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"Basketball" is the fifth and penultimate episode of the first season of the American comedy television series The Office. The episode aired on NBC in the United States on April 19, 2005. The episode was written and directed by producer Greg Daniels, marking both his first solo writing credit and first directing credit for the series. This episode also marks the first appearance of comedian Patrice O'Neal.
In this episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) and the office staff take on the workers in the warehouse in a basketball game. The episode was inspired by a deleted scene from the first episode where Michael talks about a pick-up basketball game. For two days, the cast of The Office played actual basketball games, which were then spliced together to give the effect of one continuous game. In addition, several lines from the episode became fans and cast favorites. "Basketball" was viewed by an estimated 5.0 million viewers and received a 2.4/6% rating share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. The episode received positive reviews from critics.
Synopsis
Michael Scott (Steve Carell) comes into work prepared to pit the office staff against the warehouse in a game of basketball, with the losers having to work on Saturday. Michael picks Jim Halpert (John Krasinski), Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), and Stanley Hudson (Leslie David Baker), the last of whom he believes possesses significant basketball skills based on a racial stereotype. In addition, he also reluctantly picks Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) and Phyllis Lapin (Phyllis Smith), but refuses to pick Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) or Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner).
The game begins and Stanley proves to be a horrible player. Furthermore, Michael cannot make a shot, nor is he a fan of passing or defending. Upon gaining possession of the ball, Michael fools around and intentionally acts stupid to tease the opponents, which results in Roy Anderson (David Denman) snatching the ball and scoring against Michael's team. Despite the fact that Michael is the one who foolishly lost the ball, he blames the scoring on his teammates' ineptitude. Jim switches with Michael on defense and defends Roy. As Jim begins to show his prowess at the game, Roy and Jim gradually become aggressive toward each other, with Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) looking on. At a crucial point in the game, Michael is accidentally hit in the face and claims it is a "flagrant personal intentional foul". He pettily stops the game and declares the office winners since they were winning when the foul occurred. The warehouse finds the call unfair and Michael caves under pressure, conceding the victory to the warehouse staff. As everybody returns to work, Kevin demonstrates his excellent shooting skills.
Afterwards, Michael, in a rare moment of heart, tells the office that they do not have to come in on Saturday either. However, his justification does little to calm them: "Like coming in an extra day is going to prevent us from being downsized."
Production
"Basketball" was written and directed by producer Greg Daniels. Although he wrote the episode, Daniels was not originally scheduled to direct "Basketball". Rainn Wilson remarked that he really pushed for Daniels to direct the episode. John Krasinski applauded Daniels for being the first writer to "take [the characters] out of the office". Daniels later said that his favorite shot from the episode was when Michael takes Ryan on a tour of the warehouse because "you got to see the whole basketball [set]". The editors' cut for the episode was 40 minutes long. During the commentary for the episode, Steve Carell argued that the American version of The Office was more difficult to shoot because the British version was 29 minutes long, whereas the American version could only be 22 minutes.
The inspiration for the episode was a deleted scene from the pilot episode where Michael talks about a pick-up basketball game. During filming, the cast and crew were filmed playing real basketball games for two days. The takes were then spliced together to make it appear as if only one game had taken place. NBC was worried about the episode because several of their other pilots had done basketball episodes. The network put a lot of pressure on the cast and crew to make the episode appear "as realistic as it could be". Donald Lee Harris designed the warehouse set, which Krasinski described as "amazing" and "detailed".
Several of the actors had basketball experience, such as Krasinski, who played for his high school team. Brian Baumgartner, who portrays Kevin, actually succeeded in making 14 free-throw shots, of which several were included in the final footage. Steve Carell later said of his basketball skills, "The thing about looking like you're bad at basketball is, it's like anything else, you have to be incredibly good in order to look bad [...] but that's not the case with me and basketball. I just was bad." However, Carell joked that he would "kick ass" at a hockey episode, a reference to his real-life hockey skills.
"Basketball" contained several lines that became fan and cast favorites. Two of Michael's lines, "The hand strikes and gives a flower" and "Blessed be those who sit and wait" were described by Wilson as Confucian and biblical, respectively. Carell joked that Michael Scott himself should self-publish a book of inspirational sayings. Jenna Fischer revealed that her line, "Please don't throw garbage at me" was her favorite line of the first season. Michael's line, "Try not to be too gay on the court" was improvised by Carell and Krasinski's reaction was real, as he had no idea Carell was going to say it.
Reception
Ratings
In its original American broadcast on April 19, 2005, "Basketball" was viewed by an estimated 5.0 million viewers and received a 2.4/6% rating share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 2.4% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 6% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode, airing after Scrubs, retained 92 percent of its lead-in audience.
Reviews
The episode received moderately positive reviews from critics. Travis Fickett from IGN retroactively gave the episode a 7.5 out of 10, signifying a "good" episode. Fickett commented that "Basketball" was stylistically different from most of the other episodes in the fledgling series, pointing to its lack of a sub-plot and its characterization of Michael Scott. Fickett, when discussing the latter, singled out the moment wherein Michael hurts Phyllis' feelings by telling her she can't play basketball, writing, "The moment is played mostly straight–and it does feel more realistic and uncomfortable and in that way, the show leans more towards the feel of the UK series. It's a great moment, but feels like a different show." Overall, he wrote that, "There is still quite a bit of funny stuff [in 'Basketball'], but in many ways, this episode suggests what the show would have been like had it taken a slightly different direction in terms of tone and style." Miss Alli from Television Without Pity gave the episode an "A−". Jenna Mullins from E! News referred to "Basketball" as her "all-time favorite episode of The Office" in an article about Steve Carell's last episode of the series.
Not all reviews were as positive, however. Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "C+" and highly criticized the characterization of Michael. Largely, he felt that Michael's antics made him out to be a jerk because the series has not worked at showing that he truly "isn't a complete asshole". Adams noted that Michael "could truly force Darryl and his staff to work on Saturdays, and he truly could fire them for winning the basketball game. But that would be an outrageous abuse of legitimate power, which isn't funny." Ultimately he argued that the basketball scenes went on for too long; he said the "episode's original cut ran too long to air, and it's obvious where the basketball scenes boxed out other threads of the episode".
References
External links
"Basketball" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 1) episodes
Television episodes directed by Greg Daniels
Television episodes written by Greg Daniels
fr:Le Match de basket | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball%20%28The%20Office%29 |
Chris Pointer (born February 2, 1976) is a former defensive back in the Arena Football League. He played for the Norfolk Nighthawks, Toronto Phantoms, New Jersey Gladiators, the New Orleans VooDoo, the Kansas City Brigade, Nashville Kats and Columbus Destroyers.
Early life
Pointer attended Louisville Male High School, where he was a member of the football and track and field teams.
College years
Pointer attended Kentucky State University and was a three-year starter at cornerback.
References
External links
Stats
1976 births
Living people
Players of American football from Louisville, Kentucky
American football defensive ends
New Jersey Gladiators players
New Orleans VooDoo players
Kansas City Brigade players
Nashville Kats players
Norfolk Nighthawks players
Toronto Phantoms players
Kentucky State Thorobreds football players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Pointer |
Day of Darkness was the original name of Ireland's D.O.D. Festival. It happened annually in Ballylinan from 2002 to 2008 as a metal music festival.
The 2002 line-up was headlined by Primordial. It ran for a second year in 2003. Numbers, however, dwindled that year and a number of changes were implemented before the festival's third running in 2004. In 2005, the festival was moved to the first week in July and has been held on the same weekend each year since. In 2006, a second day was added to the festival and camping tickets were introduced.
The festival discontinued in 2008.
Past line-ups
2008
Friday Line-Up
Watain
Nifelheim
Stand-Up Guy
Old Season
Neocosmic
Sirocco
Victim X
Visceral Attack
Saturday Line-Up
Doomsword
Mourning Beloveth
Celtic Legacy
Thy Sinister Bloom
Chambercraft
Graveyard Dirt
Overoth
Darkest Era
Nephridium
Unleashed
2007
Saturday Line-Up
Entombed
Sabbat
Abaddon Incarnate
Cruachan
Conquest of Steel
The Prophecy
Spearhead
Hatred
Era Vulgaris
Friday Line-Up
Candlemass
Skyforger
Mael Mórdha
Gorilla Monsoon
Putrefy
The Swarm
Warpath
Hallowed
2006
Saturday Line-Up
Destruction
Primordial
Morphosis
Hexxed
Mass Extinction
Aftermath
Primed
For Ruin
A Distant Sun
Nothing is Sacred
Friday Line-Up
Moonsorrow
Geasa
Sorrowfall
Ground of Ruin
Minds Astray
2005
Rotting Christ
Desaster
Mourning Beloveth
Scavenger
Waylander
Carnún Rising
Primal Dawn
devilmakesthree
Wreck of the Hesperus (band)
Ground of Ruin
Eve of Darkness Warm-up Show
Steel Tormentor
Primed
Slave Zero
Skoll
2004
Dismember
Ancient Rites
Abaddon Incarnate
Mael Mórdha
Putrefy
The Swarm
Old Season
Sinister Demise
Sol Axis
Mabus
Demize
+ Special tribute to Bathory featuring members from Primordial, Sol Axis, Geasa, and Kingdom
2003
Mourning Beloveth
Mael Mórdha
Honey for Christ
Waylander
Die Laughing
Scavenger
Carnún Rising
Old Season
Inhumane
The Swarm
2002
Primordial
Mourning Beloveth
Primal Dawn
Geasa
Condemned
Bloodbox
Coldwar
Corrupted (IRL)
Slave Zero
The 8th Day
Die Laughing
References
External links
2000s in Irish music
Heavy metal festivals in Ireland
Music festivals in Ireland
Music in County Laois
2002 establishments in Ireland
Music festivals established in 2002
Defunct music festivals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%20of%20Darkness |
Tanya Lynn Memme (born June 15, 1971) is a Canadian actress and television presenter.
Early life
Born in Wainfleet, Ontario, Memme went to Denis Morris Catholic High School in St. Catharines. In 1993, she was crowned Miss World Canada (part of the Miss World system).
Career
Memme is best known for hosting the American television series Sell This House, which aired on A&E (2003–2011) and FYI (2020–2022).
For three seasons, Memme was a regular contributor as a DIY crafter, and 'family member', on the Hallmark Channel's daily show, Home & Family. She also hosted Move This House and has been a correspondent for Global TV's Entertainment Tonight Canada. In Los Angeles, she was a co-host of Channel 9's 9 On The Town series in 2004. She appeared in commercials for TVG, the horse racing network, and represented DirecTV in a number of customer education segments.
As an actress, Memme has made appearances on the television programs JAG, Melrose Place, The Practice, Robotica and CSI: Miami. In 2008, she was awarded the Best Leading Actress in a Feature Film Under $1 Million Crystal Reel Award by the Florida Motion Picture and Television Association for her starring role in Terror Inside.
Memme has appeared on many talk shows including The View and was interviewed in the documentary Being Canadian. She has been featured in numerous magazine and newspaper articles in the United States and Canada.
Personal life
In 2010, Memme married film producer Vahan Yepremyan. The couple had one daughter, Ava, born the following year. They divorced in 2015.
References
External links
Official Site
1971 births
Female models from Ontario
Canadian people of Italian descent
Canadian television actresses
Canadian television hosts
Living people
Miss World 1993 delegates
People from the Regional Municipality of Niagara
Canadian women television hosts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya%20Memme |
The piastra was the most common silver coin of the mainland Kingdom of Sicily, also known as the Kingdom of Naples. In order to distinguish it from the piastra issued on the island of Sicily, it is referred to as the "Neapolitan piastra" as opposed to the "Sicilian piastra". These two piastra were equal, but were subdivided differently. The Neapolitan piastra was divided into 120 grana (singular: grano), each of 2 tornesi (singular: tornese) or 12 cavalli (singular: cavallo). There were also the carlino worth 10 grana and the ducato worth 100 grana.
In 1812, the Neapolitan lira was introduced by the occupying French in an attempt to decimalize the Neapolitan currency units. However, the attempt failed, and the decimalization was limited to changing the value of the cavallo to one tenth of a grano. After the restoration of Bourbon control, a single currency was issued for the whole of the Two Sicilies, the Two Sicilies piastra. This new piastra was subdivided in the same way as the Neapolitan piastra.
Coins
In the late 18th century, coins circulated in denominations of 3, 4, 6, 9 and 12 cavalli, 3, 5, 8 and 10 tornesi, 10 (carlino), 20 (tarì), 60 (mezza piastra) and 120 grana (piastra) and 2, 3 and 6 ducati. On occasion also a 50 and 100 grana silver pieces had been struck, but not in the 18th century. The cavalli and tornesi denominations were struck in copper, with the grana denominations up to the piastra struck in silver and the higher denominations in gold.
In 1799, the short-lived Neapolitan Republic issued copper 4 and 6 tornesi, and silver 6 and 12 carlini. The restored kingdom resumed coin production, issuing many of the earlier denominations, plus copper 4 and 6 tornesi. In 1810, a gold 40 franchi coin was issued, a prelude to the introduction of the lira three years later.
References
Currencies of Italy
Obsolete Italian currencies
History of the Kingdom of Naples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan%20piastra |
Suva City Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It covered the central business district of Suva City.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva%20City%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Puttenham is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Tring Rural, in the Dacorum district, in north west Hertfordshire, England. In 1961 the parish had a population of 107. On 1 April 1964 the parish was abolished and merged with Tring Rural.
It was recorded as ‘Puteham’ in the Domesday Book.
Puttenham is one of the 51 Thankful Villages in England and Wales that suffered no fatalities during the Great War of 1914 to 1918.
References
External links
Villages in Hertfordshire
Former civil parishes in Hertfordshire
Dacorum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puttenham%2C%20Hertfordshire |
Hjalte Bo Nørregaard (born 8 April 1981) is a Danish professional football manager and former player. He was most recently the caretaker manager of Danish Superliga club FC Copenhagen. As a player, he played as a midfielder and spent most of his career with FC Copenhagen.
Nørregaard is son of former Danish footballer Klaus Nørregaard. In November 2018, he was appointed manager for the under-19 team of FC Copenhagen. In October 2020, he was appointed caretaker manager of the club.
Biography
Nørregaard started his career in Kjøbenhavns Boldklub (KB) and was in 1999 promoted to the first team, F.C. Copenhagen (FCK). He played for FCK until 2005 most famous for his 91st-minute goal against the archrivals Brøndby IF at Brøndby Stadium in the so-called "championship final" in 2003. Since then, fans of F.C. Copenhagen have dubbed Brøndby Stadium, "Hjalte Park." The same year he was awarded as "cup fighter" after the win in the Danish Cup. He got a total of 120 matches, 17 goals and three Danish championships in 2001, 2003 and 2004, before moving to Dutch club SC Heerenveen.
The stay at Heerenveen was no success, as coach Gertjan Verbeek thought he was a supporting striker. After only one year in Heerenveen, he moved back to FCK for competing in their 2006–07 UEFA Champions League campaign.
Nørregaard was called up for the January 2007 league national team, which played three unofficial national team games in the United States, El Salvador and Honduras in January 2007, by national team manager Morten Olsen. He played in all three games of the tour, including a 3–1 loss to the United States national team and a 1–0 loss to El Salvador.
In September 2008, after some strong league performances he was called up for the Denmark national team, for the second time, for the matches against Hungary and Portugal to help Denmark in their 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign. However, in the match against Hungary, he wasn't even picked for substitution.
On 4 January 2011, Nørregaard signed a deal with the Danish football club AGF. The contract is for three and a half years.
In August 2014, Nørregaard moved to Vendsyssel FF on a free transfer.
On 10 October 2020, Nørregaard was appointed interim manager of FC Copenhagen after Ståle Solbakken was sacked.
Honours
FC Copenhagen
Danish Superliga: 2002–03, 2003–04, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10; runner-up: 2004–05
Danish Cup: 2003–04, 2008–09; runner up: 2006–07
Royal League: 2004–05; runner-up: 2006–07
Individual
FC København player of the year: 2005, 2009
FC København Hall of fame: 2006
Danish Cup Fighter: 2004
References
External links
Hjalte Nørregaard official Danish Superliga statistics at danskfodbold.com
1981 births
Living people
Danish men's footballers
Footballers from Copenhagen
Men's association football midfielders
Denmark men's international footballers
Denmark men's youth international footballers
Denmark men's under-21 international footballers
F.C. Copenhagen players
SC Heerenveen players
Aarhus Gymnastikforening players
Vendsyssel FF players
Danish Superliga players
Eredivisie players
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Danish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Danish football managers
Danish Superliga managers
F.C. Copenhagen managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalte%20N%C3%B8rregaard |
Charles Peter Philip Paul McColough (August 1, 1922 – December 13, 2006) was the chief executive officer and chair of the Xerox Corporation who, during his tenure at Xerox, founded the Xerox PARC. He retired in the late 1980s, after serving over fourteen years as CEO. Aside from his tenure at Xerox, McColough was treasurer of the Democratic National Committee between 1973 and 1974, was chairman of United Way of America, and served on the Board of Trustees at the Council on Foreign Relations, New York Stock Exchange, Bank of New York, Wachovia, Citigroup, Knight Ridder, and Union Carbide Corporation.
C. Peter McColough is also the namesake of the C. Peter McColough Roundtable Series on International Economics, part of the Council on Foreign Relations. This program was enacted and funded by the Council on Foreign Relations upon McColough's retirement as a director on the council's Board for nine years. McColough also served as Treasurer between 1985 and 1987, Chairman of the Finance and Budget Committee between 1981 and 1987, and served as chairman of the Campaign for the Council between 1983 and 1985.
He resided with his wife, Mary Virginia White McColough, in Greenwich, Connecticut, and Palm Beach, Florida.
Family
C. Peter McColough was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He was the first-born child of the late Dr. Reginald Walker McColough, and the late Barbara Theresa Martin. Reginald McColough was a director of public works for the Parliament of Canada, and was responsible for the modernization and development of Cape Breton Island in northern Nova Scotia. His paternal family descended from Godfrey McCulloch of Scotland, and was a distant relation of Sir Walter Scott. After attendance at Halifax private schools, McColough enrolled at Dalhousie University, and graduated in 1943; he eventually received an honorary degree from Dalhousie later in life. After Dalhousie, McColough studied at Osgoode Law School in Toronto, and finally at the Harvard Business School, after briefly serving in the British Navy in World War II. McColough graduated from Harvard Business School in 1949, and became a US citizen in 1956.
While living and working in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, McColough met and married socialite Mary Virginia White, daughter of James J. White II, CEO of J.J. White Incorporated, one of the largest family-owned businesses in the East Coast of the United States that is still in operation today. They had five children: Peter McColough (died 1987), Andrew McColough, Virginia McColough Keeshan, Ian McColough, and Robert McColough (died 1999). The family lived in Rochester, New York until McColough moved Xerox headquarters to Stamford, Connecticut, and then resided in the nearby suburb of Greenwich, Connecticut. McColough additionally had seven grandchildren: Alexander McColough, Charles McColough, Austin McColough, Peter McColough, Caroline Keeshan, Paul Keeshan, and Katherine McColough.
Career
McColough worked initially for Lehigh Navigation Coal Sales Company in the USA before making the switch in 1954 to Xerox, then a little-known manufacturer of industrial photocopiers and still known as the Haloid Company. Five years after that career move, his new firm introduced its first office photocopier. As one of the first companies to step into the lucrative arena and potential growth market, Xerox's annual revenues soared from $40 million in 1960 to almost $3 billion in the early 1970s.
After taking over the presidency of the firm in 1966, McColough significantly changed and altered the direction and goals of Xerox Corporation. By 1979, McColough had built up Xerox revenues to $7 billion a year and its annual earnings to $563 million.
The company's chief scientist told Forbes Magazine in 1980 that "in the late 1960s, Peter McColough redefined our company."
From 1970 through to the mid-1980s he has held several directorships and in 1970, was honoured by his former alma mater, Dalhousie University, with an Honorary Doctorate.
Assessments
The consensus of various business and economic journalists is that McColough as CEO was a restless, energetic but amiable man who had little time for memos, letters and meetings that normally make up the routine of daily corporate life. Despite a well-off upbringing, McColough worked himself from an executive salesperson of Haloid to a chairman and CEO of Xerox.
McColough's philosophy was always one of strong leadership by example. He explained once to Business Week that "a company is made not only by the quality of its products and services, but also by its people, especially its top people," and in doing so revealed the key to his business career.
On May 2, 1968, McColough and his partner Joseph C. Wilson sent out a memo announcing the company intended to start an affirmative action program, making Xerox one of the first companies to do so. McColough and Xerox have been both praised and criticized for it.
McColough started the PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), meant to operate something like AT&T's Bell Labs. PARC researchers developed pioneering commercial products in the field of personal computers—such as the Alto personal computer, GUI (graphical user interface), the WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) editor, the first commercial mouse, Ethernet network architecture, OOP (object-oriented programming), PDL (Page Description Language), Internet protocols, and laser printing. But McColough and Xerox have been criticized for failing to take advantage of the opportunities PARC provided.
"In spite of being a veritable cradle of innovation during the formative years of personal computing and the Internet, PARC rarely convinced Xerox to take its ideas from laboratory prototypes to commercially successful products," stated an article about PARC at the "Smart Computing in Plain English" Website. "Many of the products were taken up successfully by other companies."
Death and legacy
McColough died on December 13, 2006, after a long illness, according to his son Andrew McColough. His funeral took place in Greenwich, Connecticut, and was highly covered by international media outlets. Among those who gave eulogies were Vernon Jordan, a longtime friend and colleague, and David T. Kearns, another longtime friend who took over the reins at Xerox after McColough retired. He was survived by his wife, three children, seven grandchildren, and a sister, Patricia McColough Wallace of Halifax, Nova Scotia.
References
Further reading
Louis, Arthur M. (1981). The Tycoons. Simon & Schuster. .
External links
Xerox Website
Harvard Business School Web page for McColough
McColough Estate, Palm Beach, FL
1922 births
2006 deaths
Businesspeople from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian emigrants to the United States
American manufacturing businesspeople
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
Dalhousie University alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
Businesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut
People from Palm Beach, Florida
Xerox people
Directors of Xerox
20th-century American businesspeople
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Democratic National Committee treasurers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Peter%20McColough |
The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU) (French: Organisation de L'Unité Syndicale Africaine; OUSA) is an independent regional union federation aimed at unifying trade union centres in Africa. This organisation was founded in April, 1973 as a successor to two previously competing labour union organisations in Africa: the All-African Trade Union Federation (AATUF) and the African Trade Union Confederation (ATUC). The process to unify a Pan-African labour union organisation also involved international labour organisations as decision-making stakeholders like the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). Finally, also with the help of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the AATUF and the ATUC merged to form the OATUU. The driving factors for this unification and the creation of the OATUU was to advance Pan-Africanism, economic justice, and social justice throughout African workplaces.
As of 2022, the OATUU has been collaborating with the International Labor organisation (ILO) to be an exclusive, overarching organisation representing African workers' interests. The OATUU has four regional sub-organisations: The Organisation of Trade Unions of West Africa (OTUWA); Organisation of Trade Unions of Central Africa (OTUCA); Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council (SATUCC); and the Organisation of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb (OTUAM). Together, they represent a total of 73 national labour union affiliates, totalling at approximately 25 million individual members. The OATUU strives to promote "social and economic justice" in Africa through projects that combat HIV/AIDS, fund women empowerment in the workplace, and support democratisation efforts in African nations. The OATUU receives financial support from the ILO to directly fund these projects as well as lobbying efforts that favour policies conducive to economic development in Africa.
History
Prior to the Organisation of African Trade Union Unity
The first Pan-African trade union organisation, the All-African Trade Union Federation (AATUF), was founded in Casablanca, Morocco in 1961. The AATUF was born out of the resolutions from the first All-African People’s Conference (AAPC) held in 1958 at Accra, Ghana headed by prominent Pan-Africanists like Tom Mboya and Kwame Nkrumah. The AATUF aimed at promoting Pan-Africanism and being an independent federation of labour unions that prioritized the interests of all African workers throughout the continent.
Following the Second World War, African workers under colonial rule were split and led to the formation of various independent trade unions across the continent. And after Decolonization of Africa in the 1950s, many regional African trade unions maintained close relations with their respective imperial centres. Following independence, early attempts at Pan-Africanism via union federation were further complicated by Cold War ideological differences. As African nations subscribed to combinations of anti-colonial nationalism, pro-Western capitalism, as well as series of Marxist and socialist alignments within the Eastern Bloc, ideological differences from the 1950s to 1970s obstructed attempts at unity.
While the AATUF was initially successful in remaining non-partisan and free from foreign intervention during the 1960s, the newly created African Trade Union Confederation (ATUC) supported by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) was beginning to grow and destabilize AATUF's resolution to be the sole representative for a Pan-African workers' trade union federation. This led to a partitioning of African trade unions along ideological lines and the AATUF began to align with the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) in response to the ATUC’s creation in 1962. The several trade union federation organisations in Africa clashed and interfered with each other and provoked internal conflicts throughout the 1960s.
Rise of the OATUU
The open split between the two unions (AATUF and the ATUC) brought in the involvement of the newly formed Organisation of African Unity (OAU) as a mediator for disputes in African trade union affairs. Beginning in 1964, both the AATUF and ATUC sent delegations to OAU summits to gain exclusive recognition as the sole representative of African workers’ interests. This led to the court of African Labour Ministers, who gathered from 1966 to 1967, to discuss what role trade unions should play in Africa’s development and how to achieve unity between them. In 1967, the OAU’s Administrative Secretary-General called all national trade union centres to attend a conference aimed at reconciling AATUF and ATUC conflicts and aspirations. This conference was called the organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU) held in November, 1972 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In collaboration with the International Labor Organisation (ILO) in organizing the conference, the OAU Secretary General presented unity as a core principle to all trade union centres in Africa. Under the auspices of Pan-Africanism, an agreement was finally brokered in April, 1973 formally establishing the OATUU. The OATUU’s creation meant the absorption of the AATUF, ATUC, the Pan-African Congress, as well as other smaller workers’ organisations across Africa.
History of General Secretaries
1973: Dennis Akumu
1980: Ibrahim Ghandour
1986: Hassan Sunmonu
2012: Owei Lakemfa
2015: Mezhoud Arezki
The OATUU Today
The OATUU acted first as a partner, then as a successor to ILO responsibilities in Africa. One of their most notable activities is aiding national liberation movements across Africa, such as advocating for workers’ rights during the Apartheid in South Africa. In addition to sharing mandates, the ILO supports and funds “extensive worker education programmes (WED)” which the OATUU offers at the national, regional, and continental levels. As noted, The OATUU strives to promote "social and economic justice" in Africa dealing with problems like HIV/AIDS, women empowerment in the workplace, and democratisation in African nations. The OATUU receives financial support from the ILO to directly fund these social projects, and more critically, supports lobbying efforts that would be favourable to union workers across Africa.
List of OATUU Conferences and Notable Events
Key Activities and Functions
While there has been much coverage for the history and the formation of the OATUU, the details of their current duties and activities have not been covered as extensively by secondary publications.
As of 2022 there are 73 affiliates to The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, 33 from former Francophone nations, 28 from former Anglophone nations, and 12 semi-regional trade unions who operate out of the OATUU's four regional sub-organisations: The Organisation of Trade Unions of West Africa (OTUWA); Organisation of Trade Unions of Central Africa (OTUCA); Southern Africa Trade Union Coordinating Council (SATUCC); and the Organisation of Trade Unions of Arab Maghreb (OTUAM).
Their key vision is to represent workers from all African countries for the “realization of social and economic justice for all”. The OATUU has 12 listed official goals all striving to strengthen the relationship and coordination of economic activities between their affiliate members. The OATUU carries out a variety of education, training, research and advisory tasks across various areas in the Africa: national defense, democracy, women empowerment, entrepreneurship, health and safety, actions against HIV/AIDS, African economic integration, and trade. Upholding the rights of African trade unions are also a big part of their mandate, and the OATUU will do so by assisting labour unions navigate the complicated bureaucratic processes of international organisations, such as filing the paperwork for labor claims with the ILO.
The OATUU acts as an agent representing the economic interests of African governments in international organisations, namely pushing back against International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and World Trade Organisation (WTO) policies that harm African domestic industry and labor standards. By also working with the African Union (AU), the OATUU attempts to continually strengthen the political, social, and economic integration throughout the continent. Together, the OATUU, the ILO, and the AU, in consultation with the United Nations (UN) have strived to strengthen the African Economic Community (AEC), promote African alternative frameworks to Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP), and push for debt-cancellation across Africa.
Affiliates
Francophone Affiliates
Anglophone Affiliates
Criticisms
Corruption
The OATUU’s 4th Congress in 1985 held in Lagos, Nigeria collapsed as a number of unions accused the secretariat of misusing funds and manipulating votes. The OATUU’s Secretary General refused to resign and a thus Provisional Coordinating Committee was established within the OATUU. In 1985, the Workers Education Programme (WED) canceled a project funded by the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) and the ILO citing for concerns of foreign influence and the misappropriation of funds by the organisation's leadership. Thus, divides within the OATUU ensued, further jeopardizing the OATUU's official mandate of promoting Pan-Africanism and unity.
Lack of Finances
The OATUU has had difficulty in establishing their own fundraising capacities, and so the basis for the OATUU has always been under significant threat; the OATUU still persists today mostly because of its ability to continue to leverage resources through the ILO. The financial problems the OATUU experienced in their early years of establishment meant that educational programmes had to be funded by external donor participants. The financial hardships led to the OATUU becoming greatly dependent on, and beholden to the interests of other governments and political groups. For example, Libyans from the National Union of Libyan Workers (NULW) were compelled to accept substantial sources of funding from “the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), the Soviet Union, and several other African governments” regardless of its conditionality throughout the 1990s.
Illiteracy
At the "Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders" seminar held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in April of 1994, trade union representatives identified mass illiteracy among the African population as an issue that was negatively impacting the growth of democratisation, a fundamental tenet of the OATUU's mission in Africa. Many felt that the socio-economic conditions had been negatively impacted by Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) supported by the IMF and the World Bank, ultimately reducing the capabilities for democratic developments in the continent. Representatives decided that in order to increase the level of democratisation within the continent, trade unions needed to increase levels of education and training programmes, not just for representative members but also their surrounding communities. The hope was this would put pressure on African governments to create more employment, focus on education, and promote social values.
See also
List of federations of trade unions
African Regional Organisation of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
Organisation of African Unity (OAU)
Pan-Africanism
All-African People’s Conference (AAPC)
All-African Trade Union Federation (AATUF)
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
Bernards, Nick. "The International Labour Organization and African Trade Unions: Tripartite Fantasies and Enduring Struggles." Review of African Political Economy 44, no. 153 (2017): 399–414.
International Centre for Trade Union Rights.Trade Unions of the World. 6th ed. London: John Harper Publishing, 2005.
Kalusopa, Trywell. "Whither African Trade Union Movement? Lessons for Restitution and Reform." In Labour Questions in the Global South, edited by Praveen Jha, Walter Chambati, and Lyn Ossome, 123-146. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. .
Martens, George. "Unity Eludes Africa's Trade Unions." Industrial Relations Journal 16, no. 4 (1985): 85–97.
OATUU. “About Us.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/about-us/.
OATUU. “Affiliates.” The Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, May 28, 2021. https://oatuu.org/affilates/.
OATUU, ILO, and ECA. "Seminar on Democracy and Popular Participation for African Trade Union Leaders: Seminar Report." Paper presented at the 13th Popular Participation Workshop Series by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April, 1994.
Zeleza, Tiyambe. "Pan-African Trade Unionism: Unity and Discord." Transafrican Journal of History 15, (1986): 164–190.
External links
OATUU Official Website
OATUU Facebook
OATUU Twitter
OATUU LinkedIn
The Guardian News Coverage
Trade unions established in 1973
African trade union federations
International and regional union federations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation%20of%20African%20Trade%20Union%20Unity |
Cape Bauld is a headland located at the northernmost point of Quirpon Island, an island just northeast of the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Cape Bauld, slightly north and east of Cape Norman, delineates the eastern end of the Strait of Belle Isle.
The English explorer John Cabot may have landed at Cape Bauld on June 24, 1497, though Cape Bonavista is also mentioned as a potential landing point. Cape Bauld is only some nine kilometers (5.6 miles) northeast of the verified Viking archeological site, the L'Anse aux Meadows coastal location, dating to five centuries earlier than Cabot's date of achievement.
Lighthouse
A lighthouse was constructed at the cape in 1884. The current lighthouse is the second replacement structure, constructed 1960–1961. The lightkeeper's residence is from 1920.
See also
List of lighthouses in Canada
Henri de Miffonis
References
External links
Lighthouse information
Picture of lighthouse
Headlands of Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Bauld |
Robert J. Mayo (August 25, 1951 – February 23, 2004) was an American session keyboardist and guitarist, perhaps best known for his work with Peter Frampton.
Biography
Mayo was born in New York City, and grew up in Westchester County. He began studying music at the age of five, focusing on classical piano. During the 1960s, Mayo's interest in music grew due to the rock explosion. His first band was Ramble and the Descendants, where he played organ and sang. Mayo played with several other local bands and had plans to attend Juilliard School in New York City. His career took a detour when he suffered injuries in a serious car accident at the age of seventeen, but Mayo was determined and he was able to move on.
In 1971, Mayo formed Doc Holliday with Frank Carillo, Tom Arlotta, and Bob Liggio. He then joined Rat Race Choir (73-74) one of the Tri-State area's best bands, playing guitar. He then left RRC, was replaced with Mark Hitt and teamed up with Peter Frampton and joined his touring band. Because of this, he appeared on Frampton's album Frampton Comes Alive!. It was on this recording, following Mayo's Fender Rhodes electric piano solo on the song "Do You Feel Like We Do", that Frampton introduced him with the words "Bob Mayo on the keyboards... Bob Mayo!" Mayo also appeared on the Frampton albums I'm in You and Where I Should Be.
In 1980, Mayo left Frampton's band to focus on recording. During this time, he recorded with Joe Walsh and Joe Vitale. Later he joined the touring band for Foreigner and played keyboards on "Waiting for a Girl Like You" and "Break It Up". He spent the next two years touring with Foreigner, and also toured with Dan Fogelberg and Hall & Oates in the late 1980s. He continued to tour with Hall & Oates until 1998.
In 1981, Mayo was asked by Joey Kramer of Aerosmith to play keyboards in his band Renegade fronted by vocalist Marge Raymond. In 1983, Mayo played keyboards on Aerosmith's first tour in three years, in support of their Rock in a Hard Place album, also adding background vocals. Also in 1983, Mayo played in Robert Plant's touring band for The Principle of Moments world tour. The 2007 Rhino re-issue of The Principle of Moments contains three live tracks from that tour.
In 1992, Mayo returned to work with Peter Frampton. The resulting tour turned into the recording of the album "Frampton Comes Alive II". He also appeared on the Live in Detroit CD & DVD as well as Peter Frampton's 2003 recording Now.
On February 23, 2004, Mayo was touring with Peter Frampton in Basel, Switzerland, when he had a heart attack and died. Frampton said regarding him, "Bob was like a brother to me. I have lost a close personal friend and a talented, professional and outstanding musician."
Discography
Peter Frampton
Frampton Comes Alive! (1976)
I'm in You (1977)
Where I Should Be (1979)
Rise Up (1980)
Peter Frampton (1994)
Frampton Comes Alive! II (1995)
Live in Detroit (2000)
Now (2003)
Live in San Francisco March 24, 1975 (2004)
Foreigner
4 (1981)
Agent Provocateur (1984)
Joe Walsh
There Goes the Neighborhood (1981)
Joe Vitale
Plantation Harbor (1981)
Robert Plant
The Principle of Moments (1983) (2007 reissue)
Procol Harum
The Prodigal Stranger (1991) (lead guitar on unreleased track "Into the Flood")
Daryl Hall and John Oates
Change of Season (1990)
References
External links
BobMayo.net
1951 births
2004 deaths
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Iona Preparatory School alumni
Hall & Oates members
Musicians from New York City
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
21st-century American keyboardists
20th-century American keyboardists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Mayo |
The piastra was the distinct currency of the Kingdom of Sicily until 1815. In order to distinguish it from the piastra issued on the mainland Kingdom of Sicily (also known as the Kingdom of Naples), it is referred to as the "Sicilian piastra" as opposed to the "Neapolitan piastra". These two piastra were equal, but were subdivided differently. The Sicilian piastra was subdivided into 12 tarì, each of 20 grana or 120 piccoli. The oncia was worth 30 tarì (2½ piastra).
In 1815, a single piastra currency was introduced for the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Two Sicilies piastra.
Coins
In the late 18th century, coins were circulating in denominations of 3 piccoli, 1, 2, 10 and 20 grana, 2, 3, 4 and 6 tari, 1 piastra and 1 oncia. These were struck in copper up to the 2 grana, with the higher denominations in silver. In 1801, copper 5 and 10 grana were introduced, followed by a gold 2 oncia in 1814.
Following the adoption of the unified currency for the two Sicilies, copper coins were issued in 1835 and 1836 bearing the name "Siciliana", in denominations of ½, 1, 2, 5 and 10 grana. It is unclear whether these coins were denominated in Two Sicilies grana or the old Sicilian grana (worth half as much).
Riveli
From a Riveli in 1607 Catania, also a Riveli in 1811 Avola, the Sicilian money system can be readily extracted. It was:-
1 onze = 30 Tari, 1 Taro = 20 Grani, 1 Grano = 6 piccioli.
On both of these historic documents, the denomination piastra was not used.
A Sicilian coin commonly available for sale today is the 120 grana silver piece, weighing an ounce. It is called, in the supplementary description of this silver piece, one piastre.
However, in 1823 George Crabb, in his Universal Technological Dictionary Volume 2, in addition to supporting the above relative values of onze, tari and grani in accounting, lists 120 grani as equivalent to one florino. Crabb also lists the ponto, the carlino, the ducat and the scudo or crown and their equivalence to the grano, however no mention of the piastre.
References
Obsolete Italian currencies
Modern obsolete currencies
Kingdom of Sicily
1815 disestablishments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian%20piastra |
The Poisons Act 1972 (c 66) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom making provisions for the sale of non-medicinal poisons, and the involvement of Local Authorities and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in their regulation.
The Act refers to the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933, and the Poisons List. Non-medical poisons are divided into two separate lists. List one substances may only be sold by a registered Pharmacist, and list two substances may be sold by a registered pharmacist or a licensed retailer.
Further provisions are made, to enable the Royal Pharmaceutical Society to enforce the compliance with the Act by pharmacists, and impose fines for breaches.
Local Authorities are responsible for vetting applications for list two substances, for law enforcement and control of licensed premises.
Section 7
The Poison Rules 1982 (SI 1982/218) were made under this section.
References
Clifford Walsh and Peter Allsop (eds). "Poisons Act 1972". Current Law Statutes Annotated 1972. Sweet & Maxwell. Stevens & Sons. London. W Green & Son. Edinburgh. 1972. Chapter 66. Google
"The Poisons Act 1972". Halsbury's Statutes of England. Third Edition. Butterworths. London. 1973. Volume 42: Continuation Volume 1972: . Page 1315.
Halsbury's Statutes. Fourth Edition. Volume 28. Title "Medicine and Pharmacy". Page 548.
Halsbury's Laws of England. Fourth Edition Reissue. 2006. Volume 30(2). Paragraphs 285, 286, 288 and 294 and passim. Pages 315 to 319, 321, 324, 327 to 329 and 331.
Gradwohl's Legal Medicine. Third Edition. John Wright & Sons Ltd. 1976. Pages 440, 447 and 448.
Joe Jacob (ed). Speller's Law relating to Hospitals and Kindred Institutions. Sixth Edition. H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd. 1978. Pages 142, 152, 155 and 156.
Dale and Appelbe's Pharmacy and Medicines Law. Tenth Edition. Pharmaceutical Press. 2013. Pages xxii, xxxviii, 140, 245 to 249, 256, 268, 304, 305, 330, 331, 465 and 479. J R Dale and G E Appelbe. "The Poisons Act, List and Rules". Pharmacy Law and Ethics. Second Edition. 1979. Chapter 17 at page 168 et seq.
Pharmacy Law and Practice. Third Edition. 2001. Chapter 17. p 160. Fourth Edition. 2006. Chapter 18. p 188. Fifth Edition. 2013. Chapter 18. p 275.
The Laws of Scotland: Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia. Title "Medicines, Poisons and Drugs".
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1972
Poisons
Toxicology in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisons%20Act%201972 |
Josef Seger (born Josef Ferdinand Norbert Segert, last name also Seeger or Seegr) (21 March 1716 – 22 April 1782) was a Czech organist, composer, and educator. After graduating in philosophy from the Charles University in Prague and studying music under Bohuslav Matěj Černohorský, Jan Zach, and others, Seger became organist of two churches in Prague and remained there until his death.
An extremely prolific composer, Seger became one of the most important representatives of the Czech organ school of the 18th century. He was also an influential teacher: his pupils included Jan Antonín Koželuh and Josef Mysliveček, and his figured bass exercises served many generations of teachers.
Life
Seger was born in Řepín, near Mělník, in Bohemia. He studied at the Jesuit Gymnasium in Prague and later graduated in philosophy at the Charles University. He also studied organ playing with Bohuslav Matěj Černohorský, counterpoint with Jan Zach and František Tůma, and, according to Dlabacž, figured bass with Felix Benda. Around 1741 Seger became organist to the Church of Our Lady in front of Týn and in 1745 he acquired a similar post at the Crusaders' church in Prague. He held both positions until his death. In 1781 Emperor Joseph II was sufficiently impressed with Seger's playing and offered the composer a court appointment, but Seger died in Prague in 1782 before the confirming document arrived.
None of Seger's compositions were published during his lifetime, but he was an important teacher and educator. His pupils included Karel Blažej Kopřiva, Jan Antonín Koželuh, Jan Křtitel Kuchař, Josef Mysliveček, and many other distinguished Bohemian composers and musicians. A few of Seger's pieces appeared in print in the 1790s; a selection of eight organ fugues was published by D. G. Türk in 1793. In 1803, J. Polt published Seger's ten preludes for organ, and a few more works followed in the next few decades. Particularly important was the publication of a portion of his figured bass exercises, which were used by teachers for decades after his death.
Works
Seger was the most prolific Czech organ composer of the 18th century. Hundreds of preludes, fugues, toccatas and other organ pieces survive in manuscript copies, although the attribution to Seger of some of these works is problematic. Generally speaking, his preludes and fugues are short works (their length probably dictated by the limitations imposed by the Catholic liturgy), but they exhibit a fertile harmonic imagination and a perfect grasp of late Baroque counterpoint practice. He also composed masses, motets and psalm settings; all also dominated by archaic counterpoint.
Selected works
Keyboard
8 Toccaten und Fugen, ed. D.G. Türk (Leipzig, 1793)
2 preludes, in Sammlung von Präludien, Fugen, ausgeführten Chorälen … von berühmten ältern Meistern, i (Leipzig, 1795)
[10] Praeludien, ed. J. Polt (Prague, c. 1803)
4 preludes, 2 fugues, Toccata, Fughetta, in Fugen und Praeludien von älteren vaterländischen Compositoren, ed. Verein der Kunstfreunde für Kirchenmusik in Böhmen, i–ii (Prague, 1832)
c. 70 pieces attributed to Seger in Museum für Orgel-Spieler, ed. [C.F. Pitsch] (Prague, 1832–1834)
Numerous works in manuscript copies from the 18th and 19th century, 20th century publications, etc.
Vocal
Masses
Missa quadragesimalis [in F major], for 4vv and organ
Mass in D minor, for 4vv, 2 violins, 2 trombones, and organ
Mass in D minor, for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ
Missa choralis [in E-flat major], for 4vv, organ concertante (doubtful)
Other works
Alma Redemptoris, for 4vv, string instrument ("violetta"), viola, and organ
Audi filia, for 4vv and organ
Ave regina, for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ
Christus nobis natus est, for 4vv, strings, and organ
Compieta (comprising Cum invocarem, In te Domine, Qui habitat, Ecce nunc, and Nunc dimittis), for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ
Litaniae de sanctissimo sacramento, for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ
Other
Around 200 figured bass lessons, known as Fundamenta pro organo, Generalbass-Übungsstücke, Orgel-Übungsstücke, etc.
Editions
Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger: Composizioni per organo - Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger, in: Musica antiqua Bohemica; 51, Band: 1 Preludi, toccate e fughe I-XXXVI. 1961, 111 p.
Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger: Composizioni per organo - Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger, in: Musica antiqua Bohemica; 56, Band: 2 Preludi e fughe I-XXI. 1962. 126 p.
Notes
References
Further reading
Hora, J. 2000. Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger - Organist der Teynkirche in den Jahren 1741-1782, in: Cerný, Jaromír, and Koch, Klaus-Peter. Mitteleuropäische Aspekte des Orgelbaus und der geistlichen Musik in Prag und den böhmischen Ländern, Konferenzbericht Prag 17.-22. September 2000,
External links
1716 births
1782 deaths
People from Mělník District
Czech classical composers
Czech male classical composers
German male classical composers
Czech classical organists
Male classical organists
German people of Czech descent
German people of German Bohemian descent
Austrian classical composers
Austrian people of Czech descent
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
German Baroque composers
German Classical-period composers
Charles University alumni
18th-century classical composers
18th-century keyboardists
18th-century German composers
18th-century male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Seger |
A water bar or interceptor dyke is a road or trail construction feature that is used to prevent erosion on sloping roads, cleared paths through woodland (for utility companies such as electricity pylons), or other accessways by reducing flow length. It is a diagonal channel across the road that diverts surface water (that would otherwise flow down the whole length of the road) off the road and into a stable drain way. By constructing a series of water bars at intervals along a road, the volume of water flowing down the road is reduced. Without water bars, flooding, washouts, and accelerated road degradation can occur.
The drain way carries the water that would otherwise be carried by the road. For proper operation of the water bars it must be stable and regularly inspected to ensure that it is free of silt buildup or other obstructions.
Water bars are usually constructed at an angle across the road. They tend to make passage by vehicle on the road difficult; usually a large high-clearance four wheel drive vehicle is required. Water bars are common on roads such as Forest Service Roads, especially in mountainous terrain with high rainfall.
References
Landscape
Road infrastructure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbar |
IV is the fourth studio album by American rock band Godsmack, released on April 25, 2006. This is Godsmack's only studio album produced by Andy Johns.
Recording and lyrical themes
According to Sully Erna: "This is the first time I've been totally honest, speaking the truth about real situations," he says. "In the past I was always pointing a finger, whether at myself or someone else, but I've come clean with myself and the people I can now love and care about.
This record is about the light at the end of the tunnel, coming out of that funk, recognizing the dark parts of our lives, but committing to finding a way out of them."
With legendary engineer Andy Johns, who worked on such Led Zeppelin classics as "Stairway to Heaven" and "When the Levee Breaks", as well as albums by the Rolling Stones and Van Halen, Godsmack transitions from their metal roots to full-fledged classic blues-rockers.
Recorded at Spiral Recording Studio in Los Angeles, Godsmack had the luxury, for the first time, of writing and recording IV without being on the road or having to rush to meet a deadline. They wrote 35 tracks, recorded 17, and picked the best of them to go on the disc.
"There were a lot of things that happened on this record that were different than the way we worked in the past," explains Erna. "And one of those was me letting go of the steering wheel a bit, allowing the band control over the writing and me stepping away to an outside point of view and coming up with lyrics for what I viewed as another group entirely," he says.
The lyrical themes, about speaking the truth and coming clean, are echoed in "Livin' in Sin", a song that inspired Erna to reveal to his girlfriend his infidelities, a theme he also explores in "The Enemy". "I was blocked for months," he says. "Writing that song opened up the floodgates and made me realize what this record was about."
"Shine Down" was another example of the band wrenching light from dark. "That one's not just a song of hope, but of realistic expectations," explains Erna. "It's about being human and having problems. About not being able to lift your head off the pillow, but knowing there's somebody out there that watches over us and a universe that protects us. I knew this new year would be rocking for us. It's not religious, but spiritual."
"Voodoo Too" is a sequel to their prior single "Voodoo", and features a bit of the ending of "Voodoo" in the beginning in the song.
Title
The album's minimalist name "IV" derives not only from its being the band's fourth studio album, but also from a running piece of backstage humor, as related by Larkin and Erna:
Commercial performance
IV sold 211,000 copies in the U.S. in its first week of release, debuting at #1 on the Billboard 200 chart. This figure is a bit less than the 267,000 units sold by Godsmack's third studio album, Faceless, back in April 2003, and the 256,000 first-week tally achieved by 2000's Awake. IV also debuted at number four on the Top Canadian Albums and number one on the Top Internet Albums.
Track listing
Personnel
Godsmack
Sully Erna – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, harmonica, production, talk box on "No Rest for the Wicked" and "Safe and Sound"
Tony Rombola – lead guitar, backing vocals
Robbie Merrill – bass
Shannon Larkin – drums, percussion
Additional
P. R. Brown – package design
Kent Hertz – engineering, digital editing
Andy Johns – production, engineering, mixing
Clay Patrick McBride – photography
Dave Schultz – mastering
Kevin Sheehy – personal assistant
Doug Strub – engineering
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
Certifications
References
2006 albums
Albums produced by Andy Johns
Godsmack albums
Republic Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV%20%28Godsmack%20album%29 |
Văcărești () is a neighbourhood in south-eastern Bucharest, located near Dâmbovița River and the Văcărești Lake. Nearby neighbourhoods include Vitan, Olteniței, and Berceni. Originally a village, it was incorporated into Bucharest as it expanded. Its name is related to the Wallachian aristocratic Văcărescu family, with an etymology leading back to the Romanian , "cow-herder," and the suffix -ești.
The Monastery and quarter
The Văcărești Monastery, built by Nicholas Mavrocordatos in 1716, was located on the Văcărești hill, nowadays near Piața Sudului. It was demolished in 1984 during the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu to make room for a Palace of Justice that was never built. It was the largest 18th-century monastery in Southeastern Europe and it had a church in the style of Curtea de Argeș Cathedral. It was also designed to be used as a fortress, and was seized in May 1771 by the Imperial Russian army, under commander Nikolai Vasilyeich Repnin, in the context of the Russo-Turkish War and Pârvu Cantacuzino's rebellion.
Part of the buildings of the monastery were used as a prison. Inmates that were incarcerated at Văcărești Prison during the 20th century include Ioan Slavici, Tudor Arghezi, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu and other members of the Iron Guard, Liviu Rebreanu, and Richard Wurmbrand. The nearby hill was home to Arghezi's long-time residence, the house he nicknamed Mărțișor (nowadays a museum).
