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LOR or Lor may refer to:
Science
Loricrin, a protein of the epidermis
Loss of resistance, in epidural anesthesia
Lunar orbit rendezvous, a method used to land man on the moon and safely return
People
Lor, a native of Lorestan
Lor, a speaker of Lori language
Lor, Cameroonian musician
The Lady of Rage (born 1968), American rapper
Lor family in the Gran Torino film, including
Thao Vang Lor
Sue Lor
Places
Lor, Armenia, a town of Syunik province
Lor, Aisne, a commune of the Aisne département, in northern France
Lor, Gilan, a village in Iran
Lor, Kermanshah, a village in Iran
Lorton (Amtrak station), Virginia, United States
Lindsey Oil Refinery, an oil refinery on the east coast of the United Kingdom
Liverpool Overhead Railway, a closed Overhead railway in England
Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis
Other
Lor (cheese), a traditional Turkish whey cheese
LOR (Line of Route), a UK numbering scheme to refer to a point on rail route similar to Engineer's Line Reference (ELR)
Laing O'Rourke, international construction company
LiveonRelease, an all girl punk rock band
Learning object repository
Letter of recommendation
Letter of reprimand
Lord of the Rings Adventure Game
Legends of Runeterra, online card game abbreviated as LoR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOR |
Zhongqing may refer to:
People
Wei Qing (died 106 BC), courtesy name Zhongqing, Western Han military general
Liu Zhongqing (born 1985), Chinese aerial skier
Places
Zhongqing Circuit, an administrative division of China under the Yuan dynasty
Zhongqing, a village in Beidou, Changhua, Taiwan
Provincial Highway 10 (Taiwan), known as Zhongqing Road for a portion of the highway in Qingshui, Taichung
Other
(), a gauge of guqin strings
See also
Chung Ching (), stage name of Zhang Linlin, Hong Kong actress
Chongqing, a megacity in southwest China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongqing |
In geography, a backcountry, back country or backwater is a geographical area that is remote, undeveloped, isolated, or difficult to access. These areas are typically rural or mountainous and sparsely populated.
Terminology
Backcountry and wilderness within United States national parks
The National Park Service (NPS) generally uses the term "backcountry" to refer to "primitive, undeveloped portions of parks". Developments within backcountry areas are generally limited to trails, unpaved roads, and administrative facilities associated with dispersed recreational use. Dispersed recreational use is the most prevalent human use in backcountry areas, although research activities may also occur.
The NPS defines wilderness within US national parks as any "backcountry areas which have been specifically designated as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System or any other area that has been determined to possess the characteristics of wilderness as defined by Section 2(c) of the Wilderness Act". Section 2(c) states in part that wilderness:
Wilderness lands within US national parks are a subset of all backcountry lands. Wilderness and backcountry lands also exist outside of US national parks on public lands managed by the US Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service.
Use of the term "backcountry" in New Zealand
In New Zealand, "backcountry" often refers to land that is not accessible by public access. For example, it is common for a farmer to have some remote parts of their land left in scrubland or forest. This is often adjacent to other areas of backcountry which are yet to be developed or protected from development. Trampers and other explorers sometimes need to get farmers' permission to access parts of the national parks of New Zealand or other natural phenomena, if they intend to pass over backcountry. Hunters can ask for permission from farmers to hunt in their backcountry.
Hazards
The backcountry contains many hazards including rough terrain, life-threatening weather, avalanches, and wild animals. Tragic accidents and dramatic backcountry rescues of stranded hikers, climbers, or skiers are a staple of news reporting.
Some jurisdictions have discussed placing limits on human access to the backcountry during times of particular danger.
See also
Backcountry skiing
Backcountry snowboarding
Backcountry.com
Backcountry hut
Badlands
Bushland
Countryside
Desert
Outback
Potability of backcountry water
Wilderness
References
Wilderness areas
Geography terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry |
Darla Records is an independent record label founded by James Agren in October 1993 while he was in New York. Darla's first release was a 7-inch by Grifters, an indie rock/lo-fi band from Memphis.
Background
The music of the artists on the label includes indie pop, indie rock, electronica, ambient, and Americana. Darla is a label, distributor, and online retailer. Darla Records is home to over 200 exclusively distributed labels including Ad Noiseam, Audio Dregs Recordings, Ici d'Ailleurs, Elefant, LTM, Le Grand Magistery, Matinee, Ohm Resistance, Siesta, and Words On Music.
The label created a series, known as Bliss Out in 1996. The series focused on ambient, electronic, and instrumental music. The moniker for the series is a reference to Blissed Out: The Rapture of Rock — a tome authored by Simon Reynolds, a notable rock music critic based in Britain. The Little Darla Has A Treat For You semi-quarterly compilation series features artists and labels Darla Records works with closely, and is very popular. This series was named after the Little Debbie snack treats.
The label's moniker is not a reference to Darla Hood, the little girl from the Our Gang comedies (known as The Little Rascals on television), but comes from a yet-to-be-acknowledged bit of Americana. James noted while record collecting that many regional independent labels in the 1950s had women's names and national hits: Laurie, Paula, Sue, Tamla, etc. In the 1980s and 1990s there were popular indie-pop labels Sarah and Harriet.
Since 1993, Darla has been a label and distributor. Darla started selling music online in 1996. In February 2007, American webzine Somewhere Cold voted Darla record label of the year on their 2006 Somewhere Cold Awards Hall of Fame. in 2009, Darla began offering digital downloads from their own website. James Agren and Chandra Tobey run Darla Records from a barn on their avocado and cherimoya farm in the hills of north San Diego county.
Bliss Out series
In 1996, Darla Records asked for contributions to a double album featuring music on the calmer, "sleepier" side of music, such as shoegaze and ambient music. They would receive a submission from New Jersey band Flowchart. The label liked the track they sent so much that, instead of creating a double album, they would instead ask contributing bands to create EPs/albums of these tracks. Flowchart sent three more tracks, and the resulting collection of songs would be Tenjira, the first album in the "Bliss Out" series. The series would end in 2004, after 20 releases, with the release of Manual's The North Shore. Every release in this series is meant to invoke peacefulness and "bliss". The releases in this series are:
Tenjira (Flowchart)
Antarctica (Windy & Carl)
Silver Lining Underwear (Orange Cake Mix)
Perception (Amp)
Venoy (Füxa)
Stereoscopic Soundwaves (Tomorrowland)
Anadromous (Mirza)
Wading & Waiting (Transient Waves)
Late One Sunday & The Following Morning (American Analog Set)
Taking Care of You (Junior Varsity KM)
Halica (Sweet Trip)
Blue Christian (Bright)
A Trick of the Sea (Piano Magic)
The Long Goodbye (The Cat's Miaow)
Zero Population Growth (Lilys)
Normal Control Range (Technicolor)
Aida (Mus)
...Or You Could Just Go Through Your Whole Life And Be Happy Anyway. (Aarktica)
Belmondo (Japancakes)
The North Shore (Manual)
Acts on label
Since its inception, Darla has been host to several notable acts. Musical outfits whose recordings have been released by this label include:
Aarktica
Alsace Lorraine
American Analog Set
Amp
Ariel Abshire
Auburn Lull
Bright
Bvdub
California Oranges
Desario
Flare
Flowchart
Follow the Train
Füxa
Hammock
Harold Budd
Holiday Flyer
hollAnd
I Am Robot and Proud
ISAN
Japancakes
Junior Varsity KM
LD & the New Criticism
Lilys
Lowlights
Mahogany
Manual
Maquiladora
Mirza
My Morning Jacket
New Radiant Storm King
Orange Cake Mix
Pale Horse and Rider
Photon Band
Piano Magic
Rhian Sheehan
Robin Guthrie
Rocketship
Rumskib
Saloon
Sisterhood of Convoluted Thinkers
Sprites
Superdrag
Stafrænn Hákon
Steven R. Smith
Sweet Trip
The Radio Dept.
30 Amp Fuse
Tomorrowland
Tullycraft
Voxtrot
Windy & Carl
Geography
Before long, Darla outgrew its one-bedroom apartment and . ground floor office space in San Francisco. James and Chandra relocated Darla to Sacramento, California in October 2000. Darla moved in October 2002 to Vista, California.
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Indie pop record labels
Electronic music record labels
American independent record labels
Record labels established in 1994
Vista, California
1994 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darla%20Records |
František Kmoch (1 August 1848 – 30 April 1912) was a Czech composer and conductor.
Life and career
František Kmoch was born in Zásmuky near Kolín, Bohemia. His father was a tailor and a clarinetist who performed folk music. As a child, František learned to play the violin, and by the age of 10 he was already beginning to compose small pieces.
In 1868 he was studying at the Teachers College in Prague, and by 1869 he had become a teacher in Suchdol. In addition to his occupation as a teacher, he zealously performed in several ensembles, continued to develop himself as a conductor, and composed. In 1873 he was excluded from further assignment as an instructor, allegedly because he had neglected his teaching duties, preferring instead to appear with performing ensembles at balls. It has been suggested, however, that the dismissal was a political decision, since Kmoch did not conceal his sympathies for the nationalistic Sokol athletic movement.
In 1868 he became conductor of the Sokol Wind Orchestra in Kolín. During the 1873 Gymnastics Festival in Prague the Orchestra played a prominent role in the opening ceremony, and visitors who attended the event warmly received the wind orchestra's offerings, both original compositions by Kmoch and arrangements of well-known folk songs.
During this time he married Josefa Kahslova, daughter of a metalworker from Kolín. They had five daughters.
The town music corps in Kolín also chose him as its conductor and he immediately created a school of music attached to it. In 1882 the school gained official state recognition. Various cities, including Prague, invited him to become conductor of their respective city wind orchestras, but Kmoch preferred to remain in Kolín. With his excellent wind orchestra he made excursions to Vienna, Budapest, and Kraków, and even a three-month journey through Russia. He died in Kolín.
Style
In reaction to the military marches of the Austro-Hungarian empire, he wrote marches that were deeply rooted in Czech tradition, folklore and folk music. In a Kmoch march, the middle section which we generally know today as the trio was almost always underlaid with texts, to be sung by musicians or choirs, or eventually the entire audience. These texts were an important expression in the development of Czech national consciousness.
Appreciation
In gratitude the town of Kolín has organized a Kmochův Kolín Festival annually since 1961, which attracts prominent wind orchestras from all of Europe. A sculpture with the image of František Kmoch stands in the Kolín town park, and a wind orchestra in the town still bears his name. A biographical film about Kmoch was produced with the title He was a Czech musician, and an operetta about him bears the title How Kmoch lived and played. In 1998, at the 150th anniversary of his birth, the Czech National Bank issued a 200-crown silver coin.
Kmoch is considered the most popular march composer of his country after Julius Fučík. His oeuvre includes about 500 works.
Orchestral works
Andulko šafářová
Visit to Vienna, a concert polka
Wind music is playing
Česká muzika
Diese Musik, ja die gefällt
Duo for Two Trumpets
Festival March
Springtime Youth
Hoj, Mařenko!
Jarabáček
Jara mládí
Kolíne, Kolíne (Kolíne, Kolíne, stojíš v pěkné rovině - Kolin, Kolin, you lie in a beautiful plain...)
Koně vraný
Letem světem (Flights through the world)
My beautiful homeland
Měsíček svítí
Milý sen Concert waltzes
Můj koníček
Muziky, muziky
Na motoru
Na hrazdě, kvapík
Na stříbropěnném Labi
Nad Labem
Plzeňský Pochod
Po starodávnu
Pod našima okny
Pode mlejnem
Pošumavské stráně
Romance pro křídlovku
Rozmarná
Roztomilá
Beautiful Prague
Šly panenky silnicí
Sokol Nazdar!
Sokolský den
Vraný koně
Vy hvězdičky
Vždy milá
Za sokolským praporem
Zastaveníčko
Zelení hájové!
Zlatá Praha
External links
Short biography
Stamp
1848 births
1912 deaths
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Czech male classical composers
Czech conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
March musicians
People from Kolín District
Czech Romantic composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Czech male musicians
19th-century Czech male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek%20Kmoch |
Jizhou (), formerly Ji County (), is a district in Hengshui, Hebei Province, China. It shares its name with a province of old, Jizhou or Ji Province, which covered parts of modern-day Hebei, Henan, and Shandong Provinces.
Administrative divisions
Towns:
Jizhou Town (), Weijiatun (), Guandaoli (), Nanwucun (), Zhoucun (), Matouli (), Xiwangzhuang ()
Townships:
Menjiazhuang Township (), Xujiazhuang Township (), Beizhanghuai Township (), Xiaozhai Township ()
Climate
Culture
Jibaozhai Museum
References
County-level divisions of Hebei
Hengshui | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizhou%20District%2C%20Hengshui |
Billo De Ghar () is début album by Pakistani pop singer Abrar-ul-Haq. It was written, composed and sung by the artist and became a best selling album in South Asia at the time of its release in 1995. As of 2004, over 16million copies of the album have been sold. The lyrics of the songs are in Punjabi and Urdu.
Although the album's title song "Billo De Ghar" is in Punjabi, only three of the album's ten tracks are in Punjabi, while the rest are in Urdu.
"Billo De Ghar" describes a man trying to meet with a girl, Billo, and is harassed by an assortment of police and moralists in the process. The song became a subject of some controversy when Urdu newspapers began quoting Lahori mullahs who claimed the song describing a man falling in love with a prostitute and wanting to marry her. Upon the formation of Nawaz Sharif's PML-N majority government after the 1997 election, the song was banned from state-owned TV and radio channels. Abrar-ul-Haq has continued to follow up on the long-standing popularity of the song since its release. His 2016 album Billo Returns Aithay Rakh offered new material for fans of the song, with the track "Aaj Bhi Billo Zinda Hai" in particular resurrecting the theme.
"Murree Shehry Di Niki," is another one of the three Punjabi tracks, and is in a dialect of Punjabi called Pothohari which is mostly spoken in Murree, Islamabad and Rawalpindi. It may be an influence of the time Abrar spent in Islamabad for his Master's degree.
Track listing
Billo (a.k.a. Billo De Ghar)
Murree Shehry Di Niki
Aaja Na
Hum Tum Mile The
Sohni Surat
Agar Kabhi
Alam E Bhaghawat
Allah Pakistan
Sachian Te Koorian
Dil Pe Hamare Jo Chaye
References
1995 debut albums
Abrar-ul-Haq albums
Punjabi-language albums
Urdu-language albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billo%20De%20Ghar |
The Coalition for Religious Freedom is a religious right organization founded by Tim LaHaye and Robert Grant to lobby against government regulation of religion. In the 1980s the organization concentrated its efforts on defending the Unification Church.
See also
Christian right
Left Behind series
Christian eschatology
Prophecy
Dispensationalism
Covenant theology
Christian Voice
American Freedom Coalition
External links
Christianity Today: With Their Leader in Prison, Moonies Pursue Legitimacy
Political organizations based in the United States
Conservative organizations in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition%20for%20Religious%20Freedom |
Boys and Girls is a 2000 American comedy film directed by Robert Iscove. The two main characters, Ryan (Freddie Prinze Jr.) and Jennifer (Claire Forlani), meet each other initially as adolescents, and later realize that their lives are intertwined through fate.
Plot
12-year-old Jennifer Burrows and 12-year-old Ryan Walker meet aboard an airplane and are immediately at odds. Four years later, Ryan is the mascot at his high school, while Jennifer is elected Homecoming Queen at hers. During the halftime ceremony between their two schools, Ryan is chased by the rival mascot and loses his mascot head, only to find it run over by Jennifer's ceremonial car. Jennifer later finds Ryan and tries to console him about his costume. They part ways once more, realizing they are too different.
A year later, Ryan and Jennifer are students at UC Berkeley. Ryan is in a steady relationship with his high school sweetheart Betty, and Jennifer is living with a musician. Ryan and Betty break up after realizing their differences. Ryan meets his roommate Hunter, aka Steve, a self-described ladies' man with countless elaborate (and unsuccessful) ploys for sleeping with women.
Jennifer moves in with her best friend Amy after she and her boyfriend break up. Ryan and Amy start going out, and he renews his friendship with Jennifer, even after Amy has her "breakup" with him for her. They take walks, console each other over break-ups, and gradually become best friends. Jennifer even talks Ryan into dating again, as he starts seeing a girl named Megan.
One night, in a cynical mood towards love, Jennifer breaks down and Ryan tries to console her. To their equal surprise, they have sex. Afraid of commitment, Jennifer says that sleeping together was a mistake, and that they should pretend it never happened. Hurt and lovesick, Ryan breaks up with Megan and withdraws into his studies.
As months pass, Jennifer graduates and readies herself to travel to Italy. She encounters Ryan, whom she has not seen since their night together, at a hilltop overlooking the Golden Gate Bridge. Ryan confesses his feelings towards her, but she tells him that she does not feel the same way. He wishes her well in Italy, and leaves.
On the shuttle to the airport, Jennifer passes the same hilltop where they used to spend time together and realizes that she indeed loves Ryan. She immediately races back to her apartment and finds Amy frantically getting dressed to greet her. Steve confidently strolls out of Amy's bedroom and tells Jennifer that Ryan is heading back to Los Angeles on an airplane.
While waiting for departure, Ryan hears Jennifer confess her love for him in Latin. After some convincing, and feeling the wrath of a flight attendant, they rekindle their romance where they first met—on an airplane.
Cast
Freddie Prinze Jr. as Ryan Walker
Brendon Ryan Barrett as young Ryan
Claire Forlani as Jennifer Burrows
Raquel Beaudene as young Jennifer
Jason Biggs as Hunter / Steve
Amanda Detmer as Amy
Heather Donahue as Megan
Alyson Hannigan as Betty
Monica Arnold as Katie
Matt Schulze as Paul
Gay Thomas as N.Y. Flight Attendant
Tim Griffin as Timmy
Brian Poth as Guy in Diner
Lisa Eichhorn as Shuttle Passenger
Lee Garlington as L.A. Flight Attendant
Susan Kellermann as Therapist
Kylie Bax as Supermodel
Kristy Hinze as Supermodel
Ines Rivero as Supermodel
Renate Verbaan as Supermodel
Carrie Ann Inaba as Dancer
Diane Mizota as Dancer
Nancy O'Meara as Dancer
Zach Woodlee as Dancer
Production
In April 1999, Miramax purchased the spec script by Andrew Lowery and Andrew Miller, two actors who started writing together. Robert Iscove signed on to direct, reuniting the director and star of She's All That. Iscove said Prinze "wanted to blow away that good-looking guy image and grow as an actor" by playing a geek. Prinze said, "Most people won't give me a chance to play something different than the good-looking guy. But I love trying new things; I love doing something I haven't done before, and the chance to play a geek was the reason I accepted this role in the first place."
Prinze added, "I set out a goal when I was making She's All That to do three movies for a specific generation...I did She's All That, Down to You, and Boys and Girls. Now, I've graduated from high school and college for a while."
Anna Friel was originally attached as the female lead, but Friel pulled out shortly before filming started due to reported "creative differences" and was replaced by Claire Forlani. Reports differed over whether Friel was fired or quit due to unhappiness with the script.
The film features a dance number similar to She's All That wherein everyone dances to the song "Stop the Rock" by Apollo 440. Forlani said she was given minimal notice to do it, saying "They literally pull me into this room with 30 dancers who for two days have been learning a routine that I have to learn in half an hour. And it was really complicated, too. I was in the corner … and they ordered like, the Gap kids … and I thought, 'Oh f***, I'm doomed! And Freddie said, 'Oh, I can do it.' And I said, 'Well, that's because you're not meant to get it right.'"
Jason Biggs made the film after his breakthrough role in American Pie. It was the first in a two-picture deal he had with Miramax.
Prinze said that Harvey Weinstein had wanted to put a sword fight in She's All That and in this film. He commented, "we got a note from Harvey that said they wanted to put a sword fight into [Boys and Girls] too, which made no sense because it was a contemporary piece, and Jason Biggs played an architecture student! Those were the crazy notes you'd get from the studio back in the day. I don't understand how Miramax directors didn't all go insane."
Reception
The film received mainly negative reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 11% based on reviews from 63 critics, with an average rating 3.9 out of 10. The site's critics consensus states, "Boys and Girls feels like a cheap rip-off of When Harry Met Sally. The predictable and stale story fails to engage."
Box office
The film opened at No. 6 at the North American box office, making approximately $7 million USD in its opening weekend.
References
External links
2000 films
American romantic comedy films
American buddy comedy films
2000s buddy comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000 romantic comedy films
Films set in San Francisco
Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area
Films shot in San Francisco
Dimension Films films
Films scored by Stewart Copeland
Films directed by Robert Iscove
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys%20and%20Girls%20%282000%20film%29 |
Jiangyuan may refer to:
Places in China
Jiangyuan District (江源区), Baishan, Jilin
Jiangyuan (江源镇), the name of a number of towns
Jiangyuan, Dunhua, Jilin
Jiangyuan, Chongzhou, Sichuan
Jiangyuan, Jianyang, Sichuan
People
Jiang Yuan, legendary ancestress of the dynastic rulers of the Zhou dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangyuan |
"Could It Be Magic" is a song written by Adrienne Anderson and composed by Barry Manilow, inspired by Frédéric Chopin's Prelude in C minor, Opus 28, Number 20.
The song was initially released in 1971 by Featherbed (a group of session musicians featuring Barry Manilow), produced and co-written by Tony Orlando. It was later re-recorded as a Manilow solo track in his first album released in 1973 on Bell Records. It was then reworked in 1975 and released as a single from his eponymous album re-issued by Arista Records. The 1975 release became Manilow's third hit after "Mandy" and "It's A Miracle".
The song has been recorded by a number of other artists over the years, most successfully by Donna Summer in 1976 and by Take That in 1992. The version by Take That won the Brit Award for British Single in 1993.
Composition and recordings
Manilow wrote "Could It Be Magic" one night while he was living in a studio apartment on 27th Street in Manhattan. He had been playing Chopin on the piano that afternoon, and the tune inspired by Chopin then came to him. Manilow built the song by elaborating on part of Chopin's Prelude Op. 28, No. 20, and the source of the inspiration is made explicit in Manilow's own recording, which quotes directly eight bars of Prelude No. 20 at the start, and ends the same way by returning to the Prelude. The basic shape of the song is that of a single great crescendo; as Manilow explained, he wanted the song to "build and build" like the Beatles's "Hey Jude" "until you think you can't take it anymore. It should be a musical orgasm."
Manilow sent a cassette tape of his tune to his collaborator Adrienne Anderson, who responded enthusiastically to the song, as did Tony Orlando, vice-president of Columbia/CBS Music, who also contributed lyrics to the version of the song he then produced.
Featherbed original version
Barry Manilow was signed by Tony Orlando to New York City-based Bell Records in 1969, and Orlando produced a few songs released under the name of Featherbed, a "ghost" group consisting of session musicians including Manilow. This ensemble had a minor success with "Amy" in 1971, a song written by Anderson and performed by Manilow. Manilow at that stage had only composed or arranged commercial jingles, and the arrangement of the backing track for "Could It Be Magic" was left to Orlando after they had a discussion about the song's arrangement. Although Manilow had envisioned a song that builds up like "Hey Jude", Orlando produced and arranged it instead as an uptempo bubblegum pop single with a dance beat and cowbells that more resembled Orlando's own "Knock Three Times".
This early version of "Magic" was released as a song by Featherbed on the Bell Records label. Manilow hated the Orlando arrangement in Featherbed's version so severely that, as he has said in numerous subsequent interviews, he was appreciative of the fact that the song went nowhere on the charts. However, he has been quoted in recent years as having somewhat softened his opinion of the track, saying it's "kind of catchy". Apart from the chorus, the lyrics of Featherbed's recording have nothing to do with the version Manilow himself recorded for his debut album in 1973 and in 1975.
Barry Manilow solo versions
Manilow co-produced a slower-tempo version of the song with Ron Dante. Although the chorus of this version is similar to the Featherbed version, the rest of the lyrics are completely different. The "Sweet Melissa" in the lyrics is said to refer to singer Melissa Manchester, who was Manilow's label-mate and a back-up singer to Bette Midler in the early 1970s. It was released on his debut album Barry Manilow in 1973, and it also served as the B-side to the single "Cloudburst".
Six months later, former Columbia Records president Clive Davis took over Bell Records and merged it into Arista with all the other Columbia Pictures-owned labels. Most of the artists at Bell were dropped during the merger, but Manilow was brought over to Arista in the spring of 1974. Due to the success of Manilow second album Barry Manilow II, it was decided that Manilow's debut album would be re-released under the Arista label, to be retitled Barry Manilow I. Manilow and Dante reworked four songs in April 1975 for the re-release, including a slightly altered version of "Could It Be Magic", co-arranged with Joe Renzetti. Clive Davis heard the song and decided to release it as a single for the Arista re-release despite its length of nearly 7 minutes (most singles then were around 3 minutes long), reasoning that even if it failed to make an impact, people's attention would be diverted by Manilow's soon-to-be-released third album. To make the song radio-friendly, it was shortened to just over 4 minutes for its single release by cutting the bridge in half, deleting the first half of the second verse, and reducing the number of repeats in the final chorus.
The single turned out to be successful, and it reached number 6 in the United States. Cash Box said that "a glowing arrangement by Manilow and Ron Dante grace the familiar melody which is augmented with a strong, vocal interpretation by Manilow" Record World said that "Chopin's Prelude in C Minor gave Barry the original inspiration for this one" and that they expected it to go to the Top 10.
The song also reached number 25 on the UK charts when it was issued as a single in 1978.
The song was again reworked in 1993 using the earlier orchestration of brass and strings, combining it with new drums, bass and synthesizers. This version was included on the album Greatest Hits: The Platinum Collection. An extended remix of the 1993 version was issued as a promotional 12" single and included on the 12" single of "I'd Really Love to See You Tonight".
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Donna Summer cover version
Just seven months after Manilow's original version was released as a single, American singer Donna Summer recorded a disco version of the track and included it on her third studio album, A Love Trilogy, and took it to number three on the US Billboard Dance chart in 1976. The song also entered the UK Singles Chart where it stayed for seven weeks (peak point No. 40). Summer changed the lyrics of "sweet Melissa" to "sweet Peter" as an ode to her boyfriend at the time, Peter Mühldorfer.
Track listing
US 7" single (Oasis OC 405) / Canada 7" single (Oasis OC 405X)
"Could It Be Magic" – 3:15
"Whispering Waves" – 4:50
UK 7" single (GTO GT 60)
"Could It Be Magic" – 3:15
"Whispering Waves" – 4:50
Germany 7" single (Atlantic ATL 10 775)
"Could It Be Magic" – 5:20
"Come With Me" – 4:20
Netherlands 7" single (Groovy GR 1219)
"Could It Be Magic" – 3:15
"Whispering Waves" – 4:50
France 7" single (Atlantic 10.770)
"Could It Be Magic" – 4:13
"Whispering Waves" – 4:15
Italy 7" single (Durium DE 2873)
"Could It Be Magic" – 3:15
"Whispering Waves" – 3:35
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Take That version
Produced by Billy Griffin and Ian Levine and remixed by the Rapino Brothers, English boy band Take That released their cover version, based on Donna Summer/Giorgio Moroder's up-tempo arrangement of the track, on November 30, 1992, as the final single from their debut album, Take That & Party (1992). The song does not appear on the cassette version of the album but was issued as a cassette single. It peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart and was featured in that year's Only Fools and Horses Christmas special "Mother Nature's Son" in the background of one of the scenes. The single reached the top 10 in Belgium, Ireland, Portugal, and the United Kingdom. On the Eurochart Hot 100, "Could It Be Magic" peaked at number nine. The song won Take That their first major award: Best British Single at the 1993 Brit Awards.
During The Ultimate Tour in 2006, former member Robbie Williams appeared on a hologram with a pre-recorded section of his vocals. Gary Barlow sings lead vocals since Take That's reformation.
The song has received a Silver sales status certification and has sold over 345,000 copies in the UK.
Critical reception
In his review of the Take That & Party album, Peter Fawthrop from AllMusic wrote, "Hearing Robbie Williams on the tracks here, especially his lead on the cover of Barry Manilow's "Could It Be Magic", brings back a feeling of lost innocence and a perspective on the changing of times." In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton said, "Cleverly they change it from a ballad into a medium-tempo pop/dance tune but although it is also fancied for Christmas No.1 it is just not as strong as songs like "A Million Love Songs", their last hit which may well have been a better choice for a Christmas single." Alex Kadis from Smash Hits described it as a "spectacular stomperama". Wayne Garcia from St. Petersburg Times viewed it as the "low point" of the album, describing the song as "a synth-disco remake".
Music video
A music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Saffie Ashtiany. It shows a young woman leaving a garage before the lights are turned back on and Take That perform the song with many other dancers. It was filmed at Bray Studios, Water Oakley, Windsor, Berkshire in 1992. The video was later published on Take That's official YouTube channel in October 2009. It has amassed more than 9.5 million views as of September 2021.
Track listings
UK 7-inch vinyl and cassette (74321 12313 7; 74321 12313 4)
Rapino Radio Mix – 3:30
Take That Radio Megamix – 4:38
UK 12-inch vinyl (74321 12313 1)(limited-edition w/ poster sleeve)
Deep In Rapino's Club Mix – 5:56
Take That Club Megamix – 7:03
Mr. F. Mix – 6:18
European CD single (74321 12735 2)
Rapino Radio Mix – 3:30
Deep In Rapino's Club Mix – 5:56
Ciao Baby Mix – 7:19
Paparazzo Mix – 5:27
UK CD single (74321 12313 2)
Rapino Radio Mix – 3:30
Deep In Rapino's Club Mix – 5:56
Acapella – 3:12
Ciao Baby Mix – 7:19
Rapino Dub – 3:44
Paparazzo Mix – 5:27
Deep In Rapino's Dub – 5:57
Club Rapino Mix – 3:43
Personnel
Robbie Williams – lead vocals
Gary Barlow – backing vocals
Howard Donald – backing vocals
Jason Orange – backing vocals
Mark Owen – backing vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Other notable versions
French singer Alain Chamfort released a French-language version of the song under the title "Le temps qui court" in 1975. Chamfort's version was later covered by boy band Alliage in 1997. Their version peaked at number 13 in France and number 32 in Belgium (Wallonia). This version was covered by Les Enfoirés in 2006, reaching number four in France, number two in Belgium (Wallonia) and number 19 in Switzerland. Lynda Carter performed the song on her 1980 television special Lynda Carter - Encore! with Donald Yung and the Value Youth Orchestra.
References
External links
1973 singles
1975 singles
1976 singles
1992 singles
Barry Manilow songs
Pop ballads
Donna Summer songs
Brit Award for British Single
Abigail (singer) songs
Take That songs
Disco songs
Songs written by Adrienne Anderson
Songs written by Barry Manilow
Song recordings produced by Giorgio Moroder
Song recordings produced by Pete Bellotte
Arista Records singles
Bell Records singles
GTO Records singles
RCA Records singles
Rock ballads
1971 songs
1970s ballads
Popular songs based on classical music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Could%20It%20Be%20Magic |
Robel Zeimichael Teklemariam (born September 16, 1974) is an Ethiopian cross-country skier who has competed since 2006. Competing in two Winter Olympics, he earned his best finish of 83rd in the 15 km event at Turin in 2006.
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 in Sapporo, Teklemariam finished 74th in the individual sprint and 104th in the 15 km event.
His best career finish was 25th in a lesser event at 15 km race in Switzerland in January 2010.
Although he has lived in the United States since the age of 9, he has founded and heads the Ethiopian National Skiing Federation, and still speaks fluent Amharic.
He has said that without the financial help of Ethiopians abroad, he would not have made it to February's games in Italy. He also admitted that he had no chance of winning medals in either event he has entered in, Alpine and cross-country skiing. "I'm a realist. My goals are for further down the road. I want this Olympics to open my eyes and hopefully the eyes of other Ethiopians."
Robel Teklemariam has four other brothers. One (Nahom) in Los Angeles and three (Natan, Yoseph, Benyam) in Richmond, Virginia.
He is a 1997 graduate of the University of New Hampshire.
References
nazret.com: Robel Teklemariam Ethiopia first at Winter Olympics
Ethiopian National Skiing Federation home
BBC: Ethiopia first at Winter Olympics
Ethiomedia: Ethiopia's Robel with a cause at Turin Olympics
One Winter, Five Dreams: Robel Teklemariam's Blog
1974 births
Living people
Ethiopian male cross-country skiers
Ethiopian emigrants to the United States
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic cross-country skiers for Ethiopia
University of New Hampshire alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robel%20Teklemariam |
"Weekend in New England" is a song recorded by Barry Manilow for his fourth studio album, This One's for You (1976). Written by Randy Edelman, it was released as the second single from the album, and became a Top Ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100, while topping the Adult Contemporary chart.
Content
The song's title does not occur in its lyrics but is approximated in the first line of the second verse: "Time in New England took me away", the evident basis of "Weekend in New England" being the leisure habits of New Yorkers for whom "the romantic short escape of choice has long been a drive up the coast towards Massachusetts and the other [New England] states", lyrical references to "long rocky beaches and you by the bay" indicating a seaside getaway. The song's narrator, on his first day "back in the city where nothing is clear", fondly remembers the romance of the weekend just past, and yearns to be reunited with the person he met in New England (or vacationed there with).
Background
Composer Randy Edelman made the first recording of his song for his 1975 album Farewell Fairbanks, the track—entitled "A Weekend in New England"—serving as B-side for the single "Concrete and Clay". Prior to "Weekend in New England" being recorded by Barry Manilow (and subsequently by other artists), Edelman modified the song's melody at the behest of Arista Records president Clive Davis, to whose attention Roger Birnbaum, then a West Coast A&R man for Arista, had brought Edelman's original version. Davis recalled, "The choruses were beautiful, but the verses needed to be [more] accessible melodically. So I asked Edelman to rewrite the melody of the verses, and if it came out strong, I would ask Manilow to record it."
Edelman recalled doing UK promotion for "Concrete and Clay" when he received a long-distance phone call from Davis soliciting "Weekend in New England" for Manilow: "[Davis went] off on a detailed discussion of why the harmonics in the verse didn't work [but] in [such] a way that I didn't feel that my creativity was being challenged." Although, in Edelman's recollection, Davis indicated that Manilow would record "Weekend in New England" with or without Davis' suggested modifications. Edelman recounted, "It was just that he thought some simplification could really make it a hit. And he was right." Edelman provided Davis with a customized verse melody for "Weekend in New England" a week later.
Personnel
Barry Manilow – vocals, piano
Richard Resnicoff – guitar
Steven Donaghey – bass guitar
Alan Axelrod – keyboards
Lee Gurst – drums
Gerald Atlers – orchestration
Reception
At the time of the August 1976 release of its parent album: This One's for You, "Weekend in New England" was passed over as lead single but was earmarked for future single release. Subsequent to the surprising underperformance of the album's title cut as a single—"This One's For You" rose no higher than no. 29 on the Billboard Hot 100—"Weekend in New England" had its single release in November 1976. It afforded Manilow a considerable Top 40 comeback, entering the Top 20 on the Hot 100 of January 29, 1977. However, "Weekend in New England" did not become one of Manilow's top hits, as its ultimate Hot 100 peak was at no. 10. It did maintain Manilow's virtual "lock" on the no. 1 position of the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, while the third single release from This One's For You, "Looks Like We Made It", returned Manilow to the top of the Hot 100 for the third time.
Cash Box said "a piano plays in the foreground, the vocal is strong and right to the point" and "the production is overflowing with horns and strings." Record World called it a "sweeping ballad delivered in the style that has made [Manilow] one of the country's leading male vocalists."
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Subsequent versions
"Weekend in New England" has since been recorded by:
Jim Nabors for his 1977 album Sincerely.
Marti Caine for her 1978 album Behind the Smile.
Roger Whittaker for his 1978 album Roger Whittaker Sings the Hits.
Vera Lynn for her 1979 album Thank You For the Music (I Sing the Songs).
Des O'Connor for his 1980 album Remember Romance.
Gary Puckett for his 1982 album Melodie.
Bill Tarmey for his 1993 A Gift of Love.
Linzi Hateley for her 1994 album Sooner or Later.
Martin Nievera for his 1999 album Return to Forever.
Regine Velasquez for her 2007 album Regine Live: Songbird Sings the Classics.
John Barrowman for his 2007 album Another Side.
Michael Ballfor his 2011 album Heroes.
Marin Mazzie for her 2015 album Make Your Own Kind of Music - Live at 54 Below.
Kyle Vincent for his 2016 album Kyle Vincent Sings the Great Manilow Songbook.
Kathryn Bernardo for her 2017 album Lovelife with Kath.
Popular culture
Two answer songs, both recorded by country musicians, were inspired by the story: "Whoever's in New England" (made a hit by Reba McEntire in 1986), which supposed that the man was having an affair and was sung from the perspective of the man's wife; and "Stay" (a hit for Sugarland in 2007), from the point of view of the mistress.
Barry Manilow's version was heard in the 2009 comedy Paul Blart: Mall Cop.
References
External links
Songs about the United States
Barry Manilow songs
1976 singles
Song recordings produced by Ron Dante
1975 songs
Arista Records singles
Songs written by Randy Edelman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekend%20in%20New%20England |
Sandy Creek High School (SCHS) is a public high school in Tyrone, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Fayette County School System.
Sandy Creek serves Tyrone, northern Fayetteville, and northern portions of Peachtree City. It opened in 1991 with approximately 400 students in order to relieve overcrowding at Fayette County High School and McIntosh High School.
During 2021, the school had 1,207 students enrolled in grades 9–12 and was accredited by the Southern Association of High Schools and Colleges.
Sports
Sandy Creek has become known for its successful sports programs, with many alumni having received Division I athletic scholarships, and several playing professionally.
The school was 2000 cheerleading State Champion, 2004–2005 football Region Champions, 1997 & 2002 boys' basketball Elite 8, 2005 boys' basketball Semi-Finalist, 2002 & 2003 basketball Region Champions, and 2008–2009 6-AAAA Volleyball State & Region Champions. The school has won multiple track state championships.
Sandy Creek won its first football state title on December 11, 2009, and became back-to-back state champs on the same day one year later, defeating Carrollton in the AAA title.
Volleyball
2007–2008 State Runner-Up
2008–2009 State Champions
2008–2009 Region Champions
2010–2011 State Runner-Up
2011–2012 State Champions
2012–2013 State Champions
Football
The Sandy Creek Football team finished the 2010 season with a 29-game win streak. The streak ended at 41 straight games after a loss to the Gainesville Red Elephants in the 2011 quarterfinals.
Championships
2003 Region Champions
2004 Region Champions
2008 Region Champions
2009 Region Champions
2009 AAAA football State Champions (14–1)
2010 Region Champions
2010 AAA football State Champions (15–0)
2011 Region Champions
2012 Region Champions
2012 AAAA football State Champions (15–0)
2013 Region Champions
2022 AAA football State Champions (13-2)
NFL alumni
These alumni have played in the National Football League:
'97 SCHS grad – Jabari Holloway (New England Patriots/Houston Texans)
'01 SCHS grad – J.R. Lemon (Oakland Raiders)
'02 SCHS grad – Riley Swanson (Buffalo Bills)
'02 SCHS grad – Kedric Golston (Washington Redskins)
'04 SCHS grad – Calvin Johnson (Detroit Lions)
'04 SCHS grad – Andrew Gardner (Miami Dolphins, Baltimore Ravens, Cincinnati Bengals, Houston Texans, Philadelphia Eagles)
'10 SCHS grad – Isaiah Johnson (Detroit Lions)
'10 SCHS grad – Rajion Neal (Green Bay Packers)
’12 SCHS grad - Mike Hilton (Cincinnati Bengals)
AFL alumni
These alumni have played in the Arena Football League:
'02 SCHS grad – Riley Swanson (Arizona Rattlers, Tampa Bay Storm)
SCHS football 10+ win seasons
'03 season record: 10-1 (Region Champions and undefeated in Region 4-AAAA)
'04 season record: 11-1 (Region Champions and undefeated in Region 4-AAAA)
'08 season record: 11-1 (Region Champions and undefeated in Region Play)
'09 season record: 14-1 (Region Champions and AAAA state champions)
'10 season record: 15-0 (Region Champions and AAA state champions)
'11 season record: 12-1 (Region Champions and undefeated in Region 4-AAA)
'12 season record: 15-0 (Region Champions and AAAA State Champions)
'13 season record: 11-1-1 (Region Champions and undefeated in Region 5-AAAA)
'19 season record: 11-1
'22 season record: 13-2 (AAA State Champions)
SCHS football history
Sandy Creek is the first Fayette County football team to win a Georgia state championship.
In 2003 and 2004, the Patriot football program boasted two perfect 10-0 regular season records and trips to the AAAA State Playoffs, including 24 straight regular season victories. They also had a perfect regular season in 2008.
Sandy Creek won back-to-back state titles in two different divisions. They won a AAAA state title in 2009 and a AAA title in 2010.
SCHS football coaching
Brett Garvin currently holds the head coaching position for the Sandy Creek Patriots football program.
Previous head coaches at SCHS include Rodney Walker and his son Chip Walker.
Sandy Creek had five straight regional championships in the 2008 through 2012 seasons.
Sandy Creek won the school's first state championship on December 11, 2009.
Basketball
The Sandy Creek basketball team made it to the Final Four in 2005 and 2018.
SCHS retired the jersey of #23 L.T. Lockett, class of 2001, one of the most prolific scorers in Georgia high school history. D-I basketball players include John Beckett (Georgia State University), L.T. Lockett (Middle TN State University), #34 Aaron B. Caruthers (University of North Florida), class of 2005.
Baseball
Eric Thomas was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 28 round of the 2002 MLB Draft. Brent Brewer was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers with the 60th pick of the 2006 MLB Draft. Blake Brewer was also selected in the 2008 MLB Draft by the Florida Marlins. D-I baseball players include Eric Thomas (2002) (Southern University), Jay Fields (Georgia State University), Rusty Bennett (2001-Georgia State University), Dusty Bennett (2004-Georgia State University). More recently, some more D-I commits include: Cole Jackson (2016-Georgia State University), Thomas Farr (2017-University of South Carolina), Markell Graham (2018-East Tennessee State University), Connor Housley (2019-University of Tennessee) and John Marant (2020-Georgia Institute of Technology).
Soccer
In the spring of 2007, for the first time in school history, the Sandy Creek boys' soccer team made the state playoffs. The team achieved a #4 seed in Region 6-AAA. The boys' team has made the state playoffs each of the last three years. In 2008 the team reached the second round of the playoffs for the first time in school history.
Swimming
The Sandy Creek Swimming Patriots are a competitive swimming program, coached by Steve Henderson and assisted by Evans Martin.
Wrestling
Sandy Creek's wrestling team competes in a wide range of matches and tournaments throughout the season.
Derek Wojcik is the most prolific wrestler to graduate from Sandy Creek. He was a state champion in 2010 and 2009. Other notables include two-time placer Julian Holmes, who took fifth in 2008 and second in 2009, and Treijon Johnson, who took sixth in 2012 and fourth in 2013. Wojcik is Sandy Creek's only active college wrestler.
Fine arts
The Sandy Creek fine arts department includes four choirs, and Orchestra, Band, Art, and Drama departments.
The Choral Department consistently receives superior ratings every year from The Georgia Music Educators Association (GMEA), and performs on a national level. The chorus includes four groups: Men's, Treble (Women), Honor Ensemble (Women), and the Advanced Mixed Chorus. In 2009, The GMEA invited the Men's Chorus to perform for the GMEA In-Service Conference in Savannah, Georgia; they were the only all-male high school chorus to perform. The following year, the Advanced Mix Chorus traveled to San Francisco to perform with world-renowned ensemble Chanticleer.
Fox 5 Glee contest
In fall 2009, six members of the Select Mixed Chorus entered and won a contest hosted by Fox5 News and B98.5fm for the premiere of the television series Glee. After performing live at the Fox News studio, they received an array of grand prizes as well as being declared "Georgia's Best Vocal Ensemble." The members of this group were Jesse Alexander (soloist), Tyler Green (tenor 1), Aaron Biemiller (tenor 2), Anthony Spezzano (baritone), Chad Sims (bass), and Paul Merrill (bass).
Spring musical
Every year, the fine arts put together a school musical. In 2010, Sandy Creek performed Les Misérables, and received a nomination for Best Musical at the Shuler Hensley Awards.
Band
The Sandy Creek High School Wind Ensemble and symphonic band receive Superior ratings at the GMEA Large Group Performance Evaluation each year. The band has a total of four programs that include a jazz ensemble, wind ensemble, symphonic band, and concert band. The Sound of Sandy Creek Marching Band also consistently receives Superiors at local marching band competitions in the state and around the region.
Awards
2004 Georgia School of Excellence
2006 & 2007 Bronze Winner of Achievement by the Governor and the Department of Education
2008 & 2009 Gold Award Winner of Achievement by the Governor and the Department of Education
2003 & 2008 Newsweek magazine's "Top 1500 High Schools in the United States"
1996 Georgia School of Excellence
Notable alumni
Andrew Gardner (2004), offensive lineman for Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets; drafted in the sixth round of the 2009 NFL Draft by the Miami Dolphins; also played for the Houston Texans, Philadelphia Eagles, and the San Francisco 49ers
Kedric Golston (2002), defensive lineman who played for the Georgia Bulldogs and he was drafted in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins
Mike Hilton, professional football player for the Pittsburgh Steelers
Jabari Holloway, tight end for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish; drafted in the fourth round of the 2001 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots but only played for the Houston Texans
Calvin Johnson (2004), former wide receiver who played for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets; drafted in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions; elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2021
Rajion Neal (2009), running back for the Pittsburgh Steelers
Rob Redding, syndicated talk show host (graduated from Sandy Creek in 1994's charter class)
Jabari Smith Jr. (2021), basketball player, Houston Rockets
Andrew Toles (2010), outfielder for the Los Angeles Dodgers
Justin Sumpter Former professional football player for the Los Angeles Rams
Brian Branch (2020) Professional football player for the Detroit Lions
References
External links
Sandy Creek High School
Public high schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Educational institutions established in 1991
Schools in Fayette County, Georgia
1991 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Creek%20High%20School |
The International Society of Biometeorology (ISB) is a professional society for scientists interested in biometeorology, specifically environmental and ecological aspects of the interaction of the atmosphere and biosphere. The organization's stated purpose is: "to provide one international organization for the promotion of interdisciplinary collaboration of meteorologists, physicians, physicists, biologists, climatologists, ecologists and other scientists and to promote the development of Biometeorology".
