rupee
Portuguese Indian rupia
References
Modern obsolete currencies
Coins of India
1815 disestablishments
Historical currencies of India
Madras Presidency
Economic history of Tamil Nadu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras%20fanam |
Bloom was the fourth album released by Jeff Coffin, and was issued in 2005. This album was the second album recorded and released with the Mu'tet, a constantly changing group of guest musicians that play with Coffin.
Reception
In a review for AllMusic, Jonathan Widran wrote: "All over the place? Sure. Self-indulgent? Maybe. But take away a track or two and the open-minded listener has probably never had this much crazy fun on one collection. So get over it."
Matt Merewitz of All About Jazz stated: "With Bloom Coffin and the Mu'tet successfully take the listener on a sonic journey through such an abundance of styles, colors, and textures that any attempt to box Coffin or the Mu'tet into one singular style would be an exercise in futility. Check out this record. You'll be glad you did."
Writing for Jambands.com, Karl Kukta noted that, with the album, "Coffin has decided to pretty much stick with the recipe," and drew comparisons with the music of Béla Fleck and the Flecktones, commenting: "The perpetually buoyant vibe — the frequent use of complex time signatures — the benign infusion of Eastern and Western music that teeters ever so closely to the still waters of New Age and smooth jazz... am I missing anything?"
Track listing
All tracks by Jeff Coffin except where noted.
"Move Your Rug...processional (Blues for Otha)" – 1:40
"Better Do Your Thing" – 6:16
"The Evil Boweevil" (Pat Bergeson, Coffin, Tom Giampietro) – 4:43
"My Dog Chunks" (Coffin, Giampietro, Jones) – 5:51
"The Mad Hatter Rides Again" – 3:55
"Circle of Wills" – 2:33
"Hatim" (Balyamani, Coffin)– 7:05
"Bloom" – 5:43
"Old Jack Craw" – 4:25
"As Light Through Leaves" – 8:16
"Weird Beard" – 3:38
"Wobble" – 5:34
Personnel
Jeff Coffin – saxophones
Jeff Sipe – drums and percussion
Victor Wooten – electric and acoustic bass
DJ Logic – turntables
Béla Fleck – banjo
Chris Thile – mandolin
Tyler Wood – piano/B-3
Pat Bergeson – guitar
Derek Philip Jones – electric and acoustic bass
Futureman – percussion
Johny Neel – B-3, lead vocals
Kirk Whalum – soprano sax
Rod McGaha – trumpet
Joe Murphy – tuba
Roy Agee – trombone
Tom Giampietro – drums
Paul Brantley – cello
Noa Ben-Amotz – percussion
Rahsaan Barber – tenor sax
Roland Barber – trombone
OfficerFishDumplings – programming
W.O. Smith Children's Choir – angelic vocals
Derico Watson – drums
References
2005 albums
Jeff Coffin albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom%20%28Jeff%20Coffin%20album%29 |
The following local races were on the ballot in Washington State during the 2006 election. The filing period for candidates for public office was July 24 through July 28, 2006. Washington State's primary election was held on September 19, 2006.
County & Local Elections
Adams County
County Commissioner District 3
Jeffrey W. Stevens (R)
County Assessor
David Anderson (R)
County Auditor
Nancy McBroom (R)
County Clerk
Paulette Gibler (R)
Othello District Court Judge
Gary Brueher (NP)
County Prosecutor
Randy Flyckt (R)
County Sheriff
Douglas Barger (R)
County Treasurer
Laura Danekas (R)
Asotin County
City Council
City of Asotin
City of Asotin Council Pos 3
Vickie Bonfield (NP)
City of Asotin Council Pos 4
Marvin A. Schneider (NP)
City of Asotin Council Pos 5
Del Schnider (NP)
City of Clarkston
City of Clarkston Council Pos 1
Dave Richards (NP)
City of Clarkston Council Pos 2
John Smith (NP)
City of Clarkston Council Pos 3
Larry Baumberger (NP)
City of Clarkston Council Pos 4
Terry Beadles (NP)
City of Clarkston Council Pos 5
Kathy Renggli (NP)
Fire Districts
Asotin County Fire Protection District No. 1
Fire Protection District No. 1 Comm Pos 2
Patrick Loseth (NP)
Port Districts
Port of Clarkston
Port Commissioner Dist 1
Don Hillis (NP)
School Districts
Clarkston School District No. 250-185
Clarkston School Dist Director Dist 2
Nancy Randall (NP)
Clarkston School Dist Director Dist 3
Lloyd Wallis (NP)
Clarkston School Dist Director Dist 4
Judy Rooney (NP)
Clarkston School Dist Director Dist 5
Dennis Lentz (NP)
Asotin-Anatone School District No. 420
Asotin-Anatone School Director Dist 2
Chris Loseth (NP)
Asotin-Anatone School Director Dist 3
Lorine Utmor (NP)
Asotin-Anatone School Director Dist 4
Kenneth Weiss (NP)
Benton County
Benton County Assessor
Carolyn Kathleen Joyce (R)
Barbara Wagner (R)
Benton County Auditor
Bobbie Gagner (R)
Benton County Clerk
Byron Pugh (R)
Josie Delvin (R)
Benton County Coroner
John Hansens (R)
Rick Corson (R)
Kimberly Kennedy (D)
Mark A. Cope (D)
Benton County Prosecuting Attorney
Andy Miller (D)
Benton County Sheriff
Larry D. Taylor (R)
Benton County Treasurer
Duane A. Davidson (R)
Chelan County
Chelan County Commissioners
District 2
Keith Goehner (R)
Public Utility District Commissioners
District 2
Bob Boyd
District B At-Large
Gary Montague
Chelan County Assessor
Russ Griffith
Chelan County Auditor
Evely L. Arnold
Chelan County Clerk
Siri Woods
Chelan County Coroner
Wayne Harris
Chelan County Pros. Attorney
Gary Riesen
Chelan County Sheriff
Mike Harum
Chelan County Treasurer
David E. Griffiths
District Court Judge A
Alicia Nakata
District Court Judge B
Nancy Harmon
Clallam County
Assessor
Auditor
Treasurer
Pros. Atty
Sheriff
Director of DCD
Dist. Court 1 Judge
Dist. Court 2 Judge
County Commissioner Dist. 3
Mike Doherty (D) - Incumbent
PUD Commissioner Dist. 3
5 Charter Review Commissioners from each Commissioner Dist.
Clark County
Columbia County
Cowlitz County
County Assessor
Terry McLaughlin (D) - Incumbent
County Auditor
Kristina K. Swanson (D) - Incumbent
County Clerk
Roni A. Booth (D) - Incumbent
County Commissioner District 3
Jeff Rasmussen (R) - Incumbent
Axel Swanson (D) (GENERAL ELECTION WINNER)
The following candidates for County Commissioner lost the primary.
Ken Spring (R)
Chuck Wallace (D)
Elizabeth (Beth) J. Webb (D)
County Coroner
Timothy J. Davidson (D) - Incumbent
County Prosecuting Attorney
Sue Baur (D) - Incumbent
County Sheriff
Bill Mahoney (D) - Incumbent
County Treasurer
Judy 'Lyons' Ainslie (R) - Incumbent
Cowlitz County District Court
Judge Position 1
David R. Koss (NP) - Incumbent
Judge Position 2
Edward J. Putka (NP) - Incumbent
Cowlitz Public Utility District
Commissioner District 2
Mark McCrady (NP) (GENERAL ELECTION WINNER)
John Searing (NP) - (Incumbent) (Searing was a primary winner but withdrew from the race on October 2. His name was on the general election ballot. Had John Searing received the most votes, Searing would have declined another six years as PUD Commissioner, and a person other than Mark McCrady would have been appointed.)
Howard Meharg (NP) (lost primary)
Douglas County
Ferry County
Franklin County
Garfield County
Grant County
Grays Harbor County
Island County
Place data here please
Jefferson County
King County
King County Prosecutor Norm Maleng, R
Seattle City Council, Seat 9 - Sally Clark, NP
Kitsap County
County Commissioner District 3
Patricia Lent (R)
County Assessor
Jim Avery (R)
County Auditor
Karen Flynn (D)
County Clerk
Dave Peterson (D)
County Coroner
Greg Sandstrom (R)
County Prosecuting Attorney
Russ Hauge (D)
County Sheriff
Steve Boyer (D)
County Treasurer
Barbara Stephenson (D)
District Court Judge Department 1
James Riehl (NP)
District Court Judge Department 2
W. Daniel Phillips (NP)
District Court Judge Department 3
Marilyn Paja (NP)
Kittitas County
County Assessor
Iris Rominger
County Auditor
Jerald Pettit
County Clerk
Joyce Julsrud
County Commissioner District 3
Perry Huston (R) - Incumbent, running for Sheriff in '06
Fennelle Miller (D)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20130612143757/http://miller4kittitas.com/
Dale Hubbard (D)
Mark McClain (R)
District Court Judge
Lower County
Tom Haven
Upper County
Darrel Ellis
County Prosecuting Attorney
Greg Zempel
County Sheriff
Gene Dana
Perry Huston (R)
County Treasurer
Amy Mills
Public Utility District Position 2
John Hanson
Klickitat County
Lewis County
County Assessor
Dianne Dorey (R)
County Auditor
Gary E. Zandell (R)
County Clerk
A. Kathy Brack (R)
County Commissioner District 3
Dennis Hadaller (R)
County Coroner
Terry L. Wilson (R)
County Prosecutor
Jeremy Randolph (R)
County Sheriff
Steve Mansfield (R) (appointed 1/26/05)
County Treasurer
Rose Bowman (R)
District Court Dept #1
Michael P. Roewe (NP)
District Court Dept #2
R.W. Buzzard (NP)
Lincoln County
Mason County
Mason County Commissioner District 3
Jayni Kamin (R)
Mason County Assessor
Dixie Smith (D)
Mason County Auditor
Al Brotche (D)
Mason County Clerk
Pat Swartos (D)
Mason County Coroner
Wes Stockwell (D)
Mason County Prosecutor
Gary Burleson (R)
Mason County Sheriff
Steve Whybark (D)
Mason County Treasurer
Elisabeth (Lisa) Frazier (D)
Mason County PUD No. 1
Johnny "Jack" Janda
Mason County PUD No. 3
Bruce E. Jorgenson
Okanogan County
Okanogan County Commissioner District #3
Mary Lou Peterson
Okanogan County Auditor
Peggy Robbins
Okanogan County Assessor
Scott D. Furman
Okanogan County Treasurer
Delmer L. Shove
Okanogan County Clerk
Jackie Bradley http://www.wenatcheeworld.com/news/2012/apr/16/longtime-okanogan-clerk-killed-in-wreck/
Okanogan County Prosecuting Attorney
Kark F. Sloan
Okanogan County Sheriff
Frank Rogers
Okanogan County District Judge Position 1
Chris Culp
Okanogan County District Judge Position 2
Dave Edwards
Pacific County
Pend Oreille County
Pierce County
Pierce County Auditor
Pat McCarthy (D)
Pierce County Prosecuting Attorney
Gerald Horne (D)
Pierce County Council District 1
Shawn Bunney (R)
Pierce County Council District 5
Barbra Gelman (D)
Pierce County Council District 7
Terry Lee (R)
San Juan County
San Juan County Commissioner District 6
Robert O. Myhr
San Juan County Assessor
Paul G. Dossett (R)
San Juan County Auditor
Si A. Stephens (R)
San Juan County Clerk
Mary Jean Cahail (D)
San Juan County District Court Judge
Stewart Andrew (NP)
San Juan County Prosecuting Attorney
Randall K. Gaylord (D)
San Juan County Sheriff
Bill Cumming (D)
San Juan County Treasurer
Kathy Turnbull (R)
Skagit County
There may be a November 2006 special ballot by the Skagit County Commissioners to adopt a fluoridation ordinance that would allow and require the Skagit Public Utility District #1 to adjust the natural level of fluoride in its water supply so that a greater number of Skagit County residents can receive the proven benefits of fluoride, and thereby oral disease may be reduced. For more information read: Citizens for a Healthy Skagit or Skagit County Clean Water
Skagit County Commissioner District 3
Ted W. Anderson (R)
Sharon Dillon (D)
Website: Sharon Dillon
Skagit County Assessor
Mark Leander (R)
Skagit County Auditor
Norma Brummett (R)
Skagit County Clerk
Nancy Scott (D)
Skagit County Coroner
Bruce Bacon (D)
Skagit County Prosecutor
Tom Seguine (R)
Jennifer Bouwens (R)
Website: http://www.electjenbouwens.com
Skagit County Sheriff
Rick Grimstead (D)
Skagit County Treasurer
Katie Jungquist
Skagit County District Court Judge Position 1
Stephen Skelton (NP)
Skagit County District Court Judge Position 2
David Svaren (NP)
Skagit County Public Utility District Commissioner District 2
Robbie Robertson (NP)
Skamania County
Snohomish County
Spokane County
(See also Spokane County Auditor's candidate filing page and primary results page)
Spokane County Commissioner District 3
Phil Harris (R) - Incumbent (PRIMARY WINNER)
Bonnie Mager (D) (PRIMARY WINNER) (GENERAL ELECTION WINNER)
Bonnie has been Executive Director of Citizens for Clean Air, the Eastern Washington Coordinator for Washington Environmental Council and Director of Neighborhood Alliance of Spokane County.