Jewish history
In the 19th century, many Jewish immigrants settled in Văcărești, most of them coming from Imperial Russia. Văcărești and Dudești were the areas where the poorest Jews settled. On 21 January 1941, the fascist Iron Guard started its coup against Ion Antonescu, with whom they had shared government power since September (see Legionnaires' Rebellion and Bucharest Pogrom). The Iron Guard legionnaires killed 125 Jews, including in Văcărești and Dudești. On 24 January 1941 Ion Antonescu suppressed the rebellion and the Iron Guard was banned and the members arrested.
Almost all the Jews emigrated to the newly created state of Israel after World War II. Văcărești was one of the quarters that was completely torn down by Ceaușescu and nowadays few traces of the old quarters remain.
Văcărești Lake
In the 1980s, Ceaușescu wanted to build a large amusement park (3 km2), demolishing a sparsely built area and making place for a lake with a concrete bottom. However, it was never completed and it still remains barren as of 2022.
In 2002, 1.83 km2 of the terrain were given for 49 years to a company owned by Australian citizen Tony Mikhael that wanted to invest €650 million and build some residential areas as well as a golf course, a hippodrome, a hotel and some clubs. The terrain itself is estimated to be worth about €500 million, as the land costs in the area around €300/m2. argued that the concession of the terrain was illegal and that the Romanian state only gets around €0.28/m2.
Further reading
Gheorghe Leahu. Demolarea Mânăstirii Văcărești ("Demolition of the Văcărești Monastery"), (1997) București, Arta Grafică
Anania, Lidia; Luminea, Cecilia; Melinte, Livia; Prosan, Ana-Nina; Stoica, Lucia; and Ionescu-Ghinea, Neculai, Bisericile osândite de Ceaușescu. București 1977–1989 (1995). Editura Anastasia, Bucharest, . In Romanian. Title means "Churches doomed by Ceaușescu". p. 171–186 is about the Văcărești Monastery, including extensive photographs and architectural drawings.
References
"Proiectul Văcăreşti, dezgropat în 2005", Evenimentul Zilei, 13 January 2005
"Obuz pesedist în tunul alianței - Afacerea Văcărești", Săptămâna Financiară'', no. 48, 13 February 2006 p. 1, 5
Districts of Bucharest
Jews and Judaism in Bucharest
Jewish Romanian history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83c%C4%83re%C8%99ti%2C%20Bucharest |
Go-Round was the third album released by Jeff Coffin, released in 2001. This album was the first album recorded and released with the Mu'tet, a constantly changing group of guest musicians that play with Coffin.
Track listing
"Intro/Tuesday's Waterloo" – 7:41
"Walking on Thin Water" – 5:04
"Go-Round" – 6:04
"Zuleikha" – 4:50
"Tall and Lanky" – 6:53
"As in the Beginning..." – 2:26
"Playin' the Worm" – 4:59
"Only Love" – 5:51
"Multa et Mira" – 5:17
"Dewey" – 12:26
"Ibrahim" – 6:12
Personnel
Jeff Coffin – saxophone, flute, clarinet, bass clarinet
Noa Ben-Amotz – spoken vocals
Chris Walters – accordion, piano
Derek Jones – acoustic bass
Tom Giampietro – drums, percussion
2001 albums
Jeff Coffin albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Round |
Mary Alice Kemery, popularly known as Linda Goodman (April 9, 1925 – October 21, 1995), was a New York Times bestselling American astrologer and poet. She wrote the first astrology book to make the New York Times Best Seller list.
Early life and background
Linda Goodman was born in Morgantown, West Virginia. Although she never revealed her year of birth, swearing even her father to silence, it emerged posthumously that she was born in 1925. According to data collector Frank C. Clifford, Linda was born in Morgantown on April 9, 1925, at 6:05 a.m. Clifford cites Linda's birth certificate as his source. Her father's name was Robert Stratton Kemery; her mother's maiden name was Mazie McBee. By her own account, Goodman was born in her maternal grandparents' house on 115 Kingwood Street. She attended and graduated from Parkersburg High School in 1943 aged 18 years.
Career
Linda Goodman assumed the name 'Linda' during World War II for a popular WCOM radio show in Parkersburg that she hosted called Love Letters from Linda. Each show consisted of her reading letters written between soldiers and their loved ones. Each letter was punctuated with a popular song of the day. While working in radio, she met her second husband, Sam O. Goodman, and took his last name.
She began her career writing for newspapers in the eastern and southeastern United States. She also wrote speeches for black American civil rights leader Whitney Young, who served for several years as president of the National Urban League.
Astrology/writings
Some have suggested that Linda Goodman was responsible for accelerating the growth of the New Age movement through the unprecedented success of her first astrology book Linda Goodman's Sun Signs (1968). This was the first astrology book ever to earn a spot on the New York Times Best Seller list. It was followed by Linda Goodman's Love Signs (1978), which also made the New York Times Best Seller list and set an industry record with $2.3 million being paid for the paperback rights.
Other books by Linda Goodman include:
Venus Trines at Midnight (1970)
Linda Goodman's Love Signs (1978)
Linda Goodman's Love Poems (1980)
Linda Goodman's Star Signs: The Secret Codes of the Universe A Practical Guide for the New Age (1987)
Gooberz (1989)
Linda Goodman's Relationship Signs (1998)
Gooberz, begun in 1967, is a long poem riddled with myriad occult references and symbolism. It is also a thinly veiled autobiography, which explores two of her significant romantic relationships: her marriage to William Snyder and her love affair with marine biologist Robert Brewer. It also touches on the births of her four children: Sally Snyder, Bill Snyder, Jill Goodman and Michael Goodman. The book surveys her ideas on reincarnation, karma, love, and miracles.
Personal life
Goodman was mother to four children: Sally and William (Bill) Snyder from her first marriage, and Jill and Michael Goodman from her second marriage. She also had at least one other child, a daughter who died in infancy.
Daughter
Linda Goodman's books also reference what she referred to as the "disappearance" of her eldest daughter, Sally Snyder, in the 1970s, and the mystery around her reported death. Goodman spent much money and many years trying to find Sally, long after police closed the case as a suicide or accidental suicide. Goodman never accepted the official police report and continued to search for Sally for the rest of her own life. Finally, she believed that her daughter was dead but would return by reincarnation.
Death
Goodman made Cripple Creek, Colorado, her home during the latter part of her life. She first lived in a small Victorian house on Carr Street ("the little crooked house on the crooked little street") and later moved to a newer home on the outskirts of the main town. Both homes still boast her spiritually themed stained-glass windows. The house on Carr Street is now a bed and breakfast. She died in Colorado Springs, Colorado, on October 21, 1995, at the age of 70, from complications of diabetes.
Crystal Bush, a businesswoman from Ireland, befriended Goodman at the end of her life and obtained the publicity rights to the astrologer's name at her death. Bush then published the book Linda Goodman's Relationship Signs.
Notes
References
External links
"Spiritual pioneer Linda Goodman sought the secrets of life from more than just the stars"
Linda-Goodman.com
1925 births
1995 deaths
20th-century astrologers
American astrologers
American astrological writers
New Age spiritual leaders
American radio personalities
American speechwriters
Deaths from diabetes
New Age writers
Parkersburg High School alumni
Writers from Colorado Springs, Colorado
People from Morgantown, West Virginia
People from Parkersburg, West Virginia
Writers from West Virginia
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
People from Cripple Creek, Colorado
American women non-fiction writers
Palmists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Goodman |
The Supercopa de Baloncesto 2005 was disputed in Granada, Andalusia and begins with the following semifinals.
Semifinals
October 8, 2005:
Real Madrid 69 - 74 TAU Cerámica : (Official Match Recap )
Unicaja 71 - 73 CB Granada : (Official Match Recap )
Third and fourth place
October 9, 2005:
Real Madrid 81 - 74 Unicaja: (Official Match Recap )
Final
October 9, 2005:
TAU Cerámica 61 - 55 CB Granada: (Official Match Recap )
MVP: Luis Scola of TAU Cerámica
See also
Supercopa de España de Baloncesto
ACB
External links
Official website
Supercopa de España de Baloncesto
2005–06 in Spanish basketball cups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Supercopa%20de%20Espa%C3%B1a%20de%20Baloncesto |
Wired is a 1989 American biographical film of comedian and actor John Belushi, directed by Larry Peerce. It was based on the 1984 book of the same name by Washington Post journalist Bob Woodward, and adapted for the screen by Buckaroo Banzai creator Earl Mac Rauch. It stars Michael Chiklis in his film debut as Belushi. Wired was both a critical and a commercial failure. The film has yet to be released on DVD or Blu-ray, and the videocassette originally released by International Video Entertainment is out of print.
Plot
John Belushi sings the blues number "I'm the King Bee" with the Killer Bees on Saturday Night Live in 1976. In March 1982, he is found dead via overdose and sent to the coroner's office. As night passes, a mysterious force wakes John up from the dead. Figuring out where he is, he screams out of the hospital, and is picked up by a taxi. The driver, Angel Velasquez, notices John and names a character he played; the character, a man who is a coke addict, is actually about him, and reveals himself to be John's guardian angel. He takes him to Chateau Marmont where he sees that he died the previous night. With Angel, John goes through his life and the mistakes he made when drugs interfered.
In flashbacks, John meets Judy Jacklin before he forms the band The Ravens in the 1960s. In 1972, John is trained at The Second City to "make them laugh until it hurts." On the night before the airing of the first episode of Saturday Night Live, John gets Arnie Fromson to manage him, signing a contract. John becomes one of the biggest stars on the show, and meets Cathy Smith to experiment on drugs to improve his comedy. His popularity gets him a feature film role in National Lampoon's Animal House. Playing on the beach, John accidentally asks Judy to marry him, and she accepts. John goes into deep sleep after taking a shot, which leads his wife Judy, and friend and actor Dan Aykroyd, to wake him up and discuss how much money he is spending on cocaine. John and Dan’s friendship sparks the success of their singing duo, The Blues Brothers, leading to the feature film adaptation, where John takes large amounts of cocaine to get through the filming; despite Judy trying to help him control his usage, it leads into fights with director John Landis. The drug use gets him into arguments with Dan and Arnie, and ultimately Judy, so he decides to lay it off and get better during the filming of Continental Divide. However, the urge is too much for him and he returns to drug usage. In March 1982, with the help of Cathy Smith, John decides to try a different drug by injection: a speedball.
Intercut within all of this, Judy talks to Bob Woodward about making a book all about John Belushi's life. At first he isn't sure about doing it, but then decides to go ahead. He interviews Judy, Arnie, and Cathy about their experiences with John, but Bob begins to focus more on why John wanted to go on drugs. Seen by John and Angel, John tries to get himself to talk to Bob. After talking with Dan, Bob heads to John's room at the Chateau Marmont where he tries to piece together the mindset of John's final night alive was like. John and Angel make a bet: if John wins a pinball game (on a pinball machine themed after The Blues Brothers), he'll live. Sadly he loses, but gets to talk to Bob before he ultimately passes on. Bob and John argue over the latter's drug usage, with Bob pointing out Judy being hurt by his actions, while John explains the pressure the film and television industries had put on him. When the time passes, John tells Bob to "breathe for him," just as he passes on in Bob's mind, leaving him speechless after learning of the ironic toxicity of the comedic environment. Audio of an interview with Cathy has her asked if the two ever had a sexual relationship, which she replys "No, he loved his wife". The movie ends with John Belushi as Joe Cocker singing "You Are So Beautiful" on SNL as the title "Wired" forms over the scene.
Cast
Production
Background
Belushi's widow, Judith, and his manager, Bernie Brillstein, asked Bob Woodward to write a factual book about the actor to counter the speculation and rumors that had arisen after his death. Woodward, like Belushi, was from Wheaton, Illinois and had friends in common with him; Belushi had also been a fan of Woodward's investigative journalism. Although Woodward secured interviews with Belushi's family, friends and associates, he neither requested nor received approval from Judith before submitting his manuscript for publication. Those close to Belushi claimed that the book was exploitative and did not represent the man they knew. Nevertheless, Wired became a bestseller, albeit one that Belushi's family and friends publicly criticized for sensationalism and for what they perceived to be a negative and one-sided portrait of the actor. Tanner Colby, who co-wrote a biography of Belushi in 2004, later claimed that while many of the anecdotes in Woodward's book were true, Woodward missed, or did not seek out, their meaning or context.
Woodward sought to sell the book's film rights as early as 1984—the year it was published—but he found little interest in Hollywood for the project. Woodward later claimed, "A large portion of Hollywood didn't want this movie made because there's too much truth in it." Producers Edward S. Feldman and Charles R. Meeker eventually bought the film rights for the relatively modest sum of $300,000, and, lacking major studio funding, put up $1 million of the film's $13 million budget themselves. The rest of the film's funding came from the New Zealand conglomerate Lion Nathan.
Woodward served as an uncredited technical adviser on the film; the screenplay was written by Earl Mac Rauch, whose previous writing credits included Martin Scorsese's New York, New York (1977) and the science-fiction comedy The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension (1984). Hired to direct the film was Larry Peerce, a film and television veteran who had directed his wife Marilyn Hassett in the films The Other Side of the Mountain (1975), Two-Minute Warning (1976), The Other Side of the Mountain Part 2 (1978), and The Bell Jar (1979).
Chiklis claimed it took the producers three years to cast the role of Belushi. Then aged 25, Chiklis heard about auditions for the part when he was weeks away from picking up his theatre arts degree at Boston University: "I rushed down to try out... In the first 24 hours, I was called back 57 times to see different people. It was the first movie I ever read for. I was called back three times at first, then six to eight months would go by and I'd be called again, asked to perform two to three times, then nothing for maybe 10 months. I'd just about given up hope, then I'd get another call for more auditions." Chiklis finally won the role after being chosen over 200 other actors, and he put on 30 pounds for the part. The blue-eyed actor also wore brown contact lenses to more closely resemble Belushi.
Development
The film adaptation of Wired did little to separate itself from the book's dubious reputation (promotional material described Wired as "the film Hollywood didn't want made"). Like the book, the film was boycotted by several of Belushi's friends and family, including Judith Belushi, Dan Aykroyd and Jim Belushi. However, in many ways, Wired diverged from its source material. The film was criticized due to the addition of several fictional elements that were not present in the book, such as the guardian angel character, and the addition of Woodward himself as a character. Other difficulties for the filmmakers during production included their inability to obtain the rights to Belushi's original Saturday Night Live skits, and so they were forced to write imitations, e.g. "Samurai Baseball." However, the screenwriters did manage to work allusions and in-jokes to Belushi's routines into scenes and dialogue in the film. The film also alludes to the fact that Belushi's fictional guardian angel may not be sending him to Heaven but possibly Hell in the film's ending, when Belushi agrees to a pivotal pinball game—a parody of the chess game between the Knight and Death in the Ingmar Bergman film The Seventh Seal (1957).
The characters of Wired are a mixture of real-life people and obvious facsimiles. Judith Belushi, Dan Aykroyd, Bob Woodward and Cathy Smith, in addition to Belushi himself, appear by name in the film. Belushi's Saturday Night Live co-stars Chevy Chase, Gilda Radner and Laraine Newman are referred to but not seen. Other real-life associates of Belushi's are depicted onscreen, but assigned fictional names; for example, Brillstein is represented in the film by Alex Rocco's character "Arnie Fromson", and Belushi's minder Smokey Wendell is represented by Blake Clark's character "Dusty Jenkins." Many real-life celebrities who figured prominently in Belushi's life and in Woodward's book (including Robert De Niro, Robin Williams, Ed Begley Jr., Treat Williams, Carrie Fisher and Steven Spielberg) are not depicted in the film at all.
An obvious portrait is made of SNL producer Lorne Michaels, played by actor Joe Urla, although the role is listed as "Stage Manager".
One scene in Wired features Joe Strummer's song "Love Kills", from the soundtrack to Sid and Nancy (1986), another biopic about a celebrity drug casualty, and which features a taxicab as a metaphor for the afterlife. In another scene in Wired, Billy Preston appears as himself, playing a piano accompaniment to Chiklis as Belushi singing the song "You Are So Beautiful" (co-written by Preston) in the style of Joe Cocker.
Release
Principal photography of Wired commenced in May 1988 and finished in the autumn of that year. Though completed by the end of 1988, it was not theatricality released until August 1989. The producers of Wired had problems finding a distributor for the film, as many of the major studios refused to distribute it. Several independent studios such as New Visions (then headed by Taylor Hackford) backed away from it. Atlantic Entertainment was about to distribute Wired, but financial problems prevented that from happening, so Taurus Entertainment agreed to distribute the film.
In his book Tell Me How You Love The Picture: A Hollywood Life (2005), Feldman recalled the film's difficulties securing a distributor. He accused Hollywood powerbroker Michael Ovitz—whose Creative Artists Agency had represented Belushi, as well as Aykroyd and Bill Murray—of using his influence to sabotage the production and distribution of Wired. Ovitz himself claimed that "The film will rise or fall based on its own merits... We have nothing to do with the movie." Some studio executives claimed that their reluctance to distribute Wired was due to the film's dubious quality, rather than its subject matter. Brillstein accused the filmmakers of generating the controversy around the film themselves, in an attempt to improve its commercial prospects: "The only thing that the producers have to hang on to is the image of Wired as "the movie that Hollywood tried to stop"... I think this is a very good plan to get some excitement for the movie." In April 1989, the Los Angeles Times published the article "Another Chapter in the Strange Odyssey of Wired," vividly chronicling the obstacles the film faced throughout its production.
Wired screened at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival in May, three months before the film's general release. Jack Mathews of the Times wrote that while Wired was "one of the most anticipated films in the festival", by the end a "smattering of applause was drowned out by whistles and jeers." Afterwards, Woodward faced a hostile press conference in which he was bombarded with questions about his inclusion as a character in the film. Rita Kempley of the Post also reported that the Cannes reception "recalled a hive of John Belushi's killer bees."
Reception
Critical reception
The critical response to Wired was almost uniformly hostile. Wired has an overall approval rating of 4% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 3.5/10. The site's critics' consensus states: "A tasteless unintentional parody of the life it attempts to dramatize, Wired butchers John Belushi's memory with a misguided screenplay and unnecessary recreations of classic performances."
Leonard Maltin condemned Wired as "the film fiasco of its year" and "mind-numbingly wrongheaded." Maltin noted that Michael Chiklis "looks a little like Belushi but conveys none of his comic genius in some clumsy Saturday Night Live recreations" and that J. T. Walsh, "as Woodward, is an unintentional howl with the decade's most constipated performance."
Writing for The Washington Post, Rita Kempley dismissed the film as "the silliest celebrity bio since Mommie Dearest" and "a biography without an ounce of soul or a shred of dignity. Billed as a fantasy-comedy-drama, it manages to be none of these. The drama is laughable, the comedy lame, the fantasy without wings." Kempley described the film's direction as "ludicrous", the script as "preposterous", and also criticized Michael Chiklis' portrayal of Belushi: "Sam Kinison might have played the part -- like Belushi, he's obscene, overweight, abusive and mad as hell. Chiklis, who does look and sound like Belushi, is rather cherubic in his movie debut. There's a Bambi-ish quality to his portrait of debauchery, a strangely cute requiem for a funny man."
Also writing for The Washington Post, Desson Howe wondered if the film is "what the real Belushi's family, friends and fans really need. Certainly Belushi deserves as much scrutiny as the next public figure who died after heavy drug use, but this autopsy seems unnecessary." Howe had no praise for Michael Chiklis' performance as Belushi: "Despite a histrionic outpouring of growls, snorts, yells and re-creations of familiar Belushi shticks, from Jake Elmore to Joe Cocker, Chiklis seems to miss every opportunity to redeem himself. He's loud where he should have been soft, flat where he should have been funny and dead where he should have been alive." Howe also noted that the film version of Woodward "seems to have stumbled out of a Dragnet episode."
Vincent Canby for The New York Times described the film as "a bit fuzzy and off-center." Canby also noted that Chiklis "seems to be doing the role a few years too soon. It's not only that he seems too young, but also that he simply hasn't any idea of what it's like to scrape the bottom of life's barrel." Canby did praise Patti D'Arbanville, "who is exceptionally good as the addict who fatally ministers to Belushi in his last hours. She's a lost, sad character, more vivid than anyone else in the movie."
Roger Hurlburt of the Sun-Sentinel also gave Wired a 1½-star rating, writing that "we have director Larry Peerce thinking he's Frank Capra doing It's a Wonderful Life, or worse, Charles Dickens reworking A Christmas Carol... As a film that relies on mystical scenes to join together fact, plus appearing and disappearing characters scattered among confusing time sequences, Wired is a movie of overkill. The fact is, Belushi becomes more unlikable, more idiotic and more pathetically self-destructive as the film progresses."
Caryn James for The New York Times began her Wired review with the words, "There is almost no excuse for Wired, a film so devastatingly dull that it seems longer than John Belushi's whole career", before adding "audiences do not like their pop icons tampered with, and in biographical films such tampering is inevitable. Audiences bring to such films vivid images of people they feel they know, and they have consistently rejected films that fail to reflect that image... Any weeknight, viewers can turn on television reruns of the Saturday Night Live shows that made Belushi famous. And no matter how much Michael Chiklis, the star of Wired, resembles Belushi, his Killer Bee and his Joe Cocker imitation are no match for the highly visible, memorable, syndicated originals."
Rolling Stone labeled the film "a howling dog...Whether by design or by forced compromise, Wired is even more of a gloss than the candy-assed view of Jerry Lee Lewis in Great Balls of Fire!. Far from pointing any fingers, Wired the movie hardly names names...it appears that nearly everyone Belushi encountered in big, bad Hollywood tried to warn him off demon drugs. Wired packs all the investigative wallop of a Care Bears flick." The review also criticized Michael Chiklis for capturing "none of Belushi's charm, warmth or genius. It's excruciating to watch Chiklis drain the wit from such classic Belushi routines as the Samurai, the Bees and the Blues Brothers."
In 2008, writer Nathan Rabin posted a retrospective on Wired for his series "My Year of Flops" on The A.V. Club. Rabin wrote, "To call Wired an unconscionable act of grave robbery/defilement would be an insult to the good name of grave-robbers everywhere. There are snuff films with more integrity... Watching Wired, the two questions that pop up constantly are 'What the hell were they thinking?' followed by 'What the hell were they smoking, and where can I get some?'... I will give Rauch's screenplay this much: it sure is audacious... Rauch apparently set out to write a biopic as irreverent, wild, and unconventional as Belushi himself. The stakes were high. Had the filmmakers succeeded, they would have reinvented the biopic by injecting it with vast ocean of gallows humor, magic realism, and postmodern mindfuckery. The filmmakers took enormous chances, none of which paid off. They shot for the moon and fell flat on their asses.
Richard Corliss, in his review of the film for Time Magazine, singled out Michael Chiklis's "boldly percussive performance", but described the film itself as a "turkey, overstuffed as it is with mad ambitions and bad karma."
In his review of Wired for the Houston Chronicle, Jeff Millar noted that Michael Chiklis "looks reasonably enough like Belushi, and he impersonates him well enough to make us frustratingly aware that he is not John Belushi... In the sequences when he is asked to imitate Belushi the entertainer, he is desperately overmatched – any actor would be – against the close memory of a hugely idiosyncratic comic actor."
Michael Wilmington for the Los Angeles Times praised the performances of Chiklis, D'Arbanville and Gary Groomes, but had mixed feelings about the film overall, noting that "the crippling flaw in the film lies in its mix of surface daring and inner funk. Inside, it keeps flinching."
Roger Ebert for the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that "Maybe there was no way to make a good movie out of this material, not yet, when everyone remembers Belushi and any actor who attempts to play him is sure to suffer by comparison." Awarding Wired 1½ stars out of 4, Ebert noted that Wired "is in some ways a sincere attempt to deal with the material, but it is such an ungainly and hapless movie, so stupidly written, so awkwardly directed and acted, that it never gets off the ground." In his syndicated movie review show Siskel & Ebert, Ebert did concede that Chiklis "did what he could" with his performance, while his partner Gene Siskel said that Chiklis and Groomes were very good and that the film could have been pulled off with better direction and a better script.
Family and friends' reactions
Belushi's friend John Landis, who directed the actor in the films National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) and The Blues Brothers (1980), refused to have his name incorporated into Wired and threatened to sue for invasion of privacy, causing the producers to label a generic name on the film director who appears in the film. As played by Jon Snyder, the director is an obvious lookalike of Landis during the Blues Brothers sequence, and in the scene where he is walking across the movie set, a helicopter can be heard in the background (a reference to the fatal helicopter accident that occurred when Landis filmed Twilight Zone: The Movie). The film also depicts the director punching a coked-out Belushi in the face during the filming of The Blues Brothers. This event, recounted directly from the opening of Woodward's book, was dismissed by Landis as "not true".
Dan Aykroyd was openly averse to Wired. During an interview for MTV's The Big Picture, he said, "I have witches working now to jinx the thing... I hope it never gets seen and I am going to hurl all the negative energy I can and muster all my hell energies [against them]. My thunderbolts are out on this one, quite truthfully." Walsh, who played Woodward in Wired, was cast in a supporting role in the comedy Loose Cannons (1990) with Aykroyd, but Aykroyd had him removed from the film because of his participation in Wired. Walsh reportedly worked for two days on Loose Cannons before he was fired and replaced with Paul Koslo, causing the film a $125,000 production delay.
Two years after the release of Wired, Judith Belushi wrote her book Samurai Widow (1991) to counter the image of her late husband portrayed in Woodward's work. She also co-wrote the 2005 oral history book, Belushi: A Biography, with Tanner Colby. Judith told Entertainment Weekly in 2013, "Like Michael Chiklis said, when he was a young man and was offered that role in [Wired], he thought it was a great opportunity and it was. He was just unfortunate not to have a better script because he himself was fine."
Impact on Chiklis' career
Prior to the release of Wired, Patricia O'Haire of the New York Daily News suggested that Chiklis might be "priced out of reach" (i.e. by the film's success). Instead, Chiklis' participation in Wired derailed the actor's career for 18 months: "After Wired, everyone was afraid to touch me for fear of reprisal... It was a bittersweet situation. All of a sudden, I was starring in a major motion picture and the next thing you know, I'm being asked by reporters, 'Do you think you'll be blackballed?'" Chiklis later told James Belushi that he took on the lead role in Wired out of "love, respect and homage" for his brother, and apologized for any hurt he had caused Belushi's family. After numerous guest roles in episodic television (including Miami Vice, L.A. Law, Murphy Brown, and Seinfeld), Chiklis gained fame for portraying the lead roles of Commissioner Tony Scali on the ABC police drama The Commish (1991–1996), and LAPD Detective Vic Mackey on the FX police drama The Shield (2002–2008). His film career resurged when he played Marvel superhero Ben "The Thing" Grimm in the films Fantastic Four (2005) and Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007).
References
External links
Cinema Snob's takedown of Wired on YouTube
1989 films
1980s biographical films
1989 comedy-drama films
1980s fantasy comedy-drama films
1989 independent films
1980s ghost films
American biographical films
American fantasy comedy-drama films
American independent films
American ghost films
Biographical films about actors
Films about comedians
Films about drugs
Films based on biographies
Films directed by Larry Peerce
Films scored by Basil Poledouris
Saturday Night Live
Films set in the 1960s
Films set in the 1970s
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in 1972
Films set in 1976
Films set in 1982
Films produced by Edward S. Feldman
1980s English-language films
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired%20%28film%29 |
The Left Hand of God is a 1955 American drama film. It was directed by Edward Dmytryk and produced by Buddy Adler, from a screenplay by Alfred Hayes, based on the novel The Left Hand of God, by William Edmund Barrett.
Set in a small American mission in China in 1947, at a time of civil war, it stars Humphrey Bogart as a hunted man masquerading as a Catholic priest and Gene Tierney in the role of a nurse, with a supporting cast including Lee J. Cobb, Agnes Moorehead, E. G. Marshall, and Carl Benton Reid.
While playing Anne Scott, Tierney became ill. Bogart had a personal experience as he was close to a sister who suffered from mental illness, and, during the production, he fed Tierney her lines and encouraged her to seek help.
Plot
In 1947 Catholic priest Father O'Shea makes his way to a remote mission in China to replace a priest who had been killed there. He meets Dr David Sigman, Sigman's wife Beryl, and nurse Anne Scott, the only other Western residents. They run a hospital for the surrounding villagers, at a time when competing warlords and communists are engaged in civil war.
O'Shea delivers his debut Sunday sermon, in both English and Chinese for appreciative parishioners. His work among them, and his observance of local customs, soon earn him their respect.
Anne becomes uncomfortable as she is romantically attracted to him. Beryl suggests to her husband that Anne be sent back to the United States, but he refuses to consider it, needing her at the hospital. Beryl suggests that O'Shea consult with Reverend Martin, a Protestant minister at another American mission, for advice. He agrees.
When O'Shea meets Martin, he makes a startling, unsolicited confession. He says he is not a Catholic priest, but Jim Carmody, an American pilot who had flown supplies over The Hump during World War II. He crashed during the war and was rescued by a local warlord, General Yang, becoming his trusted second-in-command ... and his prisoner. When one of Yang's soldiers killed Father O'Shea, Carmody deserted and decided to masquerade as the replacement priest. After recounting his story to Martin, Carmody writes a full account to the Catholic bishop.
General Yang tracks down Carmody, bringing an army and insisting that Carmody resume serving him. Carmody proposes they settle the matter with their customary game of dice, wagering five years' loyal service against his freedom and the safety of the local villagers. After Yang loses, he coerces Carmody into playing again, this time for the future of the Protestant mission. When he loses again, Yang resigns himself to perpetuating the myth of Father O'Shea, who is saintly enough to turn aside a powerful warlord.
Before Carmody leaves the mission, to the regret of all the villagers, he tells Anne the truth.
Cast
Humphrey Bogart as James Carmody
Gene Tierney as Anne Scott
Lee J. Cobb as Mieh Yang
Agnes Moorehead as Beryl Sigman
E. G. Marshall as Dr. David Sigman
Jean Porter as Mary Yin
Carl Benton Reid as Father Cornelius
Victor Sen Yung as John Wong
Philip Ahn as Jan Teng
Benson Fong as Chun Tien
Reception
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times disliked the picture, writing, "Unfortunately, Mr. Hayes and Mr. Dmytryk have not assembled a drama that conveys either credibility of action or sincerity of mood," calling the flashback scenes "absurd, played in a style of heroics that you get in the silliest bandit films." Variety praised the film's "top-budget values" and "authentic touch" of Chinese extras, but noted, "To sticklers of logic and realism, there are a number of scenes and incidents that strain the imagination. Particularly the tense sequence in which Bogart actually wins the village's freedom by casting dice with Cobb." Harrison's Reports agreed that the dice game was "rather fanciful", but called the film's production values "first-rate" and thought that Bogart did "an outstanding job" in the lead role. John McCarten of The New Yorker deemed the film "a fairly substantial item" in a positive review, with Bogart doing "a fine job" in his estimation though he found the plot to get "a bit shaky, and even outlandish." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote that Bogart was "far more sure of the part than the writers, director and producer seem to be about the rest of the picture." The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "Obscure character motivation and an unpleasant mock religiosity in the worst Hollywood tradition are the main drawbacks in this curious picture. One suspects that the original novel may have provided more detailed and logical characterisation than is apparent in the film's script—Carmody's allegiance to the Chinese warlord is never satisfactorily explained—and Bogart's tired and uneasy playing fails to suggest the character's dilemma."
See also
List of American films of 1955
References
External links
1955 films
1955 drama films
American drama films
CinemaScope films
Films about Catholicism
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Edward Dmytryk
Films set in 1947
Films set in China
20th Century Fox films
Films scored by Victor Young
1950s English-language films
1950s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Left%20Hand%20of%20God |
Frankford Transportation Center (also known as Frankford Terminal) is a transportation terminal in Frankford, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It was once known as the Bridge-Pratt station before a complete reconstruction in 2003. Frankford Transportation Center is the last stop for the Market-Frankford Line trains before heading westbound for 69th Street Transportation Center.
Overview
Besides being the depot and terminus for many bus routes, it is the eastern terminus of the Market-Frankford Line (MFL) (also called the Market-Frankford Subway-Elevated Line (MFSE), the El, or the Blue Line), a subway-elevated rapid transit line in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, run by SEPTA, which begins at 69th Street Transportation Center just west of the Philadelphia city line in Upper Darby Township and runs mostly over and under Philadelphia streets to its terminus at the Frankford Transportation Center.
Station layout
Gallery
References
External links
SEPTA – Frankford Transportation Center map (archived)
Images at NYCSubway.org
SEPTA Market-Frankford Line stations
SEPTA stations and terminals
Railway stations in Philadelphia
Historic American Engineering Record in Philadelphia
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1918
1918 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankford%20Transportation%20Center |
The lira was the currency of the mainland part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, known as the Kingdom of Naples, between 1812 and 1813. The currency was issued by Joachim Murat, who claimed the title of "King of the Two Sicilies" but only controlled the mainland part of the kingdom. Consequently, the currency is referred to as the "Neapolitan lira". It was subdivided into 100 centesimi (singular: centesimo) and was equal to the Italian lira and French franc. It replaced the piastra, which circulated again following the restoration of Bourbon rule.
Coins
Coins were issued in denominations of 3, 5 and 10 centesimi, ½, 1, 2, 5, 20 and 40 lire. The centesimi denominations were struck in bronze, the lire coins up to 5 lire were in silver and the higher denominations were in gold. All the coins bore the head of name Joachim Murat and his adopted Italian name, "Gioacchino Napoleone".
References
Obsolete Italian currencies
1812 establishments in Italy
1813 disestablishments in Europe
1812 in Europe
1813 in Europe
19th century in the Kingdom of Naples
19th-century economic history
1812 in Italy
1813 in Italy
Economic history of Italy
Joachim Murat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan%20lira |
Since the mid 1980s, the largest source of electricity in France has been nuclear power, with a generation of 379.5 TWh in 2019 and a total electricity production of . In 2018, the nuclear share was 71.67%, the highest percentage in the world.
Since June 2020, it has 56 operable reactors totalling 61,370 MWe, one under construction (1630 MWe), and 14 shut down or in decommissioning (5,549 MWe). In May 2022, EDF reported that twelve reactors were shut down and being inspected for stress corrosion, requiring EDF to adjust its French nuclear output estimate for 2022 to 280–300 TWh; the estimate of the impact of the decrease in output on the Group's EBITDA for 2022 was assessed to be -€18,5 billion.
Électricité de France (EDF)the country's main electricity generation and distribution company – manages the country's 56 power reactors. EDF is fully owned by the French Government.
Nuclear power was introduced in large quantities in France following the 1973 oil crisis according to the Messmer plan named for then prime minister Pierre Messmer. This was based on projections that large amounts of electric power would be required. France exported of electricity to its neighbours in 2017. However, the country still becomes a net importer of electricity when demand exceeds supply, such as in cases of very inclement weather, as in February 2012 when "Germany powers France in cold despite nuclear u-turn" as "France heavily relies on electric heating", which "means that during cold snaps, French electricity demand goes through the roof, forcing the country to import".
History
France has a long relationship with nuclear power, starting with Henri Becquerel's discovery of natural radioactivity in the 1890s and continued by famous nuclear scientists such as Pierre and Marie Skłodowska Curie.
Before World War II, France had been mainly involved in nuclear research through the work of the Joliot-Curies. In 1945 the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) created the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) governmental agency, and Nobel prize winner Frédéric Joliot-Curie, member of the French Communist Party (PCF) since 1942, was appointed high commissioner. He was relieved of his duties in 1950 for political reasons contingent upon the Cold War, and later was one of the 11 signatories to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto in 1955. The CEA was created by Charles de Gaulle on 18 October 1945. Its mandate is to conduct fundamental and applied research into many areas, including the design of nuclear reactors, the manufacturing of integrated circuits, the use of radionuclides for medical treatments, seismology and tsunami propagation, and the safety of computerized systems.
Nuclear research was discontinued for a time after the war, owing to the instability of the Fourth Republic and the lack of finances available. However, in the 1950s a civil nuclear research program was started, a by-product of which was plutonium. A secret Committee for the Military Applications of Atomic Energy was formed in 1956, and a development program for delivery vehicles started. In 1957, soon after the Suez Crisis and the diplomatic tension with both the USSR and the United States, French president René Coty decided on the creation of the C.S.E.M. in what was then French Sahara, a new nuclear testing facility replacing the CIEES testing facility. See France and nuclear weapons.
The first nuclear power plants in France were three UNGG reactors at the Marcoule Nuclear Site between 1956 and 1960, followed by the Chinon reactors in Avoine from 1962.
Messmer Plan
As a direct result of the 1973 oil crisis, on 6 March 1974 Prime Minister Pierre Messmer announced what became known as the 'Messmer Plan', a huge nuclear power program aimed at generating all of France's electricity from nuclear power. At the time of the oil crisis most of France's electricity came from foreign oil. Nuclear power allowed France to compensate for its lack of indigenous energy resources by applying its strengths in heavy engineering. The situation was summarized in a slogan: "In France, we do not have oil, but we have ideas."
The announcement of the Messmer Plan was enacted without public or parliamentary debate. Concern over the government's action spread among the scientific community of France. The lack of consultation outside of political realms regarding the plan led to the formation of the Groupement des scientifiques pour l'information sur l'énergie nucléaire (Association of Scientists for Information on Nuclear Energy). 4,000 scientists signed a petition as a response, known as the Appeal of the 400 after the 400 scientists who initially signed it.
The reason that the Messmer Plan was enacted without public or parliamentary debate, was that there was no tradition to do that with highly-technological and strategically-important decisions in the governments of France and the parliament did not have a scientific commission with sufficient technical means to handle such scientific and strategic decisions, just like the public does not have such means.
France does not have any procedure of public inquiries to allow the assessment of major technological programmes. The plan envisaged the construction of around 80 nuclear plants by 1985 and a total of 170 plants by 2000. Work on the first three plants, at Tricastin, Gravelines, and Dampierre started the same year and France installed 56 reactors over the next 15 years.
However by the mid 1980s it became clear that the Messmer plan had been overambitious. Nuclear power plants achieve their optimum economic value when run flat out, and the projected demand had not materialized. By 1988 France's nuclear power plants had a capacity factor of only around 60%, whereas other countries that had not invested in nuclear power so heavily were nearer 80-90%. However, the goal of replacing imported fossil fuels in electricity generation was mostly met (France noawadays uses only minuscule amounts of oil to produce electricity and its last two coal power plants Cordemais Power Station and Saint-Avold are to be shut down when the 1600 MW net electric EPR at Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant comes online). While not a major concern at the time, this resulted in decreased air pollution and one of the lowest carbon dioxide emission ratios per unit of electricity produced among densely populated industrialized countries. Furthermore, the shift of domestic traffic from air to the TGV (which is powered by electricity) further aided in those goals.
Developments 2011-2022
Following the 2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents, the head of France's nuclear safety agency said that France needed to upgrade the protection of vital functions in all its nuclear reactors to avoid a disaster in the event of a natural calamity, adding there was no need to close any plants. "There is a need to add a layer to protect safety mechanisms in reactors that are vital for the protection of the reactor such as cooling functions and electric powering", Jacques Repussard, head of the IRSN, said. Opinion polls showed support for atomic energy had dropped since Fukushima. Forty percent of the French "are 'hesitant' about nuclear energy while a third are in favor and 17 percent are against, according to a survey by pollster Ifop published November 13".
In February 2012, President Sarkozy decided to extend the life of existing nuclear reactors beyond 40 years, following the Court of Audit decision that that would be the best option, for new nuclear capacity or other forms of energy would be more costly and available too late. Within ten years 22 out of the 58 reactors will have been operating for over 40 years. The court expects EDF's projected investment programme in existing plant, including post Fukushima safety improvements, will add between 9.5% and 14.5% to generation costs, taking costs to between 37.9 and . Generation costs from the new Flamanville European Pressurized Reactor (EPR) are estimated to be at least in the 70-to-90 EUR/MWh range, depending on construction outcome. Academics at Paris Dauphine University forecast that domestic electricity prices would rise by about 30% by 2020.
Following François Hollande's victory in the 2012 presidential election, it was thought that there might be a partial nuclear phaseout in France. This followed a national debate in the run-up to the election, with President Nicolas Sarkozy backing nuclear power and François Hollande proposing a cut in nuclear power's electricity contribution by more than a third by 2025. It seemed certain that Hollande would at least order the closure of the Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant by 2017 where there has been an ongoing closure campaign due to concerns about seismic activity and flooding.
Active efforts by the French government to market the EPR have been hampered by cost overruns, delays, and competition from other nations, such as South Korea, which offer simpler, cheaper reactors.
In 2015, the National Assembly voted that by 2025 only 50% of France's energy will be produced by nuclear plants. Environment Minister Nicolas Hulot noted in November 2017 that this goal is unrealistic, postponing the reduction to 2030 or 2035.
In 2016, following a discovery at Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant, about 400 large steel forgings manufactured by Le Creusot Forge since 1965 were found to have carbon-content irregularities that weakened the steel. A widespread programme of reactor checks was started involving a progressive programme of reactor shutdowns, continued over the winter high electricity demand period into 2017. This caused power price increases in Europe as France increased electricity imports, especially from Germany, to augment supply. As of late October 2016, 20 of France's 58 reactors were offline. These steel quality concerns may prevent the regulator giving the life extensions from 40 to 50 years, that had been assumed by energy planners, for many reactors. In December 2016 the Wall Street Journal characterised the problem as a "decades long coverup of manufacturing problems", with Areva executives acknowledging that Le Creusot had been falsifying documents. The Le Creusot forge was out of operation from December 2015 to January 2018 while improvements to process controls, the quality management system, organisation and safety culture were made.
In November 2018, President Macron announced the 50% nuclear power reduction target is being delayed to 2035, and would involve closing fourteen reactors. The two oldest reactors, units 1 and 2 at Fessenheim, were closed in 2020. EDF is planning an investment programme, called Grand Carénage, to extend reactor lifespans to 50 years, to be largely completed by 2025.
In 2020, Energy Minister Élisabeth Borne announced the government would not decide on the construction of any new reactors until Flamanville 3 started operation after 2022. In October 2021 president Macron announced plans for France to become a leader in low-carbon energy production using small modular reactors and green hydrogen. In October 2021 French grid operator RTE plans for construction of six new EPR reactors so that by 2050 France maintains 50 GW in low-carbon nuclear power. This has been described as the fastest and most certain path to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.
In January 2022, junior environment minister Bérangère Abba said that plans for new nuclear EPR 2 reactors, to be operational between 2035 and 2037, should be submitted around 2023. The decision was accelerated by the impact of 2021 global energy crisis. In February 2022 president Macron added that the plan includes construction of 14 new large nuclear reactors and extension of life of existing reactors deemed safe and suitable beyond 50 years.
On the 3 September 2022, amid energy uncertainties arising from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Energy Transition Minister, Agnes Pannier-Runacher, announced that EDF was committed to restarting all reactors in the coming winter.
In 2023, during a presidential visit to China, France renewed a nuclear co-operation agreement with China, and EDF renewed its 2007 partnership contract with China General Nuclear Power Group which includes development, construction and operation of nuclear plants.
Crisis since late 2021
After scheduled maintenance during the summer of 2021, some power plants were not back in service in late 2021. In October, stress corrosion cracking at Civaux Nuclear Power Plant led to the decision to shut down both blocks for long term repair. In December 2021, this was extended to both blocks of Chooz Nuclear Power Plant, as all four plants use the same type of reactor, N4, the most modern in operation, with grid connection in the late 1990s, commercial operation since early 2000s. By end of April 2022 it was reported that 28 of France’s 56 nuclear reactors were offline. French nuclear energy production has fallen to the lowest level since 1993 and it is expected to fall short by at least 25% compared to usual production levels in the winter of 2022/2023.
On 19 May 2022, EDF adjusted its French nuclear output estimate for 2022 between 280 and 300 TWh, and with the expectation of checks and repairs to be completed, the 2023 French nuclear output estimate was not changed (300–330 TWh). Considering the overall control and repair program, nuclear generation for 2024 may be impacted.
Electricity production in 2022 was 279 TWh, with 300–330 TWh still forecast for 2023 as of June 2023.
On 21 February 2022, S&P Global Ratings and Moody's downgraded the credit rating of EDF citing the technical issues at its nuclear power plants. In July 2022 the French government announced its plans to fully nationalize EDF. To meet demand, EDF had to buy electricity on the European market at high prices, costing an estimated €29 billion by June 2023.
As of early September 2022, 32 of France's 56 nuclear reactors were shut down due to maintenance or technical problems. In 2022, Europe's driest summer in 500 years had serious consequences for power plant cooling systems, as the drought reduced the amount of river water available for cooling.
During 2023, stress corrosion cracking was found in some straight pipe sections; previously it had only been found in pipe with bends so subject to additional stress form thermal stratification as fluids flowed through bends. One crack was to a depth of 23 mm in a wall thickness of 27 mm.
Management and economics
Électricité de France (EDF)the country's main electricity generation and distribution companymanages the country's nuclear power plants. EDF is substantially owned by the French government, with around 85% of EDF shares in government hands. 78.9% of Areva shares are owned by the French public sector company CEA and are therefore in public ownership. EDF remains heavily in debt. Its profitability suffered during the recession which began in 2008. It made €3.9 billion in 2009, which fell to €1.02 billion in 2010, with provisions set aside amounting to €2.9 billion. The Nuclear industry has been accused of significant cost overruns and failing to cover the total costs of operation, including waste management and decommissioning.
In 2001, nuclear construction and services company Areva was created by the merger of CEA Industrie, Framatome and Cogema (now Areva NC). Its main shareholder is the French owned company CEA, but the German federal government also holds, through Siemens, 34% of the shares of Areva's subsidiary, Areva NP, in charge of building the EPR (third-generation nuclear reactor).
In 2010, as part of the progressive liberalisation of the energy market under EU directives, France agreed the Accès régulé à l'électricité nucléaire historique (ARENH) regulations that allowed third party suppliers access up to about a quarter of France's pre-2011 nuclear generation capacity, at a fixed price of €42/MWh from 1 July 2011 until 31 December 2025.
As of 2015, France's household electricity price, excluding taxation, is the 12th cheapest amongst the 28 member European Union and the second-cheapest to industrial consumers. The actual cost of generating electricity by nuclear power is not published by EDF or the French government but is estimated to be between €59/MWh and €83/MWh.
EDF said its third-generation nuclear reactor EPR project at its Flamanville, northern France, plant will be delayed until 2016, due to "both structural and economic reasons," which will bring the project's total cost to EUR8.5 billion. Similarly, the cost of the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant (EPR) to be built in Finland has escalated. Areva and the utility involved "are in bitter dispute over who will bear the cost overruns and there is a real risk now that the utility will default. EDF has suggested that if the political environment causes the EPR costs to overrun, the design would be replaced with a cheaper and simpler Franco-Japanese design, the Atmea for which the design will be completed by 2013, or the already operating Franco-Chinese design, the CPR-1000." In July 2018, EDF further delayed fuel loading to Q4 2019 and increased the project's cost estimate by a further €400 million (US$467.1 million). Startup is now scheduled to occur no earlier than Q2 2020 and EDF now estimates project costs at €10.9 billion (US$12.75 billion), three times the original cost estimates. Hot testing is currently planned to occur by the end of 2018
In July 2015, EDF agreed to take a majority stake in Areva NP, following a French government instruction they create a "global strategic partnership".
In 2016, the European Commission assessed that France's nuclear decommissioning liabilities were seriously underfunded, with only 23 billion euros of earmarked assets to cover 74.1 billion euros of expected decommissioning costs.
In October 2019, French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire released an audit report on the construction of the heavily delayed and nearly four times over-budget Flamanville 3 EPR development, started by Areva in 2007, which assessed it as largely a project management and skills failure. The Finance Minister demanded EDF present within a month an action plan for the project, calling it "a failure for the entire French nuclear industry".
In 2020, the French government announced plans to change the wholesale nuclear power market, to enable EDF to completely cover its costs while preventing price volatility. A "price corridor" with floor and ceiling price limits would be defined for wholesale nuclear power electricity, rather than the current fixed €42/MWh for a quarter of production, which third-party suppliers used to avoid peak period high prices. A price band of €42-48/MWh has been suggested, though pricing would be controlled by regulator Commission de régulation de l'énergie (CRE). Some prefer a higher price band to finance new nuclear builds to replace older reactors, for example Francois Dos Santos of the EDF central works council suggested a €47-53/MWh price band.
EDF has a programme, named Grand Carénage and costed at €49.4 billion, to life extend by 2025 nearly all French power reactors from 40 to 50 years lifetime. These have been approved by regulatory body ASN in February 2021.
Technical overview
Drawing such a large percentage of overall electrical production from nuclear power is unique to France. This reliance has resulted in certain necessary deviations from the standard design and function of other nuclear power programs. For instance, in order to meet changing demand throughout the day, some plants must work as peaking power plants, whereas most nuclear plants in the world operate as base-load plants, and allow other fossil or hydro units to adjust to demand. Nuclear power in France has a total capacity factor of around 77%, which is low compared to nuclear power plants in other countries due to load following. Fleet availability has been declining in recent years, averaging approximately 72% over the 2020-2021 operating years. This is quite low compared to other, less dominant nuclear plant fleets and suggests the operating regime has had adverse long-term impacts on the operability of the fleet.
The first eight power reactors in the nation were gas cooled reactor types (UNGG reactor), whose development was pioneered by CEA. Coinciding with a uranium enrichment program, EDF developed pressurized water reactor (PWR) technology which eventually became the dominant type. The gas-cooled reactors located at Brennilis, Bugey, Chinon, and Marcoule have all been shut down.
All operating plants today are PWRs. The sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor technology development reactors, Phénix and Superphénix, have been shut down. Work on a more advanced design in the form of the ASTRID reactor was finally abandoned in September 2019.
The PWR plants were all developed by Framatome (now Areva) from the initial Westinghouse design. All currently operating PWR plants are of three design variations, having output powers of 900 MWe, 1300 MWe, and 1450 MWe. The repeated use of these standard variants of a design has afforded France the greatest degree of nuclear plant standardization in the world.
900 MWe class (CP0, CP1 and CP2 designs)
There are a total of 34 of these reactors in operation; most were constructed in the 1970s and the early 1980s. In 2002, they had a uniform review and all were granted a 10-year life extension.
With the CP0 and CP1 designs, two reactors share the same machine and command room. With the CP2 design, each reactor has its own machine and command room. Apart from this difference, CP1 and CP2 use the same technologies, and the two types are frequently referred to as CPY. Compared to CP0 they have an additional cooling circuit between the emergency system that in case of an accident allows to spray water into the containment and the circuit which contains river water, a more flexible control system and some minor difference in the layout of the building.
This three loop design (three steam generators and three primary circulation pumps) was also exported to a number of other countries, including:
South Africa – two units at the Koeberg nuclear power station
South Korea – two units at the Ulchin Nuclear Power Plant
China, also designated as M310:
Two units at the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant
Two units at the Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plant
Further development led into the 1000 MW CPR-1000 design.