The International Society of Biometeorology was founded in 1956 at UNESCO headquarters in Paris, France, by S. W. Tromp, a Dutch geologist, H. Ungeheuer, a German meteorologist, and several human physiologists of which F. Sargent II of the United States became the first President of the society.
ISB affiliated organizations include: the International Association for Urban Climate, the International Society for Agricultural Meteorology, the International Union of Biological Sciences, the World Health Organization, and the World Meteorological Organization. ISB affiliate members include: the American Meteorological Society, the Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, the German Meteorological Society, the Society for the Promotion of Medicine-Meteorological Research e.V., International Society of Medical Hydrology and Climatology, and the UK Met Office.
Publications
ISB publishes the following journals:
Bulletin of the Society of Biometeorology
International Journal of Biometeorology
References
External links
Biometeorology
International scientific organizations
Meteorological societies
Climatological research organizations
Biology organizations
International medical associations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Society%20of%20Biometeorology |
"Looks Like We Made It" is a song by American singer Barry Manilow, from his 1976 album This One's for You, composed by Richard Kerr with lyrics by Will Jennings. The single was released April 20, 1977.
Overview
The song was first released in 1976 on his album This One's For You, and was issued as a single in 1977 where it reached the number one spot on both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart. It is ranked as the 37th greatest U.S. hit of 1977. It became his third of five gold records.
Despite the optimism suggested by the song's title, the narrator is actually ruminating on the fact that he and his ex-lover have finally found happiness and fulfillment—though not with each other. They have, indeed, "made it," but apart, not together. Songwriter Will Jennings commented,
Reception
Cash Box called it "a stately ballad with a sad story," saying that it "reverberates with a gargantuan choir that pushes to a towering, dynamic finale."
The song was featured in a 2012 Chevrolet Super Bowl commercial
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Track listing
7" AS 0244
"Looks Like We Made It" – 3:33
"New York City Rhythm (Live)"
Other recordings
Facts of Life on their 1977 album Sometimes
Christopher Wheat on his 2013 album Breaking the Waves
See also
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1977 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1977 (U.S.)
References
External links
1976 songs
1977 singles
Barry Manilow songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Songs with lyrics by Will Jennings
Songs written by Richard Kerr (songwriter)
Song recordings produced by Ron Dante
Arista Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looks%20Like%20We%20Made%20It |
Shavertown is the name of a number of places in the United States:
Shavertown, New York, extinct town in the Catskills region
Shavertown, Pennsylvania
Shavertown, Virginia (part of Sterling, Virginia) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavertown |
CCSA may stand for:
Cab Calloway School of the Arts, a magnet school for grades 6–12 in Delaware
Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Canada's national addictions agency
Central Collegiate Ski Association, an NCAA college athletic conference
Certification in Control Self-Assessment
China Communications Standards Association
Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism, founded by Louis Rosenblum
Clifton School (South Africa)
Coastal Collegiate Sports Association, an NCAA Division I college athletic conference for swimming, diving and beach-volleyball
Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities, a forum for good practice in statistical activities of international organizations
Cook County State's Attorney
Creative Commons Share Alike, a Creative Commons License permitting distribution of derivative works only under a license identical to that under which the work was released | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCSA |
Bergenfield High School is a four-year, comprehensive public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades from Bergenfield, in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as part of the Bergenfield Public Schools. Bergenfield High School is accredited by the New Jersey Department of Education until July 2028 and has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools since 1945.
As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,220 students and 104.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.6:1. There were 262 students (21.5% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 103 (8.4% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
The school's CEEB code is 310090.
History
The original high school building was constructed at a cost of $370,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) as an addition to an existing school, and dedicated in ceremonies held in April 1941. The current building was constructed at a cost of $3,625,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) and opened in 1959 on South Prospect Avenue to accommodate the post war Baby Boom and replaced the combination junior/senior high school (formerly called Warren J. Harding) on the corner of Clinton and Washington Avenue, which become a middle school.
Awards, recognition and rankings
The school was the 122nd-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 139th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 136th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 234th in 2008 out of 316 schools and 192nd in the 2006. Schooldigger.com ranked the school tied for 163rd out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (an increase of 52 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (80.5%) and language arts literacy (94.5%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
Curriculum
Bergenfield High School offers a wide range of courses in the areas of art, business and marketing, English, health and physical education, industrial and technological education, mathematics, music, science, social studies, and world language. Class levels range from modified to Advanced Placement. Full- and half-year electives are also offered, and health classes are offered as a quarter-year elective within all gym classes.
Advanced Placement (AP) courses include AP Studio Art, AP Art History, AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP Calculus, AP Computer Science, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics, AP United States History, AP United States Government and Politics, AP Music Theory, AP Psychology AP Spanish Language and AP European History.
Bergenfield High School offers medical-field based classes where the students have an opportunity to receive college credits from the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ). Classes include Medical Terminology, Anatomy and Physiology, Dynamics of Healthcare, Emergency and Clinical Care.
Extracurricular activities
The school is producing its own television station called Bears On Air that is available to all Cablevision customers. This channel will feature special events, such as college fairs and other events at BHS; InTune, a special program that will showcase the Bergenfield Music Department; Bears Den, a program showcasing rich athletic programs at Bergenfield; and In Reel Time, which will offer movie reviews. The channel is available for Cablevision customers on channel 77.
Music
NAMM Foundation (American Music Conference) has recognized Bergenfield High School as one of the Best Communities for Music Education in America for multiple years, including 2012 and was a finalist for the Grammy Signature Schools Award for multiple years as well.
The music department offers marching band, three concert bands, three orchestras, three choral ensembles, a jazz ensemble, and numerous chamber ensembles with weighted honors credits on Wind Ensemble, Chamber Orchestra, and Vocal Ensemble.
Their three honor ensembles have performed at Avery Fisher Hall at Lincoln Center. The Honors Wind Ensemble received gold ratings at the state regional festival and was named a New Jersey Honor Band in 2007 and 2009.
Marching band
Bergenfield is well known for its now over 190-member marching band, whose uniforms loosely resemble those of the British Foot Guard Regiments. Bernard T. Baggs took direction in 1950, and the band has since worked with other notable names, such as Donald Angelica, Frank Levy, Bobby Thompson, Fred Sanford, Jack Meehan, and Dennis Delucia. The musicians currently work under the direction of Brian P. Timmons and the color guard under Michael DeLucia.
The band marched in the Super Bowl XLVIII Halftime Show and performed at the NFL Media Day festivities at the Prudential Center in Newark. Some of the many locations the band has performed includeDisney World, Yankee Stadium, New Meadowlands Stadium, Jets and Giants football games, Foxboro Stadium, Devils game at Prudential Center, United Nations, Broadway on Broadway, and the Annual North Jersey Marching Band Festival 65 times. The Record placed the band's image on the front cover of the November 2007 issue of its Sports Magazine.
Bergenfield hosts the annual USSBA Bergen County Invitational Band Festival, which has a roster of up to 16 bands per year. Although the band doesn't formally compete, they have received consistent gold and superior ratings at festivals such as the NJMEA State Marching Band Festival.
TV and film appearances
The Bergenfield marching band represented New Jersey as the lead music group in a televised opening of the New Jersey pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair.
They've marched at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade for a record 20 times and were featured in a 1978 Macy's commercial. They've also participated in NYC ticker-tape parades.
The band appeared on film in The Bounty Hunter and Tower Heist as the Macy's Great American Marching Band.
Their notable TV news segments include News 12, Good Day New York when the Yankees won the 2009 World Series, and The Today Show where host Ann Curry fulfilled one of her long-time dreams by performing with the marching band.
They performed live at the 41st Tony Awards held in June 1987 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre, appearing as part of a tribute aired to honor the then recently deceased Robert Preston, best known for his starring role in The Music Man.
Athletics
The Bergenfield High School Bears compete in the Big North Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools in Bergen and Passaic counties, and was established following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Before the 2010 realignment, Bergenfield was one of the 12 schools participating in the North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League (NBIL/NBIAL). With 847 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the Patriot Red division of the North Jersey Super Football Conference, which includes 112 schools competing in 20 divisions, making it the nation's biggest football-only high school sports league. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group IV North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 895 to 1,296 students. Tom Curry is Bergenfield's athletic director.
The school participates with Dumont High School in a joint ice hockey team in which Fair Lawn High School is the host school / lead agency. The co-op program operates under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year.
The school's wrestling program has been successful over the last 40 years. Former coach Sal Cascio is in the National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum in Stillwater, Oklahoma.
Most sports have Varsity, Junior Varsity, and Freshman teams, but some only have the top one or two tiers. Note: Sports marked with an asterisk (*) usually practice and compete with each other, but they are two separate teams and officially compete and are scored separately. Interscholastic sports offered by the school include:
Fall sports teams: Cross Country (Boys')*, Cross Country (Girls')*, Football, Soccer (Boys'), Soccer (Girls'), Tennis (Girls'), Volleyball, & Cheerleading
Winter sports teams: Basketball (Boys'), Basketball (Girls'), Bowling (Boys')*, Bowling (Girls')*, Track (Boys')*, Track (Girls')*, Wrestling, & Cheerleading
Spring sports teams: Baseball, Softball, Golf (Boys')*, Golf (Girls')*, Tennis (Boys'), Track (Boys')* and Track (Girls')*
The boys basketball team won the Group I state championship in 1945 (defeating Hightstown High School in the tournament finals) and won the Group III state championship in 2015 (vs. Ewing High School). The 1945 team finished the season with a 22-2 record after winning the Group I title with a 53-40 win against Hightstown in the championship game played at the Elizabeth Armory. In 2015, the team won the North I Group III state sectional championship with a 71–69 win against Teaneck High School and went on to win the Group III state title with an 80–72 win in overtime against Ewing High School to earn their first state championship since 1945 and their first appearance to the Tournament of Champions in school history.
The football team won the North I Group IV state championship in 1974 and 1976, and won state titles in North I Group III in 1982, 1986 and 1987. The 1974 team finished the season with a 9-1 record after winning the first North I Group IV sectional title of the playoff era with a 36-0 victory against John F. Kennedy High School in front of 7,000 fans. The 1976 team defeated Bayonne High School in front of a crowd of 10,000 spectators at Giants Stadium by a score of 19-8 to win the North I Group IV sectional title. A 35-0 win against Vernon Township High School in the 1982 North I Group III sectional championship game gave the team an 11-0 final record. The 1986 team finished the season with a record of 11-0 after winning the North I Group III state sectional title with a 52-8 win against Hoboken High School in a game that was ended early due to a brawl between the two teams. With a 14-0 victory against Wayne Valley High School, the 1987 team won the program's second consecutive North I Group III state sectional title and finished the season with a 10-1 record.
The boys bowling team won the overall state championship in 1978.
The wrestling team won the North I Group III state sectional title in 1983.
Administration
The school's principal is Jim Fasano. His administration team includes the assistant principal.
Notable alumni
Harry Basil, stand-up comic, actor in Peggy Sue Got Married and film director.<ref name=Record20050624>Beckerman, Jim. "A revolutionary stage designer", The Record, May 29, 2005. Accessed September 8, 2014. "'I guess we were just lucky,' says Charles Bogusat, festival co-founder and for 29 years teacher of the video production class (formerly called filmmaking class) at Bergenfield High School. 'Thom Fitzgerald, when he was a student, did this super-8 animated project about a bear, beautifully drawn,' Bogusat remembers. 'Harry Basil did a film called Land Shark.'''"</ref>
Frank Eufemia (born 1959), former MLB relief pitcher who played for the Minnesota Twins.
Thom Fitzgerald (born 1968), filmmaker The Hanging Garden, The Event, 3 Needles.
Al Di Meola (born 1954), jazz fusion guitarist.
Bob Gaudio (born 1942), singer, songwriter and producer, of the group The Four Seasons.
Bernard Goldberg (born 1945, class of 1963), television news reporter and author of Bias, a New York Times number one bestseller about how the media distort the news.
Floyd James Thompson (1933–2002), America's longest-held prisoner of war.
Chris Tully (born 1982), politician who has represented the 38th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2018.
Ron Villone (born 1970), former major league pitcher, who played for 12 teams in his career.Ron Villone, Baseball Cube. Accessed November 23, 2006.
Jacklyn Zeman (1953–2023), actress who played Barbara "Bobbie" Spencer on General Hospital'' from 1977 to 2023.
References
External links
Bergenfield High School
Bergenfield Public Schools
School Data for the Bergenfield Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
Bergenfield High School Profile
1940 establishments in New Jersey
Bergenfield, New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1940
Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools
Public high schools in Bergen County, New Jersey
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergenfield%20High%20School |
Xianjing may refer to
Xianjing, Zhuzhou, township in Zhuzhou County, Zhuzhou City, Hunan, China
Xiānjìng, the place where Xian ("fairies" or "immortals") reside in Chinese mythology
Xiànjǐng or "snare", an element in the Chinese board game Jungle
People with the given name
Princess Xianjing (1085–1115), a daughter of Emperor Shenzong of Song
Lü Xianjing (born 1998), Chinese cyclist
See also
Xinjiang, a provincial-level autonomous region of China
Xinjing (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianjing |
"Can't Smile Without You" is a song written by Christian Arnold, David Martin and Geoff Morrow, and recorded by various artists including Barry Manilow and the Carpenters. It was first recorded and released by David Martin as a solo single in 1975. The version recorded by Manilow in 1977 and released in 1978 is the most well-known.
Origin
The song was inspired by and written by Martin about a woman named Debbie, whom appears on the cover alongside Martin.
Carpenters version
The song was recorded in 1976 by the Carpenters and released on their May 1976 album, A Kind of Hush. It was also the B-side track for their 1977 single, "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft", released in support of their 1977 album, Passage.
Barry Manilow version
"Can't Smile Without You" was recorded by Manilow in 1977 and released on his 1978 album, Even Now. Manilow also issued the song as a single in 1978 where it reached No. 1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
Manilow's version has slightly different lyrics from the Carpenters' version such as the Carpenters's line "I can't laugh and I can't walk/I'm finding it hard even to talk" which was changed in Manilow's version to "I can't laugh and I can't sing/I'm finding it hard to do anything". The Carpenters remixed the song with additional orchestration for the B-side of the 1977 "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" single, revising the lyrics to read "I can't laugh and I can't sleep/I don't even talk to people I meet".
Billboard said that Manilow's version starts "sweetly with a soft whistle" and builds in intensity over the course of the song, similar to other of Manilow's popular songs. Record World said that it "moves at a moderate, catchy tempo with a lost-love lyric of the sort that has swelled the artist's audience."
A version on Manilow's greatest hits box set, The Complete Collection and Then Some..., contains a slightly different version to the previously released version.
During live performances, Barry Manilow will pull a girl out of the audience to sing the song as a duet with him.
Chart performance
Weekly singles charts
Year-end charts
George Michael lawsuit
On behalf of the songwriters, publishing company Dick James Music sued George Michael for plagiarism in the mid-1980s claiming that the 1984 Wham! single, "Last Christmas", lifted its melody from "Can't Smile Without You". The case was settled out of court.
See also
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1978 (U.S.)
References
1975 songs
1975 singles
1978 singles
The Carpenters songs
Barry Manilow songs
A&M Records singles
Arista Records singles
Songs written by Geoff Morrow
Torch songs
1970s ballads
Pop ballads
Songs about loneliness | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t%20Smile%20Without%20You |
Liangjiang may refer to:
Viceroy of Liangjiang (), regional viceroy of China during the Qing Dynasty, consisting of Jiangnan and Jiangxi provinces
Locations in China
Liangjiang New Area (), Chongqing
Guilin Liangjiang International Airport (), the main airport serving Guilin, Guangxi
Liangjiang Township (), Xupu County, Hunan
Towns
Liangjiang, Laibin (), in Xingbin District, Laibin, Guangxi
Written as "":
Liangjiang, Guangdong, subdivision of Lechang, Guangdong
Liangjiang, Guilin, subdivision of Lingui District, Guilin, Guangxi
Liangjiang, Nanning, subdivision of Wuming District, Guangxi
Liangjiang, Jilin, subdivision of Antu County, Jilin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangjiang |
List of Women's Australian rules football leagues around the world.
Australia
National
AFL Women's - semi-professional national competition beginning in 2017
Australian Capital Territory
ACT Women's Australian Football League
New South Wales
Sydney Women's AFL
Northern Territory
Northern Territory Women's Premier League
Queensland
QAFLW & QFAW
AFL Capricornia Women's League
AFL Townsville Women's League
AFL Mackay Women's League
Youth Girls Competition
South Australia
SANFL Women's
South Australian Women's Football League
Tasmania
Australian rules football in Tasmania#Women.27s
Victoria
VFL Women's
Victorian Women's Football League
AFL South East
AFL Goldfields
AFL Central Vic/AFL Goulburn Murray
AFL Gippsland
Northern Football League
Southern Football Netball League
Eastern Football League
Western Region Football League
Essendon District Football League
Victorian Amateur Football Association
AFL Barwon Women's Football
Western Australia
WAFL Women's
West Australian Women's Football League
South West Football League (women's division)
Argentina
Women's Footy Argentina
Canada
Alberta Footy Women's League
Japan
AFL Japan Official website
Tokyo Open League
Japan Osaka Australian Football League
New Zealand
Women's Footy NZ
Papua New Guinea
AFL PNG Official AFL PNG website
South Africa
Women's AFL South Africa
United States of America
United States Australian Football League Official Website
Women's Footy News
United Kingdom
AFL London Official Website
Oxford Australian Rules Football Club Official Website
References
leagues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20women%27s%20Australian%20rules%20football%20leagues |
The Minsk Metro (; ) is a rapid transit system that serves Minsk, the capital of Belarus. Opened in 1984, it presently consists of 3 lines and 33 stations, totaling . In 2013, the system carried 328.3 million passengers, which averages to a daily ridership of approximately 899,450.
History
During the 1950s–1970s the population of the city grew to over a million and designs for a rapid transit system were initially proposed during the late 1960s. Construction began on 3 May 1977, and the system was opened to the public on 30 June 1984, becoming the ninth metro system in the Soviet Union. The original eight station section has since expanded into a three-line 33 station network with a total of of route.
Despite the dissolution of the Soviet Union the construction of the Minsk metro continued uninterrupted throughout the 1990s (as opposed to other ex-Soviet Metros like those of Yerevan and Samara, which were halted due to a complete lack of funding). Some experts attribute it to the slow reform of the Soviet planned economy in Belarus, which turned out to be beneficial for metro expansion. For example, the final phase of the Aŭtazavodskaja Line (Avtazavodskaya Line), originally planned for 2006, was opened in late 2005, and similarly the northern extension of the Maskoŭskaja Line (Moskovskaya Line), originally scheduled for 2008, opened on 7 November 2007. In November 2012 three new stations opened on the southern end of the Maskoŭskaja line (Instytut Kuĺtury - Piatroŭščyna) and in June 2014 the line was expanded in the south part with 1 more new station (Piatroŭščyna - Malinaŭka).
Construction of the 1st phase of the new Line 3 (Zielienalužskaja Line) started in 2014 which consisted of 4 new stations running from Jubiliejnaja Plošča to Kavaĺskaja slabada station. The 1st phase opened on 6 November 2020. The 2nd phase is being constructed since 2018 with an estimated opening in 2023 which contains the extension from Kavaĺskaja slabada to Slucki Hasciniec stations (3 new stations) with 1 depot being built in the new south terminal station of the line.
Timeline
Operational characteristics
The city is located on an almost level surface and on very dry soils. As a result, although all of the Minsk Metro stations are under the surface, there are no deep-level stations that are found in most of the ex-Soviet cities. Out of the current 33 stations 19 are pillar-spans and 10 are of vaulted type. Like most of the Soviet metro systems, all of the stations are vividly decorated. Some (notably, Niamiha) exhibit Belarusian national motifs, while others focus on more Soviet socialist themes, although recent years have seen more priority on high-tech decorations.
Signs and announcements in the metro system are in Belarusian and English.
Expansion plans
Construction of a third line, the Zielienalužskaja (Zelenaluzhskaya) line (shown in green), began in 2014. When fully completed, this line will run from the south to the northeast of the city via the centre, creating two new transfer points with the existing lines.
The first stage of the line was opened on 7 November 2020 running from Jubiliejnaja Plošča to Kavaĺskaja slabada station. This follows a northern contour parallel to Maskoŭskaja (Moskovskaya) which has since relieved the extensive congestion in the city area with 2 interchange stations at Vakzaĺnaja (Plošča Lienina station of Line 1) and Jubiliejnaja Plošča station (Frunzienskaja station of Line 2).
As of November 2020, the Zielienalužskaja line consists of four stations. While Line 3 is planned to be extended north to the residential area of Zialiony Luh, a southern extension to Slucki Hasciniec with 3 new stations and 1 depot of Line 3 is under construction (estimated opening in 2023).
A planned Fourth (Circle) line is expected to connect south and north parts of the city which are densely populated. This line is planned to have a length of 37 kilometres with 1 new depot serving the line and 17 new stations of which 6 stations are going to be interchange stations. Specifically, Line 4 will interchange at Michalova and Akademija navuk stations of Line 1, Traktarny zavod and Puškinskaja stations of Line 2 and future Plošča Banhalor and Aerodromnaja stations of Line 3.
Two extensions of Line 1 and two of Line 2 (4 in total) with 2 new stations for Line 1 and 2 respectively were mentioned but never went into additional consideration as the construction of Line 3 and the plans for Line 4 keep their priority low. These expansions were specifically mentioned as:
Line 1:
Malinaŭka – Ščomyslica and
Uručča – Smalienskaja
Line 2:
Kamiennaja Horka – Čyrvony Bor and
Mahilioŭskaja – Šabany
Incidents
1999 stampede
On 30 May 1999, a sudden thunderstorm caused a large crowd, from a nearby rock concert, to seek shelter at the Niamiha station. The limited size of the underpass leading into the ticket hall and the wet pavement caused a human crush. Fifty-three people died.
2011 bombing
The Kastryčnickaja station was the site of a terrorist bombing on 11 April 2011. Fifteen people were killed.
Lines and stations
Map
Gallery
Maskoŭskaja line
Aŭtazavodskaja line
Zielienalužskaja line
Rolling stock
See also
List of metro systems
References
External links
Minsk Metro – official site
Official City of Minsk Urban Transport site
The site of the Minsk subway Minsk-Metro.NET (unofficial)
Minsk at UrbanRail.net
Site by Andrey Kharchevk
Popular site
Another Popular site
Network map
Railway lines opened in 1984
Underground rapid transit in Belarus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk%20Metro |
Blackout is the fifth studio album by American singer Britney Spears. It was released on October 25, 2007, by Jive Records. Its production and release occurred as Spears' personal struggles were highly publicized and overshadowed her professional projects. She executive-produced the album, working with producers Danja, Bloodshy & Avant, Sean Garrett, and the Neptunes, among others; it remains Spears' sole album to be executive produced by her. The final result was primarily a dance-pop and electropop record with Euro disco and dubstep influences, with lyrical themes revolving around love, fame, media scrutiny, sex, and clubbing.
Blackout was originally slated for November 13, 2007, but was rush-released after leaking online. Contemporary reviews were polarized: some critics described it as Spears' most progressive and consistent album to date, while others dismissed it due to Spears' controversial public image. Although it was expected to debut atop the US Billboard 200, it entered at number two due to a last-minute change in Billboards rules, with first-week sales of 290,000 copies; it became Spears' first studio effort not to debut at the summit. The album was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It won Best Album at the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards. By the end of 2008, it had sold 3.1 million copies worldwide, but was deemed commercially disappointing compared to its predecessors.
Blackout produced three singles. "Gimme More" peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming her highest-peaking single on the chart since "...Baby One More Time" (1998), and reached the top ten in additional 16 countries. "Piece of Me" peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100, but replicated the international commercial success of its predecessor. Its accompanying music video won Spears her first MTV Video Music Award, winning Video of the Year, Best Female Video and Best Pop Video in 2008. "Break the Ice" did not fare as well as its predecessors, peaking at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100. Originally intended as the fourth single, "Radar" was later included on Spears' following studio album Circus and was released as its fourth and final single in June 2009.
Unlike her previous albums, Spears did not heavily promote Blackout; her only televised appearance for the album was a universally panned performance of "Gimme More" at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards. However, a number of its songs were performed on her subsequent tour the Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009) and later on her concert residency Britney: Piece of Me (2013–2017). In retrospect, the album has been cited as a career highlight for Spears and has been praised for its significant impact on the ensuing 2010s decade of pop music, being credited for bringing the electropop and avant-disco genres to mainstream prominence. Blackout has been listed among the best albums of all time by multiple publications.
Background and development
In November 2003, while promoting her fourth studio album In the Zone, Spears told Entertainment Weekly that she was already writing songs for her fifth studio album and was also hoping to start her own record label in 2004. Henrik Jonback later confirmed that he had written songs with her during the European leg of the Onyx Hotel Tour (2004), "in the bus and in her hotel room between the concerts." Following her marriage with Kevin Federline in October 2004, Spears announced through a letter on her official website that she was going to "take some time off to enjoy life." However, on December 30, she made a surprise appearance at the Los Angeles radio station KIIS-FM to premiere a rough mix of a new midtempo track "Mona Lisa". Spears had recorded the song live with her band while on tour, and dedicated it to all the "legends and icons out there". The lyrics lament the fall of Mona Lisa, calling her "unforgettable" and "unpredictable", and cautions listeners not to have a "breakdown". She also revealed she wanted the song to be the lead single from her upcoming album, tentatively titled The Original Doll, and hoped to release it "probably before summertime [2005], or maybe a little sooner than that." In January, Spears posted another letter on her website, saying:
I think I should rephrase myself from my previous letters when I was talking about taking a 'break'. What I meant was I am taking a break from being told what to do. ... It's cool when you look at someone and don't know whether they are at work or play since it's all the same to them. The things I've been doing for work lately have been so much fun, because it's not like work to me anymore. I've been even more 'hands on' in my management and the business side of things, and I feel more in control than ever.
A representative for Jive Records stated that although Spears was working in the studio, "no album is scheduled at the moment" and "there are no plans to service 'Mona Lisa' to radio." "Mona Lisa" was released on the bonus CD included with the DVD of Britney and Kevin: Chaotic (2005), in a re-recorded version with altered lyrics. Spears gave birth to her first son Sean Preston on September 14. In an interview with People in February 2006, Spears explained that she was anxious to resume her career, commenting she missed "traveling [...] the road, seeing different places and being with the dancers and having fun. That feeling of being on the stage, knowing it's your best – I love that. I needed a break. I needed to be hungry again." When asked about her next album, she said she had been experimenting in her home studio with live musicians, stripping down her sound and playing the piano. Spears wanted the album to represent her Louisiana roots, explaining that she grew up listening to blues. "When I was little, I would listen to myself [...] But the record label signs you, and you're just thankful to get a hit song. You can't really show off your voice and where you came from. I would like to try to have more influences of that sound. Not that I'm going to be like frickin' Tina Turner. But you never know", she stated. She also said that she hoped the album would reinvigorate the current pop scene, adding that "It's been boring. Nothing's been wow to me."
On May 9, Spears announced she was pregnant with her second child. A few days later, producers such as J. R. Rotem and Sean Garrett told MTV News they were working with Spears. On September 12, Spears gave birth to her second son Jayden James. She filed for divorce from Federline on November 7, citing irreconcilable differences; the divorce was finalized in July 2007, when the two reached a global settlement and agreed to share joint custody of their sons. During the divorce, her partying and public behavior drew attention from the worldwide media. Spears' maternal aunt Sandra Bridges Covington, with whom she had been very close, died of ovarian cancer in January. In February, Spears suffered from a nervous breakdown and shaved her head, which caused intense media scrutiny. Consequently, she ended with two separate stints at Promises Treatment Centers in Malibu, California. Her manager Larry Rudolph released a statement on March 20, saying that she "successfully complet[ed] their program." In May, she produced a series of promotional concerts at House of Blues venues across the United States, titled The M+M's Tour.
Recording and production
Spears was the executive producer of Blackout, and the album remains her sole album to be executive produced by her. Earnest recording of the album began in 2006, according to a Spears representative. Spears first met J.R. Rotem in Las Vegas in March, and enlisted him to work on the album after listening to Rihanna's "SOS". They wrote and recorded four songs together, including "Everybody", which was originally offered to Rihanna and the Cheetah Girls. In July, she started working with Danja, who contacted songwriters such as Keri Hilson, Jim Beanz and Corté Ellis to work with him. The team wrote seven tracks for Spears–"Gimme More", "Break the Ice", "Get Naked (I Got a Plan)", "Hot as Ice", "Perfect Lover", "Outta This World" and "Get Back". Danja explained that the creative process was not difficult at first since he was "left to do pretty much whatever I wanted to", and "if she felt it, she was gonna ride with it. If she didn't, you'd see it in her face." Hilson wrote "Gimme More" with Spears in mind after Danja played her the instrumental, saying: "I just started singing, 'Give me, Give me' and added a little more in and just having fun and messing around really." Spears began recording with them at the Studio at the Palms in Las Vegas in August, while she was eight months pregnant with Jayden James. Recording continued at Spears' house in Los Angeles, three weeks after she gave birth. Hilson commented that "She gave 150 percent. [...] I don't know any other mother that would do that." Danja added that despite all the problems in her personal life, "As far as her work ethic, I haven't seen anybody come in like that and do what you go to do." Regarding the sound of the album, he deemed it as bigger, more mature and "a new Britney", explaining: "I come from hip-hop, so it's underlined with [it], but I throw it down."
Kara DioGuardi, who also worked on "Heaven on Earth", co-produced and co-wrote "Ooh Ooh Baby" with a pregnant Spears. DioGuardi said that Spears "worked really hard" and called her "unstoppable". In September, Rotem told MTV News that he and Spears were trying to innovate the current sound of radio at the time, exemplifying Nelly Furtado's "Promiscuous". On November 8, the day after she filed for divorce from Federline, Spears recorded "Radar" with Ezekiel Lewis and Patrick M. Smith of the Clutch at the Sony Music Studios in New York City. Lewis had wanted to work with her for a long time and was motivated to produce something for her that was going to "help her project become a great project to come back with". Smith stated that the team tried to create a record "for the Britney Spears that we know and love" and that it did not "touch on anything that was really dealing with all the stuff that she was dealing with." Both commented that although Spears arrived late to the recording sessions, she caught them off guard with her efficiency and professionalism, with Lewis adding: "It was absolutely nuts, and she took directions very well. [...] I don't know what I was expecting because we went in to cut that record the day after she filed divorce from Kevin [Federline]."
"Heaven on Earth" was written by Nicole Morier, Nick Huntington and Michael McGroarty, the latter two known as Freescha. Although Morier had been writing songs with Greg Kurstin and other artists, she felt she "hadn't really found [her] niche" until she wrote "Heaven on Earth", which she described as "a very honest song". After she played the song to her publisher, they met with Spears and her A&R executive Teresa LaBarbera Whites, who both loved it. Morier described "Heaven on Earth" as the song that transformed her career. T-Pain, who co-wrote "Hot as Ice", was in the studio with Spears in February 2007, and stated that one of the three songs they recorded was finished in only an hour. He said that he "thought she was going to be sitting on the couch eating Doritos or nachos or something [...] but she came in, shook my hand, gave me a hug and went right in the booth. She got in there and put it down." Christian Karlsson and Pontus Winnberg, known as Bloodshy & Avant, co-wrote and co-produced "Radar", "Freakshow" and "Toy Soldier" in late 2006. When the album was considered to be finished, they were persuaded by LaBarbera Whites to work on a new track. Winnberg commented that it had always been "an unwritten rule" to not write songs about Spears' personal life, since "Sweet Dreams My LA Ex", an answer song to Justin Timberlake's "Cry Me a River", was rejected by Jive Records. However, the duo wrote "Piece of Me" with Klas Åhlund anyway, as an answer to Spears' critics, and sent it to Spears, who "loved it". Winnberg stated: "We knew that the song broke all the rules we had, [...] When she came to the studio, she was extremely psyched, had learned the lyrics by heart in the car, and recorded the song on half an hour." Before the album's release, LaBarbera Whites told MTV News that the album "shows a lot of growth as a performer. [...] She was very involved in the songs and how they turned out. It's her magic that turns these songs into what they are." Among the producers who worked on Blackout but didn't make the album were Scott Storch, Dr. Luke and Ne-Yo.
Music and lyrics
Danja stated that Spears' objective was to make Blackout a fun, danceable album with uptempo, high-energy music, saying: "She wanted to stay away from being personal. It's fun, it's basic and there's nothing wrong with that. It's about feeling good, celebrating womanhood." The result was a primarily dance-pop, electropop, techno and avant-disco album with R&B elements. The album opens with the lead single "Gimme More", a dance-pop and electropop song. The song opens with a spoken intro in which Spears says the line "It's Britney, bitch". While the lyrics appear to be about dance and sex, they are actually about the media's fascination with her private life, as noted in the lines "Cameras are flashin' while we're dirty dancin' / They keep watchin', keep watchin'". The next track and second single "Piece of Me" runs through a down-tempo dance beat and consists of over-the-top vocal distortions, causing a split sound effect and making it difficult to discern which voice is Spears'. It talks about fame and is written as a biography retelling her mishaps, while she sings in a nearly spoken manner. The third track "Radar" is an electropop and Eurodisco song which features distorted synthesizers emulating sonar pulses, that received comparisons to those of Soft Cell's "Tainted Love" (1981). In its lyrics, Spears lets the subject know he is on her radar, while she lists the qualities the man has.
The fourth track and third single "Break the Ice" opens with Spears singing the lines "It's been a while / I know I shouldn't have kept you waiting / But I'm here now". The song features a choir, with Keri Hilson providing backing vocals, causing the song to sound almost like a duet. Hilson explained the song is about "two people, a girl and a guy, [...] and the girl is saying, 'You're a little cold. Let me warm things up and break the ice.'" After the chorus, the bridge begins with Spears saying "I like this part", mimicking Janet Jackson on "Nasty" (1986). The album's fifth track "Heaven on Earth" is a Eurodisco love song with new wave influences. It was inspired by Donna Summer's "I Feel Love" (1977), with three vocal lines taking place over the beat. Nicole Morier commented that the song was written from a very dark place, saying: "I was thinking of someone and thinking they were so perfect and that I have all these imperfections. [...] I think what's touching about it is that it's from the perspective of someone who feels like they really need this person just to feel safe and feel good." At the time of its release, Spears named the song her favorite from Blackout. "Get Naked (I Got a Plan)" is an uptempo track about sex. It is a duet between Spears and Danja, who sings the chorus with his voice distorted to sound like a decaying moan. Spears contributes a series of gasps, sighs and chants and her voice is also distorted. "Freakshow" is built around the "wobbler" effect of dubstep. Spears sings about dancing and being in the spotlight in lyrics such as "Make them other chicks so mad / I'm 'bout to shake my ass / Snatch that boy so fast". During the bridge, her vocals are pitched down low, making her sound masculine. Nearly a decade after the release of Blackout, Spears stated "Freakshow" was one of her favorite non-single tracks, describing it as "sassy".
The eighth track "Toy Soldier" is an upbeat dance-pop song reminiscent of Destiny's Child's song "Lose My Breath" (2004), showcasing a military drumroll and features Spears singing about needing a new lover. On "Hot as Ice", she sings in a higher register: "I'm just a girl with the ability to drive a man crazy / Make him call me 'mama', make him my new baby." "Ooh Ooh Baby" contains a flamenco guitar and blends the beat from Gary Glitter's "Rock and Roll" (1972) and the melody of the Turtles' "Happy Together" (1967). In its lyrics, she sings to a lover: "Touch me and I come alive / I can feel you on my lips / I can feel you deep inside". Kara DioGuardi said she was inspired by the relationship between Spears and her first son in the studio, saying: "I would look at the two of them, the way they looked at each other and the way she would hold the baby. It kind of struck me as interesting. At times it'd be about a kid at times about a lover." "Perfect Lover" has a propulsive, clattery belly-dance beat, against which Spears sings lyrics such as "Tick-tock / Tick-tock / Come and get me while I'm hot". Standard edition of Blackout closes with "Why Should I Be Sad", a midtempo song directed to her ex-husband Kevin Federline. Bonus track "Outta This World" is a mid-tempo electro song with Spears singing romantic lyrics to a lover: "I keep singing universes about you / There'll always be verses about you." "Everybody" samples Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" (1983) and features Spears singing about the dancefloor in a breathy lower register. "Get Back" is an uptempo dance track with a dark musical tone described as "spooky-sassy".
Title and packaging
In June 2007, Spears posted a message on her official website asking for assistance with a title for her fifth studio album. Among the options were OMG Is Like Lindsay Lohan Like Okay Like, What If the Joke Is on You, Down Boy, Integrity and Dignity. On October 6, Jive Records announced through a press release that the album would be titled Blackout, referring to "blocking out negativity and embracing life fully." Its album cover and booklet images were photographed by Ellen von Unwerth. Jive revealed the cover alongside the album's track listing on October 12. It features Spears sporting black hair and wearing a pink dress, and a white fedora; the rear cover of the physical CD pressings shows the dress in blue. The cover received negative critical response. The album's booklet contains photographs of empty chairs with ripped tabloid pages and still images from the music video for "Gimme More". It does not include a thank-you list, unlike her previous albums' booklets.
The centerfold photographs for Blackout feature Spears and a priest posing suggestively inside a confessional. The first image shows Spears, who wears a cross and fishnet stockings, sitting on the priest's lap, while in the second one she leans suggestively against the confessional with the priest sitting on the other side of the partition. After the album was released, the Catholic League's director of communications Kiera McCaffrey stated that the group considered the photos a "cheap publicity stunt" to promote the album and condemned Spears for "mocking a Catholic sacrament". McCaffrey added: "All we see is how troubled this girl is now, especially with her family, losing her kids, with her career on a downward slide. And now she's put out this album and this is her tactic to promote it?" Gil Kaufman of MTV said that the images were reminiscent of Madonna's music video for "Like a Prayer" (1989).
Release and promotion
After days of media speculation, it was confirmed on September 6, 2007, that Spears would open the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards at the Palms Hotel and Casino's Pearl Theatre in Las Vegas on September 9. It was also announced that she was going to perform "Gimme More", with a magic act from illusionist Criss Angel in some parts of the performance. However, the bit is thought to have been rejected by the show's organizers at the last minute. The performance began with Spears singing the first lines of Elvis Presley's 1958 song "Trouble". "Gimme More" began, and the camera panned out to reveal Spears wearing a black, jewel-encrusted bikini and black boots. She was accompanied by male and female dancers dressed in black outfits. Several pole dancers danced in smaller stages around the audience. The performance was universally panned by critics. Jeff Leeds of The New York Times said that "no one was prepared for Sunday night's fiasco, in which a listless Ms. Spears teetered through her dance steps and mouthed only occasional words in a wan attempt to lip-synch her new single". Vinay Menon of the Toronto Star commented Spears "looked hopelessly dazed. She was wearing the expression of somebody who had been deposited at the Palms Casino Resort by a tornado, one that promptly twisted away, taking her clothing and sense of purpose. [...] [She was] lumbering, in slow motion, as if somebody had poured cement into her streetwalker boots". David Willis of BBC stated her performance would "go down in the history books as being one of the worst to grace the MTV Awards".
Blackout was set to be released on November 13. However, Jive Records announced on October 10 that the release date would be moved up two weeks, to October 30, due to unauthorized leaks. The following day, Zomba Label Group filed a lawsuit against Perez Hilton, claiming he illegally obtained and posted on his gossip blog at least ten songs and unfinished demos of the album. Zomba representatives alleged the posts had taken place over the course of the previous three months, and requested real and punitive damages as well as legal costs. On June 30, 2009, the parties submitted a stipulation to dismiss the case, pursuant to an undisclosed settlement agreement. The following month, The District Court judge dismissed the case with prejudice. Unlike Spears' previous studio albums, Blackout was not heavily promoted through magazine interviews, talk show appearances or televised performances besides the performance at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, and was not accompanied by a tour either. On November 27, 2007, MTV launched the contest "Britney Spears Wants a Piece of You", in which fans could direct a separate video for "Piece of Me", using footage of interviews and performances from Spears. Using the MTV Video Remixer, fans could mix and create a mashup of the footage. The winning video premiered on Total Request Live on December 20, and MTV, Jive Records, and Spears herself picked the winner. The winner also received a Haier Ibiza Rhapsody device along with a one-year subscription to Rhapsody, as well as Spears' entire discography released in the United States.
Singles
"Gimme More" was released as the lead single from Blackout on August 31, 2007, to critical acclaim. It peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming her fifth top-ten entry and also her second highest-peaking single at the time, after her number-one debut single "...Baby One More Time" (1998). It also peaked atop the Canadian Hot 100 and within the top five in Australia, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. Its Jake Sarfaty-directed accompanying music video premiered on October 5. It displayed Spears as a stripper and introduced a departure from Spears' previous highly-choreographed music videos. The video received mixed to negative reviews from critics, who panned Spears' pole dancing as well as the lack of storyline.
"Piece of Me" was released as the second single from Blackout on November 27, 2007. Critics gave the song positive reviews, praising its production and defiant lyrics, while citing it as one of the highlights from the album. Rolling Stone ranked the song at number 15 on their list of the 100 best songs of 2007. It peaked at number one in Ireland and within the top ten in Australia, Austria, Canada, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, New Zealand, Slovakia, Sweden and the United Kingdom. In the United States, it became Spears' fourth Dance Club Songs number-one single, and peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100. Its accompanying music video, directed by Wayne Isham, portrayed Spears' life at the time and showed her with her friends disguising themselves in order to confuse the paparazzi. Isham's concept was to have Spears confidently parodying her situation. It received mixed reviews from critics, most of whom argued her body was digitally altered. The video was nominated in three categories at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards and won all of them–Video of the Year, Best Female Video and Best Pop Video–marking Spears' first MTV Video Music Award wins ever.
"Break the Ice" was released as the third and final single from Blackout on March 3, 2008. It received acclaim from critics, some of whom called it an album highlight. The song reached the top ten in Canada, Finland and Ireland, peaking within the top 40 in most other countries. In the US, the song peaked at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100, but became Spears' third consecutive Dance Club Songs number-one single. An accompanying music video, directed by Robert Hales, was released on March 12. The anime video was based on the superheroine character of Spears' 2004 music video for "Toxic", and portrays her destroying a highly secured laboratory with several clones, including one of herself.
"Radar" was originally planned to be released as the third single from Blackout, according to Ezekiel Lewis of the Clutch. "Break the Ice" was released instead and "Radar" was chosen as the fourth single. It had already charted in the CIS, New Zealand and Sweden prior to its official release, even reaching the top ten in Sweden. However, the release was pushed back when Spears began recording new material for her sixth studio album Circus (2008). It was later included as a bonus track on Circus and released as the fourth and final single from the album on June 22, 2009, peaking at number 88 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
Critical reception
Upon its release, Blackout received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. On music review aggregator Metacritic, the album holds a score of 61 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 24 reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor of AllMusic, described the album as "state-of-the-art dance-pop, a testament to skills of the producers and perhaps even Britney being somehow cognizant enough to realize she should hire the best, even if she's not at her best." Dennis Lim of Blender deemed it "her most consistent [album], a seamlessly entertaining collection of bright, brash electropop." Margeaux Watson of Entertainment Weekly commented that while the album was not poetry, "there is something delightfully escapist about Blackout, a perfectly serviceable dance album abundant in the kind of bouncy electro elements that buttressed her hottest hits." A reviewer for NME said that the heavily-processed vocals made Spears sound robotic, adding that "it could really do with a few more human touches." Pitchfork'''s Tom Ewing called "Get Naked (I Got a Plan)" the centerpiece of Blackout, and branded the album "superb modern pop, which could probably only have been released by this star at this moment. Britney as walking catastrophe makes for great car-crash copy and her record can fit into that if you want it to." Ewing also compared the relationship between Spears and the album with American television series Twin Peaks, saying that what made the show "so great wasn't the central good-girl-gone-bad story, it was the strangeness that story liberated. And Britney's off-disc life is both distraction from and enabler for this extraordinary album".
Mike Schiller of PopMatters was more critical, saying: "Right down to its utterly garish cover, Blackout is utterly disposable and ultimately forgettable." Melissa Maerz from Rolling Stone explained that the album "is the first time in her career that she's voiced any real thoughts about her life" and that "she's gonna crank the best pop booty jams until a social worker cuts off her supply of hits." Slant Magazine writer Sal Cinquemani unfavorably compared the album to In the Zone, saying that although Blackout "scores well, and its hotness quotient is remarkably high, [it] isn't much of a step forward for Britney following 2003's surprisingly strong In the Zone, for which she received a writing credit on a majority of the songs (as opposed to a scant three here)." Andy Battaglia of The A.V. Club said the album "counts both as a significant event and as a disquieting aberration that couldn't be more mysteriously manufactured or bizarrely ill-timed" in which "every song counts as markedly progressive and strange." Alexis Petridis from The Guardian called it "a bold, exciting album: the question is whether anyone will be able to hear its contents over the deafening roar of tittle-tattle." He elaborated that when faced with a public image in freefall, an artist has two options: making music "that harks back to your golden, pre-tailspin days" to "underlin[e] your complete normality" or "to throw caution to the wind: given your waning fortunes, what's the harm in taking a few musical risks?" Petridis commented that Spears opted for the latter and the results were "largely fantastic."
Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times said: "The electronic beats and bass lines are as thick as Ms. Spears's voice is thin, and as the album title suggests, the general mood is bracingly unapologetic." Sanneh added that Spears had a spectral presence on the album, explaining that when compared to her previous records, "[she] cuts a startlingly low profile on Blackout [...] Even when she was being marketed as a clean-cut ex-Mouseketeer, and even when she was touring the country with a microphone that functioned largely as a prop, something about her was intense." Peter Robinson of The Observer stated that Spears "delivered the best album of her career, raising the bar for modern pop music with an incendiary mix of Timbaland's Shock Value and her own back catalogue." The Phoenixs Ellee Dean said the album "may be more a tribute to the skills of the A-list producers who guided her through the disc than to any of her own talents. But at least she was smart enough to accept that guidance." In his consumer guide for MSN Music, critic Robert Christgau gave the album a B+ and said that "From 'Gimme More's 'It's Britney bitch' hiya to 'Piece of Me's single-of-the-year sonics, from 'Ooh Ooh Baby's 'feel you deep inside' to 'Perfect Lover's 'touch me there', this album is pure, juicy, plastic get-naked."
Retrospective critical reviews, however, have praised Blackout and noted its strong influence on the music of the late 2000s and early 2010s. Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone described it as "one of the most influential albums in modern pop". In a retrospective review published in 2017, Alim Kheraj of Dazed called the album "one of the most inventive pop records in recent history", the record that "forevermore proved that [Spears'] career was way more than just an 'inept pantomime'[.]" Kheraj also said that the album "was the result of a hazardous moment in pop culture history that saw a serendipitous and symbiotic relationship between an artist eroding her past and producers forging their future that payed off." Publications such as Billboard, The Fader, Nylon and Vice have regarded Blackout as Spears' best effort to date. In 2022, Elise Soutar of PopMatters noted the album "feels fresher than ever 15 years on".
Accolades
Awards and nominations
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| NRJ Music Award
| International Album of the Year
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! scope="row"| 2008
| MTV Europe Music Award
| Best Album
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Listings
Commercial performance
In the United States, Blackout sold 124,000 copies during its first day of availability according to Nielsen SoundScan. Jessica Letkemann of Billboard compared the sales favorably to those of the previous week's number-one album Carnival Ride by Carrie Underwood, which sold 49,000 copies, estimating that Blackout would possibly debut atop the Billboard 200. On November 6, 2007, Billboard announced that even though the Eagles's first-week sales of Long Road Out of Eden had handily surpassed Spears, they would not debut atop the chart because of rules forbidding albums exclusively sold at one retail outlet–Walmart in this case–from entering the Billboard 200. During the afternoon of the same day, Walmart issued a press release announcing that Long Road Out of Eden had sold 711,000 copies. At night, it was announced through an article on Billboard.biz that after an agreement with Nielsen SoundScan, Billboard would allow exclusive albums only available through one retailer to appear on the charts, effective that same week. Hence, Long Road Out of Eden topped the Billboard 200, while Blackout debuted at number two, with first-week sales of 290,000 copies. It became Spears' first studio album not to debut at number one. The album, however, set the record for the highest first-week digital sales for a female artist at the time. Following the release of Circus in December 2008, Blackout re-entered the chart at number 198, with sales of 4,600 copies; it has spent a total of 34 weeks on the chart. As of March 2015, the album has sold one million copies in the country, being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
In Canada, Blackout debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart with sales of 29,000 units, becoming her first number-one album there since Britney (2001). It was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for shipments of 100,000 copies. In Mexico, the album debuted at number 18, peaking at number two in its third week. In Australia and New Zealand, the album debuted at numbers three and eight, respectively. It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) and gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ). In Japan, the album peaked at number four on the Oricon Albums Chart, being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ). In the United Kingdom, Blackout debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart with sales of 42,000 units, behind Long Road Out of Eden, and stayed on the chart for 28 weeks. It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 300,000 copies. The album debuted at the summit in Ireland and on the European Top 100 Albums. Across Europe, it reached the top ten in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Switzerland. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), the album was the world's 32nd best-selling album of 2007. By the end of 2008, Blackout had sold 3.1 million copies worldwide.
Impact and legacy
When Blackout was released, Spears' behavior in public began to clash with her image. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated that Spears was an artist that always relied on her "carefully sculpted sexpot-next-door persona", but for Blackout "those images [we]re replaced by images of Britney beating cars up with umbrellas, wiping her greasy fingers on designer dresses, and nodding off on-stage, each new disaster stripping away any residual sexiness in her public image." Erlewine added that the album served as a soundtrack "for Britney's hazy, drunken days, reflecting the excess that's splashed all over the tabloids", while noting that the album had a coherence that the public Spears lacked. "When she dropped Blackout in 2007, the music industry scoffed, but then proceeded to spend the next few years imitating it to death, to the point where everything on pop radio sounded like Blackout," said Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone.Blackout has been referred by contemporary critics and fans as the "Bible of Pop" for its impact on the music industry, and is considered one of the most influential albums of all time. English singer and songwriter Sam Smith wrote on their Instagram page, "One of the greatest fucking albums of all time. No arguments". Tom Ewing of Pitchfork noted that after "Freakshow" leaked online, a dubstep forum thread on the song hit seven pages in twenty-four hours, generating mixed reactions and exemplifying that "it still seems [that] when the mainstream borrows underground music, [it] brings it into the wider pop vocabulary." He also attributed the quality of every track of Blackout to economic reasons, since one of the main causes album sales began to suffer during the digital era is due to the "unbundling" of albums in online stores – making it easier for consumers to buy some tracks rather than the entire album. Ewing explained that "The Revolver blueprint for pop albums – every track good, every track a potential hit – makes more sense than ever. Especially if a star can keep sonically up-to-date in a fast-moving market."
Reviewers noted the use of Auto-Tune in Spears' voice. Ewing said that Blackout serves as a reminder of how instantly recognizable Spears' vocals are, saying that "treated or untreated: her thin Southern huskiness is one of the defining sounds of 00s pop." He noted that the album "is a masterclass in autotune and vocal treatment as a studio instrument, disrupting and jamming the songs as much as it helps them." While reviewing Spears' demo of "Telephone", Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone compared it to "Piece of Me", "proving yet again how much impact Britney has had on the sonics of current pop. People love to make fun of Britney, and why not, but if 'Telephone' proves anything, it's that Blackout may be the most influential pop album of the past five years." In June 2012, Blackout was added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's musical library and archive. Calling it a "mutant pop classic", Dazed cited Blackout as one of the most influential albums of the last decade for the way it suffused hip hop, pop, R&B and EDM, and further said "Spears once lamented that she wasn't a girl but not yet a woman... Blackout was the signal that this transition had reached its climax. Yet rather than emerging as a Stepford pop princess, the Britney that appeared was disruptive and peddling demented pop music."
Track listing
Notes
signifies a vocal producer
signifies a co-producer
signifies a remixer
signifies an additional producer
Sample credits
"Ooh Ooh Baby" blends the beat from Gary Glitter's "Rock and Roll", and the melody of The Turtles' "Happy Together".
"Everybody" contains a sample from "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)", as written by Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart.
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Blackout''.
Klas Åhlund – bass (track 2), songwriting (track 2)
Marcella "Ms. Lago" Araica – engineering (tracks 1, 4, 6, 9 and 11), mixing (tracks 1, 4, 6, 9 and 11), programming (tracks 1, 4 and 6), songwriting (tracks 1, 4, 6, 9 and 11)
Jim Beanz – backing vocals (tracks 1, 4, 9 and 11), songwriting (tracks 1, 4 and 11), vocal production (tracks 1, 4, 6, 9 and 11)
Bloodshy & Avant – bass (tracks 2, 3, 7 and 8), engineering (tracks 2, 3, 7 and 8), guitar (tracks 2, 3, 7 and 8), keyboards (tracks 2, 3, 7 and 8), production (tracks 2, 3, 7 and 8), programming (track 2, 3, 7 and 8), songwriting (tracks 2, 3, 7 and 8)
Kobie "The Quarterback" Brown – clearance
Miguel Bustamante – mixing assistance (track 9)
Jim Carauna – engineering (tracks 3 and 7)
Robyn Carlsson – backing vocals (track 2)
The Clutch – engineering (tracks 3 and 7), production (tracks 3 and 7)
Erick Coomes – bass (track 10), guitar (track 10), songwriting (track 10)
Tom Coyne – mastering (all tracks)
Danja – production (tracks 1, 4, 6, 9 and 11), songwriting (tracks 1, 4, 6, 9 and 11)
Kara DioGuardi – backing vocals (track 10), production (tracks 5 and 10), songwriting (track 10), vocal production (track 5)
Corté "The Author" Ellis – backing vocals (track 6), songwriting (track 6)
Damon Ellis – clearance
David M. Erlich – production coordination (tracks 1, 4, 6, 9 and 11)
Devine Evans – digital effects (track 6), Pro Tools editing (track 6)
Mike Evans – production coordination (tracks 1, 4, 6, 9 and 11)
Niklas Flyckt – mixing (tracks 2, 3, 7 and 8)
Freescha – engineering (track 5), instrumentation (track 5), production (track 5), songwriting (track 5)
Sean "The Pen" Garrett – backing vocals (track 8), production (track 8), songwriting (track 8)
Brian Garten – engineering (track 12)
Hart Gunther – engineering assistance (track 12)
Mark Gray – engineering assistance (track 4)
Jeri Heiden – art direction, design
Keri Hilson – backing vocals (tracks 1, 4 and 11), songwriting (tracks 1, 4 and 11), vocal production (track 1)
Mike Houge – engineering (track 10), mixing assistance (track 10)
Chad Hugo – mixing (track 12), production (track 12)
Richard "Segal" Huredia – engineering (track 10)
Cara Hutchinson – Zomba production coordination
Lisa Jachno – manicure
Henrik Jonback – bass (track 7), guitar (tracks 2, 3 and 7), songwriting (tracks 2, 3 and 7)
Ryan Kennedy – engineering assistance (track 12)
Ezekiel Lewis – backing vocals (track 7), songwriting (tracks 3 and 7)
Tony Maserati – mixing (tracks 5 and 10)
Miike Snow – engineering assistance (tracks 9 and 11), mixing assistance (tracks 1, 4, 6, 9 and 11)
Jeff Monachino – clearance
Nicole Morier – backing vocals (track 5), songwriting (track 5)
Balewa Muhammad – songwriting (track 3)
Vernon Mungo – engineering (track 8)
Jackie Murphy – art direction, design
Glen Nakasako – art direction, design
Farid "Fredwreck" Nassar – guitar (track 10), keyboards (track 10), production (track 10), songwriting (track 10)
Candice Nelson – backing vocals (tracks 3 and 7), songwriting (track 3)
Brian Paturalski – engineering (track 10), vocal engineering (track 5)
Jenny Prince – A&R coordination
J. Que – songwriting (tracks 3 and 7)
Nancy Roof – A&R administration
David Schmidt – clearance
Rob Skipworth – engineering assistance (track 8)
Britney Spears – executive production, songwriting (tracks 7 and 10), vocals (all tracks)
Supa Engineer Duro – mixing (track 12)
T-Pain – arrangement (track 9), backing vocals (track 9), songwriting (track 9)
Ron Taylor – editing (tracks 1, 4, 6, 9 and 11)
Francesca Tolot – make-up
Valente – engineering assistance (track 1)
Kristen Vallow – prop styling
Ellen von Unwerth – photography
Windy Wagner – backing vocals (track 9)
Magnus "Mango" Wallbert – additional programming (track 8), songwriting (track 8)
Teresa LaBarbera Whites – A&R
Pharrell Williams – backing vocals (track 12), production (track 12), songwriting (track 12)
Patti Wilson – styling
Jordan "DJ Swivel" Young – additional engineering (track 12), mixing assistance (track 12)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
See also
Britney Spears discography
List of number-one albums of 2007 (Canada)
List of number-one albums of 2007 (Ireland)
Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Blackout at Metacritic
Official website
2007 albums
Albums produced by Bloodshy & Avant
Albums produced by Danja (record producer)
Albums produced by Fredwreck
Albums produced by the Neptunes
Albums produced by Sean Garrett
Britney Spears albums
Jive Records albums
Zomba Group of Companies albums
Electropop albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout%20%28Britney%20Spears%20album%29 |
Weissenohe Abbey () was a Benedictine monastery in Weissenohe in the district of Forchheim in Bavaria, Germany.
History
The monastery, dedicated to Saint Boniface, was founded by Aribo IV, Count ("Pfalzgraf") of the Chiemgau. In 1692 construction of the present abbey church was begun, to plans by Wolfgang Dietzenhofer (1648-1706).
The abbey was dissolved in 1803 during the secularisation of Bavaria. The abbey buildings were sold in 1804 and in 1850 demolished except for a single range. Work on the abbey church finished only in 1907.
The surviving premises are now used for offices and cafés, and for the beer garden of the brewery named after the abbey.
References
External links
Katharina Wolff: Fond: Kloster Weißenohe Urkunden. In: Monasterium.net. ICARUS – International Centre for Archival Research (Weissenohe documents 1109 to 1612 with historical introduction)
Choir academy, Kloster Weißenohe
Monasteries in Bavaria
Benedictine monasteries in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weissenohe%20Abbey |
Arnold Böcklin is a typeface for display use that was designed in 1904 by Schriftgiesserei Otto Weisert foundry. It was named in memory of Arnold Böcklin, a Swiss symbolist painter who died in 1901.
Probably the best-known Art Nouveau typeface, the font had a renaissance in the 1960s and 1970s as part of the general Art Nouveau revival in popular design. Its influence can be seen in the work of illustrators such as Roger Dean and the Stuckist artist Paul Harvey.
Usages
Because it was included in early versions of CorelDRAW software under the name "Arabia", it became connected with Middle East and Oriental themes and used in a variety of contexts, from kebab restaurants to colonial shops, despite having little in common with actual Arabian lettering.
The font has been used in:
The title of the television show That '70s Show.
James Blunt's album Back to Bedlam.
The title of the sitcom The Cuckoo Waltz.
The Metro / Liceu sign over the Las Ramblas subway entrance in Barcelona.
The logo of White Dwarf magazine from the late 1970s to the early 1980s used the font.
The splash screen of the video game, Pharaoh's Tomb used the font.
The band Dinosaur Jr. has used the font on various album covers.
Early "Ram's Head" versions of the Electro-Harmonix Big Muff used the font.
It was used on the title screen of the 1987 videogame, Solomon's Key, developed and released by Tecmo for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
The 1989 videogame Hippodrome by Data East used it on the title screen.
The British band Jamiroquai used it for the design of their first album release Emergency on Planet Earth.
The Moody Blues album cover for Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1971) designed by Phillip Travers.
The British café chain Patisserie Valerie in its wordmark logo.
The American band The Turtles used it on their album Happy Together.
See also
List of display typefaces
External links
Arnold Boecklin Font Family – by Schriftgiesserei Otto Weisert
Free Arnold Boecklin Font Family
Art Nouveau typefaces
Display typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20B%C3%B6cklin%20%28typeface%29 |
The Raspberry Island Lighthouse is a lighthouse located on the southern part of Raspberry Island, marking the west channel of the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, near the city of Bayfield. It was erected in 1862, marking the western channel.
History
It is said to be one of the few surviving wood framed lighthouses left on Lake Superior. The complex includes a square tower rising up from the attached Lighthouse keeper's quarters, a brick fog signal building, frame barn, brick oil house, boathouse, two outhouses, and a dock.
The light was automated in 1947 and was later transferred to the National Park Service as part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. It is a contributing property of the Apostle Islands Lighthouses and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It is also listed in the Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey, WI-312. The original Fresnel lens is on display at the Madeline Island Historical Museum.
The old battery system in the fog signal building was replaced by a solar powered 300 mm Tideland Signal acrylic optic atop a pole, which continues to light the island to this day. The location is an active aid to navigation, with a characteristic white flash every 2.5 seconds.
Access
Most of the Apostle Islands light stations may be viewed (but not accessed) on the Apostle Islands Cruise Service water taxi or by private boat during the summer. During the Annual Apostle Island Lighthouse Celebration Ferry tour service is available for all the lighthouses. In the tourist season, park rangers are on the island to greet visitors.
See also
Apostle Islands Lighthouses
References
Further reading
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .
External links
Aerial photos of Raspberry Island Light, Marina.com
Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey Survey number HABS WI-312
Madeline Island Historical Museum
Lighthouse friends, Raspberry Island Light article
National Park Service Maritime History Project, Inventory of Historic Light Stations - Wisconsin - Raspberry Island Light Station
Lighthouse Restored Video produced by Wisconsin Public Television
Lighthouses completed in 1862
Houses completed in 1862
Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
Buildings and structures in Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Bayfield County, Wisconsin
1862 establishments in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Bayfield County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20Island%20Light |
Qingbei may refer to:
Qingbei (), township in Jiaohe, Jilin, China
Qingbei (), village in Tanshi, Xiangxiang, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
"Qīngbēi" (), 2018 single by Chinese girl group Super Impassioned Net Generation
See also
Qinbei District, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China
Qingbai ware, a type of Chinese porcelain
Chengbei (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingbei |
Qingnan may refer to:
Qingnan, the southern area of Qinghai Province, China
Qingnan Village, village in Gantian, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
Liu Qingnan, Chinese grandmaster of chess | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingnan |
Zhongbei Town () is a town in Xiqing District, in the western suburbs of Tianjin, People's Republic of China. It borders Xiyingmen Subdistrict in its north, Xiangyanglu and Jialingdao Subdistricts in its east, Zhnagjiawo Town in its south, and Yangliuqing Town in its west. , it had a total population of 92,814.
The name "Zhongbei" literally means "Middle North".
Geography
Zhongbei Town is located south of Ziya River and is bisected by the Southern Waterway (). The National Highway 205 passes through the north of the town.
History
Administrative divisions
At the end of 2022, Zhongbei Town consists of 53 subdivisions, including 31 residential communities and 22 villages. They are listed below:
Galleries
See also
List of township-level divisions of Tianjin
External links
Xiqing Division
References
Towns in Tianjin
Xiqing District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongbei |
A Roman circus (from the Latin word that means "circle") was a large open-air venue used mainly for chariot races, although sometimes serving other purposes. It was similar to the ancient Greek hippodrome. Along with theatres and amphitheatres, circuses were one of the main entertainment venues at the time.
Similar buildings, called stadia were used for Greek-style athletics particularly in the eastern, Greek speaking, part of the empire, but these were typically smaller than circuses.
According to Edward Gibbon the Roman people, at the start of the 5th century AD:
Architectural design
The performance space of the Roman circus was normally, despite its name, an oblong rectangle of two linear sections of race track, separated by a median strip running along the length of about two thirds the track, joined at one end with a semicircular section and at the other end with an undivided section of track closed (in most cases) by a distinctive starting gate known as the carceres, thereby creating a circuit for the races. The Circus Maximus epitomises the design.
The median strip was called the spina and usually featured ornate columns, statues and commemorative obelisks. The turning points on either end of the spina were usually marked by conical poles, called the metae (singular: meta).
The track of the circus was normally surrounded by ascending seating along the length of both straight sides and around the curved end, though there were sometimes interruptions in the seating to provide access to the circus or the seating, or to provide for special viewing platforms for dignitaries and officials. One circus, that at Antinoöpolis (Egypt), displays a distinct gap of some 50m between the carceres and the start of the ascending seating where there is apparently no structure. This appears to be an exception.
The great majority of circuses fit the description above. Those that do not display two different variations: that at Emerita Augusta (Mérida, Spain), where the carceres end is substituted by a slightly curved 'straight' end joined to the straight sides of ascending seating by rounded corners of ascending seating; and a few in which the carceres end is substituted by a second semi-circular end to produce an oval shaped arena. These latter circuses are normally small (Nicopolis (Greece) and Aphrodisias (Turkey)), and should probably be considered stadia.
Common characteristics
Dates
Differently from other major Roman structures circuses frequently evolved over long periods of time from a simple track in a field, through generations of wooden seating structures (frequently destroyed by fire or rot), before they finally began to be converted to stone. Although circuses such as the Circus Maximus (Italy) may have existed in some form from as early as around 500 BC, circuses were mainly constructed during the 400 years between 200 BC and 200 AD.
Dimensions
The comparative dimensions of a circus may be measured in two basic ways: by the length of the track, and by the seating capacity. Other dimensions, such as the external dimensions of the structure may vary considerably depending on the location, the site, and on specific architectural characteristics.
The simplest comparative measurement of a circus is its track length. This is the most easily measured dimension, as it only requires small excavations at either end of the centreline. It is very probable that this can be done even when the circus is buried under subsequent constructions. Track lengths may vary from the 245 m of the circus at Gerasa (Jordan), to the 621 m of the Circus Maximus (Italy).
The alternative comparative dimension is that of seating capacity. This is much more complex to measure as it requires that the dimensions of the original vertical and horizontal extent of the inclined seating be re-established. In many cases the full structure of the inclined seating has been destroyed beyond the point where this can be measured, or at the least would require a great deal more excavation than that required for the measurement of the track length. Seating capacity may vary from around 15,000 people at Gerasa (Jordan), to 150,000 (some estimates put it up to 250,000) at the Circus Maximus (Italy).
Orientation
Circuses do not appear to have been constructed with any special compass orientation. Those that are well identified can be found with their round ends oriented around the compass. Examples include: N. Gerasa (Jordan); NE. Antinoöpolis (Egypt); E. Circus of Maxentius (Italy); SE. Circus Maximus (Italy); S. Tyrus (Lebanon); SW. Gortyn (Greece); W. Circus of Nero (Italy).
Relative location
Circuses can be found at three distinct locations relative to the towns to which they belong:
outside the city walls at anything up to 1.5 km distant, as at: Gerasa (Jordan) (c300m), and Leptis Magna (Libya) (1.5 km).
simply within the town walls, as at: Thessalonica (Greece).
inside the walls, in the heart of the town, and an integral part of the architectural power structure of the town, as at: Rome, Sirmium (Serbia) and Tarraco (Spain).
Carceres
The carceres, or starting gates, had a distinctive, slanted, slightly curved, plan form, designed to compensate for what would otherwise be significant differences in the distances from the individual starting gates to the start of the first section of straight track on the right hand side of the spina (as seen from the carceres). The carceres were designed for the races to be run round the spina in an anticlockwise direction.
The form of the carceres appears to have been standardised throughout the Roman world. The similarity in form among the carceres of circuses of many different sizes suggests that carceres were constructed according to a series of proportional mathematical relationships or formulas. It is not clear when the earliest carceres of the standardised form was constructed, nor whether there exists documentary evidence for the existence of such formulas.
Some of the best examples of carceres can be found at: Gerasa (Jordan) and the Circus of Maxentius (Italy).
Best preserved
The best preserved circuses include: Emerita Augusta (Spain), Caesarea Maritima (coastal) (Israel), Circus of Maxentius (Italy), Gerasa (Jordan), Tyrus (Lebanon), Leptis Magna (Libya).
List of Roman circuses
Unless otherwise indicated the coordinates in the following list are of a point that lies within the space of a circus. For the remaining circuses (those whose detailed location is not known) the point is for a location within the space of the historic nucleus of the associated town, or for a location within the associated archaeological site. These points are probably within 1.5 kilometres of the site of the circus, as a circus was almost always within this distance from its associated town.
(ordered initially by country; number of circuses at latest count (2012-04-01): 63)
See also
Hippodrome – a Greek arena also used for chariot racing
References
External links
Cyrene
Ondernemen.in: List of circus-hippodrome structures
Google Earth file containing several locations
01
Ancient chariot racing
Ancient Roman architecture
Horse racing venues
Sport in ancient Rome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20circus |
The Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Germany. It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Freiburg in Baden-Württemberg, Bundesland. It covers the same territory of the former Kingdom of Wurttemberg.
History
In 1803 a Vicar General for the "New" State of Wurttemberg was nominated by Prince Primate Karl Theodor von Dalberg as an auxiliary bishop (Franz Karl Joseph Furst von Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingfurst, that consacreted the current Co-Cathedral in Stuttgart, later Bishop of Augsburg )
The Diocese of Rottenburg was established on 16 August 1821 through the papal bull De salute animarum, on territory split off from the suppressed Diocese of Konstanz. With the enthronement of the first bishop, Johann Baptist von Keller, on May 20, 1828, the formation of the diocese was complete.
On 18 January 1978, the bishopric was renamed to the current title Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart.
Major churches
The St. Martin's Cathedral is the episcopal see in Rottenburg
The Co-cathedral is St. Eberhard in Stuttgart
It also has three minor basilicas :
the former Cathedral of Ellwangen Abbey ( ex territorial abbey), Basilika St. Vitus, in Ellwangen, first seat of the General Vicar of Wurttemberg
Basilika St. Martin, in Ulm's Benedictine Wiblingen Abbey
Basilika St. Martin von Tours und St. Oswald, in Weingarten, Württemberg.
Another World Heritage Site (born Catholic, later Lutheran seminary and school) is the former Cistercian monastery Kloster Maulbronn, in Maulbronn.
Episcopal ordinaries
(all Roman Rite)
Suffragan Bishops of Rottenburg
Johann Baptist von Keller January 28, 1828 – death October 17, 1845; previously Auxiliary Bishop of Augsburg (Germany) (1816.06.15 – 1828.01.28) and Titular Bishop of Evaria (1816.07.22 – 1828.01.28)
June 14, 1847 – death May 3, 1869
Karl Joseph von Hefele June 17, 1869 – death June 5, 1893
June 5, 1893 – death May 11, 1898; succeeded as former Titular Bishop of Ænos (1886.08.31 – 1893.06.05) and Coadjutor Bishop of Rottenburg (1886.08.31 – 1893.06.05)
Father Franz Xaver von Linsenmann July 20, 1898 – September 21, 1898; never consecrated Bishop
November 11, 1898 – death July 16, 1926
Johannes Baptista Sproll March 29, 1927 – death March 4, 1949; succeeded as former Titular Bishop of Halmyrus (1916.03.03 – 1927.03.29) and Auxiliary Bishop of Rottenburg (1916.03.03 – 1927.03.29)
Auxiliary Bishop: Franz Joseph Fischer (1929.12.19 – death 1958.07.24), Titular Bishop of Zuri (1929.12.19 – 1958.07.24)
Carl Joseph Leiprecht July 4, 1949 – retired June 4, 1974, previously Titular Bishop of Scyrus (1948.10.07 – 1949.07.04) as Auxiliary Bishop of Rottenburg (1948.10.07 – 1949.07.04); died 1981
Auxiliary Bishop: Wilhelm Sedlmeier (1953.02.07 – retired 1976), Titular Bishop of Aulon (1953.02.07 – death 1987.02.24)
Auxiliary Bishop: Anton Herre (1970.10.12 – retired 1985.12.31), Titular Bishop of Galazia in Campania (1970.10.12 – death 1993.09.24)
Suffragan Bishops of Rottenburg-Stuttgart
Georg Moser March 12, 1975 – death May 9, 1988; previously Titular Bishop of Thiges (1970.10.12 – 1975.03.12) as Auxiliary Bishop of Rottenburg (1970.10.12 – 1975.03.12)
Auxiliary Bishop: Franz Josef Kuhnle ((1976.10.13 – retired 1990.11.07), Titular Bishop of Sorres (1976.10.13 – ...)
Auxiliary Bishop: Bernhard Rieger (1984.12.20 – retired 1996.07.31), Titular Bishop of Tigava (1984.12.20 – death 2013.04.10)
Walter Kasper April 17, 1989 – retired May 31, 1999; also Secretary of Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (1999.03.16 – 2001.02.21), created Cardinal-Deacon of Ognissanti in Via Appia Nuova (2001.02.21 [2001.03.25] – 2011.02.21), President of Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (2001.03.03 – 2010.07.01), President of Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews (2001.03.03 – 2010.07.01), promoted Cardinal-Priest of above Ognissanti in Via Appia Nuova as pro hac vice Title (2011.02.21 – ...)
Auxiliary Bishop: Johannes Kreidler (1991.06.06 – retired 2017.03.02), Titular Bishop of Edistiana (1991.06.06 – ...)
Auxiliary Bishop: Thomas Maria Renz (1997.04.29 – ...), Titular Bishop of Rucuma (1997.04.29 – ...)
Gebhard Fürst July 7, 2000 – ...) incumbent
Auxiliary Bishop: Bishop-elect Matthäus Karrer (2017.03.02 – ...), Titular Bishop of Tunnuna (2017.03.02 – ...).
Statistics and extent
The Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart is located in the Württemberg part of the German State of Baden-Württemberg. As per 2014, it pastorally served 1,872,849 Catholics (37.0% of 5,068,000 total) on 19,500 km2 in 1,096 parishes and 40 missions with 1,016 priests (829 diocesan, 187 religious), 283 deacons, 3,368 lay religious (228 brothers, 3,140 sisters) and 26 seminarians.
Deaneries
It comprises 45 deaneries :
Aalen
Backnang
Balingen
Biberach
Böblingen
Calw
Ehingen
Ellwangen
Esslingen-Nürtingen
Freudenstadt
Friedrichshafen
Geislingen
Göppingen
Heidenheim
Heilbronn
Hohenlohe
Laupheim
Leutkirch
Ludwigsburg
Mergentheim
Mühlacker
Neckarsulm
Neresheim
Oberndorf
Ochsenhausen
Ravensburg
Reutlingen
Riedlingen
Rottenburg am Neckar
Rottweil
Saulgau
Schwäbisch Gmünd
Schwäbisch Hall
Spaichingen
Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt
Stuttgart-Filder
Stuttgart-Mitte (centre)
Stuttgart-Nord (north)
Tuttlingen
Ulm
Waiblingen
Waldsee
Wangen
Zwiefalten
See also
List of Catholic dioceses in Germany
References
Sources and external links
Diocesan website
GCatholic.org
Some information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent.
Roman Catholic dioceses in Germany
Rottenburg am Neckar
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 19th century
Christianity in Baden-Württemberg
1821 establishments in Germany
Religious organizations established in 1821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Rottenburg-Stuttgart |
Pluto is a Portuguese alternative rock band, which emerged from the splitting up of Ornatos Violeta (in 2002), where Manel Cruz (frontman and vocalist) and Peixe (guitarist) played. The others members are Eduardo (bass guitar) and Ruka (drums).
Their first album, Bom Dia (Good Morning), was released on 18 October 2004, entering straight to the 6th place of the Portuguese chart.
Discography
Bom Dia (2004)
"Entre Nós" – 2:59
"Sexo Mono" – 2:42
"Segue-me à Luz" – 4:14
"O 2 Vem Sempre Depois" – 3:09
"A Vida dos Outros" – 5:12
"Convite" – 4:36
"Prisão" – 6:48
"Lição de Adição" – 2:06
"Líderes & Filhos Lda" – 4:17
"Só Mais Um Começo" – 3:48
"Bem Vindo a Ti" – 6:47
"Algo Teu" – 1:55
References
Musical groups from Porto
Portuguese alternative rock groups
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto%20%28Portuguese%20band%29 |
Huangbei may refer to:
Huangbei Subdistrict, Luohu, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
Huangbei, Meizhou, town in Xining City, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
Huangbei, village in Xiaohe, Liuyang, Hunan, China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangbei |
A wind controller, sometimes referred to as a wind synthesizer, is an electronic wind instrument. It is usually a MIDI controller associated with one or more music synthesizers. Wind controllers are most commonly played and fingered like a woodwind instrument, usually the saxophone, with the next most common being brass fingering, particularly the trumpet. Models have been produced that play and finger like other acoustic instruments such as the recorder or the tin whistle. The most common form of wind controller uses electronic sensors to convert fingering, breath pressure, bite pressure, finger pressure, and other gesture or action information into control signals that affect musical sounds. The control signals or MIDI messages generated by the wind controller are used to control internal or external devices such as analog synthesizers or MIDI-compatible synthesizers, synth modules, softsynths, sequencers, or even non-instruments such as lighting systems.
Simpler breath controllers are also available. Unlike wind controllers, they do not trigger notes and are intended for use in conjunction with a keyboard or synthesizer. A breath controller can be used with a keyboard MIDI controller to add articulation and expression to notes sounded on the keyboard. For example, a performer who has pressed a long-held note on the keyboard with a sustained sound, such as a string pad, could blow harder into the breath controller set to control volume to make this note crescendo or gradually blow more and more gently to make the volume die away.
Some wind controllers contain a built-in sound generator and can be connected directly to an amplifier or a set of headphones. Some even include small built-in speakers such as the Roland Aerophone series and the Akai EWI SOLO, however their small speaker systems cannot reproduce bass notes correctly or provide adequate sound levels for serious live performance, so these built in sound systems are strictly for home practice at modest playback levels. Some wind controllers such as EWI USB, Berglund NuEVI, and NuRAD are strictly "controllers" and do not make a sound on their own, and thus must be connected via MIDI or USB to a sound generating device (or a soft synth). For this reason, a wind controller can sound like almost anything (depending on the capabilities of its sound generator). Wind controller models such as the Akai EWI5000, EWI SOLO, and Roland Aerophones have built-in onboard sample sounds, as well as the MIDI and/or USB outputs. The now discontinued EWI 4000s had a DSP subtractive synthesizer built in rather than sampled instruments and so remains popular on the second hand market.
The fingering and shape of the wind controller put no acoustic limitations on how the wind controller actually sounds. For example, a wind controller can be made to sound like a trumpet, saxophone, violin, piano, pipe organ, choir, synthesizers or even a barnyard rooster. Whether designed primarily to appeal to woodwind, brass, or harmonica players, controllers can produce any virtual instrument sound. Some virtual instruments and hardware synthesizers are better suited to adaption for wind controller performance than others. A hardware or software synthesizer's suitability is largely dependent on the control options available. MIDI CC mapping options allow the player to control elements like the filter cut off via breath control for expressive dynamics. Custom patches (or presets) are required for optimal expressivity, to take advantage of the considerable benefits of wind control.
History
Predecessors
Already in the 1930s Benjamin F. Miessner was working on various electroacoustic instruments. Among these was an electroacoustic clarinet, that featured an electromagnetic pickup for the reed vibration and was connected to a variety of electronic filters. Miessner's patent from 1938 marks the birth of the electronic wind instrument family.
Early experiments with fully electronic instruments started in the 1940s. Leo F. J. Arnold invented an electronic clarinet that featured an on/off-switch controlled by the human breath. This instrument is documented in Arnold's patent from 1942.
The Frenchman Georges Jenny and the German engineer Ernst Zacharias played an essential role in the development of the first analog wind controllers in the 1950s. Jenny received his patent for an electronic wind instrument in 1954. It features a breath transducer for variable volume control, that works with a piezo element. The prototypes of Zacharias, who started to work on electronic wind instruments in 1956, lead to the first commercially produced wind synthesizer – the Hohner Electra-Melodica, released in 1967.
Analog wind controllers
The first widely played wind controller was the Lyricon from Computone which came about in the 1970s era of analog synthesizers. The Lyricon was based on the fingerings of the saxophone and used a similar mouthpiece. It set the standard for hardware-based wind controllers with a number of features that have been preserved in today's MIDI wind controllers, including the ability to correctly interpret the expressive use of reed articulation, breath-controlled dynamics, and embouchure-controlled pitch variation. The Lyricon also expanded the playing range several octaves beyond the accustomed range for woodwind players. Tone generation on the Lyricon was limited to a dedicated analog synthesizer designed specifically to interpret various wired analog outputs from the instrument. Notable early recording artists on the Lyricon include Roland Kirk and Tom Scott. Third-party adaptations would later bring the Lyricon into the MIDI era.
The next wind controller of note was the brass style Steiner EVI invented by wind controller pioneer Nyle Steiner. Steiner was the inventor of the brass style EVI (electronic valve instrument) wind controller designed for brass players, as well as the EWI (electronic woodwind instrument) designed for woodwind players. Steiner made many very important contributions to the development wind controllers. His research started in the late 1960s and his first wind controller was the Steiner Parker EVI released in 1975. Originally this EVI was only a "controller" which sent control voltages only for pitch and gate and was to be connected to commercial analog synthesizers. The breath sensor on this early original model EVI was very crude consisting of a simple on/off switch activated by the player's breath pressure. Steiner went on to refine and develop new expressive methods of sensing the player's gestures which have since become standard wind controller features such as an expressive proportional type breath sensor (as compared to earlier switch on/off type breath sensing), tonguing velocity sensing, a vibrato lever for the right hand thumb, pitch bend up and down thumb sensors, glide sensing for portamento effects, bite sensing, lip sensing, and others. Steiner's analog wind controller systems eventually included his own analog synthesizer design bundled into a complete self-contained system (Steinerphone). Steiner was also a studio musician and he played his EVI on the soundtrack of the film "Apocalypse Now". Shortly after the release of the Steiner EVI, woodwind musicians asked Steiner to make a woodwind version of the EVI, and Steiner designed the EWI. The EWI was made famous in the mid 1980s by jazz musician Michael Brecker with the group Steps Ahead when he played the Steinerphone EWI with dazzling bravura. Around 1985 Steiner developed a sophisticated MIDI interface for his EVI and EWI by modifying the JL Cooper Wind Driver box. In 1987, Akai licensed Steiner's EVI and EWI designs and released the Akai EVI1000 brass style and woodwind style EWI1000 wind controllers along with a companion EWV2000 sound module. The EWV2000 featured a MIDI output jack which allowed it to connect to additional MIDI synthesizers opening up a universe of possibilities and numerous recordings in both movie and television soundtracks as well as pop music recordings. The EVI1000 or EWI1000 controllers combined with the EWV2000 sound generator were actually a hybrid digital/analog system. Analog signals were derived from the various sensors (e.g., key, bite, bend, glide, etc.) on the EVI1000/EWI1000 controller unit, then converted to digital signals by a front-end microprocessor in the EWV2000. These digital signals were then altered by the microprocessor and D/A converted to internal analog control voltages appropriate for the analog synthesizer ICs within the EWV2000. The D/A used within the EWV2000 used a very high resolution and conversion rate, such that the responsiveness to the player felt immediate, i.e. "analog". The subsequent EWI3000, EWI3020, and EWI3030m systems also used this A/D/A scheme within their dedicated tone modules, though these later models of the EWI would support MIDI in and out.
MIDI controller revolution
With the advent of MIDI and computer-based digital samplers in the early 1980s, the new music technology ushered in a variety of "alternative" MIDI controllers. In the 1960s and 1970s, the main way for a musician to play synthesizers was with a keyboard. With MIDI, it became possible for non-keyboardists to play MIDI synthesizers and samplers for the first time. These new controllers included, most notably: MIDI drums, MIDI guitar synthesizers, and MIDI wind controllers. Leading the way to demonstrate the virtuosic potential of this new arsenal of MIDI technology on the world stage through extensive touring and big-label recordings were guitarist Pat Metheny playing the guitar synthesizer and saxophonist Michael Brecker playing the wind controller, each leading their own bands.
Digital wind controllers and MIDI
The most widely played purely digital wind controllers include the Yamaha WX series and the Akai EWI series. These instruments are capable of generating a standard MIDI data stream, thereby eliminating the need for dedicated synthesizers and opening up the possibility of controlling any MIDI-compatible synthesizer or other device. These instruments, while usually shaped something like a clarinet with a saxophone-like key layout, offer the option to recognize fingerings for an assortment of woodwinds and brass. The major distinction between the approach taken by the two companies is in the action of their keys. Yamaha WX series instruments have moving keys like a saxophone or flute that actuate small switches when pressed. Akai EWI series instruments have immovable, touch-sensitive keys that signal when the player is merely making contact with the keys. In the hands of skilled players each of these instruments has proved its ability to perform at a high level of artistry.
The now defunct Casio DH series were toy-like wind controllers introduced in the mid-1980s and had a built-in speaker (with limited sound sources) as well as being usable as MIDI controllers.
A recent addition to the wind controller category is the Synthophone, an entirely electronic wind controller embedded in the shell of an alto saxophone. Since the electronic components take up the open space of the saxophone, it is not playable as an acoustic instrument; however, since the exterior matches that of the acoustic instrument, it is significantly more familiar to play.
Additionally, keyboard-based breath controllers are also available. These modulate standard keyboards, computers and other midi devices, meaning they are not played like a woodwind, but like a keyboard, but with a breath controller (similar to a pump organ.) Yamaha's BC series can be used to control DX and EX units. Midi Solutions makes a converter box that allows any midi device to be controlled by the Yamaha BC controllers. TEControl also makes a USB device that is simply a jump drive with a breath tube attached that can be plugged into any standard computer.
Acoustic wind instrument conversion to software MIDI as wind control
Through the 1990s the major hardware-based wind controllers improved through successive models and a number of minor, and less commercially successful, controllers were introduced. These software solutions for a time were the only viable bridge between the woodwind or brass player and the synthesizer. But dating back to the 1980s a lesser known software-based alternative began to emerge. With a software-based conversion program the musician plays an ordinary wind instrument into a microphone at which point a software program (sometimes with dedicated computer hardware) interpreted the pitch, dynamics, and expression of this acoustic sound and generates a standard MIDI data stream just in time to play along with the performer through a synthesizer.
While the first commercial product attempting this approach dates back to the Fairlight Voicetracker VT-5 of 1985, a more successful modern approach using software on personal computers (combined with a digital audio workstation and softsynths) is relatively new. Two more recent examples of this highly unusual archaic approach were Thing-1 from ThingTone Software, and Digital Ear Realtime from Epinoisis Software.
Range of expression
Due in part to their fast and sensitive key switching and breath sensing systems both the hardware and software based wind controllers put precise demands on a player who hopes to play with technical mastery. An accomplished woodwind or brass player may find that a hardware or software based wind controller will produce an unwanted note (called a "glitch") even at the slightest imperfection in fingering or articulation technique. As the better recordings show, these difficulties can be overcome with practice.
In contrast to live performance with a wind controller, and in response to these technical challenges, some "performances" in recordings are achieved through careful post-processing or note-by-note insertion and editing using a notation or sequencer program.
Virtually all current synthesizers and their sound libraries are designed to be played primarily with a keyboard controller, whereby the player often reserves one hand to manipulate the many real-time controls to determine how the instrument sounds, perhaps using a foot to manipulate an expression pedal.
Wind controller players do not have access to as many of these controls and thus are often limited in exploiting all of the potential voicings and articulation changes of their synthesizers, but the technologies of physical modeling (Yamaha VL70-m), sample modeling and hybrid technologies (SWAM engine) promise more expression control for wind controller players. Furthermore, sound designers are paying more attention to the different playing idioms in which their sounds will be used. For example, certain percussion sounds do not work well with a wind controller simply because playing a struck instrument it is not idiomatic to the woodwind, whereas synthesized instruments that model the acoustic properties of a woodwind will seem fitting and natural to a wind controller player.
A few of the many hardware (Yamaha, Roland, Akai, Kurzweill, Aodyo) and software (Native Instruments, Garritan, SampleModeling, Sample Logic, LinPlug, Audio Modeling) synthesizers provide specific support for wind controllers, and they vary widely with respect to how well they emulate acoustic wind, brass, and string instruments. The SWAM technology, devised by Audio Modeling, has specific settings for Yamaha, EWI, Sylphyo and Aerophone wind controllers and has succeeded in producing very rapid natural responsiveness with their woodwinds and bowed strings virtual instruments. Also Samplemodeling has specific settings for wind controllers on their Kontakt-based brass. That said, virtually all current synthesizers respond to MIDI continuous controllers and the data provided by wind controller breath and lip input can usually be routed to them in an expressive way.
An example of a hardware synthesizer with wind controller support is the Yamaha VL70-m which uses physical modeling synthesis. Physical modeling allows for a unique level of responsiveness to the control signals sent from a wind controller. The emulation of acoustic instrument sounds varies in quality. The VL70-m is able to connect directly to the Yamaha WX series of controllers and via MIDI to the Akai and other wind controllers. Similarly, an example of a software synthesizer with support for wind controller playing is the Zebra synthesizer from Urs Heckmann, Apple's ES2 softsynth, Korg's Mono/Poly softsynth, Audio Modeling's SWAM instruments, and many others. It is important to note that whatever synth is used, it will need to be set up with specially designed breath responsive patches for optimal response to a wind controller.
Manufacturers
The major manufacturers of wind controllers are Akai, Roland, and Yamaha. As of the beginning of 2022 the available mass production wind controllers include the Akai EWI SOLO, EWI5000, EWI USB (discontinued 2022), Roland Aerophone models AE-01, AE-05, AE-10, AE-20 and AE-30. Less commonly available models include the AODYO SYLPHYO, Synthophone. Also there are ultra low volume handmade instruments that are nonethelss advanced (owing to clever use of off the shelf electronics) such as the Berglund NuRad, NuEVI and WARBL from Mowry Stringed Instruments.
Models out of production and discontinued include the Akai EWI USB (discontinued 2022), 4000s (discontinued 2019). Also 20th century (part analogue) models from Akai such as the 3020, 3000 and 1000. Older discontinued models from Yamaha include WX11, WX7 and WX5. Casio offered more toy-like offerings including the DH-100, DH-200, DH-500 and DH-800.
Wind controllers with saxophone fingerings
Synthophone
The Synthophone is a Wind Controller synthesizer. It is a MIDI sax offering real sax fingerings and a standard sax embouchure. The MIDI hardware allows the key action as well as breath and lip pressure to be read as MIDI data. Since it is a saxophone, the fingerings are the same with some additions - Several combinations allow real-time editing of patches and harmony. The instrument has made several appearances in NAMM, including 1997. "The design of the Synthophone goes back to the 'pre-MIDI times' of 1981, where the first prototype (a wood-stick with Boehm-like keys) was designed by Martin Hurni. It was connected to a dedicated analog synthesizer system. This first stage of Synthophone was followed by a REAL alto sax with keys connected to a switching system to give a more realistic playing feel." "At the ARS ELECTRONICA 1984 contest, the first prize was given to the design of the Synthophone for its 'most original and future-oriented development in the field of electronic sound production'." After, the MIDI capable prototype was developed to increase its functionality to a Wind controller. The Synthophone is an evolution of the acoustic saxophone into the information age. The Synthophone is made by Softwind Instruments in Bern, Switzerland.