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20060813220156/http://www.votebonniemager.com/
George Orr (D)
Former Washington State Representative, U.S. Navy Veteran, Career Firefighter, former PTA President, school district Boardmember
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20060814144827/http://www.votegeorgeorr.com/
Additional Info: https://web.archive.org/web/20060513182355/http://www.spokanedemocrats.org/index.cfm?page=hopefuls.cfm
Barbara "Barb" K. Chamberlain (D)
Director of Communications & Public Affairs at Washington State University Spokane since 1998; Friends of the Falls Board of Directors; University District Development Steering Committee; Co-chair, Citizens for Spokane Schools, 2006 successful levy campaign; former Idaho State Legislator, former Chair North Idaho College Board of Trustees
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20110202175619/http://votebarbchamberlain.com/
Larry R. Vandervert (R)
Spokane County Auditor
Vicky M. Dalton (D) - Incumbent (GENERAL ELECTION WINNER)
Mike Volz (R)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20071010130036/http://votevolz.com/
Spokane County Assessor
(As of the evening of November 9, Baker led by less than 200 votes)
Ralph Baker (R) - Incumbent (PRIMARY WINNER)
Judy Personett (D) (PRIMARY WINNER)
Website: http://www.electpersonettassessor.com
Brad Stark (R)
Currently a Spokane City Council member
Spokane County Clerk
Thomas R. Fallquist (R) - Incumbent
Spokane County Prosecuting Attorney
Steve Tucker (R) - Incumbent (PRIMARY WINNER) (GENERAL ELECTION WINNER)
Bob Caruso (D) (PRIMARY WINNER)
Jim Reierson (D)
Spokane County Sheriff
Ozzie D. Knezovich (R) - Incumbent (appointed) (PRIMARY WINNER) (GENERAL ELECTION WINNER)
Website: http://www.ozzieforsheriff.com/
James Flavel (D) (PRIMARY WINNER)
Cal Walker (R)
Website: http://www.calwalkerforsheriff.com/
Spokane County Treasurer
Bob Wrigley (R)
D. E. "Skip" Chilberg (D) (GENERAL ELECTION WINNER)
Spokane County District Court Position 1
Vance W. Peterson - Incumbent
Spokane County District Court Position 2
Sara B. Derr - Incumbent (PRIMARY WINNER—with more than 50% of the vote, Derr will advance to the general election alone)
Website: http://www.reelectsaraderr.com/
Dan Davis
F. Dana Kelley.
Spokane County District Court Position 3
John O. Cooney (GENERAL ELECTION WINNER)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20080821075610/http://www.cooney4judge.com/
Mark A. Laiminger
Senior Deputy Prosecutor, Spokane County
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20071009043919/http://www.marklaiminger.org/
Spokane County District Court Position 4
Patti Connolly Walker - IncumbentSpokane County District Court (GENERAL ELECTION WINNER)
EDUCATION: B.A. Law & Psychology, Carleton University, 1985; J.D. Gonzaga University School of Law, cum laude, 1988.
OCCUPATION: Spokane District & Municipal Court Judge, Position 4.
EMPLOYER: Spokane County District & Municipal Court.
LEGAL/JUDICIAL EXPERIENCE: Judge Patti Connolly Walker is the only Position 4 candidate with judicial experience. Elected in 2002 to District & Municipal Court after serving as Court Commissioner, Judge Walker was first a civil litigation attorney and criminal prosecutor for 13 years. She set up the Internet Crimes Unit, prosecuted adult entertainment cases and individuals who sexually abused children. She successfully argued constitutional cases before the Washington State Supreme Court, Court of Appeals and Federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.
OPTIONAL INFORMATION: An avid hockey coach, Patti shares her love of hockey and sports with her three children ages 13, 11 and 8.
Candidate Statement: A trusted leader in our court, Judge Walker was elected Acting Presiding Judge for 2006. A community leader, she was President of multiple Lawyers Associations and served on numerous Boards. Accomplished, fair and impartial, she was instrumental in developing and implementing the comprehensive DUI court. Judge Walker is endorsed by those who closely monitor the courts including Judges & Community Leaders, the Regional Labor Council, State Patrol Troopers Association, Washington Council of Police/Sheriffs, Fraternal Order of Police, Spokane Police Guild, Spokane Sheriffs Association, Spokane Firefighters Union and Prosecutor Steve Tucker. She is rated Exceptionally Well Qualified - Washington Women Lawyers.
Questionnaire: Received by Spokane County Bar Association
Official web site: www.judgepattiwalker.com
Mary C. Logan
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20070630181633/http://www.maryloganforjudge.com/
Spokane County District Court Position 5
Gregory J. Tripp - Incumbent (GENERAL ELECTION WINNER)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20070929044901/http://www.judgetripp.com/
Rated exceptionally well-qualified by the Spokane County Bar Association and Washington Women Lawyers
Candidate Statement: "A District Court Judge since 1997, I am honored to serve the Spokane community, where I have lived and worked for over 30 years. As the only candidate with long term, proven experience as an attorney, prosecutor and judge, I have the support of our local legal community. Anyone who appears in court deserves to be treated with respect and courtesy. A judge should be open-minded and fair - and those who have committed crimes should be held accountable for their actions."
Endorsed by The Spokesman Review, see website for list of extensive legal community endorsements
Jeffrey Leslie
Spokane County District Court Position 6
Debra R. Hayes (PRIMARY WINNER) (GENERAL ELECTION WINNER)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20061208103020/http://www.debrahayesforjudge.com/
Mike Nelson (PRIMARY WINNER)
Website: http://www.willworkforjustice.com/
Harvey A. Dunham - Incumbent (appointed)
Website: http://www.retain-dunham.com
David Stevens
Deputy Spokane County Prosecutor, U.S. Navy veteran
Website: http://www.davidstevens.org/
Christine L. Carlile
Spokane County District Court Position 7
Donna Wilson - Incumbent
Spokane County District Court Position 8
Annette S. Plese - Incumbent
Spokane County District Court Position 9
Richard B. White - Incumbent
Stevens County
Stevens County Assessor
Al Taylor (R)
Stevens County Auditor
Tim Gray (D)
Stevens County Clerk
Patricia A. Chester (D)
Stevens County Commissioner District 2
Merrill J. Ott (R)
Stevens County Coroner
Patti Hancock (D)
Stevens County Prosecuting Attorney
John G. Wetle (R)
Stevens County Sheriff
Craig Thayer (D)
Stevens County Treasurer
Sue Harnasch (D)
Stevens County District Court Judge
Pamela F. Payne (NP)
Stevens County PUD Commissioner District 2
K.O. (Ken) Rosenberg
Thurston County
(Visit the Thurston County Auditor's web site for current information.)
Thurston County Conservation District Supervisor Position 2
David L. Hall
Thurston County PUD Commissioner District 1
Paul J. Pickett (NP)
Bud Kerr (NP)
Thurston County Commissioner District 3
Kevin O'Sullivan (R)
Bob Macleod (D)
Thurston County Assessor
Patricia Costello (D)
Tom Crowson (R)
Thurston County Auditor
Kim Wyman (R)
Thurston County Clerk
Betty J. Gould (D)
Thurston County Coroner
Terry Harper (R)
Gary Warnock (D)
Thurston County Prosecuting Attorney
Ed Holm (D)
Thurston County Sheriff
Howard Thronson (R)
Dan Kimball (D)
Thurston County Superior Court Judge Position 8
Anne Hirsch (NP)
Jim Powers (NP)
Thurston County District Judge Position 1
Susan A. Dubuisson
Thurston County District Judge Position 2
CL (Kip) Stilz
Chambers Lake Drainage District No. 3 Position 2
John Livingston
Hopkins Drainage District No. 2 Position 2
Chuck Cline
Scott Lake Drainage District No. 11 Position 3
Paul Eddy
Zenker Valley Drainage District No. 7 Position 3
Vacant
Wahkiakum County
Walla Walla County
Whatcom County
Whatcom County Council District 1
L. Ward Nelson (NP)
Whitman County
Yakima County
Yakima County Commissioner Position 3
Jesse Palacios (R)
Yakima County Assessor
Dave Cook (R)
Yakima County Auditor
Corky Mattingly (D)
Yakima County Clerk
Kim Eaton (R)
Yakima County Coroner
Maurice Rice (R)
Yakima County Prosecuting Attorney
Ron Zirkle (R)
Yakima County Sheriff
Ken Irwin (R)
Yakima County Treasurer
Ilene Thompson (R)
Yakima County District Court Position 1
Kevin Roy
Yakima County District Court Position 2
Rod Fitch
Yakima County District Court Position 3
Donald W. Engel
Yakima County District Court Position 4
Michael McCarthy
Yakima County Educational Service District #105 Director Position 2
Maggie Perez
Yakima County Educational Service District #105 Director Position 4
Patsy Callaghan
Yakima County Educational Service District #105 Director Position 6
Bruce Ricks
Judicial races
Court of Appeals Division I, District 1, Position 4
(King County)
Ronald E. Cox - Incumbent
Court of Appeals Division I, District 1, Position 7
(King County)
Marlin J Appelwick - Incumbent
Court of Appeals Division I, District 3, Position 1
(Island, San Juan, Skagit, and Whatcom Counties)
Mary Kay Becker - Incumbent
Jeff Teichert
Court of Appeals Division II, District 1, Position 3
(Pierce County)
Christine Quinn-Brintnall - Incumbent
Beth Jensen
Court of Appeals Division II, District 2, Position 2
(Clallam, Grays Harbor, Jefferson, Kitsap, Mason, and Thurston Counties)
David H. Armstrong - Incumbent
Court of Appeals Division II, District 3, Position 1
(Clark, Cowlitz, Lewis, Pacific, Skamania, and Wahkiakum Counties)
Joel Penoyar - Incumbent (ELECTION WINNER, His name was the only name on the ballot for the position in the general election.)
Brent Boger
Court of Appeals Division III, District 1, Position 1
(Ferry, Lincoln, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, and Stevens Counties)
John A. Schultheis - Incumbent
Court of Appeals Division III, District 3, Position 2
(Chelan, Douglas, Kittitas, Klickitat, and Yakima Counties)
Teresa C. Kulik - Incumbent
External links
Public Disclosure Commission candidate search
Local | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Washington%20State%20local%20elections |
"Diversity Day" is the second episode of the first season of the American comedy television series The Office. Written by B. J. Novak and directed by Ken Kwapis, it first aired in the United States on March 29, 2005, on NBC. The episode guest-stars Office consulting producer Larry Wilmore as Mr. Brown.
In this episode, Michael's (Steve Carell) controversial imitation of a Chris Rock routine forces the staff to undergo a racial diversity seminar. A consultant (Larry Wilmore) arrives to teach the staff about tolerance and diversity, but Michael insists on imparting his own knowledge—aggravating both the consultant and the entire office staff—and creates his own diversity seminar. He eventually assigns each staff member an index card with a different race on it, causing tempers to slowly simmer until they finally snap. Meanwhile, Jim struggles to keep hold of a lucrative contract extension, but Dwight makes the sale for himself.
"Diversity Day" was the first episode of The Office to feature original writing, as the pilot episode ("Pilot") contained many jokes from the British series pilot. Wilmore, a writer for the show, had to formally audition with other actors because of stipulations with the Screen Actors Guild. The episode received a 2.7/6 in the Nielsen ratings among people aged 18–49 and garnered 6.0 million viewers overall, losing almost half of its audience from the previous week. Despite this setback, the episode received positive reviews from television critics.
Synopsis
In answer to Michael's (Steve Carell) apparently constant recitation of Chris Rock's "Niggas vs. Black People" routine, the corporate offices of Dunder Mifflin send a representative (Larry Wilmore) from Diversity Today to hold a meeting regarding diversity training. Michael finds it insulting and, as a response, holds his own diversity meeting. He shows a brief video that addresses nothing of significance, claims that his heritage is "two-fifteenths Native American", and instructs everyone to wear index cards with a certain race on it and to treat others however they might treat people of those races. When he delivers a racist impression of an Indian person to Kelly (Mindy Kaling) (who is in fact not wearing a card, having missed the activity due to a meeting), she takes offense and slaps him.
Meanwhile, Jim (John Krasinski) desperately tries to re-up an annual sale that will amount to a quarter of his yearly commission, but he is ultimately undercut by Dwight (Rainn Wilson). However, during the end of the diversity meeting Pam (Jenna Fischer) dozes on his shoulder, leading Jim to conclude that it was nevertheless "not a bad day".
Production
Larry Wilmore, who plays the sensitivity trainer Mr. Brown, is a writer for the show. At the table-read for this episode, they had not cast the part yet and Daniels had Wilmore read for the role to fill in. After the read, producer Greg Daniels thought he was perfect for the role. However, because of stipulations with the Screen Actors Guild, producers still had to have Wilmore formally audition with other actors for the role. Daniels was also not sure where to use Mindy Kaling on-screen in the series until the point came in this episode's script when Michael needed to be slapped by a minority. Her character in this episode, however, is far from the bubbly, chatty character that Kelly later becomes.