In February 2021, Autorité de sûreté nucléaire gave generic authorisation, subject to conditions, for a ten-year life extension beyond the design life of 40 years of the French 900 MWe reactors. Specific reviews of each reactor are still required.
1300 MWe class (P4 and P'4 designs)
There are 20 reactors of this design (four steam generators and four primary circulation pumps) operating in France. The P4 and P'4 type have some minor difference in the layout of the building, especially for the structure which contain the fuel rods and the circuitry.
1500 MWe class (N4 design)
There are only four of these reactors, housed at two separate sites: Civaux and Chooz. Construction of these reactors started between 1984 and 1991, but full commercial operation did not begin until between 2000 and 2002 because of thermal fatigue flaws in the heat removal system requiring the redesign and replacement of parts in each N4 power station. By 2002 the reactors had been uprated from 1450 MWe to 1500 MWe. Serious stress corrosion cracking in the stainless steel safety system piping was discovered to 2021, requiring shutdowns for inspections and repair.
1650 MWe class (EPR design)
The next generation design for French reactors is the EPR, which is also intended for foreign markets. The EPR was originally developed as a German-French joint project to incorporate the advantages of the highly reliable German Konvoi design as well as French experience at mass construction of relatively "standardized" nuclear facilities. The design was intended to be built in both Germany and France as well as various export markets. However, the German nuclear phase-out precluded any construction of EPRs in Germany and ultimately led to Siemens selling its shares in the joint venture (see below). Two EPR units are in operation at the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant in China. Operational units include one at the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in Finland. Under construction units include two at the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station in the United Kingdom. Construction of the first French EPR started at the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant in 2007. The completion date was set for 2012, but the reactor suffered delays and cost overruns. , completion was scheduled for late 2022, ten years behind schedule.
An additional EPR reactor was planned for the Penly Nuclear Power Plant, but this project has now been abandoned.
The reactor design was developed by Areva contributing its N4 reactor technology and the German company Siemens contributing its Konvoi reactor technology. In keeping with the French approach of highly standardized plants and proven technology, it uses more traditional active safety systems and is more similar to current plant designs than international competitors such as the AP1000 or the ESBWR.
In 2013, EDF acknowledged the difficulties it was having building the EPR design. In September 2015, EDF's chief executive, Jean-Bernard Lévy, stated that the design of a "New Model" EPR was being worked on, which will be easier and cheaper to build, which would be ready for orders from about 2020. In 2016 EDF planned to build two New Model EPR reactors in France by 2030 to prepare for renewing its fleet of older reactors. However following financial difficulties at Areva, and its merger with EDF, French Energy Minister Nicolas Hulot said in January 2018 "for now [building a New Model EPR] is neither a priority or a plan. Right now the priority is to develop renewable energy and to reduce the share of nuclear."
Cooling
The majority of nuclear plants in France are located away from the coasts and obtain their cooling water from rivers. These plants employ cooling towers to reduce their impact on the environment. The temperature of emitted water carrying the waste heat is strictly limited by the French government, and this has proved to be problematic during recent heat waves.
Five plants, equaling 18 reactors are located on the coast:
Gravelines Nuclear Power Station
Penly Nuclear Power Plant
Paluel Nuclear Power Plant
Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant
Blayais Nuclear Power Plant
These five get their cooling water directly from the ocean and can thus dump their waste heat directly back into the sea, which is slightly more economical.
Fuel cycle
France is one of the few countries in the world with an active civilian nuclear reprocessing program, with the COGEMA La Hague site. Enrichment work, some MOX fuel fabrication, and other activities take place at the Tricastin Nuclear Power Centre. Enrichment is completely domestic and was powered by 2/3 of the output of the nuclear plant at Tricastin before the switch from gaseous diffusion to gas centrifugation in the early 2010s increased efficiency thirty-fold. Reprocessing of fuel from other countries has been done for the United States and Japan, who have expressed the desire to develop a more closed fuel cycle similar to what France has achieved. MOX fuel fabrication services have also been sold to other countries, notably to the US for the Megatons to Megawatts Program, using plutonium from dismantled nuclear weapons. After the cancellation of German plans to build a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Wackersdorf, Germany, also relied on the La Hague facility for its civilian reprocessing before switching to the once thru fuel cycle in 2005.
While France does not mine uranium for the front end of the fuel cycle domestically, French companies have various holdings in the uranium market. Uranium for the French program totalled 8000 tonnes annually as of 2014. Areva is involved in uranium mining operations in Canada, Kazakhstan, Namibia, and Niger. Several French former colonies have significant uranium reserves and French companies have stayed active in many of them even after those countries became independent. Due to the CFA Franc countries having a currency peg first to the French Franc and now to its successor, the euro, economic relations between these former French colonies and their former metropole remain strong.
Final disposal of the high level nuclear waste is planned to be done at the Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory deep geological repository.
Operational considerations
France's nuclear reactors comprise 90 per cent of EDFs capacity and so they are used in load-following mode and some reactors close at weekends because there is no market for the electricity. This means that the capacity factor is low by world standards, usually in the high seventies as a percentage, which is not an ideal economic situation for nuclear plants.
During periods of high demand EDF has been routinely "forced into the relatively expensive spot and short-term power markets because it lacks adequate peak load generating capacity". France heavily relies on electric heating, with about one third of existing and three-quarters of new houses using electric space heating due to the low off-peak tariffs offered. Due to this residential heating demand, about 2.3 GW of extra power is needed for every degree Celsius of temperature drop. This means that during cold snaps, French electricity demand increases dramatically, forcing the country to import at full capacity from its neighbours during peak demand. For example, in February 2012, Germany "came to the rescue of France during last week's cold snap by massively exporting electricity to its neighbour".
All but five of EDFs plants are inland and require fresh water for cooling. Eleven of these fifteen inland plants have cooling towers, using evaporative cooling, while the others use lake or river water directly. In very hot summers, generation output may be restricted due to legal limits on the amount and temperature of cooling water released into the final heat sink (i.e. local rivers).
In 2008, nuclear power accounted for 16% of final energy consumption in France. As is common in all industrialized nations, fossil fuels still dominate energy consumption, particularly in the transportation and heating sectors.
However, nuclear constitutes a higher level of total energy consumption in France than in any other country.
In 2001, nuclear power accounted for 37% of the total energy consumption in France.
In 2011, France consumed about of energy according to the Energy Information Administration. Even so, due to the extensive high speed rail network (which runs on electricity) and the common use of resistive heating (and in some cases heat pumps) for domestic heating, the use of fossil fuels for those sectors is also lower than in peer nations, which still rely more on domestic flights, fossil fueled motorcars and fossil fueled heating, respectively.
Import and export
The heavy investment in nuclear power energy requires electricity export when French electricity demand is low, or low-price dumping in the French market, and encourages the use of electricity for space heating and water heating. Due to Germany's Energiewende increasing the volatility of supply – and therefore wholesale electricity prices – in France's most populous neighboring country, France tends to export huge amounts of electricity eastward during a Dunkelflaute, while importing similarly large amounts (sometimes at negative prices) when weather conditions are favorable to German wind and solar production.
France on a net basis exported of electricity to its neighbours in the second half of 2021. However, the country relied on imports from Spain and Belgium at the end of 2021 due to cold weather and multiple outages at its nuclear plants.
Accidents and incidents
In July 2008, 18,000 litres (4,755 gallons) of uranium solution containing natural uranium were accidentally released from Tricastin Nuclear Power Centre. Due to cleaning and repair work the containment system for a uranium solution holding tank was not functional when the tank filled. The inflow exceeded the tank's capacity and 30 cubic metres of uranium solution leaked, with 18 cubic metres spilled on the ground. Testing found elevated uranium levels in the nearby Gaffière and Lauzon rivers. The liquid that escaped to the ground contained about 75 kg of natural uranium, which is toxic as a heavy metal, but only slightly radioactive. Estimates for the releases were initially higher, up to 360 kg of natural uranium, but revised downward later. French authorities banned the use of water from the Gaffière and Lauzon for drinking and watering of crops for 2 weeks. Swimming, water sports and fishing were also banned. This incident has been classified as Level 1 (anomaly) on the International Nuclear Event Scale. Shortly after the first incident, approximately 100 employees were exposed to minor doses of radiation (1/40 of the annual limit) due to a piping failure.
In October 2017, EDF announced it would repair fire safety system pipes at 20 nuclear reactors to increase seismic safety after discovering thinning metal in some sections of pipes. EDF classified this as a Level 2 (incident) on the International Nuclear Event Scale.
Nuclear safety
In 2006, the Autorité de sûreté nucléaire (ASN) was created as the independent French nuclear safety regulator, replacing the General Direction for Nuclear Safety and Radioprotection.
In 2012, the ASN released a report announcing a sweeping safety upgrade to all the country's reactors. The ASN's report states plainly that a loss of coolant or electricity could, in the worst cases, see meltdowns at nuclear reactors in hours. It also lists many shortcomings found during 'stress tests', in which some safety aspects of plants were found not to meet existing standards. It will now require all power plants to build a set of safety systems of last resort, contained in bunkers that will be hardened to withstand more extreme earthquakes, floods and other threats than plants themselves are designed to cope with. It will also adopt a proposal by EDF to create an elite force that is specifically trained to tackle nuclear accidents and could be deployed to any site within hours. Both moves are a response to the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
Seismicity
Following the 2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents, there has been an increased focus on the risks associated with seismic activity in France, with particular attention focused on the Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant.
General seismic risk in France is categorised on a five-point scale, with zone 1 being very low risk, through to zone 5 in areas with a 'very strong' risk. In Metropolitan France the areas of highest risk are rated at 4, 'strong', and are located in the Pyrenees, Alps, the south of the Haut-Rhin département, the Territoire de Belfort and a few communes in Doubs. A new zoning map comes into force on 1 May 2011, which significantly increases the rating for many areas. The major nuclear research facilities at Cadarache are located in a zone 4 area near the fault that caused the 1909 Lambesc earthquake, while the Marcoule research centre and the nuclear power plants at Tricastin, Cruas, Saint-Alban, Bugey and Fessenheim (near the fault that caused the 1356 Basel earthquake) are all within zone 3. A further six plants lie within zone 2.
The current process for evaluating the seismic hazard for a nuclear plant is set out in Règle Fondamentale de Sûreté (Fundamental Safety Rule) RFS 2001-01, published by the Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety, which uses more detailed seismotectonic zones. RFS 2001-01 replaced RFS I.2.c, published in 1981, however it has been criticised for continuing to require a deterministic assessment (rather than a probabilistic approach) that relies primarily on the strongest 'historically known' earthquake near a site. This leads to a number of problems including the short period (in geological timescales) for which there are records, the difficulty of assessing the characteristics of earthquakes that occurred prior to the use of seismometers, the difficulty of identifying the existence of all earthquakes that pre-date the historic record, and ultimately the reliance on one single earthquake scenario. Other criticisms include the use of intensity in the evaluation method, rather than spectral acceleration, which is commonly used elsewhere.
Public opinion
Following the 2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents, an OpinionWay poll at the end of March found that 57% of the French population were opposed to nuclear energy in France. A TNS-Sofres poll in the days following the accident found 55% in favour of nuclear power. In 2006, BBC/GlobeScan poll found 57% of the French opposed to nuclear energy.
In May 2001, an Ipsos poll found that nearly 70% of the population had a 'good opinion' of nuclear power, however 56% also preferred not to live near a nuclear plant and the same proportion thought that a 'Chernobyl-like accident' could occur in France.
The same Ipsos poll revealed that 50% thought that nuclear power was the best way of solving the problem of the greenhouse effect, while 88% thought this was a major reason for continuing to use nuclear power.
Historically the position has generally been favourable, with around two-thirds of the population strongly supporting nuclear power, while the Gaullists, the Socialist Party and the Communist Party were also all in favour.
When the Civaux Nuclear Power Plant was being constructed in 1997, it was claimed to be welcomed by the local community. A variety of reasons were cited for the popular support; a sense of national independence and reduced reliance on foreign oil, reduction of greenhouse gases, and a cultural interest in large technological projects (like the TGV, whose high-speed lines are powered by these plants, and Concorde).
Anti-nuclear movement
In the 1970s, an anti-nuclear movement in France, consisting of citizens' groups and political action committees, emerged. Between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations.
On 18 January 1982, Swiss environmental activist Chaïm Nissim fired five rockets on the Superphénix nuclear plant, then under construction. The rockets were launched at the incomplete containment building and caused damage, missing the reactor's empty core.
In January 2004, up to 15,000 anti-nuclear protesters marched in Paris against a new generation of nuclear reactors, the European Pressurised Reactor (EPR). On 17 March 2007, simultaneous protests, organised by Sortir du nucléaire, were staged in five French towns to protest against the construction of EPR plants.
After Japan's 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, thousands staged anti-nuclear protests around France, demanding reactors be closed. Protesters' demands were focused on getting France to shut its oldest nuclear power station at Fessenheim. Many people also protested at the Cattenom Nuclear Power Plant, France's second most powerful.
In November 2011, thousands of anti-nuclear protesters delayed a train carrying radioactive waste from France to Germany. Many clashes and obstructions made the journey the slowest one since the annual shipments of radioactive waste began in 1995.
Also in November 2011, a French court fined nuclear power giant Électricité de France €1.5m and jailed two senior employees for spying on Greenpeace, including hacking into Greenpeace's computer systems. Greenpeace was awarded €500,000 in damages.
On the first anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, organisers of French anti-nuclear demonstrations claim 60,000 supporters formed a human chain 230 kilometres long, stretching from Lyon to Avignon. Austrian Chancellor Werner Faymann expects anti-nuclear petition drives to start in at least six European Union countries in 2012 with the goal of having the EU abandon nuclear power.
In March 2014, police arrested 57 Greenpeace protesters who used a truck to break through security barriers and enter the Fessenheim nuclear in eastern France. The activists hung antinuclear banners, but France's nuclear safety authority said that the plant's security had not been compromised. Although President Hollande promised to close Fessenheim by 2016, this was delayed due to the late completion of Flamanville 3, with Fessenheim finally closed in June 2020.
Pro-nuclear movement
Voices of Nuclear (Voix du Nucléaire).
Environmental impact
In 2007, Areva NC claimed that, due to their reliance on nuclear power, France's carbon emissions per kWh are less than 1/10 that of Germany and the UK, and 1/13 that of Denmark, which has no nuclear plants. Its emissions of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide have been reduced by 70% over 20 years, even though the total power output has tripled in that time.
If done without environmental or health over-sight, conventional mining for uranium can produce large amounts of mining tailings and contaminated water but as of 2010, about half of the world's uranium supply is increasingly generated from In situ recovery (ISR) technology, that does not require physical mining in the conventional sense and if responsibly operated is considerably cleaner. Another alternative to ISR is remote controlled underground mining, the French-owned Areva Resources Canada owns a large stake in the Canadian McArthur River uranium mine, the world's highest grade and largest uranium mine by output, the underground remote operation of mining vehicles in this mine, is designed to keep personnel exposure to rock particulates and radon gas etc. low. The mine is a frequent winner of the John T. Ryan National Safety Trophy award in Canada, which is bestowed upon the safest mine in the country every year.
According to the French embassy to the US, fission-electricity "helps to reduce French greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding the release of 31 billions tonnes of carbon dioxide (contrary to coal or gas generation) and making France the least carbon emitting country within the OECD". It further notes that, due to recycling of spent nuclear fuel, French fission-electric stations, produce 10 g/year/inhabitant of "nuclear waste", which is primarily fission products and other safety concerning solid decaying radioactive isotopes.
French environmentalist Bruno Comby started the group Environmentalists For Nuclear Energy in 1996, and said in 2005, "If well-managed, nuclear energy is very clean, does not create polluting gases in the atmosphere, produces very little waste and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect".
Air pollution
Unlike its neighboring countries of Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom, France does not rely very much on fossil fuels and biomass for electricity or home heating thanks to an abundance of cheap nuclear power.
Air pollution in France largely comes from cars and a minority is carried by the wind from Germany.
Each year, the coal fired power stations in Germany are the cause of a calculated 1,860 premature domestic deaths and approximately 2,500 deaths abroad.
Electric vehicles
As the adoption of electric cars over internal combustion engine vehicles increases, France's comparatively cheap peak and off peak electricity prices could act as a strong customer incentive that may spur the speed of adoption of electric vehicles. This would essentially turn the current perceived glut of relatively cheap nuclear electricity into an asset, as demand for electric vehicle recharging stations becomes more and more commonplace.
Due to France's very low-carbon power electricity grid, the carbon dioxide emissions from charging an electric car from the French electricity grid are 12 g per km traveled.
This compares favourably to the direct emissions of one of the most successful hybrid electric vehicles, the Toyota Prius, which produces carbon dioxide emissions at the higher rate of 105 g per km traveled.
Fusion research
The nuclear fusion project ITER is constructing the world's largest and most advanced experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor in the south of France. A collaboration between the European Union (EU), India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and the United States, the project aims to make a transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to electricity-producing fusion power plants. In 2005, Greenpeace International issued a press statement criticizing government funding of the ITER, believing the money should have been diverted to renewable energy sources and claiming that fusion energy would result in nuclear waste and nuclear weapons proliferation issues. A French association including about 700 anti-nuclear groups, Sortir du nucléaire (Get Out of Nuclear Energy), claimed that ITER was a hazard because scientists did not yet know how to manipulate the high-energy deuterium and tritium hydrogen isotopes used in the fusion process. According to most anti-nuclear groups, nuclear fusion power "remains a distant dream". The World Nuclear Association says that fusion "presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering challenges". Construction of the ITER facility began in 2007, but the project has run into many delays and budget overruns. The facility is now not expected to begin operations until the year 2027 – 11 years after initially anticipated.
See also
List of nuclear reactors – France
Politics of France
Nuclear energy policy
Anti-nuclear movement in France
Death of Sebastien Briat
World Nuclear Industry Status Report
History of France's military nuclear program
Companies
Électricité de France (EdF)
Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA)
References
Further reading
Gabrielle Hecht, includes afterword by Hecht, foreword by Michel Callon, The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II (Inside Technology series), The MIT Press, New Edition (31 July 2009), trade paperback, 496 pages, .
Hardcover (lacks both the foreword and afterword that are in the trade paperback New Edition), The MIT Press; 1st edition (29 September 1998), .
External links
French Nuclear Power Program by the World Nuclear Association
The reality of France's aggressive nuclear power push in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
Interview with 1984 U.S. Ambassador to France from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
The World Nuclear Industry Status Reports website
Radioactivity.eu.com – Nuclear Energie in France
Nuclear history of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20in%20France |
Peter Sidney Beagrie (born 28 November 1965) is an English former professional footballer, sports television pundit and commentator.
As a player, he was a left-winger in a career that lasted from 1983 to 2006. He played for ten different clubs at professional level notably appearing in the Premier League with Everton, Manchester City and Bradford City. He also played in the Football League for Middlesbrough, Sheffield United, Stoke City, Sunderland, Wigan Athletic and Scunthorpe United before ending his career in 2006 following a brief stint at Grimsby Town at the age of 40. Towards the end of his career, his five-year period at Scunthorpe yielded 172 appearances and 34 goals over a five-season stay, and was the most in both statistics for a single club during his career.
He was capped twice at England U21 level, before going on to win another two caps in 1989 for the England B team. He is well remembered for his somersault goal celebration.
Club career
Middlesbrough
Born in Middlesbrough, Beagrie started his professional footballing career as an apprentice at Middlesbrough in 1983. Beagrie fell out of favour with the fans at Middlesbrough for being one of only two players (the other was then club captain Don O'Riordan) to cut ties with the club after liquidation in 1986.
Sheffield United
Beagrie arrived at Sheffield United in August 1986, being signed by then manager Billy McEwan for a tribunal agreed fee of £35,000. Played predominantly on the left wing Beagrie was virtually ever present during his two-year spell at Bramall Lane. Popular with United fans he was voted 'Player of the Year' at the end of his first season but at times could also be frustrating as he wasted possession and failed to gel with his teammates. When new manager Dave Bassett arrived in the summer of 1988 he deemed Beagrie too inconsistent and placed him on the transfer list. He left the Blades having made just short of 100 appearances and scored eleven goals. His next port of call was a £210,000 move to Stoke City.
Stoke City
Beagrie's arrival at the Victoria Ground was met with great approval by supporters and players alike with Chris Kamara stating: "He is the best winger in the country - even better than John Barnes". Beagrie didn't disappoint but he was often too quick for his own teammates who would miss-time their runs. In 1988–89 Beagrie top-scored with eight goals in 46 appearances. Stoke made a poor start to the 1989–90 season and with the club rock bottom the table they decided to sell Beagrie to Everton for a then record out-going fee of £750,000 in November 1989.
Everton and Manchester City
Beagrie remained with Everton through the forming of the Premier League, staying with The Toffees until March 1994 when he transferred to Manchester City for £1.1 million. His move to Maine Road was sparked by the arrival at Goodison Park of Anders Limpar, who had ironically been a target for City manager Brian Horton. Whilst at Everton he spent time on loan with Sunderland in 1991. Beagrie played under Alan Ball and Brian Horton while at Maine Road but suffered relegation from the Premier League in the 1995–96 season. City struggled in the Football League at first and the club soon found itself embroiled in another relegation battle, and in the end Beagrie and The Blues only managed a lower half mid table finish.
Bradford City
Beagrie was to leave the club at the end of the season and moved to City's First Division rivals Bradford City. He was sent out on loan to his former club Everton during his first season but returned to help the club win promotion to the Premier League in 1998–99. He also spent a spell on loan at Wigan Athletic, where he scored once against Wycombe Wanderers in 10 league appearances.
Scunthorpe United
Beagrie left Bradford at the end of the 2000–01 season when City lost their Premier League status; he would then drop down three leagues to join Scunthorpe United. He was a regular in the Scunthorpe team for the duration of his stay with the Iron. He moved on to the club's coaching staff aiding manager Brian Laws and his assistant Russ Wilcox. The club failed in their bid for promotion from the Third Division in the 2002–03 campaign after losing 6–3 on aggregate to rivals Lincoln City in the play-off semi final. The Iron and Beagrie gained promotion in the 2004–05 season and on his 40th birthday he made his 750th footballing appearance and scored his 100th goal for his ninth club playing for Scunthorpe in the 2005–06 season.
He was to make his final appearance for the Iron in a 1–1 away draw with Oldham Athletic on 6 May 2006. He was replaced in the 68th minute of the game by Steve Torpey and this would mark the end of an era for both player and club. In 2005, he was named as one of Scunthorpe's 'cult heroes' in a poll conducted by BBC Sport.
Grimsby Town
Beagrie left Scunthorpe United in June 2006, supposedly to concentrate on his media involvement with Sky Sports which had increased in latter years – but on 11 July 2006, he signed a one-year deal with Scunthorpe's local rivals, Grimsby Town in a player–coach capacity. His job was to aid new manager Graham Rodger and his new assistant Stuart Watkiss at Blundell Park. He made his first appearance for the club in a 1–0 friendly win over Gainsborough Trinity in a game in which he set up the only goal of the game for his former Bradford teammate Isaiah Rankin. His league debut for the club was in a 3–2 win over Boston United on the opening day of the season. Grimsby struggled to make ground in the early stages of the season, and Beagrie often found himself playing a cameo role in the first team . In October 2006, Beagrie's contract was cancelled by mutual consent. Following this his retirement from football was announced during the You're on Sky Sports programme on 30 October 2006.
International career
He made two appearances for the England B team and also played twice for the England under-21 side.
Media career
He is now known for his media work for both Sky Sports and the ITV programme Soccer Night. He also appears on the football phone-in show You're on Sky Sports, usually on Monday nights. Beagrie has also made numerous appearances on the Sky Sports programme Soccer AM and every time he is mentioned on the show its presenters and other crew members rejoice with the phrase "Peter Beagrie is Mint". He has a regular column on the Sky Sports website. Since 2010, he has done work for Norwegian TV2.
Personal life
Beagrie lives in Harrogate, North Yorkshire with his son Sam and daughters, Rebecca and Charlotte. His wife Lynn died in 2015 after a five-year battle with cancer. In 1991, whilst playing for Everton, Beagrie was involved in a motorcycle crash during Everton's pre-season tour of Spain. Having left a bar, Beagrie flagged down a Spanish motorcyclist and convinced him to give him a lift to his hotel. Upon arriving at the hotel he did not wake the night porter. Beagrie then drove the motorcycle up the hotel steps and smashed right through the plate glass window. He required 50 stitches. He was drunk at the time.
On 16 August 2017 he was sacked by Sky Sports after being found guilty of assaulting his girlfriend. Beagrie who was drunk had also threatened to "rip the throat out" of his partner. Initially suspended by Sky he was sacked after the result of the court case.
Career statistics
Sourced from
A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Football League Trophy, Football League play-offs, and Full Members Cup.
Honours
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2001–02 Third Division, 2003–04 Third Division, 2004–05 Football League Two
References
External links
1965 births
English association football commentators
Living people
Footballers from Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
England men's under-21 international footballers
England men's B international footballers
Premier League players
English Football League players
Grimsby Town F.C. non-playing staff
Men's association football wingers
English men's footballers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Beagrie |
Sigrid Schultz (January 15, 1893 – May 14, 1980) was a notable American reporter and war correspondent in an era when women were a rarity in both print and radio journalism. Working for the Chicago Tribune in the 1920s, she was the first female foreign bureau chief of a major U.S. newspaper.
Early life and education
Schultz was born in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents were of Norwegian ancestry, and her father was a well-known painter who had studied at the Académie de peinture et de sculpture in Paris, France. When Schultz was eight, her father obtained a commission to paint the king and queen of Württemberg in Germany and the family moved to Europe. After completing the royal commission, Schultz's father continued to receive requests for portrait painting and decided to stay in Europe, establishing a studio in Paris. Sigrid attended lycée — the French equivalent of American high school education — and subsequently studied international law at the Sorbonne, graduating in 1914. She taught French and English in Berlin for much of World War I.
Some sources claim that while in Germany with her mother, she fell ill with what was believed to be tuberculosis, leading her to be forced to remain in Germany during World War I; however, Schultz herself wrote that she remained in Germany due to her parents' illness, and that around this period she also studied history and international law at Berlin University. (Her obituary in the Chicago Tribune said that she was "a student at Berlin University training to be an opera singer.")
Career
At war's end, Colonel Robert R. McCormick, owner and publisher of the Chicago Tribune, needed a correspondent fluent in both German and English. Among other things, McCormick wanted someone able with the ability to explain in detail the Battle of Jutland, the war's most significant naval battle, to Tribune readers. Schultz joined the Tribune in 1919 and, with fluency in several languages to her credit, became the chief for Central Europe in 1926. She had been named the chief of the Berlin bureau for the Tribune late in 1925. It is believed that Schultz was the first woman to ever hold such a position for a major news media organization.
Convinced by events that National Socialism would become a significant force in Germany, Schultz sought interviews with leading members of the Nazi movement, establishing at an early date an acquaintance with then-Captain Hermann Göring, who was later to become Nazi Germany's highest-ranking leader behind Adolf Hitler. Though personally repelled by Nazism, Schultz cultivated her connections with Göring and with other leading Nazis, strengthening her access to these authoritative news sources, as the Nazis gained control of Germany and, later, as Europe moved toward war. Schultz interviewed Adolf Hitler several times and her firsthand knowledge of Germany's leaders helped her to accurately report their intentions and goals, as Nazi Germany's ambitions posed an increasing threat to world peace.
Beginning in 1938, Schultz began to report for the Mutual Broadcasting System along with the Chicago Tribune. In doing so, she became "the first woman to broadcast regularly on an American network from Europe." She was considered by some of her fellow reporters as only a fair writer but a superb investigator and reporter. Fellow Berlin correspondent William L. Shirer wrote that "No other American correspondent in Berlin knew so much of what was going on behind the scenes as did Sigrid Schultz."
Though Nazi German officials were often displeased with Schultz's reporting — which they deemed as critical of the regime — she had not been expelled from Germany as had other reporters deemed "hostile" to the nation's "revival" under Nazism. In order not to jeopardize her ability to work in Germany without imprisonment or expulsion, Schultz during 1938 and 1939 filed some of her dispatches under a pseudonym. Published in the Tribune's weekly magazine under the fictitious name "John Dickson," Schultz filed her dispatches from outside Germany — usually from Oslo or Copenhagen — with false datelines. These articles reported on the attacks the German government made on the nation's churches, exposed the concentration camps and the increasing persecution of Germany's Jews. In one of these dispatches, Dickson asserted that Germany was prepared for war and predicted the Munich Agreement that gave Hitler free rein to march into Czechoslovakia.
On July 13, 1939, one of Dickson's articles received front-page placement in the Tribune. The dispatch forecast the non-aggression pact that took place between Germany and the Soviet Union five weeks later. Writing as Dickson, Schultz reported that "Supporters of the theory of Nazi-Soviet cooperation claim that plans for a new partition of Poland, dividing it between Germany and Russia, have been concluded."
It was Schultz who awoke CBS reporter William L. Shirer on the morning of the German invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939. Shirer's Berlin Diary recounts the events of that morning.
Berlin, September 1
At six a.m., Sigrid Schultz — bless her heart — phoned. She said: "It's happened." I was very sleepy — my body and mind numbed, paralyzed. I mumbled: "Thanks, Sigrid," and tumbled out of bed. The war is on!
Schultz reported on the many military triumphs of the Wehrmacht during the first year of World War II, but was not permitted to travel to the front because she was a woman. She left Germany after being injured in an Allied air raid on Berlin. While in Spain, she developed typhus and returned to the United States in early 1941. What had been expected to be a brief leave developed into a three-year convalescence from the disease.
During this period, Schultz wrote a book about Germany titled Germany Will Try It Again and made a nationwide lecture tour about her quarter-century in Germany.
Schultz returned to Europe as a war correspondent in January, 1945 and accompanied the U.S. Army on the advance of the Allied armies into Germany. Schultz was also one of the first journalists to visit Buchenwald and she reported on the Nuremberg Trial.
After the war, she continued her reporting and wrote several books. Schultz was working on a history of antisemitism in Germany when she died in 1980. (Her obituary in the Chicago Tribune said that she was "working on a book that was to be a history of the two World Wars and the Holocaust.")
Schultz's writings
In Schultz's book Germany Will Try It Again, she describes, based on her first-hand witness reports on what is in essence would equate with a German-Austrian Military-Industrial Complex composed of wealthy landowners (Junkers), bankers, and corporate businessmen (of companies still thriving today), who fired World War I, then planned a comeback despite defeat in 1918, propped up Hitler, were planning a comeback in 1944 (ultimately leading to the formation of Die Spinne and ODESSA) as well as the Vatican ratlines to South America and the harboring of Nazi officers in the USA after 1945. This true German corporate/banking elite class (obviously excluding Jews) had planned a Central European Empire (Mitteleuropa) that would subjugate Slavs to the German nation, and would restore the greatness of both the Habsburgs Austrian Empire and the earlier so-called Holy Roman Empire. Schultz often refers to the Nazi's skill at "war-in-peace" which bears striking resemblances to the post-1945 Cold War, and may well have served as its roots.
Schultz also covers the successful appeal of the Nazis to both British and American corporations to ally themselves with Germany in a fight against Communism. While not so successful in Britain, alliances were successful with American corporate investors such as Prescott Bush.
Nazi agents in the USA promoted the German American Bund, the roots of many current neo-Nazi groups, and sought to provoke divisive American racial tensions through support of other American racist organizations.
Lastly, Schultz covers the Nazi drive to build up business and political alliances in South America, which led to the foundations of the Juan Perón regime in Argentina, the Alfredo Stroessner regime in Paraguay, and the more recent Augusto Pinochet regime in Chile.
Death
On May 15, 1980, Schultz died in her Westport, Connecticut, retirement home. She was 87.
Papers and named scholarship
Schultz's papers are housed at the Wisconsin Historical Society.
Schultz's estate established a scholarship fund for journalism students. In 2014, Central Connecticut State University (CCSU) began awarding the Sigrid Schultz Scholarship for Future Journalists, given to two undergraduate students each year who major in journalism. The scholarship is administered by TD Bank, N.A., and the CCSU Foundation in partnership with the CCSU Department of Journalism.
See also
Nazi Germany
William L. Shirer
Martha Dodd
William E. Dodd
Bella Fromm
Mildred Harnack
In the Garden of Beasts: Love, Terror, and an American Family in Hitler's Berlin
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Article about women reporters in American Journalism Review
Excerpt from The Women Who Wrote the War (Harper-Collins)
Old Time Radio article about Sigrid Schultz
About Sigrid Schultz - Biography of war correspondent Sigrid Schultz in "Angora: Rabbit Raising in German Concentration Camps," an online image gallery documenting the SS Angora project. Available on Wisconsin Historical Images, the Wisconsin Historical Society's online image database.
1893 births
1980 deaths
American women journalists
Historians of Nazism
American war correspondents
University of Paris alumni
American people of Norwegian descent
Writers from Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid%20Schultz |
Asociación Civil Club Deportivo Mineros de Guayana, known as Mineros de Guayana or simply Mineros, is a professional football club based in Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela.
History
The Colegio Loyola Gumilla's field, located in Puerto Ordaz, was used in football matches. The people who played at the field decided to found a football club. On November 11, 1981, the club was founded as Club Deportivo Mineros de Guayana.
On November 20, 1981, the club's foundation constitutive act was signed.
On January 3, 1982, the club played its first match, against Villa Colombia FC, a Guayana's amateur club. Mineros won 2-0, both goals scored by José Pacheco.
On September 5, 1982, the club won the Segunda División Venezolana, being promoted to the following year's first division.
In 1989, the club won the first Primera División Venezolana.
Crest and colours
The club's logo is composed of a geometrical figure, which is a carbon diamond crystal zoomed millions of times with a microscope. The club's colors are blue and black.
Stadium
Mineros plays their home matches at CTE Cachamay, which has a maximum capacity of 41,600 people. It was 1 of the 9 venues of the Copa America 2007, for this, US$160,000 were invested for the expansion of the stadium. The stadium has multiple uses, like a special kids area, an indoor gym, basketball and volleyball courts, a racing track, ten media station booths, a commercial center, movie theaters and three enormous parking lots. The stadium is surrounded by the river Caroní and the waterfall of the Cachamay Park.
Players
Current squad
Former managers
Mario Kempes (Feb 10, 1997–Feb 23, 1998)
Armando Londoño
César Maturana
César Farías (Oct 2005–07)
Álvaro Gómez (June 15, 2007–Dec 24, 2007)
Stalin Rivas (Dec 27, 2007–April 14, 2008)
Alí Cañas (March 17, 2008–Sept 23, 2008)
Del Valle Rojas (Sept 24, 2008–March 6, 2009)
José Hernández (March 12, 2009 – March 1, 2010)
Carlos Maldonado (July 4, 2010–Nov 20, 2012)
Richard Páez (Nov 28, 2012–Jan 18, 2014)
Honours
Primera División Venezolana
Winners (1): 1989
Segunda División Venezolana
Winners (1): 1982
Copa de Venezuela
Winners (3):'' 1984, 2011, 2017
South American recordCopa Libertadores: 4 appearances1990: Group stage
1997: Group stage
2005: Preliminary round
2008: First stageCopa Sudamericana: 4 appearances2005: Preliminary round
2006: Preliminary round
2012: Second stage
2013: TBDCopa CONMEBOL: 1 appearance'''
1995: Quarter-finals
References
External links
Team profile on Soccerway
Association football clubs established in 1981
Mineros de Guayana
Ciudad Guayana
1981 establishments in Venezuela | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C.C.D.%20Mineros%20de%20Guayana |
The House of Abashidze () is a Georgian family and a former princely house. Appearing in the 15th century, they achieved prominence in the Kingdom of Imereti in western Georgia in the late 17th century and branched out in the eastern Georgian kingdoms of Kakheti and Kartli as well as the then-Ottoman-held southwestern region of Adjara. After the Russian annexation of Georgian polities, the family was confirmed as Knyaz Abashidze () by the Tsar’s decree of 1825.
History
The Abashidze family possibly derived from the medieval Georgian noble house of Liparitid-Orbeliani, but the family legend holds that it descended from an Abyssinian officer named Abash who had allegedly accompanied Marwan ibn Muhammad’s Arab army to Georgia in the 8th century; Abash is said to have remained in Georgia and ennobled when he saved the life of a Georgian crown prince from a wolf.
The first recorded account about the Abashidze dates back to the latter part of the 15th century. By the 1540s, they had already been in possession of a sizeable fiefdom within the Kingdom of Imereti located in its eastern part and called Saabashidzeo (სააბაშიძეო; literally, "[the land] of Abashidze"). The family reached a climax of its might at the turn of the 18th century, when it possessed 78 villages, several castles, fortresses, churches and monasteries as well as 1,500 serf households. Prince Giorgi-Malakia Abashidze was not only the most powerful vassal of the crown of Imereti, but himself acted as a kingmaker and even de facto king from 1702 to 1707. The family branched out in eastern Georgia when Erekle II, King of Kartli and Kakheti, granted, in 1774, to his father-in-law Prince Zaal Abashidze and his male descendants estates in Kakheti. A branch had also been established in Kartli in the person of Vakhushti Abashidze. Earlier in the 18th century, one representative of the Imeretian line went over to the Ottoman government and settled at Batumi where his descendants attained to the office of sanjak-bey.
The Russian annexation of Imereti in 1810 brought the princedom of Saabashidzeo to an end. Henceforth, the family was equated to other noble families of the Russian Empire and confirmed as princes on September 20, 1825. On July 29, 1876, Prince Simon Abashidze (1837–1891) was granted the right to assume the surname and coat of arms of his father-in-law, the late Ukrainian nobleman Semen Davydovych Gorlenko, for himself and his male-line descendants (Abashidze-Gorlenko, Абашидзе-Горленко), but he died without a male heir.
The family has survived into the 21st century and has produced several notable writers, public figures and politicians.
See also
Abashidze (surname)
List of Georgian princely families
References
Абашидзе. In: Холюшкин Юрий Павлович. Титулованные Роды Российской империи. Accessed on September 3, 2007.
Noble families of Georgia (country)
Families of Georgia (country)
Russian noble families
Georgian-language surnames
History of Adjara | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abashidze |
Soul Survivors is a 2001 psychological thriller film starring Melissa Sagemiller as college student Cassie, whose boyfriend Sean (Casey Affleck) dies in a car accident that results from her driving after a night of partying. The accident leaves Cassie wracked with guilt and emotionally vulnerable to the point that she begins hallucinating strange visions and waking-dreams, even though Cassie's friends Annabel (Eliza Dushku) and Matt (Wes Bentley), as well as a local priest, Father Jude (Luke Wilson), all attempt to assist her in coping with the loss.
Plot
Cassie and Sean, as well as ex-boyfriend Matt and good friend Annabel, go to a nightclub situated in an old church with religious beliefs for Cassie. There, Cassie sees Deathmask (Carl Paoli), a man wearing a clear, plastic mask; and Hideous Dancer (Ken Moreno), an imposing man with a scarred face. Deathmask tries to grab her on the dance floor, but she pushes him away and steps outside the club with Sean.
In the parking lot, Matt eavesdrops on their conversation. Sean confesses his love for Cassie, who claims she feels the same way. When Sean returns to the club, Matt convinces Cassie to give him a last 'goodbye' kiss. Sean sees this, and reacts badly to it, giving Cassie the silent treatment as they drive off. Cassie, who is behind the wheel, continually looks away from the road until the car crashes. Cassie's next memory is of being rushed to the hospital; Matt and Annabel are unharmed, but Sean has been killed on impact.
During the school term that follows, Cassie has several visions (in bed) of Sean. She also has visions of Deathmask and Hideous Dancer in the company of Matt and Annabel. On several occasions, she believes she is being chased by the two men, although Annabel and Matt assure her that the incidents are all in her mind. After one chase, Cassie faints and is rescued by Father Jude, a young priest who is sympathetic to her fears and offers to listen if she ever needs someone to talk to.
A few nights later, after being chased again, Cassie knocks at the church door, and Father Jude gives her sanctuary. He gives her an amulet depicting St Jude and allows her to sleep in his small room in the church. Upon awakening that morning, Cassie sees that the calendar in the room reads 1981. She enters the office of the attending priest (Rick Snyder) and asks to speak to Father Jude but is told that Father Jude died in 1981.
After being made to participate in a swim competition, Cassie is chased by Deathmask. Defending herself with the tube of a fluorescent lamp, she ends up stabbing him in the stomach, but when Cassie returns with Matt, they find there is no body in the pool. Even though she believes that Matt and Annabel are conspiring against her with Deathmask and Hideous Dancer, Cassie requests that Matt take her home to her mother. Instead, he drives Cassie to the club, saying that he wishes to pick up Annabel. Cassie follows him but gets lost, eventually finding Annabel with a new lover, Raven (Angela Featherstone). When Raven tells Cassie to "leave or die", Cassie exits the club and makes her way back to the parking lot. There, Matt drunkenly insists on another "goodbye forever" kiss, but Cassie smashes a bottle on his head, knocking him unconscious, before pushing him from the car and driving away. She then arrives at the site of the accident, witnessing Annabel dying from it.
After then being run over by a car, Father Jude approaches her, offering assistance; after taking it, she comes to in the hospital. On a gurney next to her is Raven, who speaks a few words of comfort before dying. Father Jude arrives and explains everything she has experienced has been a sort of coma dream – in the original accident, Cassie and Sean had survived, while Matt and Annabel were killed. The occupants of the other car – Raven, Deathmask, and Hideous Dancer – were also fatally injured. Cassie has spent the course of the film in an astral state, wherein those who were killed in the accident attempt to keep her with them. Father Jude – who is an angel from heaven – and her visions of Sean were what kept Cassie alive. He then asks if she would be willing to die in order to save Sean's life. She agrees, and he then asks her if she would be willing to live for him. Cassie says that she doesn't want to die. She then awakes in a hospital room with her parents and Sean by her side; they embrace. She then marries the good guy in a future wedding.
There is an alternate ending where Cassie wakes in bed with Sean beside her. She gasps and grabs her neck and chest. Sean says "That dream again?" and she nods.
Cast
Melissa Sagemiller as Cassie
Casey Affleck as Sean
Eliza Dushku as Annabel
Wes Bentley as Matt
Angela Featherstone as Raven
Luke Wilson as Father Jude
Allen Hamilton as Dr. Haverston
Carl Paoli as Deathmask
Ken Moreno as Hideous Dancer
Barbara E. Robertson as Margaret
Richard Pickren as Ben
Rick Snyder as Father MacManus
Candace Kroslak as Cool Blonde
Ryan Kitley as Young Cop
Danny Goldberg as Campus Cop
T. J. Jagodowski as ER Doctor
Christine Dunford as ER Nurse
Lusia Strus as Stern Nurse
Scott Benjaminson as Second Campus Cop
Production
Artisan nabbed Carpenter’s spec script, at the time known as Soul Survivor for a mid-six-figure after a small bidding war with Paramount and Fox. Filming took place in Chicago and surrounding suburbs. Some scenes were also filmed in Gary, Indiana. The filming started in May 1999 and concluded in September 1999.
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 4%, based on reviews from 48 critics. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 20 out of 100 based on reviews from 11 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".
The New York Times panned the film, saying, "Yes, there is an explanation for everything, but it is a long time coming and not worth the wait." Empire gave the film two stars and said "We’ve been here before, and we’ll be here again." JoBlo.com rated the film 4 out of 10 and said " It just didn’t feel like a whole movie to me. It’s more of a collage of tensionless, repetitive scenes (a chase, an apparition, a chase, an apparition...and so on) patched together with crazy lighting flashing about and loud music booming in the background."
The film opened wide on 601 screens in the United States and Canada and grossed $1,140,698 for the weekend, the lowest for a wide release during 2001. It grossed $3.1 million in the United States and Canada and $4.3 million worldwide.
References
External links
Soul Survivors at FEARnet
2001 films
2001 psychological thriller films
2000s teen films
American teen films
American psychological thriller films
Artisan Entertainment films
Original Film films
Films set in Massachusetts
Films set in universities and colleges
Films shot in Chicago
Films shot in Indiana
American ghost films
American supernatural thriller films
Films scored by Daniel Licht
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Stephen Carpenter
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20Survivors%20%28film%29 |
Shoeless Joe is a 1982 magic realist novel by Canadian author W. P. Kinsella that was later adapted into the 1989 film Field of Dreams, which was nominated for three Academy Awards.
The novel was expanded from Kinsella's short story "Shoeless Joe Jackson Comes to Iowa", first published in his 1980 collection of the same name. Kinsella first developed the idea for the story while attending the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and decided to incorporate the stories he told about the Black Sox Scandal, imagining if Shoeless Joe Jackson came back to the same city Kinsella was living in, Iowa City.
Plot
Ray Kinsella lives and farms in Iowa where he grows corn with his wife Annie and their five-year-old daughter Karin. Kinsella is obsessed with the beauty and history of American baseball, specifically the plight of his hero, Shoeless Joe Jackson, and the Black Sox Scandal of the 1919 World Series. When he hears a voice telling him to build a baseball field in the midst of his corn crop in order to give his hero a chance at redemption, he blindly follows instructions. The field becomes a conduit to the spirits of baseball legends. Soon, Kinsella is off on a cross-country trip to ease the pain of another hero, the reclusive writer J.D. Salinger, as part of a journey the Philadelphia Inquirer called "not so much about baseball as it's about dreams, magic, life, and what is quintessentially American."
Characters
Main
Ray Kinsella, protagonist and devoted baseball fan
Annie Kinsella, wife of Ray
Karin Kinsella, 5-year-old daughter of Ray and Annie
Supporting
Richard Kinsella, Identical twin brother of Ray
"Gypsy", Richard's girlfriend
Mark, Annie's brother and Ray's brother-in-law
Abner Bluestein, Mark's business partner and accomplice
Eddie Scissons, originally owned Ray's farm and was locally known as the oldest living Chicago Cub
Historical/real life
Shoeless Joe Jackson, baseball player
J. D. Salinger, reclusive author of The Catcher in the Rye and "A Young Girl in 1941 with No Waist at All", which are referred to in the book
Moonlight Graham, baseball player and later a doctor in the small town of Chisholm, Minnesota
Awards and nominations
Shoeless Joe was the winner of the 1982 Books in Canada First Novel Award and a Houghton Mifflin Literary Fellowship. In 2011, the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame awarded Kinsella the Jack Graney Award for a significant contribution to the game of baseball in Canada through a life's work or a singular outstanding achievement.
Film adaptation
Shoeless Joe was later adapted into the 1989 film Field of Dreams by Phil Alden Robinson. The original working title of the film was Shoeless Joe, like the book. The original title of the book was Dream Field, but the publisher renamed it Shoeless Joe.
J.D. Salinger
W.P. Kinsella, who had never met Salinger, created a wholly imagined character (aside from his being a recluse) based on the author of The Catcher in the Rye, a book that had great meaning to him when he was a young man. To get a feel for Salinger, he re-read his body of work.
"I made sure to make him a nice character so that he couldn't sue me."
In addition to having a character named "Ray Kinsella" in the short story "A Young Girl in 1941 with No Waist at All", Salinger had also used the surname in The Catcher in the Rye (Holden Caulfield's friend Richard Kinsella).
Known for his litigiousness, Salinger contacted Kinsella's publisher via his attorneys to express outrage over having been portrayed in Shoeless Joe and intimated he would sue should the character "J.D. Salinger" appear in any other medium, should Shoeless Joe be adapted.
In the novel Shoeless Joe, Ray Kinsella seeks out J. D. Salinger, although in the film this character was renamed Terence Mann (and was changed to a black man by the casting of James Earl Jones) as the movie producers were worried over being sued by Salinger. The producers believed that it was not significant to jettison Salinger, as they figured only 15% of the potential audience would know who the author was. Kinsella told Maclean's Magazine in a 2010 interview on the death of Salinger that many of the book's readers believe that Salinger is a wholly fictional character.
Kinsella denied that Salinger, as a writer, had any particular influence on his own writing.
Release details
1982, United States, Houghton Mifflin , Pub. date April 12, 1982, (Paperback)
1999, United States, Mariner Books , Pub. date April 28, 1999, Paperback
References
1982 Canadian novels
Baseball novels
Canadian magic realism novels
Canadian novels adapted into films
Cultural depictions of Shoeless Joe Jackson
Ghost novels
Houghton Mifflin books
J. D. Salinger
Novels by W. P. Kinsella
Novels set in Iowa
Novels set on farms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoeless%20Joe%20%28novel%29 |
East Bengal ( Purbô Bangla/Purbôbongo) was a non-contiguous province of the Dominion of Pakistan. Geographically part of the Bengal region, East Bengal existed from 1947 until 1955, when it was renamed East Pakistan. Today, the area is an independent country, Bangladesh. With its coastline on the Bay of Bengal, it bordered India and Burma (presently known as Myanmar). It was located close to, but did not share a border with, Nepal, Tibet, the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Kingdom of Sikkim. Its capital was Dacca, now known as Dhaka.
The Partition of India, which divided Bengal along religious lines, established the borders of Muslim majority East Bengal. The province existed during the reign of two monarchs, including George VI and Elizabeth II; and three Governors-General, including Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Khawaja Nazimuddin and Ghulam Muhammad. Its provincial governors included a British administrator and several Pakistani statesmen. Its chief ministership was held by leading Bengali politicians.
East Bengal was the most populous and cosmopolitan province in the dominion. It was a hub of political movements, including the Bengali Language Movement and pro-democracy groups. It was dissolved in 1955 and replaced by East Pakistan during the One Unit scheme implemented by Prime Minister Mohammad Ali of Bogra.
The provincial legislature was the East Bengal Legislative Assembly.
History
Mandates for partition
Between 1905 and 1911, a province called Eastern Bengal and Assam existed in the region as part of the British Indian Empire. The All India Muslim League was founded in the British province in 1906.
The All India Muslim League adopted the Lahore Resolution in 1940 which envisaged the creation of sovereign states in the Muslim majority areas of eastern and northwestern British India. The League won elections in Bengal in 1946, receiving its largest mandate in the province.
In May 1946, Rohingya Muslim leaders met with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and asked for a formal annexation of the Mayu region. Two months later, the North Arakan Muslim League also asked Jinnah to annex the region. Jinnah refused, saying he could not interfere with Burma's internal matters. Proposals were also made to the Burmese government but they were rejected.
The District of Sylhet in Assam Province also voted to reunite with the rest of East Bengal, and the Muslim League's campaign played a great role in facilitating this. A plebiscite was held which resulted in joining Pakistan. However, a large part of Sylhet's Karimganj subdivision was barred due to Abdul Matlib Mazumdar's delegation. The Chittagong Hill Tracts, which had a 97% non-Muslim population (mostly Buddhist), was awarded to Pakistan by the Boundary Commission due to it being inaccessible to India and to provide a substantial rural buffer to support Chittagong, a major city and port; advocates for Pakistan forcefully argued to the Bengal Boundary Commission that the only approach was through Chittagong.