Others
After the Synthophone, several other MIDI saxes have been released that offer real sax fingerings: in 2019 the Travel Sax by Odisei Music, in 2020 the YDS-150 digital saxophone by Yamaha and also in 2020 the Emeo. These MIDI saxes have sensors for breath pressure to adjust the volume, but they do not read lip pressure and thus do not allow the pitch to be controlled by the embouchure or by the manner of breathing. With the YDS-150, pitch bend can be achieved using a separate input on the instrument. The Travel Sax, the YDS-150 and the Emeo provide for settings customisation using a Bluetooth-connected mobile app.
Distinguishing features
The Synthophone requires different maintenance than a saxophone. It differs from other wind controllers by not having onboard presets, it must be used with a computer or MIDI synthesizer. The reed is glued to a machined metal piece (lip sensor). The additional finger combinations allow the instrument to produce polyphonic effects to make it a chordal instrument or it can be played as a homophonic instrument. Some other distinguishing features are selectable diatonic tonality, six chord variations (inversions, subs, number of voices, unison/chords) adjusted with lips, freeze harmony, sustain, and obligato or portamento. Programmable to change to the keys of Bb, C, Eb. The electronics are within a Yamaha YAS-275 saxophone.
See also
Akai EWI
Eigenharp
Lyricon
Variophon
Yamaha WX5
References
External links
Wind Controller FAQ
TEControl USB MIDI Breath Controller
Breath Controller Demonstration Video
Breath Controllers
Softwind Instruments
Synthesizers
MIDI controllers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind%20controller |
Arts-Loi (French) or Kunst-Wet (Dutch) is a Brussels Metro station. It is located in the City of Brussels, Belgium, under the intersection of the Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat and the /, the latter street being part of the Small Ring (Brussels' inner ring road).
The station's lower level opened on 17 December 1969, although at that time the station served tram rather than railway lines. The first metro train stopped there on 20 September 1976, when the only metro line (line 1) then split into two branches at Merode. The station was extended on 2 October 1988 with the opening of the old line 2 station, located on the upper level. Following the reorganisation of the Brussels Metro on 4 April 2009, it is served by lines 1, 2, 5 and 6.
Nowadays, the station is mainly used by commuters as there are few tourist sites nearby, although as an important junction between lines, many users of the metro network change trains there.
External links
Railway stations in Belgium opened in the 1960s
Railway stations opened in 1969
1969 establishments in Belgium
Brussels metro stations
City of Brussels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts-Loi%20metro%20station |
Pingnan may refer to the following locations in the People's Republic of China:
Counties
Pingnan County, Fujian (屏南县), in Ningde, Fujian
Pingnan County, Guangxi (平南县), in Guigang, Guangxi
Subdistricts
Pingnan Subdistrict, Siping (平南街道), in Tiedong District, Siping, Jilin
Pingnan Subdistrict, Pingnan County, Guangxi, in Pingnan County, Guangxi
Towns
Pingnan, Gansu (平南镇), in Tianshui, Gansu
Pingnan, Lingshan County (平南镇), in Lingshan County, Guangxi
Pingnan, Zhejiang (屏南镇), in Longquan, Zhejiang
Townships
Pingnan Township, Guangxi (屏南乡), in Hechi, Guangxi
Pingnan Qiang Ethnic Township (平南羌族乡), in Pingwu County, Sichuan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingnan |
The Maskoŭskaja line (also referred to as Maskowskaya line or Moskovskaya line) (; ; lit: "Moscow line") is a line of the Minsk Metro. The line was opened along with the Metro in 1984 with the original eight station segment, and crosses the city on a northeast–southwest axis. Currently it comprises 15 stations and of track.
Timeline
Transfers
Rolling stock
The line is served by the Moskovskoe depot (№ 1), and currently has 21 five carriage 81-717/714 and the modernised 81-717.5M/714.5M trains assigned to it.
Recent developments and future plans
A 5.2 km extension has been constructed to the southwest of the city and contains three stations: Hrushawka, Mikhalova, and Pyatrowshchyna. It was opened on November 7, 2012.
The last extension was on June 3, 2014, when Malinawka was opened.
References
External links
Minsk Metro
Minsk Metro
Railway lines opened in 1984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masko%C5%ADskaja%20line |
Xiannan may refer to:
Xiannan (), seamount in the Zhongsha Islands
Xiannan (), village in Tazhuang, Mishui, Hengdong, Hunan, China
See also
Xian'an District, Xianning, Hubei, China
Xiaonan District, Xiaogan, Hubei, China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiannan |
The Nehemiah Royce House, also known as the Washington Elm House, is a historic home located at 538 North Main Street in Wallingford, Connecticut. The saltbox house was constructed in 1672. George Washington visited the house twice, first in 1775 while on his way to take command of the Continental Army in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and again in 1789 when he gave an address to the townspeople in front of the house near the Elm.
Biography of Nehemiah Royce
Nehemiah Royce was christened on May 30, 1637 (actual birth date unconfirmed), in New London County, Connecticut, the son of Robert Royce ( – 1676) and Mary Sims.
On November 20, 1660, he married Hannah Morgan (1642–1677). They had nine children together.
Royce, a carpenter, joiner and blacksmith by trade, was one of Wallingford's original 38 proprietors authorized by the Connecticut General Assembly in 1667 to purchase land from the Quinnipiac nation. On May 12, 1670, Wallingford was incorporated and about 126 people settled in the town. On May 11, 1693, Royce was elected deputy representing Wallingford to the Court of the Connecticut Colony.
He died on November 1, 1706, in New Haven, Connecticut and is buried in Center Street Cemetery, Wallingford, Connecticut
Descendants
Nehemiah Royce's descendants number in the thousands today. Some of his notable descendants include:
Jonathan Brace, (1754–1837) was a United States representative from Connecticut. He was born in Harwinton, Connecticut and graduated from Yale College in 1779.
Abbott Lowell Cummings, (1923–2017) was an architectural historian and genealogist, best known for his study of New England architecture.
Clint Eastwood, American film actor, director, and producer
Millard Fillmore, (1800–1874) was the 13th President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853 and the last member of the Whig Party (United States) to hold that office.
Oliver Wolcott Gibbs, was an American editor, humorist, theatre critic, playwright and author of short stories, who worked for The New Yorker magazine from 1927 until his death in 1958.
Hamilton Jeffers, (1893–1978) was a noted astronomer.
John Robinson Jeffers, (1887–1962) was an American poet, known for his work about the central California coast. He is considered an icon of the environmental movement.
George B. McClellan, Civil War general, Governor of New Jersey, Democratic opponent of Abraham Lincoln in the 1864 United States presidential election.
Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903) was an American journalist, landscape designer and father of American landscape architecture, famous for designing many well-known urban parks, including Central Park in New York City.
House
The Royce house is an example of American colonial saltbox architectural style. The Royce family occupied the house for over 200 years. The house was moved to its current location in 1924.
The prominent figures associated with the 1930s-1940s rehabilitation of the Royce House is an impressive roster of leaders in the historic preservation movement
in New England. The list includes Richard Henry Dana, William Sumner Appleton, Elmer Keith, J. Frederick Kelly, George Dudley Seymour, and Bertram Little. For a time it was a museum and then was used as a residence by Choate Rosemary Hall, until the school donated the house to the Wallingford Historic Preservation Trust in 1999. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
See also
List of the oldest buildings in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places listings in New Haven County, Connecticut
Notes
References
Jones, Emma C. Brewster. The Brewster Genealogy, 1566-1907: a Record of the Descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. New York: Grafton Press. 1908
External links
Wallingford Historic Preservation Trust: Nehemiah Royce House
Nehemiah Royce House
Royce Family Association
Historic New England
Buildings and structures in Wallingford, Connecticut
Houses completed in 1672
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Saltbox architecture in Connecticut
Houses in New Haven County, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in New Haven, Connecticut
1670 establishments in Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah%20Royce%20House |
Galaxy 3C (or Galaxy 13) is a communications satellite operated by PanAmSat from 2000 to 2006, and by Intelsat from 2006 to today. It spent most of its operational life at an orbital location of 95° W. Galaxy 3C was launched on June 15, 2002, with a Зенит 3SL Zenit launch vehicle, from 154°w, 00°s, and covered North America & S. America (optional) with twenty-four transponders each on the C- and sixteen in Ku band.
References
External links
Satellites using the BSS-702 bus
Spacecraft launched in 2002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy%203C |
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REDIRECT Emperor Duanzong
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Gregory M. Fahy is a California-based cryobiologist, biogerontologist, and businessman. He is Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer at Twenty-First Century Medicine, Inc, and has co-founded Intervene Immune, a company developing clinical methods to reverse immune system aging. He is the 2022–2023 president of the Society for Cryobiology.
Education
A native of California, Fahy holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from the University of California, Irvine and a PhD in pharmacology and cryobiology from the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta.
He currently serves on the board of directors of two organizations and as a referee for numerous scientific journals and funding agencies, and holds 35 patents on cryopreservation methods, aging interventions, transplantation, and other topics.
Career
Fahy is the world's foremost expert in organ cryopreservation by vitrification. Fahy introduced the modern successful approach to vitrification for cryopreservation in cryobiology and he is widely credited, along with William F. Rall, for introducing vitrification into the field of reproductive biology.
In 2005, where he was a keynote speaker at the annual Society for Cryobiology meeting, Fahy announced that Twenty-First Century Medicine had successfully cryopreserved a rabbit kidney at −130 °C by vitrification and transplanted it into a rabbit after rewarming, with subsequent long-term life support by the vitrified-rewarmed kidney as the sole kidney. This research breakthrough was later published in the peer-reviewed journal Organogenesis.
Fahy is also a biogerontologist and is the originator and Editor-in-Chief of The Future of Aging: Pathways to Human Life Extension, a multi-authored book on the future of biogerontology. He currently serves on the editorial boards of Rejuvenation Research and the Open Geriatric Medicine Journal and served for 16 years as a Director of the American Aging Association and for 6 years as the editor of AGE News, the organization's newsletter.
Research
As a scientist with the American Red Cross, Fahy was the originator of the first practical method of cryopreservation by vitrification and the inventor of computer-based systems to apply this technology to whole organs. Before joining Twenty-First Century Medicine, he was the chief scientist for Organ, Inc and of LRT, Inc. He was also Head of the Tissue Cryopreservation Section of the Transfusion and Cryopreservation Research Program of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland where he spearheaded the original concept of ice blocking agents. In 2014, he was named a Fellow of the Society for Cryobiology in recognition of the impact of his work in low temperature biology.
In 2015–2017, Fahy led the TRIIM (Thymus Regeneration, Immunorestoration, and Insulin Mitigation) human clinical trial, designed to reverse aspects of human aging. The purpose of the TRIIM trial was to investigate the possibility of using recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) to prevent or reverse signs of immunosenescence in ten 51‐ to 65‐year‐old putatively healthy men. The study:
Observed protective immunological changes, improved risk indices for many age‐related diseases, and a mean epigenetic age approximately 1.5 years less than baseline after 1 year of treatment (−2.5‐year change compared to no treatment at the end of the study).
Awards
Fahy was named as a Fellow of the Society for Cryobiology in 2014, and in 2010 he received the Distinguished Scientist Award for Reproductive Biology from the Reproductive Biology Professional Group of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine. He received the Cryopreservation Award from the International Longevity and Cryopreservation Summit held in Madrid, Spain in 2017 in recognition of his career in and dedication to the field of cryobiology. Fahy also received the Grand Prize for Medicine from INPEX in 1995 for his invention of computerized organ cryoprotectant perfusion technology. In 2005, he was recognized as a Fellow of the American Aging Association.
References
External links
21st Century Medicine
Intervene Immune
Living people
University of California, Irvine alumni
21st-century American biologists
Medical College of Georgia alumni
Biogerontologists
Cryobiology
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Fahy |
The game of Fugitive combines elements of a number of outdoor games such as capture the flag, cops and robbers, and Sharks and Minnows. Fugitive is also comparable to orienteering, foxhunts, and other over-land race games.
Game basics
There are two teams. Nomenclature may vary regionally; One team, sometimes called the "Fugitives", are the players who need to race from one point to another; and the second team, sometimes known as the "Police", are the players who need to find and Tag the fugitives before they arrive at their destination.
The fugitives' objective is to run from a starting point to a finishing point without being tagged by any of the police. This finishing point may be a short distance, or depending on the agreed rules, may be many miles away. Depending on ground rules agreed by the players, the fugitives are allowed a head start. The fugitive must remain on foot, no vehicles or alternate modes of transportation are allowed. There are no formal boundaries as to where the fugitive may go; however common sense, personal safety, traffic laws, and trespassing laws should be considered. Stealth, speed, and cardiovascular endurance are all high value skills for the fugitives. Creativity, communication, and attentiveness are all high value skills for the police.
The Police may typically use cell phones or walkie-talkies to plan their pursuit. The police try to "tag" the fugitives. Depending on agreed ground rules, tagging may be done visually with a flashlight, vocally by calling their name or yelling out their position, or physically by touching them. In some games, if a fugitive is caught before the safe zone surrounding the finish point, they become a police informant, making the game more difficult for the remaining fugitives. Other times, the tagged fugitives may be shuttled to the finish point to wait for the game to end (if the police have no room in their car, they may still have to continue on foot).
If a time limit is being used, all remaining fugitives are considered busted once it is up. Once the whole group of players has convened, a new route is chosen, and another game may begin from the finish point.
Ground rules for tagging method (by hand, by flashlight, or by name), head start time for the fugitives, other fair-play rules for the fugitives and police (covering the use of communications, or of vehicles), and most importantly the start/end locations, are agreed before the game begins.
References
Outdoor games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive%20%28game%29 |
Joseph E. Birkett (born February 13, 1955) is an appellate court judge on the Illinois Appellate Court – Second District. He was appointed by the Illinois Supreme Court in December 2010, and was subsequently elected to a full term in November 2012. His current term runs through December 2022. Prior to being elevated to the bench, Justice Birkett was the State's Attorney of DuPage County, an office he had held since 1996.
Biography
Birkett is one of 10 children on Chicago's West side. His father died when he was 13. He attended St. Phillip High School, and Aurora Central Catholic High School where he was football team captain and Most Valuable Player. He went on to attend North Central College, where he earned a B.A. in Political Science and English in 1977. He received his Juris Doctor from John Marshall Law School in 1981, where he placed first in the Intramural Moot Court Competition.
He was the Assistant State's Attorney of Dupage County from 1981 to 1985, Chief of Major Crimes Unit from 1986 to 1988, Deputy Chief of Criminal Division from 1986 to 1991, Chief of Criminal Division from 1991 to 1996, and has served as DuPage County State's Attorney since then. He was first elected in November 1996, then re-elected in 2000 and 2004.
Birkett gained national attention when he prosecuted Marilyn Lemak in 1999 for the murders of her three children. Lemak is currently serving a life sentence.
He has been married to Patricia Hill since July 9, 1977, and has two children, Nick and Jackie. He is a resident of Wheaton and attends St. Daniel The Prophet Catholic Church in Wheaton. His brother-in-law is George Wendt, who is married to Birkett's sister Bernadette.
2002 run for Attorney General
In 2002, Birkett ran for Illinois Attorney General against Democrat Lisa Madigan. Madigan defeated Birkett in the November 7, 2002 General Election with 50% of the vote to Birkett's 47%.
2006 run for lieutenant governor
Judy Baar Topinka named Birkett as her running mate on December 9, 2005. On March 21, 2006, he defeated Steve Rauschenberger, Sandy Wegman, and Lawrence Bruckner in the Republican Party's primary. Topinka also won her primary race. In the November 7, 2006 General Election, Democrats Rod Blagojevich and Pat Quinn defeated Topinka and Birkett, as well as the Green Party's Rich Whitney and Julie Samuels.
Appellate Court Judge
On November 2, 2010, the Illinois Supreme Court appointed Joe Birkett to serve as Appellate Court Judge on the Second District Appellate Court, replacing Justice Jack O'Malley, who retired. He was sworn in on December 13, 2010.
Controversy
Rolando Cruz case
In 2002 Birkett's role in the wrongful prosecution of Rolando Cruz, subsequently exonerated by DNA evidence in the murder of 10-year-old Jeanine Nicarico, was partly responsible for his loss to Democrat Lisa Madigan in the race for Illinois attorney general.
2007–08 Prosecution of Iraq War protesters
On July 18, 2007, The Naperville Sun published an editorial calling the state's attorney's disorderly conduct charges against two war protestors "heavy-handed". The editorial opined:It is hard to believe that the criminal charges against Sarah M. Hartfield, 45, of Naperville and Jeff Zurawski, 39, of Downers Grove are not at least to some extent politically inspired in nature...We also suspect that had the banner read "Support Bush and Cheney" instead of "Impeach Bush and Cheney – LIARS" the situation would have been viewed a little differently.
Supporters of the defendants staged three rallies at the DuPage County courthouse. The charges were dropped when the chief witness failed to appear in court. Jeff Zurawski called the prosecution "vindictive" and requested a public apology.
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
Judges of the Illinois Appellate Court
Illinois Republicans
People from Wheaton, Illinois
North Central College alumni
Politicians from Chicago
District attorneys in Illinois
University of Illinois Chicago School of Law alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Birkett |
Wolf Rock, or sometimes spelt Wolfe Rock in the past, is a submerged rock and reef east of Lord Howe Island. At low tide, it is 9 feet above the water.
The rock is named after the Wolf, an ex-Royal Navy gun brig built in 1814, which was working as a whaling ship when on 6 August 1837 it struck an outer reef near Lord Howe Island. She escaped the reef and was thought to be undamaged, but the vessel sank in deep water about 10 miles off the island, taking with it a valuable cargo of sperm whale oil. In 2002 the Royal Navy destroyer struck the rock itself just after manoevres to airlift a sick crewman onto Lord Howe Island, causing the ship to nearly sink from a resulting 160 ft (50 m) gash along its side.
References
Geography of Lord Howe Island
Reefs of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20Rock%2C%20Lord%20Howe%20Island |
Philip Jackson (born 18 June 1948) is an English actor known for his many television and film roles, most notably as Chief Inspector Japp in both the television series Agatha Christie's Poirot and in BBC Radio dramatisations of Poirot stories; as Melvin "Dylan" Bottomley in Porridge; and as Abbot Hugo, one of the recurring adversaries in the cult 1980s series Robin of Sherwood.
Life and career
Jackson was born in Retford, Nottinghamshire. He started acting while studying Drama and German at the University of Bristol, and has worked in the theatre in Leeds, Liverpool and London. His stage work includes Pozzo in Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot at the Queen's Theatre in the West End in 1991 and Willy Loman in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds in 2010. He was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for his role in Little Voice (1998).
His many television appearances have included Coronation Street, Robin of Sherwood, A Touch of Frost, Foyle's War, Midsomer Murders, Heartbeat, Little Britain, Hamish Macbeth, Raised by Wolves and Last of the Summer Wine. He has also appeared in films, including the 1979 Scum and Paul McCartney's Give My Regards to Broad Street, Brassed Off, Mike Bassett: England Manager, "Grow Your Own", and My Week with Marilyn. He also appeared in the music video of A-Ha's "Take On Me".
In 2000 he appeared as Dyer/Hawksmoor in Nick Fisher (broadcaster)'s adaptation for BBC Radio 4 of Peter Ackroyd's Hawksmoor (novel), and in 2001 he starred in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of the Petrella mysteries by Michael Gilbert, and guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio play Valhalla. In 2009 he starred as Gaynor's father Roy in the BBC Two sitcom Home Time. In a BBC Radio 4 radio adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Night Watch, he played Commander Vimes and in Pratchett's Mort, he played Death's butler/cook, Albert who is eventually revealed to be Alberto Malich. He also voiced Risda Tarkaan on the BBC radio drama version of C. S. Lewis' The Last Battle. In 2011, he read Gulliver's Travels as an audiobook, as well as Martin Cruz Smith's Three Stations for BBC Radio 4’s Book at Bedtime.
In 2011, Jackson starred as Ron in the three-part BBC comedy drama series Sugartown alongside The Royle Family star Sue Johnston and actor Tom Ellis.
In 2012, he appeared in the Academy Award-nominated My Week with Marilyn as Marilyn's security guard.
He plays Jaz Milvane in the long running Radio 4 series Ed Reardon's Week, written by Christopher Douglas and Andrew Nickolds.
Personal life
He is married to actress Sally Baxter, with whom he has two children.
TV and filmography
Porridge (1974, 1 episode) as Melvin "Dylan" Bottomley
Last of the Summer Wine (1976, 3 episodes) as Gordon Simmonite
The Brothers (1976, 1 episode) as Garage Mechanic
Pennies from Heaven (1978) as Dave
Scum (1979) as Greaves
Sounding Brass (1980) as Arthur Mannion
Coronation Street (1982) as Smithy
Give My Regards to Broad Street (1984) as Alan
Robin of Sherwood (1984–86) as Abbot Hugo de Rainault
The Doctor and the Devils (1985) as Andrew Merry-Lees
Slip-Up (1986, TV film) as Purgavie
The Fourth Protocol (1987) as Burkinshaw
The Play on One: The Dark Room (1988) as Greg
High Hopes (1988) as Martin
Hamish Macbeth (1996: "A Perfectly Simple Explanation") as Malachi McBean
Brassed Off (1996) as Jim
The Opium War (1997) as Captain White
Touching Evil (1997) as Jim Keller
Bramwell (1 episode, 1997) as Ronald
Little Voice (1998) as George
Cousin Bette (1998) as De Wissembourg
The Last Salute (12 episodes, 1998–1999) as Leonard Spanwick
Murder Most Horrid (2 episodes, 1994–99)
The Sins (2000), as Mickey
Victoria Wood with All the Trimmings (2000) as Willis
Mike Bassett: England Manager (2001) as Lonnie Urquart
Silent Witness, (2001: "Faith") as Detective Inspector Mike Toner
Crime and Punishment (2002) as Marmaladov
Cruise of the Gods (2002) as Hugh Bispham
Agatha Christie's Poirot (1989–2002, 2013) as Chief Inspector James Japp
Little Britain (1 episode, 2003) as Breakfast Cereal Director
Trust (2003 one episode only)
Heartbeat (2 episodes, 1998–2004) as Brian Simpson
Hustle (1 episode, 2004: "The Last Gamble") as Arthur Bond
Murder in Suburbia (2004 one episode only) as Bill Jackson
A Touch of Frost (2 episodes, 1999–2005) as Detective Sergeant Sharpe
Funland (2005) as Leo Finch
Foyle's War (2006: "Invasion") as Alan Carter
New Tricks (2006) as suspect Andrew Bartlett
The Chase (2007)
Place of Execution (2008)
The Long Walk to Finchley (2008) as Alderman Roberts
Crooked House (2008)
Midsomer Murders (1 episode, 2009: "The Glitch") as Daniel Snape
Margaret (2009)
Home Time (2009) as Roy Jacks
Pete Versus Life (2010–2011) as Frank
Sugartown (2011) as Ron
My Week with Marilyn (2011) as Roger Smith
Friend Request Pending (2011) as Trevor
Stars in Shorts (2012) as Trevor
Cuckoo (TV series) (2012) as Tony Edwards
The Best Offer (2013) as Fred
Believe (2013) as Bob
Boomers (2014–2016) as Alan
DCI Banks (2014: "Bad Boy") as Al Jenkins
Death in Paradise (2014) as David Witton
Raised by Wolves (2013–2016) as Grampy
The Good Karma Hospital (2017) as Paul Smart
Peterloo (2018)
Shakespeare & Hathaway: Private Investigators (2020) as Chamberlin, episode 3.3 "The Sticking Place"
Sherwood (2022) as Mickey Sparrow
References
External links
1948 births
Alumni of the University of Bristol
English male film actors
English male television actors
Living people
People from Retford
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Jackson%20%28actor%29 |
BitLocker is a full volume encryption feature included with Microsoft Windows versions starting with Windows Vista. It is designed to protect data by providing encryption for entire volumes. By default, it uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm in cipher block chaining (CBC) or "xor–encrypt–xor (XEX)-based Tweaked codebook mode with ciphertext Stealing" (XTS) mode with a 128-bit or 256-bit key. CBC is not used over the whole disk; it is applied to each individual sector.
History
BitLocker originated as a part of Microsoft's Next-Generation Secure Computing Base architecture in 2004 as a feature tentatively codenamed "Cornerstone" and was designed to protect information on devices, particularly if a device was lost or stolen. Another feature, titled "Code Integrity Rooting", was designed to validate the integrity of Microsoft Windows boot and system files. When used in conjunction with a compatible Trusted Platform Module (TPM), BitLocker can validate the integrity of boot and system files before decrypting a protected volume; an unsuccessful validation will prohibit access to a protected system. BitLocker was briefly called Secure Startup before Windows Vista's release to manufacturing.
BitLocker is available on:
Enterprise and Ultimate editions of Windows Vista and Windows 7
Pro and Enterprise editions of Windows 8 and 8.1
Windows Server 2008 and later
Pro, Enterprise, and Education editions of Windows 10
Pro, Enterprise, and Education editions of Windows 11
Features
Initially, the graphical BitLocker interface in Windows Vista could only encrypt the operating system volume. Starting with Windows Vista with Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008, volumes other than the operating system volume could be encrypted using the graphical tool. Still, some aspects of the BitLocker (such as turning autolocking on or off) had to be managed through a command-line tool called manage-bde.wsf.
The version of BitLocker included in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 Release 2 adds the ability to encrypt removable drives. On Windows XP or Windows Vista, read-only access to these drives can be achieved through a program called BitLocker To Go Reader, if FAT16, FAT32 or exFAT filesystems are used. In addition, a new command-line tool called manage-bde replaced the old manage-bde.wsf.
Starting with Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8, Microsoft has complemented BitLocker with the Microsoft Encrypted Hard Drive specification, which allows the cryptographic operations of BitLocker encryption to be offloaded to the storage device's hardware. In addition, BitLocker can now be managed through Windows PowerShell. Finally, Windows 8 introduced Windows To Go in its Enterprise edition, which BitLocker can protect.
Device encryption
Windows Mobile 6.5, Windows RT and core editions of Windows 8.1 include device encryption, a feature-limited version of BitLocker that encrypts the whole system. Logging in with a Microsoft account with administrative privileges automatically begins the encryption process. The recovery key is stored to either the Microsoft account or Active Directory (Active Directory requires Pro editions of Windows), allowing it to be retrieved from any computer. While device encryption is offered on all editions of Windows 8.1, unlike BitLocker, device encryption requires that the device meet the InstantGo (formerly Connected Standby) specifications, which requires solid-state drives, non-removable RAM (to protect against cold boot attacks) and a TPM 2.0 chip.
Starting with Windows 10 1703, the requirements for device encryption have changed, requiring a TPM 1.2 or 2.0 module with PCR 7 support, UEFI Secure Boot, and that the device meets Modern Standby requirements or HSTI validation.
In September 2019 a new update was released (KB4516071) changing the default setting for BitLocker when encrypting a self-encrypting hard drive. Now, the default is to use software encryption for newly encrypted drives. This is due to hardware encryption flaws and security concerns related to those issues.
Encryption modes
Three authentication mechanisms can be used as building blocks to implement BitLocker encryption:
Transparent operation mode: This mode uses the capabilities of TPM 1.2 hardware to provide for transparent user experience—the user powers up and logs into Windows as usual. The key used for disk encryption is sealed (encrypted) by the TPM chip and will only be released to the OS loader code if the early boot files appear to be unmodified. The pre-OS components of BitLocker achieve this by implementing a Static Root of Trust Measurement—a methodology specified by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG). This mode is vulnerable to a cold boot attack, as it allows a powered-down machine to be booted by an attacker. It is also vulnerable to a sniffing attack, as the volume encryption key is transferred in plain text from the TPM to the CPU during a successful boot.
User authentication mode: This mode requires that the user provide some authentication to the pre-boot environment in the form of a pre-boot PIN or password.
USB Key Mode: The user must insert a USB device that contains a startup key into the computer to be able to boot the protected OS. Note that this mode requires that the BIOS on the protected machine supports the reading of USB devices in the pre-OS environment. BitLocker does not support smart cards for pre-boot authentication.
The following combinations of the above authentication mechanisms are supported, all with an optional escrow recovery key:
TPM only
TPM + PIN
TPM + PIN + USB Key
TPM + USB Key
USB Key
Password only
Operation
BitLocker is a logical volume encryption system. (A volume spans part of a hard disk drive, the whole drive or more than one drive.) When enabled, TPM and BitLocker can ensure the integrity of the trusted boot path (e.g. BIOS and boot sector), in order to prevent most offline physical attacks and boot sector malware.
In order for BitLocker to encrypt the volume holding the operating system, at least two NTFS-formatted volumes are required: one for the operating system (usually C:) and another with a minimum size of 100 MB, which remains unencrypted and boots the operating system. (In case of Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, however, the volume's minimum size is 1.5 GB and must have a drive letter.) Unlike previous versions of Windows, Vista's "diskpart" command-line tool includes the ability to shrink the size of an NTFS volume so that this volume may be created from already allocated space. A tool called the BitLocker Drive Preparation Tool is also available from Microsoft that allows an existing volume on Windows Vista to be shrunk to make room for a new boot volume and for the necessary bootstrapping files to be transferred to it.
Once an alternate boot partition has been created, the TPM module needs to be initialized (assuming that this feature is being used), after which the required disk-encryption key protection mechanisms such as TPM, PIN or USB key are configured. The volume is then encrypted as a background task, something that may take a considerable amount of time with a large disk as every logical sector is read, encrypted and rewritten back to disk. The keys are only protected after the whole volume has been encrypted when the volume is considered secure. BitLocker uses a low-level device driver to encrypt and decrypt all file operations, making interaction with the encrypted volume transparent to applications running on the platform.
Encrypting File System (EFS) may be used in conjunction with BitLocker to provide protection once the operating system is running. Protection of the files from processes and users within the operating system can only be performed using encryption software that operates within Windows, such as EFS. BitLocker and EFS, therefore, offer protection against different classes of attacks.
In Active Directory environments, BitLocker supports optional key escrow to Active Directory, although a schema update may be required for this to work (i.e. if the Active Directory Services are hosted on a Windows version previous to Windows Server 2008).
BitLocker and other full disk encryption systems can be attacked by a rogue boot manager. Once the malicious bootloader captures the secret, it can decrypt the Volume Master Key (VMK), which would then allow access to decrypt or modify any information on an encrypted hard disk. By configuring a TPM to protect the trusted boot pathway, including the BIOS and boot sector, BitLocker can mitigate this threat. (Note that some non-malicious changes to the boot path may cause a Platform Configuration Register check to fail, and thereby generate a false warning.)
Security concerns
TPM alone is not enough
The "Transparent operation mode" and "User authentication mode" of BitLocker use TPM hardware to detect whether there are unauthorized changes to the pre-boot environment, including the BIOS and MBR. If any unauthorized changes are detected, BitLocker requests a recovery key on a USB device. This cryptographic secret is used to decrypt the Volume Master Key (VMK) and allow the bootup process to continue. However, TPM alone is not enough:
In February 2008, a group of security researchers published details of a so-called "cold boot attack" that allows full disk encryption systems such as BitLocker to be compromised by booting the machine from removable media, such as a USB drive, into another operating system, then dumping the contents of pre-boot memory. The attack relies on the fact that DRAM retains information for up to several minutes (or even longer, if cooled) after the power has been removed. The Bress/Menz device, described in US Patent 9,514,789, can accomplish this type of attack. Similar full disk encryption mechanisms of other vendors and other operating systems, including Linux and Mac OS X, are vulnerable to the same attack. The authors recommend that computers be powered down when not in physical control of the owner (rather than be left in a sleep mode) and that the encryption software be configured to require a password to boot the machine.
On 10 November 2015, Microsoft released a security update to mitigate a security vulnerability in BitLocker that allowed authentication to be bypassed by employing a malicious Kerberos key distribution center, if the attacker had physical access to the machine, the machine was part of a domain and had no PIN or USB flash drive protection.
BitLocker still does not properly support TPM 2.0 security features which, as a result, can lead to a complete bypass of privacy protection when keys are transmitted over Serial Peripheral Interface in a motherboard.
All these attacks require physical access to the system and are thwarted by a secondary protector such as a USB flash drive or PIN code.
Upholding Kerckhoffs's principle
Although the AES encryption algorithm used in BitLocker is in the public domain, its implementation in BitLocker, as well as other components of the software, are proprietary; however, the code is available for scrutiny by Microsoft partners and enterprises, subject to a non-disclosure agreement.
According to Microsoft sources, BitLocker does not contain an intentionally built-in backdoor, so there is no Microsoft-provided way for law enforcement to have guaranteed access to the data on a user's drive. In 2006, the UK Home Office expressed concern over the lack of a backdoor and tried entering into talks with Microsoft to get one introduced. Microsoft developer and cryptographer Niels Ferguson denied the backdoor request and said, "over my dead body". Microsoft engineers have said that United States Federal Bureau of Investigation agents also put pressure on them in numerous meetings to add a backdoor, although no formal, written request was ever made; Microsoft engineers eventually suggested that agents should look for the hard copy of the encryption key that the BitLocker program suggests that its users make.
Niels Ferguson's position that "back doors are simply not acceptable" is in accordance with Kerckhoffs's principle. Stated by Netherlands-born cryptographer Auguste Kerckhoffs in the 19th century, the principle holds that a cryptosystem should be secure, even if everything about the system, except the encryption key, is public knowledge.
Other concerns
Starting with Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, Microsoft removed the Elephant Diffuser from the BitLocker scheme for no declared reason. Dan Rosendorf's research shows that removing the Elephant Diffuser had an "undeniably negative impact" on the security of BitLocker encryption against a targeted attack. Microsoft later cited performance concerns, and noncompliance with the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS), to justify the diffuser's removal. Starting with Windows 10 version 1511, however, Microsoft added a new FIPS-compliant XTS-AES encryption algorithm to BitLocker. Starting with Windows 10 version 1803, Microsoft added a new feature called "Kernel Direct Memory access (DMA) Protection" to BitLocker, to protect against DMA attacks via Thunderbolt 3 ports.
In October 2017, it was reported that a flaw enabled private keys to be inferred from public keys, which could allow an attacker to bypass BitLocker encryption when an affected TPM chip is used. The flaw is the Return of Coppersmith's Attack or ROCA vulnerability which is in a code library developed by Infineon and had been in widespread use in security products such as smartcards and TPMs. Microsoft released an updated version of the firmware for Infineon TPM chips that fixes the flaw via Windows Update.
See also
Features new to Windows Vista
List of Microsoft Windows components
Windows Vista I/O technologies
Next-Generation Secure Computing Base
FileVault
References
External links
BitLocker Drive Encryption Technical Overview
System Integrity Team Blog
Windows Server 2008
Windows 11
Windows 10
Windows 8
Windows 7
Windows Vista
Cryptographic software
Microsoft Windows security technology
Disk encryption | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitLocker |
The Sand Island Light is a lighthouse located on the northern tip of Sand Island, one of the Apostle Islands, in Lake Superior in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, near the city of Bayfield.
The Lighthouse Board chose to use a design that had been used on McGulpin Point Light in 1868; Eagle Harbor Light in 1871; and White River Light in 1875.
Currently owned by the National Park Service and part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, part of reference number 77000145. Listed in the Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey, WI-313.
Attached to the lighthouse is a Norman gothic keepers quarters.
History
In 1871, the Lighthouse Board asked Congress for funds to construct a lighthouse on Sand Island to both better guide ships toward the Raspberry Island Light and mark the Western edge of the Apostle Islands. However, Congress rejected the request for this and the next six years. In 1880, Congress finally agreed to erect a lighthouse, and sent an engineer to begin planning for the construction of the station. Sand Island Light was built from the same designs as three other lighthouses, but with the local Apostle Islands Brownstone instead of brick. The masons opened a hole for the cellar, and then began building the dwelling, and added the tower in the Western corner of the structure. As the lighthouse neared completion, a fixed white Fourth Order Fresnel lens was placed in the lantern room. An acting keeper was appointed, and the light was first lit on September 25, 1881. The acting keeper, Charles Lederle, was appointed permanent keeper the next year.
Eventually, Lederle grew weary of the isolation that came with being the keeper of an island lighthouse and was reappointed the keeper of Two Harbors Light in Minnesota. The first assistant on nearby Outer Island, Emmanuel Luick, was offered the position of keeper at the Sand Island Light, and moved in with his wife Ella during January 1892. In 1901, Luick fell ill, leaving all duties at the lighthouse for Ella. Although she managed to do everything, the incident pointed out the dangers of having a single keeper on Sand Island. The Lighthouse Board authorized the addition of an assistant keeper and on May 22, 1902, Henry Irvine moved onto the island. In October 1903, Irvine was transferred to Devils Island. Luick appointed his wife as his acting assistant keeper, but the following day Edward Derry arrived on the island as the new assistant keeper. On April 30, 1904, Derry resigned, leaving Ella as acting assistant keeper once again. Ten days later, Frederick Hudson arrived on the island to take over as assistant keeper. On May 9, 1905, Ella boarded a steamer for nearby Bayfield and never returned to the island or her husband again.
Luick married again, this time to a woman named Oramill, and with her served the Sand Island Light for the next sixteen years. Over the course of that time, Luick went through twelve assistants, with the longest tenure being only two years. By the end of the 1910s, local shipping patterns had changing, and the Sand Island Light became less important. In 1921, the Lighthouse Board automated the tower, and Luick was reassigned to Grand Marais Light in Minnesota.
In 1933, the automated light was dismantled, and the Coast Guard constructed a steel tower in front of the lighthouse. The automated light was placed on top until 1985, when the light was placed back in the lighthouse and the tower was removed.
Getting there
Most of the Apostle Islands light stations may be reached on the Apostle Islands Cruise Service water taxi or by private boat during the summer. During the Annual Apostle Island Lighthouse Celebration ferry tour service is available for all the lighthouses. In the tourist season, volunteer park rangers are on many of the islands to greet visitors.
See also
Wisconsin lighthouses
Apostle Islands Lighthouses
References
Further reading
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .
External links
Aerial photos of Sand Island Light, Marina.com.
Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey Survey number HABS WI-313
Lighthouses completed in 1881
Houses completed in 1881
Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
Buildings and structures in Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Bayfield County, Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Bayfield County, Wisconsin
1881 establishments in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand%20Island%20Light%20%28Wisconsin%29 |
The Awtazavodskaya line (; ) is a line of the Minsk Metro. The line opened in 1990 and crosses the city on a northwest–southeast axis. It comprises 14 stations.
Timeline
Transfers
Rolling stock
The line is served by the Mogilyovskoe depot (№ 2), and currently has 27 four carriage 81-717/714 and the modernised 81-717.5M/714.5M trains assigned to it.
References
External links
Minsk Metro
Minsk Metro
Railway lines opened in 1990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtazavodskaya%20line |
(, Basque for "Nationalist Workers' Committees") is a Basque left-wing nationalist and separatist trade union operating mainly in the Basque Country under Spanish rule currently led by Garbiñe Aranburu.
It was created in 1974 by Jon Idigoras among others. They are part of the Basque National Liberation Movement, an aggregation of leftist Basque nationalist forces including the illegal paramilitary organization Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) and the illegal parties Batasuna and Segi. It is supported by around 45.000 affiliates.
The union is legal and it is one of the four major of its kind in the Basque Country. In the last decades it has been working mostly with the other nationalist union, ELA, while both have been opposed often by the Spanish-wide trade unions, UGT and CC.OO., that make up their own bloc.
In 2019 it had the 19.1% of the labor delegates in the Basque Autonomous Community, being the second biggest union after the also left-wing and abertzale Basque Workers' Solidarity (ELA). In Navarre the union has similar results, with a total of 1054 labour delegates, the 16.95% of the total, being the fourth largest union after UGT, ELA and Workers' Commissions.
References
Trade unions in Spain
Trade unions established in 1974
Basque nationalism
1974 establishments in Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAB%20%28Basque%20union%29 |
Nuhu Ribadu mni (born 21 November 1960) is a Nigerian politician and retired police officer who since 26 June 2023 is serving as the National Security Adviser; after shortly serving as Special Adviser on Security to President Bola Tinubu.
Ribadu ran unsuccessfully for office of the President of Nigeria in 2011 as the presidential candidate of the Action Congress. He ran for governor of Adamawa State in 2015 as a candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party; before joining the All Progressives Congress to run in 2019 and lost his bid in 2023 to Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed.
He was the Chairman of the Petroleum Special Revenue Task Force from 2012 to 2014 and the Chairman of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) from 2003 to 2007, the government commission tasked with countering corruption and fraud.
Early life
Ribadu was born on 21 November 1960 in Yola. He attended Mustapha Primary School from 1966 to 1973 in Adamawa and Yelwa Government Secondary School, Yola from 1973 to 1978; College of Preliminary Studies, Yola from 1978 to 1980.
Ribadu studied law at Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Kaduna State from 1980 until 1983, receiving a Bachelor of Laws degree. Following a year at the Nigerian Law School, he was called to Bar in 1984. He also earned a Master of Laws degree from the same university.
Police career
Ribadu joined the Nigerian Police Force shortly after graduation and held the positions of Assistant Superintendent of Police, Nigeria Police Force, January 1, 1986; Divisional Crime Officer for Ajegunle, Mushin, Apapa from 1990 to 1997; Force CID. AIagbon Close, Ugos; dep. Superintendent of Police, 1992; Superintendent of Police, 1995; Chief Superintendent of Police, 1998; asst comm. of Police, 2002; Head, Ugal and Prosecution Department, NPF.
Anti-corruption and the EFCC
The Nigerian president, Olusegun Obasanjo, appointed him to the chairmanship of the EFCC in 2003 and reappointed him in 2007, as well as promoting him to the position of Assistant Inspector General of Police.
The promotion on 9 April 2007, three weeks before newly elected President Umaru Yar'Adua was sworn-in, was later challenged on the basis that it was "illegal, unconstitutional, null and void, and of no legal effect."
In December 2007, Mike Okiro, Inspector-General of Police, stated that Ribadu would be removed as EFCC chairman for a one-year training course.
On 20 October 2006, Nuhu Ribadu told the BBC that over 380 billion dollars had been stolen or wasted by Nigerian governments since independence in 1960.
Under Ribadu's administration, the EFCC charged prominent bankers, former State governors, ministers, Senators, high-ranking political party members, commissioners of Police, and advance fee fraud ("419") gang operators.
The EFCC issued thousands of indictments and achieved about 270 convictions. One notable case was that of his boss, the then Inspector-General of the Nigerian Police Force, Tafa Balogun, who was convicted, jailed and made to return £150 million under a plea bargain.
During the course of his duty Ribadu was offered bribes to pervert the course of justice, amongst these was a State governor who offered Ribadu $15 million and a house abroad. Interviewed from Washington D.C. on the BBC's Hardtalk programme, Ribadu said that he took the money and used the bribe as evidence to prosecute the state governor. This claim has however been refuted by the ex-governor who noted that the fact that Ribadu put the money in the CBN is not a proof that he gave the money. Ribadu escaped two assassination attempts in Nigeria before he left the country for the United Kingdom in early 2009.
In December 2007, Inspector-General of Police Mike Okiro ordered that Ribadu be temporarily removed from the position of EFCC chairman and ordered him to attend the National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS) in Kuru, Jos, Plateau State for a mandatory one-year course. The decision was criticised by, among others, Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka, House of Representatives members, and All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) national chairman Edwin Ume-Ezeoke as politically motivated and/or likely to set back the fight against corruption.
On 22 December 2008, as widely predicted, he was dismissed from the Nigerian Police force by the Nigerian Police Service Commission (PSC). He left Nigeria and in April assumed a fellowship at the Center for Global Development.
Political career
He lived in exile until 2010 when he returned to Nigeria and declared his intention to run for President of Nigeria under the platform of the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN). On Friday, 14 January 2011, Nuhu Ribadu was adopted as the presidential candidate of the ACN.
In August 2014, he defected to the ruling party PDP with the intention to run for the Governorship of Adamawa State, Nigeria. He later joined the ruling APC and contested for governorship of Adamawa in 2019 and 2023, he became a close confidant of Bola Tinubu during the presidential campaign.
National Security Adviser
Ribadu was appointed by President Bola Tinubu as National Security Adviser on 19 June 2023.
References
External links
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) website
Official Nuhu Ribadu for President campaign website
There was a misunderstanding with the Nigerian FG
1960 births
Living people
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian police officers
Law enforcement in Nigeria
Ahmadu Bello University alumni
Nigerian Law School alumni
Members of the Nigerian National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies
Candidates in the Nigerian general election, 2011
People from Adamawa State
Ribadu family
Nigerian Fula people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhu%20Ribadu |
William West (c. 1733–1816) was an American militia general in the American Revolutionary War, Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court, Deputy Governor of Rhode Island, and anti-federalist leader. West also was a party in the first U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1791, West v. Barnes.
Early life
West was born in North Kingstown, Colony of Rhode Island in about 1733 to Alice Sweet and John West, a great-grandson of Pilgrim, George Soule. West's father was a large landowner and his mother sold "jonnycakes" during the American Revolution. West had been thought to be a descendant of Francis West of Duxbury, but now is believed is descended from Francis West who married Susannah Soule, a completely unrelated West Family line. In about 1755 West married Eleanor Brown, a daughter of Charles and Ellenor Brown, and granddaughter of Beriah Brown, who came to North Kingstown from Rowley, Massachusetts. West also served in the French and Indian War around this time. West eventually moved from North Kingstown to Scituate, Rhode Island, and purchased a farm which Governor Stephen Hopkins had previously owned. West set up a prosperous tavern in 1758 and was an active farmer and molasses trader. Soon after moving to Scituate, West became a deputy (representative) and was also elected as a representative of the town in a general convention held at East Greenwich, September 26, 1786. Between 1760 and 1785, West was elected 12 times as a representative.