The second episode of the series was the first to feature predominantly original writing, as the pilot episode contained many jokes from the British series pilot. During one of Michael's impersonations, a racial expletive spoken by Michael had to be censored by the producers for NBC. Daniels was terrified that the scene would leak unedited, so he personally oversaw the censoring of the master copy.
The scene during which Pam rests her head on Jim's shoulder after Dwight has stolen his sale and Jim smiles and says "not a bad day after all" came about when Greg Daniels spoke to the writers about wanting to have small, happy interactions between Jim and Pam and mentioned the head-on-shoulder idea, which B. J. Novak immediately wrote into his script. Paul Lieberstein did not want to appear in the episode and did so assuming it would be a one-time event, but Kevin Reilly was impressed by his work and said the show should use him more, leading to the expansion of Paul's work as Toby Flenderson. Two scenes that were cut involved Michael Scott responding to Mr. Brown's "HERO" acronym by creating one that sounded good until everyone noticed the words created the acronym of "INCEST", and Michael responded to Mr. Brown's nixing of that idea by pointing out the links between incest and racism in some states, while another had Jim replacing Dwight's "Asian" headband with "Dwight" and then having the other co-workers complain to a clueless Dwight about how annoying his behavior was.
Web release
NBC webcast this episode on March 16, 2005, on MySpace to promote the show's then-upcoming premiere. This was NBC's first-ever online debut of a complete episode of a network series, and also included a trimmed-down webisode version of the episode for on-demand viewing on MySpace the following day. Greg Daniels later noted in an interview with Uproxx that cutting it to the required 12 minutes "was almost impossible" and that he had already "really sweated" during the process of getting the episode down to the 22 minutes for broadcast.
Reception
Ratings
"Diversity Day" premiered on NBC on March 29, 2005. While the pilot episode garnered over eleven million viewers, the second episode lost over half its viewing audience from the previous episode. The episode received a 2.7/6 in the Nielsen ratings among people aged 18–49, meaning that 2.7 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds viewed the episode and six percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching TV viewed it. The episode garnered 6.0 million viewers overall. The episode, airing after Scrubs, retained 90% of its lead-in 18–49 audience. In addition, "Diversity Day", along with the other first-season episodes of The Office, helped NBC score its highest-rated Tuesday night slot since February 1, 2005.
Reviews
Contrary to the lukewarm response to the pilot, "Diversity Day" earned positive reviews from television critics. Entertainment Weekly gave the episode positive reviews, stating that: "Think of the toss-off racism of the original, plopped into a PC-gone-wrong showcase that might be entitled The Accidental Bigot. As when the African-American diversity trainer introduces himself as Mr. Brown, and Scott assures him, 'I will not call you that.'" Ricky Gervais (the lead in the British series) stated that in comparison to the British version, "[i]t is as good. I love the fact that, apart from the first one, the scripts are all original. You've gone back to the blueprint of what the characters are and you've started from there, as opposed to copying anything." Rolling Stone magazine named the scene wherein Michael shows the office his diversity video the third greatest Moment from The Office. The article particularly praised Michael's line: "Abraham Lincoln once said, 'If you are a racist, I will attack you with the North.
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B+" and felt that, as the show lost viewers in the first season, the stories got better, and that "Diversity Day" is an excellent example of this "unfortunate trend". He noted that the episode "would go on to be one of the series' defining episodes, an installment that put a more hopeful spin on the original Offices views on accepting the disparity between our dreams and our realities." However, Adams noted that Carell's character was still too aggressive for Michael Scott to be completely lovable, and that the second season episode "Sexual Harassment" would serve as "a gentler spiritual sequel" to this episode, featuring a similar premise, but with a softened Michael Scott. For his work on this episode, B. J. Novak was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay – Episodic Comedy.
On August 22, 2021, the channel Comedy Central removed the episode from its reruns of the show. However it remains in rotation on Freeform and is still available to stream on Peacock, NBCUniversal's streaming service.
References
External links
"Diversity Day" at NBC.com
Race and ethnicity in television
The Office (American season 1) episodes
fr:La Journée de la diversité | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity%20Day%20%28The%20Office%29 |
The (second) Battle of Bornhöved took place on 22 July 1227 near Bornhöved in Holstein. Count Adolf IV of Schauenburg and Holstein — leading an army consisting of troops from the cities of Lübeck and Hamburg, about 1000 Dithmarsians and combined troops of Holstein next to various Northern German nobles — defeated King Valdemar II of Denmark and the Welf Otto the Child.
Background
Valdemar and his predecessor King Canute VI of Denmark had previously conquered Holstein, Mecklenburg, Hamburg, Lübeck (1202), Ratzeburg and the coast of Pomerania including the island of Rügen.
The battle
The contest was maintained with great firmness on both sides, and continued for an unusual length of time, and the carnage was so great, that its combatants are said to have fought knee deep in blood. The King of Denmark had one of his eyes shot out, and had several horses killed under him, but his troops and their allies fought with so much bravery that the victory would have been theirs had not the contingent of Dithmarschen, a Saxon ethnic group, deserted their colours. At the most critical moment of the action these troops passed over to the enemy, and the Danes were obliged to give way. In the confusion that followed Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and the Bishop of Ribe were taken prisoner. Otto was sent to Rostock, the capital of a lordship held by Mecklenburg, where he was shut up in a fortress. But the King of Denmark, who escaped from the field, busied himself in repairing this disaster by forming a fresh army, with which he kept the enemy in check.
Results
As a result of the battle, the Danish border with the Holy Roman Empire was moved north again from river Elbe to the Eider River, the southern border of the Duchy of Schleswig. This border remained in effect until 1806. The victorious Adolf IV of Schauenburg regained the County of Holstein and his fellow victor Albert I, Duke of Saxony reasserted himself as liege lord of the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein against the Welf claim. Dithmarschen shook off Danish supremacy and returned to a very loose overlordship by the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, paving the way for its de facto autonomy as a peasant republic until 1559. The Principality of Rügen was the only possession in the Holy Roman Empire left to Valdemar after the battle.
References
Sir Andrew Halliday Annals of the House of Hannover, v.2, London, 1826.
Notes
Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
Wars involving the Hanseatic League
Battles involving Denmark
Battles in Schleswig-Holstein
Conflicts in 1227
History of Hamburg
History of Lübeck
1227 in Europe
13th century in Denmark
1220s in the Holy Roman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Bornh%C3%B6ved%20%281227%29 |
"False Memories" is a story arc that ran through Buffy the Vampire Slayer #35–38 based on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television series. The arc was later collected into a trade paperback edition.
Story description
General synopsis
"Remember that time when Buffy's little sister Dawn first found out that Buffy is the Slayer? And then when Angel almost killed Dawn, because no one had told her that he'd turned evil again?"
Buffy and her friends all have memories about Dawn Summers, yet only Buffy and Giles have discovered those memories are not real. Buffy and Giles are still lacking real answers about those memories. Meanwhile, Dawn vanishes without a trace, and the Scoobies have no idea where she is. Buffy will stop at nothing to find Dawn.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer #35
Comic title: Remember The Beginning
Dawn has fourteen years of memories including the time she first discovered Buffy was the Slayer, the time when Angel tried to kill her, and so on. Only Buffy and Giles are aware that such memories are not real. Dawn is linked to other secrets from the past, namely a previous slayer who is still the victim of a curse.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer #36
Comic title: Remember The Lies
Dawn has vanished without a trace and the Scooby gang has no clue where to find her.
As the Scooby gang try to find Dawn, Buffy causes chaos in the town during her search. Spike thinks that Dawn's disappearance might be linked to the former Slayer turned vampire, Yuki Makumura. A battle between Vampire Slayer and Slayer Vampire maybe approaching.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer #37
Comic title: Remember The Truth
Buffy is looking for clues related to her sister, and Harmony thinks up another plan to cause trouble and she distracts people from the search for Dawn. Meanwhile, crazy vampire monks who know about Dawn's past are holding her captive. Also, the Slayer-Vampire is on Buffy's case.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer #38
Comic title: Remember The End
Buffy and her friends face off against the Buddhist vampire-monks who had kidnapped Dawn. The monks know all about Dawn. Buffy must handle new information and face a fight with a Slayer-Vampire.
Continuity
Supposedly set in Buffy season 5, the story arc contains various flashbacks to previous events from Dawn's perspective.
The arc takes place after Haunted, and before Willow & Tara.
Canonical issues
Buffy comics such as this one are not usually considered by fans as canonical. However, unlike fan fiction, overviews summarizing their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy merchandise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False%20Memories |
Rudolf Karel (9 November 1880 – 6 March 1945) was a distinguished Czech composer.
Biography
Rudolf Karel was a son of a railway employee. He studied law at Charles University and then composition from 1899 to 1904 with Antonín Dvořák and organ with Josef Klička. When WWI started he was visiting Russia. He was arrested, but managed to escape. He joined Czechoslovak Legions and served as a conductor of their orchestra. In 1923 he became a professor at Prague Conservatory. During WWII he took part in the resistance and in March 1943 was arrested. After being interned and tortured at Pankrác prison for two years (1943–1945) Karel was sent to Theresienstadt prison. The conditions in the prison were dire and he became ill with dysentery and pneumonia. SS-Oberscharführer Stefan Rojko sent all ill prisoners outside in freezing cold to disinfect the cell. As a result Karel and 8 other prisoners died on 6 March 1945.
Ih Pankrác and Theresienstadt he continued working. He composed five-act fairy-tale opera Three Hairs of the Wise Old Man, writing on toilet paper using pencil or medicinal charcoal. The 240 sheets containing a detailed sketch of the opera was secretly passed to a friendly warden. The orchestrations were completed after his death and from his notes by his pupil Zbynek Vostřák.
His Nonet op. 43 (though left incomplete at the time of his death) was composed between January and February 1945. It was orchestrated by František Hertl and premiered in December 1945.
Works (selection)
Piano
1910 Theme and variations op.13
Opera
1909 Ilseino srdce (Ilsea's Heart)
1932 Smrt Kmotřička, Op.30 (Godmother Death)
1944 Tří vlasy děda Vševěda (Three Hairs of an Old Wise Man)
Orchestra works
1904/1911 Scherzo Capriccio op.6
1909 Ideals, a symphonic epic op.11
1914 Symphony for violin and orchestra op.20
1918/1920 Demon Symphony op.23
1921 Renaissance Symphony op.15
1938 Spring Symphony op.38
1941 Revolution Overture. Op.39
Chamber music
1903 first string quartet in D minor op.3
1910 second string quartet in E major op.12
1912 violin sonata in D minor op.17
1915 piano quartet op.22
1936 third string quartet op.37
1945 Nonet (incomplete) op.43
Sources
Stanley Sadie (Ed.) The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians. 1980.
Darryl Lyman: Great Jews in Music. Jonathan David Publishers, New York N.Y. 1986,
References
External links
1880 births
1945 deaths
Czech classical composers
Czech male classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Musicians from Plzeň
Czech people who died in the Theresienstadt Ghetto
Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
20th-century Czech male musicians
Escapees from Russian detention
Czechoslovak Legion personnel
Charles University alumni
Academic staff of the Prague Conservatory
People interned during World War I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Karel |
Basic Math is an educational cartridge for the Atari Video Computer System (later called the Atari 2600) developed by Gary Palmer of Atari, Inc. It was one of the nine launch titles offered when the console went on sale in September 1977. In 1980, Basic Math was renamed Fun with Numbers.
Gameplay
The player's objective is to solve basic arithmetic problems. Game variations determine whether the player solves addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division problems, and whether he/she could select the top number (the console randomly selects the lower number).
The player uses the joystick to enter an answer to the math problem. The game uses sound effects to signal whether the answer is right or wrong. If the player's answer is incorrect the game will then show the correct answer.
Reception
Basic Math was reviewed in Video magazine as part of a general review of the Atari VCS. It was described as "very basic" with reviewers drolly noting that "the controls of this game may be a little more complicated than the actual problems", and the game was scored a 5 out of 10.
In a retrospective look, Kevin Bunch wrote:
Legacy
On April 1, 2022, Atari announced Basic Math: Recharged, a web-based re-imagining of the original title.
See also
Math Gran Prix (1982)
References
1977 video games
Atari 2600 games
Children's educational video games
North America-exclusive video games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic%20Math%20%28video%20game%29 |
Noel Swaranjit Sen (born 24 December 1946) is a retired Indian Police Service Policeman of 1968 batch. He was Director-General and Inspector-General of Police (DGP) in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. After a stint with the Indian Army (Short Service Commission) in the 1960s, he became an Officer of the Indian Police Service. He was also a Commandant of the 1st Battalion of Border Security Force.
Personal life
Swaranjit Sen was born on Christmas eve in the year 1946 and hails from West Bengal and pursued scholastic and collegiate studies at notable academic institutions in India. He was at The Doon School, Dehradun from where he gradyated in 1965. This was the time when John A. K. Martyn was the Head Master of the School. For collegiate studies, he moved to St. Stephen's College, Delhi when Satish Chandra Circar was the Principal. Sen pursued graduate studies leading to B. A.