As a result of these mandates, the Mountbatten Plan and Radcliffe Line established East Bengal as a province of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan in August 1947.
Nazimuddin ministry
Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, a former Prime Minister of Bengal, was the first Chief Minister of East Bengal after partition. Nazimuddin was a senior leader of the Muslim League and a close confidante of Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne was the first Governor of East Bengal. Partition resulted in making many Hindus to leave East Bengal while Muslims from different parts of the Indian subcontinent migrated to East Bengal. The East-West Bengal border did not see as much violence as seen in the Punjab border between North India and Pakistan.
Jinnah made his sole visit to East Bengal as governor general in 1948. During a speech to students in Dacca University, he resisted demands to make Bengali a federal language. His refusal sparked fierce protests among East Bengalis who comprised the majority of Pakistan's population. The proposal for Urdu as the sole national language met with strong opposition in East Bengal, where Urdu considered rather alien, especially in light in Bengali's rich literary heritage.
When Jinnah died in 1948, Nazimuddin became the Governor General of Pakistan.
Amin ministry
The conservative Muslim League leader Nurul Amin succeeded Nazimuddin as Chief Minister. According to some sources, Amin had strained relations with the federal government, including Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and Governor General Khawaja Nazimuddin. Historians have noted that Amin's government was not strong enough to administer the provincial state; it was completely under the control of the central government of Nazimuddin. His government did not enjoy enough power and lacked vision, imagination, and initiatives.
In 1949, Maulana Bhashani led left-wing elements in the Muslim League to break away and form the Awami Muslim League. The new party was joined by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, a former Prime Minister of British Bengal. The new party later dropped the word Muslim, fashioned itself as secular and courted votes from East Bengal's large non-Muslim minorities.
The language movement reached a climax in 1952. During the unrest, the police shot dead four student activists. This raised more opposition in the region to the Muslim League. Leading politicians in West and East Pakistan called for Amin's resignation. In subsequent provincial elections, Amin lost his seat in the legislative assembly.
Huq ministry
In the 1954, the United Front coalition resoundingly defeated the Muslim League with a landslide majority. The coalition included the Awami League, the Krishak Praja Party, the Democracy Party and Nizam-e-Islam. The esteemed lawyer A. K. Fazlul Huq, popularly known as the Sher-e-Bangla (Lion of Bengal), became Chief Minister. Huq established the Bangla Academy and called for greater provincial autonomy. He wanted the federal government's responsibilities limited to only foreign affairs and defense.
King Saud of Saudi Arabia sent a plane to bring Huq to a meeting with the monarch. The New York Times published an article claiming Huq wanted independence for East Bengal. While visiting Calcutta and New Delhi, Huq was received by Indian leaders. Barely a few months into office, Huq was dismissed by Governor General Ghulam Muhammad due to allegations against of Huq of inciting secession.
Sarkar ministry
After Governor General's rule was withdrawn in 1954, Abu Hussain Sarkar briefly served as chief minister, before Governor General's rule was again imposed. He started the construction of Central Shaheed Minar.
Khan ministry
Governor General's rule was withdrawn in June 1955. Ataur Rahman Khan of the Krishak Sramik Party was the last Chief Minister. His government declared 21 February, the anniversary of the language movement, a public holiday. He later resigned on 30 August 1956 over inflation of food grains and subsequent food shortages.
One Unit
As part of the reforms and reorganization policies of Prime Minister of Pakistan Mohammad Ali of Bogra, East Bengal was renamed as East Pakistan on 14 October 1955.
Federal law and East Bengal
East Bengal existed when Pakistan did not have a written constitution. Instead, the Pakistani courts relied on English common law and the Objectives Resolution.
Constitutional Coup
In 1953, Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin's government was dismissed by Governor General Ghulam Muhammad, in spite of enjoying the confidence of a majority in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The governor general later dissolved the constituent assembly itself.
In the case of Federation of Pakistan v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, the speaker of the dissolved constituent assembly challenged the governor general's decision in the Sindh High Court. The case proceeded to the apex court- the Federal Court of Pakistan- where Justice M. Munir ruled in favour of the governor general. Justice A. R. Cornelius expressed dissent and supported Speaker Khan. The dismissal of the prime minister and assembly was one of the first major blows to democracy and the rule of law in the Pakistani union.
Reform demands
Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah called for Pakistan's constituent assembly to convene in Dacca as East Bengal was home to the majority of Pakistan's population.
Governors and chief ministers
Economy, culture, religion and military
Orient Airways, owned by an East Bengal-based industrialist, launched the first flights between Karachi and Dacca. The airline later evolved into Pakistan International Airlines.
The Chittagong Tea Auction was established in 1949.
As a result of the Bengali Language Movement, East Bengal was a center of Bengali cultural activities.
The University of Dacca was hotbed of political thought.
The East Bengal Regiment was formed on 15 February 1948 following Pakistan's independence and transition from post British rule. The infantry of the new Pakistan Army was made up exclusively of men from the western part of the country. It was consequently necessary to raise a regiment in the east. A total of eight battalions were raised.
Religion
East Bengal (present-day-Bangladesh) had a population of 19 million people in the year 1800 A.D, of which 10.716 million people were followers of Hinduism representing a majority of about 56.4% of the region's population, while 7.961 million adheres to the Muslim faith, constituting 41.9% of the region's population as 2nd largest community. The smaller number of 3.23 lakh people followed Buddhism, Animism and Christianity, together presenting around 1.7% of the region's population.
Bangladesh's capital Dhaka city name is said to have been derived from Dhakeshwari Maa (the Hindu Goddess Durga), whose shrine is located in the western part of the city. In Bangladesh, there's exist a blending culture of Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, folk religion, deities and practices. Worship exchanges takes place at temples and mosques and religious folk music gatherings (especially at Vaishnavite gatherings and among Muslim Sufis). Folk deities recognized by both Hindus and Muslim have included Shitala, the goddess of small pox, Oladevi, goddess of cholera, Manasa, goddess of snakes and are worshipped by Hindus and Muslims of Bangladesh both alike.
Present
As of 21st century, the present region of East Bengal exists in form of sovereign Bangladesh today and is now an Islamic country both demographically and constitutionally as the country holds fourth-largest Muslim population in the globe and Islam is the official state religion of Bangladesh by Article (2A). The population of Bangladesh is 165.2 million as per 2022 census report, of which majority of 150.49 million people (91.1 percent of Bangladeshis) follow Islam, Hinduism is followed by 13.05 million people (7.9 percent of population) as second-largest religion, Buddhism being third-most followed religion and is followed by 9.91 Lakh people (0.6 percent of population), Christianity is followed by 4.95 lakh people (0.3 percent of the population) and tiny micro-scopic minority of 1.65 lakh people (0.1 percent of population) follow other religions most being tribal and Animists.
See also
Provinces of Pakistan
East Pakistan
Notes
References
Former subdivisions of Pakistan
1947 establishments in East Pakistan
1955 disestablishments in Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Bengal |
The Soul Survivors are an American, Philadelphia-based, soul and R&B group, founded by New York natives Richie and Charlie Ingui along with Kenny Jeremiah. The Soul Survivors are known for their 1967 hit single Expressway to Your Heart, which was the first hit by Philadelphia soul record producers and songwriters Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff. The Soul Survivors are still performing and recording new music and covers, most recently working with David Uosikkinen of The Hooters and his project "In the Pocket" which is paying tribute to the vast catalog of music created in Philadelphia.
History
The Soul Survivors first played together in New York under the name The Dedications, founded by Kenny Jeremiah, who released several singles under this name in 1962 and 1964. They adopted the name Soul Survivors in 1965. They signed to Philadelphia label Crimson Records, who put them in touch with Gamble & Huff. Expressway to Your Heart was a #1 hit regionally in Philadelphia and New York in the fall of 1967, and the tune reached #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 nationally. Expressway to Your Heart spent 15 weeks in the charts and sold over one million copies.
The follow-up was Explosion in Your Soul, which was not as successful (U.S. #33); a third release, Impossible Mission, also was a minor hit in 1969 (U.S. #68). They quit playing for a few years, but re-formed with a different lineup in 1972. They had one more hit, City of Brotherly Love in 1974. In the 1970s, the group lost its record contract and its manager and eventually disbanded. Charlie Ingui became a landscaper, Richie Ingui became a house painter, Paul Venturini became a restaurateur, and drummer Joe Forgione owned an auto body shop. At that time, Steely Dan noted in their song Hey Nineteen: "It's hard times befallen the Soul Survivors".
In 1987, the Inqui brothers began playing occasional gigs as the original Soul Survivors and signed a five-record contract in 1991 with Society Hill Records. As of 2006, they were playing occasional dates in the Eastern United States. Chuck Trois also went on to release a solo 45 rpm single on A&M Records in August 1969, with Mr. Holmes on one side, and A National Band on the other.
Paul Venturini (b. June 10, 1945) died on April 17, 2001. Richie Ingui died of heart failure on January 13, 2017, at the age of 70. Jeremiah died of COVID-19 on December 4, 2020, at age 78.
Members
Charlie Ingui - vocals - original member *
Richie Ingui - vocals (born Richard Ingui in Manhattan, New York; November 15, 1947 – January 13, 2017) - original member*
Kenny Jeremiah - vocals (born Kenneth Scott Jeremiah in Northfield, New Jersey; November 22, 1942 – December 4, 2020) - original member*
Joe Forgione - drums - original member*
Paul Venturini - organ - original member*
Chuck Trois - guitar
Edward Leonetti - guitar
John (Beedo) Dzubak Sr. - drums
Sal Rota - keyboards
Novac Noury (Jerry Noury) - organ and bass pedals during 1966
Neil Larsen - keyboards (1974 album)
Mario Flamini-Drums
Kevin Irvine-Keyboards,Vocals
Frank Pagliante-Bass
Mike DiMartinis-Guitar,Vocals
David Kershner-Trumpet
Jim Verdeur-Saxophones
Discography
Albums
Singles
Note
The Soul Survivors are not to be confused with the 1960s Denver-based garage rock band, also known as the Soul Survivors. The band included Bob Raymond, who was later with Sugarloaf.
References
American rhythm and blues musical groups
Musical groups from Philadelphia
Philadelphia International Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20Survivors%20%28band%29 |
Alexander John ("Jack") Mackenzie Stuart, Baron Mackenzie-Stuart (18 November 1924 – 1 April 2000) was a Scottish advocate and judge. He was the first judge from a United Kingdom jurisdiction to sit on the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg, later becoming its president.
Early life
Jack Mackenzie Stuart, as he was widely known, was born in Aberdeen. His parents were Prof A. Mackenzie Stuart, a King's Counsel and Professor of Scots Law at Aberdeen University, and Amy Margaret Dean. He was educated at Fettes College in Edinburgh.
In 1942, Mackenzie Stuart joined the British Army, where he was commissioned in the Royal Engineers. After a short period studying the War Office Engineering Course at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, he was deployed throughout northern Europe on active service, mainly building bridges. In his speech on retirement from the Court of Justice in 1988, he spoke of the indelible effect at an impressionable age of seeing the ashes of the Ruhr. A staff post in Burma and a spell dismantling mines on the Northumbrian coast then followed, and it was only after the war was over that he returned to Cambridge on a law scholarship, taking first class honours in Part II of the Tripos in 1949, followed by an LL.B. with distinction at Edinburgh University two years later.
Early career
Mackenzie Stuart was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1951 and quickly acquired a substantial practice, being appointed as Queen's Counsel in 1963. In those days there was no specialisation and he was equally at home in the realms of trusts (on which his father had written the standard textbook), taxation and estate duty (as Counsel to the Revenue) and coal-mining accidents.
In 1971 he was appointed Sheriff of Aberdeen and it was not long before he was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice, with the judicial title Lord Mackenzie Stuart. He was then appointed, with effect from January 1973, as a Judge of the European Court. The Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary agreed that one of the posts in Luxembourg - Judge or Advocate General - would go to a Scots lawyer. Mackenzie-Stuart's taste for European law had been whetted by his wife who studied for an LL.M. with Professor John Mitchell, and he was asked at an early stage whether he would like to be Advocate General. The judgeship was meanwhile offered to senior lawyers in London.
European Court of Justice
Mackenzie-Stuart was unexpectedly offered the post of Judge at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. The Mackenzie Stuarts moved to Luxembourg and set up home in a farming village where they quickly became part of its life. They worked hard to build up the spirit of the embryo British community and his wife, Anne, became a driving force in the European School. The Court of Justice was dominated by Robert Lecourt.
With Jean-Pierre Warner, the Advocate General, Mackenzie Stuart worked to overcome suspicions and engineer the synchromesh of potentially incompatible legal systems which has continued to work ever since. In reality, the work of the European Court touches very little on the historical differences between the common law and the civil law, and much more on the modern problems of ensuring cross-frontier freedom to trade and to work, market regulation and fair competition.
President of the Court of Justice
He was later elected by the College of Judges as the seventh president of the court – an office he neither sought nor wanted. He took over the presidency at a difficult time. By failing to nominate new judges, some governments were holding up the work of the court, whose workload was growing exponentially. Greece had joined in 1981, followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986, taking the number of official languages from six to nine.
The court building ("the rusty Palais" opened in 1972) was already too small, and some of the translators were working in prefabricated huts. Through quiet persistence with judges, staff, community institutions and national governments, the president ensured that the work got done, a new building was planned and the foundations were laid for a new court structure, involving the creation of a Court of First Instance.
Later life
In recognition of his contribution to the work of the Court of Justice and to community law, he was created a Life Peer on 18 October 1988 as Baron Mackenzie-Stuart, of Dean in the district of the City of Edinburgh (his peerage, unlike his surname and Scottish judicial title, was hyphenated).
In 1989 he became the first President of The Academy of Experts continuing until 1992 when he was succeeded by Gordon Slynn, Baron Slynn of Hadley.
Family
His wife, the former Anne Burtholme Millar (died 2008), was known for her legendary parties, both in Edinburgh and Luxembourg. The Mackenzie-Stuarts had four daughters, all of whom survived both their parents. Anne Mackenzie-Stuart shone in her own right as chairperson of the Parent-Teacher Association of the European School in Luxembourg.
Death
Alexander John Mackenzie-Stuart died on 1 April 2000, in Edinburgh, aged 75.
See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice
References
External links
European Court of Justice Official site
1924 births
2000 deaths
People from Aberdeen
People educated at Fettes College
Royal Engineers officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Scottish soldiers
Mackenzie Stuart, Alexander John, Baron Mackenzie-Stuart
Mackenzie Stuart, Alexander John, Baron Mackenzie-Stuart
Scottish King's Counsel
20th-century King's Counsel
Mackenzie Stuart
Presidents of the European Court of Justice
Crossbench life peers
Members of the Faculty of Advocates
Scottish sheriffs
British judges of international courts and tribunals
Life peers created by Elizabeth II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Mackenzie%20Stuart%2C%20Baron%20Mackenzie-Stuart |
St John's Church, Ranmoor is a large parish church in Ranmoor, a suburb of the City of Sheffield, England. It is a Church of England church in the Diocese of Sheffield, and it is the second church to be built on this site after the original church was destroyed by fire in 1887.
It has a tower and spire, the second tallest church spire in Sheffield after the Cathedral Church of St Marie which is just 5 ft taller.
History
The original church built on this site was designed by E. M. Gibbs, and was opened on 24 April 1879. The building was almost entirely destroyed by fire on 2 January 1887; all that survived was the tower and spire.
A new church, designed by Flockton & Gibbs (the same Edward Mitchel Gibbs), was built that incorporated the old tower and spire. The church reopened on 9 September 1888; it is a Grade II* listed building.
Memorials
The War Memorial in the churchyard consists of a 16 ft Runic Cross made from unpolished Cornish granite, with carved panels on front and back designed by Mr. A.F. Watson, Sheffield.
Organ
The organ was installed in 1888 by Sheffield builder Brindley and Foster. It is a large three-manual instrument, generally considered to be one of the finest pipe organs in the area.
In 2020, the organ underwent an extensive overhaul to repair damage caused by a partial collapse of the ceiling in October 2017.
The full specification of the pipe organ can be found at the National Pipe Organ Register.
Notable people
Monty Python actor Michael Palin listed St John's as one of his 'top seven' favourite Churches in a speech to the National Churches Trust on account of it being the Church he was baptised in and regularly attended as a child. He describes fond memories of his Father being both a chorister and bellringer there.
References
External links
St John's Church website
St John's Music website
Grade II* listed buildings in Sheffield
Grade II* listed churches in South Yorkshire
Churches in Sheffield
Church of England church buildings in South Yorkshire
Churches completed in 1879
Churches completed in 1888
19th-century Church of England church buildings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20John%27s%20Church%2C%20Ranmoor |
De Brouckère is a rapid transit station located beneath the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein in central Brussels, Belgium. It consists of both a metro station (serving lines 1 and 5) and a premetro (underground tram) station (serving lines 3 and 4 on the North–South Axis between Brussels-North railway station and Albert premetro station).
The station opened on 17 December 1969, as a premetro station on the tram line between De Brouckère and Schuman, and it also became a heavy metro station in 1976, serving former lines 1A and 1B. Following the reorganisation of the Brussels Metro on 4 April 2009, it is served by lines 1 and 5, which cross Brussels from east to west.
History
De Brouckère station was inaugurated on 17 December 1969 as a premetro station (i.e. a station served by underground tramways), as part of the first underground public transport route in Belgium, which initially stretched from De Brouckère to Schuman. On 20 September 1976, the premetro line was converted into a heavy metro line, which was later split into two distinct lines on 6 October 1982: former lines 1A and 1B, both serving De Brouckère.
Since 4 October 1976, De Brouckère has also been served by the North–South Axis, which is part of the premetro system. Lines 3 and 4 provide most service on that axis. On 4 April 2009, metro operation was restructured so that lines 1 and 5 now serve the station.
Area
The station is named after the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein, the city square above ground, itself named after the former mayor of the City of Brussels, Charles de Brouckère. The station lies near the famous Hotel Metropole, the UGC De Brouckère cinema, the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie and one end of the Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat, Belgium's second busiest shopping street. The whole complex is also connected to the underground shopping galleries between the / and the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan.
Station
The premetro station, located under De Brouckère Square, is connected to the metro station by a moving walkway. The metro station is located under the / and was renovated in 2005.
The metro station serving lines 1 and 5 is known to have one of the widest gaps between the metro trains and the platform, as this station is curved to follow the alignment between the neighbouring Central Station and Sainte-Catherine/Sint-Katelijne metro station. For safety reasons, the curved platform edges are equipped with flashing lights to warn passengers of the gap.
In 2004, a mural titled The City Moves in the Palm of My Hand was installed along the station's moving walkway. The mural was created by artist Jan Vanriet and is printed on finished edge panels from PolyVision. The mural is designed to reflect the city's vibrancy and historical background.
References
Notes
External links
Railway stations in Belgium opened in the 1960s
Railway stations opened in 1969
1969 establishments in Belgium
Brussels metro stations
City of Brussels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Brouck%C3%A8re%20metro%20station |
WDHN (channel 18) is a television station in Dothan, Alabama, United States, affiliated with ABC and owned by Nexstar Media Group. The station's studios and transmitter are located on AL 52 in Webb.
History
WDHN launched August 7, 1970, as the area's second television station and aired an analog signal on UHF channel 18. It was owned by Dothan businessman Betts Slingluff, Jr. and a partnership of other local investors. Before that time, southeastern Alabama relied on WTVY to carry all three major broadcast networks. WTVY was primarily a CBS affiliate, so conventional wisdom suggested that WDHN, as the second station in a small, two-station market, should have opted to affiliate with the NBC network rather than with ABC, because ABC was the smallest and weakest network and would not be anywhere near par with CBS and NBC in terms of ratings until later in the decade. However, geography played a decisive part in WDHN joining ABC. The Alabama side of the Dothan media market received a fairly strong signal from WSFA-TV, Montgomery's NBC station. Further, at the time the station started up, no ABC affiliate provided even a grade B signal to the Wiregrass. The only nearby ABC programs then were on WJHG-TV in Panama City, Florida on a part-time basis (that station would move to full-time ABC affiliation by 1972; currently it is an NBC affiliate).
In 1979, reflecting an era when small, locally owned stations were losing profitability, Slingluff's group sold WDHN to Hi Ho Television, which also owned WVGA in Valdosta, Georgia. In 1986, Hi Ho sold WDHN and WVGA to Morris Multimedia. In 2003, Nexstar purchased WDHN, along with KARK-TV in Little Rock, Arkansas, from Morris.
As part of the DTV transition in 2009, WDHN turned off its analog transmitter and began broadcasting exclusively in digital.
On January 27, 2016, it was announced that Nexstar would buy Media General for $4.6 billion. WDHN, along with recently acquired Fox affiliate WZDX in Huntsville (which Nexstar would later sell in 2019 to Tegna in order to acquire Tribune Media, owner of WHNT-TV), became a part of "Nexstar Media Group" and joined a cluster of stations Nexstar would own in Alabama including WIAT in Birmingham and WKRG-TV in Mobile, as well as WRBL in Columbus, Georgia, which covers much of east Alabama including Opelika and Auburn. All three of these stations are CBS affiliates.
On June 15, 2016, Nexstar announced that it had entered into an affiliation agreement with Katz Broadcasting for the Escape (now Ion Mystery), Laff, Grit, and Bounce TV networks (the last one of which is owned by Bounce Media LLC, whose COO Jonathan Katz is president/CEO of Katz Broadcasting), bringing one or more of the four networks to 81 stations owned and/or operated by Nexstar, including WDHN (Bounce TV and Grit are already available in the area on digital subchannels of WDFX-TV).
News operation
WDHN produces hours of news each weekday starting with Wake Up Wiregrass at 5 a.m., Daytime at 11 a.m., and then in the evening with WDHN News at 5, 6 and 10 p.m. Wake Up Wiregrass replaced Top of the Morning with Charlie Platt after its cancellation. The newscast airs weekday mornings from 5 to 7 a.m. (6 to 7 a.m. from relaunch until February 1, 2021).
Historically, WDHN has been a very distant second in the ratings behind WTVY. This is partly because for much of the analog era, WDHN only broadcast at 1.06 million watts, which was somewhat modest for a Big Four affiliate on the UHF band. It also had to deal with competition from WSFA, which was available on Wiregrass cable systems for decades. The signal disadvantage has been lessened somewhat in the digital era, as WDHN's digital signal operates at a full million watts, equivalent to five million watts in analog.
On December 19, 2017, WDHN unveiled a brand new set and began broadcasting local news in high definition.
On June 1, 2020, WDHN began producing an hour-long 9 p.m. newscast for Fox affiliate WDFX, replacing a prior arrangement where news was provided by WSFA out of Montgomery..
On February 1, 2021, WDHN expanded morning news to two hours.
On February 15, 2021, WDHN added an 11 a.m. hour-long newscast with Michael Rinker as anchor. Katrice Nolan would join him a few months later as co-anchor.
On September 18, 2021, WDHN launched weekend newscasts at 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. on Saturdays and 5:30 p.m. and 10 p.m. on Sundays.
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
References
External links
ABC network affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Cozi TV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1970
DHN
1970 establishments in Alabama
Nexstar Media Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDHN |
The women's 500 m speed skating competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin, Italy. The competition consisted of two separate 500 metre races, with the competitors ranked by their cumulative time from the two races.
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
500 meters (1 race)
500 meters x 2 (2 races)
No new world or Olympic records were set during this competition.
Results
The race was held on 14 February 2006. 34-year-old Russian Svetlana Zhurova, who left speed skating in 2003 to become a mother and completed in her fourth Olympics after returning to the sport in 2004, became the oldest woman to win a speed skating gold medal by clocking times of 38.23 and 38.34. In the last pair of the second round, she beat Chinese Wang Manli, runner-up in the first round with 38.31, by 0.13 seconds to secure the gold medal. Skaters from Asia occupied seven of the top nine places.
References
External links
Women's 500m - Final - Simple Results, from NBCOlympics.com, retrieved 13 February 2006.
Women's speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20skating%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20500%20metres |
In biology, saltation () is a sudden and large mutational change from one generation to the next, potentially causing single-step speciation. This was historically offered as an alternative to Darwinism. Some forms of mutationism were effectively saltationist, implying large discontinuous jumps.
Speciation, such as by polyploidy in plants, can sometimes be achieved in a single and in evolutionary terms sudden step. Evidence exists for various forms of saltation in a variety of organisms.
History
Prior to Charles Darwin most evolutionary scientists had been saltationists. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was a gradualist but similar to other scientists of the period had written that saltational evolution was possible. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire endorsed a theory of saltational evolution that "monstrosities could become the founding fathers (or mothers) of new species by instantaneous transition from one form to the next." Geoffroy wrote that environmental pressures could produce sudden transformations to establish new species instantaneously. In 1864 Albert von Kölliker revived Geoffroy's theory that evolution proceeds by large steps, under the name of heterogenesis.
With the publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859 Charles Darwin wrote that most evolutionary changes proceeded gradually but he did not deny the existence of jumps.
From 1860 to 1880 saltation had a minority interest but by 1890 had become a major interest to scientists. In their paper on evolutionary theories in the 20th century Levit et al wrote:
The advocates of saltationism deny the Darwinian idea of slowly and gradually growing divergence of character as the only source of evolutionary progress. They would not necessarily completely deny gradual variation, but claim that cardinally new ‘body plans’ come into being as a result of saltations (sudden, discontinuous and crucial changes, for example, the series of macromutations). The latter are responsible for the sudden appearance of new higher taxa including classes and orders, while small variation is supposed to be responsible for the fine adaptations below the species level.
In the early 20th century a mechanism of saltation was proposed as large mutations. It was seen as a much faster alternative to the Darwinian concept of a gradual process of small random variations being acted on by natural selection. It was popular with early geneticists such as Hugo de Vries, who along with Carl Correns helped rediscover Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance in 1900, William Bateson, a British zoologist who switched to genetics, and early in his career Thomas Hunt Morgan. Some of these geneticists developed it into the mutation theory of evolution. There was also a debate over accounts of the evolution of mimicry and if they could be explained by gradualism or saltation. The geneticist Reginald Punnett supported a saltational theory in his book Mimicry in Butterflies (1915).
The mutation theory of evolution held that species went through periods of rapid mutation, possibly as a result of environmental stress, that could produce multiple mutations, and in some cases completely new species, in a single generation. This mutationist view of evolution was later replaced by the reconciliation of Mendelian genetics with natural selection into a gradualistic framework for the neo-Darwinian synthesis. It was the emergence of population thinking in evolution which forced many scientists to adopt gradualism in the early 20th century. According to Ernst Mayr, it wasn't until the development of population genetics in the neo-Darwinian synthesis in the 1940s that demonstrated the explanatory power of natural selection that saltational views of evolution were largely abandoned.
Saltation was originally denied by the "modern synthesis" school of neo-Darwinism which favoured gradual evolution but has since been accepted due to recent evidence in evolutionary biology (see the current status section). In recent years there are some prominent proponents of saltation, including Carl Woese. Woese, and colleagues, suggested that the absence of RNA signature continuum between domains of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya constitutes a primary indication that the three primary organismal lineages materialized via one or more major evolutionary saltations from some universal ancestral state involving dramatic change in cellular organization that was significant early in the evolution of life, but in complex organisms gave way to the generally accepted Darwinian mechanisms. The geneticist Barbara McClintock introduced the idea of "jumping genes", chromosome transpositions that can produce rapid changes in the genome.
Saltational speciation, also known as abrupt speciation, is the discontinuity in a lineage that occurs through genetic mutations, chromosomal aberrations or other evolutionary mechanisms that cause reproductively isolated individuals to establish a new species population. Polyploidy, karyotypic fission, symbiogenesis and lateral gene transfer are possible mechanisms for saltational speciation.
Macromutation theory
The botanist John Christopher Willis proposed an early saltationist theory of evolution. He held that species were formed by large mutations, not gradual evolution by natural selection.
The German geneticist Richard Goldschmidt was the first scientist to use the term "hopeful monster". Goldschmidt thought that small gradual changes could not bridge the hypothetical divide between microevolution and macroevolution. In his book The Material Basis of Evolution (1940) he wrote "the change from species to species is not a change involving more and more additional atomistic changes, but a complete change of the primary pattern or reaction system into a new one, which afterwards may again produce intraspecific variation by micromutation." Goldschmidt believed the large changes in evolution were caused by macromutations (large mutations). His ideas about macromutations became known as the hopeful monster hypothesis which is considered a type of saltational evolution.
Goldschmidt's thesis however was universally rejected and widely ridiculed within the biological community, which favored the neo-Darwinian explanations of R.A. Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane and Sewall Wright. However, there has been a recent interest in the ideas of Goldschmidt in the field of evolutionary developmental biology as some scientists are convinced he was not entirely wrong.
Otto Schindewolf, a German paleontologist, also supported macromutations as part of his evolutionary theory. He was known for presenting an alternative interpretation of the fossil record based on his ideas of orthogenesis, saltational evolution and extraterrestrial impacts opposed to gradualism but abandoned the view of macromutations in later publications.
Søren Løvtrup, a biochemist and embryologist from Denmark, advocated a similar hypothesis of macromutation to Goldschmidt's in 1974. Lovtrup believed that macromutations interfered with various epigenetic processes, that is, those which affect the causal processes in biological development. This is in contrast to the gradualistic theory of micromutations of Neo-Darwinism, which claims that evolutionary innovations are generally the result of accumulation of numerous very slight modifications. Lovtrup also rejected the punctuated equilibria of Stephen Gould and Niles Eldredge, claiming it was a form of gradualism and not a macromutation theory. Lovtrup defended many of Darwin's critics including Schindewolf, Mivart, Goldschmidt, and Himmelfarb. Mae Wan Ho described Lovtrup's theory as similar to the hopeful monster theory of Richard Goldschmidt.
Goldschmidt presented two mechanisms for how hopeful monsters might work. One mechanism, involved “systemic mutations”, rejected the classical gene concept and is no longer considered by modern science; however, his second mechanism involved “developmental macromutations” in “rate genes” or “controlling genes” that change early development and thus cause large effects in the adult phenotype. These kind of mutations are similar to the ones considered in contemporary evolutionary developmental biology.
On the subject of Goldschmidt Donald Prothero in his book Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters (2007) wrote:
The past twenty years have vindicated Goldschmidt to some degree. With the discovery of the importance of regulatory genes, we realize that he was ahead of his time in focusing on the importance of a few genes controlling big changes in the organisms, not small-scales changes in the entire genome as neo-Darwinians thought. In addition, the hopeful monster problem is not so insurmountable after all. Embryology has shown that if you affect an entire population of developing embryos with a stress (such as a heat shock) it can cause many embryos to go through the same new pathway of embryonic development, and then they all become hopeful monsters when they reach reproductive age.
In 2008 evolutionary biologist Olivia Judson in her article The Monster Is Back, and It’s Hopeful listed some examples which may support the hopeful monster hypothesis and an article published in the journal Nature in 2010 titled Evolution: Revenge of the Hopeful Monster reported that studies in stickleback populations in a British Columbia lake and bacteria populations in a Michigan lab have shown that large individual genetic changes can have vast effects on organisms "without dooming it to the evolutionary rubbish heap". According to the article "Single-gene changes that confer a large adaptive value do happen: they are not rare, they are not doomed and, when competing with small-effect mutations, they tend to win. But small-effect mutations still matter — a lot. They provide essential fine-tuning and sometimes pave the way for explosive evolution to follow."
A paper by (Page et al. 2010) have written that the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) could be classified as a hopeful monster as it exhibits an adaptive and derived mode of development that has evolved rapidly and independently among tiger salamanders. According to the paper there has been an interest in aspects of the hopeful monster hypothesis in recent years:
Goldschmidt proposed that mutations occasionally yield individuals within populations that deviate radically from the norm and referred to such individuals as "hopeful monsters". If the novel phenotypes of hopeful monsters arise under the right environmental circumstances, they may become fixed, and the population will found a new species. While this idea was discounted during the Modern synthesis, aspects of the hopeful monster hypothesis have been substantiated in recent years. For example, it is clear that dramatic changes in phenotype can occur from few mutations of key developmental genes and phenotypic differences among species often map to relatively few genetic factors. These findings are motivating renewed interest in the study of hopeful monsters and the perspectives they can provide about the evolution of development. In contrast to mutants that are created in the lab, hopeful monsters have been shaped by natural selection and are therefore more likely to reveal mechanisms of adaptive evolution.
Günter Theissen, a German professor of genetics, has classified homeotic mutants as "hopeful monsters" and has documented many examples of animal and plant lineages that may have originated in that way. American biologist Michael Freeling has proposed "balanced gene drive" as a saltational mechanism in the mutationist tradition, which could explain trends involving morphological complexity in plant and animal eukaryotic lineages.
Current status
Known mechanisms
Examples of saltational evolution include cases of stabilized hybrids that can reproduce without crossing (such as allotetraploids) and cases of symbiogenesis. Both gene duplication and lateral gene transfer have the capacity to bring about relatively large changes that are saltational. Polyploidy (most common in plants but not unknown in animals) is saltational: a significant change (in gene numbers) can result in speciation in a single generation.
Claimed instances
Evidence of phenotypic saltation has been found in the centipede and some scientists have suggested there is evidence for independent instances of saltational evolution in sphinx moths. Saltational changes have occurred in the buccal cavity of the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Some processes of epigenetic inheritance can also produce changes that are saltational. There has been a controversy over whether mimicry in butterflies and other insects can be explained by gradual or saltational evolution. According to Norrström (2006) there is evidence for saltation in some cases of mimicry. The endosymbiotic theory is considered to be a type of saltational evolution. Symonds and Elgar, 2004 have suggested that pheromone evolution in bark beetles is characterized by large saltational shifts. The mode of evolution of sex pheromones in Bactrocera has occurred by rapid saltational changes associated with speciation followed by gradual divergence thereafter. Saltational speciation has been recognized in the genus Clarkia (Lewis, 1966). It has been suggested (Carr, 1980, 2000) that the Calycadenia pauciflora could have originated directly from an ancestral race through a single saltational event involving multiple chromosome breaks. Specific cases of homeosis in flowers can be caused by saltational evolution. In a study of divergent orchid flowers (Bateman and DiMichele, 2002) wrote how simple homeotic morphs in a population can lead to newly established forms that become fixed and ultimately lead to new species. They described the transformation as a saltational evolutionary process, where a mutation of key developmental genes leads to a profound phenotypic change, producing a new evolutionary lineage within a species.
Explanations
Reviewing the history of macroevolutionary theories, the American evolutionary biologist Douglas J. Futuyma notes that since 1970, two very different alternatives to Darwinian gradualism have been proposed, both by Stephen Jay Gould: mutationism, and punctuated equilibria. Gould's macromutation theory gave a nod to his predecessor with an envisaged "Goldschmidt break" between evolution within a species and speciation. His advocacy of Goldschmidt was attacked with "highly unflattering comments" by B. Charlesworth and Templeton. Futuyma concludes, following other biologists reviewing the field such as K.Sterelny and A. Minelli, that essentially all the claims of evolution driven by large mutations could be explained within the Darwinian evolutionary synthesis.
See also
Catastrophism
Phyletic gradualism
Rapid modes of evolution
Leo S. Berg
History of evolutionary thought
Eclipse of Darwinism
Footnotes
Sources
Baker, Thomas C. (2002). Mechanism for saltational shifts in pheromone communication systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA 99. 13368-13370.
Bateman, Richard M.; DiMichele, William A. (2002). Generating and filtering major phenotypic novelties: neoGoldschmidtian saltation revisited. In: Cronk, Q. C. B.; Bateman R. M.; Hawkins, J. A. eds. Developmental genetics and plant evolution. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 109–159.
Hall, Brian K.; Pearson, Roy D. Müller, Gerd B. (2004). Environment, Development, and Evolution: Toward a Synthesis. MIT Press.
Kutschera, Ulrich; Niklas, Karl J. (2008). Macroevolution via secondary endosymbiosis: a Neo-Goldschmidtian view of unicellular hopeful monsters and Darwin's primordial intermediate form. Theory in Biosciences 127: 277-289.
Merrell, David J. (1994). The Adaptive Seascape: The Mechanism of Evolution. University of Minnesota Press.
Schwartz, Jeffrey H. (2006). Sudden origins: a general mechanism of evolution based on stress protein concentration and rapid environmental change. The Anatomical Record. 289: 38–46.
Gamberale-Stille, G.; Balogh, A. C.; Tullberg, B. S.; Leimar, O. (2012). Feature saltation and the evolution of mimicry. Evolution 66: 807-17.
Theissen, Guenter. (2009). Saltational evolution: hopeful monsters are here to stay. Theory in Bioscience. 128, 43-51.
External links
New species evolve in bursts by Kerri Smith
Non-Darwinian evolution
Evolutionary biology
Biology theories
Rate of evolution
Speciation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltation%20%28biology%29 |
Prior to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Japan had generated 30% of its electrical power from nuclear reactors and planned to increase that share to 40%. Nuclear power energy was a national strategic priority in Japan.
, of the 54 nuclear reactors in Japan, there were 42 operable reactors but only 9 reactors in 5 power plants were actually operating. A total of 24 reactors are scheduled for decommissioning or are in the process of being decommissioned. Others are in the process of being reactivated, or are undergoing modifications aimed to improve resiliency against natural disasters; Japan's 2030 energy goals posit that at least 33 will be reactivated by a later date.
Though all of Japan's nuclear reactors successfully withstood shaking from the Tohoku earthquake, flooding from the ensuing tsunami caused the failure of cooling systems at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant on 11 March 2011.
Japan's first-ever nuclear emergency was declared, and 140,000 residents within of the plant were evacuated.
All of Japan's nuclear plants were closed, or their operations were suspended for safety inspections. The last of Japan's fifty-four reactors (Tomari-3) went offline for maintenance on 5 May 2012, leaving Japan completely without nuclear-produced electrical power for the first time since 1970.
Problems in stabilizing the triple reactor meltdowns at Fukushima I nuclear plant hardened attitudes toward nuclear power.
In June 2011, immediately after the Fukushima disaster, more than 80 percent of Japanese said they were anti-nuclear and distrusted government information on radiation, but ten years later, in March 2021, only 11 percent of Japanese said they wanted that nuclear energy generation to be discontinued immediately. Another 49 percent were asking for a gradual exit from nuclear energy.
By October 2011, while there had been electricity shortages, Japan survived the summer of 2011 without the extensive blackouts that some had predicted, but at the price of casting doubts on Japan ambitious carbon emissions cuts. An energy white paper, approved by the Japanese Cabinet in October 2011, stated that "Public confidence in the safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged" by the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and called for a reduction in the nation's reliance on nuclear power.
Despite protests, on 1 July 2012 unit 3 of the Ōi Nuclear Power Plant was restarted.
A comprehensive assessment by international experts on the health risks associated with the Fukushima I nuclear power plant disaster concluded in 2013 that, for the general population inside and outside Japan, the predicted risks were low and no observable increases in cancer rates above baseline rates were anticipated.
In September 2013, Ōi units 3 and 4 went offline, making Japan again completely without nuclear-produced electrical power.
On 11 August 2015, the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant was brought back online, followed by two units (3 and 4) of the Takahama Nuclear Power Plant on 29 January 2016.
However, Unit 4 was shut down three days after restart due to an internal failure, and Unit 3 in March 2016 after the district court in Shiga prefecture issued an injunction to halt the operation of the Takahama Nuclear Power Plant. Of all the 54 nuclear reactors built prior to the Fukushima nuclear disaster, 43 of them remain operable but only a mere 9 reactors are currently in use. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said in 2017 that if the country is to meet its obligations under the Paris climate accord, then nuclear energy needs to make up between 20-22% of the nation's portfolio mix. 26 restart applications are now pending with an estimated 12 units to come back in service by 2025 and 18 by 2030.
The total cost of implementing safety measures, maintaining facilities, and decommissioning of commercially operated nuclear power plants in Japan is estimated at ¥13.46 trillion ($123 billion).
History
Early years
Overcoming popular resistance
In 1954, the Operations Coordinating Board of the United States National Security Council proposed that the U.S. government undertake a "vigorous offensive" urging nuclear energy for Japan in order to overcome the widespread reluctance of the Japanese population to build nuclear reactors in the country. Thirty-two million Japanese people, a third of the Japanese population, signed a petition calling for banning hydrogen bombs. Journalist and author Foster Hailey wrote an op-ed piece published in The Washington Post where he called for adopting a proposal to build nuclear reactors in Japan, stating his opinion that: "Many Americans are now aware...that the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan was not necessary. How better to make a contribution to amends than by offering Japan...atomic energy." For several years starting in 1954, the United States Central Intelligence Agency and other U.S. government agencies ran a propaganda war targeting the Japanese population to vanquish the Japanese people's opposition to nuclear power.
In 1954, Japan budgeted 230 million yen for nuclear energy, marking the beginning of Japan's nuclear program. The Atomic Energy Basic Law limited activities to only peaceful purposes. The first nuclear power plant in Japan, the Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant, was built by the UK's GEC and was commissioned in 1966.
Light water reactors
In the 1970s, the first light water reactors were built in cooperation with American companies. These plants were bought from U.S. vendors such as General Electric and Westinghouse with contractual work done by Japanese companies, who would later get a license themselves to build similar plant designs. Developments in nuclear power since that time have seen contributions from Japanese companies and research institutes on the same level as the other big users of nuclear power. From the early 1970s to the present, the Japanese government promoted the siting of nuclear power plants through a variety of policy instruments involving soft social control and financial incentives. By offering large subsidies and public works projects to rural communities and by using educational trips, junkets for local government officials, and OpEds written as news by pro-nuclear supporters, the central government won over the support of depopulating, hard-on-their-luck coastal towns, and villages.
Later years
Japan's nuclear industry was not hit as hard by the effects of the Three Mile Island accident (TMI) or the Chernobyl disaster as some other countries.
Construction of new plants continued to be strong through the 1980s, 1990s, and up to the present day.
While many new plants had been proposed, all were subsequently canceled or never brought past initial planning.
Cancelled plant orders include:
The Hōhoku Nuclear Power Plant at Hōhoku, Yamaguchi1994
The Kushima Nuclear Power Plant at Kushima, Miyazaki1997
The Ashihama Nuclear Power Plant at Ashihama, Mie2000 (the first Project at the site in the 1970s was completed at Hamaoka as Unit 1&2)
The Maki Nuclear Power Plant at Maki, Niigata (Kambara)Canceled in 2003
The Suzu Nuclear Power Plant at Suzu, Ishikawa2003
However, starting in the mid-1990s there were several nuclear-related accidents and cover-ups in Japan that eroded public perception of the industry, resulting in protests and resistance to new plants.
These accidents included the Tokaimura nuclear accident, the Mihama steam explosion, cover-ups after an accident at the Monju reactor, among others, more recently the Chūetsu offshore earthquake aftermath.
While exact details may be in dispute, it is clear that the safety culture in Japan's nuclear industry has come under greater scrutiny.
2000s
On 18 April 2007, Japan and the United States signed the United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan, aimed at putting in place a framework for the joint research and development of nuclear energy technology.
Each country will conduct research into fast reactor technology, fuel cycle technology, advanced computer simulation and modeling, small and medium reactors, safeguards and physical protection; and nuclear waste management.
In March 2008, Tokyo Electric Power Company announced that the start of operation of four new nuclear power reactors would be postponed by one year due to the incorporation of new earthquake resistance assessments.
Units 7 and 8 of the Fukushima Daiichi plant would now enter commercial operation in October 2014 and October 2015, respectively.
Unit 1 of the Higashidori plant is now scheduled to begin operating in December 2015, while unit 2 will start up in 2018 at the earliest.
As of September 2008, Japanese ministries and agencies were seeking an increase in the 2009 budget by 6%.
The total requested comes to 491.4 billion Japanese yen (US$4.6 billion), and the focuses of research are the development of the fast breeder reactor cycle, next-generation light water reactors, the Iter project, and seismic safety.
Fukushima disaster and aftermath
A 2011 independent investigation in Japan has "revealed a long history of nuclear power companies conspiring with governments to manipulate public opinion in favour of nuclear energy". One nuclear company "even stacked public meetings with its own employees who posed as ordinary citizens to speak in support of nuclear power plants".
An energy white paper, approved by the Japanese Cabinet in October 2011, says "public confidence in the safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged" by the Fukushima disaster, and calls for a reduction in the nation's reliance on nuclear power.
It also omits a section on nuclear power expansion that was in last year's policy review.
Nuclear Safety Commission Chairman Haruki Madarame told a parliamentary inquiry in February 2012 that "Japan's atomic safety rules are inferior to global standards and left the country unprepared for the Fukushima nuclear disaster last March".
There were flaws in, and lax enforcement of, the safety rules governing Japanese nuclear power companies, and this included insufficient protection against tsunamis.
On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant to be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next thirty years.
As of 27 March 2012, Japan had only one out of 54 nuclear reactors operating; the Tomari-3, after the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa 6 was shut down.
The Tomari-3 was shut down for maintenance on 5 May, leaving Japan with no nuclear-derived electricity for the first time since 1970, when the country's then-only two reactors were taken offline for five days for maintenance. On 15 June 2012, approval was given to restart Ōi Units 3 and 4 which could take six weeks to bring them to full operation. On 1 July 2012, unit 3 of the Ōi Nuclear Power Plant was restarted.
This reactor can provide 1,180 MW of electricity. On 21 July 2012 unit 4 was restarted, also 1,180 MW.
The reactor was shut down again on 14 September 2013, again leaving Japan with no operating power reactors.
Government figures in the 2014 Annual Report on Energy show that Japan depended on imported fossil fuels for 88% of its electricity in fiscal year 2013, compared with 62% in fiscal 2010. Without significant nuclear power, the country was self-sufficient for just 6% of its energy demand in 2012, compared with 20% in 2010.
The additional fuel costs to compensate for its nuclear reactors being idled was ¥3.6 trillion.
In parallel, domestic energy users have seen a 19.4% increase in their energy bills between 2010 and 2013, while industrial users have seen their costs rise 28.4% over the same period.
In 2018 the Japanese government revised its energy plan to update the 2030 target for nuclear energy to 20%-22% of power generation by restarting reactors, compared to LNG 27%, coal 25%, renewables 23% and oil 3%. This would reduce Japan's carbon dioxide emissions by 26% compared to 2013, and increase self-sufficiency to about 24% by 2030, compared to 8% in 2016.
Investigations on the Fukushima disaster
The National Diet of Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (NAIIC) is the first independent investigation commission by the National Diet in the 66-year history of Japan's constitutional government.
NAICC was established on 8 December 2011 with the mission to investigate the direct and indirect causes of the Fukushima nuclear accident.
NAICC submitted its inquiry report to both houses on 5 July 2012.
The 10-member commission compiled its report based on more than 1,167 interviews and 900 hours of hearings.
It was a six-month independent investigation, the first of its kind with wide-ranging subpoena powers in Japan's constitutional history, which held public hearings with former Prime Minister Naoto Kan and Tokyo Electric Power Co's former president Masataka Shimizu, who gave conflicting accounts of the disaster response.
The commission chairman, Kiyoshi Kurokawa, declared with respect to the Fukushima nuclear incident: "It was a profoundly man-made disasterthat could and should have been foreseen and prevented."
He added that the "fundamental causes" of the disaster were rooted in "the ingrained conventions of Japanese culture."
The report outlines errors and willful negligence at the plant before the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011 and a flawed response in the hours, days, and weeks that followed. It also offers recommendations and encourages Japan's parliament to "thoroughly debate and deliberate" the suggestions.
Post-Fukushima nuclear policy
Japan's new energy plan, approved by the Liberal Democratic Party cabinet in April 2014, calls nuclear power "the country's most important power source". Reversing a decision by the previous Democratic Party, the government will re-open nuclear plants, aiming for "a realistic and balanced energy structure". In May 2014 the Fukui District Court blocked the restart of the Oi reactors.
In April 2015 courts blocked the restarting of two reactors at the Takahama Nuclear Power Plant but permitted the restart of two reactors at the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant. The government hopes that nuclear power will produce 20% of Japan's electricity by 2030.
As of June 2015, approval was being sought from the new Nuclear Regulatory Agency for 24 units to restart, of the 54 pre-Fukushima units.
The units also have to be approved by the local prefecture authorities before restarting.
In July 2015 fuel loading was completed at the Sendai-1 nuclear plant, it restarted 11 August 2015 and was followed by unit 2 on 1 November 2015. Japan's Nuclear Regulatory Authority approved the restart of Ikata-3 which took place on 19 April 2016, this reactor is the fifth to receive approval to restart. The Takahama Nuclear Power Plant unit 4 restarted in May 2017 and unit 3 in June 2017.
In November 2016 Japan signed a nuclear cooperation agreement with India.
Japanese nuclear plant builders saw this as potential lifeline given that domestic orders had ended following the Fukushima disaster, and India is proposing to build about 20 new reactors over the next decade. However, there is Japanese domestic opposition to the agreement, as India has not agreed to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
In 2014, following the failure of the prototype Monju sodium-cooled fast reactor, Japan agreed to cooperate in developing the French ASTRID demonstration sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor. As of 2016, France was seeking the full involvement of Japan in the ASTRID development.
In 2015, the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy changed the accounting provisions of the Electricity Business Act, so companies can account for decommissioning costs in ten yearly installments rather than a one-time charge. This will encourage the decommissioning of older and smaller nuclear units, most of which have not restarted since 2011.
In 2022, during the global energy crisis which greatly increased the cost of imported fossil fuels, Japan's prime minister announced the building of safer next-generation nuclear reactors and restarting idle existing plants would be considered. In 2022 ten reactors were operational producing about 5% of Japan's electricity.
Seismicity
Japan has had a long history of earthquakes and seismic activity, and destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several times a century. Due to this, concern has been expressed about the particular risks of constructing and operating nuclear power plants in Japan. Amory Lovins has said: "An earthquake-and-tsunami zone crowded with 127 million people is an unwise place for 54 reactors". To date, the most serious seismic-related accident has been the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Professor Katsuhiko Ishibashi, one of the seismologists who have taken an active interest in the topic, coined the term genpatsu-shinsai (原発震災), from the Japanese words for "nuclear power" and "quake disaster" to express the potential worst-case catastrophe that could ensue. Dr Kiyoo Mogi, former chair of the Japanese Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction, has expressed similar concerns, stating in 2004 that the issue 'is a critical problem which can bring a catastrophe to Japan through a man-made disaster'.