Service during the American Revolution
At the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775, Colonel West was placed second in command of the Rhode Island Militia under Esek Hopkins, and West served as a brigadier general from 1775 to 1777. From January to March 1776, West assumed command at Rhode Island (Aquidneck Island) which was then under siege from the British warships in Narragansett Bay. As general, his main task was to root out Tories who were supplying the British. In March, he resigned the command at Newport in disgust after the Rhode Island legislature freed several imprisoned Newport Tory leaders, such as Joseph Wanton, Jr.
When the British army finally occupied Newport in December 1776, West retreated to Bristol with the militia. During the Battle of Rhode Island in 1778, General West led the Rhode Island militia in the unsuccessful invasion of Aquidneck Island. His troops served as reserves for the regular Continental troops and provided cover during the retreat.
West played an active role in the affairs of his town throughout the Revolution. On May 4, 1776, as a Scituate representative, West signed Rhode Island's declaration of independence, which preceded the American Declaration of Independence by two months. He was put in charge of raising troops in the Scituate in 1777 and served on various committees concerning the British blockade, army blankets, salt rationing and firearms. West was made again made brigadier general of the Providence County brigade in 1779. General West was also purported to have invested in privateers during the war. Two cargoes were lost, which supposedly damaged his finances.
West was also several times chosen as the moderator of the town, as he was allegedly a man of "intelligence, and a marked degree of enterprise." During the war, West was elected Deputy Governor of Rhode Island and served from May 1780 to May 1781. As Deputy Governor, West served on a committee which was integral to the formation of the state of Vermont. Westfield, Vermont, was named after Governor West in 1780 because of his support for Vermont statehood as a legislator. West was also granted land in Vermont for his political services, which he sold in 1785 because of his financial concerns.
Judge of Supreme Court and Anti-federalist leader
West served as a justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court (then called the Superior Court of Assize, and General Gaol Delivery) from May 1787 to May 1790. While a judge, West was also a leader in the rural opposition to the adoption of the Constitution, known as the "Country Party". The party supported honoring paper money as legal tender, and the party was in power from 1786 through 1790.
West led nearly 1,000 armed, rural citizens to Providence to protest an ox roast celebration and reading the Constitution on July 4, 1788 (shortly after the ninth state had ratified it). Fortunately, a compromise between the federalists and anti-federalists was reached, and civil war was averted (the federalists agreed to celebrate only independence, not the adoption of the Constitution). The site of the ox roast rebellion was named Federal Hill. Resistance to the Constitution, however, remained strong, and Rhode Island was the last of the 13 colonies to ratify the Constitution in 1790.
Financial troubles and death
Although West had been a prosperous farmer before the war, the depreciation in value of continental currency ruined him financially. In its first decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in West v. Barnes (1791) that William West could not use continental currency to pay off his mortgage because of a procedural problem with his appeal. West was forced to sell his farm to his sons-in-law, Gideon Smith, Jeremy Phillips, Job Randall, and Joseph Battey resulting in further litigation after his death in West v. Randall. West was forced into debtors' prison for a period and died in relative poverty in 1816 (or 1814 according to the case, West v. Randall). West was buried on his farm in Scituate, Rhode Island near the Danielson Highway.
Appearance
No depictions of West are known to exist, but he was described as "a man rather above the middle height, a bony, sinewy man, long favored, with a prominent nose."
Family
He was the great-grandfather of Major General Thomas West Sherman, a career Army officer who distinguished himself during the American Civil War.
See also
Lieutenant Governors of Rhode Island
References
Further reading
West, George M., William West of Scituate, R.I.: farmer, soldier, statesman, (St. Andrews, FL: Panama City Publishing, 1919). https://archive.org/details/williamwestofsci00west
"History of Scituate," History of the State of Rhode Island with Illustrations (Philadelphia: Hong, Wade & Co., 1878).
Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society, (Providence: RI Historical Society, 1843)
Columbian Centinel, July 5, 12, 16, 23, 1788; Pennsylvania Packet, July 30, 1788. (reference to West's anti-Constitution 4 July rally)
Vernon, Thomas, The diary of Thomas Vernon [microform] : a loyalist, banished from Newport by the Rhode Island General Assembly in 1776 : with notes / by Sidney S. Rider (Providence: S.S. Rider, 1881).Thomas Vernon's 1776 Diary on Google Book Search
External links
William West Family website (williamwestfamily.com)
Lieutenant Governors of Rhode Island
Brief West Bio
Scituate Minutemen
1733 births
1816 deaths
Militia generals in the American Revolution
Rhode Island state court judges
Members of the Rhode Island General Assembly
American privateers
People of colonial Rhode Island
People of Rhode Island in the French and Indian War
People of Rhode Island in the American Revolution
Justices of the Rhode Island Supreme Court
Rhode Island militiamen in the American Revolution
People from North Kingstown, Rhode Island
People from Scituate, Rhode Island
Country Party (Rhode Island) politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20West%20%28Rhode%20Island%20politician%29 |
Highway 16 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is the Saskatchewan section of the Yellowhead Highway, and also the Trans-Canada Highway Yellowhead section. The main purpose of this highway is to connect Saskatchewan with Canadian cities such as Edmonton and Winnipeg. The highway runs from the Alberta boundary in Lloydminster (50th Avenue or Highway 17) to the Manitoba boundary near Marchwell. Major cities it passes through are Saskatoon, North Battleford in the central part of the province, Yorkton in the far east and Lloydminster to the far west.
Part of the highway is a divided four-lane limited-access road that runs from the Alberta-Saskatchewan border to just west of the village of Bradwell, with the remaining part to the Manitoba border being an undivided two-lane highway. The road also serves as part of the Circle Drive in Saskatoon.
The Yellowhead began as the Yellowhead Red River cart trail. When the province was surveyed, the road evolved from a dirt to gravel to all-weather road known as Provincial Highway 5 from the Alberta–Saskatchewan boundary to Saskatoon, and as Provincial Highway 14 from Saskatoon to the Manitoba–Saskatchewan boundary. In the late 1950s and 1960s, the highway was straightened and widened. On August 15, 1970 the Yellowhead was opened for the northern Trans-Canada route. The highway was completely designated for the entire route as Saskatchewan Highway 16 in 1976.
Route description
West
Survey markers were erected in Lloydminster to demark the Saskatchewan–Alberta boundary. Lloydminster is one of two Canadian cities on a provincial boundary and the gateway to Alberta. It currently ranks in size as the 89th largest city in Canada. The two sides of the city rank 10th in Alberta and 11th in Saskatchewan in municipal population. If the city were entirely in one province or the other, Lloydminster's population would rank ninth in Alberta and fifth in Saskatchewan. It is renowned for its booming petroleum industry and the OTS Heavy Oil Science Centre. The highway is surveyed north of the Battle River and south of the North Saskatchewan River. Marshall is the first town southeast of Lloydminster with 533 residents is also the hometown of NHL Goaltender, Braden Holtby. Lashburn, a town of 967 in 2011 maintains the Lashburn Municipal Campground.
Waseca is a village of 154 in 2011. Maidstone, a town of 1,156 in 2011 is home to the rural municipality office for Eldon No. 471 and the Maidstone Campground. In 1975, a canola (rapeseed) plant statue was built alongside the Yellowhead in the centre of the town of Maidstone.
Bresaylor Heritage Museum still preserves heritage of Paynton and Bresaylor on Main Street, Bresaylor.
The Battlefords are the next large centre along the Yellowhead comprising, Battleford is a town of 4,065 residents(2011) and, North Battleford, a city of 13,888 residents Travelers can rest at the Eiling Kramer Campground or The Battlefords Provincial Park. North Battleford has an equestrian statue of a Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer located at the junction of Highway 40 and the Yellowhead. It is here that the North Saskatchewan River is crossed via the Battlefords Bridges, a twinned (in 2002) set of two-lane bridges. The Yellowhead travels southeast, to the north of the North Saskatchewan River henceforth, and south of the Thickwood Hills. The next communities are Denholm, a village of 76 persons, Maymont, a village of 146 in 2011, and Fielding, a small unincorporated area of Mayfield No. 406 The Yellowhead still travels parallel with the North Saskatchewan River on the south side of the highway affording the traveler with spectacular river valley panoramic views. Radisson is a town of 505 in 2011 which also provides services and campground. Borden incorporated as a village in 1909 and still maintains village status with a population of 245 in 2011. The Borden Bridge campground is located from Saskatoon. Near here is a scenic viewpoint stop-off area. The new Borden Bridge provides twinned highway service across the North Saskatchewan River. The old Borden Bridge was a narrow, two-way traffic bridge enhanced with arches, which is still visible from the new bridge. Langham is a town of 1,290 residents northwest of Saskatoon. Saskatoon, a city of 222,189 in 2011, is the largest city of the province, serving interprovincial travellers with a bypass road named Circle Drive.
East
Clavet a village of 345 residents is the first settlement east of Saskatoon. Elstow a village of 89 residents, and Colonsay a town of 475 residents are the next settlements in the Allan Hills area of Saskatchewan. Viscount boasted 252 folk in 2011. Plunkett, a village, maintains its status with 75 residents on the last census. Guernsey is located at the boundary of the rural municipalities of Usborne and Wolverine No. 340 west of the Yellowhead at the Hwy 668 intersection. Lanigan is a town of 1,390 residents(2011). Dafoe maintains village status with its 15 residents in 2011. This village is south of Big Quill Lake, and north of the Touchwood Hills. Located at the CanAm highway intersection.
Wynyard a town of 1,767 residents on the 2011 census is located just east of the Hwy 640 intersection and is in the northern area of the Touchwood Hills. Wynyard and District Regional Park is located south of the Yellowhead at the intersection with Hwy 640.
The population of Elfros has dropped from about 300 residents in 1955 to 96 in 2011. It is located at the intersection of Hwy 35. Leslie Station, established in 1909, changed name to Leslie in 1962.
Foam Lake is south of the lake of the same name and west of the Hwy 310 intersection. Foam Lake incorporated as a village in 1909, and a town in 1924, and still maintains town status with a population of 1,148 residents in 2011.
Sheho is located south of Sheho Lake, north of the Beaver Hills, at the Hwy 617 intersection. The statue of a sharp-tailed grouse, Saskatchewan's provincial bird, was erected in 1985 at Sheho to commemorate both the 80th anniversary of the province of Saskatchewan as well as the incorporation of Sheho as a village. To the south of Foam Lake are the rolling Beaver Hills area. Sheho had a population near 300 in a district of about 1,500 in 1955, which although dropped to 121 in 2006, saw growth to 130 in 2011. This area of the rail and Yellowhead highway runs southwest of the Whitesand River in this area.
Insinger today is just a small hamlet within Insinger No. 275 Rural municipality. Next is Theodore a village of 345 residents. Next is Springside a town of 525 residents that is located at the intersection of the Yellowhead with Hwy 47 and Hwy 726 south of Good Spirit Lake. The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Station Yorkton was renamed White Spruce in 1966. Yorkton is a city of 15,669(2011) Yorkton is north of Roussay and Leech lakes at the junction of Hwy 52, Hwy 10, Saskota Travel Route, and the Yellowhead.
Clonmel is a hamlet within Saltcoats No. 213 Rural municipality. Stirling was the first naming of Saltcoats, which is now a town of 474. Bredenbury, a town of 364 (in 2011) is located at the Hwy 637 junction. Churchbridge is a town of 743 as of the 2011 census located at the Hwy 80 intersection. A large Canadian Dollar Coin was erected in 1993 at Churchbridge south of the Yellowhead to commemorate Rita Swanson, the artist resident of Churchbridge whose design was chosen to mark Canada's 125th birthday in 1992. Langenburg has grown to a town of 1,148 persons in 2011 and is situated on the Hwy 8 and Yellowhead intersection. Langenburg is home to the world's largest swing, named Goliath, and is the last incorporated Saskatchewan community before the Manitoba provincial boundary.
History
Red River Trail
Travel across Canada originated in the early 19th century when the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company wanted to transport furs from the east to Fort St. James in the New Caledonia district, British Columbia. Sir George Simpson, governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, employed a surveyor, James Macmillan, to find a route west. James Macmillan used an Iroquois guide "Tête Jaune" (Pierre Bostonais) to help find the most feasible path. Leather was needed at Fort St. James for moccasins and mukluks. The path from Saskatchewan to British Columbia through the Rocky Mountains became known as the Leather Pass or Leather Track and more commonly the Yellowhead. Tête Jaune or Yellowhead was the moniker for Pierre Bostonais, which referred to his blonde hair. Pierre Bostonais, the founder of the Yellowhead trail, has also been recorded as Pierre Hatsinaton and his nickname Tête Jaune Cache.
The beginnings of this overland route can be found in the 19th century travel along the Carlton Trail, a Red River cart dirt trail which connected Fort Gary, Fort Ellice, Fort Carlton, Fort Battleford, and Fort Pitt through a northerly route. In 1876, Battleford became the capital of the North-West Territories. This area at the junction of the Battle River and the North Saskatchewan River was home to Cole's Post as early as 1780. A Hudson's Bay Company store and trading post, the North-West Mounted Police barracks and Government House were all established in 1876.
Immigration and settlements
The railways would not build across the western frontier without settlement as it would be too costly to provide train service across a barren wilderness. The Clifford Sifton immigration policy encourages settlers to arrive. Western settlement began and immigration encroached across the Manitoba boundary into the North-West Territories, later to become Saskatchewan. Immigration settlement to the last best west and the highway early beginnings began in the southeast. The federal government survey crew reached this southeastern area of the District of Assiniboia, North-West Territories in 1880. In 1881, the province of Manitoba expanded to its present boundaries. U.S. President Lincoln's Homestead Act was passed in 1862 and lands there were taken. In 1872, Canada passed the Dominion Lands Act, attracting homesteaders to the West with land available for homesteading that could be purchased for $10 for 160 acres.
With the establishment of settlements and population came the attendant need for education, health, fire and police protection and an urgent need to improve methods of travel. The North-West Territories established departments, which did not last long, and were soon replaced by a rural administrative system called local improvement districts (LID). Local improvement districts were very large, and with the early dirt trails for roads, and a limited number of automobiles, the area was found much too large to administer. The LID soon gave way to the rural municipality (RM) system of rural civic administration and encompassed on average nine townships, three by three in area, which were each square, and with some modifications is still the rural administration in use today. This civic government with its elected officials attended to the maintenance and construction of the early pioneer road.
Provincial Highway 14
Provincial Highway 14, the precursor of the Yellowhead Saskatchewan Highway 16 followed the surveyed grade of the Manitoba and North West railway, later the CPR between the Manitoba boundary and Saskatoon. Travel along the current Yellowhead before the 1940s would have been travelling on the square following the township road allowances, barbed wire fencing and rail lines. As the surveyed township roads were the easiest to travel, the first highway was designed on 90-degree, right-angle corners as the distance traversed the prairie along range roads and township roads. Two-horse then eight-horse scrapers maintained these early dirt roads.
Up until 1904 all municipal affairs were administered by the Territorial Dept. of Public Works. In 1904, [Churchbridge]...became a portion of a larger area known as a Local Improvement District of approximately square miles...Road construction costs around 1900, were very low. The cost of building a road wide with an crown cost approximately $30, per
The rail line was graded in 1907 and the Pleasant Hill branch connecting Sutherland to Viscount was operational in 1908. The Great West Express provided passenger service between Winnipeg and Saskatoon during the years 1909 to 1960. The Local Improvement District #17T2 was the first administrative government in the area starting in 1907 serving until the incorporation of Viscount No. 341 in 1909.
Elstow first formed in the area known as Lakeview. Administrative affairs were handled from 1905 to 1909 by the Local Improvement District #17-A3 and then by rural municipality Blucher No. 343. The station of Fountain was on the rail line and Provincial Highway 14 in 1907. Lanigan received steel in 1907. Lanigan was a CPR junction point and five rail lines served the area from Lanigan, as well as Provincial highway 14 (the Yellowhead) and Hwy 20. Humboldt and Watson were served to the north, and Nokomis to the south as well as the main Saskatoon Winnipeg line. The rail came to Wynyard in 1909, and three years later the area incorporated as a town. Wynyard was the CPR divisional point.
Laxdal received its post office in 1907, and renamed to Mozart in 1909.
Provincial Highway 5
Provincial Highway 5, the Evergreen Route, the precursor of the Yellowhead Saskatchewan Highway 16 followed the surveyed grade of the Canadian Northern Railway, later the Canadian National Railway line between Saskatoon and the Alberta provincial boundary at Lloydminster. In 1903–1904 the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Grand Trunk Railway extended southeast from Saskatoon. One benefit from the grading of the two railways was that good construction roads paralleled the lines. Thus, the modern Yellowhead highway between Saskatoon and Lanigan owes its origins to the grading crews. The one event that had the greatest impact on the western segment of the Yellowhead was the decision of Donald Mann and William Mackenzie, owners of the Canadian Northern, to build from Manitoba to the Pacific.
Whereas Dalmeny was a part of the historical Provincial Highway 5, it is not located directly upon the Yellowhead Highway (Saskatchewan Highway 16) presently. This survey crossed the North Saskatchewan River twice before reaching North Battleford. The stage coach route followed along to the south of the North Saskatchewan River, and the steel to the north of the North Saskatchewan River. The postal service was later given to the rails, and dissolved the use of the stage coach trail.
The ferry crossing was near the present Borden Bridge. This parkland area north of the river was termed the Baltimore district.
The first railway crossing was at Ceepee located on the southeast river bank of the North Saskatchewan River.
The first siding west of Saskatoon was Goodrich, which is more commonly known as Radisson today. There were two L.I.D.'s that formed the municipality. the northern one was L.I.D. 21-D-3 and the southern portion was L.I.D. 20-D-3 The local improvement districts administered the area between 1906 and the formation of Great Bend No. 405 in 1910. Local Improvement district No. 21-J-3 handled affairs between 1905 and 1910 when the local government was taken over by Mayfield No. 406 rural municipality.
July 28, 1905, Lloydminster was reached by the Canadian Northern Railway and November 24, 1905, Edmonton. The oil capital, Lloydminster was founded by the Barr colonists' settlement of 1903. Maymont saw its beginnings arise from a few Barr colonists who settled here en route to the Britannia settlement.
The rails arrived in the Battlefords in 1906. The Cutknife Highway Hwy Highway 674 to the south and the Paynton Ferry on the north crossing the North Saskatchewan River were both constructed in 1906–1907 creating the main intersection of Provincial Highway 5 (Yellowhead Highway) and Highway 674.
Automobile and road evolution
The car appeared in the early 20th century to be pulled by horse again in the dirty thirties. In 1906, cars could be registered, and plates were issued as early as 1912. In the late 1920s the roads were gravelled near the larger centers such as Yorkton, Saskatoon, the Battlefords, and Lloydminster. All-weather roads were developed in the 1930s, which began to depart from the surveyed township roads connecting centres directly. Roads also were constructed to allow for rain run-off, with a rounded top surface.
Lack of roads and excessive difficulties in building them throughout the district were major problems of the [Churchbridge] council as a resolution as passed and forwarded to the Provincial Government indicate. In a preamble to their resolution they point out that Good roads are the most important factor in forming a well to-do and contented population. and the Burden [sic] of building good roads would be too strenuous for the present generations. In Jan. 1910 records show us that L.I.D. No. 12 A-1 has become Local Improvement District No. 211.
On February 20, 1907, J.B. Gibson introduced the first car in Yorkton. It was a 20 horsepower Reo. Within the space of a few months, several other cars appeared on the streets of Yorkton, and the pattern spread to other towns along the line.
A chain-driven Case was the first gasoline power buggy driven in Paynton by Eddie Langier followed by Alex McKay's McLaughlin automobile. ...when this was a Local Improvement District ... men worked out the taxes by building up the road with pick and shovel and a team of horses and what we called a scraper.
Norman Lambert of Denholm sold Ford Model T gas-powered buggies and the McLaughlin Buicks providing a 15- or 20-minute driving lesson to the proud new owner.
The roads were just prairie trails which wound around bluffs, up and down hills. These roads were quite adequate for horses, but were a different story for cars; very few of the roads went on the square where the roads allowances were finally surveyed. When it rained there was always a mud puddle at the bottom of every hill and every car that went through made the ruts deeper and deeper until you were stuck. The coming of cars soon made a big difference. The prairie trails proved inadequate and road allowances were graded and built up; culverts had to be installed where the natural water runs were. The new graded roads were a big improvement but many a muddy mile was driven over the country roads. Gradually, some of the main highways would get some gravel and it was quite a pleasure to pull of a muddy country road on to a few miles of gravel—Les Moffatt.
Mr. Hugh Gibson thought oxen were too slow—so he bought a motorcycle, then in 1912 he bought a Maxwell car, the first car in the area. [Maymont]
In the spring of 1912, debentures were sold to Wood and Gandy Co. for $17,700, so five new, steel road graders were purchased from Hamilton Machinery Co....World War II ended...Victory bonds were cashed and a Crawler tractor with a carry-all scraper was purchased. The first motor patrol operator was hired at $125 per month. Snow removal became necessary so a V-plow attachment and a set of chains were added...[1954-1956] Highway #14 had been reconstructed so the R.M. posted new signs for the towns at junctions..
Radisson became a town July 1, 1913, eight years following the arrival of the rail.
On January 1, 1913, our [Churchbridge] district became part of the R.M. No. 211. A by-law passed in 1913 limited speed to 10 m.p.h. [/hour ] for motor vehicles, amended in 1917 to 15 m.p.h. [/per hour ] and again in 1937 to 20 m.p.h. [/per hour ] Provincial licenses were required for cars in 1913 and the license number and make of car to be registered with the secretary-treasurer. A person had to be 18 years of age to drive a car. In 1917 motor vehicles were required to be operated in a manner not to frighten horses.
I.J. Carruthers operated Carruthers Garage in Lashburn, and six Model T Ford cars were shipped here October 5, 1917. These cars required assembly, and in total 18 cars were sold in 1917, and 24 in 1918 with prices ranging from $563 to $818. Lashburn was served by Provincial Highway 5, the early name for Saskatchewan Highway 16.
The Viscount RM arranged for surveys for the area's main roads in 1917.
The Canadian Pacific Railway came to Lloydminster in 1926. In 1927 the Department of Highways suggested that the Jasper Highway follow the C.N.R. tracks between Radisson and Borden, but the Town did not agree with this and asked that the old highway on the square be continued— or east of Radisson, thence south to a point near Borden. This plan was followed at that time. In 1930 a delegation from council addressed the Minister of Highways and the Cabinet at Regina requesting that #5 Highway be an all-weather highway across the Province. In other words gravel all the way. In 1947 several lots on the north of the town were sold to the Provincial Department of Highways for the construction of Highway #5 to by-pass the town on the north end.
The company that built the old highway (#5) that paralleled the Canadian National Railway...grading that road in 1928 or 1929 with their four horse teams.
The construction of Number 14 Highway between Lanigan and Saskatoon was started in 1929. It was to have an earth-built road bed, with a right of way of and a road surface of . The Provincial Number 14 was graveled in 1930. The 1930s saw the beginnings of gravel roads, and the surface from Wynyard to Manitoba was gravel, and the 1940s saw the entire eastern route graveled.
The Borden Bridge was constructed in 1936 replacing ferry service across the North Saskatchewan River. This northwestern route was gravelled by 1955. The Borden Bridge–Saskatoon cut off was officially opened on October 20, 1969, shortening the trip between North Battleford and Saskatoon by As the highway was developed and the course straightened out, some towns disappeared as they were disconnected from the Yellowhead route. Dalmeny survived the Borden Bridge–Saskatoon straightening project.
Some highway construction ensued as a make work project of the thirties. A work and wages program provided assistance to farmers during the depression years of the Dirty Thirties. The municipality received improved roads under this program wherein many RM roads were gravelled.
In January 1943, rates for roadwork were set at 80 cents an hour for a man with a four-horse team, a single man received 40 cents an hour and a man with a two-horse team could receive 65 cents per hour. The foreman collected wages of 50 cents an hour for roadwork.
A larger improvement came about as a part of the industrial revolution in the 1940s following the return of the men from World War II. Following World War II improved economic and farming factors saw an increase of taxation, and mechanized road building programs resulting in better roads. The [Churchbridge] municipality had now acquired power road building and maintenance equipment. In 1958, the road construction equipment was traded for an Adams No. 440 motor grader and snow plow. Improved highways and travel by automobile soon saw the demise of a great majority of settlements along the prairie which were lively communities in the first half of the 20th century. November 1947 saw communities along the Yellowhead organize together with caravans and meetings to encourage the Trans-Canada Trail to build on the northern route connecting eastern and western Canada. The Trans-Canada was officially opened in 1962 along the southern route.
The highway [near Sheho] is currently [1955] being re-rerouted and completely rebuilt. In 1955, the Battlefords were served by Highways 4, 5, and 40 as well as the CNR and CPR. Saskatchewan Highway 16, then Provincial Highway 5 was nicknamed the Evergreen Route. Fort Battleford is still a national historic site. In 1955 it was predicted that the Trans-Canada Yellowhead would soon be hard surfaced along the route.
As of 1955, Highway No. 5 is an excellent all-weather hard-top road running into Saskatoon and connecting with good roads to other centres.
Archaeology site
The original Kirilovka Doukhobor Village was discovered by the Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation when undertaking construction of new lanes for Provincial Hwy 5 northwest of Saskatoon, and west of Langham. Excavations commenced August 23, 1996. A 1944 aerial photograph was superimposed upon the Hwy 5 construction area showing house foundations.
Yellowhead Highway
The early Provincial Highway 14 in the east and Provincial Highway 5 to the west were built and driven on the square. In 1957, the Trans-Canada Highway opened, and soon after, the Yellowhead became eligible for federal funding. The opening ceremonies for the Yellowhead were held in 1962, and the highway was finished in 1965. Provincial highway 14 was widened in 1957. The route was straightened bypassing Plunkett and Viscount. The 1957 road specifications were a right of way of 150′ and a road surface of 38′. The centre 22′ of this road was oiled, leaving 8′ gravel shoulders on each side.
In 1968 the road was once again rebuilt...the right of way was widened to 180′ and the road. Improvements were made on this northern route, and on August 15, 1970, the Yellowhead Route was officially opened.
This road was fully paved....In 1978 when #14 became part of the Yellowhead Route the number was changed to 16.
The Yellowhead Regional Economic Development Authority (REDA) came into formation April 1998 to encourage economic development by towns, villages, rural municipalities along the Yellowhead Route. This was Saskatchewan's 25th REDA and it included the founding members of Langenburg, Churchbridge and Bredenbury, MacNutt, Langenburg No. 181 and Churchbridge No. 211.
Divided highway
Canada is one of the only industrialized countries without a federally funded highway system...Recent federal policy changes have meant that freight, which was moved by rail, is now being moved by road. This has placed enormous stress on our roads. A strong national roads system is essential to the transfer of goods and services across this country.Highways and Transportation Minister Judy Bradley
A ribbon-cutting ceremony was held August 24, 2000 when of the Yellowhead highway were twinned in the summer of 2000 between Lashburn and Marshall. East of Marshall, the highway connected to the already twinned section. Grading will begin to twin another section of highway between Lashburn and Maidstone in 2000, with the paving of this section completed in 2001. Highways and Transportation Minister Maynard Sonntag commented that twinning on the Yellowhead Highway will help to save
lives, along with improving driver safety and comfort...We are on track to meeting our twinning commitment for the national highway system.Highways and Transportation Minister Maynard Sonntag The four-lane twinned highway between Saskatoon and North Battleford was officially opened December 8, 1997 by Highways and Transportation Minister Judy Bradley and Federal Transport Minister David Collenette. $42.4 million was spent on this twinning creating of new highway, a new bridge over the north Saskatchewan River near Borden and a new railway underpass. - Government of Saskatchewan Construction of these improvements cost $42.4 million. The Strategic Highway Improvement Program (SHIP) was a program between the federal and provincial government to upgrade highways with a main focus over five years to twin this section of the Yellowhead. By 2012 the Yellowhead is to be twinned from Saskatoon to the Alberta boundary. $164 million has been allocated for the two national highways in Saskatchewan, to finish twinning the Trans-Canada Highway 1 and to twin the Yellowhead between North Battleford and Lloydminster by the Federal and provincial governments on March 5, 2003.
Major intersections
References
External links
Trans-Canada Yellowhead Highway Association
Yellowhead It—Travel Guide to help you plan your next trip along ...
Yellowhead Regional Economic Development Authority
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Lloydminster
North Battleford
Streets in Saskatoon
Transport in Yorkton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan%20Highway%2016 |
Wolf Rock may refer to:
Places
Wolf Rock, Connecticut, United States
Wolf Rock, Cornwall, England
Wolf Rock, Lord Howe Island, Australia
Wolf Rock (Queensland), Australia
Other uses
Wolf Rock!, a 1993 album by Japanese rock band Guitar Wolf
Wolf Rock TV, a 1984 animated series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20Rock |
WWF In Your House is a video game for the PlayStation, Sega Saturn, and DOS. Developed by Sculptured Software, it is a follow-up to WWF WrestleMania: The Arcade Game and was published by Acclaim Entertainment, who had previously released WrestleMania for home consoles.
Description
Just like WrestleMania, In Your House is not a wrestling game in the normal sense, as it is heavily influenced by Mortal Kombat. It features digitized sprites of the wrestlers, and many over the top, unrealistic, and magical moves and taunts by the wrestlers. The game also features finishing moves which are performed before the final pin.
Instead of typical wrestling arenas, WWF In Your House featured personalised stages for each individual wrestler, such as a nightclub for Shawn Michaels, Stu Hart's Dungeon for Bret Hart and a crypt for The Undertaker.
The 10 playable wrestlers in the game include Bret Hart, The Undertaker, and Shawn Michaels (all returning from WrestleMania), as well as new additions Owen Hart, The British Bulldog, Goldust, Ahmed Johnson, Hunter Hearst Helmsley (who would all return for 1998's WWF WarZone), Vader, and The Ultimate Warrior (who was fired prior to release due to contract disputes). In-game commentary is supplied by Vince McMahon and "Mr. Perfect" Curt Hennig.
Development
Early in development, Jeff Jarrett was planned to be part of the roster and was even filmed for the game. However, when he left the WWF in early 1996 over a contract dispute, his character was scrapped.
Reception
WWF In Your House was a low profile release. At the time Acclaim Entertainment was suffering from financial losses, layoffs, and an investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission, and was pinning most of its hopes on the Nintendo 64 game Turok: Dinosaur Hunter. Perhaps as a result, WWF In Your House was largely ignored by critics; GamePro only reviewed the PlayStation version, and high-profile gaming publications such as Electronic Gaming Monthly and IGN, and even the official Sega Saturn Magazine, did not review it at all.
GamePro called it "a title full of promise and potential that ultimately gets pinned in its quest for the championship." They particularly criticized that matches are over too quickly, and compared the game unfavorably to Power Move Pro Wrestling, which came out at the same time. Jeff Kitts of GameSpot gave the PlayStation version a 5.9 out of 10. He said the action is solid but overly derivative of Mortal Kombat, and that the selection of modes offers no true variety. GameSpots Jeff Gerstmann gave the Saturn version a 4.5 out of 10, calling it "little more than a rehash of the original". Both GamePro and Gerstmann criticized that the gameplay involves little more than pounding the buttons as rapidly as possible, and the style in general is more akin to a fighting game than a true wrestling game. GameSpots Chris Hudak gave the DOS version a 5.6 out of 10, generally ridiculing the wrestling concept.
See also
List of licensed wrestling video games
List of fighting games
References
External links
1996 video games
Acclaim Entertainment games
DOS games
In Your House
PlayStation (console) games
Sega Saturn games
Video games with digitized sprites
WWE video games
Professional wrestling games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF%20In%20Your%20House%20%28video%20game%29 |
Thomas Mayne (25 December 1901 – 25 January 1995) was an Australian industrial chemist. He was also a food researcher and the inventor of Milo, the powdered chocolate-malt drink. In 1934, Mayne developed Milo and launched it at the Sydney Royal Easter Show. Milo began production at the plant located in Smithtown, New South Wales.
The name was derived from the famous ancient athlete Milo of Croton, after his legendary strength. Mayne himself enjoyed a hot cup of Milo every night till his death at age 93.
Mayne was an alumnus of Trinity Grammar School, Kew, Melbourne.
References
Time Magazine obituary for Thomas Mayne
20th-century Australian inventors
Australian chemists
People educated at Trinity Grammar School, Kew
1901 births
1995 deaths
People from Bendigo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Mayne%20%28inventor%29 |
HD 211415 is a double star in the constellation Grus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.33, it is visible to the naked eye. The annual parallax shift is 72.54 mas, which yields a distance estimate of 45 light years. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 93.4 mas per year, and is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −13 km/s.
As of 1994, the two members of this system have an angular separation of 2.884″ along a position angle of 34.935°. Their projected separation is 39.8 AU. The pair are most likely gravitationally-bound with an orbit is probably being viewed nearly edge-on and a semimajor axis of around 100 AU.
HD 211415 was identified in September 2003 by astrobiologist Margaret Turnbull from the University of Arizona in Tucson as one of the most promising nearby candidates for hosting life based on her analysis of the HabCat list of stars. It is a G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G0 V.
References
External links
Spectra HD 211415
Binary stars
G-type main-sequence stars
M-type main-sequence stars
HD, 211415
Grus (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
0853
211415
110109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20211415 |
Weltenburg Abbey (Kloster Weltenburg) is a Benedictine monastery in Weltenburg near Kelheim on the Danube in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography
The abbey is situated on a peninsula in the Danube, in a section of the river valley called the Weltenburg Narrows (otherwise known as the Danube Gorge).
History
By around 45 AD the Weltenburg area was the starting point of the Via iuxta Danuvium – the Roman military and border road which followed the south bank of the Danube upstream to Brigobannis, the limes fort near Hüfingen. For a long time this road was the most important east–west route north of the Alps. At Mertingen (Sumuntorium) this route met the Via Claudia Augusta from northern Italy. There was already a settlement above the monastery on the Frauenberg in prehistoric times. Archaeological finds and excavations suggest that a Roman military station was constructed there.
First foundation
According to tradition, the abbey was founded in about 617 in the course of the Hiberno-Scottish mission by Agilus and Eustace of Luxeuil, two monks of Luxeuil Abbey, which had been founded by Saint Columbanus. It is believed to be the oldest monastery in Bavaria.
Reportedly during the first half of the 8th century, the abbey adopted the rules of the Benedictine order and was supported by Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria.
By 932 at the latest, the abbey was under control of the Bishop of Regensburg. Wolfgang of Regensburg had a residence built on the Frauenberg above today's abbey. The abbey church (replaced in 1716) was consecrated in 1191, a single nave building with a crypt. Under abbot Konrad V (1441–50), the church, abbey buildings were renovated and life in the abbey reformed.
It was not until the 18th century that Weltenburg Abbey rose to prominence under abbot Maurus Bächl (1713–43). The current monastery courtyard with its Baroque buildings date to his period. The abbey church, dedicated to Saint George, was built by the Asam Brothers between 1716 and 1739.
Following the confiscation of the abbey's silver church treasure and a ban on accepting novices, the abbey was officially dissolved on 18 March 1803 as part of the secularization of Bavaria during the process of German mediatisation. The abbey brewery and other manufacturing buildings found buyers, but the church and convent could not be sold. In 1812, they became the parish house, school, teacher house and parish church of the village of Weltenburg.
Second foundation
On the initiative of King Ludwig I, Weltenburg was re-founded as a priory of Metten Abbey on 25 August 1842. It renovated the convent and repurchased other properties, including the brewery. It has been a member of the Bavarian Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation since 1858 and was raised to the status of an independent abbey in 1913.
The chapel underwent extensive restoration from 1999 to 2008 at a cost of around 6.5 million euro. In addition, the convent was renovated and the abbey fitted with flood protection.
Today
Abbey
In addition to its traditional duties of hospitality the abbey has pastoral responsibility for two parishes. It is also active in farming and in adult education, and hosts conferences and lectures as well as concerts. The campus is open to the public except for the section reserved for the monks themselves.
Abbey brewery
Weltenburg Abbey brewery (Weltenburger Klosterbrauerei) is by some reckonings the oldest monastic brewery in the world, having been in operation since 1050, although the title is disputed by Weihenstephan Abbey. Weltenburger Kloster Barock Dunkel was given the World Beer Cup award in 2004, 2008 and 2012 as the best Dunkel beer in the world. One wing of the abbey which faces the Danube river houses a large restaurant on the ground floor operated by a tenant. The traditional Bavarian menu includes the abbey's cheese and beer, and guests are also served in the monastery courtyard, which houses a large open-air biergarten during the warmer months.
See also
History of early modern period domes
References
External links
Weltenburg Abbey website
Klöster in Bayern: Kloster Weltenburg
Photos Kloster Weltenburg
Weltenburger Kloster Brewery website
Monasteries in Bavaria
Beer and breweries in Bavaria
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Christian monasteries established in the 7th century
Irish monastic foundations in continental Europe
Kelheim (district)
7th-century churches in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltenburg%20Abbey |
Gestoras pro Amnistía (Amnistiaren aldeko Batzordeak in Basque, and Commission for Amnesty in English) was an organisation formed in 1979 to campaign for the release of ETA prisoners and to support their interests. Its predecessor was La Gestora Pro Amnistía, which was closed in 1977 after its demand for a general amnesty was met.
After Gestoras pro Amnistía was made illegal by Spanish courts in 2001, its role was taken by Askatasuna, which was itself made illegal in 2002. Since then this role has been taken by Senideak, which later changed its name to Etxerat.
In 2008, twenty-one people who had run Gestoras pro Amnistía were jailed for eight to ten years each.
References
Basque politics
Basque conflict
Prison-related organizations
Prisoner support | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestoras%20pro%20Amnist%C3%ADa |
Thomas Lance Rentzel (born October 14, 1943) is a former American football flanker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Minnesota Vikings, Dallas Cowboys, and Los Angeles Rams. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.
Early years
Rentzel was a four-sport star at Oklahoma City’s exclusive Casady School, playing football, basketball, baseball, and running track. He was an All-American high school halfback and the valedictorian of his graduating class.
Rentzel accepted a football scholarship from the University of Oklahoma under Bud Wilkinson. As a sophomore, he came off the injured list too late and had to hitchhike to Texas to play in the third game against the #2 ranked Longhorns. He had two long receptions in the game, one for a 34-yard touchdown.
As a junior, Rentzel posted 59 carries for 387 yards (second on the team) with a 6.6-yard average and two touchdowns. He was a versatile all-around halfback and was known for his open-field speed and propensity for big plays rushing, receiving passes, and returning kicks.
During his senior year in 1964, Rentzel was the team's top pass catcher (268 receiving yards) and punter (40.5-yard average). His 491 rushing yards ranked second on the team. In the Big Eight Conference, his 5.4 rushing average was second only to Gale Sayers. He also was the conference's No. 3 pass receiver, as well as No. 2 punter.
Rentzel was one of four Sooners players who missed the 1965 Gator Bowl game against Florida State University. Rentzel, offensive lineman Ralph Neely, Jim Grisham, and Wes Skidgel had signed with professional teams before the game and were ruled ineligible for the contest. Florida State won, 36–19, on the strength of four touchdown catches by Fred Biletnikoff.
Professional career
Minnesota Vikings
Rentzel was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the second round (23rd overall) of the 1965 NFL draft. He was also selected in the sixth round (48th overall) of the 1965 AFL Draft by the Buffalo Bills. Rentzel played sparingly as a backup running back due to recurring injuries and his contributions came mainly as a kickoff returner during his first two seasons. Rentzel set the record for the longest kickoff return (101 yards) in franchise history as a rookie, which was broken by Aundrae Allison's 104-yarder in 2007 and Cordarrelle Patterson's 109-yarder in 2013.
In 1966, Rentzel only played in nine games due to ankle injuries. He averaged 20.1 yards on nine kickoff returns and caught two passes for 10 yards.
Dallas Cowboys
1967 season
On May 2, 1967, Rentzel was traded to the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for a third-round draft choice (#76-Mike McGill). The Cowboys converted Rentzel into a flanker, where he became not only an immediate starter over Pete Gent but also one of the best wideouts in the NFL. Rentzel led the team in receptions with 58 for 996 yards (two yards less than Bob Hayes). If Rentzel had gotten four more yards and Hayes two more, it would have been the first time in NFL history that a team had two 1,000-yard wide receivers. In the tenth game of the season, against the Washington Redskins, Rentzel had 13 receptions for 233 yards. The 13 receptions set the franchise record, and stood for 40 years (Jason Witten, 2007). The 233 yards were good enough for 3rd on the team at the time (now 6th). He also starred in the 1967 NFL Championship, known since as the "Ice Bowl", scoring a fourth-quarter, go-ahead touchdown later negated by the Packers' game-clinching drive.
1968 and 1969 seasons
In 1968, Rentzel led the Cowboys in receptions (54) and receiving yards (1,009) with an 18.7-yard average and five touchdowns. Also that year, Rentzel recorded a one-off single, "Lookin' Like Somethin' That Ain't" b/w "Beyond Love" on Columbia Records; the record managed to make the charts at WKY radio in Oklahoma City, but was not a national hit. In 1969, Rentzel led the Cowboys in receptions (43), receiving yards (960), and average receiving yards (22.3). Rentzel tied for the NFL lead in touchdowns scored (13) in 1969.
1970 season
In 1970, Rentzel was leading the team in receiving yards, when he was arrested for exposing himself to a 10-year-old girl. At the time the accusation was made, the press revealed a nearly forgotten incident that happened when, as a Minnesota Viking in September 1966, he was charged with exposing himself to two young girls in St. Paul, and pled guilty to the reduced charge of disorderly conduct. He was not sentenced to jail, but merely ordered to seek psychiatric care. Because of the nationwide reaction and publicity from the scandal, his wife, singer and actress Joey Heatherton, divorced him shortly thereafter. Rentzel asked the Cowboys to place him on the inactive list so he could devote his time to settling his personal affairs. He would miss the last three games of the regular season, including the Cowboys' playoff drive to its narrow Super Bowl V loss to the Baltimore Colts. Rentzel finished with 28 receptions (second on the team) for 556 yards (second on the team) with a 19.9-yard average and five touchdowns.
1971 season
On May 19, 1971, Rentzel was traded to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for tight end Billy Truax and wide receiver Wendell Tucker. Head coach Tom Landry said after the trade, "We know we are giving up on one of the top flankers in the league, but I thought he would be better off in another city where he had the same opportunity regularly. We found this in Los Angeles, and it was one of the teams Lance wanted to be traded to if he were traded." To replace him, the Cowboys also obtained Lance Alworth from the San Diego Chargers, in exchange for the left tackle Tony Liscio, the tight end Pettis Norman, and the defensive tackle Ron East.
Although he spent only four seasons with the Cowboys, Rentzel left as the team's fourth all-time wide receiver in addition to other franchise records:
Most receptions in a game (13 in 1967), which was broken by Jason Witten twice (15 in 2007 and 18 in 2012).
Most consecutive 100-yard receiving games (three), until Michael Irvin passed him in 1995 with four.
Still fourth for most receiving touchdowns in a season (12).
Still fourth for most career postseason receiving yards (242).
Still fourth for most receiving yards in a game (233).
Los Angeles Rams
Rentzel led the Los Angeles Rams in receptions (38) in 1971, but was never able to regain his previous level of play. In October 1972, he was the subject of a lengthy feature article in SPORT Magazine written by Gary Cartwright. Also that year, Rentzel wrote When All the Laughter Died in Sorrow, about his professional football experiences and personal life.
In 1973, while on probation for the indecent exposure charge, Rentzel was suspended indefinitely by the NFL at the start of the 1973 season for conduct detrimental to the league after being convicted for possession of marijuana. He was reinstated in 1974 after a ten-month suspension.
Rentzel was one of three men credited with inspiring the eccentricities that surround Media Day at the Super Bowl. In January 1975, SPORT Magazine editor Dick Schaap hired Rentzel and teammate Fred Dryer to cover Super Bowl IX. Donning costumes inspired by The Front Page, "Cubby O'Switzer" (Rentzel) and "Scoops Brannigan" (Dryer) peppered players and coaches from both the Minnesota Vikings and Pittsburgh Steelers with questions that ranged from the clichéd to the downright absurd. Rentzel humorously explained, "We're here to ask the dumbest questions we can and to mooch as much food and beer as we possibly can."
Retirement
On August 27, 1975, Rentzel was placed on waivers, effectively ending his career. After playing in nine NFL seasons, Rentzel accumulated 4,826 receiving yards, 38 receiving touchdowns, 196 rushing yards, three rushing touchdowns, 1,000 return yards, a touchdown from a fumble recovery, and a perfect passer rating of 158.3 by completing his lone pass attempt for a 58-yard touchdown.
Personal life
In April 1969, Rentzel married Joey Heatherton, an actress, dancer, and singer, in New York City. After his indecent exposure charge, Heatherton filed for divorce on September 18, 1971, and it became final in 1972.
References
1943 births
Living people
Casady School alumni
Players of American football from Oklahoma City
American football wide receivers
Oklahoma Sooners football players
Minnesota Vikings players
Dallas Cowboys players
Los Angeles Rams players
American memoirists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance%20Rentzel |
Philip Jackson (24 September 1802, Durham – 1879) was a British Royal Navy lieutenant in the Bengal Regiment Artillery. Jackson has also served as assistant engineer, executive officer and surveyor of public lands in colonial Singapore and laid out the city plan (the Jackson Plan) for Singapore in 1822. He was a key person in Raffles plans for the settlement and the Elgin Bridge in Singapore was once named in his honour.