Career
Indian Army (5th Short Service Commission)
Swaranjit enrolled for the 5th Short Service Commission of the Indian Army in 1967 serving between 1968 and 1973. He also took part in the military operations in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which were led by none other than Sam Manekshaw. By 1973, Swaranjit opted out of military service and moved to policing joining the Indian Police Service on July 8, 1973. However, his earlier service in the Indian Army has been given due credence. His service in the IPS has been counted from 1968.
Indian Police Service (1968 batch)
It was in 1973 that Swaranjit Sen moved to the Indian Police Service. He was allotted the Andhra Pradesh cadre and belonged to the 1968 batch. He was Superintendent of Police in Kurnool district and Guntur district. Swaranjit Sen also had moved on central deputation serving as Commandant of the 1st Battalion of the Border Security Force in Jammu and Kashmir.
Sen rose from the ranks of the police force and finally headed the Andhra Pradesh State Police Force. He was made Director General and Inspector General of Police on 31 December 2004, a post in which he served for two years until his retirement on attaining superannuation on 31 December 2006. His predecessor was S.R. Sukumara. It was during then Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy's tenure that he was appointed as DGP. By that time, he was already serving as Home Secretary.
Swaranjit has been credited with the creation of Special Protection Force (SPF) and had conducted many fire safety drills during his tenure as Inspector-General of Fire Services. An expert in tackling Naxalism, he has been invited by other states who have taken police action against the group. A Christian, he has also been active in advocating for minority rights in India
Post retirement
Swaranjit Sen was made Chairperson of Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation. In 2014, Swaranjit Sen was honoured for his integrity and service during the centennial celebrations of the National Council of Churches in India held at the nearly-ecumenical Andhra Christian Theological College, Secunderabad.
References
Further reading
Indian police chiefs
Living people
Indian Christians
Indian Anglicans
Church of South India
Indian Police Service officers
1946 births
The Doon School alumni
St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni
Bengali people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel%20Swaranjit%20Sen |
Lee Langeveldt (born 10 November 1986) is a South African association footballer who plays for National First Division club Stellenbosch.
Career
Langeveldt is a goalkeeper and began his career at South African club Idas Valley. He was a product of the former football school in South Africa, UPE-FCK at University of Port Elizabeth. He left the football school heading to FC Fortune, which in turn sent him to the Danish club F.C. Copenhagen's second team Kjøbenhavns Boldklub. In August 2007 he signed for South African football club Santos.
International
He was selected for the South African squad at the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
External links
1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Stellenbosch
Cape Coloureds
South African men's soccer players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Santos F.C. (South Africa) players
Kjøbenhavns Boldklub players
Milano United F.C. players
Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C. players
Stellenbosch F.C. players
2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Soccer players from the Western Cape | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Langeveldt |
"Health Care" is the third episode of the first season of the American comedy television series The Office. Written by Paul Lieberstein, who also acts in the show as Toby Flenderson, and directed by Ken Whittingham, the episode first aired in the United States on April 5, 2005, on NBC.
In this episode, Michael (Steve Carell) is tasked with choosing a new and inexpensive health care plan. He immediately hands it off to enthusiastic volunteer Dwight (Rainn Wilson). Dwight ruthlessly cuts nearly all benefits in the new plan, angering the rest of the office staff. Meanwhile, Pam (Jenna Fischer) and Jim (John Krasinski) make up fake diseases, much to Dwight's chagrin. In an attempt to appease them, Michael promises the entire office a surprise and then spends the rest of the day scrambling to come through with his promise. The employees wait for Michael's surprise, which he awkwardly never delivers.
The episode received positive reviews from television critics. Jenna Fischer later called "Health Care" her favorite season one episode. During one particular scene, Rainn Wilson kept improvising new fake diseases. The laughter that resulted in his ad-libs was not scripted, as they were in fact the cast's genuine reaction to Wilson's fake diseases. The episode received a 2.9/7 in the Nielsen ratings among people aged 18–49 and garnered 5.8 million viewers overall. In addition, the episode retained 100% of its lead-in 18–49 audience and ranked, along with the other first-season episodes of The Office, as NBC's highest-rated Tuesday night program since February 1, 2005.
Plot
Jan Levinson-Gould (Melora Hardin) tasks Michael Scott (Steve Carell) with picking a new healthcare plan for the office, dictating that he must choose a provider and simply pick the cheapest plan. Unwilling to reveal the bad news that healthcare benefits will likely be cut to the employees, Michael at first tasks Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) with handling the healthcare decision, but Jim instead recommends Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson), who eagerly accepts the assignment. To work on the plan, Michael allows Dwight to use the conference room as a temporary workspace, though Dwight lets the power go to his head and refers to his workspace as an office.
Dwight picks a very cheap plan with little coverage, no benefits, and a large deductible. Not willing to confront the disgruntled employees, Michael hides out in his office claiming he is very busy. When the other employees confront him about Dwight's bad plan, he chastises Dwight and tries to liven the employees' spirits by telling them he has a big surprise prepared for them at the end of the day, though even he is not sure what the surprise will be. In another desperate attempt to avoid questions, Michael leaves the office and tries to plan the surprise.
Back at the office, Dwight distributes forms that ask employees to list any ailments or illnesses they may have so that it may be covered. Jim and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) conjure up fake diseases that frustrate Dwight. Jim later locks Dwight in his "workspace" as Michael, having failed to procure a better surprise, returns with ice cream sandwiches. While trapped in the conference room, Dwight calls Jan, attempting to get Jim fired, but Jan is not only outraged that Michael left the office and left Dwight in charge, but also that he handed off the healthcare plan duties to him. Dwight later gathers the employees in the conference room, forcing them to publicly reveal their ailments.
At the end of the day, the employees confront Michael to hear about the surprise, but Michael's awkward stalling tactics cause them to finally realize there is no surprise, and they leave. With only him and Dwight left in the office, Dwight casually mentions to Michael what Jan said to him.
Production
"Health Care" marked the first episode written by writer/actor Paul Lieberstein, who would go on to write several other episodes. It also marked the first episode directed by Ken Whittingham, who would go on to direct several other episodes.
Jenna Fischer stated that "Health Care" was her favorite episode of season one. Fischer went on to say that "We laughed a lot while making this episode. Particularly during the scene where Dwight confronts everyone in the office about who has been writing fake diseases on their health forms. Rainn Wilson kept improvising new fake diseases, and we didn't know what he would say next." Fischer notes that several of the scenes that involved laughing were not scripted and were in fact the cast's genuine reaction to Wilson's fake diseases. The episode was rebroadcast on March 29, 2007, as part of a "Human resources Nightmares" marathon hosted by Paul Lieberstein. Lieberstein's character Toby Flenderson is the Human Resources Representative for the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the Dunder Mifflin paper company, where The Office is set. "Health Care" was one of two first-season episodes, the other being "Hot Girl", to not contain commentary by members of the cast and crew on the season DVD.
Reception
Ratings
"Health Care" premiered on NBC on April 5, 2005. The episode received a 2.9/7 in the Nielsen ratings among people aged 18–49, meaning that 2.9 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds viewed the episode and seven percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching TV viewed it. The episode garnered 5.8 million viewers overall. The episode, airing after Scrubs, retained 100% of its lead-in 18–49 audience. In addition, "Health Care", along with the other first-season episodes of The Office helped NBC score its highest-rated Tuesday night slot since February 1, 2005.
Reviews
Critical reception to "Health Care" was largely positive. Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B+", and felt that the episode helped to expand upon Dwight's character, noting that "the pieces are falling into place" for Dwight to become the show's breakout character. Furthermore, he applauded the fact that the episode was based on an episode of the original BBC series, but that it did not create an exact copy, but rather used the concept as a template to create something new and original.
In a review by DVD Verdict, Mike Pinsky stated that "Turning the third episode over to such a character, when Michael passes off responsibility for picking a corporate health care plan to Dwight, is meant to draw laughs out of his megalomania. But it just is not that funny." Travis Fickett from IGN wrote positively of the episode, giving it a 7.9/10 "good" rating. He noted that "there's something Stephen King about Dwight that creates an underlying layer of menace" and that the episode is "an early incarnation of [The Offices] early days, its original "paradigm" – and arguably its strongest." IGN later placed Jim and Pam's prank of creating fake diseases as ninth in its "Top Ten Moments from The Office". Television Without Pity awarded the episode an A rating.
References
External links
"Health Care" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 1) episodes
fr:La Mutuelle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20Care%20%28The%20Office%29 |
John "Jake" Custance Kerr, (born September 21, 1944) is a Canadian business executive. He is the former chair and CEO of Lignum Ltd., one of Canada's largest privately held forest product companies.
Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, he received a bachelor's degree from the University of British Columbia in 1965 and an MBA from the University of California, Berkeley in 1967.
He has been a member of the board of directors of Scotiabank since 1999.
In 2002, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada "for his ability to bring together diverse interests" and for having "served as Canada's lead negotiator in international trade talks". In 1997, he was awarded the Order of British Columbia.
References
1944 births
Living people
Members of the Order of British Columbia
Members of the Order of Canada
Businesspeople from Vancouver
University of British Columbia alumni
Haas School of Business alumni
Directors of Scotiabank
Canadian corporate directors
Canadian chief executives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake%20Kerr%20%28businessman%29 |
Laura Mañá Alvarenga (born 12 January 1968) is an actress, film director and screenwriter. She was born in Barcelona. As an actress, she has worked for directors such as Bigas Luna or Vicente Aranda. In 1997 she directed Paraules, her first short film and in 2000 her first feature film, Sexo por compassion, selected at the Sundance and Toronto film festivals and awarded at the Malaga Film Festival (Best Film and Audience Award) and at the Festival de Miami (Best Screenplay), among others.
Filmography
As a director and screen writer
Paraules, 1997
Sexo por compasión, 2000
Killing Words, 2003
Morir en San Hilario, 2005
Te quiero, imbécil, 2020
Un novio para mi mujer, 2022
As an actress
Lolita al desnudo, 1991
La Teta y la luna, 1994
Pizza Arrabbiata, 1995
Libertarias, 1996
Romasanta, 2004
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
Actresses from Barcelona
Spanish film directors
Spanish women film directors
Spanish women screenwriters
20th-century Spanish actresses
21st-century Spanish actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Ma%C3%B1%C3%A1 |
Munster High School (MHS) is a public high school in Munster, Indiana. It is part of the School Town of Munster. Munster High School serves as the only high school for the Munster School District.
Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 1,515 students enrolled in 2019-20 was:
Male - 50%
Female - 50%
Native American/Alaskan - 0%
Asian/Pacific islanders - 6%
Black - 8%
Hispanic - 23%
White - 58%
Multiracial - 4%
15% of the students were eligible for free or reduced-price lunch.
Athletics
The following sports are offered at Munster High School:
Baseball (boys)
State champ 2002
Basketball (girls & boys)
Cross Country (girls & boys)
Football (boys)
Golf (girls & boys)
Soccer (girls & boys)
Softball (girls)
Swimming and Diving (girls & boys)
Boys state champs 1973–1977, 1979, 1980
Girls state champs 1976-1978
Tennis (girls & boys)
Track and Field (girls & boys)
Volleyball (girls)
Wrestling (boys)
Notable alumni
Nzinga Blake - Actress
Stephan Bonnar - Retired Professional Mixed Martial Artist, most notably with the UFC
William C. Bradford - Professor of political science and law, Attorney General Chiricahua Apache Nation
James Hamblin (journalist) - Journalist and doctor.
Nan Hayworth - Former U.S. Representative for New York's 19th congressional district
Sue Hendrickson - Paleontologist responsible for discovery of the largest specimen of a T. rex found and one of the most complete skeletons recorded
Joe Mansueto - Founder, majority owner and CEO of Morningstar, Inc.
Ryan McMahen - Former MLS for the Kansas City Wizards, as well as various developmental league teams including the Michigan Bucks and Austin Aztex
Hal Morris - Former MLB first baseman for the Detroit Tigers, Cincinnati Reds, Kansas City Royals and New York Yankees
Michelle Oakley - Wildlife veterinarian and subject of National Geographic television show, "Yukon Vet."
Mike Pellicciotti - American politician and Washington State Treasurer
Jill Underly - American Educator and Wisconsin State Superintendent of Public Instruction
Todd Rokita - Former Secretary of State of Indiana, former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana's 4th congressional district, and Indiana Attorney General
See also
List of high schools in Indiana
References
External links
Munster High School website
School Town of Munster website
Munster High School statistics at DOE Mustang
Public high schools in Indiana
Educational institutions established in 1967
Schools in Lake County, Indiana
1967 establishments in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster%20High%20School |
Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Autumnal is a trade paperback collecting comic stories based on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television series.
Story description
General synopsis
Buffy is being hunted by a monster which wants to kill her and initiate the end of the world. This is nothing new to Buffy yet it seems like the only person who can save her is a previous Slayer who has been in the ground a long time. Buffy also faces a backpack of maggots, a rat-infested cafeteria.
Buffy the vampire Slayer #26
Comic title: The Heart of a Slayer, part 1
Buffy is being hunted by a monster which wants to kill her and initiate the end of the world. This is nothing new to Buffy yet it seems like the only person who can save her is a previous Slayer who has been in the ground a long time ago. Buffy and her friends try to overcome confusion.