Warnings from Kunihiko Shimazaki, a professor of seismology at the University of Tokyo, were also ignored. In 2004, as a member of an influential cabinet office committee on offshore earthquakes, Mr. Shimazaki "warned that Fukushima's coast was vulnerable to tsunamis more than twice as tall as the forecasts of as much as five meters put forth by regulators and Tokyo Electric". Minutes of the meeting on 19 February 2004, show that the government bureaucrats running the committee moved quickly to exclude his views from the committee's final report. He said the committee did not want to force Tokyo Electric to make expensive upgrades at the plant.
Hidekatsu Yoshii, a member of the House of Representatives for Japanese Communist Party and an anti-nuclear campaigner, warned in March and October 2006 about the possibility of the severe damage that might be caused by a tsunami or earthquake. During a parliamentary committee in May 2010 he made similar claims, warning that the cooling systems of a Japanese nuclear plant could be destroyed by a landslide or earthquake. In response, Yoshinobu Terasaka, head of the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, replied that the plants were so well designed that "such a situation is practically impossible". Following damage at the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant due to the 2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake, Kiyoo Mogi called for the immediate closure of the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant, which was knowingly built close to the centre of the expected Tōkai earthquake. Katsuhiko Ishibashi previously claimed, in 2004, that Hamaoka was "considered to be the most dangerous nuclear power plant in Japan".
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has also expressed concern. At a meeting of the G8's Nuclear Safety and Security Group, held in Tokyo in 2008, an IAEA expert warned that a strong earthquake with a magnitude above could pose a 'serious problem' for Japan's nuclear power stations. Before Fukushima, "14 lawsuits charging that risks had been ignored or hidden were filed in Japan, revealing a disturbing pattern in which operators underestimated or hid seismic dangers to avoid costly upgrades and keep operating. But all the lawsuits were unsuccessful". Underscoring the risks facing Japan, a 2012 research institute investigation has "determined there is a 70% chance of a magnitude-7 earthquake striking the Tokyo metropolitan area within the next four years, and 98% over 30 years". The March 2011 earthquake was a magnitude 9.
Design standards
Between 2005 and 2007, three Japanese nuclear power plants were shaken by earthquakes that far exceeded the maximum peak ground acceleration used in their design. The tsunami that followed the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, inundating the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, was more than twice the design height, while the ground acceleration also slightly exceeded the design parameters.
In 2006 a Japanese government subcommittee was charged with revising the national guidelines on the earthquake-resistance of nuclear power plants, which had last been partially revised in 2001, resulting in the publication of a new seismic guide – the 2006 Regulatory Guide for Reviewing Seismic Design of Nuclear Power Reactor Facilities. The subcommittee membership included Professor Ishibashi, however his proposal that the standards for surveying active faults should be reviewed was rejected and he resigned at the final meeting, claiming that the review process was 'unscientific' and the outcome rigged to suit the interests of the Japan Electric Association, which had 11 of its committee members on the 19-member government subcommittee. Ishibashi has subsequently claimed that, although the new guide brought in the most far-reaching changes since 1978, it was 'seriously flawed' because it underestimated the design basis of earthquake ground motion. He has also claimed that the enforcement system is 'a shambles' and questioned the independence of the Nuclear Safety Commission after a senior Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency official appeared to rule out a new review of the NSC's seismic design guide in 2007.
Following the publication of the new 2006 Seismic Guide, the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, at the request of the Nuclear Safety Commission, required the design of all existing nuclear power plants to be re-evaluated.
Geological surveys
The standard of geological survey work in Japan is another area causing concern. In 2008 Taku Komatsubara, a geologist at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology alleged that the presence of active faults was deliberately ignored when surveys of potential new power plant sites were undertaken, a view supported by a former topographer. Takashi Nakata, a seismologist from the Hiroshima Institute of Technology has made similar allegations and suggests that conflicts of interest between the Japanese nuclear industry and the regulators contribute to the problem.
A 2011 Natural Resources Defense Council report that evaluated the seismic hazard to reactors worldwide, as determined by the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program data, placed 35 of Japan's reactors in the group of 48 reactors worldwide in very high and high seismic hazard areas.
Nuclear power plants
As of January 2022 there are 33 operable reactors in Japan, of which 10 reactors are currently operating. Additionally, 7 reactors have been approved for restart and further 8 have restart applications under review.
On 6 May 2011, then Prime Minister Naoto Kan requested the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is estimated 87% likely to hit the area within the next 30 years. Kan wanted to avoid a possible repeat of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. On 9 May 2011, Chubu Electric decided to comply with the government's request. In July 2011, a mayor in Shizuoka Prefecture and a group of residents filed a lawsuit seeking the decommissioning of the reactors at the Hamaoka nuclear power plant permanently.
In April 2014, Reuters reported that Prime Minister Shinzo Abe favours restarting nuclear plants, but that its analysis suggests that only about one-third to two-thirds of reactors will be in a technical and economic position to restart.
In April 2017 the Nuclear Regulation Authority approved plans to decommission the Genkai 1, Mihama 1 and 2, Shimane 1, and Tsuruga 1 reactors.
Nuclear accidents
In terms of consequences of radioactivity releases and core damage, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents in 2011 were the worst experienced by the Japanese nuclear industry, in addition to ranking among the worst civilian nuclear accidents, though no fatalities were caused and no serious exposure of radiation to workers occurred.
The Tokaimura reprocessing plant fire in 1999 had 2 worker deaths, one more was exposed to radiation levels above legal limits, and over 660 others received detectable radiation doses but within permissible levels, well below the threshold to affect human health. The Mihama Nuclear Power Plant experienced a steam explosion in one of the turbine buildings in 2004 where five workers were killed and six injured.
2011 accidents
There have been many nuclear shutdowns, failures, and three partial meltdowns which were triggered by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
According to the Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan, "by April 27 approximately 55 percent of the fuel in reactor unit 1 had melted, along with 35 percent of the fuel in unit 2, and 30 percent of the fuel in unit 3; and overheated spent fuels in the storage pools of units 3 and 4 probably were also damaged". The accident exceeds the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in seriousness, and is comparable to the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. The Economist reports that the Fukushima disaster is "a bit like three Three Mile Islands in a row, with added damage in the spent-fuel stores", and that there will be ongoing impacts:
Years of clean-up will drag into decades. A permanent exclusion zone could end up stretching beyond the plant’s perimeter. Seriously exposed workers may be at increased risk of cancers for the rest of their lives...
On 24 March 2011, Japanese officials announced that "radioactive iodine-131 exceeding safety limits for infants had been detected at 18 water-purification plants in Tokyo and five other prefectures". Officials said also that the fallout from the Dai-ichi plant is "hindering search efforts for victims from the March 11 earthquake and tsunami".
Problems in stabilizing the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant have hardened attitudes to nuclear power. As of June 2011, "more than 80 percent of Japanese now say they are anti-nuclear and distrust government information on radiation". The ongoing Fukushima crisis may spell the end of nuclear power in Japan, as "citizen opposition grows and local authorities refuse permission to restart reactors that have undergone safety checks". Local authorities are skeptical that sufficient safety measures have been taken and are reticent to give their permission – now required by law – to bring suspended nuclear reactors back online.
Two government advisers have said that "Japan's safety review of nuclear reactors after the Fukushima disaster is based on faulty criteria and many people involved have conflicts of interest". Hiromitsu Ino, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo, says
"The whole process being undertaken is exactly the same as that used previous to the Fukushima Dai-Ichi accident, even though the accident showed all these guidelines and categories to be insufficient".
In 2012, former prime minister Naoto Kan was interviewed about the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and has said that at one point Japan faced a situation where there was a chance that people might not be able to live in the capital zone including Tokyo and would have to evacuate. He says he is haunted by the specter of an even bigger nuclear crisis forcing tens of millions of people to flee Tokyo and threatening the nation's existence. "If things had reached that level, not only would the public have had to face hardships but Japan's very existence would have been in peril". That convinced Kan to "declare the need for Japan to end its reliance on atomic power and promote renewable sources of energy such solar that have long taken a back seat in the resource-poor country's energy mix".
Other accidents
Other accidents of note include:
1981: Almost 300 workers were exposed to excessive levels of radiation after a fuel rod ruptured during repairs at the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant.
December 1995: The fast breeder Monju Nuclear Power Plant sodium leak. State-run operator Donen was found to have concealed videotape footage that showed extensive damage to the reactor.
March 1997: The Tokaimura nuclear reprocessing plant fire and explosion, northeast of Tokyo. 37 workers were exposed to low doses of radiation. Donen later acknowledged it had initially suppressed information about the fire.
1999: A fuel loading system malfunctioned at a nuclear plant in the Fukui Prefecture and set off an uncontrolled nuclear reaction and explosion.
September 1999: The criticality accident at the Tokai fuel fabrication facility. Hundreds of people were exposed to radiation, three workers received doses above legal limits of whom two later died.
2000: Three TEPCO executives were forced to quit after the company in 1989 ordered an employee to edit out footage showing cracks in nuclear plant steam pipes in video being submitted to regulators.
August 2002: a widespread falsification scandal starting in that led to the shut down of all Tokyo Electric Power Company’s 17 nuclear reactors; Tokyo Electric's officials had falsified inspection records and attempted to hide cracks in reactor vessel shrouds in 13 of its 17 units.
2002: Two workers were exposed to a small amount of radiation and suffered minor burns during a fire at Onagawa Nuclear Power Station in northern Japan.
2006: A small amount of radioactive steam was released at the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant and it escaped the compound.
16 July 2007: A severe earthquake (measuring 6.6 on the moment magnitude scale) hit the region where Tokyo Electric's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant is located and radioactive water spilled into the Sea of Japan; as of March 2009, all of the reactors remain shut down for damage verification and repairs; the plant with seven units was the largest single nuclear power station in the world.
Nuclear waste disposal
Japanese policy is to reprocess its spent nuclear fuel. Originally spent fuel was reprocessed under contract in England and France, but then the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant was built, with operations originally expected to commence in 2007. The policy to use recovered plutonium as mixed oxide (MOX) reactor fuel was questioned on economic grounds, and in 2004 it was revealed the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry had covered up a 1994 report indicating reprocessing spent fuel would cost four times as much as burying it.
In 2000, a Specified Radioactive Waste Final Disposal Act called for creation of a new organization to manage high level radioactive waste, and later that year the Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan (NUMO) was established under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. NUMO is responsible for selecting a permanent deep geological repository site, construction, operation and closure of the facility for waste emplacement by 2040. Site selection began in 2002 and application information was sent to 3,239 municipalities, but by 2006, no local government had volunteered to host the facility. Kōchi Prefecture showed interest in 2007, but its mayor resigned due to local opposition. In December 2013 the government decided to identify suitable candidate areas before approaching municipalities.
In 2014 the head of the Science Council of Japan’s expert panel has said Japan's seismic conditions makes it difficult to predict ground conditions over the necessary 100,000 years, so it will be impossible to convince the public of the safety of deep geological disposal.
The cost of MOX fuel had roughly quadrupled from 1999 to 2017, creating doubts about the economics of nuclear fuel reprocessing.
In 2018 the Japanese Atomic Energy Commission updated plutonium guidelines to try to reduce plutonium stockpiles, stipulating that the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant should only produce the amount of plutonium required for MOX fuel for Japan's nuclear power plants.
Nuclear regulatory bodies in Japan
Nuclear Regulation Authority – A nuclear safety agency under the environment ministry, created on 19 September 2012. It replaced the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency and the Nuclear Safety Commission.
Japanese Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) 原子力委員会 – Now operating as a commission of inquiry to the Japanese cabinet, this organization coordinates the entire nation's plans in the area of nuclear energy.
Nuclear Safety Commission 原子力安全委員会 – The former Japanese regulatory body for the nuclear industry.
Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) 原子力安全・保安院 – A former agency that performed regulatory activities and was formed on 6 January 2001, after a reorganization of governmental agencies.
Nuclear power companies
Electric utilities running nuclear plants
Japan is divided into a number of regions that each get electric service from their respective regional provider, all utilities hold a monopoly and are strictly regulated by the Japanese government. For more background information, see Energy in Japan. All regional utilities in Japan currently operate nuclear plants with the exception of the Okinawa Electric Power Company. They are also all members of the Federation of Electric Power Companies (FEPCO) industry organization. The companies are listed below.
Regional electric providers
Hokkaidō Electric Power Company (HEPCO) - 北海道電力
Tōhoku Electric Power Company (Tōhoku Electric) - 東北電力
Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) - 東京電力
Chūbu Electric Power Company (CHUDEN) - 中部電力
Hokuriku Electric Power Company (RIKUDEN) - 北陸電力
Kansai Electric Power Company (KEPCO) - 関西電力
Chūgoku Electric Power Company (Energia) - 中国電力
Shikoku Electric Power Company (YONDEN) - 四国電力
Kyūshū Electric Power Company (Kyūshū Electric) - 九州電力
Other companies with a stake in nuclear power
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) - 日本原子力研究開発機構
Japan Atomic Power Company (JPAC) - 日本原子力発電
JAPC, jointly owned by several Japan's major electric utilities, was created by special provisions from the Japanese government to be the first company in Japan to run a nuclear plant. Today it still operates two separate sites.
Electric Power Development Company (EDPC, J-POWER) - 電源開発
This company was created by a special law after the end of World War II, it operates a number of coal fired, hydroelectric, and wind power plants, the Ohma nuclear plant that is under construction will mark its entrance to the industry upon completion.
Nuclear vendors and fuel cycle companies
Nuclear vendors provide fuel in its fabricated form, ready to be loaded in the reactor, nuclear services, and/or manage construction of new nuclear plants. The following is an incomplete list of companies based in Japan that provide such services. The companies listed here provide fuel or services for commercial light water plants, and in addition to this, JAEA has a small MOX fuel fabrication plant. Japan operates a robust nuclear fuel cycle.
Nuclear Fuel Industries (NFI) - 原子燃料工業 NFI operates nuclear fuel fabrication plants in both Kumatori, Osaka and in Tōkai, Ibaraki, fabricating 284 and 200 (respectively) metric tons Uranium per year. The Tōkai site produces BWR, HTR, and ATR fuel while the Kumatori site produces only PWR fuel.
Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited (JNFL, JNF) - 日本原燃 The shareholders of JNFL are the Japanese utilities. JNFL plans to open a full scale enrichment facility in Rokkasho, Aomori with a capacity of 1.5 million SWU/yr along with a MOX fuel fabrication facility. JNFL has also operated a nuclear fuel fabrication facility called Kurihama Nuclear Fuel Plant in Yokosuka, Kanagawa as GNF, producing BWR fuel.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries / Atmea - 三菱重工業 原子力事業本部 MHI operates a fuel manufacturing plant in Tōkai, Ibaraki, and contributes many heavy industry components to construction of new nuclear plants, and has recently designed its own APWR plant type, fuel fabrication has been completely PWR fuel, though MHI sells components to BWRs as well. It was selected by the Japanese government to develop fast breeder reactor technology and formed Mitsubishi FBR Systems. MHI has also announced an alliance with Areva to form a new company called Atmea.
Global Nuclear Fuel (GNF). GNF was formed as a joint venture with GE Nuclear Energy (GENE), Hitachi, and Toshiba on 1 January 2000. GENE has since strengthened its relationship with Hitachi, forming a global nuclear alliance:
GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH) - 日立GEニュークリア・エナジー This company was formed 1 July 2007. Its next generation reactor, the ESBWR has made significant progress with US regulators. Its predecessor design, the ABWR, has been approved by the UK regulator for construction in the UK, following successful completion of the generic design assessment (GDA) process in 2017.
Toshiba - 東芝 電力システム社 原子力事業部 Toshiba has maintained a large nuclear business focused mostly on Boiling Water Reactors. With the purchase of the American Westinghouse by US$5.4 Billion in 2006, which is focused mainly on Pressurized Water Reactor technology, it increased the size of its nuclear business about twofold. On 29 March 2017 Toshiba placed Westinghouse in Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of $9 billion of losses from its nuclear reactor construction projects, mostly the construction of four AP1000 reactors in the U.S. Toshiba still has a profitable maintenance and nuclear fuel supply business in Japan, and is a significant contractor in the Fukushima clean-up.
Recyclable-Fuel Storage Co. A company formed by TEPCO and Japan Atomic Power Co. to build a spent nuclear fuel storage facility in Aomori Prefecture.
There have been discussions between Hitachi, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toshiba about possibly consolidating some of their nuclear activities.
Nuclear research and professional organizations in Japan
Research organizations
These organizations are government-funded research organizations, though many of them have special status to give them power of administration separate from the Japanese government. Their origins date back to the Atomic Energy Basic Law, but they have been reorganized several times since their inception.
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) - 日本原子力研究所 The original nuclear energy research organization established by the Japanese government under cooperation with U.S. partners.
Atomic Fuel Corporation - 原子燃料公社 This organization was formed along with JAERI under the Atomic Energy Basic Law and was later reorganized to be PNC.
Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation (PNC) - Succeeded the AFC in 1967 in order to perform more direct construction of experimental nuclear plants, and was renamed JNC in 1998.
Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC) - 核燃料サイクル開発機構 (semi-governmental agency) Was formed in 1998 as the direct successor to the PNC. This organization operated Lojo and Monju experimental and demonstration reactors.
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) - 日本原子力研究開発機構 This is the modern, currently operating primary nuclear research organization in Japan. It was formed by a merger of JAERI and JNC in 2005.
Academic/professional organizations
Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (JAIF) 日本原子力産業協会 is a non-profit organization, established in 1956 to promote the peaceful use of atomic energy.
The Atomic Energy Society of Japan (AESJ) 日本原子力学会 is a major academic organization in Japan focusing on all forms of nuclear power. The Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology is the academic journal run by the AESJ. It publishes English and Japanese articles, though most submissions are from Japanese research institutes, universities, and companies.
Japan Nuclear Technology Institute (JANTI) 日本原子力技術協会 was established to by the nuclear power industry to support and lead that industry.
Japan Electric Association (JEA) 日本電気協会 develops and publishes codes and guides for the Japanese nuclear power industry and is active in promoting nuclear power.
Other proprietary organizations
JCO. Established in 1978 as by Sumimoto Metal Mining Co. this company did work with Uranium conversion and set up factories at the Tokai-mura site. Later, it was held solely responsible for the Tokaimura nuclear accident
Anti-nuclear movement
Long one of the world's most committed promoters of civilian nuclear power, Japan's nuclear industry was not hit as hard by the effects of the 1979 Three Mile Island accident (USA) or the 1986 Chernobyl disaster (USSR) as some other countries. Construction of new plants continued to be strong through the 1980s and into the 1990s. However, starting in the mid-1990s there were several nuclear related accidents and cover-ups in Japan that eroded public perception of the industry, resulting in protests and resistance to new plants. These accidents included the Tokaimura nuclear accident, the Mihama steam explosion, cover-ups after accidents at the Monju reactor, and more recently the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007. While exact details may be in dispute, it is clear that the safety culture in Japan's nuclear industry has come under greater scrutiny.
The negative impact of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster has changed attitudes in Japan. Political and energy experts describe "nothing short of a nationwide loss of faith, not only in Japan’s once-vaunted nuclear technology but also in the government, which many blame for allowing the accident to happen". Sixty thousand people marched in central Tokyo on 19 September 2011, chanting "Sayonara nuclear power" and waving banners, to call on Japan's government to abandon nuclear power, following the Fukushima disaster. Bishop of Osaka, Michael Goro Matsuura, has called on the solidarity of Christians worldwide to support this anti-nuclear campaign. In July 2012, 75,000 people gathered near in Tokyo for the capital's largest anti-nuclear event. Organizers and participants said such demonstrations signal a fundamental change in attitudes in a nation where relatively few have been willing to engage in political protests since the 1960s.
Anti-nuclear groups include the Citizens' Nuclear Information Center, Stop Rokkasho, Hidankyo, Sayonara Nuclear Power Plants, Women from Fukushima Against Nukes, and the Article 9 group. People associated with the anti-nuclear movement include: Jinzaburo Takagi, Haruki Murakami, Kenzaburō Ōe, Nobuto Hosaka, Mizuho Fukushima, Ryuichi Sakamoto and Tetsunari Iida.
See also
Energy in Japan
Environmental issues in Japan
Nuclear Regulation Authority
Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy
Japanese nuclear weapon program
United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan
Notes
References
Further reading
Bacon, Paul, and Christopher Hobson. Human Security and Japan's Triple Disaster: Responding to the 2011 earthquake, tsunami and Fukushima nuclear crisis (2014)
Dreiling, Michael. "An Energy Industrial Complex in Post-Fukushima Japan: A Network Analysis of the Nuclear Power Industry, the State and the Media." XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology (13–19 July 2014). Isaconf, 2014.
Fam, Shun Deng, et al. "Post-Fukushima Japan: The continuing nuclear controversy." Energy Policy 68 (2014): 199–205.
Jackson, Keith. "Natural Disaster and Nuclear Crisis in Japan: Response and recovery after Japan's 3/11 and After the Great East Japan Earthquake: Political and Policy Change in post-Fukushima Japan." Asia Pacific Business Review (2014): 1–9.
Kelly, Dominic. "US Hegemony and the Origins of Japanese Nuclear Power: The Politics of Consent." New Political Economy 19.6 (2014): 819–846.
Kinefuchi, Etsuko. "Nuclear Power for Good: Articulations in Japan's Nuclear Power Hegemony." Communication, Culture & Critique (2015).
Kingston, Jeff. "Abe'S Nuclear Renaissance: Energy Politics in Post–3.11 Japan." Critical Asian Studies 46.3 (2014): 461–484.
Len, Christopher, and Victor Nian. "Nuclear versus Natural Gas: An Assessment on the Drivers Influencing Japan's Energy Future." Energy Procedia 61 (2014): 194–197.
Nian, Victor, and S. K. Chou. "The state of nuclear power two years after FukushimaThe ASEAN perspective." Applied Energy 136 (2014): 838–848.
Zhang, Qi, and Benjamin C. Mclellan. "Review of Japan's power generation scenarios in light of the Fukushima nuclear accident." International Journal of Energy Research 38.5 (2014): 539–550.
External links
Nuclear power in Japan on the World Nuclear Association website
Nuclear accidents and incidents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20in%20Japan |
"Theme from A Summer Place" is a song with lyrics by Mack Discant and music by Max Steiner, written for the 1959 film A Summer Place, which starred Sandra Dee and Troy Donahue. It was recorded for the film as an instrumental by Hugo Winterhalter. Originally known as the "Molly and Johnny Theme", this lush extended cue, as orchestrated by Murray Cutter, is not the main title theme of the film, but an oft-heard secondary love theme for the characters played by Dee and Donahue. The theme has become a canonical representation of the easy listening genre, and is considered by some to be the definitive easy listening track of all time.
Following its introduction in the film by the Warner Bros. studio orchestra, the theme was recorded by many artists in both instrumental and vocal versions, and has also appeared in a number of subsequent films and television programs. The best-known
version of the theme is an instrumental version by Percy Faith and his Orchestra that was a number-one hit for nine weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1960.
Percy Faith version
Percy Faith recorded the most popular version of the theme, an instrumental orchestral arrangement, at the Columbia 30th Street Studio in New York City. It was released in September 1959 as a single on Columbia Records, credited to "Percy Faith and his Orchestra", prior to the November 1959 release of the film A Summer Place.
The single was not an immediate hit, but after it entered the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart at No. 96 on 11 January 1960, it ascended to number one in just six more weeks, on 22 February 1960, going on to set an at-the-time record of nine consecutive weeks at number one, a record that would not be broken until 1977, when "You Light Up My Life" spent ten weeks at the top of the chart. (Perez Prado's "Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White" remained at number one for 10 weeks on the Best Sellers in Stores chart in 1955, and Elvis Presley's double-sided hit "Don't Be Cruel/ Hound Dog" remained at number one for 11 weeks on the Best Sellers in Stores and Jockeys charts in 1956, all prior to the 4 August 1958, creation of the Hot 100 chart.)
The single was also in front of five consecutive No. 2 singles, none of which ever reached the Hot 100's summit: Jimmy Jones' "Handy Man" (29 February), Jim Reeves' "He'll Have to Go" ( 7–21 March), Bobby Rydell's "Wild One" (28 March), Paul Anka's "Puppy Love" ( 4–11 April), The Brothers Four's "Greenfields" (sometimes spelled "Green Fields") (18 April), with Elvis Presley's "Stuck on You" (25 April – 9 May) in front of "Greenfields" during its last three weeks at No. 2.
"Theme From A Summer Place" remains the longest-running number one instrumental in the history of the Hot 100. Billboard ranked Faith's version as the Number One song for 1960. The Faith version reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart, spending 31 weeks on the chart, and it was also a number 1 hit in Italy under the title "Scandalo Al Sole."
Faith won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1961 for his recording. This was the first movie theme and the first instrumental to win a Record of the Year Grammy.
Faith re-recorded the song twice: first, in 1969, as a female choral version, then, in 1976, as a disco version titled "Summer Place '76."
As reported by Casey Kasem on the American Top 40 broadcast of 25 September 1976, "Theme from A Summer Place" is the biggest hit on the American charts by a Canadian artist.
In 2008 Faith's original version was ranked at number 18 on Billboard's top 100 songs during the first 50 years of the Hot 100 chart. The Billboard Book of Number One Hits called it "the most successful instrumental single of the rock era."
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
All-time charts
Other notable cover versions
"Theme from A Summer Place" has been covered by a number of artists in addition to Percy Faith, in both non-vocal instrumental versions, and with one or more vocalists either singing the Discant lyrics or a wordless melody line. The theme has also been referenced, sampled, or otherwise adapted into several other songs.
Instrumental versions
In 1960, Billy Vaughn included an instrumental orchestral arrangement of the theme as the title cut to his album Theme From A Summer Place released on Dot Records, which peaked at number one on the Billboard LP chart.
In 1961, Mantovani recorded an orchestral rendition of the theme for his album Mantovani Plays Music From 'Exodus' and Other Great Themes; the album reached the Top Ten on the UK charts.
Vocal versions
Most vocal versions of the theme have featured the Discant lyrics. However, some featured wordless vocals by singers who voiced the melody line.
In 1960, British producer, bandleader and arranger Norrie Paramor released his arrangement of the theme as a single on Columbia Records, featuring wordless vocals by soprano Patricia Clarke and credited to "Norrie Paramor & His Orchestra". The single reached number 36 on the UK chart.
In 1962, Andy Williams covered the theme for his gold-certified album Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes.
In 1965, the male vocal group The Lettermen had a hit with their harmony arrangement of the theme, released as a single on Capitol Records; it reached number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was included on their album The Hit Sounds of the Lettermen.
In popular culture
"Theme from A Summer Place" is frequently used as period background or soundtrack music in films and television programs set between 1959 and the mid-1960s. The theme from Mario Kart: Super Circuit'''s Shy Guy Beach racetrack uses the same melody as "Theme from "A Summer Place."
A parody version of "Theme from A Summer Place" appears in The Simpsons episode “Homer's Barbershop Quartet” The character Jasper Beardley sings the tune in his audition for Homer’s quartet The Be Sharps using the title of the theme itself as the lyrics.
The song is also heard in Stephen King's mini television series Rose Red; and; the 1978 film Animal House'' in the cafeteria scene with John Belushi at food line, over stuffing his plate with food.
See also
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1960 (U.S.)
References
1959 singles
1962 singles
1965 singles
Percy Faith songs
The Lettermen songs
Andy Williams songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Grammy Award for Record of the Year
1950s instrumentals
Film theme songs
Love themes
Songs written for films
1959 songs
Capitol Records singles
Columbia Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme%20from%20A%20Summer%20Place |
Today is an American R&B vocal group formed in 1988. The group comprised Frederick Lee "Bubba" Drakeford, Larry "Chief" Singletary, Wesley "Wes" Adams, and Larry "Love" McCain, childhood friends from Englewood, New Jersey.
History
The group started in 1984 as The Gents and comprised Drakeford, McCain, William McNeir, Ronald Scruggs, and Bernard Belle. During an anti-drug benefit, the group received a meeting with the producer Teddy Riley who renamed the group Today and melded them into the current lineup. Riley helped them receive a deal with MCA Records.
As the head of MCA records urban department, Jheryl Busby, moved into Motown, he brought several acts with him, including Today, The Boys and The Good Girls. While touring the country, the groups were successful. Motown promoted Today as the new Four Tops, and The Boys and The Good Girls were promoted as the new Jackson 5 and new Supremes respectively.
Today released their self-titled debut album in 1988. The single "Him Or Me" reached #3 on the R&B charts and was followed by "Girl I Got My Eyes On You" which reached #1. It was also their only song to chart in Britain, and peaked at #94 on the UK Singles Chart in early 1989. Yet the album's later singles did not do as well as their early showings, and they began to resent the way they were being produced and promoted.
Riley did not help the group with their second album, The New Formula. Released in 1990, the album manage to chart three singles: "Why You Get Funky on Me", which was also featured in the movie House Party reached #2 on the R&B charts. "I Got The Feeling" peaked at #12 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and "I Wanna Come Back Home" peaked at #46 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
After the group broke up, Drakeford started a solo career as Big Bub while Singletary, Adams, and McCain wrote songs and tried unsuccessfully to get a deal as a trio. Drakeford released three albums as a solo artist: 1992's Comin at Cha (EastWest), 1997's Timeless (Kedar/Universal), and 2000's Never Too Late (Flavor Unit). His single "Need Your Love", credited to Big Bub feat. Queen Latifah & Heavy D, peaked at #70 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1997.
In 2010, it was announced that all four members reunited and were changing to the Gospel music genre and would work on a new album and a new single "Orchestrate" was released.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
References
External links
Today (band) on R&B Haven
African-American musical groups
American rhythm and blues musical groups
American boy bands
Motown artists
New jack swing music groups
Vocal quartets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%20%28group%29 |
Bulgaria's first commercial nuclear reactor began operation in 1974. The Kozloduy NPP operates two pressurized water reactors with a total output of 1906 MW. This makes Bulgaria the 21st-largest user of nuclear power in the world. Construction of the Belene Nuclear Power Plant was officially terminated in March 2012, and a thermal powerplant was supposed to be built on the site. Efforts in May 2018 to restart the Belene project were unsuccessful. , Bulgaria plans to construct new reactors at the existing Kozloduy site.
Radioactive waste
Bulgaria has a state agency in charge of radioactive waste disposal. Under a 2002 agreement, Bulgaria pays Russia $620 thousand/ton to reprocess spent fuel. The country also spent to construct a new storage facility and had plans to build another facility by 2015 but it didn't happen as predicted.
Reactors
See also
Energy in Bulgaria
Politics of Bulgaria
References
External links
Uranium Information Center: Nuclear energy in Bulgaria
Bulgarian Subject Files - Ecology: Nuclear Power Plant at Blinken Open Society Archives, Budapest
World Nuclear Association Report on Bulgaria's Nuclear Energy History and Present | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20in%20Bulgaria |
In geology, saltation () is a specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind or water. It occurs when loose materials are removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface. Examples include pebble transport by rivers, sand drift over desert surfaces, soil blowing over fields, and snow drift over smooth surfaces such as those in the Arctic or Canadian Prairies.
Process
At low fluid velocities, loose material rolls downstream, staying in contact with the surface. This is called creep or reptation. Here the forces exerted by the fluid on the particle are only enough to roll the particle around the point of contact with the surface.
Once the wind speed reaches a certain critical value, termed the impact or fluid threshold, the drag and lift forces exerted by the fluid are sufficient to lift some particles from the surface. These particles are accelerated by the fluid, and pulled downward by gravity, causing them to travel in roughly ballistic trajectories. If a particle has obtained sufficient speed from the acceleration by the fluid, it can eject, or splash, other particles in saltation, which propagates the process. Depending on the surface, the particle could also disintegrate on impact, or eject much finer sediment from the surface. In air, this process of saltation bombardment creates most of the dust in dust storms. In rivers, this process repeats continually, gradually eroding away the river bed, but also transporting-in fresh material from upstream.
The speed at which the flow can move particles by saltation is given by the Bagnold formula.
Suspension generally affects small particles ('small' means ~70 micrometres or less for particles in air). For these particles, vertical drag forces due to turbulent fluctuations in the fluid are similar in magnitude to the weight of the particle. These smaller particles are carried by the fluid in suspension, and advected downstream. The smaller the particle, the less important the downward pull of gravity, and the longer the particle is likely to stay in suspension. A fence designed with holes can mitigate saltation by reducing particle speed, and sand accumulates on the leeward side of the fence.
A 2008 study found that saltating sand particles induces a static electric field by friction. Saltating sand acquires a negative charge relative to the ground which in turn loosens more sand particles which then begin saltating. This process has been found to double the number of particles predicted by previous theory. This is significant in meteorology because it is primarily the saltation of sand particles which dislodges smaller dust particles into the atmosphere. Dust particles and other aerosols such as soot affect the amount of sunlight received by the atmosphere and earth, and are nuclei for condensation of the water vapour.
Avalanches
Saltation layers can also form in avalanches.
See also
Aeolian landform
Aeolian processes
Bagnold formula
Saltation (biology)
Saltatory conduction
The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes
References
External links
Dune sand saltation video, Kansas State University
Close up of dune sand saltation, Kansas State University
Geological processes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltation%20%28geology%29 |
Serua Navosa Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It was located in central and southern areas of the main island of Viti Levu
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
External links
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serua%20Navosa%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
"Hot Girl" is the sixth episode and season finale of the first season of the American comedy television series The Office. The episode aired on NBC in the United States on April 26, 2005. The episode was written by consulting producer Mindy Kaling, marking her first writing credit for the series. The episode was directed by Amy Heckerling, her only directing credit for the series.
In this episode, Michael (Steve Carell) allows an attractive salesperson (Amy Adams) to sell her purses in the office, catching the eye of almost every male in the office. Meanwhile, Pam (Jenna Fischer) and Jim (John Krasinski) use the situation to play yet another prank on Dwight (Rainn Wilson).
"Hot Girl" received mostly positive reviews from critics. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode received 4.8 million viewers and received a 2.3 rating/5% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.
Plot
Corporate informs Michael Scott (Steve Carell) that an incentive program has been set up where the top Dunder Mifflin sales representative will be rewarded with a prize of up to $1,000. As Michael decides on choosing that prize, Katy Moore (Amy Adams), a pretty young purse saleswoman, comes into the office to sell her wares. When Michael sees her, he offers to let her set up shop in the conference room, which catches every male's eye. As he shows her around the office, Michael tries to impress her while doing his best to impede the chances of any other office male. Roy Anderson mentions that he would go for her if he were not dating Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer), and an angry Pam corrects him that they are engaged.
Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) convinces Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) that he should approach Katy and if all else fails, he should buy a purse, which he does to Pam and Jim's delight. When Michael hears she'll need a ride home, he does his best to offer himself, going so far as to spend the aforementioned $1,000 on an espresso machine to impress her. While Pam is sitting on Jim's desk and talking to him, Roy comes up and tries to apologize to Pam, eventually getting her out of her bad mood by tickling her; an uncomfortable Jim leaves his desk. Later, he strikes up a conversation with Katy, and in the end, she decides to get a ride from Jim, leaving Michael and Dwight devastated. It is revealed that Katy and Jim are also going out for a drink, to the apparent jealousy of Pam.
Production
"Hot Girl" was the first episode written by writer and actress Mindy Kaling, who portrays Kelly Kapoor. Kaling became one of the most prolific writers for the series, writing 22 of its episodes. She was later promoted to executive producer of the show for its eighth season. The episode was also the first and only one directed by Amy Heckerling.
"Hot Girl" introduced the recurring role of Katy, portrayed by Amy Adams. Katy would appear in two more episodes: "The Fire" and "Booze Cruise". Adams remarked that she thoroughly enjoyed her work on the show. In an interview with The Advocate, she said that The Office "was the best work experience. I loved that show and that cast so much. I don't know if they believe me, but every time I see them I'm like, 'Oh my gosh, I'll do anything to come back. Several years after she left the show as a recurring character, B. J. Novak wanted to write her a cameo in the seventh season episode "Threat Level Midnight", but she was unavailable for filming. "Hot Girl" was one of two first-season episodes, the other being "Health Care", that did not contain commentary by members of the cast and crew on the season DVD.
Reception
Ratings
In its original American broadcast on April 26, 2005, "Hot Girl" was viewed by an estimated 4.8 million viewers and received a 2.3/5% rating share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 2.3% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 5% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode, airing after Scrubs, retained 81% of its lead-in audience. The episode, along with Scrubs, ranked fourth in its timeslot, being beaten by a rerun of the Fox medical drama House which received a 6.3 rating in the 18–49 demographic, the CBS reality show The Amazing Race which received a 5.1 rating, and ABC, which ran a rerun of the comedy According to Jim and a new episode of the sitcom Rodney, averaging a 3.3 rating. "Hot Girl" received the lowest rating in the show's history until it was beaten by the season eight episode "Tallahassee" almost seven years later. After the lackluster reception of the episode, Media Life Magazine erroneously predicted that "Hot Girl" would also serve as the de facto series finale.
Reviews
The episode received moderately positive reviews from critics. Travis Fickett from IGN retroactively gave the episode an 8.0 out of 10, signifying a "great" episode. Fickett wrote that "Hot Girl" helped to establish what type of character Michael would eventually become in the subsequent seasons, noting the character's "deep and desperate loneliness" which would eventually become a main conceit in the series. He concluded that the episode ended with a "classic Office moment"—Michael realizing that Jim will be giving Katy a ride home—that "captures the desperation and loneliness of [Pam, Jim, and Michael] – and does a great job of setting the stage for the show's terrific second season." Miss Alli from Television Without Pity gave the episode a B but described it as "the weakest of the first season". Alli noted that the episode was largely the "play on the same joke", featuring Michael and Dwight "making idiots of themselves over Katy". However, she did positively compare the American version of the show to the British version, stating, "All things considered, I think the first season is very underrated owing to unnecessary comparisons to the British version", but concluded that the episode was "its weak moment".
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B+". Adams largely praised Fischer's performance, noting that she "helped build her character's arc every step of the way" in the series and that several of her moments in "Hot Girl" helped to emphasize this point. Furthermore, he complimented the appearance of Katy, noting that she causes a rift between Pam and Jim, but due to "the confidence of Adams' performance and some hidden compartments in Kaling's script", she also has "legitimate agency".
References
External links
"Hot Girl" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 1) episodes
Television episodes written by Mindy Kaling
2005 American television episodes
fr:La Fille canon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Girl%20%28The%20Office%29 |
Manilow Sings Sinatra is an album by singer-songwriter Barry Manilow, released in 1998. It is a compilation of Manilow singing songs originally made notable by Frank Sinatra, who had recently died. The album also featured two new compositions, intended as tributes to Sinatra.
Track listing
"One Man in a Spotlight" (Barry Manilow, Bruce Sussman) (arr. by Manilow) - 0:57
"I've Got the World on a String" (Harold Arlen, Ted Koehler) (originally arr. by Nelson Riddle; arr. by Manilow) - 2:13
"The Second Time Around" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) (originally arr. by Riddle; arr. by Manilow) - 3:34
"Come Dance with Me" / "Come Fly with Me" (Cahn, Van Heusen/Cahn, Van Heusen) (originally arr. by Billy May; arr. by Manilow) - 2:59
"All the Way" (Cahn, Van Heusen) (originally arr. by Riddle; arr. by Manilow) - 3:43
"You Make Me Feel So Young" (Josef Myrow, Mack Gordon) (originally arr. by Riddle; arr. by Manilow) - 2:59
"Strangers in the Night" (Bert Kaempfert, Charles Singleton, Eddie Snyder) (originally arr. by Ernie Freeman; arr. by Manilow) - 3:08
"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning" (Bob Hilliard, David Mann) (originally arr. by Riddle; arr. by Manilow) - 3:34
"Summer Wind" (Heinz Meyer, Hans Bradtke, Johnny Mercer) (originally arr. by Riddle; arr. by Manilow) - 2:46
"Saturday Night (Is the Loneliest Night of the Week)" (Cahn, Jule Styne) (originally arr. by ; arr. by Manilow) - 2:12
"Angel Eyes" (Matt Dennis, Earl Brent) (originally arr. by ; arr. by Manilow) - 4:09
"My Kind of Town" (Cahn, Van Heusen) (originally arr. by ; arr. by Manilow) - 3:00
"Put Your Dreams Away (For Another Day)" (Ruth Lowe, Paul Mann, Stephan Weiss) (originally arr. by ; arr. by Manilow) - 1:41
"Here's to the Man" (Manilow, Sussman) (arr. by Manilow) - 2:01
References
Barry Manilow albums
1998 albums
Frank Sinatra tribute albums
Arista Records albums
Traditional pop albums
Albums recorded at Capitol Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilow%20Sings%20Sinatra |
Abbondanzieri is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Marisa Abbondanzieri (born 1956), Italian politician
Roberto Abbondanzieri (born 1972), Argentine footballer
Italian-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbondanzieri |
"Speak" is a single by the rock band Godsmack from their fourth album IV. It reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart and number ten on the Modern Rock chart.
Song origin
Tony Rombola wrote the music for "Speak". He recalled: "While on tour with Metallica, Robbie, Shannon and I were jamming in the dressing room. Sully Erna popped his head in the room 'cause he really liked the riff we were playin' and he pretty much wrote the melody and finished the song right then and there."
"The chorus opened up in a way that I would never have thought to write", said Erna.
Music video
The music video for the song (directed by Wayne Isham) shows people performing stunts on cars, motorcycles, etc. with clips of the band playing. The video also features Danny Koker from Count's Kustoms, who would later go on to star in Counting Cars.
Sully Erna told MTV.com that he wanted to keep things simple when it came to the video: "No bank-breaking special-effects wizardry — not even a single explosion. We didn't want the clip to correlate in any way with the song's lyrics. We just wanted it to emphasize power, because we feel it's a powerful song".
The end result, according to Erna, is "basically the white, rock and roll version of the 'bling' video, but instead of using Escalades and pimped-out Mercedes Benzes, we brought in some awesome muscle cars and a bunch of my buddies from New England that do these amazing stunts on motorcycles, and it just became about fast cars, hot rods, burnouts, wheelies and rock and roll."
"We hung out for the day, nothing was choreographed. It was really cool. We just got to light up the tires all day long. And as a band, the first half of the day, we got to hang around and watch these people go off on these killer machines and do the most insane stunts we've ever seen live", Erna said.
Track listing
Speak [Maxi Single]
Speak [Hit Pack]
Chart positions
"Speak" had a six-week run at number one on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.
Personnel
Sully Erna – vocals, rhythm guitar, production
Tony Rombola – lead guitar
Robbie Merrill – bass
Shannon Larkin – drums
Andy Johns – production
References
External links
2006 singles
Godsmack songs
Songs written by Tony Rombola
Songs written by Sully Erna
Music videos directed by Wayne Isham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak%20%28Godsmack%20song%29 |
Balachander (or Balachandar) may refer to:
Balachandra, a name of the Hindu god Ganesha
Waxing moon in Sanskrit
K. Balachander (1930–2014), Indian film director, screenwriter and producer
S. Balachander (1927–1990), Indian veena player
Sivaramakrishnan Balachandar, an Indian-American physicist
See also
Balachandran, an Indian name | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balachander |
Ariadne musica is a collection of organ music by Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer, first published in 1702. The main part of the collection is a cycle of 20 preludes and fugues in different keys, so Ariadne musica is considered an important precursor to Johann Sebastian Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, which has a similar structure.
The title refers to the Greek myth in which Theseus finds his way out of Minotaur's labyrinth using a ball of thread that Ariadne, daughter of King Minos of Crete, gave him. Similarly, the music in the collection can be said to guide the listener through a labyrinth of keys. Fischer also used Greek mythology to name the pieces in another large scale music collection of his, Musikalischer Parnassus.
The first edition of Ariadne musica was made in 1702 in Schlackenwerth. The work was reprinted several times during Fischer's life. The original print mentioned by Johann Gottfried Walther in Musicalisches Lexicon is now lost, but a manuscript copy survives.
Pieces
20 preludes and fugues:
Prelude & Fugue No. 1 in C major
Prelude & Fugue No. 2 in C-sharp minor
Prelude & Fugue No. 3 in D minor
Prelude & Fugue No. 4 in D major
Prelude & Fugue No. 5 in E-flat major
Prelude & Fugue No. 6 in E Phrygian
Prelude & Fugue No. 7 in E Dorian
Prelude & Fugue No. 8 in E major
Prelude & Fugue No. 9 in F minor
Prelude & Fugue No. 10 in F major
Prelude & Fugue No. 11 in F-sharp minor
Prelude & Fugue No. 12 in G minor
Prelude & Fugue No. 13 in G major
Prelude & Fugue No. 14 in A-flat major
Prelude & Fugue No. 15 in A minor
Prelude & Fugue No. 16 in A major
Prelude & Fugue No. 17 in B-flat major
Prelude & Fugue No. 18 in B minor
Prelude & Fugue No. 19 in B major
Prelude & Fugue No. 20 in C minor
5 ricercars on chorale melodies, each connected with a specific Catholic event:
Ricercar pro Tempore Adventus, in C major (on Ave Maria klare, for Advent)
Ricercar pro Festis Natalitys, in C major (on Der Tag der ist so freudenreich, for Christmas)
Ricercar pro Tempore Quadragesimae, in A minor (on Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stund, for Lent)
Ricercar pro Festis Paschalibus, in D minor (on Christ ist erstanden, for Easter)
Ricercar pro Festis Pentecostalibus, in F major (on Komm, heiliger Geist, for Pentecost)
All pieces are quite short, including a few really brief fugues (the seven bar A minor fugue being the shortest). Most are in common time, with a few exceptions (most notably the E Dorian fugue which is in 12/8). The preludes vary from pieces based on short simplistic toccata-like passages over long sustained chords (as in, for example, the C major and G major ones) to slightly more complex works with brief imitative passages like this one, from the end of the E-flat major prelude:
The fugues are all in four voices, the only exception being the A-flat major with a fifth part doubling the octave in the last chord. Some are loosely connected thematically to the accompanying preludes.
The ricercars all feature themes written in whole and half notes, the C major Ricercar pro Festis Natalitys being one notable exception with the theme composed mostly of quarter and eighth notes. Three are marked alla breve, Ricercar pro Festis Natalitys is in common time and the F major ricercar is in 3/2.
Ricercar pro Festis Paschalibus was previously attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach and listed in the BWV catalogue as BWV 746, chorale prelude Christ ist erstanden.
Connection with Johann Sebastian Bach
The most obvious connection of Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier with Ariadne Musica is Bach's use of Fischer's subject in one of the fugues:
The six-note subject of the E major four-voice fugue by Fischer (opening bars pictured above, subject highlighted) is used by Bach as the subject of the E major fugue from the second volume of the Well-Tempered Clavier, BWV878/2, also in four voices:
Fischer's piece is quite short (although not as short as, for instance, the 8 bar E Phrygian fugue from the same collection) and written predominantly using long note values; Bach's fugue is much more complex, with dense counterpoint and also much longer - although Fischer's subject makes it into one of the few pieces from the WTC that feature a significant amount of whole and half-notes in all voices.
The same six-note subject is found in two 17th century keyboard compositions by the famous Johann Jakob Froberger: Fantasia No. 2 and Ricercar No. 4. The latter's opening bars can be seen below (with the inverted version of the same theme shown in dark pink):
Fischer might have learned the theme from Froberger. Additionally, Fischer's E-flat major fugue and Bach's G minor fugue from Book 1 share a similar structure concerning the use of countersubjects; the subject of Bach's fugue is a slightly modified version of Fischer's. Both Bach's and Fischer's C major fugues are heavily based on stretto and their subjects are somewhat similar rhythmically.
Recordings
Ariadne musica is rarely performed or recorded, although individual preludes and fugues frequently appear on miscellaneous compilations of Baroque organ music. The following recordings feature at least one part of Ariadne musica (preludes and fugues or ricercars) in full:
Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer: Ariadne musica, Wolfgang Baumgratz, Christophorus 1992 (complete recording)
German Organ Music vol. 1, Joseph Payne, 1994. Naxos 550964. (on three different organs, ricercars not included)
Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer: Blumen-Strauss: Complete Organ Works, Serge Schoonbroodt, 2002. AEOLUS AE-10321. (complete recording)
A Joy Forever: Opus 41 at Goshen College, Bradley Lehman, 2006. LaripS 1002. (complete recording)
J.K.F. Fischer: Ariadne Musica (20 Preludes & Fugues); works of Caldara, Bach, Beethoven, & Sorge, Franz Haselböck. Musical Heritage Society MHS 1634.
See also
Music written in all major and/or minor keys
External links
Free PDF scores of the fugues from Ariadne musica:
Bradley Lehman's recording including free samples of all the pieces
Compositions for organ
Baroque compositions
Preludes (music)
Fugues
1702 books
1702 compositions
Ariadne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne%20musica |
Parc (French) or Park (Dutch) is a Brussels Metro station located beneath Brussels Park in central Brussels, Belgium. It has one entrance, at the intersection of the Rue Royale/Koningsstraat and the Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat, two of the main roads of the City of Brussels.
The station opened on 17 December 1969, as a premetro (underground tram) station on the tram line between De Brouckère and Schuman, and became a heavy metro station on 20 September 1976, serving former lines 1A and 1B. Following the reorganisation of the Brussels Metro on 4 April 2009, it is served by lines 1 and 5, which cross Brussels from east to west.
Several places of interest other than the park itself lie near this station: the Royal Palace, the Belgian House of Parliament (Palace of the Nation), the office of the Prime Minister of Belgium, the Royal Park Theatre, and the United States' embassy.
History
When the station was first built, there was a plan to eventually construct a connecting line along the route of the Rue Royale/Koningsstraat. To provide for this line, a much larger underground space was excavated than necessary for a simple station. The Rue Royale line was quickly cancelled, and the underground chambers intended for it now house the Brussels metro's traffic control centre.
The tunnel between Parc/Park and Arts-Loi/Kunst-Wet stations was the first section of the Brussels metro system to be built using a tunnelling shield. This was done as a test; most parts of the Brussels metro having been built using open construction methods.
References
External links
Railway stations in Belgium opened in the 1960s
Railway stations opened in 1969
1969 establishments in Belgium
Brussels metro stations
City of Brussels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc%20metro%20station%20%28Brussels%29 |
Russia is one of the world's largest producers of nuclear energy.
In 2020 total electricity generated in nuclear power plants in Russia was 215.746 TWh, 20.28% of all power generation.
The installed gross capacity of Russian nuclear reactors is 29.4 GW in December 2020.
Recent history
In accord with legislation passed in 2001, all Russian civil reactors are operated by Energoatom. More recently in 2007 Russian Parliament adopted the law "On the peculiarities of the management and disposition of the property and shares of organizations using nuclear energy and on relevant changes to some legislative acts of the Russian Federation", which created Atomenergoprom - a holding company for all Russian civil nuclear industry, including Energoatom, nuclear fuel producer and supplier TVEL, uranium trader Tekhsnabexport (Tenex) and nuclear facilities constructor Atomstroyexport.