Early life
At the age of 16, Jackson became a cadet in the East India Company’s army, and went to India to join the famous Bengal Artillery Regiment. He was subsequently posted to Singapore to defend the town in case of an attack and arrived on the island on 22 January 1822. The attack, however, never materialised.
Career
Assistant Engineer and Surveyor of Public Lands
When Stamford Raffles was on his third and final visit to Singapore in October 1822, he sought able men to help him build the town of Singapore as he was dissatisfied with the way William Farquhar, the first British resident and commandant of Singapore, had developed the settlement. Raffles appointed Jackson as assistant engineer on 29 October 1822 to remodel and rebuild Singapore according to his own plan and formed a Town Committee on 4 November 1822 with Jackson assigned to assist it. Jackson spent five years in Singapore as assistant engineer, executive officer and surveyor of public lands, helping in the redevelopment of the fledgling town.
Jackson oversaw the construction of the first bridge that spanned the banks of the Singapore River in 1822, at the site where the Elgin bridge now stands. The wooden footbridge, called Presentment Bridge, was also known as Monkey Bridge. It served as the only means of crossing the river until 1840, when Coleman Bridge was built further upstream.
On 6 December 1822, the Town Committee reported that a draft outline of the streets was ready, and by February 1823, the plan had taken definite shape, with proposals for Singapore’s future progress. With this, named Jackson Plan or Raffles Town Plan, the construction programme went into full swing. Although the plan was not an actual survey but an outline of the town, it nonetheless followed Raffles’s instructions concerning government, military and commercial locations. The plan also clearly demarcated the locations of residential clusters to house the island’s different ethnic communities.
In a sketch drawing of Singapore dated 5 June 1823, the town was depicted to the east of the Singapore River with Fort Canning Hill in the background, as viewed from the sea. Jackson was known to have drawn other maps and plans for Raffles. On 1 February 1826, Jackson was appointed surveyor of public lands and his responsibilities included surveying lands and registering grants and transfers.
Singapore Institution
As per Raffles’s instructions on 12 January 1823, Jackson prepared plans for the construction of the Singapore Institution (later renamed Raffles Institution) building. This was in accordance with Raffles’s wish to bring in the best Western education for the benefit of Southeast Asian students in Singapore. With Jackson as the architect and engineer, work commenced that year based on a rudimentary design centred on a rusticated base, with carriage porches and colonnaded piers. Tall and rectangular louvered windows were separated by simple Doric pilasters that lined the first storey. It was originally built in the shape of a cross, with wings to be added to each arm. However, construction was shoddy and by 1832, the building was unfinished. It remained in an unfinished state for several years until George Coleman, government superintendent of public works, was appointed in 1835 as the new architect and completion of the building in May 1839 according to Jackson’s original plan.
References
1802 births
1879 deaths
19th-century British architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Jackson%20%28surveyor%29 |
Ben George Christian Green, also known professionally as G. C. Green and B. C. Green, (born 1964) is an English musician, best known as the co-founder and bass guitarist of the industrial metal band Godflesh.
Biography
A native of Birmingham, Green was involved in the city's post-punk and goth scenes in early 1980s and was close friends with musicians such as Paul Neville and Diarmuid Dalton. He formed his first band, OPD ("Officially Pronounced Dead"), in 1982 with Neville. The band usually rehearsed at Green's or Neville's house. They changed their name to Fall of Because after the Killing Joke song of the same name in 1985.
Initially they used a basic drum machine, with Neville playing guitar and Green on bass and vocals, and were writing songs influenced by the Cure's Seventeen Seconds and Faith albums. After meeting a 15-year-old Justin Broadrick in 1984 outside their local council estate shops, above which Broadrick lived with his parents, they started their friendship over their mutual admiration for the Stranglers, and other punk bands. Soon, Broadrick started playing drums in the band, and the three of them began writing songs that were influenced by bands such as Swans and Sonic Youth, whilst still retaining the psychedelic overtones that was inherent in the earlier Fall of Because music. Green was also introduced to various artists such as Throbbing Gristle, Whitehouse and SPK at this time by Broadrick.
In 1986 they recorded a demo, Extirpate, at Rich Bitch studios in Birmingham and sold a few copies to friends and other musicians in Birmingham. The band also played several gigs at The Mermaid public house in Birmingham with the likes of Napalm Death, Heresy and Amebix. In 1987 Broadrick left Fall of Because to join Head of David.
When he was sacked from Head of David in 1988, he and Green, who were sharing a flat together at the time, formed Godflesh. Throughout its career, Godflesh has released eight records and pioneered the industrial metal genre. After recording Godflesh's sixth album, Hymns, in October 2001, Green left Godflesh. He was replaced by Prong bassist Paul Raven. Nevertheless, the band disbanded in 2002 in the midst of their European tour. In following years, Green, who supported himself with various professions including as a social worker, disappeared from the music scene until 2010. He has significant hearing loss.
Green's only solo album, I-VII, was released under his "Vitriol" moniker in 1998 through Neurot Recordings. It was recorded in 1995.
Green was married in 2010. Green and Broadrick also reunited Godflesh in 2010 and began touring. The band's seventh album, and the first since the reunion, A World Lit Only by Fire, was released in 2014. Their eighth album, Post Self, followed in 2017.
Artistry
Tone, playing style and influences
Rob Haynes of The Quietus described Green's bass sound as "like the noise a glacier might make as it remorselessly ground a mountain to dust." Green's basslines were essential in Godflesh's music and "freed up Broadrick to conjur the atmosphere with his droning guitar sound." Green also adapted his style to Godflesh's various influences, including electronic music, dub, breakbeat and hip hop.
Green describes his sound as "heavy, downtuned and driving" and tunes his bass to B standard. He occasionally plays chords to "give extra weight and depth" and sometimes uses slapping to "add a percussive tone and physicality." His favourite bass guitarists include Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys, Jean-Jacques Burnel of the Stranglers, Paul McCartney of the Beatles and Dennis Dunaway, the original bassist for Alice Cooper Band.
Equipment
Green's equipment as adapted from Bass Guitar magazine profile:
Bass guitars: Fender Jazz Bass Special
Effects: Boss HM-2 Heavy Metal pedal
Amps: Ampeg SVT
Discography
With Godflesh
With Fall of Because
Extirpate (1986)
Life Is Easy (1999)
With Final
Two (1996)
Solaris (1996)
The First Millionth of a Second (1996)
Urge/Fail (1996)
Flow/Openings (1996)
As Vitriol
I-VII (2001)
Other contributions
Painkiller – Buried Secrets EP (1992)
Cain – Cain (1992)
16–17 – Gyatso (1993)
Main – Motion Pool (1994)
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
English heavy metal bass guitarists
English rock bass guitarists
English experimental musicians
English industrial musicians
English male songwriters
British post-punk musicians
Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands
Godflesh members
16-17 members
Industrial metal musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20C.%20Green |
Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering 24 novels.
The novels are more or less coincident in timeframe with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. He was named after the 15th-century Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch.
Titus Welliver portrayed the title character from 2015 to 2021 in Bosch, a television series adapted from the novels, and from 2022 in its spin-off series Bosch: Legacy.
Biography (book character)
Background
Bosch's mother was a prostitute in Hollywood who was murdered on October 28, 1961, when Bosch was 11 years old. His father, who he met later in life, was Mickey Haller Sr., a prominent defense attorney known for representing mobster Mickey Cohen, among other clients.
Bosch spent his youth in various orphanages and youth halls, and with the occasional foster family. When he learned of his mother's murder, Bosch, then living at a youth hall, dived to the bottom of the pool, screamed until he ran out of air, and then swam back to the surface. This event is referred to in several Bosch novels.
He joined the United States Army at age 17, after getting his foster father to sign the enlistment papers. In Vietnam, Bosch was a "tunnel rat" (nicknamed "Hari Kari Bosch"), with the 1st Infantry Division—a specialized soldier whose job it was to go into the maze of tunnels used as barracks, hospitals, and on some occasions, morgues, by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army. While in the enemy tunnels, the Tunnel Rats would kill enemy soldiers they encountered, gather documents for analysis by military intelligence, and then plant C-4 high explosive charges that they would set to detonate after they exited the tunnels. Once, while on R&R leave in Hawaii, Bosch went AWOL, but returned to his unit and served two tours of duty in Vietnam. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army) which can briefly be seen in Bosch (TV series) season four episode 10, kept in a small wooden box alongside his passport and a LAPD Marksmanship Badge.
In the television show, Bosch has a daughter named Madeline "Maddie" Bosch with his ex-wife Eleanor Wish. Maddie spent most of her time with her mother in Hong Kong, where Eleanor was a professional gambler and star attraction at a Macau casino. Bosch saw his daughter in person only twice a year.
Eleanor had a personal security guard, Sun Yee, who was also her boyfriend. Eleanor was later killed during an attempt to rescue Maddie from Chinese thugs, detailed in 9 Dragons. Subsequently, Maddie lived with her father in Los Angeles.
LAPD career
After his return from Vietnam and an honorable discharge from the Army, Bosch joined the LAPD and rose to the rank of Detective III, a position which entails both investigative and supervisory duties, and is the LAPD equivalent of Detective Lieutenant.
While in the LAPD, Bosch worked in the prestigious Robbery Homicide Division (RHD) for five years but was drummed out by an Internal Affairs Division (IAD) investigation involving Bosch's shooting of a suspect (The Dollmaker) who was later linked to nine murders. Following the IAD investigation, which was conducted by Detectives Pierce Lewis and Don Clarke, Bosch was sent to Hollywood Division and assigned to the Homicide desk. (Lewis and Clarke also investigated Bosch in The Black Echo).
At one point, Bosch left the LAPD and worked as a private investigator for three years. He left retirement and returned to the LAPD at the conclusion of The Narrows. After his return, Bosch was assigned to RHD's Open-Unsolved Unit, a cold case squad. Bosch transferred out of Open-Unsolved and into Homicide Special during the time between Echo Park and The Overlook.
During his time in the LAPD as covered in the novels, Bosch was in Hollywood Homicide and worked with Frankie Sheehan (Bosch's partner in RHD, who was later murdered in Angels Flight), Jerry Edgar (his longest-serving partner), and Kizmin "Kiz" Rider, the other members of Bosch's team in Hollywood Homicide. The 2004 Limited Edition DVD that was available with The Narrows included an excerpt of a speech real-life LAPD Chief William Bratton made at the Police Academy, in which he publicly asked Harry Bosch to return from retirement (Connelly was on the stand behind him listening to the speech; see Blue Neon Night: Michael Connelly's Los Angeles). In The Overlook, Connelly gave Bratton an approving endorsement (albeit without using his name) for "raising the morale of the rank and file" and for giving "Bosch his job back" (pp. 145–146 of the Vision paperback edition).
In The Closers, Bosch was once again partnered with Rider, while Edgar remained in Hollywood Homicide. Bosch remained partnered with Rider until her transfer to the Chief's office after being shot during Echo Park.
During The Overlook, Bosch was partnered with Detective Ignacio "Iggy" Ferras, a younger detective with whom Bosch had not yet developed a solid rapport. In The Drop and The Black Box he is part of the Open-Unsolved Unit, which mainly works old unsolved cases using new methods, and is partnered with Detective David Chu. He is also partnered with Chu in The Reversal, which is told from the perspectives of both him and Mickey Haller, who is appointed Special Prosecutor against a man accused of murder of a child given a retrial. Both Bosch and Haller believe the man is guilty. In the short story Switchblade, during his time in this unit, he also investigated a murder by himself, which led to a homophobic man already in prison for a different, nearly identical murder. This led him to briefly encounter Haller again in The Gods of Guilt, in which the man he investigated was used as a hitman in an attempt to kill Haller's client.
Not a stranger to being second-guessed, Bosch was investigated by the LAPD's IAD multiple times and was always cleared. In The Burning Room he is partnered with a young detective named Lucia Soto. Bosch is suspended by their unit's commander for a minor violation of departmental procedure after Soto and he cleared a tough homicide case. Bosch is forced to take retirement even though the disciplinary case against him is eventually dropped.
Post LAPD career
In The Crossing Bosch works as a criminal defense investigator for his half-brother Mickey Haller. Bosch's work helps Haller clear an innocent man who was wrongfully prosecuted for a crime that he did not commit. Although glad to help clear the man's name, Bosch did not enjoy working for the defense during the trial and decides to try something else.
He continues to work as a private investigator in The Wrong Side of Goodbye. He investigates the matter of locating the heir to the estate of a dying billionaire. He also accepts a position as a reserve officer working for the city of San Fernando, California Police Department. The chief of the San Fernando P.D. hires Bosch to work as a detective to benefit from Bosch's years of experience with the LAPD.
Bosch is partnered with Detective Bella Lourdes, and the pair solves a case involving a series of violent rapes. In Two Kinds of Truth, Bosch continues to work as a Detective for the SFPD. He helps clear a double homicide case involving the trafficking of illegal prescription painkilling pharmaceuticals. He also clears his name of wrongdoing in an old LAPD homicide case of his.
Dark Sacred Night sees Bosch pushed to his personal and professional limits. During the events of Two Kinds of Truth, he meets an oxycodone addict named Elizabeth Clayton. He takes her into his home to help rehabilitate her, promising to investigate the unsolved murder of her daughter Daisy. He fulfills this promise in Dark Sacred Night with the help of LAPD detective Renée Ballard (first introduced in Connelly's 2017 novel The Late Show), but Elizabeth relapses and ultimately overdoses—which is implied to be suicide—and Bosch struggles with the knowledge that Elizabeth's sobriety meant that she was constantly reminded of her daughter's death.
Meanwhile, Bosch investigates the cold case murder of a gangster in San Fernando which spirals out of control when a confidential informant is murdered. When the informant's killer is identified, Bosch realises the SFPD detective Oscar Luzon has undisclosed connections to the killer. Bosch engineers an interrogation, but Luzon attempts suicide and winds up comatose. Bosch accepts responsibility to protect Bella Lourdes, knowing that it will cost him a job.
These pressures come to a head when Bosch and Ballard confront Daisy Clayton's killer and coerce a confession out of him. Bosch then tips off the grieving, Mafia-connected father of another victim about the killer's location. He ultimately relents and alerts the LAPD, but once again faces an uncertain future.
In The Night Fire, Bosch is once again pushed to his limits. He is informed that he has contracted chronic myeloid leukemia from his exposure to radiation in The Overlook, and has also been working as the investigator for his half brother once again (due to Cisco having to undergo an appendectomy). After Haller gets his client off for murdering a judge, the LAPD detective assigned to the case tells Bosch he has "undone everything he did with the badge". This causes Bosch to investigate other leads in the case to find the true killer, which leads him to a law firm also tied to a case Ballard is currently investigating. Bosch ultimately lets the killer go to save Ballard, but manages to find the killer's exit strategy (though is not present for the arrest).
Meanwhile, after the death of his former partner, who was his mentor when he first became a detective, Bosch is given a murder book by his partner's widow, which he took home after retirement. The murder book details the murder of a drug addicted ex-convict. Upon the widow's request, Bosch investigates the murder with Ballard's help, despite quickly realizing his former partner may not have investigated the case at all. In the end, they solve the case and arrest the killer, but Bosch becomes disillusioned after discovering that his partner took the case not to solve it, but to prevent anyone else from doing so, as he was the father of the victim. In the end, Bosch decides to investigate another murder which his partner had taken records on, and Ballard agrees to help him.
In The Law of Innocence, Bosch, along with a former client, posts bail for Haller after he is arrested for the murder of a client. It is established that Haller successfully sued the LAPD for damages due to Bosch's leukemia, and that Bosch is managing his condition with medication. Bosch and Cisco investigate anyone with a grudge against Haller, leading them to the real killer, who is in a scam involving the FBI, which they reveal to Haller. Bosch also states that he posted Haller's bail because he believes Haller is innocent, not because they are brothers, implying he wouldn't have if he believed Haller was guilty.
In The Dark Hours, a case Ballard is investigating is linked to a cold case Bosch investigated a while ago, leading them to partner up again. He helps with the case, as well as another one involving two rapists. Ballard solves the cases and brings the killers to justice, and Bosch later accompanies her in confronting another man involved in the rapes and getting his confession, before deciding to bring the evidence to the FBI.
In Desert Star, Bosch is readmitted to the LAPD following Ballard being given permission to lead a new Open-Unsolved Unit from a city councilman whose sister's murder is still unsolved. He is told by Ballard that if he works the case of the councilman's sister, he will also be allowed to work a nine-year old case that has eluded him for years, the murder of a family of four, in which he believed the suspect was guilty but was unable to prove anything. He accepts, and quickly finds DNA from the sister's case that leads to another unsolved murder committed by the same killer. With Ballard's help, they find the killer, who attempts to flee when noticing Bosch tailing him. The killer eventually smashes Bosch's car with his own, but Bosch manages to shoot him, which ends with the killer committing suicide to avoid arrest. Bosch is blamed for this, despite DNA evidence proving the killer guilty.
After this, Bosch returns to working the murder of the family, and manages to track the suspect to Florida, eventually finding him. He leaves a note for Maddie in a drawer full of fentanyl, which is implied to be a goodbye, and confronts the killer. The killer admits to the murders, revealing the children begged for their lives, and Bosch stabs him to death in response. The next day, he is found in his hotel room having cleaned up. When Ballard confronts him, he tells her the killer is gone and the victim's family knows justice was done. When she asks about the letter and pills, he admits his leukemia has spread to his bone marrow and is terminal, though does not know how much time he has left, and is considering ending his life when it gets too bad to avoid being a burden on Maddie. When Ballard asks if he wanted to die but changed his mind, he doesn't answer. After he informs Maddie of his diagnosis, he and Ballard scatter the family's ashes. When she asks if he will return to the Open-Unsolved Unit, he tells her he will not.
Personal characteristics
Bosch lived in a cantilevered house (on stilts) at 7203 Woodrow Wilson Drive in the Hollywood Hills. The money that financed Bosch's upscale home came from his work as a technical advisor for a TV mini-series, in which actor Dan Lacey portrays Bosch in a serial killer case the detective had worked. Bosch's house was later damaged during the Northridge earthquake, shortly before the book The Last Coyote. After his house was condemned and demolished, Bosch had a new one built on the same road, still facing out over the valley.
Bosch has an active love life, with usually one love interest per book. He has a daughter, Madeline ("Maddie"), who, as of 9 Dragons, is living with him. She had formerly lived with her mother, Harry's ex-wife Eleanor Wish (a former FBI agent, ex-convict, and professional poker player, who Bosch met in The Black Echo and married while on a case in Las Vegas). Wish left Bosch in Angels Flight and was killed in Hong Kong in 9 Dragons. Recent stories find Bosch linked in a close relationship with FBI agent Rachel Walling. The liaison formulated in The Narrows and heightened romantically during Echo Park, but Walling broke off the relationship at its conclusion. Walling returned in The Overlook on a strictly professional basis, and she has since resumed a relationship with reporter Jack McEvoy. Walling notes in The Scarecrow that her relationship with Bosch broke up in part because Bosch was still in love with Eleanor Wish.
Bosch is left handed. He is about and is described as wiry. His muscles are like nylon cords, strength concealed by economy of scale. He has a moustache and brown hair that is graying.
Bosch's eyes are a key aspect of his appearance; they are brown and nearly black, and were mentioned often for this reason in A Darkness More Than Night. Connelly gives a good clue as to how he visualizes Bosch when, in The Overlook, Rachel Walling tells Bosch: "You look like House" (actor Hugh Laurie).
Bosch is always finding himself in conflict with authority, whether with his lieutenant, or a deputy chief of police (specifically Irvin Irving, Bosch's recurring nemesis until Irving was forced to retire at the end of The Closers and is now a city councilman), or the FBI. His confrontational side is usually attributed to his strong sense of right and wrong, coupled with little regard for his career. At the end of The Overlook, Connelly states this trait can be described in a single word: "relentless". He also uses this word in Lost Light, describing jazz, and implying a self-reference to his own work and personality.
Bosch has a half-brother, Mickey Haller, a Los Angeles attorney who makes his first appearance in the novel The Lincoln Lawyer, although he briefly appears in a flashback in The Black Ice as a boy. Haller is the legitimate son of the attorney who fathered Bosch. In the second Mickey Haller novel, The Brass Verdict, it is revealed that Harry Bosch has known for years of the relationship, but Haller was unaware of it until the end of the book. This book is also the first time the two men properly meet, when Bosch investigates the murder of a lawyer whose practice Haller takes over. In later books they continue to have a relationship, even trying to get their daughters to become friends, but Haller states in The Gods of Guilt that their relationship is still awkward due to not meeting until they were adults.
Bosch's namesake, the Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch, was famous for his religious portrayal of earthly sins (mostly debauchery) and their violent consequences. In several of the books there are parallels suggested between the Hell in the paintings and the events of the fictional Bosch's life. "Hieronymus" is the Latin form of the male name Jerome, but Connelly has written he used the nickname "Harry" for the character rather than "Jerry" as a tribute to "Dirty" Harry Callahan, the police officer played in a series of films by Clint Eastwood.
Besides the Connelly series, Harry Bosch has made cameo appearances in books by Paula Woods, Joe Gores, and Robert Crais. Likewise, during an October 16, 2008 book-signing in San Mateo, California, to promote The Brass Verdict, Michael Connelly informed the audience that Bosch also appeared in a cameo, without identification, in Connelly's novel Chasing the Dime.
With two exceptions the Bosch novels are narrated in the third-person, initially focused entirely on Bosch's point of view. Later novels include occasional scenes from the perspective of other characters, but the overall emphasis is on Bosch. Lost Light (2003), the first novel in the series in which Bosch works as a private investigator, is narrated in the first-person by Bosch, a nod to private detective novels which are traditionally narrated by the investigator. The Narrows (2004), set during Bosch's temporary LAPD retirement, is also narrated by Bosch, but The Closers (2005) returns to third-person narration.
Bosch is a jazz enthusiast and frequently plays vinyl records through vintage audio equipment. In several episodes in the series, a McIntosh MX110 tuner/pre-amplifier, McIntosh MC240 power amplifier, Marantz 6300 turntable, and Ohm Walsh 4 speakers can be seen.
Personal firearms
Bosch carries a revolver in The Black Echo (he has to remove spent cartridges to reload during the S&L shootout). In later books, Bosch uses a "Smith & Wesson" or an "auto pistol", probably a Smith & Wesson Model 5906 9mm which was a popular approved-carry weapon in the LAPD at the time; the weapon was approved for carry as an alternative to the standard-issue Beretta 92FS around 1992–93. In The Black Ice he uses a Smith and Wesson .44 as a decoy gun when entering Mexico so that border guards would seize that and not his service weapon, hidden in his tire well. The gun had been a gift from the father of a victim in a previous case, and Bosch never used it because its grips were for right-handed use, while he is left-handed. In Lost Light, after Bosch retired from Homicide and got his PI license, he kept a Glock 27 .40SW caliber, semi-automatic, subcompact pistol in his closet for personal protection (mistakenly described in the book as a "Glock P7"). After the North Hollywood shootout, the LAPD authorized officers to carry .45 ACP pistols in lieu of the 9mm. In The Overlook Bosch has transferred to the RHD Special Section and carries a Kimber Ultra Carry II .45 ACP caliber semiautomatic pistol. In The Burning Room, Bosch is carrying a Glock 30, .45 ACP caliber, semi-automatic pistol and using the Kimber as his backup gun. In Dark Sacred Night, Bosch carries a Smith & Wesson Model 15 Combat Masterpiece .38 Special. It is referred to as the revolver he carried as a patrol officer in the past. The S&W Combat Masterpiece was standard issue to LAPD officers from the mid-1970s to 1986, when the Beretta was adopted.
Appearances
Novels
Harry Bosch series
Mickey Haller series
The Lincoln Lawyer (2005)
The Brass Verdict (2008)
The Reversal (2010)
The Fifth Witness (2011)
The Gods of Guilt (2013)
The Law of Innocence (2020)
Others
Chasing the Dime (2002), unnamed cameo
By other writers
Cons, Scams & Grifts, by Joe Gores (2001)
The Last Detective, by Robert Crais (2003), unnamed cameo
Strange Bedfellows, by Paula L. Woods (2006)
Short stories
Collections:
Angle of Investigation (2011), collection of 3 short stories:
"Christmas Even", "Father's Day", "Angle of Investigation"
Suicide Run (2011), collection of 3 short stories:
"Suicide Run", "Cielo Azul", "One Dollar Jackpot"
Mulholland Dive (2012), collection of 3 short stories:
"Cahoots", "Mulholland Dive", "Two-Bagger"
Uncollected short stories:
"Blue on Black", in Hook, Line & Sinister (2010); with Rachel Walling
"Blood Washes Off", in The Rich and the Dead (2011)
"Homicide Special", in The Drop (2011); written exclusively for copies of The Drop sold in Waterstones stores
"A Fine Mist of Blood", in Vengeance (2012)
"Switchblade" – an ebook companion to The Gods of Guilt, published on 14 January 2014
"Red Eye", in "FaceOff" (2014), co-written with Dennis Lehane; with Patrick Kenzie
"The Crooked Man", in "In the Company of Sherlock Holmes: Stories Inspired by the Holmes Canon" (Nov 2014)
"Nighthawks", in "In Sunlight or In Shadow: Stories Inspired by the Paintings of Edward Hopper" (Dec 2016)
"The Guardian", in "Tampa Bay Noir" (Aug 2020)
Television series
In February 2015, Amazon Prime premiered the series Bosch, based on the novels. The seven season series stars Titus Welliver as Harry Bosch, and co-stars Amy Aquino as Bosch's superior officer Lieutenant II Grace Billets and Jamie Hector as his partner Det. Jerry Edgar. Henrik Bastin of Fabrik Entertainment produced, and Jim McKay directed. The series follows Bosch "as he pursues the killer of a 12-year-old boy while standing trial in federal court on accusations that he murdered a suspected serial killer in cold blood."
According to Connelly, a number of changes were made "to the world of Harry Bosch ... in making the shift from page to screen". For example, in the television series, Bosch is born nearly 20 years later than in the novels, so that events can happen in the present day time, as they once did in the books. Also in the television series, Harry "is 47 years old and a veteran of the first Gulf War in 1991, where he was part of a Special Forces team that cleared tunnels. He has now been a police officer for twenty years with a one-year exception when he re-upped with the Army after 9/11, as many LAPD officers did. He came back to the force after serving in Afghanistan and again encountering tunnel warfare."
In the TV series, Bosch carries Kimber Custom TLE II .45 ACP caliber semi-automatic pistol as his duty weapon.
A sequel series/revival, Bosch: Legacy, premiered in May 2022.
In the first season of the Netflix television series The Lincoln Lawyer, released May 2022, and adapting The Brass Verdict, Bosch's role from the novel is adapted to the characters of Cisco (portrayed by Angus Sampson) and Raymond Griggs (portrayed by Ntare Guma Mbaho Mwine), the latter an original character considered a direct adaptation of Bosch, who does not appear in the series by name due to rights issues with Amazon Studios.
References
External links
Michael Connelly's Official Web Site
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Characters in American novels of the 21st century
Fictional Los Angeles Police Department detectives
Fictional Los Angeles Police Department officers
Fictional characters from California
Fictional characters from Los Angeles
Fictional private investigators
Fictional American police detectives
Fictional American police officers
Fictional Vietnam War veterans
Literary characters introduced in 1992
Male characters in literature
Michael Connelly characters
Orphan characters in literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Bosch |
Pissing in the wind is an expression that means a futile effort. It may also refer to:
a song by the British musician Badly Drawn Boy released in his album The Hour of Bewilderbeast
a song by Sole and the Skyrider Band released in their album Plastique
a song by Jerry Jeff Walker released on his 1975 album Ridin' High | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pissing%20in%20the%20Wind |
Touré (born Touré Neblett; March 20, 1971) is an American writer, music journalist, cultural critic, podcaster, and television personality. He was a co-host of the TV show The Cycle on MSNBC. He was also a contributor to MSNBC's The Dylan Ratigan Show, and the host of Fuse's Hiphop Shop and On the Record. He serves on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Nominating Committee. He taught a course on the history of hip-hop at the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music, part of the Tisch School of the Arts in New York.
Touré is the author of several books, including The Portable Promised Land (2003), Soul City (2005), Who's Afraid of Post-Blackness? What It Means To Be Black Now (2011) and I Would Die 4 U: Why Prince Became an Icon (2013). He is also a frequent contributor at The Daily Beast.
Early life
Touré was born Touré Neblett in Boston on March 20, 1971. His father, Roy E. Neblett, was an accountant and a member of the personal staff of Boston mayor Kevin White. Touré's parents met while Roy was studying at Suffolk University Law School, and his mother Patricia also worked at the Neblett accounting firm. Touré's paternal grandparents were immigrants to Harlem from Barbados and the British Virgin Islands.
He attended Milton Academy, and then Emory University but dropped out after his junior year. In 1996, he attended Columbia University's MFA writing program for one year. His sister Meika also attended Milton Academy and Emory, where she completed her degree in three and a half years and competed in the NCAA Division I Women's Tennis Championship as a freshman, before attending Howard University College of Medicine.
Career
Writing career
While a student at Emory University, Touré founded a black student newspaper, The Fire This Time. Touré began his writing career as an intern at Rolling Stone in 1992. He has contributed essays and articles to Rolling Stone, Essence, The New Yorker, The New York Times, Playboy, Time, The Village Voice, Vibe, The Washington Post and Ebony. His Rolling Stone article, "Kurt is My Co-Pilot," about Dale Earnhardt Jr. was included in The Best American Sports Writing 2001. His writing has also been featured in the collections Best American Essays of 1999, the Da Capo Best Music Writing of 2004 and Best American Erotica of 2004.
Touré has written five books. In 2002, his short story collection Portable Promised Land was published. He also wrote a novel, Soul City (2004), set in an African-American utopia, according to The Washington Post. His 2006 essay collection, Never Drank the Kool-Aid, included the personal essay, "What's Inside You, Brother?", which was considered for inclusion in Houghton Mifflin Harcourt's Best American Essays of 1996. In 2012, Touré published Who's Afraid of Post-Blackness?: What it Means to be Black Now, a book on race in modern America based on a collection of interviews Touré conducted with over 100 prominent African-American icons. Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness? was named one of the most influential books of 2011 by both The New York Times and The Washington Post, and the book earned Touré a nomination for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work in Non-Fiction. In 2013, Touré published I Would Die 4 U: Why Prince Became an Icon, a biography of Prince that discusses the pop artist's works and legacy in a religious context. The book is based on a series of lectures Touré delivered at Harvard University in 2012.
Television
In 2002, Touré appeared opposite Paula Zahn on CNN's American Morning and was later featured three times a week on a panel called "90-Second Pop." He was subsequently hired as CNN's first pop culture correspondent. In 2005, BET hired Touré to cover BET News and Public Affairs programming.
He also hosted the series Community Surface on Tennis Channel and MTV's Spoke N' Heard, and was interviewed on the life of Eminem for the rapper's A&E Biography episode. In 2008, he hosted the reality show I'll Try Anything Once, in which he tried a variety of jobs and activities, including rodeo clowning and lumberjacking.
From June 25, 2012, to July 31, 2015, he co-hosted The Cycle on MSNBC with former congressional candidate Krystal Ball, moderate Republican Abby Huntsman, and The Nation correspondent Ari Melber. The Cycle'''s key demographic was initially made up of Generation X viewers, and its success in this age bracket was attributed to the engaging personalities of its unusually young hosts. Touré often introduced race theory into political discussion on the show. On July 24, 2015, media outlets reported that MSNBC was restructuring its television lineup to eliminate shows such as The Cycle due to disappointingly low ratings. MSNBC confirmed the cancellation on July 30.
Touré criticized and debated with Piers Morgan over the latter's March 2012 interview with George Zimmerman's brother, particularly over what Touré saw as Morgan's lack of response to Robert Zimmerman's problematic replies.
In August 2012, as part of a discussion on The Cycle, Touré claimed Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney had engaged in racial coding by calling President Barack Obama "angry," and referred to this as "niggerization." Touré apologized for using the word the next day.
In May 2014, Touré drew criticism from the Simon Wiesenthal Center for implying Holocaust survivors succeeded in the U.S. after the Second World War because they were white: a blogger from the website Yo, Dat's Racis'!!'' tweeted at Touré, "My family survived a concentration camp, came to the US w/ nothing, LEGALLY, and made it work" to which Touré replied, "the power of whiteness." Touré later apologized for his comment, saying, "In an attempt to comment on racism in post World War II America, I used a shorthand that was insensitive and wrong."
Sexual harassment accusation
On January 11, 2019, Touré was accused of workplace sexual harassment by a makeup artist who had worked with him in 2017. Touré publicly apologized for his behavior, saying, "On the show, our team, including myself, engaged in edgy, crass banter, that at the time I did not think was offensive for our tight-knit group. I am sorry for my language and for making her feel uncomfortable in any way. As a lead on the show, I should have refrained from this behavior. I have learned and grown from this experience."
Personal life
On March 19, 2005, Touré married Lebanese American novelist and pop culture commentator Rita Nakouzi. They have a son named Hendrix and a daughter named Fairuz. Rev. Run from Run-DMC was the officiant, and Nelson George served as the best man. Touré and his wife live in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York.
Bibliography
References
External links
Touré on Twitter
Touré on Facebook
Touré on Typepad blog
The Career Cookbook Touré profile
1971 births
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American short story writers
African-American novelists
American Book Award winners
American male essayists
American male journalists
American male novelists
American music critics
American male short story writers
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
Emory University alumni
Journalists from New York City
Living people
Milton Academy alumni
MSNBC people
Novelists from Massachusetts
Novelists from New York (state)
People from Fort Greene, Brooklyn
Journalists from Boston
Writers from Brooklyn
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour%C3%A9%20%28journalist%29 |
The Asa Gray House, recorded in an HABS survey as the Garden House, is a historic house at 88 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. A National Historic Landmark, it is notable architecturally as the earliest known work of the designer and architect Ithiel Town, and historically as the residence of several Harvard College luminaries. Its most notable occupant was Asa Gray (1810–88), a leading botanist who published the first complete work on American flora, and was a vigorous defender of the Darwinian theory of evolution.
History
The Gray House was designed in 1810 by architect Ithiel Town, whose earliest known work it is. It was built for the zoologist William Dandridge Peck, and originally stood at the corner of Garden and Linnaean Streets in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the grounds of the Harvard College Botanical Garden. Subsequent occupants included botanist Thomas Nuttall and Harvard presidents James Walker and Jared Sparks. Asa Gray purchased the house in 1842 and moved in during the summer of 1844, after receiving an appointment to a professorship at Harvard that he would hold for 45 years. Already a rising star in the world of botany, Gray in 1848 published The General of the Plants of the United States, which was not only groundbreaking for the content, but also in its presentation. His discovery of relationships between plants of North America and East Asia was influential in the growth of the field of plant geography. His highly public defense of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species gained him widespread attention in the public sphere.
The Gray House was purchased in 1910 by Allen Cox, who moved it to its present address the same year. Gardner Cox (one of Allen's children and a well known artist in Boston, converted the attached carriage house into an art studio). Benjamin (an executive) & Liz Shepherd (a sculptor and printmaker) bought the house in 1999 and restored it. They were awarded a Restoration Award for their work by the Cambridge Historical Commission in 2001. They restored the art studio in 2006. It is still a private residence, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.
Architecture
The house has a rectangular main block, measuring , with a side ell that is about square. When first built, it was attached to a plant conservatory that was also designed by Town. The house is two stories tall and five bays wide, with a hip roof surrounded by a low balustrade. The main facade is flushboarded, with pilasters at the corners; the other sides of the house are sheathed in clapboards. The cornice on the main block is dentillated; that on the ell is plain. The main entrance is centered on the front facade, with sidelight windows on either side and a fanlight window above. The entry is sheltered by a portico supported by clustered square columns; this portico is a replacement to the original, made when the house was moved. There is a secondary entrance in the ell, which is sheltered by a closed-in porch dating to c. 1920. At the rear of the house is an addition, roughly dating to the move but extended later, which incorporates a formerly-external shed into the house.
The interior of the house follows a typical Federal-period center hall plan, with the central hall divided into front and rear sections (each with a staircase) by a doorway with a fanlight. There are two rooms on either side of the central hall. The woodwork in the public spaces is not particularly elaborate, with simple cornice moldings and fireplace surrounds, and flared moldings around the windows. The downstairs room of the ell served as Asa Gray's study, and includes a number of wood-frame display cases lining one wall.
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts
References
Images
Houses completed in 1810
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts
National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa%20Gray%20House |
The Blaine House, also known as the James G. Blaine House, is the official residence of the governor of Maine and their family. The executive mansion was officially declared the residence of the governor in 1919 with the name "Blaine House". It is located at Capitol and State streets in Augusta, across the street from the Maine State House.
The Blaine House was donated to the State of Maine for use as a governor's residence by Harriet Blaine Beale in 1919. The house dates back to 1833 and was built by James Hall, a retired ship's captain. James G. Blaine, then the Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives, purchased it in 1862 as a present for his wife, the former Harriet Stanwood, daughter of a prominent Augusta family. Blaine substantially enlarged the building, constructing an addition at the rear that was a near replica of the original structure, and removing interior walls to create a large entertainment space.
During World War I the house was used by Maine's Committee for Public Safety. It was presented to the State by Blaine's youngest daughter, Mrs. Harriet Blaine Beale, and established by the 1919 Legislature as the official residence of the governor of Maine. It was remodeled, to designs by the noted Maine architect John Calvin Stevens, prior to the first governor taking residence in 1921. Carl E. Miliken was the first governor to occupy the residence.
The Blaine House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964, for its association with Blaine, an influential political and diplomatic figure on the national stage in the decades following the Civil War.
In June 2014, a system of high efficiency heat pumps was installed in the Blaine House in an effort to reduce the heating bill, after a test of one over the winter in the governor's sleeping quarters. With heating oil, the Blaine House used 5,074 gallons of oil at a cost of $16,775 in 2013. The oil boiler is also going to be converted to natural gas in a further effort to reduce costs, though that system will only be needed on the coldest days. The total cost of the upgrades is expected to be $115,000.
The current resident is Governor Janet Mills.
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Maine
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kennebec County, Maine
References
External links
Blaine House home page
Blaine House information page
Blaine House (State of Maine official site)
"James G. Blaine, Presidential Contender" from C-SPAN's The Contenders, broadcast from the Blaine House
Maine
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Historic Landmarks in Maine
Houses completed in 1833
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Houses in Augusta, Maine
Governor of Maine
Museums in Kennebec County, Maine
Historic house museums in Maine
Tourist attractions in Augusta, Maine
James G. Blaine
1833 establishments in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Augusta, Maine
Historic district contributing properties in Maine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine%20House |
Thailand sent a delegation to compete at the Winter Olympic Games for the first time at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States from 8–24 February 2002. The delegation consisted of a single representative, cross-country skier Prawat Nagvajara. He failed to finish the 30 kilometre freestyle mass start and placed 67th in the sprint
Background
Thailand first joined Olympic competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki and, except for the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics, has participated in every Summer Olympics since. Prawat Nagvajara qualified for the 2002 Winter Olympics, marking the first time Thailand had a participant in any Winter Olympic Games. As the only participant for Thailand, he was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony.
Cross-country skiing
Prawat Nagvajara was 43 years old at the time of the Salt Lake City Olympics, and was serving as an associate professor of computer and electrical engineering at Drexel University in the United States. After training on roller skis, he hired a coach, former Bulgarian bi-athlete Pepa Miloucheva, in the run-up to the Olympics. On 9 February, Nagvajara took part in the 30 kilometre freestyle mass start, where any competitor lapped by the leader was eliminated, and he failed to finish the race. On 19 February, Nagvajara was a competitor in the sprint and finished the qualification race in a time of 4 minutes and 14 seconds, which was good for 67th place. Only the top 16 from the qualifying round were allowed to proceed to the next stage, meaning he was eliminated. He would later go on to represent Thailand at the 2006 Winter Olympics in the 15 kilometres classical event.
See also
Thailand at the 2002 Asian Games
References
Nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics
2002 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%20at%20the%202002%20Winter%20Olympics |
Ernest Waddell (born July 22, 1982) is a New York City-based actor. He is perhaps best known for his recurring roles on two television series: Fin Tutuola's son Ken Randall on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and Omar Little's boyfriend Dante on The Wire. His credits also include the television series As the World Turns and One Tree Hill, and the film The Poker Game. He is also an abstract painter and photographer.
Biography
Ernest Waddell grew up in Bowie, Maryland. He developed an interest in acting and attended a summer program at the Oxford School of Drama before enrolling at New York University. When accepting his first recurring role, Waddell was apprehensive because he thought that appearances in The Wire would lead to him being typecast. Having appeared multiple times on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Waddell has stated that a big difference compared to The Wire is that SVU films under heavier time constraints.
Two of Waddell's favorite shows are Cosmos: A Personal Voyage and The Blue Planet. Ernest has also directed numerous short films. Connected to this is his work on www.imontvbitch.com, a self-help actor website, turned experimental video hub, which he co-founded with actor Brandon Scott. Referring to Waddell, Victoria Cartagena has stated that the two of them were cast in The Bedford Diaries because he helped her practice lines while waiting for an audition.
Filmography
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
American male television actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Waddell |
The Circus of Maxentius (known until the 19th century as the Circus of Caracalla) is an ancient structure in Rome, Italy, part of a complex of buildings erected by emperor Maxentius on the Via Appia between AD 306 and 312. It is situated between the second and third miles of the Via Appia, between the basilica and catacombs of San Sebastiano and the imposing late republican tomb of Caecilia Metella, which dominates the hill that rises immediately to the east of the complex. It is part of the Appian Way Regional Park.
Overview
The Circus itself is the best preserved in the area of Rome, and is second only in size to the Circus Maximus in Rome. The only games recorded at the circus were its inaugural ones and these are generally thought to have been funerary in character. They would have been held in honour of Maxentius' son Valerius Romulus, who died in AD 309 at a very young age and who was probably interred in the adjacent cylindrical tomb (tomb of Romulus). The imperial box (pulvinar) of the circus is connected, via a covered portico, to the villa of Maxentius, whose scant remains are today obscured by dense foliage, except for the apse of the basilical audience hall, which pokes out from the tree tops. The complex was probably never used after the death of Maxentius in AD 312 (archaeological excavations indicate the tracks were covered in sand already in antiquity).
The circus is constructed, after the fashion of many Roman buildings of this period, in concrete faced with opus vittatum. The putlog holes which held the scaffolding are evident in many places in the walls, which stand several metres high in places. The modern-day visitor enters the circus from the west end, where the remains of the two still imposing towers are located. These would have contained the mechanism for raising the carceres (starting gates), which were positioned on an arcuated course between the towers. Once out of the gates, the chariots would race down the track, the full length of which can still be seen. The track was excavated in the 19th century by Antonio Nibby, whose discovery of an inscription to the 'divine Romulus' led to the circus being positively identified with Maxentius. The spina, the barrier running down the middle of the track, is exactly 1000 Roman feet (296 m) long, and would have been cased in marble. Its many ornaments, including cones, metae and obelisks, would have cast shadows across the track in the late afternoon sun. In the centre stood the Obelisk of Domitian which Maxentius presumably had moved from the Isaeum as part of the tribute to his son. Covered in hieroglyphs and lying broken in five pieces it was much discussed during the Renaissance and engraved by Etienne du Perac among others. The Collector Earl of Arundel paid a deposit for the pieces in the 1630s and attempted to have them removed to London but Urban VIII forbade its export and his successor Innocent X had it erected in the Piazza Navona by Bernini. The track's outer walls were laid out to be wider at the start to allow the racers to spread out before reaching the spina, and were also made wider at the point of the turn, which accommodated the turning circle of the chariots. At the east end of the track is a small triumphal arch, in which exposed opus vittatum work can be seen. The judges' box was located about two-thirds of the way down on the southern side of the track, where it would have been in clear sight of the finishing line. The imperial box, the remains of which are identifiable, was situated in the usual fashion to give the most dramatic views of the race. Directly opposite the imperial box, in the south track wall, there is a small arch, through which can be seen the Tomb of Caecilia Metella. From the height of the box the tomb would have been entirely visible, and it has been argued that the circus, which is curiously positioned relative to contemporary and existing structures, was purposely skewed in order to integrate the tomb into the Maxentian architectural scheme.
The circus-complex of Maxentius as originally conceived can be partly understood as an elaborate imperial version of the type of elite residences that appear in Rome and throughout the provinces in late antiquity, whose pretensions are evidenced in the regular presence of large audience halls, familial tombs and circus-shaped structures – the Villa Gordiani, also in Rome, and the complex at Piazza Armerina in Sicily, are two examples. The progenitor of these residences was of course the Palatine complex in Rome, where Maxentius himself made some alterations to the palace in which he played out public life. Imperial parallels for the Via Appia complex include that of Maxentius's contemporary Galerius at Thessaloniki and Diocletian's Palace at Split.
The complex may well have changed in use and character following the death of Romulus; the mausoleum, surely intended for Maxentius himself, as were the mausolea built by Galerius and Diocletian intended for themselves whilst still alive, now received as its occupant Maxentius' only son. The inaugural games became funeral games, and these, like the circus, were dedicated to the now deified Romulus. The pervasive emphasis of death and apotheosis has led to the argument that the whole complex became overwhelmingly funerary in character from this point, and that the memorial references generated by Romulus extend, spatially and ideologically, to the heart of Rome. Maxentius died just three years after Romulus, at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, when he was defeated by Constantine the Great, who then expropriated the property.
The circus is under the care of the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma, and is open to the public.
See also
List of ancient monuments in Rome
References
Sources
Coarelli, F. (2008). Roma. Rome: Laterza.