Buffy the vampire Slayer #27
Comic title: The Heart of a Slayer, part 2
Buffy finds out why she is being hunted by the nightmare monster from fourteenth-century France and also why the slayer from that era is determined to halt it. However stopping the creature may mean an ultimate sacrifice for one of the slayers.
Buffy the vampire Slayer #28
Comic title: Cemetery of Lost Love
Buffy's familiar with Sunnydale weirdness but now she puzzlingly has a backpack full of maggots, and comes across a cafeteria overrun by a herd of rats. Buffy suspects foul play, and must get to the bottom of who is trying to gross her out.
Continuity
Supposed to be set in the autumn of Buffy the Vampire Slayer's fourth season.
Canonical issues
Buffy comics are not usually considered by fans as canonical. However, unlike fan fiction, overviews summarizing their story, written early in the writing process, were approved by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy merchandise.
Comics based on Buffy the Vampire Slayer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumnal%20%28Buffy%20comic%29 |
Bahaedin Adab (), also spelled Bahaeddin or Bahaoddin Adab, Kurdish "Baha Adab" (21 August 1945 – 16 August 2007) was a prominent Iranian Kurdish politician and engineer and philanthropist. He was born in Sanandaj and had a civil engineering master's degree from Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnique). He died of cancer on 16 August 2007 in Tehran. He was buried in "Bahasht Mhamadi" Behesht-e Mohammadi cemetery in Sanandaj alongside his parents.
He had been elected as a member of the Iranian Parliament (Majlis of Iran) for two consecutive terms (1996–2004) from Sanandaj, Kamyaran and Diwandarreh. However, he was disqualified by the Guardian Council for the 7th parliament elections, as were many other independent or reformist candidates, because of his open criticism of the system. After he was barred from the elections, with some other individuals he founded the new political movement Kurdish United Front in early 2006.
Adab served as the chairman of the Syndicate of Iranian Construction Contractors, CEO of Abej Construction Company, CEO of Ravagh Construction Company, deputy chairman of the Confederation of Iranian Industries, member of the Board of Directors of Chamber of Commerce and Industry, deputy chairman of Karafarin Bank, member of the Board of Karafarin Insurance, chairman of the Association of Engineering and Building Controllers, chairman of Namavaran Mohandessi Investment Company, member of the Board of Trustees of Amirkabir University of Technology (Polytechnique), and deputy chairman of the Iranian Basketball Federation.
References
Deaths from cancer in Iran
Iranian civil engineers
Iranian Kurdish politicians
Kurdish United Front politicians
People from Sanandaj
1945 births
2007 deaths
Islamic Iran Participation Front politicians
Members of the 5th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 6th Islamic Consultative Assembly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaedin%20Adab |
Priscilla Barbara Elizabeth Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (16 February 1761 – 29 December 1828), known before 1780 as Lady Priscilla Bertie, was a daughter of the Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, and Mary Panton. Through her grandmother Mary Wynn, Priscilla Bertie was a descendant of the Welsh princely House of Aberffraw.
On 23 February 1779, she married Sir Peter Burrell (later 1st Baron Gwydyr) and they later had four children.
Barony of Willoughby de Eresby
On 8 July 1779, her brother, Robert Bertie, 4th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, died of scarlet fever at the age of 22 and his dukedom passed to his uncle, but his barony of Willoughby de Eresby, as well as the office of Lord Great Chamberlain, went into abeyance between Priscilla and her sister, Lady Georgiana (later Marchioness of Cholmondeley). On 17 March 1780, however, the abeyance of the barony was terminated in Priscilla's favour, as the elder sister. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain remains divided.
Marriage and children
Peter Robert Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Lord Willoughby de Eresby (12 March 1782 – 22 February 1865)
Hon. Lindsey Merrick Peter Burrell (20 June 1786 – 1 January 1848); married Frances Daniell on 13 July 1807 and had issue.
Hon. William Peregrine Peter Burrell (1 October 1788 – 27 July 1852); died unmarried.
Hon. Elizabeth Julia Georgiana Burrell (25 March 1793 – 30 April 1879); married John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare, on 14 April 1826.
1761 births
1828 deaths
Hereditary women peers
Daughters of British dukes
Wives of knights
Priscilla
21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla%20Bertie%2C%2021st%20Baroness%20Willoughby%20de%20Eresby |
Dan Păltinișanu (23 March 1951 – 4 March 1995) was a Romanian footballer who played as a defender.
Club career
Dan Păltinișanu was born in Bucharest, he started playing football in the youth systems of TM București and Dinamo București. He started his senior career at FC Brașov, making his Divizia A debut on 11 June 1972 in a 0–0 against Politehnica Iași. After playing only one Divizia A match for FC Brașov, Păltinișanu went to play one season in the second division for Metrom Brașov. For ten seasons starting from 1973 until 1983, Păltinișanu played for Politehnica Timișoara, winning the 1979–80 Cupa României in which he scored the decisive goal in the 2–1 victory of the final against Steaua București, appearing in 271 Divizia A matches in which he scored 24 goals and playing in 9 games in which he scored 4 goals in European competitions. He scored the goal that secured Politehnica Timișoara's 1–0 victory in the second leg against Celtic in the 1980–81 European Cup Winners' Cup which helped Politehnica advance to the next phase of the competition. He spent the last two years of his career playing in the third league for Unirea Sânnicolau Mare.
For his performances achieved at Politehnica Timișoara, the Dan Păltinișanu Stadium from Timișoara was named in his honor.
Păltinișanu won the Universiade gold medal with Romania's students football team in the 1974 edition of the tournament that was held in France, playing alongside László Bölöni, Gheorghe Mulțescu, Romulus Chihaia and Paul Cazan.
International career
Dan Păltinișanu played three games at international level for Romania, making his debut on 31 May 1978 under coach Ștefan Kovács in a 1–1 against Bulgaria at the 1977–80 Balkan Cup. His following two games were friendlies, a 1–0 loss against East Germany and a 3–1 loss against Soviet Union.
Personal life
His son, who is also named Dan Păltinișanu, was a basketball player who played for Romania's national basketball team and won the Romanian Basketball Cup while playing for BCM Elba Timișoara in 2010.
Honours
Politehnica Timișoara
Cupa României: 1979–80
References
External links
1951 births
1995 deaths
Footballers from Bucharest
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Liga I players
Liga II players
Liga III players
FC Politehnica Timișoara players
CS Unirea Sânnicolau Mare players
FC Brașov (1936) players
FC Dinamo București players
Men's association football central defenders
Men's association football defenders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20P%C4%83ltini%C8%99anu |
"Ugly Little Monsters" is a comic book storylines based on the Buffy television series that was published in Buffy the Vampire Slayer #40–42 by Dark Horse Comics. The arc was reprinted, along with issue #39 of the series, in a trade paperback collected edition.
Story description
General synopsis
Joyce Summers has died, and now the emotions of the Scooby Gang are running high, and little things seem to be causing problems. Since everybody is preoccupied with their grief, anger, guilt, and regret the 'good fight' seems less important. However soon green demon-children are tearing apart the Summers home, violently attacking its members. One of the Scoobies is holding a secret that might prevent the key to victory.
Buffy the vampire Slayer #40
Comic title: Ugly Little Monsters, part 1
Joyce Summers has died, and now the emotions of the Scooby Gang are running high, and little things seem to be causing problems. Since everybody is preoccupied with their grief, anger, guilt, and regret the 'good fight' seems less important. However soon green demon-children approach the Summers house.
Buffy the vampire Slayer #41
Comic title: Ugly Little Monsters, part 2
Tara is still feeling like she does not fit in with the Scooby Gang. She is getting closer to Willow, but more envious of Willow's friendships with Buffy and Xander. The little green monsters thrive on the fun of negative emotions like jealousy.
Buffy the vampire Slayer #42
Comic title: Ugly Little Monsters, part 3
Buffy and her friends are getting attacked by more ugly, bad-smelling, little, green monsters. They seem to really dislike Buffy, and are proving more of a problem than expected. It soon seems one of Buffy's friends maybe linked to the menace.
Continuity
Supposed to be set in late Buffy season 5, after "The Body".
Takes place after Autumnal, and before 'Chaos Bleeds' comic prequel.
Canonical issues
Buffy comics such as this one are not usually considered by fans as canonical. Some fans consider them stories from the imaginations of authors and artists, while other fans consider them as taking place in an alternative fictional reality. However unlike fan fiction, overviews summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy merchandise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly%20Little%20Monsters |
Valle Giulia is a valley area of Rome, immortalised in Fontane di Roma.
See also
Villa Giulia
Battle of Valle Giulia
Geography of Rome
Rome Q. III Pinciano | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle%20Giulia |
"The Alliance" is the fourth episode of the first season of the American comedy television series The Office. The episode aired on NBC in the United States on April 12, 2005. It was written by Michael Schur and directed by Bryan Gordon, marking their first credits for the show.
In this episode, paranoia takes over the members of the office as downsizing rumors swirl. Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) forms a Survivor-esque alliance with Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) against the other employees—later adding Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) also. Meanwhile, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) arranges a morale-boosting birthday party for Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery)—although her birthday is more than a month away. Michael agonizes over writing the perfect greeting in her birthday card, and in the end, his joke falls flat, ruining the party.
The episode was inspired by popular reality television shows, most notably Survivor. Originally, the first cut of the episode ran 37 minutes long and the producers considered making the episode a two-parter, one focusing on the Alliance and another focusing on Meredith's birthday party, but later decided against the idea. In addition, several of the lines and scenes from the episode were improvised or ad-libbed by the cast. "The Alliance" was viewed by an estimated 5.4 million viewers and received a 2.4/6% rating share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. The episode received positive reviews from critics.
Plot
Although time has dragged on, the downsizing rumors at Dunder Mifflin have not ceased. Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) feels particularly threatened by the impending crisis, and, in an act of desperation, forms an alliance with his office nemesis Jim Halpert (John Krasinski). Jim sees the alliance as an opportunity with great potential and agrees as a lark. He immediately enlists Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer)'s help in the situation. The two continue to perform a series of office pranks at the expense of Dwight.
Meanwhile, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) tries to boost morale in the office by having an office birthday party for Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery), even though her birthday is a month away. Michael agonizes over writing the perfect greeting in her birthday card. In the end, his joke (and subsequent rejected ones) fall flat and ruins the party. At the same time, Oscar also gets him to donate money to his nephew's cerebral palsy walk-a-thon, which Michael accidentally overcontributes to in an effort to look like a good boss.
At the end of the day, after a breakthrough in his pranks on Dwight, Jim giddily grabs Pam's hand in an attempt to explain what has just happened. However, Pam's fiancé Roy Anderson (David Denman) catches this and sees it as an attempt by Jim to make a move on Pam. Jim tries to convince Roy that it was just "office pranks" and asks Dwight to back him up, but he simply denies any involvement leaving Jim awkwardly embarrassed. Dwight reveals that he had no problems betraying Jim, despite the fact that he recently fell into one of Jim's tricks.
Production
The episode was inspired by popular reality television shows, most notably Survivor. The "Can I trust Jim?..." line was a direct reference to the show and was a "last-second addition" according to Daniels. In addition, Randall Einhorn, the cameraman for the episode, was a cameraman for Survivor. When the episode was being written, many of the cast and crew feared that it would bear too many stylistic resemblances to Curb Your Enthusiasm. Daniels later defended the show, saying that the show was different because of "the fact that they are on TV and they know they are being filmed. [They know they're] on camera." During the writing of the episode, Daniels made the writers spend actual time on the set, most notably in Michael's office. Mindy Kaling later noted that she "hated it".
The first cut of the episode ran 37 minutes long and the producers were tasked with cutting the footage down to 22 minutes. Executive producer Greg Daniels considered making the episode a two-parter, one focusing on the Alliance and another focusing on Meredith's birthday party, but the appearance of party hats in the Alliance-only scenes caused him to nix this idea. Because the episode had to be cut down due to time, several scenes were drastically cut. The filming crew actually shot about 15–20 minutes of Steve Carell coming up with terrible card ideas, which was drastically reduced. During the party, Ryan talks to a different woman in the background of each scene. Although not much footage made it into the final episode, the producers thought this was a nice character touch for the new employee. The penultimate scenes of Michael telling several terrible jokes to Meredith were also trimmed down. The final scene where Roy confronts Jim was shot ten different times, each in a different style, ranging from Roy slamming Jim into the wall to Roy asking Jim, "Hey, what are you doing?" Although the crew felt that the wall-slamming version was more dramatic, they realized that it caused the episode to go from a comedy to an "angry drama".
Several of the lines and scenes from the episode were improvised or ad-libbed by the cast. Jenna Fischer named the party planning scene her favorite scene and called it "longest most horrible meeting of all time". On the commentary track for the episode, Fischer revealed that the scene was almost entirely ad-libbed. At one point, Phyllis Smith, who portrays Phyllis Margaret Vance (née Lapin), made a joke that made every one on set laugh, forcing production to halt for almost 45 minutes. Dwight's "gun show" joke was written by Rainn Wilson. Larry Wilmore later called the "gun show" scene his favorite. Wilmore later said of ab-libs, "part of the fun in writing a show like this is trying to write lines that sound like ad-libs." Daniels also praised the episode's lines, saying, "when you know the acting is really good, it all sounds like it's been improvised."