The overnight cost of construction in the seventies was a low 800 $/kW in 2016 dollars. In 2019 a S&P Global Ratings report stated Russia's nuclear construction costs were well below European levels because of vertical integration, good learning-curve effects from serial production, and the large currency devaluation of 2014.
The Russian nuclear industry employs around 200,000 people. Russia is recognized for its nuclear disaster expertise and for the safety of its technology. Statements made in review of Russian reactor safety [8] that "Requirements on placing the nuclear installation should not contain additional restrictions in comparison with other industrial facilities," suggest that nuclear plants could be placed within cities and are not considered to pose exceptional dangers. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396196
Russia is also pursuing an ambitious plan to increase sales of Russian-built reactors overseas, and had 39 reactors under construction or planned overseas as of 2018.
The VVER-1200 pressurised water reactor is the system currently offered for construction, being an evolution of the VVER-1000 with increased power output to about 1200 MWe (gross) and providing additional passive safety features. In August 2016 the first VVER-1200, Novovoronezh II-1, was connected to the grid.
Through its membership in the multi-nation ITER project, Russia participates in the design of nuclear fusion reactors.
In 2013 the Russian state allocated 80.6 billion rubles ($2.4 billion) toward the growth of its nuclear industry, especially export projects where Russian companies build, own and operate the power station, such as the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant.
In 2016 initial plans were announced to build 11 new nuclear power reactors by 2030, including the first VVER-600, a smaller two cooling circuit version of the VVER-1200, designed for smaller regions and markets. Outline plans for near-surface disposal facilities for low and intermediate-level waste, and deep burial disposal facilities for high-level waste were also approved in the Krasnoyarsk Krai region.
In October 2017 Rosatom was reported to be considering postponing commissioning new nuclear plants in Russia due to excess generation capacity and that new nuclear electricity prices are higher than for existing plant. The Russian government is considering reducing support for new nuclear under its support contracts, called Dogovor Postavki Moshnosti (DPM), which guarantee developers a return on investment through increased payments from consumers for 20 years. In 2019 a S&P Global Ratings report stated that "We expect domestic nuclear capacity to increase only moderately because electricity demand in Russia is stagnating, given only modest GDP growth, a significant potential for energy savings, and the government's intention to avoid raising electricity prices through additional increases in capacity payments".
Russia's first-floating nuclear power plant, Akademik Lomonosov, is equipped to provide power to a remote Russian town on the Bering Strait. The nuclear unit features small modular reactors (SMRs) technology.
Nuclear power reactors
Reactors in operation
Eleven of Russia's reactors are of the RBMK 1000 type, similar to the one at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Some of these RBMK reactors were originally to be shut down but have instead been given life extensions and uprated in output by about 5%. Critics say that these reactors are of an "inherently unsafe design", which cannot be improved through upgrades and modernization, and some reactor parts are impossible to replace. Russian environmental groups say that the lifetime extensions "violate Russian law, because the projects have not undergone environmental assessments".
International projects
In addition Atomstroyexport challenging NPP projects list contains:
Temelin NPP Power Units 3/4 (Czech Republic)
Jordan NPP (single-unit NPP with an option for the second power unit)
Metsamor NPP Power Units 3/4 (Armenia)
NPP with the Reactor Plant VBER-300 (Kazakhstan)
Sanming NPP (China)
In March 2022, Russian captured the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, now operated by Rosatom.
In August 2022, the Hungarian Nuclear Energy Authority authorized Rosatom to expand the nuclear power plant at Paks with two new VVER reactors with capacity of 1.2 gigawatts each.
Nuclear engineering companies
Atomenergomash: power engineering company; produces steam generators for NPPs
Atommash: by far Russia's largest nuclear engineering company designed to build up to 8 reactors per year.
Atomstroyexport: nuclear power equipment and service export monopoly
OKBM Afrikantov: nuclear reactor design and engineering company. The world's leading company in production of fast breeder reactors.
OKB Gidropress: nuclear reactor design and engineering company
Safety
Russia, responding to the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, will perform a 'stress test' on all its reactors "to judge their ability to withstand earthquakes more powerful than the original design anticipated".
See also
Energy policy of Russia
Rosatom
Russian floating nuclear power station
Nuclear energy policy
Juragua Nuclear Power Plant, (Cuba)
References
External links
World Nuclear Association: Nuclear Power in Russia
World-nuclear.org | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20in%20Russia |
Here at the Mayflower is the nineteenth studio album by Barry Manilow released in 2001. It was Manilow's first to include all original material since 2:00 AM Paradise Cafe in 1984. His next album of original songs, 15 Minutes, would not be released until 2011. The album concept (designed by album cover designer Dennis Purcell) is based on the Brooklyn, New York, apartment complex Manilow grew up in. There were different covers for the US and UK versions.
It was also his first album with new label Concord Records. Manilow left Arista Records after a span of over 20 years there (with the exception of two years at the RCA label between 1985-1986).
Two singles, "Turn the Radio Up" and "They Dance!", reached the top 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.
On the UK version of this album, American Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, Manilow's longtime backup singer, makes an uncredited appearance on "Say Goodbye" and "I Don't Wanna Know". Also only on this release, "She Should'a Been Mine" and "The Night That Tito Played" features dialogue by Manilow.
Track listing
US version
All tracks composed by Barry Manilow; except where indicated
Elevator Operator: "Do You Know Who's Livin' Next Door?" (Barry Manilow, Enoch Anderson) - 3:50
Apartments 3B and 5N: "Come Monday" - 3:56
Apartment 3E: "Border Train" (Barry Manilow, Enoch Anderson) - 4:44
Apartment 2H: "Turn The Radio Up" - 3:10
Apartment 2G: "I Hear Her Playing Music" (Barry Manilow, Enoch Anderson) - 4:08
Apartment 4J: "Talk To Me" (Barry Manilow, Marty Panzer) - 5:16
Apartment 6C: "Not What You See" - 4:52
Elevator Operator: "Freddie Said" - 2:04
Apartment 1A: "Some Bar By The Harbor" (Barry Manilow, Enoch Anderson) - 4:59
Apartment 2H: "Say Goodbye" - 4:07
Elevator Operator: "She Should'a Been Mine" (Barry Manilow, Bruce Sussman) - 3:33
Apartment 4G: "The Night That Tito Played" (Barry Manilow, Adrienne Anderson) - 3:18
Apartment 5F: "I'm Comin'" Back - 3:23
Apartment 6C: "I Miss You" (Barry Manilow, Marty Panzer) - 3:18
Elevator Operator: "They Dance!" - 3:07
Apartment 3E: "Welcome Home" (Barry Manilow, Mindy Sterling, Eddie Arkin) - 4:54
K-Mart Limited Edition
Elevator Operator: "Do You Know Who's Livin' Next Door?" - 3:50
Apartments 3B and 5N: "Come Monday" - 3:56
Apartment 3E: "Border Train" - 4:44
Apartment 2H: "Turn The Radio Up" - 3:10
Apartment 2G: "I Hear Her Playing Music" - 4:08
Apartment 4J: "Talk To Me" - 5:16
Apartment 6C: "Not What You See" - 4:52
Elevator Operator: "Freddie Said" - 2:04
Apartment 1A: "Some Bar By The Harbor" - 4:59
Apartment 2H: "Say Goodbye" - 4:07
Elevator Operator: "She Should'a Been Mine" - 3:33
Apartment 4G: "The Night That Tito Played" - 3:18
Apartment 5F: "I'm Comin'" Back - 3:23
Apartment 6C: "I Miss You" - 3:18
Elevator Operator: "They Dance!" - 3:07
Apartment 3E: "Welcome Home" - 4:54
Apartment 1A: "Shadow Man" - 4:07
Japan version
Elevator Operator: "Do You Know Who's Livin' Next Door?" - 3:50
Apartments 3B and 5N: "Come Monday" - 3:56
Apartment 3E: "Border Train" - 4:44
Apartment 2H: "Turn The Radio Up" - 3:10
Apartment 2G: "I Hear Her Playing Music" - 4:08
Apartment 4J: "Talk To Me" - 5:16
Apartment 6C: "Not What You See" - 4:52
Elevator Operator: "Freddie Said" - 2:04
Apartment 1A: "Some Bar By The Harbor" - 4:59
Apartment 2H: "Say Goodbye" - 4:07
Elevator Operator: "She Should'a Been Mine" - 3:33
Apartment 4G: "The Night That Tito Played" - 3:18
Apartment 5F: "I'm Comin'" Back - 3:23
Apartment 6C: "I Miss You" - 3:18
Elevator Operator: "They Dance!" - 3:07
Apartment 3E: "Welcome Home" - 4:54
Apartment 5F: "I Don't Wanna Know" - 3:48
Apartment 1A: "Shadow Man" - 4:07
UK version
Elevator Operator: "Do You Know Who's Livin' Next Door?" - 3:50
Apartments 3B and 5N: "Come Monday" - 3:56
Apartment 3E: "Border Train" - 4:44
Apartment 2H: "Turn The Radio Up" - 3:10
Apartment 2G: "I Hear Her Playing Music" - 4:08
Apartment 4J: "Talk To Me" - 5:16
Apartment 6C: "Not What You See" - 4:52
Elevator Operator: "Freddie Said" - 2:04
Apartment 1A: "Some Bar By The Harbor" - 4:59
Apartment 2H: "Say Goodbye" - 4:07
Elevator Operator: "She Should'a Been Mine" - 3:33
Apartment 4G: "The Night That Tito Played" - 3:18
Apartment 5F: "I'm Comin'" Back - 3:23
Apartment 6C: "I Miss You" - 3:18
Elevator Operator: "They Dance!" - 3:07
Apartment 3E: "Welcome Home" - 4:54
Elevator Operator: "Life Has Its Ups and Downs" - 2:26
Apartment 5F: "I Don't Wanna Know" - 4:05
Exclusive 2002 Tour Bonus Disc
Apartment 5F: "I Don't Wanna Know" - 3:48
Elevator Operator: "The Walking Wounded" (Barry Manilow/Enoch Anderson) - 4:26
Elevator Operator: "They Dance! (Extended Version)" - 4:04
Notes
References
Barry Manilow albums
2001 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%20at%20the%20Mayflower |
Bismuthine (IUPAC name: bismuthane) is the chemical compound with the formula BiH3. As the heaviest analogue of ammonia (a pnictogen hydride), BiH3 is unstable, decomposing to bismuth metal well below 0 °C. This compound adopts the expected pyramidal structure with H–Bi–H angles of around 90°.
The term bismuthine may also refer to a member of the family of organobismuth(III) species having the general formula , where R is an organic substituent. For example, Bi(CH3)3 is trimethylbismuthine.
Preparation and properties
BiH3 is prepared by the redistribution of methylbismuthine (BiH2Me):
3 BiH2Me → 2 BiH3 + BiMe3
The required BiH2Me, which is also thermally unstable, is generated by reduction of methylbismuth dichloride, BiCl2Me with LiAlH4.
As suggested by the behavior of SbH3, BiH3 is unstable and decomposes to its constituent elements according to the following equation:
2 BiH3 → 3 H2 + 2 Bi (ΔH(gas) = −278 kJ/mol)
The methodology used for detection of arsenic ("Marsh test") can also be used to detect BiH3. This test relies on the thermal decomposition of these trihydrides to the metallic mirrors of reduced As, Sb, and Bi. These deposits can be further distinguished by their distinctive solubility characteristics: arsenic dissolves in NaOCl, antimony dissolves in ammonium polysulfide, and bismuth resists both reagents.
Uses and safety considerations
The low stability of BiH3 precludes significant health effects, it decomposes rapidly well below room temperature.
References
Bismuth compounds
Metal hydrides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthine |
The water cribs in Chicago are structures built to house and protect offshore water intakes used to supply the City of Chicago with drinking water from Lake Michigan. Water is collected and transported through tunnels located close to beneath the lake, varying in shape from circular to oval, and ranging in diameter from . The tunnels lead from the water cribs to Pumping Stations located onshore, then to water purification plants Jardine Water Purification Plant (the world's largest) and the Sawyer Water Purification Plant (operating since 1947), where the water is then treated before being pumped to all parts of the city as well as 118 suburbs.
The city has had nine permanent cribs of which six are still standing and two are in active use.
Current and former water cribs
Two-Mile Crib
The Two-Mile Crib was constructed as part of a scheme by Ellis S. Chesbrough in 1865, to help with the purification of the water because of damage caused by the city dumping sewage into the lake. Construction of the crib began in May 1864, miners and workers worked 24 hours a day and six days a week. The total completion of the project was in March 1867 and cost the city $380,784. Purified water was pumped to the Chicago Avenue Pumping Station which still stands to this day on North Michigan Avenue.
Four-Mile Crib
The Four-Mile Crib was put into service in 1891 to help with the problem of getting uncontaminated water to Chicago and various neighborhoods. To deal with this, a new crib was built even farther than the Two-Mile Crib. The brick alone cost $472,890.93, but the total project cost was $1,526,143.68. This crib was special, as there was a steam heating plant installed in 1898. This kept the crib at a temperature of and allowed plant workers to reside there during the winter, who helped to stop the formation of ice. In 1932, the Bureau of Lighthouses reported that a submarine cable had been laid and two rooms had been added on to the crib.
68th Street Crib / Edward F. Dunne Crib
The 68th Street Crib was built in 1892 two miles offshore the eastern end of 68th Street. A cement hexagon-shaped crib with a brick structure atop, it originally supplied two tunnels, a diameter tunnel to the Jardine Water Purification Plant and a diameter tunnel to the South Water Purification Plant (later renamed to the Eugene Sawyer Water Purification Plant). The crib was equipped with a navigational warning light atop a steel-skeleton lighthouse and a fog bell that tolled every 12 seconds when needed.
The Edward F. Dunne Crib was built in 1909. Named after Chicago Mayor Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne, who was in office at the time crib plans were approved, the diameter circular crib stands in of water and houses a diameter interior well connected to two new tunnels. The Dunne Crib is situated from the 68th Street Crib and accessible by a steel footbridge, allowing one set of keepers to service both cribs.
During the construction of the tunnel to the Edward F. Dunne Crib, a temporary crib known as the Intermediate Crib was built along the tunnel route, from shore. On the morning of January 20, 1909, a fire broke out on the Intermediate Crib in a wooden barracks which housed tunnel workers. Approximately 70 men perished in the fire or drowned attempting to escape it. Survivors took refuge on floating cakes of ice and were rescued by boat.
Carter H. Harrison Crib / William E. Dever Crib
The Carter H. Harrison Crib replaced the Two-Mile Crib in 1900, which was later replaced by the William E. Dever Crib built alongside it in 1935. Due to an increasing demand for water, the Harrison Crib continued in service until 1997. In 1998 the tunnels leading from the Harrison Crib to shore were drained for inspection, a process that was surrounded by controversy. Some experts feared that pumping the tunnels dry would result in a catastrophic collapse, while others guaranteed that collapse was not possible. Portions of the tunnel did in fact collapse. City lawyers soon filed suit against the engineers and contractors. The suit charged that the engineers, Alvord, Burdick & Howson, were negligent for advising the city that it was safe to drain the tunnels. It also charged that Luedtke Engineering Co., of Michigan, did the work in a way that caused the collapse. As a result, the city spent $5.3 million to fill in a portion of the tunnel under Lake Shore Drive to prevent a possible additional collapse.
The water intake tunnel leads to the Central Park Avenue Pumping Station.
The Harrison-Dever crib has weather monitoring instruments and is used by the National Weather Service Chicago office for Lake Michigan forecasts.
Wilson Avenue Crib
The Wilson Avenue Crib is located approximately two miles east of Montrose Point. Work on the diameter crib began in 1915 and was completed May 1, 1918 after a delay to correct an out-of-plumb structure due to settling. The superstructure is rough-hewn granite block atop a steel caisson enclosing a diameter inner well chamber.
Originally supplying eight miles of water tunnels, the crib has since been designated as a standby crib and is scheduled for demolition in the city's 2015-19 Capital Improvement Program.
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Chicago
Government of Chicago
Lake Michigan
Water supply infrastructure in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20cribs%20in%20Chicago |
A Christmas Gift of Love is the second Christmas-themed album by singer-songwriter Barry Manilow released in 2002. The album went Gold in the United States. It was done with Columbia Records instead of his usual label of Concord Records. However, as part of the agreement with Concord, the logo of both labels appear on this release.
Track listing
Certifications
References
2002 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
Pop Christmas albums
Barry Manilow albums
Columbia Records Christmas albums
Albums recorded at Capitol Studios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Christmas%20Gift%20of%20Love |
Event Viewer is a component of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system that lets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or remote machine. Applications and operating-system components can use this centralized log service to report events that have taken place, such as a failure to start a component or to complete an action. In Windows Vista, Microsoft overhauled the event system.
Due to the Event Viewer's routine reporting of minor start-up and processing errors (which do not, in fact, harm or damage the computer), the software is frequently used by technical support scammers to trick the victim into thinking that their computer contains critical errors requiring immediate technical support. An example is the "Administrative Events" field under "Custom Views" which can have over a thousand errors or warnings logged over a month's time.
Overview
Windows NT has featured event logs since its release in 1993.
The Event Viewer uses event IDs to define the uniquely identifiable events that a Windows computer can encounter. For example, when a user's authentication fails, the system may generate Event ID 672.
Windows NT 4.0 added support for defining "event sources" (i.e. the application which created the event) and performing backups of logs.
Windows 2000 added the capability for applications to create their own log sources in addition to the three system-defined "System", "Application", and "Security" log-files. Windows 2000 also replaced NT4's Event Viewer with a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in.
Windows Server 2003 added the AuthzInstallSecurityEventSource() API calls so that applications could register with the security-event logs, and write security-audit entries.
Versions of Windows based on the Windows NT 6.0 kernel (Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008) no longer have a 300-megabyte limit to their total size. Prior to NT 6.0, the system opened on-disk files as memory-mapped files in kernel memory space, which used the same memory pools as other kernel components.
Event Viewer log-files with filename extension evtx typically appear in a directory such as C:\Windows\System32\winevt\Logs\
Command-line interface
Windows XP introduced set of three command-line interface tools, useful to task automation:
eventquery.vbs – Official script to query, filter and output results based on the event logs. Discontinued after XP.
eventcreate – a command (continued in Vista and 7) to put custom events in the logs.
eventtriggers – a command to create event driven tasks. Discontinued after XP, replaced by the "Attach task to this event" feature.
Windows Vista
Event Viewer consists of a rewritten event tracing and logging architecture on Windows Vista. It has been rewritten around a structured XML log-format and a designated log type to allow applications to more precisely log events and to help make it easier for support technicians and developers to interpret the events.
The XML representation of the event can be viewed on the Details tab in an event's properties. It is also possible to view all potential events, their structures, registered event publishers and their configuration using the wevtutil utility, even before the events are fired.
There are a large number of different types of event logs including Administrative, Operational, Analytic, and Debug log types. Selecting the Application Logs node in the Scope pane reveals numerous new subcategorized event logs, including many labeled as diagnostic logs.
Analytic and Debug events which are high frequency are directly saved into a trace file while Admin and Operational events are infrequent enough to allow additional processing without affecting system performance, so they are delivered to the Event Log service.
Events are published asynchronously to reduce the performance impact on the event publishing application. Event attributes are also much more detailed and show EventID, Level, Task, Opcode, and Keywords properties.
Users can filter event logs by one or more criteria or by a limited XPath 1.0 expression, and custom views can be created for one or more events. Using XPath as the query language allows viewing logs related only to a certain subsystem or an issue with only a certain component, archiving select events and sending traces on the fly to support technicians.
Filtering using XPath 1.0
Open Windows Event Log
Expand out Windows Logs
Select the log file that is of interest (In the example below, the Security event log is used)
Right-click on the Event Log and select Filter Current Log...
Change the selected tab from Filter to XML
Check the box to Edit query manually'
Paste the query into the text box. Sample queries can be found below.
Here are examples of simple custom filters for the new Window Event Log:
Select all events in the Security Event Log where the account name involved (TargetUserName) is "JUser"
*[EventData[Data[@Name="TargetUserName"]="JUser"]]
Select all events in the Security Event Log where any Data node of the EventData section is the string "JUser"
*[EventData[Data="JUser"]]
Select all events in the Security Event Log where any Data node of the EventData section is "JUser" or "JDoe"
*[EventData[Data="JUser" or Data="JDoe"]]
Select all events in the Security Event Log where any Data node of the EventData section is "JUser" and the Event ID is "4471"
*[System[EventID="4471"]] and *[EventData[Data="JUser"]]
Real-world example for a package called Goldmine which has two @Names
*[System[Provider[@Name='GoldMine' or @Name='GMService']]]
Caveats:
There are limitations to Microsoft's implementation of XPath
Queries using XPath string functions will result in error
Event subscribers
Major event subscribers'' include the Event Collector service and Task Scheduler 2.0. The Event Collector service can automatically forward event logs to other remote systems, running Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2003 R2 on a configurable schedule. Event logs can also be remotely viewed from other computers or multiple event logs can be centrally logged and monitored without an agent and managed from a single computer. Events can also be directly associated with tasks, which run in the redesigned Task Scheduler and trigger automated actions when particular events take place.
See also
List of Microsoft Windows components
Microsoft Management Console
Technical support scam
References
External links
Official sources:
Event Viewer - Inside Show on Microsoft Learn
Events and Errors (Windows Server 2008) on Microsoft Learn
Windows components
Computer logging
Windows administration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event%20Viewer |
Andrew Carnie (born April 19, 1969) is a Canadian professor of linguistics at the University of Arizona. He is the author or coauthor of nine books and has papers published on formal syntactic theory and on linguistic aspects of Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic. He was born in Calgary, Alberta. He is also a teacher of Balkan and international folk dance. In 2009, he was named as one of the Linguist List's Linguist of the Day. From 2010-2012, he has worked as the faculty director of the University of Arizona's Graduate Interdisciplinary Programs. In August 2012, he was appointed interim Dean of the graduate college. From 2013-2022, he worked as the Vice Provost for Graduate Education and Dean of the Graduate College. In that role he founded the University's Graduate Center, established the university's Graduate faculty, significantly increased student diversity, and worked to establish better working conditions and wages for students.
Linguistics
The bulk of Carnie's research has been in the fields of syntax, morphology, and phonology. He works primarily on the Celtic Languages, particularly Irish and Scottish Gaelic
Education
B.A. (Hons) in Linguistics and Celtic Studies: The University of St. Michael's College at the University of Toronto, 1991
Ph.D. in Linguistics and Philosophy: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995
Books
Proceedings of the 18th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, Cascadilla Press, 1999 (with Sonya Bird, Jason Haugen, and Peter Norquest)
The Syntax of Verb Initial Languages, Oxford University Press, 2000 (with Eithne Guilfoyle)
Papers in Honor of Ken Hale (MITELF1), MITWPL, 2000 (with Eloise Jelinek and MaryAnn Willie)
Syntax: A Generative Introduction, Blackwell Publishers, 2002
Formal Approaches to Function: In honor of Eloise Jelinek, John Benjamins Publishers, 2003, (with Heidi Harley and MaryAnn Willie)
Verb First: On the Syntax of Verb Initial Languages, John Benjamins Publishers, 2005, (with Heidi Harley and Sheila Dooley)
Syntax: A Generative Introduction: Second Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2006
Constituent Structure, Oxford University Press, 2008
Irish Nouns, Oxford University Press, 2008
Constituent Structure, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2010
Modern Syntax: A Course Book, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Formal Approaches to Celtic Linguistics. Cambridge Scholars Press, 2011
Syntax: A Generative Introduction: Third Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013
The Routledge Handbook of Syntax (editor), Routledge, 2014
Syntax: A Generative Introduction: Fourth Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2021
References
External links
Personal homepage
1969 births
Linguists from Canada
Celtic studies scholars
Living people
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
People from Calgary
Syntacticians
University of Arizona faculty
University of Toronto alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Carnie |
2 Nights Live! is a live compilation album of a two-night concert released by Barry Manilow in 2004. It was recorded on August 3–4, 2002 at PNC Bank Arts Center in Holmdel, NJ; during the last two dates of the Barry Manilow Live 2002! tour.
Track listing
Night 1
Night 2
References
AllMusic
[ Billboard]
Manilow.com
2004 live albums
Barry Manilow live albums
Arista Records live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%20Nights%20Live%21 |
Korean Augmentation to the United States Army (KATUSA; ) is a branch of the Republic of Korea Army that consists of Korean enlisted personnel who are seconded to the Eighth United States Army (EUSA). KATUSA does not form an individual military unit. Instead, small numbers of KATUSA members are assigned to positions in most of the departments of the Eighth United States Army, filling in for United States Army enlisted soldiers and junior non-commissioned officers. KATUSAs are selected from a pool of qualified volunteers who are subject to mandatory military service for male Korean citizens.
While the ROK Army retains responsibility for personnel management of KATUSAs, KATUSA members are equipped with standard United States Army issues, and live and work with the U.S. enlisted soldiers.
The KATUSA program was developed during the Korean War as a temporary measure to cope with a shortage of personnel in the United States Army. This augmentation program is the only one of its kind in the United States Army.
Purpose
The KATUSA program provides the U.S. military with Korean-speaking soldiers, allowing greater military functionality and maneuverability throughout the Korean peninsula. KATUSA soldiers are assigned to each Eighth United States Army units with their Military Occupational Specialty like the United States Army soldiers and do the part of their MOS. Additionally, KATUSA soldiers serve as translators between the local populace and the U.S. Army, and help the U.S. maneuver in unfamiliar terrain. Informally, they help U.S. soldiers new to the peninsula understand Korean customs and a bit of the language. It saves the U.S. money and manpower, and symbolizes the two nations' friendship and mutual support. The KATUSA program remains essential for the safety of the Republic of Korea, not only for establishing partnerships with American Armed Forces, but to learn from each other and to assist each other, especially with the threat of North Korea looming over South Korea.
According to Richard Weiz (2013), author of "An Enduring Partnership: South Korea and the United States", The North Korean threat continues to provide the fundamental basis for the ROK-U.S. security relationship...The most recent period of tensions flared up after the North's long-range rocket launch in December 2012 and underground nuclear test in February 2013" (Pg. 310). Providing valuable information on the peninsula as well as translations, KATUSA soldiers carry out their MOS effectively, allowing for a future of more foreign cooperation with America. Nirav Patel and Lindsey Ford (2009), authors of "The future of the U.S.-ROK alliance: global perspectives" go on to state that "The alliance between the United States and the Republic of Korea (ROK) has been a key component of America’s bilateral alliance system in Asia for almost 60 years.
South Korea has been a close friend and valued partner during difficult circumstances, even when personal relations between U.S. and ROK leaders were at a low ebb"
History
The KATUSA system was finaly established in August 1950 during the Korean War. It was started as a spoken agreement between President Syngman Rhee and U.S. General Douglas MacArthur. At that time, the U.S. Army needed a military force that had the proper knowledge of the geography of Korea, and the abilities to distinguish ally troops (South Korea) from enemy troops (North Korea) and communicate better between U.S. soldiers and Korean soldiers. Therefore, some were drafted to KATUSA by force, and others voluntarily (by their own choice) applied. After training, they were divided into the U.S. military, such as 2nd Division, 7th Division, 24th Division, 25th division, 1st Cavarly Division, 1st Marine Divisions. During the Korean Wars, a total 43,660 KATUSA soldiers fought for South Korea with U.S. forces. Of these soldiers, 11,365 went missing or were killed in action.
This program continued after the Korean War, and KATUSA soldiers would spend 18-months with the U.S. Army learning his occupation and would then return to the ROK Army for training others on the occupation. According to the Eighth Army Wightman NCO Academy, "With the establishment of the ROKA Training Center in 1963…KATUSA soldiers began to spend their whole military tour in the U.S. Army"
KATUSA Code of Conduct
Selection process
To become a KATUSA, eligible Korean draftees must demonstrate a minimum level of English-language proficiency by achieving minimum passing scores on standardized English tests. There are eight different exams, and people can choose one from them. The eight exams are: TOEFL, TOEIC, TEPS, G-TEP LEVEL 2, FLEX, OPIC, TOEIC SPEAKING and TEPS SPEAKING. Typically, the three most popular exams people take are TOEFL, TOEIC, TEPS, and the minimum scores for getting into the lottery are 83 for TOEFL, 780 for TOEIC, and 690 for TEPS. KATUSA candidates may apply through the Military Manpower Administration (MMA), upon which their name is entered into a lottery system. Conscripts with qualifying test scores are selected on a random basis by the Korean government, with all eligible candidates having an equal chance of winning. Applicants may only apply once.
Once selected, KATUSAs must complete six weeks of ROK Army basic training. A brief orientation and OJT is conducted by the United States Army before they begin their full-time duty with a U.S. Army unit garrisoned in Korea for the duration of their military service.
The number of candidates vying for an available opening is extremely high because many soldiers believe that the U.S. Army is less abusive and more professional in its training and treatment of soldiers compared with the ROK Army, and that junior enlisted personnel receive better treatment, have more educational opportunities (especially with regards to learning English), experience a higher standard of living, and have an overall better quality of life than their ROK counterparts. In 2012, roughly 3,400 KATUSA soldiers served with 25,000 United States Forces Korea (USFK), versus 4,800 in 2005 and 11,000 in 1968. As the number of U.S. soldiers in South Korea decreases, the number of KATUSA soldiers is decreasing as well. The ratio of KATUSA soldiers to U.S. soldiers is roughly 1:10.
U.S. Air Force
While many Republic of Korea Air Force members in Korea work alongside U.S. Air Force members, there is no KATUSA program with the USAF counterpart; ROKAF retains their own unit and command structure separate from their USAF counterparts.
Criticism
Since the KATUSA program started off as a temporary measure during the war and has continued in a like manner, there has been no legal legitimisation of the program under Korean law to date. The oral agreement between General MacArthur and President Rhee on conscripting Korean civilians for the U.S. Forces was never documented. A memorandum for assigning operational command of the ROK Army to General MacArthur by President Rhee, known as Pusan Letter, is considered the only justification for the KATUSA program in South Korea. EUSA designates the state of KATUSA program in Army in Korea Regulation 600-2.
Since KATUSA soldiers do not undergo special education for their MOS before their deployment and their mission training relies heavily on OJT from senior to junior KATUSAs, new KATUSAs usually take a few months of incubatory period before they can fully perform.
One criticism of the KATUSA program arises from the difference in promotion systems; the ROK Army promotes its enlistees on a quota/time basis and not through the merit system. A KATUSA soldier may be senior in rank to an American counterpart with significantly more field experience. However, this criticism is usually rebutted by the counter-argument from the United States Forces Korea that such promotion of KATUSA soldiers is sufficiently warranted given the fact that KATUSA soldiers usually possess at least two years of college experience, which would translate to an advanced enlisted rank for US soldiers.
Another criticism arising from the Korean Army side is based on the fact that most of the KATUSA soldiers are from the top universities in Korea. For the ROKA, this means that they are losing intelligent soldiers to the US Army. To minimize this, the selection process now randomly picks soldiers from the pool of applicants, instead of hiring the most qualified soldiers.
The selection process requires applicants to submit their English proficiency test scores as a mandatory document, and driver's license and computer software proficiency test scores such as Microsoft certificates to qualify applicants who are eligible to be drivers or administrators. These measures were introduced to diversify the pool of applicants throughout Korean Army soldiers, but a lot of intelligent soldiers still enlist as a KATUSA for the superior facilities and treatment. A holistic and random approach is used to quality candidates into different units, and this variety of exam results seems to affect significantly into which positions each applicant is placed.
Some of the recent criticisms from the South Korean side include alleged forced-recruitment during the 1950–53 Korean War, when the 7th Infantry Division commandeered reinforcements for the landing at Incheon. These so-called "First KATUSA soldiers" included 313 men from Busan. (The South Korean side claims they were taken from refugee camps, but whether they volunteered or were coerced remains a matter of dispute.)
See also
KATCOM, a similar system operating in the 1st Commonwealth Division.
References
Further reading
Appleman, Roy (1961). South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu: June–November, 1950.
Blair, Clay (1987). The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953.
Hermes, Walter (1966). Truce Tent and Fighting Front, United States Army in the Korean War.
Mossman, Billy (1990). Ebb and Flow: November 1950–July 1951 United States Army in the Korean War.
Sandler, Stanley (ed.). The Korean War: An Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing.
Skaggs, D.C. (1974). The KATUSA Experiment: The Integration of Korean Nationals into the U.S. Army, 1950≠1965.
Stanton, Shelby (1989). American's Tenth Legion: X Corps in Korea, 1950.
External links
KATUSA on Facebook
Eighth U.S. Army ROKA Support Group on Facebook
United States military in South Korea
Republic of Korea Army
Expatriate military units and formations
Military units and formations established in 1950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20Augmentation%20to%20the%20United%20States%20Army |
Ultimate Manilow is a compilation of the greatest hits of Barry Manilow. Nearly every top 20 hit is included in this collection. This compilation is best known for setting the stage for a comeback for Manilow, as it debuted at No. 3 on the charts. While on a six-week tour to promote his latest album Here at the Mayflower, Manilow immediately extended it to a six-month tour. At the time Ultimate Manilow was released, no other compilations of Manilow's music were in print.
Ultimate Manilow, with a slightly different track listing (but with the same number of tracks), was also issued in the United Kingdom in 2004, charting first in March of that year.
Track listing
Track information and credits for the US version were verified from the album's liner notes.
Additional track information and credits for the UK, Australian and Japan versions were adapted from Discogs, AllMusic. and Manilow's official website.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
Barry Manilow Official Site
Arista Records Official Site
2002 greatest hits albums
Barry Manilow compilation albums
Arista Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate%20Manilow |
Honing is a kind of metalworking.
Hone may also refer to:
Hone (name) (incl. Hōne), a list of people with the surname, given name or nickname
Hõne language, spoken in Gombe State and Taraba State, Nigeria
Hône, Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hone |
The Palazzo Poli is a palace in Rome, Italy, that was altered in the 18th century to form the backdrop to the Trevi Fountain.
History
In 1566, Lelio dell'Anguillara, Duke of Ceri, purchased the Palazzo Del Monte. He commissioned the Palazzo Ceri, in honor of himself, and hired the architect Martino Longhi the Elder. In 1591, Martino Longhi the Elder died and the architect Ottaviano Noni was hired to finish the original project.
The House of Borromeo inherited Palazzo Ceri and completed multiple renovations and extensions. Eventually, in 1678, the palace was for sale. Purchased by Lucrezia Colonna, who was married to the Duke of Poli, Giuseppe Lotario Conti. Here, the palace changed names again to how it is known today, Palazzo Conti di Poli, or Palazzo Poli. The Conti family was responsible for many more extensions, including purchasing and incorporating of many adjacent buildings which formed the Piazza di Trevi. The son of Giuseppe Lotario, Duke Stefano Conti, completed these renovations, including demolishing the central portion of the building, before 1730 to allow for the building of the Trevi Fountain.
The new Baroque style south facade of the building was commissioned by Nicola Salvi in 1731. He hired the architect, Luigi Vanvitelli. As a setting for the fountain, Vanvitelli gave the building a new monumental façade that contains the giant order of Corinthian pilasters linking the two main storeys of the palace.
In popular culture
In the 1830s, Princess Zinaida Volkonskaya threw lavish parties in this palace.
Museum
Maria Cristina Misiti, director of the National Institute of Graphics, had the idea to turn the building into a museum to help visitors learn more about the history of Rome and its inhabitants. The Palazzo Poli houses the Institute's collection of copper engraving plates dated from the sixteenth century to the present.
References
External links
Poli
Rome R. II Trevi
Luigi Vanvitelli buildings
Baroque architecture in Rome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo%20Poli |
Scores: Songs from "Copacabana" and "Harmony" is Barry Manilow's third album with Concord Records. It features selections from two musicals that feature original music by Manilow and lyrics by Bruce Sussman.
The first half of the record features songs from Copacabana: The Musical. "Dancin' Fool", "Sweet Heaven", and "Copacabana", which had been previously recorded and released, were re-recorded. "Who Needs To Dream" is a previously released song which was included on the soundtrack to the television version of Copacabana which starred Barry Manilow. And "This Can’t Be Real" is duet with Olivia Newton-John.
The second half of the album features songs from the Harmony: A New Musical based on a true story about the German singing group the Comedian Harmonists. The musical, with music by Manilow and book and lyrics by Sussman, had its world premier at the La Jolla Playhouse and subsequent productions at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta and the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles. Its New York premier was in March 2022 at National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene. In April 2023 it was announced that the show will open on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theater in October 2023.
Track listing
Copacabana
(Music by Barry Manilow, Lyrics by Bruce Sussman and Jack Feldman)
"Just Arrived" – 3:59
"Dancin' Fool" – 2:40
"Who Needs To Dream?" – 3:56
"Sweet Heaven" – 3:43
"Bolero de Amor" – 4:31
"This Can’t Be Real" - (duet with Olivia Newton-John) – 4:15
"Copacabana (At The Copa)" 2005 Dance Mix – 5:03
Harmony
(Music by Barry Manilow, Lyrics by Bruce Sussman)
"Harmony" – 4:38
"And What Do You See?" – 3:43
"Every Single Day" – 2:59
"This Is Our Time!" – 3:04
"Where You Go" – 3:35
"In This World" – 4:23
"Stars In The Night" – 4:00
References
Scores (album)
2004 albums
Albums produced by Phil Ramone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scores%20%28album%29 |
Austin Kelly was the bandleader of the All-Ireland Irish Orchestra, a traditional Irish musical group based out of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The band's recordings were broadcast on the WTEL radio station in Philadelphia, which helped inspire the modern Irish music scene in the city.
References
Standing Stones
American bandleaders
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%20Kelly |
Jan Antonín Koželuh (also Johann Antonin Kozeluch, Koscheluch, Jan Evangelista Antonín Tomáš; 14 December 1738 in Velvary – 3 February 1814 in Prague) was a Czech composer.
Life
Koželuh was a pupil of Josef Seger and studied under the Jesuits in Brenitz. He studied in Vienna under Christoph Willibald von Gluck and Florian Gassmann. In 1784, he became a concert master in St. Vitus Cathedral for thirty years and the organist at the Strahov Monastery. His works includes 45 Masses, a Requiem, an oratorio, two operas, four symphonies, and several woodwind concertos. As one of the most respected Czech composers of his time, he also composed serious Italian operas: Allesandro nell' Indie was performed in 1769 and Demofoonte in 1772.
He was the teacher of his cousin Leopold Koželuch, whose name was originally also Jan Antonin Koželuh, but who changed his name in 1773.
References
Bibliography
Van Boer, Bertil H.: Historical Dictionary of Music of the Classical Period, p. 314. Scarecrow Press, 2012.
External links
Operatic Works at operone.de
brief biography at classical-composers.org
1738 births
1814 deaths
Czech composers
Czech male composers
People from Kladno District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Anton%C3%ADn%20Ko%C5%BEeluh |
The Essential Barry Manilow was a compilation album released by singer and songwriter Barry Manilow in 2005. The album consisted of two CDs, with a total of 34 tracks as part of The Essential series by Sony BMG. In 2010, a limited edition three CD version was released with 8 additional songs.
Track listing
Disc 1
"Mandy" (single version) [3:21]
"It's A Miracle" (extended single version) [3:44]
"Could It Be Magic" (single version) [4:18]
"I Write The Songs" (album version) [3:55]
"Bandstand Boogie" [2:50]
"Tryin' To Get The Feeling Again" [3:49]
"Beautiful Music" [4:36]
"This One's For You" [3:29]
"Weekend In New England" [3:45]
"Jump Shout Boogie (live)" [2:55]
"Looks Like We Made It" [3:33]
"Daybreak" (Live) [3:42]
"New York City Rhythm" (Live) [3:51]
"Can't Smile Without You" [3:12]
"Even Now" [3:30]
"Copacabana (At The Copa)" (disco version) [5:44]
"Ready to Take a Chance Again (mono mixdown)" (theme from Foul Play) [3:02]
Disc 2
"Somewhere in the Night" [3:28]
"Ships" [4:00]
"When I Wanted You" [3:35]
"I Don't Want to Walk Without You" [3:57]
"One Voice" [3:03]
"I Made It Through the Rain" [4:24]
"Lonely Together" [4:19]
"The Old Songs" [4:39]
"Somewhere Down the Road" [4:00]
"Memory" [4:56]
"Some Kind of Friend" [4:03]
"Read 'Em and Weep" [5:25]
"When October Goes" [4:00]
"I'm Your Man" (Club Mix) [6:11]
"Brooklyn Blues" [5:09]
"Hey Mambo" [2:52]
"I'd Really Love to See You Tonight" (Up-Tempo Mix) [3:53]
Disc 3 [Limited Edition 3.0]
"Let's Hang On" [3:11]
"You're Looking Hot Tonight" [3:56]
"Keep Each Other Warm" [4:36]
"All The Time" [3:17]
"Let Freedom Ring" [4:06]
"Sweet Heaven (I'm In Love Again)" [4:13]
"I Am Your Child" [2:17]
"Every Single Day" [2:57]
References
2005 greatest hits albums
Barry Manilow compilation albums
Arista Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Essential%20Barry%20Manilow |
The Fountain of Valle Giulia is a fountain in the Valle Giulia area of Rome. It was immortalised in the symphonic poem Fontane di Roma by Ottorino Respighi.
Valle Giulia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain%20of%20Valle%20Giulia |
The 1972 Summer Olympics were held in Munich, West Germany, 29 events in swimming were contested. There was a total of 532 participants from 52 countries competing.
Perhaps the most spectacular athletic events were in swimming. Mark Spitz had a remarkable run, competing in seven events, winning seven Olympic titles and setting seven world records. In 2008, Michael Phelps matched Spitz's feat of setting seven world records in a single Olympics. According to the official Olympic website, "He took part in the 4 × 200 m one hour after his final in the 100 m butterfly. As for the 200 m freestyle gold, it was his third medal in three days" .
On the women's side of the competition, Shane Gould of Australia won five medals. She won the 200 m and 400 m freestyle as well as the 200 m individual medley, each with a new world-record time. In addition, she won the silver and the bronze in the 800 m and 100 m freestyle, respectively. In 2022, Gould remains the only woman in history to have claimed five medals in solo events in swimming at a single Olympic Games. Another 15-years-old, American Sandy Neilson, won three gold medals.
The Olympic record was broken at least once in all 29 events. In 20 of those events, a new world record was set.
Events
The following events were contested (all pool events were long course, and distances are in metres unless otherwise stated):
Freestyle: 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m (women), 1500 m (men)
Backstroke: 100 m, 200 m
Breaststroke: 100 m, 200 m
Butterfly: 100 m, 200 m
Individual Medley: 200 m, 400 m
Relays: 4 × 100 m free, 4 × 200 m free (men); 4 × 100 m medley
Participating nations
532 swimmers from 52 nations competed.
Medal table
Results
Men's events
Women's events
Gallery of the medalists
Some of the Olympic medalists in Munich:
References
1972 Summer Olympics events
1972
1972 in swimming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20at%20the%201972%20Summer%20Olympics |
A tactical nuclear weapon (TNW) or non-strategic nuclear weapon (NSNW) is a nuclear weapon that is designed to be used on a battlefield in military situations, mostly with friendly forces in proximity and perhaps even on contested friendly territory. Generally smaller in explosive power, they are defined in contrast to strategic nuclear weapons, which are designed mostly to be targeted at the enemy interior far away from the war front against military bases, cities, towns, arms industries, and other hardened or larger-area targets to damage the enemy's ability to wage war. As of 2023, tactical nuclear weapons have never been used.
Details
Tactical nuclear weapons include gravity bombs, short-range missiles, artillery shells, land mines, depth charges, and torpedoes which are equipped with nuclear warheads. Also in this category are nuclear armed ground-based or shipborne surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and air-to-air missiles. Small, two-man portable or truck-portable tactical weapons (sometimes misleadingly referred to as suitcase nukes), such as the Special Atomic Demolition Munition and the Davy Crockett recoilless rifle (recoilless smoothbore gun) have been developed, but the difficulty of combining sufficient yield with portability could limit their military utility. In wartime, such explosives could be used for demolishing "chokepoints" to enemy offensives, such as at tunnels, narrow mountain passes, and long viaducts.
There is no exact definition of the "tactical" category in terms of range or yield of the nuclear weapon. The yield of tactical nuclear weapons is generally lower than that of strategic nuclear weapons, but larger ones are still very powerful, and some variable-yield warheads serve in both roles. For example, the W89 200 kiloton warhead was intended to arm both the tactical Sea Lance anti-submarine rocket-propelled depth charge and the strategic bomber-launched SRAM II stand off missile. Modern tactical nuclear warheads have yields up to the tens of kilotons, or potentially hundreds, several times that of the weapons used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Specifically on the Korean Peninsula, with a nuclear North Korea facing off against a NPT-compliant South Korea, there have been calls to request a return of US-owned and -operated, short range, low yield nuclear weapons (called "tactical" by the US military) to provide a local strategic deterrent to the North's growing domestically-produced nuclear arsenal and delivery systems.
Some tactical nuclear weapons have specific features meant to enhance their battlefield characteristics, such as variable yield, which allow their explosive power to be varied over a wide range for different situations, or enhanced radiation weapons (the so-called "neutron bombs"), which are meant to maximize ionizing radiation exposure and to minimize blast effects.
Strategic missiles and bombers are assigned preplanned targets including enemy airfields, radars, and surface-to-air defenses, not only counterforce strikes on hardened or wide area bomber, submarine, and missile bases. The strategic mission is to eliminate the enemy nation's national defenses to enable following bombers and missiles to threaten the enemy nation's strategic forces, command, and economy more realistically, rather than targeting mobile military assets in nearly real time by using tactical weapons that are optimized for time-sensitive strike missions that are often close to friendly forces.
Tactical nuclear weapons were a large part of the peak nuclear weapons stockpile levels during the Cold War.
The risk that use of tactical nuclear weapons could unexpectedly lead to a rapid escalation of a war to full use of strategic weapons has led to proposals being made within NATO and other organizations to place limitations on—and make more transparent—the stockpiling and use of tactical weapons. As the Cold War came to an end in 1991, the US and USSR withdrew most of their tactical nuclear weapons from deployment and disposed of them . The thousands of tactical warheads wielded by both sides in the late-1980s declined to an estimated 230 American and 1,000 to 2,000 Russian Federation warheads in 2021, although estimates for Russia vary widely.
Yield
The yield varies for a tactical nuclear weapon from a fraction of a kiloton to approximately 50 kilotons. In comparison, a strategic nuclear weapon has a yield from 100 kilotons to over a megaton, with much larger warheads available.
Risk of escalating a conflict
Use of tactical nuclear weapons against similarly-armed opponents may carry a significant danger of escalating the conflict beyond anticipated boundaries, from the tactical to the strategic. The existence and deployment of small, low-yield tactical nuclear warheads could be a dangerous encouragement to forward-basing and pre-emptive nuclear warfare, as nuclear weapons with destructive yields of 10 tons of TNT (e.g., the W54 warhead design) might be used more willingly at times of crisis than warheads with yields of 100 kilotons.
The use of tactical nuclear weapons presents a risk of escalating the conflict until it reaches a tipping point that provokes the use of strategic nuclear weapons such as ICBMs. Additionally, the tactical nuclear weapons most likely to be used first (i.e., the smallest, low-yield weapons such as nuclear artillery dating from the 1960s) have usually been under less stringent political control at times of military combat crises than strategic weapons. Early Permissive Action Links could be as simple as a mechanical combination lock. If a relatively junior officer in control of a small tactical nuclear weapon (e.g., the M29 Davy Crockett) were in imminent danger of being overwhelmed by enemy forces, he could request permission to fire it and, due to decentralized control of warhead authorization, his request might quickly be granted during a crisis.
For these reasons, stockpiles of tactical nuclear warheads in most countries' arsenals have been dramatically reduced c. 2010, and the smallest types have been completely eliminated. Additionally, the increased sophistication of "Category F" PAL mechanisms and their associated communications infrastructure mean that centralized control of tactical nuclear warheads (by the country's most senior political leaders) can now be retained, even during combat.
Some variable yield nuclear warheads such as the B61 nuclear bomb have been produced in both tactical and strategic versions. Whereas the lowest selectable yield of a tactical B61 (Mod 3 and Mod 4) is 0.3 kilotons (300 tons), modern PAL mechanisms ensure that centralized political control is maintained over each weapon, including their destructive yields.
With the introduction of the B61 Mod 12, the United States will have four hundred identical nuclear bombs whose strategic or tactical nature will be set purely by the mission and target as well as type of aircraft on which they are carried.
According to several reports, including by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, as a result of the effectiveness and acceptability of USAF use of precision munitions with little collateral damage in the Kosovo conflict in what amounted to strategic destruction once only possible with nuclear weapons or massive bombing, Vladimir Putin, then-secretary of Security Council of Russia, formulated a concept ("escalate to de-escalate") of using both tactical and strategic nuclear threats and strikes to de-escalate or cause an enemy to disengage from a conventional conflict threatening what Russia considers a strategic interest. The lowered threshold for use of nuclear weapons by Russia is disputed by other experts.
Treaty control
Ten NATO member countries have advanced a confidence-building plan for NATO and Russia that could lead to treaties to reduce the tactical nuclear weapons in Europe.
, NATO was moving forward with a plan to upgrade its tactical nuclear weapons with precision guidance that would make them equivalent to strategic weapons in effects against hardened targets, and to carry them on stealth aircraft that are much more survivable against current air defenses.
Speculation on use in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, there has been constant speculation about whether Russia's president Vladimir Putin will use a tactical nuclear bomb either against Ukraine or in a demonstration strike over unpopulated areas, given that the course of the war does not seem favorable to what the Kremlin anticipated, and several members of the Russian government have threatened the use of nuclear weapons.
On 25 March 2023, President Putin announced the stationing of tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. Russia would maintain control of the weapons. the weapons are a small number of Iskander missile warheads. Russia plans to finish a “storage facility” for tactical nuclear weapons by July 1. President Putin told Russian state television: "There is nothing unusual here either…Firstly, the United States has been doing this for decades. They have long deployed their tactical nuclear weapons on the territory of their allied countries."
Examples
B57 nuclear bomb
B61 nuclear bomb Mod-3, Mod-4, Mod -10
Blue Peacock
Nasr (tactical nuclear missile)
W25 (nuclear warhead)
W33 (nuclear weapon)
W85 (nuclear warhead)
:Category:Nuclear mines
M-28 & M-29 Davy Crocketts with W54 nuclear warhead
Medium Atomic Demolition Munition
Shaurya
Red Beard
Special Atomic Demolition Munition
Nuclear artillery
See also
List of nuclear weapons
References
External links
CRS Report for Congress
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical%20nuclear%20weapon |
Averett University is a private Baptist university in Danville, Virginia. Founded in 1859 as a women's college, Averett became a 4-year, coeducational institution in 1969. In 2011, the university restored its Baptist affiliation, renewing a relationship that had existed from Averett's founding until 2005.