Claridge, A. (1998). Rome. Oxford: University Press.
Steinby, E. M. (1993-2000). Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae, 5 vols.
Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, no. 100, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
External links
312
Buildings and structures completed in the 4th century
Ancient Roman circuses in Rome
Maxentius | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus%20of%20Maxentius |
The spotted eagle-owl (Bubo africanus) also known as the African spotted eagle-owl and the African eagle-owl, is a medium-sized species of owl, one of the smallest of the eagle owls. Its length is and its weight is from . It has a wingspan. The facial disk is off-white to pale ochre and the eyes are yellow. It has prominent ear-tufts, and the upper body is dusky brown, the lower parts off-white with brown bars. Prior to 1999 the spotted eagle-owl was considered conspecific with the greyish eagle-owl, but now it is classed as a separate species.
Distribution
Spotted eagle-owls are the most common species of owl found in southern Africa. They have a healthy population in most parts of the region. They are often referred to as urban owls and will live in close proximity to human habitation. They occur throughout sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian peninsula. They can also be found in thorn savanna and in suburban gardens, such as the outskirts of Harare, Zimbabwe.
Diet
Its prey mainly consists of rodents, small mammals, birds, insects and reptiles, although it has a dietary preference for small mammals such as rodents and shrews. It often swallows its prey whole, with much head-jerking, pausing and resting in between, while a portion of the prey remains inside the mouth, until the prey can finally be swallowed down completely. Undigested substances such as feathers and bone are regurgitated within the next 24 hours of ingestion in the form of a pellet. For prey too large to swallow whole, the owl will tear pieces of meat from the prey, and will also tear shreds to feed nestlings. The male will hunt and bring food when the female cannot leave the nest. Sometimes, even in conditions verging on starvation, he will tear the head off a mouse, but bring the body for the female to feed to the young, or to eat herself if the eggs have not yet hatched. The species is a more generalist feeder, in contrast to say, the barn owls (Tyto) and is accordingly itinerant, remaining in a given region to hunt for a few weeks or months, then moving on when the local prey is no longer plentiful or easy to catch. Typically it will return at odd intervals of a year or two, depending on local conditions. An adult pair is typically very aggressive in defence of its hunting territory, and one obstacle for an adolescent to overcome is to find good feeding grounds where there are no incumbent adults to eject or kill it.
Behaviour
The calls are generally typical, musical eagle-owl hoots. Generally the male call with two hoots: "Hooo hooopoooo" and the female answers with three, with less stress on the middle note: "Hooo hoo hooo". The young do not hoot till effectively adult, but from a very young age they will hiss threateningly and snap their beaks castanet-like if alarmed. These sounds they make throughout life, generally in a threatening attitude with head down and wings spread sideways to present their upper surfaces forward, umbrella-like. They might present such behaviour either as a challenge to rival owls or when defending nest or young against enemies. The young at least have a whickering call of protest or annoyance when handled. In a comfortable social situation the youngsters have a soft croaking "kreeep" that they are prone to repeat at regular intervals of a few seconds. If they suspect that they have lost their company, the calls increase in frequency and they are likely to go hunting for their companions. Chicks and adults will snap bills, hiss and chitter to threaten or distract.
As with all owls this species, when detected, is subject to daylight harassment by local birds. In the Gauteng area its main and extremely loud tormentor is the grey loerie, respite only coming at dusk. Spotted eagle-owls are regular bathers and during summer thunderstorms may be seen on tree limbs or on the ground with spread wings.
They prefer rocky areas, favouring to roost in open areas such as on the ground, rocky outcrops and tree crowns.
Reproduction
Spotted eagle-owls are monogamous, but will take a new mate shortly after the loss of a partner through death occurs. They are able to breed at around one year of age. They usually make their nest on the ground but have been known to nest on man-made structures such as window ledges of buildings or in Owl Houses, preferring large cavities. Breeding begins typically towards the end of July continuing to the first weeks of February. The female lays two to four eggs and does the incubation, leaving the nest only to eat what the male has brought for food. The incubation period lasts approximately 32 days. Spotted eagle-owlets will jump out of a nest that is off the ground at about five weeks of age and spend about ten days on the ground before they can fly. During this time, the owlets learn essential skills by mock-hunting and catching smaller prey such as insects. The parents still support feed the young owls during this stage by bringing larger prey such as rodents for the owlets to feed on. Owlets make a rasping noise when they are hungry that can be heard by the parents over far distances to alert them to the owlets location. Owlets are usually wrongfully removed from their parents during this phase by unknowing individuals who assume that the owlet is either injured or abandoned due to its inability to fly. The young owls can fly at around seven weeks of age, but continue to stay with the parents for several weeks after they have fledged. They have a life span of up to 10 years in the wild and up to 20 in captivity.
Conservation
They are not globally threatened, and are often the most common owl species in their habitats.
It is illegal to capture or keep any indigenous owls in South Africa without the necessary rehabilitation permit issued by the Department of Nature Conservation. Specialized care is required in captivity consisting of a balanced diet with the correct ratio of calcium to phosphorus and specific husbandry needs that should be met. If raised on the incorrect diet, owlets suffer malnutrition of various types, including metabolic bone disorder (MBD) which causes poor bone formation and could lead to their death. Specialized release methods are applied to integrate captive-raised owlets back into the wild.
Car collisions, electric wires, persecution, secondary poisoning and parasite infections such as Trichomonas gallinae are the major causes of mortality. Juveniles and newly fledged birds are particularly vulnerable.
Gallery
References
External links
Spotted Eagle-Owl – Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
Spotted Eagle-Owl (Bubo africanus)
Spotted Eagle-Owl
Photos, videos and observations at Cornell Lab of Ornithologys Birds of the World
spotted eagle-owl
Birds of the Middle East
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
spotted eagle-owl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted%20eagle-owl |
This is a list of Ulster Unionist Party MPs. It includes all members of Parliament elected to the British House of Commons representing the Ulster Unionist Party or its forerunner, the Irish Unionist Party, since 1918. Members of the European Parliament, the Northern Ireland House of Commons or the Northern Ireland Assembly are not listed.
MPs elected since 1918
1 Defected to the New Party.
2 Elected in 1974 for the Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party.
3 Defected to the Democratic Unionist Party.
4 Elected in 1956 as an Independent Unionist.
5 Left the party to become an Independent Unionist before forming the Ulster Popular Unionist Party.
6 Resigned from the party at the 1945 general election in protest at being subject to a reselection due to the retirement of Viscount Castlereagh, the other Ulster Unionist MP for the two member Down constituency and held his seat as an Independent Ulster Unionist.
7 Refused to follow the other Ulster Unionists in resigning the Conservative whip; later joined the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland.
8 Previously Conservative MP for Wolverhampton South West 1950–1974.
9 Left the party on 25 March 2010 to become an Independent Unionist.
Graphical representation
Ulster Unionist
Ulster Unionist
Ulster Unionist Party
List of MPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ulster%20Unionist%20Party%20MPs |
The following lists events that happened during 1944 in Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch – George VI
Governor-General – Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Baron Gowrie
Prime Minister – John Curtin
Chief Justice – Sir John Latham
State Premiers
Premier of New South Wales – William McKell
Premier of Queensland – Frank Cooper
Premier of South Australia – Thomas Playford
Premier of Tasmania – Robert Cosgrove
Premier of Victoria – Albert Dunstan
Premier of Western Australia – John Willcock
State Governors
Governor of New South Wales – John Loder, 2nd Baron Wakehurst
Governor of Queensland – Sir Leslie Orme Wilson
Governor of South Australia – Sir Malcolm Barclay-Harvey (until 26 April), then Sir Charles Norrie (from 19 December)
Governor of Tasmania – Sir Ernest Clark
Governor of Victoria – Sir Winston Dugan
Governor of Western Australia – none appointed
Events
14 January – Meat rationing begins in Australia.
20 January – Seventeen people are killed at Brooklyn, New South Wales when a mail train and a bus collide at a level crossing. There is only one survivor, Gloria Iren Silvia.
15 February – Bushfires in the Western District, Gippsland and Yallourn regions of Victoria kill 51 people.
15 April – Fred Paterson is elected to the Parliament of Queensland, representing the seat of Bowen. He remains the only member of the Communist Party of Australia to ever be elected to an Australian Parliament.
30 June – Sydney waiter Antonio Agostini is sentenced to six years prison for the manslaughter of his wife, Linda Agostini, in what was known as the "Pyjama Girl" murder.
5 August – The Cowra breakout occurs, with 545 Japanese prisoners of war escaping from the camp.
19 August – A referendum is held, concerning Post-War Reconstruction and Democratic Rights. It proposes to grant the government power to legislate over 14 points of law for a five-year period. The referendum, asked in a single question, is not carried.
21 October – The heavy cruiser HMAS Australia, operating in the Philippines, is hit by a kamikaze aircraft, killing 20 and wounding 54, in what is believed to be the first attack of its kind.
25 November – Reg Saunders becomes the first Aboriginal commissioned officer in the Australian Army.
14 December – The Liberal Party of Australia is formed, replacing the United Australia Party.
Arts and literature
Ern Malley poems first published, revealing a major Australian literary hoax.
Joshua Smith wins the Archibald Prize with his portrait of Sol Rosevear
Film
The film of the story of The Rats of Tobruk is released, directed by Charles Chauvel
Sport
29 July - North Melbourne (11.21.87) beat Richmond (14.2.86) in the only VFL/AFL match where the winning team scored three fewer goals
26 August - Newtown beat St. George 55–7 in the most one-sided NSWRFL/NSWRL/ARL/NRL final in history.
16 September – Balmain win the 1944 NSWRFL season, defeating Newtown 12–8 in the grand final. Canterbury-Bankstown finish in last place, claiming the wooden spoon for the second year in a row.
Sirius wins the Melbourne Cup
Births
1 January – Barry Beath, rugby league player
7 January – Tony Whitlam, lawyer, judge, and politician
14 January – Graham Marsh, golfer
18 January – Paul Keating, Prime Minister of Australia (1991–1996)
19 January – Paul Gibson, NSW politician
3 February – Trisha Noble, singer and actress (died 2021)
9 February – Derryn Hinch, media personality
10 February – Peter Allen, entertainer (died 1992)
17 February – Robert Dessaix, writer
18 March – Dick Smith, businessman
21 April – Adrian Hurley, basketball player and coach
22 April – Damien Broderick, science fiction author
4 May – Steve Liebmann, journalist
22 May – John Flanagan, author
23 May – John Newcombe, tennis player
26 May – Andrew Jones, politician (died 2015)
28 May – Paul D. Scully-Power, oceanographer and astronaut
6 June – Matt Carroll, film and television producer
6 June – Rene Rivkin, businessman (died 2005)
4 July – Ray Meagher, actor
23 July – Alex Buzo, playwright and author (died 2006)
31 July – James Strong, businessman, CEO of Qantas (died 2013)
17 August – Nicholas John Vine-Hall, genealogist (died 2006)
21 August – Peter Weir, film director
3 September – Ray Groom, Premier of Tasmania (1992–1996)
8 September – Terry Jenner, cricketer (died 2011)
5 September – Gareth Evans, politician
11 September – Alan Gilbert, academic and university Vice-Chancellor (died 2010)
13 September – Midget Farrelly, surfer (died 2016)
16 September – Peter Harvey, journalist and television presenter (died 2013)
19 September – Colin Dibley, tennis player
25 October – Ron Coote, rugby league footballer
21 November – Kay Patterson, Liberal Senator for Victoria
4 December – Lawrie Peckham, high jumper
20 December – Ray Martin, television presenter (60 Minutes – 1979–1985, A Current Affair – 1994–1998 & 2003–3005, Midday – 1985–1993)
27 December – Bob Brown, politician
Deaths
1 January – Charles Turner, cricketer (b. 1862)
3 January – Tom Brennan, Victorian politician, journalist and lawyer (b. 1866)
15 January – Patrick Lynch, Western Australian politician (born in Ireland) (b. 1867)
31 March – Maurice Blackburn, Victorian politician (b. 1880)
10 April – Constance Kent, convicted murderer (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1844)
5 May – George John Bell, Tasmanian politician (b. 1872)
10 May – Digby Denham, 18th Premier of Queensland (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1859)
11 May – John Balmer, air force bomber pilot (died in Belgium) (b. 1910)
24 May – William Butcher, Western Australian politician and pastoralist (b. 1858)
9 June – William Angwin, Western Australian politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1863)
28 June – Anton Breinl, medical scientist and practitioner (born in Austria) (b. 1880)
1 July – Zara Aronson, journalist and philanthropist (b. 1864)
29 July – Walter Price, cricketer (b. 1886)
5 August
Ralph Jones, soldier and recipient of the George Cross (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1900)
Benjamin Gower Hardy, soldier and recipient of the George Cross (b. 1898)
24 August – Alfred Carson, journalist and social worker (b. 1859)
6 September – Evelyn Conyers, matron-in-chief of the Australian Army Nursing Service, awarded the Florence Nightingale Medal (born in New Zealand) (b. 1870)
21 October – Emile Dechaineux, naval officer (died in Leyte Gulf) (b. 1902)
5 November – Grace Benny, South Australian politician (b. 1872)
10 November – John Clemons, Tasmanian politician and lawyer (died in the United Kingdom) (b. 1862)
12 November – Roy Agnew, composer and pianist (b. 1891)
18 November – Sir James Blair, 6th Chief Justice of Queensland (b. 1870)
20 November – Charles Frederick Cox, New South Wales politician and military officer (b. 1863)
12 December – Claude Corbett, sports journalist (b. 1885)
See also
List of Australian films of the 1940s
References
Australia
Years of the 20th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944%20in%20Australia |
Gwendolyn M. Miller is the former Chairwoman of the City Council in Tampa, Florida. An educator by training, Miller served four terms on the City Council. She was the first African-American woman elected to the Tampa City Council.
Miller received her bachelor's and master's degrees from Florida A&M University. She was a longtime teacher and human resources specialist in the public schools of Hillsborough County.
She was first elected to the City Council in 1995 as councilwoman for the 5th District, a position she was reelected to in 1999. In 2003 she was elected as an at-large councilwoman. She first became council chairwoman in 2004.
During the March 27, 2007 runoff election, Miller defeated Joe Redner in a heated contest for council chairperson.
Miller is one of three Council Members to vote against the permanent wet-zoning of Cigar City Brewing and extension of operating hours. The company is related to her former council opponent Joe Redner, as it is owned by Redner's son.
She is married to Les Miller, a former State Senator and current Hillsborough County Commissioner.
References
External links
Council Chairwoman Gwen Miller's City of Tampa Official Website
Living people
Politicians from Tampa, Florida
African-American city council members in Florida
African-American women in politics
Educators from Florida
American women educators
Florida A&M University alumni
Florida city council members
Women in Florida politics
Women city councillors in Florida
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwendolyn%20M.%20Miller |
Natalie Evans (also Price) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, between 18 January 1994 and 10 May 2004, played by Lucy Speed. Natalie first appeared in January 1994, depicted initially as an unhappy, insecure teenager; she was among various regular characters brought in to increase the cast following the BBC's decision to increase episode output to three per week. She featured most often with the characters Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) and Bianca Jackson (Patsy Palmer); Natalie's affair with Ricky ending his relationship with Bianca was one of the prominent storylines aired in the Winter of 1995. Despite producers offering to extend Speed's contract, she opted to leave the serial in 1995.
Executive producer Matthew Robinson reintroduced the character in 1999 as a businesswoman and a love interest for Barry Evans (Shaun Williamson). Storylines included a rocky marriage to Barry, contemplating abortion, almost sleeping with her brother-in-law, rekindling her affair with Ricky, a relationship with Paul Trueman (Gary Beadle) and desperately trying to get Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks) arrested for murdering Barry. Speed began to appear less frequently in 2003 due to personal reasons. Her departure was announced in early 2004, and Natalie left on 10 May 2004.
Storylines
Backstory
Natalie's parents separated early in her childhood and she took it badly. She lived with her mother Andrea (Cindy O'Callaghan) in Walford, but she had been closer to her father, Dave, and missed him terribly. Andrea favoured her other children, especially her older daughter Susie (Viva Duce), over Natalie. She was highly critical of Natalie and blamed her for the breakdown of her marriage (the unwanted pregnancy had ruined her figure and singing career, causing her husband to leave her). Andrea and Susie ridiculed Natalie for missing her father and wanting to keep in touch; Andrea claimed that Dave had no interest in Natalie.
At age 11 when she was in secondary school, Natalie met Bianca Jackson (Patsy Palmer). They became friends, but Bianca often sidelined her in favour of Tiffany Raymond (Martine McCutcheon), whom Bianca treated with more respect than Natalie. In fact, Tiffany joined Bianca in teasing Natalie. Natalie resented Tiffany and was pleased when she moved away after leaving school at 16 in 1993.
1994–1995
Mischievous Natalie often entices Bianca into trouble, but Bianca is more domineering, often putting Natalie down. Lonely, Natalie makes up an imaginary boyfriend for attention, claiming he has taken her on extravagant dates. This makes Bianca envious initially, but when Natalie's lies are discovered, Bianca takes great pleasure in humiliating her.
When Tiffany reappears, Natalie feels side-lined by Bianca as she did in school. Bianca's boyfriend Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen) also tires of Bianca's selfishness and this inadvertently drives him and Natalie closer together. They console each other and in February 1995, they begin an affair. Ricky is Natalie's first sexual partner and for her it is true love, but Ricky does not take it as seriously. Natalie starts pressuring Ricky to tell Bianca about their relationship and when he does not, Natalie plants some lingerie in his work overalls. Bianca finds it and suspects Ricky is having an affair; she takes Natalie's advice to follow Ricky so she can catch him with the mystery woman. Bianca does this one night, catches them kissing and is incensed. In the aftermath, Ricky dumps Natalie and Bianca threatens her, ordering her to leave Walford. Dejected, Natalie does so, leaving Walford to stay with her sister in Basingstoke.
1999–2004
In 1999, Natalie reappears as a new self-confident business woman, running a dating agency. Barry Evans (Shaun Williamson), unaware of Natalie's history, uses her agency, "Romantic Relations". Despite Natalie's attempts to set Barry up with other female hopefuls, she eventually becomes attracted to him herself and they begin dating. Natalie's reappearance is met unfavourably by Bianca and fights ensue. However, they eventually call a truce and become friends again. Natalie's business does not prosper and closes soon after.
Despite initial problems caused by Natalie's overbearing mother who tries to take over the wedding plans, Natalie and Barry marry on New Year's Eve in 1999, in a joint wedding with Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and Mel Healy (Tamzin Outhwaite). They live with Barry's father Roy Evans (Tony Caunter) and stepmother Pat Evans (Pam St. Clement) and are relatively happy until Natalie becomes pregnant. Preferring to concentrate on her career, and unable to make Barry realise how she feels, Natalie plans an abortion. When Barry comes to the clinic, pledging to support her decision, Natalie changes her mind and does not have the termination. Barry is overjoyed and agrees to give up work and look after the baby so she can work, giving birth to son Jack (Samuel and Joseph Timson) early in 2002 — the birth is traumatic, as Jack is born feet first. Motherhood is hard for Natalie; she begins to feel that she has two children, Jack and Barry. When Barry's half-brother, Nathan Williams (Doug Allen), moves in briefly, he makes Natalie an unsuspecting pawn in his vendetta. Determined to ruin Barry, Nathan tries to seduce Natalie and they kiss briefly, but she soon realises that Nathan wants to ruin Barry and banishes him from their lives. Barry forgives Natalie; their marriage remains intact but Natalie grows increasingly unhappy with Barry's immaturity.
Feeling stifled and trapped, she turns to Ricky. They rekindle their affair and decide to leave Albert Square with their sons. On the night of her 26th birthday, while Barry plans a secret party in The Queen Victoria public house, Natalie prepares to leave. Barry discovers what is happening just as Natalie is leaving. Desperate to prove his love, he drags Natalie into the pub and begs her to stay. Natalie breaks Barry's heart by admitting that she does not love him and despite his pleading, refuses to give their marriage another chance. During the chaos, Ricky's sister, Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks) ruins their plans by telling Natalie about Ricky's one-night stand with Sam Mitchell (Kim Medcalf) days before. Confronted by Barry but unable to trust Ricky and racked with guilt, Natalie ends things with Ricky and leaves Walford alone, later divorcing Barry. When Roy dies from a heart attack the following day, Natalie later returns to his funeral and decides to stay in Walford for a while. Janine encourages the divorce and sets a plan in motion to manipulate Barry and steal his money, aided by Janine's true boyfriend, Paul Trueman (Gary Beadle). This eventually leads to Barry's untimely demise, when Janine pushes him from a cliff and leaves him to die, the day after they marry on New Year's Eve 2003 in Scotland. Janine inherits Barry's wealth, leaving Natalie and Jack with nothing.
Suspecting foul play, Natalie tries to prove Janine has murdered Barry but is unsuccessful. She refuses to leave with Ricky, who leaves following Janine's confession of what really happened to Barry (but who keeps this to himself). While Natalie comes to terms with Barry's death, she gets close to Paul, who is desperate to make amends to Natalie and Jack for his part in Barry's death. Despite his feelings for Natalie, Paul struggles with his guilt and when Natalie gets suspicious about Paul's relationship with Janine, he finally reveals Janine's role in Barry's death and makes a statement to the police. Janine is questioned but released due to lack of evidence; she promptly tells Natalie that Paul conspired with her from the start and gloats about getting away with murder. Devastated, and unable to prove Janine's guilt to the police, Natalie leaves Paul and Albert Square in March 2004. She returns briefly in May to witness Janine's incarceration after she is falsely accused of murdering Laura Beale (Hannah Waterman). Natalie makes peace with Paul, holding a ceremony for Barry by scattering his ashes under a tree planted in his memory. She and Jack leave, but it is indicated that Pat stays in touch with Natalie when she goes to stay with her off-screen in 2007, following an accident.
Creation and development
Casting
1994 was a 'historic' year for EastEnders, as in April a third weekly episode was introduced. Due to the programme's increased frequency, a number of new characters were introduced to the regular cast in the latter part of 1993 and early 1994. Among them was Natalie Price, who made her first appearance in January 1994 as the best friend of Bianca (Patsy Palmer). The character was introduced under executive producer, Leonard Lewis.
The actress Lucy Speed – seventeen at the time – was chosen to play the part. Speed claims that she was cast due to her "cranky" attitude during her audition. She comments "I showed up there with an attitude, not giving 'a stuff' whether I got the damn part and they responded to that. They liked it, liked my feistiness, they thought it was the quality they were looking for...Natalie was a pretty gloomy kid, not a sunny show-biz kid which is all they'd been seeing until I walked through the door. So I got the part".
Personality
The character has been described by EastEnders author, Rupert Smith, as an "eternal victim" – a female character who endures much misfortune and misery, but lacks the "pluck" of her "feistier sisters".<ref name="20years">{{cite book |last= Smith|first= Rupert|title= EastEnders: 20 years in Albert Square |year=2005|publisher=BBC Books|isbn=978-0-563-52269-0|title-link= EastEnders spin-offs#Non-fiction books}}</ref> Early on in her narrative, Natalie was shown to be an insecure and lonely individual– a "gloomy kid" from a broken family with an uncaring, criticising and resentful mother, Andrea (Cindy O'Callaghan). The character was often seen to be "shunted aside by stronger personalities", such as her best friend Bianca – who was shown to bully and torment Natalie, telling her "that she was plain and wouldn't attract boys", although in later years Natalie was shown to stand up to Bianca's bullying.
Similarly, she was shown to be unsuccessful in relationships, falling for unsuitable men who ended up hurting her and settling in a "secure but uninspired" marriage to a mismatched, immature partner, Barry Evans. She was frequently shown to feel constrained and trapped by her marriage and motherhood – her initial reluctance to be a mother stemming from her own unhappy childhood. Though the character occasionally showed "a rare flash of spirit", the results were usually detrimental – an affair with her "first true love", Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen), ended the character's marriage and left her to face "a dreary future as a single mother". Lucy Speed has commented on her character's personality: "she's a thinker and quite vulnerable, but she's grown up a lot. She's also had storylines where she's dealt with family skeletons and she did find a man who was able to give her stability and the chance for her to grow up a bit. Ultimately though, I hope that I've shown that who she is now explains who she was then…she's gone from being a young girl with zero confidence in herself to a young woman with a certain measure of confidence, back to someone with zero confidence. Life doesn't go easy on her but she's got strength. She's a feisty little thing and she gets on with things".
Love triangle and initial departure
Initially, Natalie's principal purpose in the serial was to be Bianca Jackson's "put-upon sidekick" – Bianca was already an established character, having been introduced two months prior to Natalie's first appearance. The most notable storyline featuring Natalie during her initial stint in EastEnders was her affair with Bianca's boyfriend, Ricky. On-screen Natalie and Ricky found themselves sidelined and bullied by Bianca, forcing them together and leading to their eventual affair, which continued for several weeks on-screen, with Ricky seeing both Natalie and Bianca. The storyline reached its climax on 16 Feb 1995; 17.0 million viewers tuned in to witness Bianca discovering that her boyfriend was sleeping with her best friend. The aftermath of the storyline led to Natalie's departure from the serial. On-screen Ricky discovered that Natalie orchestrated Bianca's discovery of their affair and finished with her, and in the midst of Bianca's wrath, Natalie fled from Walford in shame on 23 February 1995.
Off-screen, actress Lucy Speed had decided to leave the serial after playing Natalie for a year, as she was reportedly "freaked out" by the media attention she was receiving from being in such a high-profile show. In an interview with the ‘'Walford Gazette'’, Speed commented: "I was very frightened by it quite frankly and certainly unprepared for it. I didn't like at all the attention that came with being on such a high-profile show. It simply wasn't what I signed up for in the first place-all that craziness. I was naive, I admit. Of course it does come with the job of being on the show and you have to learn to deal with it and cope with it. The advantages always outweigh the drawbacks, anyway, but it didn't seem like that to me at the time. I was very young and extremely shy, so it all became a huge difficulty for me…But I also have to make it clear that from the beginning when I joined, I always intended to stay in it for just a year anyway. I honoured my initial one-year contract and then moved on…they did express their interest in signing me for another year, but I politely but firmly declined. They were a bit shocked. I tried to explain in the best way I could my reasons for leaving at the end of my contract and they ultimately understood, and so I left on good terms with them…I had some growing up to do and instinctively knew that growing up more or less in front of the British public for one year was enough!”
Reintroduction and marriage to Barry Evans
After a four-year absence, Lucy Speed decided that she wanted to return to the series. She mentioned this to her former castmate Ross Kemp, who played Grant Mitchell in the serial and he initiated contact between Speed and then executive-producer, Matthew Robinson. Robinson had been thinking of introducing a new love-interest for the character Barry Evans (Shaun Williamson) and he had already considered the possibility that the love interest could be Natalie. Speed has commented "It was good timing. He thought I and the character fit the bill". Natalie made her reappearance on-screen on 8 March 1999 and a relationship between the two characters was developed. A friendship was also re-established between the characters Natalie and Bianca in a special four-hander episode – although "the closeness was never quite the same".
Natalie's relationship with Barry Evans- frequently described as a "bumbling buffoon" – was central to the character upon her return to the serial. Speed has explained her character's initial attraction to Barry: "I think it has a lot to do with her childhood. Natalie really adored her dad but he couldn't put up with that horrible wife of his, Andrea… and so he walked out on the family. Andrea is a total nightmare control freak, and it says a lot about who Natalie is, why she had no confidence in herself. Her mother probably emotionally abused her. So Barry represented safety and a secure family environment…She feels safe with him and she felt she made the right choice at the time, although of course she was apprehensive about it".
Millennium wedding
The biggest storyline involving Barry and Natalie in 1999 was their joint double wedding with the characters Ian Beale and Melanie Healy (Adam Woodyatt and Tamzin Outhwaite) – the lead up to which included a hen/stag night celebration episode, which was filmed on-location in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The episode evoked criticism by the Broadcasting Standards Commission for its inclusion of "almost relentless drunken and promiscuous behaviour, sexual innuendo and drug-taking, before the watershed", which included Natalie having to acquire three love bites from strangers. The BBC defended the episode, claiming that its content would have "come as no surprise to viewers" and adding that the depiction of this behaviour conformed to an EastEnders tradition – that questionable conduct "only leads to further trouble…One character's quest for drugs led to embarrassment and nausea and a drinking binge led to the calling off of [Barry and Natalie’s] wedding while the prospects for another became bleaker."
Natalie and Barry's screen wedding was featured as part of the Millennium Eve episodes, which drew in 20.89 million viewers – the biggest soap audience since the character Tiffany Mitchell (Martine McCutcheon) was killed off in EastEnders precisely one year earlier (New Year's Eve 1998). An EastEnders spokeswoman commented: "This is a remarkable endorsement of the power of EastEnders that over 20 million viewers chose to see the Millennium celebrations in Albert Square." The episodes were also broadcast on screens in London's Trafalgar Square, a typical "haunt for New Year's Eve revellers".
Abortion
In 2001, a pregnancy was written into the character's narrative. Natalie was shown to be distressed by the prospect of being a mother and planned to have an abortion. Speed commented "Natalie desperately wants a baby but the thought of becoming a mother makes her unhappy. Her family background is so awful she doesn't want to make the same mistake her mother made, but feels the odds are stacked against her and Barry." Viewers saw a "devastated Barry" react badly to the news in a special extended four-hander episode (written by Christopher Reason and directed by Clive Arnold) – the episode had a maternal theme with the action flitting between Barry and Natalie's saga and scenes between Steve Owen (Martin Kemp) and his dying mother, which included revelations of child abuse and incest. An EastEnders spokesman said: "We are very proud of the programme. The storylines involving Steve and his mother and Barry and Natalie are the stuff of intense drama. All four actors give incredible performances."
The following episode Barry was seen to chase Natalie to the abortion clinic, where he persuaded her to go through with the pregnancy. The scenes between Natalie and Barry have been described as some of "the most powerful moments in soap, with the couple battling to decide the fate of their unborn baby". The character was seen to give birth to son Jack in January 2002 and her decision to keep her baby in spite of her initial determination to abort has been mocked by Susannah Nightingale – columnist for the Cambridge University Students' Union (CUSU) women's campaign. She sarcastically comments "how lucky that she didn't go through with that patently psychotic urge for an abortion when she first realised she was pregnant […] It's funny, because Nat seemed so sure at the time: she wasn't ready for a baby, she needed to establish her career and move out of her husband's family home before becoming a mother. Perfectly reasonable, you might think […] but no! Our plucky hero Barry comes to her rescue, gently persuading her that she's just a little over-emotional and, phew – thank God he did, because here we are with a happy new family that might otherwise never have been. Dappy Natalie nearly screwed everything up. Men, even such sorry specimens as the perpetually pouting Barry, really are jolly decent to put up with these female follies and calmly guide their gals in the right direction".
Nightingale suggested that the storyline "echoed" the assertion that a woman cannot be trusted to make her own decision about abortion, which she describes as profoundly undermining and a "subtle" reinforcement of an "underlying implication" that women should be punished for exercising their legal right. She comments, "I am confused by the writers' unswerving insistence on her absolute certainty that abortion was the right choice for her, until the very last moment – such portrayals smack of her finally 'seeing the light'. Had the Natalie presented been a confused or uncertain woman, her change of heart would have seemed infinitely more credible, but she was neither. In fact, the very plausibility of the script was sacrificed, presumably to make a point – and the only one I can dig out is that of the dangers of going through with an abortion, even if you think you're sure – come on, what do you know?".
Adultery
Natalie and Barry's marriage sours towards the end of 2002, when she is momentarily tempted by the charms of his scheming half-brother Nathan (Doug Allen). In the New Year's Eve episode, she is shown to rekindle a secret "steamy affair" with old flame, Ricky, which continued into 2003. Speed commented "Natalie's always had strong feelings for Ricky. And now she's grown tired of being a mother to baby Jack and Barry!…family is everything to her, so she would have to feel very strongly indeed about someone to put her marriage at risk. As for Ricky, I suppose Natalie's always held a torch for him. He was her first love who finished with her, so she's been left with a kind of 'what if?' feeling. When Natalie was younger she was easily seduced, and a little bit of that remains. She can be easily swayed if someone is nice."
The storyline reached its climax in March 2003. On-screen the character's plans to abscond with Ricky and her son (on the night of her surprise birthday party) were thwarted by Barry's discovery of the affair – leading to a public confrontation between the three protagonists. Shaun Williamson who played Barry has commented "Barry is absolutely devastated as his whole life is ripped apart. He can’t believe Nat has betrayed him. He loves his life with Natalie and Jack, and would do anything to make it work as a family again. Losing Natalie is going to be really difficult for Barry, but I think the hardest thing will be losing his son". The storyline signified the end of the characters' three-year marriage and in a final plot twist Natalie opts to finish with Ricky and leave Walford alone, having discovered that he has recently slept with his ex-wife Samantha.
Departure (2004)
The character's second exit was the climax to a storyline that has been described as one of the show's "most dramatic". Natalie's ex-husband Barry remarried and was killed by his new bride Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks) on their honeymoon. The character is embroiled in a bid to uncover Janine as Barry's killer, and becomes romantically involved with the character Paul Trueman (Gary Beadle) – Janine's repentant accomplice in Barry's downfall, who was also her former lover. After discovering the truth from Paul, Natalie realises she is powerless to bring Janine to justice, and decides to leave the Square in March 2004. The character returned briefly in May to ensure Janine received her comeuppance and made her final screen appearance on 10 May 2004.
Off-screen, actress Lucy Speed had decided to quit the role after six years playing Natalie. She comments “'I'd been back for five years and had very little to do the year before. I quite like being busy and I could see the scriptwriters were struggling with Natalie and where to place her so it seemed like the right time to go. It's nice that they've left it open, I'd hate to think the door was shut behind me. Absolutely, I'd like to go back, never say never. Maybe I'll track Janine down".
To mark the character's exit a special documentary was aired in March 2004, entitled EastEnders Revealed: Natalie Evans. The programme looked back over 10 years of the character's time in the soap and featured interviews from Speed and tributes from her former castmates Shaun Williamson (Barry), Charlie Brooks (Janine), Natalie Cassidy (Sonia Jackson), Gary Beadle (Paul), Pam St. Clement (Pat) and Tony Caunter (Roy).
Reception
In 1995, Chris Barker carried out television research on post-transmission perspectives of teenage viewers of EastEnders, using the character Natalie as one of the focus points. He discovered that the participants were both active and implicit in the reproduction of ideology about family relationships and gender, identified via discussion of the friendship between Bianca and Natalie. Girls viewed Natalie more favourably than Bianca in 1995, and the author noted that tensions in "girl-culture" – attraction to the traditional private world of interpersonal relationships and the desire to take up more assertive characteristics in public – manifested themselves in discussions about Bianca and her friend Natalie Price. Natalie was constructed as a "nice person" in contrast to Bianca, "[Natalie] can relate to Ricky [...] cares for other people and doesn't just think about herself [like Bianca does]", qualities that were said to be constitutive of the traditional identity of women.
Linda Ruth Williams, author of The erotic thriller in contemporary cinema, was critical of a scene featuring Natalie speaking in a derogatory manner about the erotic thriller film genre. In an episode that aired in 2000, Natalie's husband Barry suggested that he and Natalie get intimate in a video store. Natalie retorted that "pinning me up against the erotic thriller section" was not her idea of a romantic setting for sex. Ruth Williams suggested that Natalie's casual dismissal of the erotic thriller genre as "lurid" was a discourse shared by the general population; she stated that witnessing this scene inspired her to pen the aforementioned book, which was the first of its kind to examine the film genre.
Natalie Evans peaked at 52 on EastEnders: The Greatest Cliffhangers in 2010.
In popular culture
In 2002 the character was featured in a spoof of the Michael Jackson hit video, Thriller'', which was made as part of the annual fund-raising event, Children in Need. Shaun Williamson as Barry played the Michael Jackson role, while Lucy Speed as Natalie took on Ola Ray's role as his date. Unlike the original video – where Jackson was seen to turn into a zombie – the spoof saw Natalie transformed into the walking dead. A dozen cast-members took part in the spoof where they recreated the dance routine made famous in the original video. Speed has commented "I really enjoyed that. We were there on our day off but it was brilliant fun. I used to be a dancer and to be able to do some moves on the Square was good. We all wanted to look as horrific and disgusting as possible. Shaun split his trousers while doing it as well. I think they were really tight though".
References
External links
Walford Gazette interview with Lucy Speed
EastEnders characters
Television characters introduced in 1994
British female characters in television
Fictional bookmakers
Fictional waiting staff
Fictional salespeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie%20Evans |
Baron Berwick, of Attingham Park in the County of Shropshire, was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1784 for Noel Hill, who had earlier represented Shrewsbury and Shropshire in Parliament. He was the son of Thomas Hill (originally Thomas Harwood), son of Thomas Harwood, a draper, of Shrewsbury, Shropshire. His paternal grandmother was Margaret, daughter of Rowland Hill, sister of Sir Richard Hill and aunt of Sir Rowland Hill, 1st Baronet, ancestor of the Viscounts Hill. Hill's father had assumed the surname of Hill in lieu of his patronymic on succeeding to the Hill estates through his mother. Lord Berwick was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He was a patron of art. He died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Baron. He was a diplomat and politician. In 1824 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Noel, which was that of his maternal grandfather, William Noel, younger son of Sir John Noel, 4th Baronet, of Kirkby Mallory (see Noel Baronets).
Lord Berwick died unmarried and was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Baron. He was a clergyman. He also assumed the additional surname of Noel by Royal licence in 1824. Two of his sons, the fifth and sixth Barons, both succeeded in the title. Both died unmarried and on the death of the sixth Baron the title passed to his nephew, the seventh Baron. He was the son of the Hon. Thomas Henry Noel-Hill, younger son of the fourth Baron. He was childless and was succeeded by his nephew, the eighth Baron. He was the son of Reverend the Hon. Thomas Noel-Hill, younger brother of the seventh Baron. 8th Baron had no children. The title became extinct on the death of his second cousin who died without legitimate issue, the ninth Baron, in 1953.
The family seat was Attingham Park, Atcham, Shropshire.
Barons Berwick (1784)
Noel Hill, 1st Baron Berwick (1745–1789)
Thomas Noel Hill, 2nd Baron Berwick (1770–1832)
William Noel-Hill, 3rd Baron Berwick (1773–1842)
Richard Noel-Hill, 4th Baron Berwick (1774–1848)
Richard Noel Noel-Hill, 5th Baron Berwick (1800–1861)
William Noel-Hill, 6th Baron Berwick (1802–1882)
Richard Henry Noel-Hill, 7th Baron Berwick (1847–1897)
Thomas Henry Noel-Hill, 8th Baron Berwick (1877–1947)
Charles Michael Wentworth Noel-Hill, 9th Baron Berwick (1897–1953)
See also
Viscount Hill
Noel Baronets
Baron Hume of Berwick
Lord Lloyd of Berwick
References
Pedigree
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of Great Britain
Noble titles created in 1784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Berwick |
Galaxy 4R was a communications satellite operated by PanAmSat from 2000 to 2006, and by Intelsat from 2006 to 2009. It spent most of its operational life at an orbital location of 99° W, a slot once occupied by the Galaxy IV, which suffered a failure in 1998. G4R was launched on April 18, 2000, with an Ariane launch vehicle, and covered North America with twenty-four transponders each on the C- and Ku bands. The satellite was stationed at 76.8°W, inclined.
Users included Warner Brothers, National Public Radio, Public Radio International, Buena Vista Television Distribution, FOX, and Televisa. The satellite was also utilized for satellite internet services through DirecPC.
Much of the Ku side was occupied by the HITS service, which re-distributes programming found on other satellites to cable providers.
Designed for an operational lifespan of 15 years, Galaxy 4R suffered a propulsion system failure in 2003 and was replaced by Galaxy 16 on August 14, 2006. It was moved to 76.85 degrees west after being replaced and its orbit was allowed to become more inclined in order to save station-keeping propellant. The satellite was decommissioned in April 2009 and moved to a graveyard orbit.
References
External links
Satellites using the BSS-601 bus
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 2000
Spacecraft decommissioned in 2009
Derelict satellites orbiting Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy%204R |
Cão! was the first studio album by Portuguese rock band Ornatos Violeta, released on 15 September 1997 by Polygram. Three singles were released from this album: "Punk Moda Funk", "A Dama do Sinal" and "Mata-me Outra Vez".
Reception
In 2009, Cão! was named by Blitz as the 5th best album released by a Portuguese band in the 90's. The album was also included in the same publication's list of the best albums recorded by bands from the city of Porto, along works by artists such as GNR, Rui Veloso and Blind Zero.
Track listing
References
External links
Lyrics for Cão!
1997 debut albums
Ornatos Violeta albums
Portuguese-language albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A3o%21 |
Alvin 'GG' Ranglin (born 1942, Eden, Clarendon Parish, Jamaica) is a Jamaican reggae singer, record producer and record label owner.
Biography
Ranglin started to sing in public in his teens with an Adventist Church background. As a radio and television technician involved in the jukebox industry, he soon acquired his own sound system he named "GG". By the mid-1960s, he opened his own TV repair shop in May Pen and started to produce records with artists such as Trevor Brown; and as a singer with Vernon Buckley (later of The Maytones) as "Vern & Alvin" and with Lloyd Flowers under the name of "Flowers & Alvin". He soon developed his business by buying jukeboxes and opening his first record shop.
He took over the Gloria label from a family member in 1969 and had his first hit with The Maytones' (of which he was an early member) single "Loving Reggae". He worked with the vocal duo until they split in 1980 and enjoyed different hits mainly with love songs in the early 1970s. He started his GG's label in 1970 and had a big hit with "Man from Carolina" by his studio band named GG Allstars, an organ-led reworking of the Folkes Brothers hit "Oh Carolina". Among all the artists he worked with are Eric Donaldson in 1970 ("Lonely Night"...), Max Romeo, Billy Dyce, The Ethiopians in 1972, U-Roy in 1973, Prince Mohammed with the hit "Hallelujah I Love Her So", Cynthia Richards, Gregory Isaacs from 1974 to 1977 (including his debut In Person album, and the two Best of volumes), The Starlites featuring Stanley Beckford ("Soldering" in 1975), Jah Thomas in the mid 1970s ("Midnight Rock"), Dennis Brown in 1975, I-Roy in 1977, Dennis Alcapone, Mike Brooks in 1977 ("Guiding Star" launched his career), between 1977 and 1978 Jah Stone & Freddie McKay ("The Right Time"), in 1979 Lone Ranger ("Barnabas Collins" became a No. 1 in the UK reggae chart in 1980) plus Barrington Levy, with whom he enjoyed a string of hits in the early 1980s. Isaacs gave Ranglin his first international hit with "Love is Overdue", and in the four-year period that the two worked together in the 1970s, Isaacs status rose to that of a superstar. Ranglin worked with him again in 1995 on the Dreaming album, and again in 2002 on I Found Love.
During his long career, Ranglin set up different record labels such as GG's, Hit, and Typhoon, and record stores in places such as Kingston, Half Way Tree, Old Harbour, Brooklyn and London.
He currently lives in Kingston and owns GG Records, a recording studio and a pressing plant.
Partial discography
The GG All Stars
Man From Carolina – 1970 – Trojan
Bonanza – 1970 – Trojan
Musical Shot – 1970 – Trojan
Flight 404 – 1970 – Trojan
Ganja Plane – 1970 – Trojan
The Three Dreads From Zion – 1978 – GG's
Compilations
Various Artists – Reggae Flight 404 – 1970 – Trojan
Various Artists – Reggae Reggae Volume 2 – 1972 – Trojan
Various Artists – Atlantic 1 – 1975 – Horse/Trojan
Various Artists – Street Corner Ital Food – 1979 – GG's
Various Artists – From Chapter To Version – 1970–1974 – 1998 – Jamaican Gold
Various Artists – From GG's Reggae Hit Stable Vol 01 – 1968–1973 – Jamaican Gold (1998)
Various Artists – From GG's Reggae Hit Stable Vol 02 – 1969–1973 – Jamaican Gold (1998)
Various Artists – Holy Ground – Heartbeat Records (1990)
Notes
References
Greene, Jo-Ann "[ Alvin Ranglin Biography]", Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-05-07
Katz, David (2000) People Funny Boy: The Genius of Lee "Scratch" Perry, Payback Press,
Thompson, Dave (2002) Reggae & Caribbean Music, Backbeat Books,
External links
Alvin Ranglin at Roots Archives
1942 births
Living people
Jamaican record producers
Jamaican reggae musicians
Jamaican reggae singers
People from Clarendon Parish, Jamaica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin%20Ranglin |
Fludiazepam, marketed under the brand name Erispan (エリスパン) is a potent benzodiazepine and 2ʹ-fluoro derivative of diazepam, originally developed by Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1960s. It is marketed in Japan and Taiwan. It exerts its pharmacological properties via enhancement of GABAergic inhibition. Fludiazepam has 4 times more binding affinity for benzodiazepine receptors than diazepam. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Fludiazepam has been used recreationally.
See also
Diazepam
Diclazepam (the 2ʹ-chloro analog)
Difludiazepam (the 2',6'-difluoro derivative)
Flunitrazepam (the 7-nitro analog)
Flualprazolam (the triazolo derivative)
Ro20-8552
References
External links
Official Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Website
Benzodiazepines
Sedatives
Hypnotics
Anticonvulsants
Anxiolytics
Lactams
Chloroarenes
Fluoroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fludiazepam |
Jan Hernych (born 7 July 1979) is a retired professional male tennis player from Czech Republic. Born in Prague, he turned pro in 1998 and achieved his career-high singles ranking of World No. 59 in April 2009. He won one doubles title and was runner-up in 's-Hertogenbosch in 2006.
Currently, he acts as one of the two trainers of the Czech tennis player Markéta Vondroušová, together with Jiří Hřebec.