The scenes where Dwight climbs into a box almost did not make the episode. Mike Schur, who wrote the episode, feared that Dwight climbing into the box would not only make the episode "crazy broad", but also make the rest of the episode look boring by comparison. After shooting the scene, however, he described it as "the most natural thing in the world". Phil Shaw, the stunt man for The Office, did most of the work in the box. Schur described Dwight's emergence from the box as his "action hero" moment. Daniels likened the scene to the movie Alien.
Reception
Ratings
In its original American broadcast on April 12, 2005, "The Alliance" was viewed by an estimated 5.4 million viewers and received a 2.4/6% rating share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 2.4% of all 18–49 year-olds, and 6% of all 18–49 year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode, airing after Scrubs, retained 100% of its lead-in 18–49 audience for the second week in a
Reviews
The episode received positive reviews from critics, with many praising the developing relationship between Pam and Jim. Travis Fickett from IGN praised the episode and compared Jim and Pam's relationship in the first season to that of the fourth, saying, "Jim and Pam simply work better before they were a couple. The fact that Roy can come between them here is fun – and reminds us that it was more interesting when something could still come between them!" In summary, he concluded that, "['The Alliance'] is one of the better early episodes of the show, and going out with Dwight talking to the camera – his hair dyed blonde – is genius and gives us (up to this point) the most perfect 'Dwight' moment of the show so far." Television critic Robin Pierson noted that in the episode, "The Jim and Pam relationship begins to take real shape here." He later called the moment when Roy nearly attacks Jim as "a much more 'real' moment that the rest of the episode." Furthermore, Pierson criticized the characterization of Dwight, noting that his actions were "stupidly naïve". Miss Alli from Television Without Pity gave the episode an A.
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B−". He felt that the episode was "akin to a newborn deer working the wobbles out of its legs" and that "it's a milestone for The Office, in that it represents the first time an episode generated so much material it could’ve occupied a full hour of airtime". He felt that Michael's plot was funny, but had issues. He argued that the retooling of Michael's character made him a more likable character even when he was doing something inappropriate; in this episode, however, his behavior is too cringe-inducing. Adams praised the scene wherein Dwight emerged from the box, calling it one of "The Offices first great sight gags". Furthermore, he felt that the scene was symbolic, as it produced "a stronger, deadlier, better character".
References
External links
"The Alliance" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 1) episodes
Television episodes written by Michael Schur
fr:L'Alliance (The Office) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Alliance%20%28The%20Office%29 |
Devin Devorris Hester Sr. (born November 4, 1982) is an American former football wide receiver and return specialist who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes, where he was the first player in the university's recent history to play in all three phases of American football: offense, defense and special teams. In addition to Chicago, Hester also played for the Atlanta Falcons, the Baltimore Ravens and the Seattle Seahawks over his 11-season NFL career. He is also the first and only player to return the opening kick of a Super Bowl for a touchdown, accomplishing that in the Super Bowl XLI. He is regarded as one of the greatest return specialists in NFL history.
Originally drafted as a cornerback, Hester quickly made an impact as a kick returner, and later became a wide receiver. He holds the NFL record for most all-time return touchdowns—punt and kickoff combined—and most all-time punt return touchdowns.
Early years
Devin Hester was born to Juanita Brown and Lenorris Hester Sr. in Riviera Beach, Florida. His parents separated when he was a toddler. Before he became a teenager, his mother was severely injured in a car accident, while his father died of cancer two years later. His step-father, Derrick Brown, and brother, Lenorris Jr., helped Hester escape his depression and rebuild his life by introducing him to football. He soon returned to his normal life and began to excel in sports.
During his youth, Hester enjoyed following the Dallas Cowboys. He especially idolized Deion Sanders, Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irvin. He was also a fan of the Chicago Bulls during the Michael Jordan and Phil Jackson era. Fred Taylor of the University of Florida was Hester's favorite athlete. In addition to football, he also enjoyed playing soccer and following baseball.
High school career
Hester attended first Palm Beach Gardens High, then on to Suncoast High School, where he played football as a cornerback, wide receiver, return specialist, and running back. He earned recognition from SuperPrep.com as the top high school prospect in Florida and Parade, who named Hester onto their All-American team. Hester also participated in the 2002 CaliFlorida Bowl, where he returned a kick for an 80-yard touchdown. His success prompted his teammates to nickname him "Sugar Foot".
Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Hester was listed as the second best cornerback in the nation in 2002.
Track and field
Hester was also a standout track athlete. While at Suncoast, he received All-America accolades, and he ranked second nationally in the long jump as a junior. He also captured the 2004 Big EAST Indoor long jump title as a member of the University of Miami track and field team, with a leap of 7.37 meters. He also competed in the 60 meters and 100 meters, posting personal bests of 6.77 seconds and 10.62, 10.42W seconds, respectively.
Personal bests
College career
After completing high school, Hester enrolled at the University of Miami, where he played for the Miami Hurricanes football team from 2003 to 2005. As a sophomore in 2004, he earned national recognition as a kick returner after being named a first-team All-American by the Walter Camp Football Foundation and The Sporting News. His ability to thrust laterally and break away from pursuers made him one of the nation's most dangerous return specialists. During his freshman year, Hester returned an opening kick for a 98-yard touchdown against the Florida Gators. In a game against Duke in 2005, Hester broke six tackles while returning an 81-yard punt. Ultimately, Hester completed his college career with a total of six touchdowns from kick returns, including one blocked field goal return. He also scored one rushing and receiving touchdown and recorded five interceptions as a defensive back.
Hester became the first football player in the Miami Hurricanes' recent history to play as member of the special, offensive, and defensive teams. He was known as "Hurricane Hester" by his fans and teammates. In his junior season, Hester returned 19 punts for 326 yards and three touchdowns, along with 15 kickoffs for 389 yards and a score, while also intercepting four passes. During his productive tenure at the University of Miami, Hester befriended Deion Sanders through Ed Reed, an alumnus of the University of Miami, and friend of Sanders. Sanders counseled, advised, and encouraged Hester. Hester was also known as "Anytime" in college, which is a tribute to Sanders' nickname, "Prime Time". He also adopted Sanders' signature touchdown dance, and showboating maneuvers, which he carried to his future NFL career.
Hester finished his three seasons with 41 punt returns for 638 yards, 40 kick returns for 1,019 yards, 24 carries for 160 yards, 10 receptions for 196 yards, 11 tackles, 1 sack, and five interceptions for 57 return yards.
Professional career
Chicago Bears
2006 season
Hester began his professional career in the National Football League with the Chicago Bears, who selected him in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft with the 57th overall pick. The team originally drafted Hester as a cornerback, but they intended to play him as a return specialist, following the retirement of Jerry Azumah and departure of Bobby Wade. The team's decision to draft Hester was initially criticized by fans and sports analysts, who believed the Bears should have spent their early picks on offensive prospects.
In his first 13 weeks as a professional football player, Hester recorded six return touchdowns, including a punt return in his NFL debut, and a then-record tying 108-yard touchdown from a missed field goal against the New York Giants. He also returned a punt for a clutch 83-yard game-winning touchdown against the Arizona Cardinals to give the Bears the lead in a comeback win, and two kickoff returns in one game against the St. Louis Rams. Following his record-breaking game during Week 14, opposing teams exercised additional caution when allowing Hester to return kicks. During the postseason, Hester ran back a punt at a critical moment against the Seattle Seahawks, but it was called back on a blocking penalty. Regardless, the Bears won both NFC playoffs rounds, and advanced to Super Bowl XLI to play the Indianapolis Colts. He started the game for the Bears by returning the game's opening kick for a touchdown. The feat was the first touchdown return of an opening kickoff in Super Bowl history. It also marked the quickest touchdown scored in Super Bowl history as well as the quickest lead ever taken by any team, though the latter record has since been surpassed by the Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII. Following the kick, the Colts did not kick the ball directly to Hester, significantly limiting the Bears' return efforts.
Hester's feats in 2006 earned him three NFC Special Teams Player of the Week Awards
and a trip to the 2007 Pro Bowl. After the 2006 season ended, he was named the NFC Player of the Month for December and was a finalist for 2006 Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year. He was also voted onto the Associated Press's 2006 All-Pro team with 48 and a half votes, finishing fourth behind LaDainian Tomlinson, Champ Bailey, and Jason Taylor who all received 50 votes. He finished the 2006 season by accumulating three touchdowns for 600 yards on 47 punt returns, and two touchdowns for 528 yards on 20 kick returns, thus making him one of the league's most productive kick and punt returners. Even without taking an offensive snap prior to Week 14, Hester was the Bears' second leading scorer, behind kicker Robbie Gould. On a negative note, Hester struggled to control the football at times, having games with multiple fumbles on at least two separate occasions.
Many fans speculated that Hester's speed and prior experience as a wide receiver would earn him a spot on the Bears' offense, similar to teammate Rashied Davis. While Lovie Smith dismissed the speculation, he played Hester as a wide receiver for one play against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17, 2006; he ran a curl route and was targeted by quarterback Rex Grossman, but the pass was too low and fell incomplete. Hester attributes his talent to his mentor, Deion Sanders, who Hester claims helped him perfect his return game. Sanders, a former cornerback and kick returner, compliments Hester after every productive performance. However, Sanders also berated Hester for taunting another player en route to his second touchdown return against the St. Louis Rams. His teammates and coaches have also praised Hester. After the 2006 season, he was voted to receive the team's Brian Piccolo Award, which is given to a player who possesses a good character and work ethic. Bears fans and the local media nicknamed Hester the "Windy City Flyer" during his first year in Chicago.
2007 season
Shortly after losing Super Bowl XLI, Hester and special teams coach Dave Toub spent a significant amount of time working on new return strategies and formations. Ultimately, Lovie Smith converted Hester into a wide receiver in order to increase the number of opportunities he would receive during a game. Hester, who originally played as a wide receiver at the University of Miami, was initially hesitant about making the switch to offense, as he wished to follow in the footsteps of Deion Sanders. However, the Bears' coaching staff eventually persuaded Hester to make the transition over the summer. During the 2007 off-season, Hester won the Best Breakthrough Athlete ESPY Award.
Although NFL rules generally required wide receivers to wear jersey numbers in the 10–19 and 80–89 range, players who later change positions are allowed to keep their previous number, as long as it is not within the 50–79 range for eligible receiver purposes prior to the 2021 NFL season. Hester was allowed to keep number 23, a number normally used for cornerbacks, since it sits outside the 50–79 range. Along with former Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Dwight Stone, who wore number 20 during his eight-year stint in Pittsburgh, and Oakland Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch, Hester was one of three wide receivers to wear a 20s jersey number since the NFL adopted the current uniform numbering system in 1973.
Hester returned his first touchdown of the season, a 73-yard punt return, against the Kansas City Chiefs during Week 2. He nearly recorded a second touchdown return, but the play was negated by a holding penalty. Hester established himself as a threat on offense, when he caught an 81-yard touchdown pass from Brian Griese against the Minnesota Vikings. He also returned a punt for an 89-yard touchdown, though the Bears lost the game. In the weeks to come, many opposing special teams began to kick the ball away from Hester, contributing to, according to Mike Pereira, a 132% increase in kickoffs that went out-of-bounds. Rod Marinelli, the head coach of the Detroit Lions, placed a strong emphasis on kicking the ball away from Hester, saying, "kick the ball into Lake Michigan and make sure it (sinks) to the bottom."
Before the Bears' Week 12 matchup against the Denver Broncos, Todd Sauerbrun infamously stated that he would kick the ball to Hester. Hester, who had not returned a kick for a touchdown in almost a month, responded by returning a punt and kickoff for touchdowns. Keith Olbermann, a commentator for NBC Sunday Night Football, awarded Sauerbrun with the dubious "Worst Person in the NFL Award" for kicking the ball to Hester and failing to tackle him. The two touchdowns gave Hester the most kick returns for touchdowns in the Bears' franchise history. Hester concluded the season with a 64-yard punt return for a touchdown and a 55-yard touchdown reception against the New Orleans Saints. He was even given the opportunity to throw a pass on a variation of a wide receiver reverse, but he was sacked while motioning to Bernard Berrian.
Hester finished the season with six kicks returned for touchdowns, which set a league record. He finished the season ranking fourth on the League's all-time combined kick return list, behind Brian Mitchell (13), Eric Metcalf (12), and Dante Hall (12). Additionally, he amassed 299 yards on 20 receptions as a receiver, though he was often used as a decoy. His play on offense received mixed commentary. While the Bears' coaching staff believed Hester showed enough progress to become one of the team's top receivers in 2008, Hester was prone to making small errors, including running routes incorrectly or dropping catches. He drew a 15-yard facemask penalty while attempting to fend off a would-be tackler in a game against the Saints, and received a $5,000 fine. Nevertheless, Hester concluded the season with four Player of the Week Awards, giving him a franchise-high total of seven in his career, and an invitation to the 2008 Pro Bowl.
2008 season
Prior to the beginning of the 2008 season, Hester stated that he would not attend the Bears' summer camp unless the team offered him a new contract. He further voiced his displeasure with his current contract in a phone interview with the Chicago Tribune, commenting, "I can't go out and play this year making $445,000. Come on, man." Adam Schefter believed that the Bears were puzzled over how Hester should be classified (as a wide receiver or a return specialist of such a star caliber), and be offered a contract accordingly. After receiving a $30,000 fine for not attending two days of training, Hester returned to the team's camp. The team later offered him a new four-year contract extension, worth over $40 million.