History
The school was chartered in 1859 as Union Female College and became affiliated with the Baptist General Association of Virginia in 1910. The school's name was changed to Averett College and received accreditation as a junior college in 1917. Accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools followed in 1928. Averett became a coeducational four-year college in 1969 and offered its first graduate programs in the 1980s. The school changed its name to Averett University in 2001.
In 2005, the Baptist General Association of Virginia dissolved their ties with Averett after the university abandoned Baptist positions on homosexuality. In November 2011, the Baptist General Association of Virginia voted to restore the association's relationship with Averett University.
Academics
Averett offers associate and bachelor's degree programs in approximately 30 majors. There are also two master's degree programs available: a Master of Education degree and a Master of Business Administration degree. The student-to-faculty ratio is 14:1.
Flight School
Averett University has a Aerospace Management degree as well under a Bachelor of Science in degree in Aviation Business, and Flight Operations. The university was FAA-approved Part 141 pilot school and flight operations are all conducted out of the Danville Regional Airport (KDAN) which students can get to within 10 minutes from campus.
Admissions
In 2011, 54% of applicants were admitted. Applications are accepted on a rolling basis.
Campus
Averett's main campus is a campus on West Main Street in Danville. The North Campus Athletic Center and Averett Flight Center at Danville Regional Airport are also in Danville. The Equestrian Center in Pelham, NC lies just across the Virginia-North Carolina border.
Averett's adult education program, Graduate and Professional Studies (GPS), has campus centers in Danville, Richmond and Tidewater. GPS classes are offered at 12 locations around Virginia.
Student life
Averett Student Foundation
Averett Student Foundation members represent the university at special functions such as plays, receptions and donor recognition events.
The Chanticleer
Averett's student-run news magazine, The Chanticleer, was established in 1922.
Student Government Association
The Student Government Association (SGA) is Averett's student governing body.
Athletics
Averett competes in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports, and its athletic teams are called the Cougars. The university is a member of the Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC) since the 2022–23 academic year. The Cougars previously competed in the USA South Athletic Conference (USA South) from 1978–79 to 2021–22.
List of teams
Men's Sports:
Baseball
Basketball
Cross Country
Football
Golf
Lacrosse
Soccer
Tennis
Track & Field
Volleyball (Coming 2023-24)
Wrestling
Women's Sports:
Basketball
Cross Country
Golf
Lacrosse
Soccer
Softball
Tennis
Track & Field
Volleyball
Coed Sports:
Cheerleading
Dance
Equestrian
Esports
Facilities
Matches are played at "Cougars Den", in Danville, which has a maximum seating capacity of 1,500. Redevelopment of the facility began in 2014 with new turf and lights for the existing stadium, and the field being renamed "Daly Field". Further development of the stadium complex followed, with it being named "Frank R. Campbell Stadium".
References
External links
Official website
Official athletics website
Private universities and colleges in Virginia
Universities and colleges established in 1859
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Education in Danville, Virginia
Buildings and structures in Danville, Virginia
Tourist attractions in Danville, Virginia
1859 establishments in Virginia
Aviation schools in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averett%20University |
A consumers' co-operative is an enterprise owned by consumers and managed democratically and that aims at fulfilling the needs and aspirations of its members. Such co-operatives operate within the market system, independently of the state, as a form of mutual aid, oriented toward service rather than pecuniary profit. Many cooperatives, however, do have a degree of profit orientation. Just like other corporations, some cooperatives issue dividends to owners based on a share of total net profit or earnings (all owners typically receive the same amount); or based on a percentage of the total amount of purchases made by the owner. Regardless of whether they issue a dividend or not, most consumers’ cooperatives will offer owners discounts and preferential access to good and services.
Consumers' cooperatives often take the form of retail outlets owned and operated by their consumers, such as food co-ops. However, there are many types of consumers' cooperatives, operating in areas such as health care, insurance, housing, utilities and personal finance (including credit unions).
In some countries, consumers' cooperatives are known as cooperative retail societies or retail co-ops, though they should not be confused with retailers' cooperatives, whose members are retailers rather than consumers.
Consumers' cooperatives may, in turn, form cooperative federations. These may come in the form of cooperative wholesale societies, through which consumers' cooperatives collectively purchase goods at wholesale prices and, in some cases, own factories. Alternatively, they may be members of cooperative unions.
Consumer cooperation has been a focus of study in the field of cooperative economics.
History
Consumer cooperatives rose to prominence during the industrial revolution as part of the labour movement. As employment moved to industrial areas and job sectors declined, workers began organizing and controlling businesses for themselves. Workers cooperatives were originally sparked by "critical reaction to industrial capitalism and the excesses of the industrial revolution." The formation of some workers cooperatives was meant to "cope with the evils of unbridled capitalism and the insecurities of wage labor."
The first documented consumer cooperative was founded in 1769, in a barely-furnished cottage in Fenwick, East Ayrshire, when local weavers manhandled a sack of oatmeal into John Walker's whitewashed front room and began selling the contents at a discount, forming the Fenwick Weavers' Society.
In the decades that followed, several cooperatives or cooperative societies formed including Lennoxtown Friendly Victualling Society, founded in 1812.
The philosophy that underpinned the cooperative movement stemmed from such socialist writers as Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. Robert Owen, as the father of the cooperative movement, made his fortune in the cotton trade, but believed in putting his workers in a good environment with access to education for themselves and their children. These ideas were put into effect successfully in the cotton mills of New Lanark, Scotland, where the first co-operative store was opened. Spurred on by this success, Owen had the idea of forming "villages of co-operation" where workers would drag themselves out of poverty by growing their own food, making their own clothes, and ultimately becoming self-governing. He tried to form such communities in Orbiston, Scotland and in New Harmony, Indiana in the United States of America, but both communities failed.
Similar early experiments were made in the early 19th century and by 1830 there were several hundred co-operatives. William King made Owen's ideas more workable and practical. He believed in starting small, and realized that the working classes would need to set up co-operatives for themselves, so he saw his role as one of instruction. He founded a monthly periodical called The Co-operator, the first edition of which appeared on 1 May 1828. It gave a mixture of co-operative philosophy and practical advice about running a shop using cooperative principles.
Modern movement
The first successful co-operative was the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, established in England in 1844. This became the basis for the development and growth of the modern cooperative movement. As the mechanization of the Industrial Revolution forced more skilled workers into poverty, these tradesmen decided to band together to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford.
With lessons from prior failed attempts at co-operation in mind, they designed the now-famous Rochdale Principles, and over a period of four months they struggled to pool one pound sterling per person for a total of 28 pounds of capital. On December 21, 1844, they opened their store with a very meagre selection of butter, sugar, flour, oatmeal and a few candles. Within three months, they expanded their selection to include tea and tobacco, and they were soon known for providing high quality, unadulterated goods.
The Co-operative Group formed gradually over 140 years from the merger of many independent retail societies, and their wholesale societies and federations. In 1863, twenty years after the Rochdale Pioneers opened their co-operative, the North of England Co-operative Society was launched by 300 individual co-ops across Yorkshire and Lancashire. By 1872, it had become known as the Co-operative Wholesale Society (CWS). Through the 20th century, smaller societies merged with CWS, such as the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society (1973) and the South Suburban Co-operative Society (1984).
Governance and operation
Consumer cooperatives utilize the cooperative principle of democratic member control, or one member/one vote. Most consumer cooperatives have a board of directors elected by and from the membership. The board is usually responsible for hiring management and ensuring that the cooperative meets its goals, both financial and otherwise. Democratic functions, such as petitioning or recall of board members, may be codified in the bylaws or organizing document of the cooperative. Most consumer cooperatives hold regular membership meetings (often once a year). As mutually owned businesses, each member of a society has a shareholding equal to the sum they paid in when they joined.
Large consumers' co-ops are run much like any other business and require workers, managers, clerks, products, and customers to keep the doors open and the business running. In smaller businesses the consumer/owners are often workers as well. Consumers' cooperatives can differ greatly in start up and also in how the co-op is run but to be true to the consumers' cooperative form of business the enterprise should follow the Rochdale Principles.
Finance and approach to capital accumulation
The customers or consumers of the goods and/or services the cooperative provides are often also the individuals who have provided the capital required to launch or purchase that enterprise.
The major difference between consumers' cooperatives and other forms of business is that the purpose of a consumers' cooperative association is to provide quality goods and services at the lowest cost to the consumer/owners rather than to sell goods and services at the highest price above cost that the consumer is willing to pay. In practice consumers' cooperatives price goods and services at competitive market rates.
Where a for-profit enterprise will treat the difference between cost (including labor etc.) and selling price as financial gain for investors, the consumer owned enterprise may retain this to accumulate capital in common ownership, distribute it to meet the consumer's social objectives, or refund this sum to the consumer/owner as an over-payment. (Accumulated capital may be held as reserves, or invested in growth as working capital or the purchase of capital assets such as plant and buildings.)
While some claim that surplus payment returns to consumer/owner patrons should be taxed the same as dividends paid to corporate stock holders, others argue that consumer cooperatives do not return a profit by traditional definition, and similar tax standards do not apply.
Problems
Since consumer cooperatives are run democratically, they are subject to the same problems typical of democratic government. Such difficulties can be mitigated by frequently providing member/owners with reliable educational materials regarding current business conditions. In addition, because a consumer cooperative is owned by the users of a good or service as opposed to the producers of that good or service, the same sorts of labor issues may arise between the workers and the cooperative as would appear in any other company. This is one critique of consumer cooperatives in favor of worker cooperatives.
Pursuit of social goals
Many advocates of the formation of consumer cooperatives—from a variety of political perspectives—have seen them as integral to the achievement of wider social goals.
For example, the founding document of the Rochdale Pioneers, who established one of the earliest consumer cooperatives in England in 1844, expressed a vision that went far beyond the simple shop with which they began:
Cooperative Federalists, a term coined in the writings of Beatrice Webb, advocated forming federations of consumer cooperatives as a means to achieve social reform. They believed such a development would bring benefits such as economic democracy and justice, transparency, greater product purity, and financial benefits for consumers.
Examples
Europe
One of the world's largest consumer co-operative federations operates in the UK as The Co-op, which operates over 5,500 branches of 'Co-op' branded business including Co-op Food (the UK's sixth largest supermarket chain), Co-op Funeralcare, Co-op Travel, Co-op Legal Services, and Co-op Electrical. The Co-operative Group is by far the largest of these businesses, itself having over 4,500 outlets and operating the collective buying group.
In Switzerland, the two largest supermarket chains Coop and Migros are both co-operatives and are among the country’s largest employers.
In Ireland, the Dublin Food Coop has been in operation since 1983.
In Scandinavia, the national cooperatives Norway, Sweden, and Denmark joined as Coop Norden in January 2002, but separated again in 2008.
In Italy, the Coop Italia chain formed by many sub-cooperatives controlled 17.7% of the grocery market in 2005.
In Finland, the S Group is owned by 22 regional cooperatives and 19 local cooperative stores, which in turn are owned by their customers. In 2005 the S Group overtook its nearest rival Kesko Oyj with a 36% share of retail grocery sales compared to Kesko's 28%.
In France, Coop Atlantique owns 7 hypermarkets, 39 supermarkets, and about 200 convenience stores.
In Germany, the ReWe Group is a diversified holding company of consumer cooperatives that includes thousands of retail stores, discount stores, and tourism agencies. It ranks as the second largest supermarket chain in Germany and in the top ten cooperative groups in the world.
In Spain, Eroski is a supermarket chain within Mondragón Corporación Cooperativa.
As a worker-consumer hybrid, some of the personnel are hired workers and some are owner-workers.
The owners include workers and mere consumers, but buying is open to everybody.
It has franchises under the brand Aliprox not owned by Eroski but sharing its product range.
Its origin is in the Basque Country.
In its process of expansion, it merged with the Valencia-based cooperative Consum, but the merger dissolved in 2005.
It has expanded across Spain and entered France and Gibraltar.
After the Spanish crisis of 2008, Eroski sold several of its supermarkets and hypermarkets.
Australia
The Co-op Bookshop sold textbooks both online and on university campuses. It also owned Australian Geographic. In 2020 its retail stores closed and its online store was sold to Booktopia.
The Wine Society (Australian Wine Consumers’ Co-operative Society Limited), established in 1946, now has more than 58,000 members. It sources and sells premium wines under the Society label, runs comprehensive wine education courses, and recognises excellence from young winemakers.
Bank Australia was formed in 2011 as the Members and Education Credit Union. It changed its name to Bank Australia in 2015. The bank is wholly owned by its customers, reported at 125,000 in 2012.
Japan
Japan has a large and well-developed consumer cooperative movement with more than 14 million members. Retail co-ops alone had a combined turnover of 2.5 trillion Yen (21 billion U.S. Dollars) in April, 2003. Co-op Kobe (コープこうべ) in the Hyōgo Prefecture is the largest retail cooperative in Japan and, with more than 1.2 million members, is one of the largest cooperatives in the world. In addition to retail co-ops there are medical, housing, and insurance co-ops alongside institutional (workplace based) co-ops, co-ops for school teachers, and university-based co-ops.
Approximately one in five of all Japanese households belongs to a local retail co-op and 90% of all co-op members are women. Nearly six million households belong to one of the 1,788,000 Han groups. These consist of a group of five to ten members in a neighbourhood who place a combined weekly order which is then delivered by truck the following week. A strength of Japanese consumer co-ops in recent years has been the growth of community supported agriculture in which fresh produce is sent direct to consumers from producers without going through the market.
Some of co-op organisations, for example, in Tokyo metropolis and Kanagawa prefecture, manage their local political parties from 1970's; generally names itself as the "Network Movement" ("Tokyo Seikatsusha (it means "Living Persons") Network", "Kanagawa Network Movement", and so on). They depend on consumers movement, feminism, regionalism, and prefer to anti-nuclear. These parties keep small but steady sections in prefecture and municipal assemblies.
North America
In the United States, the PCC (Puget Consumers Cooperative) Natural Markets in Seattle is the largest consumer-owned food cooperative. The National Cooperative Grocers Association maintains a food cooperative directory.
Seattle-based R.E.I., which specializes in outdoor sporting equipment, is the largest consumer cooperative in the United States.
Outdoor retailer Mountain Equipment Co-op (MEC) in Canada was one of that country's major consumer cooperatives. In the Canadian Prairie provinces as well as British Columbia, gas stations, lumberyards, and grocery stores can be found under the Co-Op brand.
All credit unions in the United States and Canada are financial cooperatives. Tim Worstall has called the Vanguard Group a customer owned cooperative, since the owners of Vanguard funds are the funds' investors.
Caribbean
In Puerto Rico, several Supermercados Fam Coop operate.
See also
Food cooperative, a supermarket owned and operated by its consumers.
Copyleft
GNU General Public License
Health food store
Healthcare Co-operatives movement in India
National Cooperative Business Association
Open source
Open-source hardware
US Federation of Worker Cooperatives
Notes
Further reading
Co-operation 1921-1947, published monthly by The Co-operative League of America. fully searchable original link
The History of Co-operation, by George Jacob Holyoake, 1908. fully searchable original link
Why Co-ops? What Are They? How Do They Work? A pamphlet from the G.I. Roundtable series by Joseph G. Knapp, 1944
Law of Cooperatives, by Legal Firm Stoel Rives, Seattle
External links
Cooperatives Europe – The common platform of ICA Europe and the Coordinating Committee of European Cooperative Associations (CCACE)
International Co-operative Alliance
Consumer Cooperatives Worldwide (sector of ICA)
Co-operatives UK, the central organisation for all UK co-operative enterprises
The online database of UK Co-operatives
ICOS, the Irish Co-operative Organisation Society
German technical consulting for optimization
The ICA Group, technical advice for cooperative start-ups in the USA.
English website from the Japanese Consumer Co-operative Union.
A new approach to cooperative understanding
University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives
Coopnet Update paper and event database
Dissecting Healthcare Co-op
Background Paper on Co-operatives
Brazda&Schediwy (ed.) Comparative International Study, 1989
Business models | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers%27%20co-operative |
Esprit de corps is a French phrase meaning the morale of a group.
Esprit de Corps may also refer to:
Esprit de Corps (magazine), a Canadian military magazine
Esprit de Corps (EP), a 2005 EP by Wild Beasts
"Esprit de Corps" (The Avengers), an episode of the British spy-fi television series The Avengers
Esprit de Corps (film), 2014 Philippines film by Kanakan Balintagos about the military
See also
Esprit (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprit%20de%20corps%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Andreas Beck (; born 13 March 1987) is a former professional footballer who played as a right-back. Born in the Soviet Union, he represented Germany at youth and senior levels.
Early life
Beck was born in Kemerovo, USSR (now Russia). When he was three, his family emigrated to Germany. "I will never forget that we lived in a caravan at first."Beck also has a brother named Arthur. Beck's grandmother resides in St. Petersburg, Russia.
Club career
VfB Stuttgart
Beck started his football career at DJK-SG Wasseralfingen and SVH Köningsbronn before the age of 14. He then transferred to VfB Stuttgart and in 2005, Beck signed a professional contract with the club. The following year, Beck made his Bundesliga debut for Stuttgart on 11 February 2006 against Arminia Bielefeld. Five days later he experienced his European debut with a substitute appearance in the intermediate round of the UEFA cup against the Middlesbrough. The following week saw Beck signing a contract extension, keeping him until 2010.
Following Andreas Hinkel's departure to Sevilla, Beck was promoted to the first team and was expected to replace Hinkel as a right-back. However, Beck failed to do so, with Ricardo Osorio establishing himself in the team, playing as a right-back throughout the 2006–07 season. At the end of the 2006–07 season, Beck had made four appearances for the club, as they won the Bundesliga for the first time since 1992.
In the 2007–08 season, Beck started the season being on the bench until he made his first appearance on matchday 10 coming on as a substitute for Yıldıray Baştürk in the 86th minute, in a 4–1 loss against Hamburg on 20 October 2007. Beck scored his first goal for Stuttgart in the next appearance on 27 October 2007 against Bayer Leverkusen which resulted in a 1–0 win for Stuttgart. Beck then played a vital role when he provided assists in two of the Champions League matches against Lyon and Rangers. But during a match against Rangers, Beck suffered a knee ligament injury and was sidelined for months. Shortly after, Beck was linked with a move away from the club after considering his future away from the club. However, Beck announced his intention to stay at the club Two months later on 3 February 2008, Beck made his first team return in a 4–0 loss against Schalke 04. In his second season at Stuttgart, Beck made eighteen appearances for the club.
1899 Hoffenheim
After failing to secure a place in the starting eleven for Stuttgart, Beck decided to leave the club to look for a new challenge. 1899 Hoffenheim made a bid for Beck, which was rejected. Ralf Rangnick was keen to sign Beck and eventually he moved to Hoffenheim for a transfer fee about €3 million on a four-year-deal in July 2008.
Beck made his debut for Hoffenheim in a DFB-Pokal match as they won 1–0 against Chemnitz on 10 August 2008. Beck made his league debut for Hoffenheim, playing as a right-back, in a 3–0 win against Energie Cottbus on 16 August 2008. After joining, Beck later established himself as a key member of the side and got more playing time than at Stuttgart. After missing three matches due to a gastrointestinal virus, Beck made his return to the first team in the last game of the season, in a 3–2 win over Schalke 04. In his first season, Beck made 30 league appearances and had two assists. Only Tobias Weis and Demba Ba were on more missions over the course of the season.
In the 2009–10 season, Beck continued to remain as right-back in the first team. Beck suffered a hamstring injury that kept him out for six weeks. Beck made his first team return, playing as a right-back, in a 2–0 loss against Bayern Munich on 15 January 2010. Once again, Beck suffered a knee injury, which kept him out for aboutfive weeks. Beck made his first team return, coming on as a substitute for Christian Eichner in 72nd minute, in a 0–0 draw against Nürnberg on 20 March 2010. In his second season at the club, Beck made twenty-five appearances for the club.
In the 2010–11 season, Beck was announced as new captain for the club, succeeding former captain Per Nilsson, who left for Nürnberg. Upon learning this, Beck quoted: "I'm happy about having been given this responsibility. But my priority remains to work for the success of the club and nothing else."|Beck on being a captain."'' Beck also stated being captain is big responsibility on and off the pitch. He played his first match as captain on 14 August 2010 as the club won 4–0 in the DFB-Pokal first round encounter against Hansa Rostock. Beck also captained his first league match seven days later, in a 4–1 win over Werder Bremen in the opening game of the season. Beck was almost ever present in the 2010–11 season, making thirty-three appearances, having missed only one game due to suspension after being booked five times during the season. In May 2011, Hoffenheim 1899 claimed Juventus made an approach for Beck as the Italian side held a long-term interest in Beck. But Juventus' interests in Beck were put back on hold after Luigi Del Neri was sacked at Juventus. Hoffenheim accepted a bid for Beck from Juventus but however the move was put off by Hoffenheim's evaluation of the 24-year-old. Afterwards, Juventus were not interested in signing Beck and he was expected to play next season.
In the 2011–12 season, Beck continued to be in first team and retained his captaincy. On 14 October 2011, Beck extended his deal with Hoffenheim by a further two years to 2014. In November 2011, Beck made only one appearance due to a yellow card suspension and suffering a calf injury. Beck scored his first goal for the club in a 3–2 loss against Nürnberg on 28 April 2012. Beck made 31 appearances and scored once in the 2011–12 season.
Ahead of the 2012–13 season, Beck announced his intention to voluntarily resign as captain and the newly signed Tim Wiese succeeded him as captain. After not being included in a squad against Frankfurt on 1 September 2012, Beck made his first team return on 23 September 2012, in a 3–1 win over Hannover 96. However, following Wiese's injury, Beck was captain for the match against Nürnberg on 28 November 2012, which they lost 4–2. In the wake of Markus Babbel's sacking, Beck criticised Babbel after disagreements. After Wiese was stripped of the captaincy, Beck was permanently given the captaincy. Beck scored his first goal of the season in a 2–2 draw against Wolfsburg on 13 April 2013. Beck made 31 appearances and scored once in the 2012–13 season in which he helped the club survive relegation.
In the 2013–14 season, Beck continued to make an impressive display in the pre-season friendly matches, so Beck remained captain for another season under the new management of Markus Gisdol. Beck then scored his first goal of the season, in a 3–0 win over Hamburg on 1 February 2014. During a match against Mainz 05 on 15 March 2014, which Hoffenheim lost 4–2, Beck unintentionally knocked the cameraman, causing him to become unconscious and resulting him to go on hospital. With his contract expiring in the summer, Beck was linked a move away from Hoffenheim, prompting the club's management to issue an ultimatum to sign a new contract until April. Eventually, Beck signed a contract with the club, keeping him until 2017. Beck was almost ever present in the 2013–14 season, making thirty-three appearances.
In the 2014–15 season, Beck continued to remain the club's captain. Beck was almost ever present in the 2014–15 season, making thirty-three appearances, having missed one game, due to suspension after being booked five times during the season.
Beşiktaş
On 4 July 2015, Beck signed three-and-one-year contract with Turkish club Beşiktaş.
Return to VfB Stuttgart
On 31 August 2017, Beck returned to VfB Stuttgart. In June 2019, the club announced that Beck will leave Stuttgart after the end of his contract.
Eupen
On 4 July 2019, Beck joined K.A.S. Eupen.
International career
Beck was eligible for Germany and Russia.
On 21 February 2007, he played his first game for the U21 Squad against Italy, having previously played three games for the U19 and U18 of the DFB. Beck then scored his first Germany U21 goal in a friendly match, in a 2–2 draw against Republic of Ireland U21 on 21 August 2007.
Due to his good performance for Hoffenheim, Beck was called up on 5 February 2009 for the Germany national football team and made his debut against Norway in Düsseldorf. His debut against Norway also earned his former club, Stuttgart, 500,000 € extra as a result of an activated clause.
His largest international success was the win of the UEFA European Under-21 Championships 2009 in Sweden under manager Horst Hrubesch. He scored the only goal against Italy U21 to send Germany to the final. He played the full 90 minutes against England U21 in the final and helped the team to keep a clean sheet in the 4–0 win.
Beck was included on the 30-man preliminary roster for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, but did not make it to the final 23 man squad by Joachim Löw as he favoured Dennis Aogo and Holger Badstuber. He scored two goals against an Eppan U20 XI team in a warm-up game as a part of the preparations for the upcoming tournament. However these goals were not scored in a full international game so they are not counted as international caps or goals.
After being left out of the squad, Beck believed his exclusion from the squad would help accelerate his development as a person and a footballer.
Career statistics
Honours
VfB Stuttgart
Bundesliga: 2006–07
Beşiktaş
Süper Lig: 2015–16, 2016–17
Germany U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2009
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kemerovo
Footballers from Kemerovo Oblast
German men's footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
Germany men's international footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Russian men's footballers
Russian people of German descent
German people of Russian descent
Bundesliga players
Regionalliga players
VfB Stuttgart players
VfB Stuttgart II players
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim players
Soviet emigrants to Germany
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
K.A.S. Eupen players
Süper Lig players
Belgian Pro League players
German expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Russian and Soviet-German people
German expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
German expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
People from Aalen
Footballers from Stuttgart (region) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Beck%20%28footballer%29 |
As of 2023, Finland has five operating nuclear reactors in two power plants, all located on the shores of the Baltic Sea. Nuclear power provided about 34% of the country's electricity generation in 2020. The first research nuclear reactor in Finland was commissioned in 1962 and the first commercial reactor started operation in 1977. The fifth reactor started operation in April 2023.
Finland's nuclear reactors are among the world's most productive, with an average capacity factor of 95% in the 2010s.
Operational power plants
Reactors
Loviisa plant
Located in Loviisa, on the south coast (Gulf of Finland), the plant comprises two VVER-440 pressurized water reactors built by Soviet Atomenergoexport, but fitted with Western instrumentation, containment structures and control systems. The plant is owned and operated by Fortum. Electrical production started in 1977 and 1980, with the reactors now producing 507 MWe each. On 26 July 2007 new licenses were granted to Fortum to operate the units until 2027 and 2030, conditional on safety reviews before 2015 and 2023.
Olkiluoto plant
The Olkiluoto plant is owned by Teollisuuden Voima (TVO), and is located in Eurajoki, on the west coast, near Rauma. It has two boiling water reactors currently producing 890 MWe each. They were built by the Swedish company Asea-Atom (nowadays ABB), and went online in 1978 and 1980.
Areva has built a third reactor at the Olkiluoto site for a total cost of price of over €8.5 billion. It is a European Pressurized Reactor (EPR), and has a power output of 1,600 MWe. The reactor was originally scheduled to start production in 2009, but was delayed by 14 years. Regular electricity production started in April 2023.
Decommissioned reactors
Otaniemi research reactor, FiR 1
FiR 1 was a small research reactor located in Otaniemi, Espoo; a TRIGA Mark II, built for the Helsinki University of Technology in 1962. Owned by the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland since 1971, it had a power output of 250 kW. It was mainly used in boron neutron capture therapy and research. The reactor was permanently shut down on 30 June 2015. In 2021, the spent fuel was transported to the United States Geological Survey, which will use the fuel in its research reactor in Denver. The Council of State granted a decommissioning license in June 2021. The reactor will be dismantled in 2022–2023.
Regulation and safety
Under the Nuclear Energy Act 1987 the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (, TEM) is responsible for supervision of nuclear power operation and for waste disposal.
The Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (, STUK) is responsible for regulation and inspection. It operates under the Council of State (effectively the government), which licenses major nuclear facilities. STUK is under the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, and is assisted by an Advisory Committee on Nuclear Safety in major matters.
Licensing of new reactors
Licensing of a new nuclear power plant in Finland involves four main steps. First the license applicant has to draw up an environmental impact assessment. In the second phase the applicant applies for a decision in principle. The decision is made by the Finnish government, after which the parliament votes on ratifying it. In this phase the city council of the municipality has a veto right, and it can stop the project. The third step is the construction license, and the fourth step is the operating license. These licenses are decided by the government, but a statement on safety is issued by STUK, and STUK has a veto right on the licenses. The operating license is always granted for a definite duration. STUK may interrupt the operation of a nuclear power plant if so required in order to ensure safety.
New construction
Reactors
Fifth reactor
A cabinet decision in 2002 to allow the construction of a fifth nuclear reactor was accepted in parliament. The Green League, which was principally opposed to the expansion of nuclear power and which held the position of the Minister of Environment, left the coalition government on 31 May 2002 in protest of the cabinet's decision, narrowing the majority of the coalition in the parliament. Economic, energy security and environmental grounds were given as reasons to build the fifth reactor. While hydroelectricity is curtailed in dry years (range 9,455–14,865 GWh 1990–2006 ), nuclear energy supplies near-constant amounts of energy, and studies showed that nuclear energy was the cheapest option for Finland. The vote was seen as very significant for nuclear energy policy in that it was the first decision to build a new nuclear power plant in western Europe for more than a decade.
Teollisuuden Voima (TVO) ordered the 1600 MW nuclear reactor (Olkiluoto 3) in 2003. The suppliers were the French company Areva NP (formerly Framatome) and the German company Siemens, which owned 34% of Areva NP. The price was fixed at €3.2 billion and completion was scheduled for 2009. The construction of this plant is now substantially behind schedule and over cost. As of 2010, Areva expected to lose €2.3 billion ($3.2 billion) on the project. As of August 2020, the expected start of commercial operation was in February 2022. In March 2022 electricity production started, with regular operation planned for July. In April, however, the commercial operation was reported to be postponed to September 2022. In June, the commercial operation was postponed to December 2022, and later until March 2023.
According to World Nuclear Association 2008: ”Experience has shown that each year of additional delay in the construction of a nuclear power plants adds another estimated $1 billion to the cost”.
Siemens sold its share of Areva NP to Areva in January 2009 for €2.1 billion. In June 2010, the European Union began an investigation of Areva and Siemens for anti-trust violations in nuclear cooperation. The European Commission lists the publications related to the case.
Sixth reactor
On 21 April 2010, the Government of Finland decided to grant permits for construction of the sixth and seventh commercial reactors to Teollisuuden Voima and Fennovoima, a joint venture between RAOS Voima Oy, a subsidiary of Rusatom, and SF energy, a consortium of Finnish industrial companies. The application by Fortum to build a new reactor at Loviisa was declined. The Finnish Parliament approved the building permits on 1 July 2010.
As in 2002, the Green League was principally opposed to nuclear power and represented in the coalition government, holding the positions of the Minister of Justice and the Minister of Labour. This time the party had publicly stated before the 2007 parliamentary elections that it would not leave a coalition it had agreed to join, even if the other parties in that coalition decided to license further reactors. The party viewed the 2002 decision to expand nuclear power with several new reactors as the principal one, and the 2010 decision as simply a question of which operators to grant the permits to. The Green League voted against all new permits in the cabinet, and lost the vote.
In October 2011, Fennovoima announced that it had chosen Pyhäjoki, in northern Finland, as the site for the country's third nuclear power plant. The poject was delayed by several years, and in May 2022, Fennovoima terminated its contract with Rosatom to build the power plant.
On 25 September 2014 after TVO's repeated delays in building the third reactor and its failure to begin work on the fourth reactor in time, the government refused TVO's application for a further extension to the permit for the fourth reactor. For not seeking building permission by June 2015 for the fourth Olkiluoto reactor, TVO's permit granted in 2010 is terminated.
According to Taloustutkimus support of Fennovoima nuclear power was 26% among Finnish citizens in March 2017.
Nuclear fuel
In 2009, Finland imported nuclear fuel from Sweden (40%), Russia (18%), Germany (2%) and other countries (40%). In 2006 the other country source of nuclear fuel was Spain.
Talvivaara Mining Company applied for uranium mining permission on 20 April 2010. This was the first uranium application in the history of Finland. According to the Ministry of Trade, the EIA process on the application would run until 31 March 2011. However, on 31 March, the application was supplemented.
In February 2011, Talvivaara sold its uranium mining rights through 2027 to the Canadian company Cameco.
Nuclear waste
Spent fuel from the Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant was initially shipped to the Soviet Union for reprocessing. After news of the 1957 Kyshtym disaster at the Mayak nuclear fuel reprocessing plant was made public in 1976, this option was no longer seen as politically acceptable. The Finnish Nuclear Energy Act was amended in 1994 so that all nuclear waste produced in Finland must be disposed of in Finland.
All spent fuel will be permanently buried in bedrock.
The Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository at Olkiluoto was selected in 2000 to become the world's first deep geological repository of spent nuclear fuel. It will store the spent fuel from the plants owned by the utilities Fortum and TVO, that is, from the Loviisa and Olkiluoto sites. A documentary film about the waste repository has been made: Into Eternity.
Political issues
The major parliamentary political parties in Finland consider support or opposition to nuclear power as an issue that is left to each individual MP to decide. The National Coalition, the Finns Party, the Centre Party and the Social Democrats has included a supportive stance in their party platform. The Green League was strongly anti-nuclear until the 2010s, but has later relaxed its opinion. The 2020 party platform of the Green League no longer excludes construction of new nuclear power plants. The Left Alliance and the Swedish People's Party explicitly oppose nuclear power in their platform, as well as most of the small parliamentary parties. The Christian Democrats however has not expressed a view.
The Finnish public is among the most nuclear power-friendly nations in the EU: in a 2008 survey, the production of nuclear electricity was supported by 61%, clearly above the EU average of 44%.
Finnish energy industry association Finnish Energy has followed the public opinion yearly on their part.
According to their data the public opinion towards the nuclear energy has slowly but steadily grown more positive all the way from the 1980s.
Two latest polls from December 2017 showed support for both nuclear power in Finland in general, as well as strong local support for the Fennovoima Hanhikivi plant. 37% of the respondents supported and 29% opposed additional construction of nuclear power to the country.
See also
Energy in Finland
Renewable energy in Finland
List of nuclear reactors#Finland
References
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20in%20Finland |
Boyd's Cove, also known as Boyd's Harbour, is a local service district and designated place in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador that is near Lewisporte. There is an interpretive centre dedicated to the earlier indigenous Beothuk settlement at this location.
History
Boyd's Cove was first settled by the Beothuks in the late 18th century. During the summer months, the people lived by the cove in wigwams built over shallow excavations in the ground. As well as more traditional activities, the group scavenged metal items left behind at French and English summer fishing camps, and refashioned these for their own use. Although these indigenous people didn't interact with European traders as much as most native peoples, some of the Beothuk were killed by encroaching settlers, and researchers have concluded that the group later died out partly because of exposure to disease and partly because of starvation, which in turn was caused both by the resulting poor health and by limited access to resources after European settlement.
A settlement at Boyd's Cove was later established by the Freake, Newman and Robinson families from Fogo Island in the late 19th century. Settlers also came from the Change Islands to settle at the cove, on the mainland. At first Boyd's Cove was a logging and fishing community; later it became a producer of turnip, carrot, potato and hay in the Notre Dame Bay area. Because of its sheltered location on the shoreline, the village often hosted residents from the more exposed fishing villages in the winter.
The rugged landscape and climate meant that survival there was often a struggle; with the nearest hospital in Lewisporte, NL, nearly 1½ hours away by horse in the 1920s and 1930s, medical care was often unavailable. If there was a serious illness, such as tuberculosis, residents would have to go to St. John's.
Geography
Boyd's Cove is in Newfoundland within Subdivision G of Division No. 8. Boyd's Cove is located in the North Shore Forest ecoregion. The shoreline is sheltered by nearby large islands. Route 340 passes through Boyd's Cove, then crosses a causeway on the way to Twillingate.
Demographics
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Boyd's Cove recorded a population of 183 living in 90 of its 131 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 190. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Attractions
The nearby Beothuk interpretive centre hosts educational activities, book launches and ceremonies, and includes Gerald Squires' bronze statue, "The Spirit of the Beothuk".
Archaeological site
A major Beothuk archaeological site at Boyd's Cove was excavated by Dr. Ralph T. Pastore of Memorial University of Newfoundland. in the early 1980s. The site is now home to the Boyd's Cove Interpretation Centre. Archaeological evidence revealed that Boyd's Cove has been occupied intermittently for about 2000 years. Beothuk pit houses dating from the late 17th or the early 18th century have yielded stone tools lying nearby European artifacts. These tools helped to establish a link between the Beothuk and their prehistoric ancestors. Faunal analysis indicated that the site was occupied at least from late winter to fall, and that the Beothuk relied on both marine and land resources for their subsistence. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1995.
Government
Boyd's Cove is a local service district (LSD) that is governed by a committee responsible for the provision of certain services to the community. The chair of the LSD committee is Bruce Mercer.
See also
Beothuk
List of unincorporated communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
List of designated places in Newfoundland and Labrador
List of local service districts in Newfoundland and Labrador
References
Boyd's Cove - The Canadian Encyclopedia
External links
Heritage Newfoundland
Community information
Travel NL
Populated coastal places in Canada
Designated places in Newfoundland and Labrador
Local service districts in Newfoundland and Labrador
National Historic Sites in Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd%27s%20Cove%2C%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador |
The Seagate ST1 is a miniature 1-inch hard drive with the CompactFlash Type II form factor, much like IBM's Microdrive. Unlike Sony and Hitachi and allegedly GS Magicstor branded drives, Seagate developed their technology from scratch.
As of 2005 most 5 gigabyte MP3 players in production had ST1 drives embedded in them.
Notable improvements over IBM's design include
2-megabyte data buffer
A mechanism to hold the read-write head in place when the drive is not in use
Some level of internal diagnostics, possibly the earliest form of S.M.A.R.T
All ST1 drives have "For Embedded Application Only" printed on the back of them, which has led some people to think that the CF mode required for use in digital cameras is disabled. This is in fact not true and was most likely put there to remind the user that the drive was not designed for continuous use in a desktop computer.
ST1 Models
ST1 Series:
ST625211CF/FX (2.5GB) (2004)
ST650211CF/FX (5GB) (2004)
ST1.2 Series:
ST64022CF/FX (4GB) (2005)
ST66022CF/FX (6GB) (2005)
ST68022CF/FX (8GB) (2005)
ST1.3 Series:
ST660712DE/DEG (6GB) (2006)
ST680712DE/DEG (8GB) (2006)
ST610712DE/DEG (10GB) (2006)
ST612712DE/DEG (12GB) (2006)
The CF, DE, DEG, FX suffixes are for CompactFlash+ Type II, ZIF, (zero insertion force) IDE interface, Flex (IDE interface) interfaces respectively. DEG models also include an additional free-fall sensor for robust drop performance.
Unlike most hard disk drives produced at that time, ST1.2 drives have physical sector size of 1024 bytes.
References
External links
Seagate ST1 Series datasheets: ST1.2, ST1.3
Portable hard drives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagate%20ST1 |
Tavua Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It formed part of Ba Province in the western part of the main island of Viti Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 1999 election, Pravin Singh won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2004 by election
This by-election was held on 16 January, following the death of sitting member, Pravin Singh
There were 36 polling stations within the constituency with 18,347 voters. Of these, 12,573 votes were cast with 887 invalid votes and 11,686 valid votes. Fifty percent plus one was required to win the seat in the first count that is, 5,844 votes.
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavua%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
The Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology (CPIT), formerly the Christchurch Technical College, was an institute of technology in Christchurch, New Zealand. It merged with Aoraki Polytechnic and became Ara Institute of Canterbury in 2016.
CPIT provided full-time and part-time education in technologies and trades. It was the largest polytechnic and institute of technology in the South Island (25,000 students) and one of the leading institutions of its kind in the country.
In New Zealand's ranking, the Performance Based Research Fund, based on the scientific output of all employees, CPIT ranked 4th among all institutes of technologies in New Zealand. It offered a comprehensive range of programmes, which covered almost all subject areas. CPIT specialised in Music Arts, Visual Art & Design, Nursing, Applied Management (Business), Engineering, Applied Science, Education, Information Technology, and Architecture. CPIT hosted New Zealand's only school for radio journalism and communication, the New Zealand School of Broadcasting. It had a student population from more than 50 countries.
Campus
CPIT had a centrally located campus within the CBD on Madras Street (Madras Street Campus) just to the south of Cathedral Square in Christchurch, New Zealand. The city campus was located five minutes walk from the city centre. The majority of programmes were taught here. CPIT's Sullivan Avenue campus (CPIT Trades Campus) was on the corner of Sullivan Avenue and Ensors Road Opawa, in southeast Christchurch.
Alumni
Jennine Bailey – jazz singer, university music teacher
Ben Boyce – television personality
Denise Copland – artist
Corin Dann – broadcaster
Guy 'Dcypher' Ellis – graffiti artist
Naomi Ferguson – singer, actor, composer, teacher
Amelia Gain – entrepreneur
Clarke Gayford – broadcaster, partner of Jacinda Ardern, 40th Prime Minister of New Zealand
Polly Harding – broadcaster
Sam Harrison – artist and sculptor
Miriama Kamo – journalist, children's author and television presenter
Euan Macleod – artist
Tim Main – artist, designer, sculptor
Megan Mansell – broadcaster
Mei Heron – journalist
Matty McLean – television presenter
Mike McRoberts – broadcaster
Fiona Pears – violinist, composer
Oliver Perkins – artist
Chris Reddington – sculptor, composer, musician
Ben Reid – printmaker
Rebecca Smallridge – artist
Bevan Smith – chef
Deon Swiggs – politician
Jack Tame – broadcaster
Sam Wills – performing artist
Wongi "Freak" Wilson – graffiti artist
References
External links
Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology website
Educational institutions established in 1906
Buildings and structures in Christchurch
Education in Christchurch
Organisations based in Christchurch
Vocational education in New Zealand
Christchurch Central City
1906 establishments in New Zealand
Universities and colleges in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch%20Polytechnic%20Institute%20of%20Technology |
Ivy City is a small neighborhood in Northeast Washington, D.C., in the United States. About half the neighborhood is industrial or formerly industrial, dominated by warehouses. The Ivy City Yard, a railroad coach yard and maintenance facility for the passenger railroad Amtrak, is situated northwest across New York Avenue NE. Ivy City was laid out as a suburban development for African Americans in 1873. Development was slow. From 1879 to 1901, the neighborhood hosted the Ivy City Racetrack, a major horse racing facility in the District of Columbia. Construction on the rail yard began in 1907 and was complete within a year, although much of the facilities there were demolished in 1953 and 1954 as railroads switched from coal-fired locomotives to diesel-fueled or electric engines. The Alexander Crummell School, a major focal point of the community, opened in 1911. After some years of enrollment decline, it closed in 1972 but has not been demolished. The area has undergone some gentrification in the 21st century, although people living in the residential core of Ivy City remain very poor and unemployment is high.
Geography
Ivy City is on a triangular strip of land in the central part of the Northeast quadrant, bounded by New York Avenue to the northwest, West Virginia Avenue to the east, and Mt. Olivet Road to the south. The neighborhood is unusual in that it is also surrounded on all sides by significant landmarks: Gallaudet University (across Mt. Olivet Rd.), Mount Olivet Cemetery (across West Virginia Ave.), and Amtrak's Ivy City yard (across New York Avenue).
Ivy City is located in Ward 5. When founded, the neighborhood was outside the boundaries of the L'Enfant Plan for the city of Washington within the District of Columbia.
Founding Ivy City
In 1831, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) received approval for a plan to build its Washington Branch, and passenger train service between Baltimore and Washington began in 1835. The track was built from the District border with Maryland to Boundary Avenue (now Florida Avenue) along the route of the then-unbuilt West Virginia Avenue.
Much of the land surrounding the future Ivy City was owned by the Fenwick family. These were descendants of Thomas Notley, the 8th Proprietary governor of the Province of Maryland from 1676 through 1679. Mary Fenwick's father was Notley Young, one of the largest landowners in southern Maryland and who, along with David Burnes, Daniel Carroll, Samuel Davidson, and Robert Peter were later known as the "original patentees" (original landowners) of the District of Columbia. The land that became the District of Columbia was originally given to George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, by King Charles I in 1632 (ignoring claims to the land held by Native Americans). Beginning in 1664, Calvert's heir, Leonard Calvert, began subdividing this claim and issuing title to various sized parcels to buyers. On September 24, 1685, Andrew Clarke purchased from Calvert of land fronting on the Anacostia River. The southern boundary of this "patent" (as title to land was called) began about where East Capitol Street meets the river, and ran north-northwest to about Trinidad Avenue NE. Clarke called this patent Meurs. In 1734, Thomas Evans purchased of Meurs from Clarke, and renamed the patent Chance. Notley Young purchased of Chance in 1771, and then purchased of a 1717 patent known as The Gleaning in 1786. Young combined Chance, The Gleaning, and several other smaller purchases (parts of Allison's Forest Enlarged, Allison's Forest Enlarged Resurveyed, and The Inclosure) into a single new tract—which he called Youngsborough—in 1793. Over time, others purchased small portions of Youngsborough from the Notleys and Fenwicks.
On February 21, 1871, the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 expanded the City of Washington so it encompassed the entire District of Columbia. This brought the Youngsborough tract under the jurisdiction of the city.
On April 3, 1871, landowners George Oyster and Edward Fenwick sold their property to Frederick W. Jones, a director of the Georgetown Savings Bank and a local real estate developer. Jones had the land platted, and the Ivy City Subdivision was recognized by the city on May 12, 1873.
History of Ivy City
Jones laid out 205 lots in Ivy City. He envisioned the subdivision as a bucolic, rural community catering exclusively to African Americans. Many streets in the area were named for adjacent landlords (Corcoran, Kendall, Fenwick, Gallaudet). Lots were priced at $100 each ($ in dollars), and the earliest publicly acknowledged land sale occurred in December 1873 when F.P. Blair purchased Lot 9 for $150. A major auction of lots occurred in May 1875, but while many lots sold there was little building. Nearly all the residents were African-American, and structures consisted primarily of wooden shacks with no heat, electricity, natural gas, or sewer. The city provided drinking water from public pipes. Lots, however, were quite large compared to many of those in the Federal City.
The Ivy City horse-racing track
In 1878, the National Fair Grounds Association was incorporated with the purpose of hosting a "national fair" and building a horse racing track in the District of Columbia. The following year, on August 30, 1879, Charles Stewart and Mrs. Louis Fethervitch sold their parcels of land (both of which were adjacent to Ivy City) to the National Fair Grounds Association (NFGA). On September 2, President Rutherford B. Hayes broke ground for a horse racing track on the site. About September 14, NFGA purchased Lots 1, 2, and 3 in Square 1 and Lots 1 through 10 in Square 9 in Ivy City from the Freedman's Savings and Trust Company. This allowed the race track to extend southwest into Ivy City proper. On September 15, NFGA cut Gallaudet Street and Patterson Avenue (the latter no longer exists) to provide access to the track. The firm also sought permission from Gallaudet University to cut Mount Olivet Road NE from the railroad tracks up to Brentwood Road. The B&O Railroad built a siding onto the property to facilitate trains delivering patrons to the racetrack. This included a passenger platform long, and a small telegraph office. The National Fair Grounds opened on October 28, 1879. President Hayes declared a holiday in the city so workers could attend, and Hayes spoke at the opening to a crowd estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000 strong. Buildings on the ground housed hundreds of exhibits featuring local products, services, and foods, and artworks and sporting events were held every day. The fair itself closed on November 8.
Beginning in the spring of 1880, the NFGA continued to operate the horse racing track near Ivy City. The B&O Railroad removed its passenger platform in 1886, hindering public access to the site for a time, but rebuilt of it in 1887. Heavy debts and competition from racetracks in Maryland forced the company into bankruptcy. It sold the property at public auction to James Lansburgh, one of its directors, in July 1890 for $133,500 ($ in dollars). On January 7, 1891, Lansburgh sold of the parcel to Howard P. Marshall for $180,000 ($ in dollars), who sold it for the same sum on September 10 to the Ivy City Brick Company.
On March 2, 1891, Congress enacted legislation prohibiting lotteries and bookmaking within of the original limits of the Federal City.
Ivy City Brick did not immediately tear down the track and grandstand. In February 1893, a syndicate of New York City investors, led by Representative Timothy J. Campbell, (D–New York), attempted to revive racing at Ivy City. The clubhouse was destroyed by fire on February 23, and the B&O refused to run special trains to accommodate racegoers (significantly hindering attendance). After just three weeks, the racing effort collapsed on March 17. Racing at Ivy City resumed on May 14, 1893, under the auspices of the Chevy Chase Hunt Club. New Jersey racetrack owners George Engeman and Albert Gleason leased the Ivy City track in August 1893 with the aim of having a 25-day "winter season" of racing in November. Engeman was initially opposed by the Washington Jockey Club, which was in the process of opening a racetrack in the Benning neighborhood east of the Anacostia River. Racing began on November 22 at both tracks,
Both city and federal officials declared the resumption of horse racing at Ivy City in violation of the 1891 law. At issue was whether the Ivy City track was within the one-mile limit. The city argued that distance to the track should be measured in a straight line, while track officials said it should be measured by the shortest route possible (which put it just outside the prohibited area). The Ivy City track obtained a one-month racing license while the issue was decided, but betting was prohibited during this period. Eager to provide betting, track officials set up a tent outside the one-mile limit, and accepted bets there. This was not a success, and bookmaking resumed at Ivy City. Federal officials threatened a police raid, and Engeman halted racing until a court could rule on the issue. U.S. District Attorney Arthur A. Birney refused to allow a "test case", and demanded that racing end. Racing and betting resumed on December 26. But police arrested bookmakers after the first race, and no further betting occurred. The December 26 races were the last for the season.
Although jockeys continued to race for their own enjoyment over the next several weeks, a grand jury indicted Engeman and several bookmakers on December 29, 1893. Trial began before Judge Cole of the D.C. Criminal Court on January 4, and on January 16 the court convicted all the defendants. The sentences were appealed, but the appellate court declined to overturn them in 1895.
The Ivy City stables and track continued to be used for stabling, training, and training races for horses running at the Benning racecourse for the next several years. In 1899, Lansburgh sold the rest of his land to developers. The Ivy City track continued to be used for stables and racing at least into the spring 1901 season. Their last known use was for the winter 1901 racing season, when they were ready for use but not needed due to the few number of horses running at Benning.
Rail yard
By 1903, only a single small brick building and the path of the racetrack still existed. It is not known when the grandstands or track were actually demolished. However, by 1903 the city was already planning to extend S, U, V, and 15th Streets NE and New York Avenue NE through the former racetrack site.