Career
In 2005, he was the first professional opponent of Andy Murray at the Torneo Godo, a match he won in three sets.
In 2006 he contested his first final on the tour, losing to Mario Ančić in s-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands.
In May 2009 at the BMW Open in Munich, Germany, he joined forces with countryman Ivo Minář to win their first title together in doubles.
In January 2011 at the Australian Open, Hernych posted his best-ever showing in singles play at a Grand Slam event, reaching the 3rd round for the first time. As a qualifier, he defeated Denis Istomin and No. 30 seed Thomaz Bellucci before losing to Robin Söderling.
Hernych has reached 25 singles finals in tenure as a professional tennis player, with his first final coming in 1998 and his most recent being in 2016, a span of almost twenty years. He has a record of 12 wins and 13 losses, including an 0–1 record in ATP Tour-level finals and 8–8 in Challenger finals.
ATP Tour career finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
Doubles: 1 (1 title)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 24 (12–12)
Performance timelines
Singles
External links
Hernych World Ranking history
1979 births
Living people
Czech male tennis players
Tennis players from Prague | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Hernych |
The Plaza Ferdinand VII is an outdoor garden and park in the Historic Pensacola Village area of downtown Pensacola, Florida. It is located on Palafox Street between Government and Zaragoza Streets. It was named after Ferdinand VII of Spain, the King of Spain between 1813 and 1833. A National Historic Landmark, it is the site of the formal transfer of Florida to United States jurisdiction in 1821.
Background
Plaza Ferdinand VII is bounded on the north by Government Street, the east by Jefferson Street, the south by Zarragossa Street, and the west by Palafox Street. About in size, it is a grassy area, dotted with trees, and criss-crossed by paved walkways. It has three principal features: a fountain near the northern end, an obelisk at the center, and a memorial to Andrew Jackson near the southern end. The central obelisk is a memorial to railroad baron and mayor of Pensacola William Dudley Chipley.
The plaza forms part of a street plan laid out in 1765, when Pensacola was the capital of the British colony of West Florida. Originally the central park of that plan was somewhat larger, but significant portions were subdivided and sold off in 1802, when West Florida was again a Spanish colony.
Historical significance
Under the Adams–Onís Treaty, negotiated in 1819, Spain agreed to cede Florida to the United States. Spain did not formally ratify the treaty until 1821. In March of that year, Andrew Jackson was appointed its first territorial governor, and was given the task of overseeing the transfer of the territories of East and West Florida from Spanish authorities. A formal ceremony was held in St. Augustine on July 10, in which the chief United States representative was Jackson's deputy, Robert Butler. Jackson attended the ceremony held on this plaza on July 21, in which the Spanish flag was lowered and the American flag raised. He then made a speech to the townspeople, informing them that the land was now the Florida Territory, and that Pensacola would be its capital. The bust of Jackson now stands at the spot where he was formally inaugurated as territorial governor. The bust was donated in 1935 by the Pensacola Historic Preservation Society.
The plaza was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960. As such, it was automatically included in the National Register of Historic Places when that program began in 1966.
In 1989, the plaza was listed in A Guide to Florida's Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.
Archaeologists, in 2002, discovered evidence of British structures previously not known to have existed in that area.
New Year's celebration
Plaza Ferdinand was the site of the Pelican Drop.
Notable buildings near the plaza
Saenger Theatre
Quayside Art Gallery, 17 E. Zarragossa, located in an 1873 firehouse
Federalist House, 11 E. Zaragoza Street.
Gallery
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Florida
National Register of Historic Places listings in Escambia County, Florida
References
External links
National Historic Landmarks in Florida
Buildings and structures in Pensacola, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Escambia County, Florida
Parks in Escambia County, Florida
Tourist attractions in Pensacola, Florida
Historic American Buildings Survey in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza%20Ferdinand%20VII |
Five Pointe O (pronounced "5 point O") was a nu metal band from Joliet, Illinois.
History
Five Pointe 0 was formed in 1999 by vocalist Daniel Struble, guitarist Sharon Grzelinski and bassist Sean Pavey. They then recruited Eric Wood on guitar, Tony Starcevich on drums and Casey Mejia on keyboards. The band self-released two EPs in 1999, Five Pointe 0 and The Other Side.
In 2001, they signed with Roadrunner Records and released their debut album Untitled on March 19, 2002. After almost a full year of touring, vocalist Daniel Struble and guitarist Sharon Grzelinski parted ways with the band. Despite the remaining members vowing to continue on, the band later disbanded.
The song "The Infinity" was featured in the film, Resident Evil.
Members
Daniel Struble – vocals
Eric Wood – guitar
Sharon Grzelinski – guitar
Jon Bartlett – guitar
Sean Pavey – bass
Tony Starcevich – drum
Casey Mejia – keyboard
Discography
- Re-recorded for Untitled
References
External links
American nu metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups disestablished in 2003
Musical groups from Chicago
Roadrunner Records artists
1999 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five%20Pointe%20O |
O Monstro Precisa de Amigos is the second studio album by Portuguese band Ornatos Violeta, released on 22 November 1999 by Polydor.
Two music videos were filmed, for the songs "Ouvi Dizer" and "Capitão Romance".
Recording and production
The recording of Ornatos' second studio album was a difficult one. The band rejected "dozens of songs" during the album's development sessions with producer Mário Barreiros, with the band's members becoming so frustrated that they expressed a sudden desire of giving up on the project completely after just two months of production. Some of these rejected songs, such as "Como Afundar", "Há-de Encarnar", "Rio de Raiva" and "Devagar" were later included in the 2011 release of a CD box containing both studio albums and a third CD, named Inéditos/Raridades, with previously unreleased songs.
Years later, Barreiros said he had identified that frustration as merely the "permanent insatisfaction of the great artists" that allowed them to push their art further away.
Composition
O Monstro Precisa de Amigos is noted to be a much more mature and versatile album than the band's debut Cão!, offering a more meditative and polished sound.
For their second album, the band could count with the guest participation of Gordon Gano of Violent Femmes and Portuguese musician and actor Vítor Espadinha. The Violent Femmes were a long-time reference for Ornatos, and their lead singer Gano shared vocal duties with Manel Cruz in the single "Capitão Romance", in which he sang in Portuguese. Espadinha contributed with the recitation of a poem that can be heard at the end of "Ouvi Dizer", another of the album's singles which has been called a "post-modern classic" by some media outlets.
Reception
The album was considered by the Portuguese music magazine Blitz as the best album of the year in 1999, with Cruz being awarded the best vocalist prize and Ornatos Violeta the best Portuguese ensemble of that year. O Monstro Precisa de Amigos had sold 15 586 copies as of October 2002, which allowed the album to be certified as a silver record in Portugal.
Years later, the album is considered to have turned Ornatos Violeta into one of the most successful rock bands in Portugal. In June 2017, the album was included in Blitz's list of the 30 best Portuguese albums of the last 30 years.
To signal the band's 20 years anniversary, O Monstro Precisa de Amigos was re-released on 5 December 2011 along with Cão! and a CD with previously unreleased work. This CD box release was certified as a platinum record in Portugal.
O Monstro Precisa de Amigos was released for the first time as a vinyl record on 5 February 2012, with Rastilho Records providing a limited and numbered edition of 500 copies of both O Monstro and Cão!.
Track listing
Personnel
The following people are credited on the album:
Performance credits
Manel Cruz – vocals and guitar (tracks 1, 4, 10, 12, 13)
Elísio Donas – piano and keyboards
Kinörm – drums
Peixe – guitar
Nuno Prata – bass
Other credits
Mário Barreiros - production, recording and mixing
Nelson Carvalho - mixing
Manel Cruz – album cover illustration
Jorge Fidalgo - piano technical assistance
Mandy Parnell - mastering
References
1999 albums
Polydor Records albums
Ornatos Violeta albums
Portuguese-language albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%20Monstro%20Precisa%20de%20Amigos |
Phantom Canyon is a canyon located in Colorado, in the Western United States. It is in the Laramie Foothills region of Colorado, near Fort Collins. It is formed by the North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River. It is one of the only canyons in the Colorado Front Range that is roadless.
External links
https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/phantom-canyon-preserve/
Canyons and gorges of Colorado
Landforms of Larimer County, Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom%20Canyon%20%28Fort%20Collins%20Area%29 |
Crescentin is a protein which is a bacterial relative of the intermediate filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Just as tubulins and actins, the other major cytoskeletal proteins, have prokaryotic homologs in, respectively, the FtsZ and MreB proteins, intermediate filaments are linked to the crescentin protein. Some of its homologs are erroneously labelled Chromosome segregation protein ParA. This protein family is found in Caulobacter and Methylobacterium.
Role in cell shape
Crescentin was discovered in 2009 by Christine Jacobs-Wagner in Caulobacter crescentus (now vibrioides), an aquatic bacterium which uses its crescent-shaped cells for enhanced motility. The crescentin protein is located on the concave face of these cells and appears to be necessary for their shape, as mutants lacking the protein form rod-shaped cells. To influence the shape of the Caulobacter cells, the helices of crescentin filaments associate with the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane on one lateral side of the cell. This induces a curved cell shape in younger cells, which are shorter than the helical pitch of crescentin, but induces a spiral shape in older, longer cells.
Protein structure
Like eukaryotic intermediate filaments, crescentin organizes into filaments and is present in a helical structure in the cell. Crescentin is necessary for both shapes of the Caulobacter prokaryote (vibroid/crescent-shape and helical shape, which it may adopt after a long stationary phase). The crescentin protein has 430 residues; its sequence mostly consists of a pattern of 7 repeated residues which form a coiled-coil structure. The DNA sequence of the protein has sections very similar to the eukaryotic keratin and lamin proteins, mostly involving the coiled-coil structure. Researchers Ausmees et al. recently proved that, like animal intermediate filament proteins, crescentin has a central rod made up of four coiled-coil segments. Both intermediate filament and crescentin proteins have a primary sequence including four α-helical segments along with non-α-helical linker domains. An important difference between crescentin and animal intermediate filament proteins is that crescentin lacks certain consensus sequence elements at the ends of the rod domain which are conserved in animal lamin and keratin proteins.
The protein has been divided into a few subdomains organized similarly to eukaryotic IF proteins. Not every researcher is convinced that it is a homolog of intermediate filaments, suggesting instead that the similarity might have arisen via convergent evolution.
Assembly of filaments
Eukaryotic intermediate filament proteins assemble into filaments of 8–15 nm within the cell without the need for energy input, that is, no need for ATP or GTP. Ausmees et al. continued their crescentin research by testing whether the protein could assemble into filaments in this manner in vitro. They found that crescentin proteins were indeed able to form filaments about 10 nm wide, and that some of these filaments organized laterally into bundles, just as eukaryotic intermediate filaments do. The similarity of crescentin protein to intermediate filament proteins suggests an evolutionary linkage between these two cytoskeletal proteins.
Like eukaryotic intermediate filaments, the filament built from crescentin is elastic. Individual proteins dissociate slowly, making the structure somewhat stiff and slow to remodel. Strain does not induce hardening of the structure, unlike eukaryotic IFs that do.
References
Cytoskeleton
Bacterial proteins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescentin |
Fei Mu (October 10, 1906 — January 31, 1951), also romanised as Fey Mou, was a Chinese film director of the pre-Communist era. His Spring in a Small Town (1948) was declared the greatest Chinese film ever made by the Hong Kong Film Critics Society.
Biography
Fei Mu's ancestral hometown is Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. He was born in Shanghai, China in 1906. Before becoming a director, he worked as an assistant of the film pioneer Hou Yao.
Known for his artistic style and costume dramas, Fei made his first film, Night in the City (1933), produced by the Lianhua Film Company), at the age of 27, and he was met with both critical and popular acclaim; the film is now lost. Continuing to make films with Lianhua, Fei directed films throughout the 1930s and became a major talent in the industry, with films like Blood on Wolf Mountain (1936) which is often seen as an allegory on the war with Japan, and Song of China (1935), a glorification of traditional values that was part of the New Life Movement. Later, Song of China became one of the few films that had a limited release in the United States.
Fei's legacy as one of China's greatest directors was sealed with Spring in a Small Town (1948) about a love triangle in post-war China (it was later remade by Tian Zhuangzhuang in 2002 as Springtime in a Small Town). Director Wong Kar-wai called him the only film poet he knew in China. In 2005, Spring in a Small Town was declared the greatest Chinese film ever made by the Hong Kong Film Critics Society. Fei remained active in this so-called "Second Golden Age" and also directed China's first color film A Wedding in the Dream (1948), which incorporated Beijing Opera and starred Mei Lanfang. Following the Communist revolution in 1949, Fei Mu, along with many other artists and intellectuals fled to Hong Kong. There he founded Longma Film Company (Dragon-Horse Films) with Zhu Shilin and Fei Luyi and produced (under the Longma name) Zhu Shilin's The Flower Girl (1951).
Following his death from a heart attack in Hong Kong in 1951 while working at his desk, Fei Mu and his work temporarily fell into obscurity, as much of his filmography was forgotten or ignored on the mainland and rejected by leftists as indicative of rightist ideologies. It was not until the 1980s, when the China Film Archive re-opened after being closed down during the Cultural Revolution, that Fei Mu's work found a new audience. Most significant was a new print made by the China Film Archive from the original negative of Spring in a Small Town.
Filmography
Director
Screenwriter
Producer
Further reading
See also
Lianhua Film Company
Notes
External links
Chinese Film Classics: Fei Mu: The scholarly website chinesefilmclassics.org contains information about Fei and English-subtitled versions of Song of China and Spring in a Small Town (course module)
Fei Mu at the Chinese Movie Database
A brief biography of Fei Mu
A biographical article on Fei Mu and the making of Spring in a Small Town
Fei Mu Documents, Suzhou Art Museum, 2018.10.20-2018.11.25 “诗人导演”费穆文献展亮相苏州美术馆
1906 births
1951 deaths
Film directors from Shanghai
Screenwriters from Shanghai
Chinese Civil War refugees
Chinese silent film directors
20th-century screenwriters
Chinese emigrants to British Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fei%20Mu |
Synapse Software Corporation (marketed as SynSoft in the UK) was an American video game development and publishing company founded in 1981 by Ihor Wolosenko and Ken Grant. It initially focused on the Atari 8-bit family, then later developed for the Commodore 64 and other systems. The company was purchased by Broderbund in late 1984 and the Synapse label retired in 1985.
The company's first release was the database File Manager 800, written by Grant and Wolosenko, followed by the game Dodge Racer, a clone of Sega's Head On programmed by Rob Re. 1982's Shamus established Synapse as a creator of high-quality action games. It was followed by additional well-received games including Rainbow Walker, Blue Max, and The Pharaoh's Curse, and some others based on unusual concepts, like Necromancer and Alley Cat. First-person game Dimension X was promoted for its "altered perspective scrolling" technology, then released in a cut-down form over nine months later to disappointing reviews. The company also sold databases, a 6502 assembler, and a suite of biofeedback hardware and software. A line of productivity applications published in 1983, including a spreadsheet, led to financial difficulties and the company's downfall.
The box cover art for most of Synapse's games was done by Tim Boxell, a friend of Ihor Wolosenko.
Action games
Synapse's first releases were for the Atari 8-bit computers, starting in 1981. Some of their early games were based on elements of contemporary arcade games. Dodge Racer (1981) is a clone of Sega's Head On, and Protector (1981) uses elements of Defender. Chicken (1982) has the same basic concept as Kaboom! for the Atari 2600, which itself is similar to the arcade game Avalanche.
Nautilus (1982) uses a split-screen so two players can play at once. In single-player mode the user controls a submarine, the Nautilus, in the lower screen while the computer controls a destroyer, the Colossus, on the upper screen. In two-player mode, another player controls the destroyer. The same basic system was later re-used in other games, including Shadow World.
Survivor (1982) supports up to four simultaneous players, via the four joystick ports on the Atari 400 and Atari 800 computers. Each player commands a different part of a single spaceship. In single-player mode it operates like the ship in Asteroids, while in two player mode one drives and the other fires in any direction.
In an interview with Antic, Wolosenko agreed that 1982's Shamus was the beginning of Synapse's reputation for quality products. Other similar caliber, better advertised games followed in 1982-3. These include Necromancer, Rainbow Walker, Blue Max, Fort Apocalypse, Alley Cat, and The Pharaoh's Curse. It was during this period that the company branched out and started supporting other systems, especially the Commodore 64, which became a major platform. Many of Synapse's games made their way to the UK as part of the initial wave of U.S. Gold-distributed imports (under the "Synsoft" imprint). Some were also converted to run on more popular UK home computers, such as the ZX Spectrum.
Synapse was an early developer for the unsuccessful graphics-accelerated Mindset computer project and created the first-person game Vyper (1984) for it.
Ports and re-releases
Synapse developed an official port of the arcade video game Zaxxon for the Commodore 64. The Atari 8-bit port was from Datasoft. Synapse also published Encounter! in 1983, which was originally released in the UK by Novagen Software without the exclamation mark in the name. Salmon Run, the first game from Necromancer and Alley Cat designer Bill Williams, was published by the Atari Program Exchange in 1982; Synapse released a VIC-20 port under the "Showcase Software" label the following year.
Utilities and productivity software
Although it is for their success with arcade-style games that it is primarily remembered, Synapse started out selling database software for the Atari 8-bit computers. In 1982 Synapse released SynAssembler, a 6502 development system which was much faster than Atari's offerings at the time. SynAssembler is a port of the S-C Assembler II Version 4.0 from the Apple II. The port was done by Steve Hales, who also wrote a number of games for Synapse.
Synapse was developing a series of home productivity and financial applications: SynFile+ (written in Forth by Steve Ahlstrom and Dan Moore of The 4th Works), SynCalc, Synfilet, SynChron, SynComm, SynStock, and SynTrend.
Interactive fiction
Some time before their demise, Synapse had started work on interactive fiction games (or as they called them, "Electronic Novels"). The games were all based on a parser called "BTZ" (Better Than Zork), written by William Mataga and Steve Hales. Seven games were written using the system but only four released, the best-known being the critically well-received Mindwheel.
Downfall
By early 1984 Synapse was the largest third-party provider of Atari 8-bit software, but 65% of its sales came from the Commodore market. The company ran into financial difficulty. According to Steve Hales they had taken a calculated risk in developing the series of productivity applications and had entered into a collaboration with Atari, Inc. When Jack Tramiel purchased Atari's consumer division from Warner Communications, he refused to pay for the 40,000 units of software that had been shipped.
Thrown into a cash crisis, Synapse was purchased by Broderbund Software in late 1984. Although the intention had been to keep Synapse going, the market had changed, and they were unable to make money from the
electronic novels. Approximately one year after the takeover, Broderbund closed Synapse down.
Software
Games separated by a slash were sold together as "Double Plays," with one being a bonus game on the other side of the disk. Rainbow Walker was initially sold by itself, and the second game added later.
Showcase Software
At the 1983 Consumer Electronics Show, Synapse announced it would publish games for the VIC-20. These were a mix of original titles and ports sold under the name Showcase Software. Only some of the announced games were released.
Astro Patrol
Salmon Run - originally published in 1982 for the Atari 8-bit family through the Atari Program Exchange
Squeeze
References
External links
Scans and information on Synapse's Atari products
Atari 8-bit family
Defunct software companies of the United States
Defunct video game companies of the United States
1984 disestablishments in California
American companies disestablished in 1984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse%20Software |
The Deep was a short-lived American psychedelic rock band made up of musicians from New York City, who in 1966 traveled to Philadelphia to record a one-time LP, Psychedelic Moods. The band was experimentally progressive, as they were one of the earliest groups to record psychedelic music, before it was adapted by a wider array of musical acts. Although their only album failed to achieve success, it later gained acclaim for being considered the earliest work to reference "psychedelic" in its title.
Information on the band is sparse as only one band member had a confirmed musical career prior to recording. The member, Rusty Evans (born Marcus Uzilevsky, 1937, New York City, died December 5, 2015, Woodacre, California), was the Deep's lead guitarist, primary songwriter, and a vocalist. Evans initially recorded in 1958 as a rockabilly singer, before performing as a Greenwich Village folk musician in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He recorded three albums as Rusty Evans – Songs of Our Land, Railroad Songs (both 1964) and Live at Gerde's Folk City (1965) – and was later a member of the folk group The New Christy Minstrels. Musician David Bromberg is also known to have played on The Deep's one and only album, although it is unknown on which tracks he played.
In the early summer of 1966, Evans convinced producer Mark Barkan to help him record a psychedelic album. They secured arrangements with the Philadelphia-based Cameo-Parkway label, the home for fellow protopunk act Question Mark and the Mysterians, for a meager budget of $1200. In August, Evans and Barkan assembled a group of New York musicians to record as the Deep, and they drove in a rundown car to Philadelphia to record what would become the Psychedelic Moods album, which was done in the short period of four days and would necessitate late-night sessions in order to be finished on time. The all-night sessions also provided the musicians, who were unable to afford a hotel, with a place to sleep.
While the exact release date of the album has yet to be definitively established, the record is generally considered to have been distributed in October 1966, based on the album's catalogue number. This would credit it as the first official album to include the word "psychedelic" in its title, pre-dating the Blues Magoos' debut, Psychedelic Lollipop, and The 13th Floor Elevators' debut album, The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators. The Deep's Psychedelic Moods did not sell well, and the group did not tour to support it. They existed as a studio-only band, and, aside from sessions for their album, produced no other recordings under that name.
Evans left Cameo-Parkway to record a new album for the Columbia Records label in 1967. Abandoning the "Deep" name, this second album was credited to the band The Freak Scene and entitled Psychedelic Psoul. Despite the name change, the band still contained the original lineup from the first album, and the sound of this album is very similar to that of Psychedelic Moods. It is typically considered a follow-up in all but name. As its title suggests, Psychedelic Psoul is composed of psychedelic-influenced tracks as the band continued to develop past concepts from their debut album. However, The Freak Scene's album met the same results as Psychedelic Moods. They did not tour, and their album did not chart. The album has been rereleased by Sony BMG through Columbia Records on vinyl. The group disbanded in late 1967.
After this venture, Evans returned to performing as a solo musician. He recorded under his birthname, Marcus, for a self-titled album in 1969, which produced compositions conceived as psychedelic folk in nature. He did not record another album until 1979, when he released Life's Railway Heaven, another folk effort. Evans recorded sporadically until his death, usually in the style of folk or rockabilly music, and in the 1990s released two new age CDs, Slice of Light and Gypsy Dreams, credited as Uzca. He also led a Johnny Cash tribute band. Under his real name of Marcus Uzilevsky, he was a respected visual artist best known for his landscape paintings, and was exhibited widely in California.
References
Garage rock groups from New York (state)
Musical groups established in 1966
Musical groups disestablished in 1966
Musical groups from Philadelphia
Psychedelic rock music groups from New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Deep%20%28band%29 |
Richard Bright may refer to:
Richard Bright (physician) (1789–1858), English physician and early pioneer in the research of kidney disease
Richard Bright (politician) (1822–1878), English Member of Parliament, 1868–1878 (nephew of the above)
Richard Bright (actor) (1937–2006), American actor
See also
Rick Bright (born 1966), American immunologist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Bright |
Sleepaway Camp II: Unhappy Campers (released as Nightmare Vacation II in the United Kingdom) is a 1988 American slasher film written by Fritz Gordon and directed by Michael A. Simpson. It is the second installment in the Sleepaway Camp film series, and stars Pamela Springsteen as Angela, and Renée Estevez. The film takes place five years after the events of the original, and features serial killer Angela, working as a counselor, murdering misbehaving teenagers at another summer camp.
Sleepaway Camp II: Unhappy Campers has elements of black comedy and references various horror franchises, such as Friday the 13th, A Nightmare on Elm Street, and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre.
It was followed by a direct sequel, Sleepaway Camp III: Teenage Wasteland (1989), one year later.
Plot
Five years after the events of the first film, a girl named Phoebe, tells a group of boys at a campfire about the killings at Camp Arawak. Her head counselor, Angela, forces her to go back to the cabin. After the pair get into an argument, Angela bashes a log over Phoebe’s head and then removes her tongue for having a "filthy mouth".
The next day, campers Molly, Ally, Mare, Demi, Lea and sisters Brooke and Jodi, question Angela on the whereabouts of Phoebe. She tells them she had to send her home. Later that day, Angela discovers Brooke and Jodi smoking marijuana and drinking alcohol. She initially let them go only to find them fornicating with one of the boys the next day. Angela chases the boy off. Afterward, Brooke wakes up on a grill and discovers Jodi's charred remains. Angela then pours gasoline over Brooke and burns her to death as well.
That night, the boys start a panty raid which Angela breaks up. During a jock strap raid against the boys Mare flashes her breasts. Angela decides to drive her home and murders her with an electric drill. The next night, campers Anthony and Judd try to scare Angela, dressed as Freddy Krueger and Jason Voorhees. The plan backfires when Angela, dressed as Leatherface (wearing Mare's skinned face as a mask), slashes Anthony's throat and murders Judd with a chainsaw.
The next day, Angela sets a trap for Ally and forces her down an outhouse, drowning her in human waste and leeches. That night, Demi reveals to Angela that she phoned the families of the campers "sent home" and discovered the girls aren't at home. Realizing she could be caught, Angela strangles Demi with a guitar string, before stabbing Lea to death when she finds Demi's body.
The next day, head counselors Uncle John and T.C. fire Angela for "sending too many campers home". Molly and Sean go into the woods to cheer her up but the pair discover the bodies of the other campers, before Angela ties them up. After learning the whereabouts of Molly and Sean, T.C. goes after them but Angela throws battery acid in his face, killing him instantly. Sean is decapitated after he realizes Angela is the murderer from the Camp Arawak incident five years ago.
Later, Angela leaves the cabin and Molly frees herself. Upon returning, Molly knocks Angela unconscious, steals her knife, and escapes. After an extended chase through the woods, Molly falls onto a rock and is presumed dead. After killing the remaining campers, Angela hitchhikes but the driver quickly annoys her and she kills her. Molly regains consciousness and makes it out of the woods but the truck pulls up behind her. Molly is horrified to learn that Angela is the driver and she screams.
Cast
Pamela Springsteen as Angela Johnson / Angela Baker
Renée Estevez as Molly Nagle
Tony Higgins as Sean Whitmore (credited as Anthony Higgins)
Valerie Hartman as Ally
Brian Patrick Clarke as T.C.
Walter Gotell as Uncle John
Susan Marie Snyder as Mare
Terry Hobbs as Rob Darrinco
Kendall Bean as Demi
Julie Murphy as Lea
Carol Chambers as Brooke Shote
Amy Fields as Jodi Shote
Benji Wilhoite as Anthony
Walter Franks III as Judd
Justin Nowell as Charlie
Heather Binion as Phoebe
Jason Ehrlich as Emilio
Carol Martin Vines as Diane
Tricia Grant as Girl Sent Home
Jill Jane Clements as Woman in Truck
Production
Jerry Silva, who had served as a co-producer on Sleepaway Camp, approached Double Helix Films about producing a follow-up to the film. Michael Hitchcock, then a staffer at Double Helix, was assigned to write both Sleepaway Camp II and Sleepaway Camp III: Teenage Wasteland and did so under the pseudonym of Fritz Gordon. Michael A. Simpson. a filmmaker based in Atlanta, Georgia, was hired as director in the Fall of 1987 and shot both Sleepaway Camp II and Sleepaway Camp III were shot back-to-back in order to keep the production budgets at $1 million or less.
A YMCA youth camp in Waco, Georgia was used for the fictional Camp Rolling Hills. Filming began on September 20 and wrapped on October 9, 1987.
Releases
Like Sleepaway Camp, Sleepaway Camp II was released theatrically on a limited basis. It was released in theaters on August 26, 1988 before being released on VHS in the United States by Nelson Entertainment two months later.
Home media
The film has been released twice on DVD in the United States by Anchor Bay Entertainment. The first release was in 2002 with a single DVD edition, as well as in the Sleepaway Camp Survival Kit. Both these releases are currently out of print.
Scream Factory, under license from MGM, released Sleepaway Camp II and its sequel, Sleepaway Camp III: Teenage Wasteland, for the first time on Blu-ray disc on June 9, 2015.
In the United Kingdom, the film was released via Futuristic Entertainment, under the title "Nightmare Vacation 2". There was over two minutes of scenes cut from the film in order for it to receive an "18" certificate by the BBFC as the film was deemed too violent for an uncut release. This was due to the strict regime of the time when film distribution had to adhere to rules under the Video Recordings Act 1984. The scenes cut were the removal of Phoebe's tongue, a shortened version of Ally being stabbed in the back, the complete scene where Ally is drowned in the outhouse is removed, and a shortened version of Diane being stabbed in the stomach. This version was also released on DVD from 23rd Century Home Entertainment.
Sleepaway Camp II was eventually released completely uncut in the UK for the first time when it was made available as part of the "Sleepaway Camp Trilogy" DVD box set from Anchor Bay Entertainment on May 31, 2004. It was also available in standard case packaging, both of which are now out of print. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by 88 Films as part of their "Slasher Classics Collection" in April 2016.
Reception
Tim Salmons of The Digital Bits said that "[Blu-ray release of the film] is half of one of the most enjoyable high-definition horror experiences of the year". Brandon Peters of Why So Blu? wrote: "It's unfortunate that the original negative, master what have you has been lost, but I still think the film looks better than it ever has before".
According to William Harrison of DVD Talk, the film is "purposely not scary", adding that "it, instead, ramps up the self-aware humor and ridiculous death scenes".
References
External links
1988 comedy horror films
1988 LGBT-related films
1980s serial killer films
Sleepaway Camp 2
1980s teen comedy films
1980s teen horror films
American comedy horror films
American independent films
American sequel films
American serial killer films
American slasher films
American teen comedy films
American teen horror films
American teen LGBT-related films
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
LGBT-related comedy horror films
Sleepaway Camp (film series)
Films about summer camps
Transgender-related films
1988 comedy films
Films set in 1988
1980s English-language films
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepaway%20Camp%20II%3A%20Unhappy%20Campers |
Madak was a blend of opium and tobacco used as a recreational drug in 16th- and 17th-century China. It emerged in southern coastal areas in the first half of the 17th century. In the last quarter of the 18th century madak was phased out by raw opium. The prohibition of madak in 1729 may have been a contributing factor to the increase in popularity of smoking pure opium.
Raw opium was introduced in China by Arab merchants. Rather than taking bitter raw opium orally, the Chinese attempted smoking opium mixed with other substances. According to Dikotter et al., smoking opium blended with tobacco was introduced in China by the Dutch traders between 1624 and 1660. Madak was prepared by blending opium from Java with domestic Chinese hemp and herbs, boiling the mix in pans and, finally, mixing with tobacco. It was smoked in bamboo pipes with coir fibre filter. The new addiction was limited to coastal territories around Taiwan Strait; further spread was hampered by the civil war that accompanied the fall of the Ming Dynasty. The new Qing Dynasty government was not aware of madak until 1683. The lucrative opium business continued spreading along the coast of Southern China, although exact chronology of this spread remains unknown.
By 1720 the government saw madak smoking as a social evil that has corrupted not just the lowest classes, but the "good families" too. Smoking dens, where people congregated at night, were deemed as dangerous as heretical cults and political conspiracies. In 1729 the Yongzheng Emperor banned recreational smoking of madak. Medicinal use remained permitted. According to Dikotter et al., the prohibition targeted madak smoking not as such, but as a dangerous form of unacceptable social life feared by the Forbidden City (and thus was akin to A Counterblaste to Tobacco written a century earlier by James I of England). Madak had a "very narrow consumer base" confined to Fujian, Guangdong and Taiwan. Peak consumption, according to Dutch records, was under 12 tonnes of opium per annum.
The British East India Company (EIC) complied with the ban until 1780; Portuguese merchant ships continued small-scale deliveries of "medicinal" opium. In 1780 the East India Company faced a dire financial crisis and resorted to opium smuggling . Their opium did not sell at all: only 15% of the English shipment found customers within China. However, in the next two decades consumption of opium rapidly grew. The Chinese replaced madak with raw opium; madak remained in limited use by the Malay people. In 1793 the EIC assumed a monopoly on now profitable opium trade into China. The Chinese government banned opium in 1796, temporarily driving the market underground. Historian Xiao Yishan reasoned that the surge in opium consumption was directly influenced by the 1729 prohibition. According to Dikotter et al., exact causes of the change remain unknown.
See also
History of opium in China
Footnotes
References
Dikötter, F., Laaman, L. & Xun, Z. (2004). Narcotic Culture: A History of Drugs in China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. .
Opium in China
Tobacco
Drug culture
16th century in China
17th century in China
Drugs in China
Smoking in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madak |
Haizhou (海州) may refer to:
Jiangsu
Haizhou District, Lianyungang, in Jiangsu, China
Hai Prefecture, a prefecture between the 6th and 20th centuries in modern Jiangsu, China
Liaoning
Haizhou District, Fuxin, in Liaoning, China
Haicheng, Liaoning, in China, known in the Ming Dynasty as Haizhou Garrison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haizhou |
Sam Ruby is a prominent software developer who has made significant contributions to web standards and open source software projects. In particular he has contributed to the standardization of syndicated web feeds via his involvement with the Atom standard and the Feed Validator web service.
He currently holds a Senior Technical Staff Member position in the Emerging Technologies Group of IBM and is on the board of the Apache Software Foundation. He resides in Raleigh, North Carolina.
Background
Sam Ruby received a B.A. in mathematics from Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia. Ruby was hired immediately out of college by IBM and has worked there since.
Apache Project
Ruby currently serves on the board of the Apache Software Foundation. He formerly served as president; Assistant Secretary; Director, Vice President of Legal Affairs; and was the former Chair of the Apache Jakarta Project. He also actively contributes to numerous Apache projects. Notably, he was one of the early Ant contributors, as well as being the creator of Gump.
Feed Validator
Ruby is the principal maintainer of the Feed validator, which he developed along with Mark Pilgrim. It's able to validate Atom feeds as well as RSS 0.90, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 1.0, 1.1 and 2.0 feeds.
PHP
Ruby also contributed to PHP, in particular to the Java Extension.
Ruby
Sam Ruby has done development in the Ruby programming language, leading to some confusion between the person's name and the language. However, there is no formal connection—they both just coincidentally have the same name.
Venus
Ruby is the author of Venus, an Atom/RSS feed aggregator, the codebase that began as a radical refactoring of the Planet 2.0 feed aggregator in 2006.
html5lib
Ruby is a developer member of the html5lib project, with his primary contribution being the initial port of html5lib to the Ruby programming language.
Standardization efforts
Ruby has been active within various standards development organizations.
ECMA standardization of the .NET Framework CLI
Ruby was the convener of the ECMA TC49 group that standardized the Common Language Infrastructure for Microsoft's .NET Framework.
Atom
The project which eventually became the Atom web feed standard was started by a blog posting by Sam Ruby in 2002 entitled "what makes a log entry". This blog posting eventually became a wiki project which acted as a rallying point for people looking to improve upon the frozen RSS format. Sam Ruby was the secretary of the IETF AtomPub working group. This working group completed RFC 4287, the Atom format specification ("The Atom Syndication Format"), in December 2005 and RFC 5023, "The Atom Publishing Protocol", in October 2007.
ECMAScript
Ruby is a member of the ECMAScript technical committee (ECMAScript TC39); his primary contribution to the group is in driving the effort to add Decimal support to ECMAScript.
HTML5
Ruby was an early adopter of HTML5, and has offered a number of concrete proposals which were subsequently incorporated into the HTML5 draft. He has been appointed co-chair of the W3C's HTML Working Group from 5 January 2009.
Bibliography
Agile Web Development with Rails 5 (Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2016) (with Dave Thomas and David Heinemeier Hansson)
Agile Web Development with Rails 4 (Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2013) (with Dave Thomas and David Heinemeier Hansson)
RESTful Web APIs (O'Reilly Publishing, 2013) (with Leonard Richardson and Mike Amundsen)
Agile Web Development with Rails 3.2 (Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2011) (with Dave Thomas and David Heinemeier Hansson)
Agile Web Development with Rails, Third Edition (Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2009) (with Dave Thomas and David Heinemeier Hansson)
RESTful Web Services (O'Reilly Publishing, 2007) (with Leonard Richardson)
See also
Apache Software Foundation
Atom (standard)
References
Sources
Web services visionary - an interview with Sam Ruby (IBM developerworks)
Sam Ruby on the O'Reilly Network
SamRuby page on Atom Wiki - accessed February 22, 2006.
''Biography: Sam Ruby - from XML Conference and Expo 2003.
External links
Intertwingly - Sam Ruby's weblog (the name is a reference to Ted Nelson's coinage "intertwingularity").
Feed Validator - Sam Ruby's feed validator for Atom and RSS.
American bloggers
American computer scientists
Computer programmers
Christopher Newport University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
IBM employees
Open source advocates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Ruby |
Stephen Douglas Yerkes (May 15, 1888 – January 31, 1971) was a professional baseball player.
Formative years and baseball career
Yerkes was born in Hatboro, Pennsylvania on May 15, 1888. During his early twenties, he played all or part of seven seasons in Major League Baseball. Primarily a second baseman between 1909 and 1916, he played for the Boston Red Sox (1909, 1911–14), of the American League, the Pittsburgh Rebels (1914–15) of the Federal League, and the Chicago Cubs (1916) of the National League.
He played in the first game at Boston's Fenway Park, on April 20, 1912, during which he had five hits, including two doubles. In the 1912 World Series, he drove in the winning run for the Red Sox in Game One, and scored the Series-winning run in the tenth inning of Game Eight.
Yerkes batted and threw right-handed. During his major league career, he posted a .268 batting average with six home runs and 254 RBI in 711 games played.
Later years
After his major league career ended, Yerkes continued to play on and off in minor league baseball until 1923, mostly with the Indianapolis Indians. He then began a career as a manager, working with various minor league teams between 1924 and 1947.
In 1945, Yerkes received one vote from the Baseball Writers' Association of America in the Baseball Hall of Fame voting.
Death and interment
Yerkes died in Lansdale, Pennsylvania, at age 82 and was interred at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania.
References
External links
Major League Baseball second basemen
Boston Red Sox players
Burials at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery
Chicago Cubs players
Pittsburgh Rebels players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Atlanta Crackers players
Indianapolis Indians players
Minor league baseball managers
People from Hatboro, Pennsylvania
Baseball players from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
1888 births
1971 deaths
Goldsboro Giants players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Yerkes |
Oscar Peterson Trio + One is a 1964 album by Oscar Peterson, featuring Clark Terry.
Track listing
"Brotherhood of Man" (Frank Loesser) – 3:32
"Jim" (Caesar Petrillo, Milton Samuels, Nelson Shawn) – 3:01
"Blues for Smedley" (Oscar Peterson) – 6:56
"Roundalay" (Peterson) – 3:55
"Mumbles" (Clark Terry) – 2:01
"Mack the Knife" (Bertolt Brecht, Kurt Weill) – 5:16
"They Didn't Believe Me" (Jerome Kern, Herbert Reynolds) – 4:21
"Squeaky's Blues" (Peterson) – 3:28
"I Want a Little Girl" (Murray Mencher, Billy Moll) – 5:10
"Incoherent Blues" (Terry) – 2:42
on tracks 2 and 7 Terry plays flugelhorn
on tracks 5 and 10 Terry sings or mumbles
CD re-issue
The album was re-issued on CD, in a gatefold sleeve, with an additional sleeve-notes booklet, in 1998 by PolyGram. In 2012 it was re-issued by Verve (Universal Music Group).
Personnel
Clark Terry – trumpet, flugelhorn, vocal
Oscar Peterson – piano
Ray Brown – double bass
Ed Thigpen – drums
References
External links
1964 albums
Oscar Peterson albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Verve Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Peterson%20Trio%20%2B%20One |
Martina "Molly" Beck (born Martina Glagow; 21 September 1979 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany) is a retired German biathlete. She now lives in Mittenwald in Bavaria. She was most successful in the 2002–03 season, when she was the first German to win the women's overall Biathlon World Cup. She is also a three-times world champion and three-times Olympic silver medalist.
She married the Austrian biathlete Günther Beck on 24 July 2008 and is now known as Martina Beck. She has one daughter named Hilde (born 1 April 2011).
Career
Beck's father, Martin Glagow, is a former army officer and ski technician: he waxed Martina's skis until the end of the 2004–05 season, and was also a wax technician for the British biathlon team from 2000 until his retirement in 2011. Although Beck stands only tall, she was a strong skier, but was renowned for her shooting ability: she was regularly among the female athletes with the highest accuracy rate, leading the shooting statistics in the 2003–04 season with a rate of 89 percent. Her father attributed her shooting ability to family inheritance: he had won multiple divisional shooting championships, and he noted that his father was also a good marksman.
She became a member of the German World Cup team in 2000, when she impressed by winning an event in her first year and even finished third in the mass start World Cup standings. Later, she became the first German biathlete to win the women's Biathlon World Cup in the 2002–03 season, alongside the pursuit World Cup; in 2005–06, she finished third in the overall standings and won the mass start standings. In 2007–08, she was the best biathlete in the individual discipline. As of 17 March 2008, she has won a total of 12 individual world cup events.
During the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Beck won three silver medals: one in the sprint competition, one in the pursuit, and one in the relay. At world championships, she has won a total of eleven medals: she was World Champion thrice, in 2003 in the pursuit (together with Sandrine Bailly) and in 2007 and 2008 in the relay.
Beck retired from the sport after the 2009–10 season.
Achievements
Winter Olympics:
2006: 3 × Silver (Individual, Pursuit, Relay)
2010: 1 × Bronze (Relay)
Biathlon World Championships:
2001: 1 × silver (mass start)
2003: 1 × gold (pursuit), 1 × bronze (relay)
2004: 1 × silver (pursuit), 2 × bronze (sprint, relay)
2007: 1 × gold (relay), 1 × silver (mass start), 1 × bronze (individual)
2008: 1 × gold (relay), 1 × silver (individual)
Biathlon World Cup overall:
1 × overall World Cup winner (2002/03), 1 × World Cup pursuit winner (2002/03), 1 × World Cup individual winner (2007/08)
Biathlon World Cup victories:
14 (as of: 7 December 2008)
Holmenkollen ski festival victories
Three (as of 2006) - 2003 (pursuit), 2004 (individual), and 2006 (sprint)
References
External links
Official website
Fanclub
1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Biathletes at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic bronze medalists for Germany
German female biathletes
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
Olympic biathletes for Germany
Olympic medalists in biathlon
Biathlon World Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina%20Beck |
John Gillespie Henderson (17 January 1932 – 26 January 2005) was a Scottish international footballer who played as a forward in the English Football League for Portsmouth, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Arsenal and Fulham.
Club career
Henderson was born in Glasgow in 1932, and started playing football as a youth with his Bishopbriggs-based church team and for Kirkintilloch Boys Club. He signed for Portsmouth as a 17-year-old, and after completing his National Service in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps he made his debut for the first team against Sunderland in September 1951. At first playing as a centre forward, he also subsequently appeared at inside forward and on the left wing for the club. Henderson's performance with Portsmouth soon attracted the attention of the Scotland international management. A physical player known for his pace, fast crosses and good two feet, he was a regular goalscorer for his seven years with Portsmouth.
Henderson moved on in March 1958 to Wolverhampton Wanderers for £16,000. Wolves won the First Division title that season but Henderson did not qualify for a medal. He began the following season still at Molineux and appeared in a handful of early games in what would be another championship-winning campaign, but played only nine matches in all for Wolves.
Unable to secure a first-team place, Henderson moved on to Arsenal in October 1958 for £20,000, and made his debut against West Bromwich Albion at Highbury on 4 October; he scored twice in a thrilling 4–3 win. Injury interrupted his first season, but he still scored twelve times as Arsenal finished third in the league. He became a regular in the first team in the following two seasons.
Swindin's tinkering with the Arsenal attacking line-up meant the versatile Henderson was unable to hold down any particular position in the side, and midway through the 1961–62 season he was transferred to Fulham for £14,000. He had played 111 games for Arsenal in total, scoring 29 goals.
In his first season at Craven Cottage, Henderson helped Fulham reach the 1961–62 FA Cup semi-final, in which they lost narrowly to Burnley. Henderson also helped keep the Cottagers in the First Division for two seasons. He was a Fulham regular up until March 1963, when he broke his leg. An attempted comeback was unsuccessful, and he left the club in 1964. He continued to play non-league football with Poole Town, where he was top scorer as they were promoted to the Southern League Premier Division, and Dorchester Town until his retirement from football in 1971.
International career
Henderson made his representative debut in a B international against England B in March 1953. His first appearance for the senior team came on 6 May, in a friendly at home to Sweden; Scotland lost 2–1. Henderson's only goal for Scotland came on 3 October, in a 3–1 win over Northern Ireland in a 1953–54 British Home Championship that doubled as a qualifying group for the 1954 World Cup. Scotland finished runners-up and qualified. Henderson was included in their 22-man squad, but only 13 of the 22 travelled to the finals. Henderson stayed at home on reserve with the likes of Bobby Combe and Jimmy Binning. Inside forward George Hamilton was also on reserve but travelled after Bobby Johnstone withdrew through injury. His seventh and final senior cap was also against Northern Ireland, in a 2–2 draw on 5 November 1958.
Personal life
Henderson was married with two sons. After his playing days ended, he left the game and settled in Dorset where he worked as a storeman for a builders' merchant. He died in Poole in 2005 at the age of 73.
Career statistics
International appearances
International goals
Honours
Scotland
British Home Championship runners-up: 1953–54
Poole Town
Southern League Division One promotion: 1964–65
Notes
References
1932 births
2005 deaths
Military personnel from Glasgow
Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's B international footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Portsmouth F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Poole Town F.C. players
Dorchester Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
Western Football League players
1954 FIFA World Cup players
Royal Army Ordnance Corps soldiers
20th-century British Army personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie%20Henderson |
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