Hester missed the third game of the season after tearing cartilage in his ribs during the previous week. He returned to the field in the team's Week 4 contest against the Philadelphia Eagles, where he caught his first touchdown of the season. Lovie Smith gave Hester his first starting job as a wide receiver the next week, in place of the injured Brandon Lloyd. Hester went on to catch five passes for 66 yards and one touchdown. In the following week, Hester totaled 87 yards on six receptions.
After a Week 8 bye, Hester caught four passes for 42 yards and had an 11-yard run against the Detroit Lions. He eventually lost his kick return duties to Danieal Manning, but began receiving more playing time as a wide receiver. Between Week 12 and 15, Hester caught 17 passes for 250 yards and one touchdown. David Haugh of the Chicago Tribune regarded Hester as the team's "biggest threat in the passing game". He concluded the season by catching 51 passes for a team high 665 yards. Unlike his previous two seasons in the NFL, Hester did not record a single touchdown return and only averaged 6.2 yards per punt return. Lovie Smith commented on Hester at the end of the season by saying, "I know his returns dropped off a little bit this year, but his plate was full there for a while. We think we have a happy medium now for him as a punt returner and continuing to develop as a receiver." Hester was also selected to play in the 2009 Pro Bowl as a third alternate.
2009 season
After the acquisition of Jay Cutler, Hester took on the role as the de facto number-one wide receiver. In the first game of the season, Hester caught seven passes from Cutler for 90 yards, including a 36-yard touchdown reception. In the following weeks Hester began to develop a rapport with Cutler and amassed 634 receiving yards and three touchdowns through the first ten weeks of the season. He played the best game of the season on October 25, 2009 against the Cincinnati Bengals, catching eight passes for 101 yards and a touchdown. In a game against the St. Louis Rams during the thirteenth week of the season, Hester injured his calf and missed three starts. Hester returned to play in the Bears season finale against the Detroit Lions, catching three passes for 75 yards. Despite missing the three starts, Hester led the team with 757 receiving yards, and finished behind Greg Olsen in receptions. Hester built his reputation around his kick returning abilities, but his kickoff-returning duties decreased significantly following the 2007 season finale. He told the Chicago Tribune that he plans on spending the offseason honing his receiving and returning skills by strengthening in his legs, especially to fully recover from the calf injury he sustained earlier.
2010 season
During the off-season, Hester worked on his speed and conditioning by prioritizing running over weight training. Bears offensive coordinator, Mike Martz, gave Hester the opportunity to work with Isaac Bruce, who was part of Martz's "Greatest Show on Turf". Bruce advised Hester on route-running and basic wide receiver fundamentals. Hester appeared in three preseason games, where he recorded five receptions for 64 yards.
On September 19, the regular season, Hester caught four passes for 77 yards and a one-handed catch for a touchdown against the Dallas Cowboys. The following week, Hester returned a punt for a 62-yard touchdown in a close game against the Green Bay Packers. This was his first touchdown return since the final week of the 2007 season against the New Orleans Saints. On October 17, Hester returned two punts for 93 yards and an 89-yard touchdown, in a 23–20 loss against the Seattle Seahawks. The touchdown tied the record for most combined kick and punt return touchdowns in a career with Brian Mitchell (13). In week 10 of the regular season, Hester caught four passes for 38 yards and a 19-yard touchdown against the Minnesota Vikings. Hester was given back his kick return duties, and returned two kicks for 100 yards including a run back of 68 yards. Hester also ran back two punts for 47 yards including a return of 42 yards. Two weeks later, Hester caught three balls for 86 yards from Jay Cutler, and returned a kick 46 yards in a 31–26 win against the Philadelphia Eagles. On December 20 in a game against the Minnesota Vikings, Hester scored on a 15-yard touchdown pass from Jay Cutler. Later, Hester returned a Chris Kluwe punt 64 yards for a touchdown, which set the all-time NFL record for combined kickoff and punt returns for touchdown with 14, passing Brian Mitchell. It was the tenth punt return for touchdown of his career, tying Eric Metcalf's record for the most punt return touchdowns in a career.
Hester finished the season with 40 receptions for 475 yards and four touchdowns. As a return specialist, he amassed 564 yards on punt returns, while averaging 17.1 yards per return and scored three touchdowns. Hester was the third leading scorer, behind running back Matt Forte and kicker Robbie Gould. His accomplishments in the 2010 season earned him 2 NFC Special Teams Player of The Week Awards, a trip to the 2011 Pro Bowl, and a selection to the All-Pro Team. Hester was ranked 32nd best player in the League in a poll where active NFL players ranked their top 100 peers.
2011 season
Prior to the 2011 season, the NFL passed a new rule that moved kickoffs to the 35-yard line from the 30-yard line. The change was a result of a player safety initiative to reduce injuries during kick-offs. The rule change directly resulted in a higher number of touchbacks and fewer returns. Hester commented on the situation stating, "They got a couple touchbacks but you've still got guys bringing it out and at the end of the day that rule is pointless."
On October 2, 2011, Hester became the NFL's all-time leader in punt return touchdowns with 11 when he returned a punt 69 yards for a touchdown against the Carolina Panthers surpassing Eric Metcalf's record. On October 16, Hester returned a kickoff for a 98-yard touchdown against the Minnesota Vikings. On November 13, Hester returned a punt 82 yards for a touchdown against the Detroit Lions.
2012 season
On April 30, 2012, Bears offensive coordinator Mike Tice and general manager Phil Emery announced that Hester's role would be reduced down to at least 4th-string, and Tice mentioned that the Bears would utilize Hester in a series of plays called the "Hester Package", instead of an every-down receiver. In the season, Hester caught 23 passes, a career low, while only catching one touchdown, which occurred in Week 4 against the Dallas Cowboys. He also failed to return a kick/punt for a touchdown and ranked 22nd in punt return average during 2012. After Lovie Smith's firing on December 31, Hester stated that he considered retirement, though he tweeted that his consideration was not related to Smith.
2013 season
Hester exclusively saw playing time as a return specialist when Marc Trestman became the Bears' head coach. In week two against the Minnesota Vikings, Hester broke the team record for most kickoff return yards in a game with 249. Four weeks later against the New York Giants, Hester passed Glyn Milburn for the most all-time kickoff return yards in franchise history with 4,643 yards. Against the Washington Redskins, Hester returned a punt 81 yards for a touchdown for his 19th career return touchdown, tying Deion Sanders' record. In addition to Hester's NFL records, he is also the leader in career punt returns (264) and punt return yards (3,241) among active players. Hester ended the 2013 season having averaged 27.7 kickoff return yards and 14.2 punt return yards, while also leading the league in kickoff return yards with 1,442.
Hester became a free agent on March 11, 2014. He released a statement on March 5, 2014 that the Bears did not intend to re-sign him. Hester thanked the Bears organization and fan base for their support throughout his time in Chicago. Phil Emery, the Bears' general manager, commented on Hester's legacy, stating, "While Devin has redefined the pinnacle standard of the return position in the NFL, the memories and contributions he has given us cannot be measured by stats or numbers."
Atlanta Falcons
Hester signed a three-year contract with the Atlanta Falcons on March 20, 2014. In his debut game with the Falcons, Hester caught five passes for 99 yards, helping lead the Falcons to a 37–34 Week 1 overtime victory over the New Orleans Saints. During Week 3, Hester brought back a 62-yard punt for his 20th career touchdown return, breaking the record for career non-offensive touchdowns he previously shared with Deion Sanders. Also in the same game, Hester recorded a rushing touchdown, forced fumble and fumble recovery. Hester was named the NFC's Special Teams Player of the Week for his accomplishments. Hester concluded the season with 504 receiving yards from 38 receptions and led the NFL with 1,128 kick-off return yards. He was also selected to play in the 2015 Pro Bowl.
Hester missed a majority of the 2015 NFL season due to a turf toe injury. The Falcons activated him from the injury reserve for the final five games of the season, but only used Hester on special teams. He tallied 235 yards kick return yards and 34 punt return yards, but failed to record a touchdown. Hester underwent foot surgery in January 2016 to repair the toe injury he sustained earlier in the season.
On July 26, Hester was released by the Falcons. Hester attributed his dismissal to the lingering toe-injury he sustained in the previous season. He voiced interest in continuing his career in the NFL for the 2016 season once he has fully recovered.
Baltimore Ravens
On September 4, 2016, Hester agreed to a one-year deal with the Baltimore Ravens. Hester appeared in 12 games for the Ravens, where he was used exclusively as a return specialist. He recorded 180 punt return yards and 466 kick return yards but failed to return a touchdown during the 2016 season. The Ravens released Hester on December 13.
Seattle Seahawks
Hester signed with the Seattle Seahawks on January 3, 2017. He debuted for the Seahawks in the first round of the 2016–17 playoffs against the Detroit Lions. Hester returned one kickoff for 20 yards and one punt for five yards against the Detroit Lions. During the Divisional Round, he returned five kickoffs for 194 yards, including 78- and 50-yard run backs against the Atlanta Falcons. The Falcons defeated the Seahawks, 36–20. Hester announced his intentions to retire from professional football after the game.
Retirement and legacy
On December 12, 2017, Hester officially announced his retirement from the NFL. The Chicago Bears honored both Hester and former teammate Matt Forte on April 23, 2018, during a press conference at Halas Hall. The two players signed ceremonial one-day contracts to retire as members of the Bears.
He amassed over 10,000 career yards returning punts and kickoffs, an NFL-record 20 touchdown returns, and four Pro Bowl selections over his 11-season career. He is regarded as one of the greatest return specialist in NFL history. Dave Toub, Hester's former special teams coordinator, noted Hester left a lasting impression in the NFL, shaping the way teams approached special teams and the value they placed on return specialists. He believed Hester's success led other teams to invest draft capital in return specialists, hoping to replicate the impact Hester had on the Bears. He also added other teams shifted their approach by prioritizing players who excelled in covering kicks and punts rather than retaining backups who made limited contributions to special teams.
On September 22, 2021, Hester was nominated in his first year of eligibility to be inducted into the 2022 NFL Hall of Fame class, however he has failed to be inducted during his first two years of eligibility.
NFL career statistics
Regular season
Postseason
Hester also returned a missed field goal 108 yards for a touchdown in a 2006 game against the New York Giants, and thus has 6 total TD for that season.
NFL records
Combined special teams return touchdowns, career: 20 (14 punts, 5 kickoffs, 1 missed field goal)
Most non-offensive touchdowns, career: 20
Most kickoff and punt return touchdowns, career: 19
Punt return touchdowns, career: 14
Punt return touchdowns, season: 4 ()
Kickoff return touchdowns, game: 2 (Chicago Bears at St. Louis Rams, December 11, 2006)
tied with many other players
Combined return touchdowns, season: 6 () (4 punts, 2 kickoffs)
Combined return touchdowns, rookie, season: 5 () (3 punts, 2 kickoffs)
Combined return touchdowns, game: 2, twice
2, Chicago Bears at St. Louis Rams, December 11, 2006 (2 kickoffs)
2, Chicago Bears vs. Denver Broncos, November 25, 2007 (1 punt, 1 kickoff)
Non-offensive touchdowns, season: 6, twice
6, (3 punts, 2 kickoffs, 1 missed field goal)
6, (4 punts, 2 kickoffs)
Fastest Touchdown in Super Bowl history: 14 seconds
Chicago Bears franchise records
Most punt returns, lifetime: 264
Most punt return yards, lifetime: 3,241 yards
Most punt return yards, season: 651 yards (2007)
Most punt return yards, game: 152 yards, at Arizona Cardinals, October 16, 2006
Highest average, yards per punt return, season [min. 15 returns]: 17.1 (2010)
Hester returned 33 punts for 564 yards.
Highest average, yards per punt return, game [min. 3 returns]: 40.7, vs. Detroit Lions, November 13, 2011
Hester returned 3 punts for 122 yards.
Most punt return touchdowns, lifetime: 13
Most punt return touchdowns, season: 4
Most punt return touchdowns, game: 1
Achieved several times and tied with many players
Most punt return fair catches, lifetime: 79
Most kickoff returns, lifetime: 222
Most kickoff return yards, lifetime: 5,510 yards
Most kickoff return yards, game: 249 yards, vs. Minnesota Vikings, September 15, 2013
Highest average, yards per kickoff return, game [min. 3 returns]: 56.3, at St. Louis Rams, December 11, 2006
Hester returned 4 kickoffs for 225 yards.
Most kickoff return touchdowns, game: 2, at St. Louis Rams, December 11, 2006
Most combined return yards, lifetime: 8,751 yards (p-3,241, k-5,510)
Most combined return yards, game: 314 yards, at Detroit Lions, September 30, 2007 (p-95, k-219)
Most combined return touchdowns, lifetime: 18 (p-13, k-5)
Most combined return touchdowns, season: 6 in 2007 (p-4, k-2)
Most combined return touchdowns, game: 2, twice
2, at St. Louis Rams, December 11, 2006 (2 kickoffs)
2, vs. Denver Broncos, November 25, 2007 (1 punt, 1 kickoff)
Longest play: 108 yards, at New York Giants, November 12, 2006
tied with Nathan Vasher
Personal life
Hester was in a relationship with Tamara James, a women's basketball player he met at the University of Miami. James played professionally for the Washington Mystics of the WNBA. Their engagement was later called off. Later, Hester married Zingha Walcott, an elementary school teacher, in 2010. They have three sons and live in Windermere, Florida. Hester's family lives in Florida and was struck by Hurricane Wilma in 2005. Hester has assisted his family financially in helping them rebuild their home. His brother Lenorris Jr., lived with Hester during his tenure with the Bears. Raised in a Christian household, Hester brought a Bible to every game he played. Hester is also cousins with Aaron Hester who played for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League.
Hester's successful rookie year drew him much publicity and popularity. Ever since his record-breaking performance against the Rams, Hester has been offered marketing opportunities from Nike, soft drink, and cell phone companies.
There has also been a surge in the demand for Hester's jerseys within the Chicago area sporting stores. Also, Hester was invited to throw the ceremonial opening pitch and sing "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" at the Chicago Cubs' 2007 home opener. Along with teammates Rex Grossman and Tommie Harris, Hester appeared on the February 2007 issue of Sports Illustrated for Kids. His reputation has also been bolstered by EA Sports' Madden NFL 08, where Hester's perfect 100 speed rating made him the fastest player in the game's history. Hester also appeared in a promotional video for the game. He appeared in commercials for Under Armour in 2008 and 2009. In 2013, Hester outran a cheetah in a race sponsored by National Geographic at Busch Gardens Tampa. The competition consisted of Hester running back and forth on a straight track to simulate laps, while the cheetah ran in a similar but separate track.
In 2013, Hester founded the Anytime 23 Empowerment Center Inc., a non-profit organization that serves as a positive, nurturing and safe environment for kids ages 6–18. The organization was later renamed to "Devin Hester Foundation".
References
External links
Chicago Bears bio
Atlanta Falcons bio
1982 births
Living people
African-American Christians
African-American players of American football
American football cornerbacks
American football return specialists
American football wide receivers
Atlanta Falcons players
Baltimore Ravens players
Chicago Bears players
Miami Hurricanes football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Riviera Beach, Florida
Players of American football from Palm Beach County, Florida
Seattle Seahawks players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people
Brian Piccolo Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin%20Hester |
Morteza Zarringol is an Iranian Kurdish politician.
Morteza Zarringol was mayor of Sanandaj and also member of parliament of Iran. He was the head of the Oil Commission in the parliament.
References
Iranian Kurdish politicians
Living people
Mayors of places in Iran
Members of the 5th Islamic Consultative Assembly
People from Sanandaj
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morteza%20Zarringol |
Hammond's postulate (or alternatively the Hammond–Leffler postulate), is a hypothesis in physical organic chemistry which describes the geometric structure of the transition state in an organic chemical reaction. First proposed by George Hammond in 1955, the postulate states that:
If two states, as, for example, a transition state and an unstable intermediate, occur consecutively during a reaction process and have nearly the same energy content, their interconversion will involve only a small reorganization of the molecular structures.
Therefore, the geometric structure of a state can be predicted by comparing its energy to the species neighboring it along the reaction coordinate. For example, in an exothermic reaction the transition state is closer in energy to the reactants than to the products. Therefore, the transition state will be more geometrically similar to the reactants than to the products. In contrast, however, in an endothermic reaction the transition state is closer in energy to the products than to the reactants. So, according to Hammond’s postulate the structure of the transition state would resemble the products more than the reactants. This type of comparison is especially useful because most transition states cannot be characterized experimentally.
Hammond's postulate also helps to explain and rationalize the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle. Namely, this principle describes the experimental observation that the rate of a reaction, and therefore its activation energy, is affected by the enthalpy of that reaction. Hammond's postulate explains this observation by describing how varying the enthalpy of a reaction would also change the structure of the transition state. In turn, this change in geometric structure would alter the energy of the transition state, and therefore the activation energy and reaction rate as well.
The postulate has also been used to predict the shape of reaction coordinate diagrams. For example, electrophilic aromatic substitution involves a distinct intermediate and two less well defined states. By measuring the effects of aromatic substituents and applying Hammond's postulate it was concluded that the rate-determining step involves formation of a transition state that should resemble the intermediate complex.
History
During the 1940s and 1950s, chemists had trouble explaining why even slight changes in the reactants caused significant differences in the rate and product distributions of a reaction. In 1955 George Hammond, a young professor at Iowa State University, postulated that transition-state theory could be used to qualitatively explain the observed structure-reactivity relationships. Notably, John E. Leffler of Florida State University proposed a similar idea in 1953. However, Hammond's version has received more attention since its qualitative nature was easier to understand and employ than Leffler's complex mathematical equations. Hammond's postulate is sometimes called the Hammond–Leffler postulate to give credit to both scientists.
Interpreting the postulate
Effectively, the postulate states that the structure of a transition state resembles that of the species nearest to it in free energy. This can be explained with reference to potential energy diagrams:
In case (a), which is an exothermic reaction, the energy of the transition state is closer in energy to that of the reactant than that of the intermediate or the product. Therefore, from the postulate, the structure of the transition state also more closely resembles that of the reactant. In case (b), the energy of the transition state is close to neither the reactant nor the product, making none of them a good structural model for the transition state. Further information would be needed in order to predict the structure or characteristics of the transition state. Case (c) depicts the potential diagram for an endothermic reaction, in which, according to the postulate, the transition state should more closely resemble that of the intermediate or the product.
Another significance of Hammond’s postulate is that it permits us to discuss the structure of the transition state in terms of the reactants, intermediates, or products. In the case where the transition state closely resembles the reactants, the transition state is called “early” while a “late” transition state is the one that closely resembles the intermediate or the product.
An example of the “early” transition state is chlorination. Chlorination favors the products because it is an exothermic reaction, which means that the products are lower in energy than the reactants. When looking at the adjacent diagram (representation of an "early" transition state), one must focus on the transition state, which is not able to be observed during an experiment. To understand what is meant by an “early” transition state, the Hammond postulate represents a curve that shows the kinetics of this reaction. Since the reactants are higher in energy, the transition state appears to be right after the reaction starts.
An example of the “late” transition state is bromination. Bromination favors the reactants because it is an endothermic reaction, which means that the reactants are lower in energy than the products. Since the transition state is hard to observe, the postulate of bromination helps to picture the “late” transition state (see the representation of the "late" transition state). Since the products are higher in energy, the transition state appears to be right before the reaction is complete.
One other useful interpretation of the postulate often found in textbooks of organic chemistry is the following:
Assume that the transition states for reactions involving unstable intermediates can be closely approximated by the intermediates themselves.
This interpretation ignores extremely exothermic and endothermic reactions which are relatively unusual and relates the transition state to the intermediates which are usually the most unstable.
Structure of transition states
SN1 reactions
Hammond's postulate can be used to examine the structure of the transition states of a SN1 reaction. In particular, the dissociation of the leaving group is the first transition state in a SN1 reaction. The stabilities of the carbocations formed by this dissociation are known to follow the trend tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl.
Therefore, since the tertiary carbocation is relatively stable and therefore close in energy to the R-X reactant, then the tertiary transition state will have a structure that is fairly similar to the R-X reactant. In terms of the graph of reaction coordinate versus energy, this is shown by the fact that the tertiary transition state is further to the left than the other transition states. In contrast, the energy of a methyl carbocation is very high, and therefore the structure of the transition state is more similar to the intermediate carbocation than to the R-X reactant. Accordingly, the methyl transition state is very far to the right.
SN2 reactions
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reactions are concerted reactions where both the nucleophile and substrate are involved in the rate limiting step. Since this reaction is concerted, the reaction occurs in one step, where the bonds are broken, while new bonds are formed. Therefore, to interpret this reaction, it is important to look at the transition state, which resembles the concerted rate limiting step. In the "Depiction of SN2 Reaction" figure, the nucleophile forms a new bond to the carbon, while the halide (L) bond is broken.
E1 reactions
An E1 reaction consists of a unimolecular elimination, where the rate determining step of the mechanism depends on the removal of a single molecular species. This is a two-step mechanism. The more stable the carbocation intermediate is, the faster the reaction will proceed, favoring the products. Stabilization of the carbocation intermediate lowers the activation energy. The reactivity order is (CH3)3C- > (CH3)2CH- > CH3CH2- > CH3-.
Furthermore, studies describe a typical kinetic resolution process that starts out with two enantiomers that are energetically equivalent and, in the end, forms two energy-inequivalent intermediates, referred to as diastereomers. According to Hammond's postulate, the more stable diastereomer is formed faster.
E2 reactions
Elimination, bimolecular reactions are one step, concerted reaction where both base and substrate participate in the rate limiting step. In an E2 mechanism, a base takes a proton near the leaving group, forcing the electrons down to make a double bond, and forcing off the leaving group-all in one concerted step. The rate law depends on the first order concentration of two reactants, making it a 2nd order (bimolecular) elimination reaction. Factors that affect the rate determining step are stereochemistry, leaving groups, and base strength.
A theory, for an E2 reaction, by Joseph Bunnett suggests the lowest pass through the energy barrier between reactants and products is gained by an adjustment between the degrees of Cβ-H and Cα-X rupture at the transition state. The adjustment involves much breaking of the bond more easily broken, and a small amount of breaking of the bond which requires more energy. This conclusion by Bunnett is a contradiction from the Hammond postulate. The Hammond postulate is the opposite of what Bunnett theorized. In the transition state of a bond breaking step it involves little breaking when the bond is easily broken and much breaking when it is difficult to break. Despite these differences, the two postulates are not in conflict since they are concerned with different sorts of processes. Hammond focuses on reaction steps where one bond is made or broken, or the breaking of two or more bonds is done with no time taken occur simultaneously. The E2 theory transition state concerns a process when bond formation or breaking are not simultaneous.
Kinetics and the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle
Technically, Hammond's postulate only describes the geometric structure of a chemical reaction. However, Hammond's postulate indirectly gives information about the rate, kinetics, and activation energy of reactions. Hence, it gives a theoretical basis for the understanding the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle, which describes the experimental observation that the enthalpy and rate of a similar reactions were usually correlated.
The relationship between Hammond's postulate and the BEP principle can be understood by considering a SN1 reaction. Although two transition states occur during a SN1 reaction (dissociation of the leaving group and then attack by the nucleophile), the dissociation of the leaving group is almost always the rate-determining step. Hence, the activation energy and therefore rate of the reaction will depend only upon the dissociation step.
First, consider the reaction at secondary and tertiary carbons. As the BEP principle notes, experimentally SN1 reactions at tertiary carbons are faster than at secondary carbons. Therefore, by definition, the transition state for tertiary reactions will be at a lower energy than for secondary reactions. However, the BEP principle cannot justify why the energy is lower.
Using Hammond's postulate, the lower energy of the tertiary transition state means that its structure is relatively closer to its reactants R(tertiary)-X than to the carbocation product when compared to the secondary case. Thus, the tertiary transition state will be more geometrically similar to the R(tertiary)-X reactants than the secondary transition state is to its R(secondary)-X reactants. Hence, if the tertiary transition state is close in structure to the (low energy) reactants, then it will also be lower in energy because structure determines energy. Likewise, if the secondary transition state is more similar to the (high energy) carbocation product, then it will be higher in energy.
Applying the postulate
Hammond's postulate is useful for understanding the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the stability of the products.
While the rate of a reaction depends just on the activation energy (often represented in organic chemistry as ΔG‡ “delta G double dagger”), the final ratios of products in chemical equilibrium depends only on the standard free-energy change ΔG (“delta G”). The ratio of the final products at equilibrium corresponds directly with the stability of those products.
Hammond's postulate connects the rate of a reaction process with the structural features of those states that form part of it, by saying that the molecular reorganizations have to be small in those steps that involve two states that are very close in energy. This gave birth to the structural comparison between the starting materials, products, and the possible "stable intermediates" that led to the understanding that the most stable product is not always the one that is favored in a reaction process.
Explaining seemingly contradictory results
Hammond's postulate is especially important when looking at the rate-limiting step of a reaction. However, one must be cautious when examining a multistep reaction or one with the possibility of rearrangements during an intermediate stage. In some cases, the final products appear in skewed ratios in favor of a more unstable product (called the kinetic product) rather than the more stable product (the thermodynamic product). In this case one must examine the rate-limiting step and the intermediates. Often, the rate-limiting step is the initial formation of an unstable species such as a carbocation. Then, once the carbocation is formed, subsequent rearrangements can occur. In these kinds of reactions, especially when run at lower temperatures, the reactants simply react before the rearrangements necessary to form a more stable intermediate have time to occur. At higher temperatures when microscopic reversal is easier, the more stable thermodynamic product is favored because these intermediates have time to rearrange. Whether run at high or low temperatures, the mixture of the kinetic and thermodynamic products eventually reach the same ratio, one in favor of the more stable thermodynamic product, when given time to equilibrate due to microreversal.
See also
Bema Hapothle
Curtin–Hammett principle
Microscopic reversibility
Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle
References
Further reading
Chemical kinetics
Physical organic chemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond%27s%20postulate |
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