Federal legislation granting the B&O access to its right of way was not due to expire until 1910. But with development rapidly expanding in the area and the need for streets pressing, Congress enacted legislation on December 3, 1900, requiring the railroad to give up the right of way by 1905. The act allowed the B&O to purchase land in the Eckington neighborhood for a large rail yard, and for construction of a new passenger terminal in downtown Washington. The 1900 act drew strenuous objection from citizens of Eckington. The railroad subsequently won passage of an amendment on February 12, 1901, extending the time for relocation of its track to February 1906, and allowing it to move its rail yard to Ivy City.
On February 28, 1903, Congress passed legislation authorizing various railroads in the city to unite to build a new "union" passenger terminal to replace the four existing terminals scattered about downtown. This legislation led to the construction of Union Station, completed in 1908. This gave added importance to the new Ivy City rail yard, because the tracks to the new station would begin at Ivy City. By this time, the former racetrack site at Ivy City had significantly declined. The track had subsided, and rains filled the old track—turning it into a deep pond. In June 1903, a local African American boy drowned in the pond. Initially, city officials declined to order landowner Daniel McCarthy to fill in the pond, as McCarthy argued that construction on the rail yard would fill in the pond. But when another boy drowned there in July 1906, McCarthy was ordered to immediately fill in the depression. There were also numerous housing lots in Ivy City on which no construction had occurred. As excavation began on Union Station, these unoccupied lots were taken over by the B&O and used for a tent city to house workers. More than 110 men lived at the tent city, where living conditions were very poor. Most of the workers were Italian, and one worker died from pneumonia in October 1903. This led to an extensive investigation into living conditions in the tent city. Although sanitation, sewage, and trash were severe problems, the men generally were found to be well-fed and the tents warm enough to withstand winter conditions.
With the arrival of the rail yard, some living conditions in Ivy City improved as infrastructure was upgraded to accommodate the railroad. In December 1905, the city approved construction of the first sewer main to serve the neighborhood. Construction on the rail yard began in 1907. The B&O began dismantling its rail yard at New Jersey Avenue NW and D Street NW, and began moving the equipment to Ivy City. The new rail yard, located about outside the Federal City limits, included two long roundhouses, each surrounded by 25 short tracks leading to train sheds where engines could be stores or worked on. Each shed had a pit below the track, allowing the engine to be worked on from below. The rail yard also contained a "coal wharf", a coal storage facility which could load an engine's tender in under 30 seconds, and two gigantic water spouts which could fill an engine's water tank from above in less than a minute. The tracks throughout the rail yard were lined with numerous inspection pits (where workers in a pit low the tracks could inspect the lower and underside portions of an engine quickly) and ash pits (pits where engines could quickly dump their coal ash for later retrieval and disposal). The Ivy City rail yard also contained a coal-powered steam generating plant. This plant provided steam heat for railroad buildings at Ivy City as well as the B&O's Eckington rail yard more than away. Steam was also used to prime locomotive engines and preheat passenger cars before use. The plant generated a large amount of smoke and ash, which polluted the Ivy City neighborhood.
Unbuilt land in Ivy City became the site of another tent city in the summer of 1908. This time, machinists overhauling locomotives for the B&O went on strike for higher wages (they demanded 32 cents an hour) on July 10. The railroad immediately locked them out and hired strikebreakers and permanent replacements. The striking workers set up a large meeting tent at Ivy City, and surrounded it with smaller sleeping tents for the men. Dubbing their tent city "Camp Wine View", the men armed themselves with clubs and began picketing the new B&O rail yard at Ivy City. There was no violence, and the strike largely ended by July 17 as workers went back to work without a contract.
A portion of the Ivy City rail yard was electrified in 1934, reducing the amount of smoke coming from coal-fired locomotive engines. Even so, by the mid-1940s, the Ivy City rail yard was handling 200 coal-fed locomotives a day.
In 1947, Ivy City residents made a concerted effort to complain to the city about the amount of soot, smoke, and noise coming from the rail yard. After an investigation, the city fined the B&O in February 1948 for violating anti-smoke laws.
Alexander Crummell School
Ivy City residents began asking that the city build an elementary school in their neighborhood in 1893. As most of the residents were African American, and racial segregation in public education was required by law at the time, the school would have served African American children only. The need for a school was urgent, as the nearest school for black children was located in the Benning neighborhood, nearly distant. Just over a year later, the District of Columbia Public Schools board of trustees approved plans to spend $4,500 ($ in dollars) to purchase land at 1900 Gallaudet Street NE and build a two-room schoolhouse. At that time, Congress had complete control over the city's budget, and it cut the estimated cost of the school to $4,000 ($ in dollars) in June 1895. The land for the school was purchased from George McKinlay in August 1895, and the George W. Barkman & Son construction company began construction on the building (whose cost was budgeted at $2,390 ($ in dollars)) in September. The Ivy City School was completed in early February 1896.
As Ivy City continued to grow, there were repeated calls to enlarge the school and make improvements to it. A two-room addition was proposed by local residents in 1902, and constructed in 1903.
The Ivy City School was the launching point for the career of African American educator Alfred Kiger Savoy, who was first appointed a teacher at the school in 1903. Kiger eventually became assistant superintendent of the D.C. public school system, and oversaw all African American elementary schools in the city. he retired in 1953. At his death in 1964 at the age of 80, he was lauded as one of the most capable and effective leaders the D.C. Public Schools had ever had.
The 1903 addition did little to alleviate overcrowding, however, and in 1906 the city leased a room in a home away as a classroom. DCPS proposed purchasing an addition of land and erecting a new four-room elementary school at a cost of $35,000 ($ in dollars) in 1908, but Congress refused to approve the expenditure. A year later, DCPS again proposed construction of a four-room elementary school, although by this time the school's size had expanded to six rooms and the amount of the required land to .
This time, Congress approved the new school. The DCPS board of trustees agreed in November 1910 to name the school the Alexander Crummell School, after the prominent Episcopal priest who was a prominent advocate of Pan-Africanism and who founded St. Luke's Episcopal Church—the first independent black Episcopal church in the city. It was the first school in the city to be named for an African American. Plans for the new school were ready by February 1, 1911, and ground was broken on March 20. The school was designed by Snowden Ashford, the Municipal Architect for the city, and the total cost of land and construction was $44,000. The two-story structure was in the Renaissance Revival style, and was constructed of stone with stucco-covered walls. Large windows admitted extensive amounts of natural light, and extensive tiling decorated the interior. The school opened on October 22, 1911, even though it was not finished.
Expansion of the Alexander Crummell School was proposed several times over the next six decades, to no avail. A six-room, $100,000 addition was approved the DCPS in 1924, but cut by Congress every time it was proposed from 1924 to 1927. By 1930, the school was no longer in good condition. The building was constructed on a low spot on the site, which meant that water (sometimes deep) ponded on the property when it rained. The old coal heating system failed to keep the school warm in winter, and covered the walls in soot. The playground was far too small to accommodate the school's growing enrollment, and there was no gymnasium or assembly hall. A $36,000 two-room addition was proposed in 1931, a $25,000 two-room addition in 1932, and a $10,800 doubling of the school's size in 1933. No action was taken on these proposals. The Great Depression and World War II limited funding for school construction. Ivy City continued to grow in the 1930s and 1940s, and in 1949 local residents asked the city to build an eight-room addition and pool for the school as well as expand the playground. A similar request was made in 1950, with residents also demanding an assembly hall and gymnasium. An addition was proposed in 1954 and a 12-room addition, auditorium, and modernization of the heating and lighting requested in 1957. These requests were also turned down.
By 1971, the Alexander Crummell School had 397 students, but enrollment was declining rapidly as residents fled the decaying neighborhood. The school closed in 1972. The Washington Urban League leased the school in 1973 for use as a day care center, private school, and recreation center, but extensive vandalism and several burglaries caused the organization to close these programs down. By October 1976, the Alexander Crummell School was completely vacant, and DCPS voted to close the building and seek no tenants for it in January 1977.
Over the next few years, the school parking lot and land were used for a number of uses, including a parking lot for city vehicles. From 1997 to 2003, trailers for a homeless men's shelter sat on the site. In 1999, the Accucrete construction company offered to buy the property, but the city could not work out a deal and the offer was withdrawn in 2001. The Crummell School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. The Washington Animal Rescue League offered to lease the school for use as an animal shelter in early 2004, but this proposal was not accepted. Community residents long pressed the city to turn the school into a community center, but city officials said the structure needed at least $7 million in renovations (but was only worth $1.65 million).
Ivy City elementary students were assigned to Ruth K. Webb Elementary School at 1375 Mt. Olivet Road NE, which was erected in 1958.
Streets
Access to lots at Ivy City was initially limited to dirt tracks. The cutting of streets was limited until developers felt enough lots had been sold to warrant better access. For example, as late as 1895, the area's roads were ungraded ruts lacking sidewalks and street lights, there was no storm water drainage, and fresh drinking water was provided by wells (not the city water system).
Although lots at Ivy City began to be sold in 1873, it was not until September 1879 that the first street, Gallaudet Street, was cut. Central Avenue followed about 1888, Corcoran Street about 1890, a portion of Kendall Street about 1891, Okie Street about 1892, Olivet Street (later Mt. Olivet Road) about 1892, Providence Street about 1895, and Fenwick Street about 1898. At some point, S Street NE was cut through the area from the west, and 15th Street NE cut in a U shape on the southeast side of West Virginia Avenue NE beginning at Fenwick Street.
In January 1907, after the B&O Railroad removed its tracks from the right of way, the District government announced plans to cut and pave West Virginia Avenue NE from Florida Avenue to 16th Street NE (near the northeastern tip of Ivy City). Grading of part of the street occurred by 1911, but it is unclear just when the street was graded or paved.
Other street changes occurred as well. After a study, the city eliminated S Street SE in Ivy City and closed but did not eliminate 15th Street SE. The city allowed a new street (probably the eastern half of Okie Street NW) to be cut parallel to New York Avenue NE to straighten the street lines within the development. Another change added the northernmost block of Kendall Street NE, which was cut and paved in 1933, allowing the street to connect with New York Avenue NE. In April 1941, city engineers proposed a master plan for improving roads and interchanges in the city. The master plan proposed widening West Virginia Avenue NE (two lanes to three) between Mt. Olivet Road and Montana Avenue NE; widening Mt. Olivet Rd. (two lanes to four) from Bladensburg Road to New York Avenue NE; realigning Brentwood Road into an S-curve so it meets Mt. Olivet Road at New York Avenue NE, with a major new intersection and grade separation from the railroad tracks there; and a major new interchange where West Virginia Avenue, Montana Avenue, and New York Avenue NE meet. The Brentwood Road realignment (essentially, the creation of 9th Street NE and Brentwood Parkway NE, to connect Brentwood Road NE with 6th Street NE Extended) was complete in September 1942 with the opening of the 9th Street NE Bridge.
Receiving Home for Children
Ivy City became the location of the District of Columbia Receiving Home for Children in 1949. The city began operating a facility for the temporary housing of mentally ill, violent, abandoned, addicted, or criminal children in 1928. The Receiving Home was charged with taking temporary care of individuals under the age of 18 who had become wards of the state. Long-term housing and care, defined as anything longer than a few weeks, was provided by the agency to which the child was assigned (such as St. Elizabeths Psychiatric Hospital, the city youth detention center, or a foster home). Originally located on the 800 block of Potomac Avenue SE, the Receiving Home moved several times over the next two decades. The agency generally leased former homes, office buildings, or warehouses for use, renovating them as needed, but the city recognized that such efforts were only temporary and that a custom-built structure, with good security as well as treatment facilities, was needed for children assigned temporarily to the Receiving Home.
After extensive debate among city officials and members of Congress, the D.C. Receiving Home for Children was opened in January 1949 at 1000 Mt. Olivet Road NE. Although $335,000 ($ in dollars) was spent constructing the facility, the cost of the Receiving Home proved much greater than the amount budgeted and the facility was only partially completed. As built, the two-story, three-wing structure contained a kitchen, several serving pantries, laundry room, recreation room, and medical treatment room. A maximum of 46 individuals could be accommodated. The medical room was only able to render first aid, and no medical staff were assigned to the Receiving Home. Security was minimal, and escapes were frequent.
In 1954, Congress appropriated $550,000 ($ in dollars) to finish the Receiving Home for Children. But the city refused to spend the money, arguing that the structure had so deteriorated since 1949 that it should be condemned and a far greater sum of money spent on building a much larger facility elsewhere. This meant the Receiving Home for Children continued to be used, and continued to provide substandard housing and care for its wards. By 1955, an average of 100 to 110 children were staying in the Receiving Home each night.
The facility continued to exist into the 2010s. Now known as the Youth Services Center, the facility had expanded to 88 beds, although it still often housed more children than intended.
Development and Ivy City
Industrialization and decline of the railroad
After the establishment of the B&O rail yard, Ivy City attracted a large number of rail yard workers as residents. This allowed the neighborhood to thrive. Nonetheless, Ivy City received few services from the city. In the 1920s, there was a single fire alarm callbox in the entire neighborhood, and the city had installed only a second main sewer line. But residents were dismayed when the city built a trash incinerator in 1928 at the junction of Mt. Olivet Road and West Virginia Avenue NE. As of 1931, only a single road (West Virginia Avenue NE) gave access to Ivy City.
Industrial development in Ivy City began in the 1930s. The District of Columbia was only the second municipality in the United States (after New York City) to adopt a zoning code. With the Zoning Act of March 1, 1920, Congress authorized the District government to establish zoning and created a District of Columbia Zoning Commission to oversee zoning rules, regulation, implementation, and enforcement. The New York Avenue Corridor and Ivy City were zoned for combined use, which meant residential, retail, and industrial uses were all permitted. Once New York Avenue NE was paved in 1931, numerous filling stations quickly lined the street. Over the next three years, a number of industrial concerns opened in the neighborhood: a Washington Milk Bottle Exchange cleaning facility and glass factory on Fenwick Street south of New York Avenue; the offices of Mitchell & Unsinn, a construction firm, at 2006 Fenwick Street; the offices of R.E.A. Cleaning, an industrial cleaning firm, at 1925 New York Avenue; and the Nehi bottling plant at 1923 New York Avenue. In mid-1934, the F.P. May Co., a hardware retailer, opened a large warehouse at New York Avenue and West Virginia Avenue. By the end of the year, Greyhound Bus Lines had constructed a bus station at 1900 New York Avenue NE, occupying of the street. The Youngsborough Syndicate, a group of real estate investors, also purchased a large number of parcels along New York Avenue, Fairview Avenue, Gallaudet Street, and Fenwick Street with the intention of creating an industrial park. The Miller Casket Co., a coffin manufacturer, also opened a factory on New York Avenue between Kendall Street and Fenwick Avenue. In 1937, the Hecht Company constructed a warehouse at 1401 New York Avenue NE. Described by The Washington Post as the pinnacle of industrial design, the structure was built in the Streamline Moderne architectural style. The six-story building made extensive use of glass brick along its exterior walls, culminating in a seventh-story glass brick tower which was brilliantly lit at night.
During World War II, Ivy City became a backwater. Little attention was paid to the neighborhood, and the war effort meant that the railroad's needs took precedence over that of the average resident. Industrial buildings, warehouses, vehicle storage lots, and junkyards proliferated in Ivy City. As World War II came to a close, Ivy City's infrastructure was also beginning to deteriorate. Residents complained about poorly-paved streets, a lack of sidewalks, no street lighting, crumbling and trash-filled alleys and a complete lack of stormwater drainage. (Until the 2000s, Ivy City continued to be particularly hard-hit by stormwater flooding. The intersection of West Virginia Avenue NE and Mt. Olivet Road NE was inundated every time there was significant rainfall.)
In 1949, the railroad announced a $1.2million ($million in dollars) project to add a new roundhouse for diesel locomotives at Ivy City and improve repair shops. The project also provided for transfer of the coal-fired steam generating plant to Eckington, alleviating much of the smoke and ash problem at Ivy City.
Ivy City began a significant decline in 1953. American railroads, which until this time had used coal-fueled locomotives, began switching to diesel fuel or using overhead electrical wires for powering engines. By the end of the year, almost no coal-fed locomotives were using the Ivy City rail yard. Although coal-fueled engines required frequent refueling, a diesel train could go for as many as three days without needing more diesel fuel. Steam-powered locomotives required almost daily tune-up and repair, but diesel-fueled engines rarely did. Significant layoffs at the Ivy City Yard occurred, deeply affecting Ivy City itself where many of these workers lived. The eastern roundhouse and a number of tracks were demolished in early 1954, and by 1956 the coal wharf and ash pits were also gone. As the railroad laid off workers, Ivy City also declined as a neighborhood.
The proposed Inner Loop
As unemployed residents began leaving Ivy City and housing stock declined due to disrepair, city planners considered the neighborhood expendable. In 1959, the government of the District of Columbia proposed building an interstate highway through the center of the neighborhood. This was the Inner Loop—three concentric highways centered on the National Mall. The first was planned to run in a rough oval about from the Mall. The second was projected to run from the Lincoln Memorial, along Independence Avenue SW and Maine Avenue SW to the Washington Channel, where it would follow the riverbank to East Capitol Street before cutting north and then northwest (in part following Mt. Olivet Road) through the Trinidad and Ivy City neighborhoods. It would follow the rail line north to Missouri Avenue NW, then cut west along Military Road NW before reaching Nebraska Avenue NW. Then it would turn south down Nebraska Avenue NW and New Mexico Avenue NW before terminating in Georgetown. The third highway would encircle the District of Columbia at various points some miles outside the city limits. Two additional highways were included in this plan. One was the "Center Leg", a new segment of Interstate 95 (now signed Interstate 395) to begin at about E and 2nd Streets SW and continue north through the city before joining with I-95 in Maryland. The other was the New York Avenue Industrial Freeway, four northbound and five southbound lanes of limited-access highway running along New York Avenue NE from the proposed junction with I-395 at Florida Avenue NE and running to the District-Maryland line. New bridges across the Potomac River (such as the proposed Three Sisters Bridge) would feed traffic into the system.
The Whitehurst Freeway portion of the Middle Loop was first proposed in 1941. The Middle Loop plan, including its passage northwest through the center of Ivy City, was first proposed in 1946 in a study of the D.C. highway system conducted by the J. E. Greiner Company for the city government. Subsequent studies by the Federal Highway Administration (FHA) (1959), Clarkson Engineering Co. (1961), National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) (1961), National Capital Transportation Agency (NCTA) (1962), J. E. Greiner Co. (1964), NCPC (1965), and J. E. Greiner Co. (1966) appeared between 1959 and 1966. Similar studies, by the J. E. Greiner Co. (1946), by the FHA (1959), Clarkson Engineering Co. (1960), NCPC (1961), NCTA (1962), J. E. Greiner Co. (1964), NCPC (1965), and J. E. Greiner Co. (1966), appeared during the same time period, laying out and reiterating support for the New York Avenue Industrial Freeway. By 1966, however, opposition from local residents had not only led to serious restudy of the proposed route, but had brought construction of almost all highways and interstate freeways in the city to a halt.
The Inner Loop alone would have displaced 350 families and 26 businesses in Ivy City. But unlike residents in most neighborhoods, those interviewed by The Washington Post in 1967 were happy to see Ivy City destroyed by the highway. The housing was too dilapidated and the crime too severe, these residents said. Nevertheless, protests and pressure on Congress to end the program continued until the entire all unbuilt highways were cancelled in 1977.
Rapid decline, 1960s and 1970s
By the mid-1960s, Ivy City was one of only a few industrially zoned spaces left in the District of Columbia. Just a few years later, even light industry was leaving the area. The large ironworks at 1240 Mt. Olivet Road had closed, and was now a camera repair shop. Ivy City was in steep decline. In the past several years, only three new structures had been built in the neighborhood (one of them being Bethesda Baptist Church), and home ownership in the area was very low. Most residents rented their homes, which consisted of small apartment building, industrial structures converted to tenements and cramped rowhouses. The neighborhood was noisy at all times of the day and night, and fighting in the streets was common.
By the 1970s, Ivy City had declined so strongly that District officials targeted it for Model City reconstruction. The Model Cities Program was a federally funded effort which allowed local residents to redesign, revitalize, and reconstruct neighborhoods most severely affected by poverty. The D.C. government focused its Model City efforts on the neighborhoods of Ivy City, Trinidad, Shaw, and Stanton Park. The goal was to renovate distressed housing and turn it into federally subsidized low-income housing. Ivy City was chosen because the neighborhood had seen a severe decline of 20,000 residents since 1960, leaving just 80,000 people living there. This meant there was a good deal of unoccupied housing to renovate. Low-income housing was desperately needed there, as the birth rate in Ivy City was a shockingly-high 49.4 per 1,000, with most households led by a single mother. Residents in Ivy City were also extremely poor, with 22,000 of the neighborhood's residents earning less than $3,000 ($ in dollars) a year. In 1971, the crime rate in Ivy City was among the highest in the District of Columbia.
On June 21, 1970, the Penn Central Railroad, which had inherited the B&O tracks and was one of the largest private companies in the United States, declared bankruptcy. With the railroad still in bankruptcy in 1972, the District government considered condemning the former B&O rail yard at Ivy City and using the land to construct an industrial park. But nothing came of this proposal.
Ivy City continued its steep decline through the 1970s. The neighborhood was increasingly poor: Median household income was just $5,333 ($ in dollars), compared to $9,738 ($ in dollars) elsewhere in Ward 5. While just 12 percent of individuals living in Ward 5 were poor, almost all of them lived in either Ivy City or adjacent Trinidad. Despair was a major issue for residents there. By 1979, almost no Ivy City residents turned out to vote in city elections.
Redevelopment proposals of the 1980s and 1990s
By 1981, Ivy City had shed another 75,000 residents, leaving just 5,000 people living there. D.C. Mayor Marion Barry, attempting to alleviate the economic distress caused by the early 1980s recession, announced in early 1984 that he had targeted Ivy City for a major revitalization effort. The neighborhood was still overwhelmingly industrial, with the city having located its animal shelter and a vehicle inspection lot in the area. The area skyline was dominated by the chimney of the now-dormant trash incinerator. There was an extensive amount of abandoned property, and what housing remained was often overcrowded and in extreme disrepair. At 12 percent, the home ownership rate in Ivy City was the worst of any neighborhood in the District (where the rate of home ownership was about 33 percent). The Ivy City population was highly transient, and the rate of drug and alcohol addiction was high. Fifty percent of all households in Ivy City were led by a single mother, a large percentage of the Ivy City population were high school dropouts, and unemployment was extremely high. About 20 percent of Ivy City residents received public assistance, and infant mortality was 38.3 per thousand, double that of the rest of the District of Columbia. Ivy City was also a food desert, with the nearest supermarket more than away (an hour's bus ride) and only a single convenience store. Ivy City also became notorious for its open air drug markets. The District of Columbia National Guard even used arc lamps to illuminate streets and alleys in Ivy City at night in order to discourage drug dealers.
The Barry administration's revitalization plan for the 16-block community focused on public housing. Since about 1980, the District of Columbia Housing Authority (DCHA) had constructed 64 apartment units on Mt. Olivet Road. Now DCHA began construction on the Western Mews, a publicly owned housing rowhouse project on Capital Avenue. It was also ready to begin construction on 24 townhouses, each with two to four bedrooms, on Capital Avenue as well. But the construction of public housing did not alleviate the problems in Ivy City. The population had crashed to just 2,000 residents over 12 blocks. Ivy City was one of just three neighborhoods in the District with combined zoning, which hampered its residential and retail nature, and most people who lived there worked for either the railroad or for trash hauling firms. In August 1986, D.C. City Council member William Spaulding (who represented Ward 5) was booed off the stage at an Ivy City block party by residents angry at the lack of progress in Ivy City. (Mayor Barry, forewarned of the neighborhood's mood, declined to appear.) Leaders of Mandala Inc., a nonprofit long active in the community, denounced Barry and Spaulding and decried the terrible housing conditions still extant in the neighborhood. At least 40 percent of property in Ivy City, they said, was either vacant or should be condemned. Mayor Barry reacted to the incident by announcing a few weeks later the formation of a task force to oversee Ivy City's revitalization.
In 1986, families of those placed at the Receiving Home for Children sued over the poor conditions there. A federal court found that the facility had violated the constitutional rights of the children there by housing an average of 71 individuals a night at the Receiving Home. Staffing ratios were 1 staff person for 10 children, and on particularly bad days could worsen to 1 to 15. The court ordered the city to house no more than 38 children, ordered a fine of $1,000 a day for every day the facility held more than 38 children.
By the early 1990s, Ivy City was suffering from a proliferation of liquor stores and illegal dumping. The neighborhood once more hosted an incinerator, this one operated by Browning-Ferris Industries. The plant, located at the corner of New York Avenue NE and Fenwick Street NE, accepted several truckloads of biomedical waste each day and burned it. Nor had conditions at the Receiving Home improved.
On May 18, 1994, Vincent Orange launched his first run for the Ward 5 city council seat in Ivy City. Orange, making his third run at the council (he'd previously campaigned for council chair in 1991 and 1993), sought to unseat incumbent Harry Thomas Sr., who had represented Ward 5 since 1987. Orange lost the race, but easily won a rematch in 1998.
In 1996, Mayor Barry proposed a second plan to revitalize Ivy City. This plan emerged from a 37-member task force set up to study the District's traffic and transportation problems. In particular, the panel studied New York Avenue NE, which carried 100,000 vehicles a day (the city's second-busiest street after Kenilworth Avenue NE). New York Avenue, the group argued, should be the preferred route for Marylanders accessing the Washington Convention Center and MCI Center downtown, and needed to be improved and traffic speeded up along the route so that tourists and business travelers would feel comfortable using the street and U.S. Route 50 to access Baltimore–Washington International Airport. Their $2 billion plan included construction of a light rail line along the street from the Mount Vernon Square Metro station to the Fort Lincoln neighborhood; construction of a tunnel beneath New York Avenue, with only limited access points, to carry commuter traffic between Florida Avenue and the Maryland line; a commuter rail station at Ivy City to separate commuter rail from other railroad traffic at congested Union Station; a "relief road" paralleling New York Avenue from South Dakota Avenue NE to North Capitol Street to get local commercial traffic off the avenue; and use of the air rights over the Ivy City Yard for the construction of a platform that would provide parking, office space, and an entertainment venue. The plan was an immediate non-starter, however, as the cost was prohibitive.
Ivy City's problems appeared to worsen in March, 1997 when American Environmental Solutions, a trash hauling firm, opened a trash collection and transfer station at 1000 Kendall Street NE. Residents of Ivy City were outraged, and their anger worsened when they discovered in May that the city did not require a permit for trash transfer facilities in combined-zoning neighborhoods. City officials, however, agreed to sue American Environmental Solutions on behalf of Ivy City residents. In August 1997, a D.C. Superior Court judge held that the city could order the trash transfer station closed under general nuisance and public health laws.
In 1998, just 12 years after its construction, the city tore down the Western Mews public housing complex. Western Mews had been poorly run, rarely maintained, and had become so dilapidated and infested with rodents and insects that it could not be salvaged and had to be demolished. West Virginia Avenue NE, still the only major route into Ivy City, was still in serious disrepair as well.
A serious environmental issue occurred in Ivy City in 1999. In March, the city accused Hartford Knox Street Associates, owner of six apartment buildings in Southeast D.C., of illegally dumping 110 bags filled with asbestos-laden insulation in an alley in Ivy City. District of Columbia Department of Public Health officials said the company had removed the insulation without proper safety procedures from its buildings, and then dumped them in an area where residents could come into contact with the cancer-causing asbestos.
Early 2000s controversies
Ivy City remained an industrial area into the 2000s. Fast food restaurants, commercial printers, automobile repair shops, and used auto parts stores were common in the neighborhood. Much of the 1300 block of New York Avenue NE was used as a parking lot for city school buses, and the former playground of the Crummell School was used as a District of Columbia Department of Public Works vehicle storage yard. The number of people living in the area during the 1990s had declined by one-third, leaving numerous abandoned and vacant properties.
In November 2001, club owner Marc Barnes opened a new, large, luxurious nightclub, Dream, at 1350 Okie Street NE. The four-story club had several extensive dance floors, semi-private space for patrons who paid for it, a number of bars, and catered to a wide range of races and age groups as well as people with musical tastes ranging from 1980s New Wave to hip-hop to Hi-NRG electronic dance music. The extreme popularity of Dream created several problems for Ivy City residents, including excessive traffic and parking problems, loud noise from patrons and automobiles, public urination, street fights, and even stabbings and gunfire. In an attempt to alleviate the parking problems, Dream began offering valet parking. To do so, it illegally closed the two blocks of Okie Street NE every night the club was open. Even individuals who lived on Okie Street had to pay $15 to park where they were legally entitled to do so. The club also illegally commandeered the loading dock at the shuttered Hecht's warehouse for parking. The club changed its name to Love in 2005, underwent a significant renovation, and opened a fourth floor.
In 2002, D.C. Mayor Anthony A. Williams announced yet another revitalization plan for Ivy City. This plan envisioned the purchase of existing but abandoned housing units, rehabilitating them, and either selling them or renting them at subsidized rates to low-income families. DCHA began purchasing distressed properties in Ivy City and offering them to developers. Developers could renovate the homes (at a profit), while DCHA would retain ownership and rent the improved property to low-income residents. To ensure that the renovated homes met the needs of existing residents, DCHA established the Ivy City Home Again Task Force, which arranged for meetings between existing DCHA tenants in Ivy City and potential developers. Residents gave their input as to which developer they preferred, opinions DCHA was bound by regulation to take into account when choosing which developer to work with.
That same year, Virginia Railway Express (VRE), a commuter rail line, began negotiations to purchase of the Ivy City rail yard from the yard's current owner, CSX Transportation, for use as a train storage yard. VRE succeeded in purchasing the land and began using it to store passenger coaches.
Ivy City residents discovered in September, 2003 that the District government intended to establish a homeless shelter at a warehouse at 1355–1357 New York Avenue NE. The move came about as the city announced the closure of its existing homeless shelter in the Gales School, a closed elementary school at 65 Massachusetts Avenue NW, in order to establish a center for abused children there. The city already leased the warehouse and had converted it into a halfway house for criminal offenders. After attempting to purchase the land, the city exercised eminent domain over it and seized it at a cost of $3.35 million ($ in dollars). Ivy City residents were angered that their neighborhood, which already suffered from a high level of vagrancy, would attract a large number of homeless people. Despite extensive protests from Ivy City residents, the homeless shelter opened in mid-December 2003. The 200-bed facility also had a kitchen, laundry, and office space. A month later, the District government announced it was building two group homes for mentally disabled adults on the 1800 blocks of Kendall Street NE and Corcoran Street NE. The city also began construction on an 80-bed juvenile detention center at 1000 Mount Olivet Road NE. Many Ivy City residents denounced both plans, arguing that the city was using the neighborhood as a "dumping ground" for the city's problems.
By 2004, conditions in Ivy City had not materially improved since the 1980s, and in some cases had worsened. Almost one-third of the neighborhood's 6,000 residents lived below the poverty line, with a neighborhood median income of just $27,871 ($ in dollars), more than 40 percent lower than the citywide median income of $44,180 ($ in dollars). The city appeared to hold out little hope for Ivy City. In late 2004, Deborah Crain, and official in the Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development, argued that all residents of Ivy City should be relocated, and the entire area razed for new commercial or industrial development.
In 2005, the Office of Planning in the D.C. Mayor's Office commissioned a $100,000 study, Northeast Gateway: Many Neighborhoods, One Community, which once more laid out an argument for rapid and intense revitalization of Ivy City. The report recommended that the city redevelop a portion of the neighborhood into a site suitable for a big-box store, and that the city encourage the various auto repair and auto parts stores to work together to build an "auto mall" where these businesses could operate in one place (rather than scattered about the neighborhood). The report also recommended that the city build a recreation center and improve the amount of affordable housing in the area.
Mid-2000s housing bubble and the adult club controversy
Economic conditions in Ivy City began to improve in 2005 as the United States housing bubble began to strengthen. By July 2005, land values in the area had risen appreciably. High-income home buyers began purchasing properties in the neighborhood, driving up prices. By November 20 percent of all home buyers in Ivy City had an income of $75,000 ($ in dollars) or more. Rents rose sharply as property values rose, driving out elderly people on fixed incomes. Developers began flipping older properties and turning industrial buildings into condominiums. By mid-2006, the housing bubble was still going strong, and home prices in Ivy City were still surging. Some new homes sold for as much as $400,000 ($ in dollars) or more.
In February 2006, a major controversy erupted over the relocation of several strip clubs, nearly all of them catering to gay patrons, to Ivy City. The clubs were being forced to move from their long-time locations in the Navy Yard district (a run-down, industrial and warehouse area) due to redevelopment and the construction of Nationals Park, the new home of the Washington Nationals major league baseball team. The controversy erupted after openly-gay D.C. City Council member Jim Graham announced he was sponsoring legislation to allow all eight strip clubs displaced by stadium construction to move to any location zoned for commercial or industrial use so long as it met already-established rules regarding location (e.g., not near schools or residences). Graham's bill temporarily lifted a city requirement that such moves be approved by the District of Columbia Alcoholic Beverage Control Board (ABC Board). Vincent Orange, the council member representing Ward 5, immediately called a meeting of local residents to inform them about Graham's bill. The tone of the meeting, held at a local church, became angry when gay businessman Bob Siegel announced he was considering purchase of a warehouse for use by a gay strip club at 1216 Mount Olivet Road NE. Residents decried the effect that nudity would have on the morals of local youth, and the gay clubs were accused of bringing bestiality into the neighborhood. One resident, noting that gay strip clubs often distributed condoms and personal lubricant free to customers, denounced the clubs as "pleasure pit[s]". Kathryn Pearson-West, a Ward 5 community activist, accused Graham of "picking on" a new council member (Thomas was in his year as Ward 5 council member) and low-income people. Some Ivy City residents argued that racism was at issue and that the city would never have considered putting a cluster of gay strip clubs in a white neighborhood. The club owners said that homosexuality was the real reason for the opposition. Philip Pannell, formerly the liaison to the LGBT community for Mayor Williams, later went much further, angrily denouncing opposition to the clubs as "sheer homophobia", saying that many Ivy City residents "don't fear gay people, they just hate them." Siegel did not purchase the property on Mt. Olivet Road, but did purchase 2120 West Virginia Ave NE and 2046 West Virginia NE. Two other properties were also purchased by gay strip club owners. In May 2007, 50 residents of Ivy City personally lobbied D.C. City Council members against Graham's bill. Over the next month, Ivy City residents held neighborhood rallies and distributed fliers to local residents to drum up opposition to the clubs.
In 2006, the Hecht's Warehouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
On June 5, 2007, the D.C. City Council passed the Graham bill, but with a key new restriction: The bill allowed no more than two adult businesses to move into a given ward. With one adult business already situated in Ivy City (the Skylark Lounge, a strip club for heterosexuals located at 1943 New York Avenue NE) only one additional club could enter Ward 5. With Siegel already having purchased property for his 2120 Club (a gay strip club), that prohibited any other adult clubs, gay or straight, from relocating to Ward 5. But in June 2007, the 2120 Club was shuttered by city officials after the D.C. Zoning Commission discovered that Siegel had listed his property as "office space" rather than an adult business. (A gay adult bookstore and sex club, Glorious Health Club and Art Gallery, moved into the location shortly thereafter.)
Council member Harry Thomas Jr. later significantly altered his opposition to strip clubs in July 2011, when he endorsed heterosexual strip clubs in Ward 5—so long as they were "upscale". That year, the ABC Board approved an alcohol license for a new straight strip club, Club AKA 555, located at 2046 West Virginia Avenue NE. Ivy City residents, who remained largely unaware of the club's application, accused the ABC Board of turning Ivy City into a "dumping ground" for strip clubs and attempting to make the neighborhood "an unofficial red light district". A new citizens' group, the Ivy City Neighborhood Improvement Association, filed suit with the ABC Board to have the club's license revoked. The case remained unresolved as of August 2015. (Thomas later became the first sitting D.C. City Council member to be charged with a felony on January 4, 2012. He was convicted of embezzling more than $350,000 ($ in dollars) in government funds and filing false tax returns. He was sentenced to 38 months in a federal prison and three years of probation.)
The housing bubble burst in late 2007, leading to the Great Recession of 2007 to 2009. Home mortgage foreclosures in Ward 5 were the highest in the city. As property values plunged in Ivy City, D.C. Mayor Adrian Fenty announced a new program in which four developers would transform 37 city-owned distressed properties (apartments and houses) in a six-block area of Ivy City into market-rate and subsidized housing for low-income families. In 2009, the District began implementing the Neighborhood Stabilization Program, which was part of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (signed into law on October 3, 2008). This program provided $3.92 billion to help stabilized neighborhoods deeply affected by the subprime mortgage crisis. The District of Columbia spent $2.8 million ($million in dollars) to help low-income residents purchase homes or save their home from foreclosure.
Controversies and revitalization in the 2010s
Housing prices in Ivy City remained substantially depressed into 2010. In October, Habitat for Humanity began building or renovating 38 townhouses in Ivy City. All the properties would be sold to low-income residents.
The Ivy City rail yard saw new activity beginning in March 2012, when MARC Train, the Maryland regional commuter train line, began construction on three tracks at the rail yard at a cost of $21.3 million ($million in dollars). The tracks were built to store MARC trains during midday layovers, reducing the time needed to get trains to Union Station during morning and afternoon rush hours. Amtrak still maintained some offices at the Ivy City rail yard as of 2013.
After the outcry against adult clubs in Ivy City, there was little opposition to the city's decision to allow medical marijuana to be grown in the neighborhood. The D.C. City Council adopted legislation permitting the cultivation of marijuana for medicinal use in the District of Columbia, and the law took effect in July 2010. Six companies were licensed to grow marijuana for this purpose, and the city granted a license to Holistic Remedies to open a cultivation facility on the 1800 block of Fenwick Street NE in March 2012.
Residents did become angry, however, when D.C. Mayor Vincent C. Gray announced a plan in June 2012 to build a temporary parking lot on the ground of the Crummell School to accommodate 65 intercity passenger buses while a bus terminal near Union Station was being rebuilt. Area activists claimed they had not been consulted before the plan was announced, and they objected to the noise, exhaust fumes, and traffic that they said would plague their neighborhood. When Michael Durso, a staff member in the office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development, met with residents in September 2012, he was verbally assaulted by Ivy City residents. When Mayor Gray declined to reconsider the plan, the citizens sued in D.C. Superior Court. The Washington Post columnist Courtland Milloy argued that Gray's action occurred because Ward 5 council member Harry Thomas Jr. had recently gone to prison and his successor, Kenyan McDuffie, had only been in office a few months. At trial, Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development Victor L. Hoskins admitted that the city did not know what environmental or health laws or regulations it had to meet to relocate the bus parking, and that the cost of the temporary parking lot had never been estimated. Durso testified that at least six sites were considered for the bus parking lot, but only the Ivy City site had the proper zoning, access and space. D.C. Superior Court Judge Judith N. Macaluso, however, ruled on December 10 that the city had "deliberately disregarded" its own laws requiring local neighborhood consultation and that the city had "evaded environmental screening by mischaracterizing the project" on zoning and business occupancy documents. The injunction was temporary, however, and a series of court hearings occurred over the next two years as the city fought to build the parking lot at the Crummell School. In an attempt to stop the parking lot relocation, Ward 3 Councilmember Mary Cheh and Ward 5's Kenyan Duffie worked to secure $1.925million ($million in dollars) in the city's 2015 budget to fund a community center at the Crummell School. The budget deal also included $7million ($million in dollars) to renovate the structure in 2016. The court lifted its injunction in March 2014, after it found that the city was able to justify construction of the bus parking lot at the Crummell School under city and federal health and environmental laws. On April 1, 2014, Gray was defeated in the Democratic primary by D.C. City Council member Muriel Bowser, who went on to win the general election on November 5, 2014. On July 30, 2015, Mayor Bowser announced an end to the city's attempt to put a bus parking lot at the Crummell School. Instead, the city would disperse the buses to parking lots at Buzzard Point, Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium and at curbside spaces around town.
Ivy City still remained in a deep economic depression by 2012. The unemployment rate among neighborhood residents was nearly 50 percent. Although the city planned to turn the Crummell School into a job training center, those plans were put on hold when the temporary parking lot announcement was made. Ivy City's economy was built around the three liquor stores, two take-out restaurants, Love nightclub and D.C. government agencies (the group home, school bus and public works vehicle parking lots, halfway house, and Youth Services Center). The neighborhood had no library, no playground, no day care facility and no community center.
Beginning in late 2012, however, Ivy City began to become a center for craft beer and distilled beverages. In December 2012, Atlas Brew Works announced it would open a craft beer brewery at 2052 West Virginia Avenue NE. Later that month, Green Hat Gin opened a distillery at 1832 Fenwick Street NE.
A third distillery, One Eight Distilling, opened at 1135 Okie Street NE in January 2015, producing gin, vodka, and whiskey.
Ivy City's long-standing stormwater drainage problems began to be addressed in 2013. The solution went back to 2005, when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sued the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (DWSA) for extensive violations of the Clean Water Act. The District of Columbia had a combined sewer system. This meant that when stormwater and sewage were both dumped into the same sewer lines. Whenever precipitation was heavy, such as during a thunderstorm, the system became overwhelmed. The system then dumped mixed water (containing raw sewage and stormwater) into local rivers and streams untreated. This happened so frequently, and in such large amounts, EPA argued it violated federal clean water laws. Under a consent decree, DCWSA agreed to spend $2.6billion ($billion in dollars) to construct six deep storage and conveyance tunnels to control combined sewer overflows into the Anacostia River, Potomac River, and Rock Creek watersheds: The Anacostia River Tunnel, the Blue Plains Tunnel, the First Street Tunnel, the Northeast Boundary Tunnel, the Potomac River Tunnel and the Piney Branch Tunnel (also known as the Rock Creek Tunnel). Meetings with Ivy City residents on the Northeast Boundary Tunnel construction, due to begin in 2017, began to be held in October 2013.
In 2014, a major redevelopment occurred in Ivy City when the Hecht's warehouse began to be renovated into apartments and retail space. The project began to move in December 2007, when Patriot Properties, a real estate development firm based in Philadelphia, purchased the warehouse for $78.5million ($million in dollars). Patriot Properties said it would convert the property into a big-box store. But the Great Recession forced these plans to be rescinded. The bank foreclosed on the property in early 2011, and the loan was purchased by Douglas Development, a privately held local real estate development firm. In January 2014, Douglas Development president Douglas Jemal announced plans to convert the warehouse into a 300-unit apartment building. Jemal said his company would also construct more than 1,000 new parking spaces and add of retail space to the ground floor. Construction began on the parking garage in January 2014, and MOM's Organic Market became the retail space's first anchor tenant. A second major anchor tenant, local bicycle shop BicycleSPACE, moved into the retail space in February 2015, Nike, Inc. opened its first store in D.C. in the retail space on April 3, and Planet Fitness became the fourth anchor on April 20, 2015. Jemal also won a commitment from Mindful Restaurants owner Ari Gejdenson to open three restaurants (one of them serving Italian cuisine) in a space at Hecht's. The redevelopment of the Hecht's Warehouse and addition of retail led Compass Coffee, a local coffee bean roaster with its own small chain of coffee shops, to build a new coffee roasting factory at 1401 Okie Street NE in April 2015. In May 2015, restaurant and bar entrepreneur Joe Englert and real estate investor Langdon Hample purchased 1240 Mount Olivet Road NE for $1.1million ($million in dollars). They announced plans to demolish all existing structures on the site and build a $1million ($million in dollars), building that would house a Rocky Mount Bouldering Corp. sporting gear shop and gymnasium (which will include a high, bouldering climbing wall), a coffee shop, and a beer garden with an outdoor patio.
The development was welcome news in Ivy City. But while the industrial sections along the neighborhood's eastern and western ends and along New York Avenue NE were improving, much of the residential area remained distressed. Nevertheless, property values began to soar significantly, with one home going for $410,000 ($ in dollars)—double the average home price in the area in 2013. In July 2015, the city began holding meetings with Ivy City residents to seek input on what needs the Crummell School redevelopment should meet.
In May 2016, the city's first women-owned distillery, Republic Restoratives, opened at 1369 New York Avenue NE. The tasting room and distillery, located in a former warehouse, produced vodka, but would produce bourbon by 2018.
About the neighborhood
No public school exists within Ivy City itself. The Wheatley Education Campus at 1299 Neal Street NE (about to the south in the Trinidad neighborhood) provides both elementary and middle school education. Dunbar High School at 101 N Street NW (about to the southeast in the Truxton Circle neighborhood) provides high school educational services for local students.
Ivy City is relatively isolated from the Washington Metro. The closest Metro station is the NoMa-Gallaudet U station on the Red Line, located about a block and a half from the intersection of New York Avenue NE and Florida Avenue NE (about a 30-minute walk from Ivy City). The D3, D4, and E2 Metrobus lines serve New York Avenue NE and West Virginia Avenue NE, with the D8 line serving Mt. Olivet Road NE. Ivy City is easily reached by automobile via New York Avenue NE.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Neighborhoods in Northeast (Washington, D.C.)
1873 establishments in Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy%20City |
Claires Court School is a 2–18 all-through private day school and sixth form in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. As one of a small number of diamond schools located in the United Kingdom, it is unique in that while its nursery and sixth form are mixed, Juniors (primary) and Seniors (secondary) are single-sex, though as of 2023, the Juniors will begin to merge into fully coed over the course of the next six years.
History
Founded in 1960 by David and Josephine Wilding, as a day and boarding school for boys aged 6+ to 13, Claires Court grew quickly to 180 pupils by 1970. Ridgeway, originally acquired in 1964 to provide full and weekly boarding accommodation, was converted to be the junior school in 1975 when the age range at the Ray Mill Road East site was extended to 16 year-olds. By 1980 the school roll was approximately 280.
Having joined the teaching staff in September 1975, their son James became Master in charge of the Senior School in January 1981; the previous August the family business had been joined by Hugh as Bursar. In 1993, the Wildings acquired Maidenhead College, an independent day school for girls, formerly known as the Convent of the Nativity. In January 2017, the school continues on three sites; a co-ed Nursery leads to separate single sex boys and girls sections providing education to 16+, the co-ed Sixth form, now in its 25th year, completes the diamond.
Sport
In December 2017, Claires Court under 13 girls won the ISA London West Netball Tournament.
Facilities
On 28 November 2013 and 23 June 2016 the local Maidenhead Advertiser covered plans to coalesce the existing three sites onto that of the Junior Boys school. The converged site had a planned capacity of just under 1200 students. On 4 January 2018 the Maidenhead Advertiser reported that the school had applied for planning permission for the new campus. On 28 August 2019, at a meeting of the Planning Committee, RBWM councillors officially and near unanimously rejected the applications after detailed objections from local residents, who had campaigned for over three years to prevent the loss of greenbelt and against the detrimental environmental and infrastructure effects cited by the council members as the reasons for refusal. The school appealed the decision, but on 21 December 2020 the appeal for the school campus and Hockey club infrastructure was rejected.
Notable former pupils
Notable alumni include:
Farah Zeynep Abdullah, Ali Bastian, Christian Colson, Chris Cracknell, Simon Dennis, Michael Geoghegan, Amber Hill, Nick Kennedy, Nils Mordt, James (Lord) O'Shaughnessy, Ellie Rayer, Mark Richardson, and Ben Sneesby.
Current status
As at the 2017 Annual School Census, 130 teachers and 50 assistants have charge of 1090 pupils, supported by a further 150 ancillary staff. The school has a successful athletics program, and several students have become national champions.
Sport
The School has a very successful rowing club called the Claires Court School Boat Club.
References
External links
Private schools in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead
Boys' schools in Berkshire
Girls' schools in Berkshire
Member schools of the Independent Schools Association (UK)
Educational institutions established in 1960
1960 establishments in England
Maidenhead
Diamond schools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claires%20Court%20School |
Cape St. John is a headland located on the north coast of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Cape St. John forms the northeastern point of the Baie Verte Peninsula and has a high prominent peak with steep cliffs rising to an elevation of 74m that are reddish in colour. The nearest community to Cape St. John is La Scie.
The Treaties of Versailles (1783) ended the French fishing rights between Cape Bonavista and Pointe Riche and a new one was drawn up that included the coastal areas from Cape St. John to Cape Ray. In 1894, the coast between these two capes was divided into eight districts with a fishery warden appointed to each district. In 1904 with the signing of the Entente Cordiale the land and territorial waters of the French Shore was ceded back to the government of Newfoundland.
In 1867, Queen of Swansea ran ashore on Gull Island and in 1884 the Newfoundland government built the Gull Island-Cape St. John lighthouse on the highest point of land on Gull Island.
References
External links
Lighthouse information
St. John | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20St.%20John |
This is a list of individual opera composers and their major works.
The list includes composers' principal operas and those of historical importance in the development of the art form. It covers the full historical period from the birth of opera in the late 16th century to the present day, and includes all forms of opera from light music to more formal styles.
List of operas by composer's last name
A
Michel van der Aa (1970– ): After Life, One
Evald Aav (1900-1939): Vikerlased
Ludwig Abeille (1761–1838): Amor und Psyche, Peter und Ännchen
Paul Abraham (1892–1960): Ball im Savoy, Die Blume von Hawaii, Viki, Viktoria und ihr Husar
Adolphe Adam (1803–1856): Le chalet, Le postillon de Lonjumeau, La poupée de Nuremberg, Si j'étais roi, Le toréador
Mark Adamo (1962– ): Little Women, Lysistrata
John Adams (1947– ): Antony and Cleopatra, The Death of Klinghoffer, Doctor Atomic, A Flowering Tree, El Niño, I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky, Nixon in China
Thomas Adès (1971– ): Powder Her Face, The Tempest, The Exterminating Angel
Samuel Adler (1928– ): The Disappointment
Isaac Albéniz (1860–1909): Henry Clifford, Pepita Jiménez, Merlin
Eugen d'Albert (1864–1932): Flauto solo, Tiefland, Die toten Augen
Tomaso Albinoni (1671–1750): Artamene, Didone abbandonata, Il tiranno eroe, La Statira, Zenobia
Franco Alfano (1875–1954): Cyrano de Bergerac, Risurrezione, Sakùntala
Francisco António de Almeida (c.1702–?1755): La Spinalba
William Alwyn (1905–1985): Miss Julie
Garland Anderson (1933–2001): Soyazhe
Johann André (1741–1799): Erwin und Elmire, Der Töpfer
Mark Andre (1964– ): Wunderzaichen
Hendrik Andriessen (1892–1981): Philomela, De Spiegel uit Venetië
Louis Andriessen (1939– ): Rosa – A Horse Drama, Writing to Vermeer, La Commedia
Pasquale Anfossi (1727–1797): L'avaro, Il curioso indiscreto, La vera costanza
Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1739–1807): Erwin und Elmire
George Antheil (1900–1959): Transatlantic, Helen Retires, Volpone
Francesco Araja (1709–c. 1770): Tsefal i Prokris
Anton Arensky (1861–1906): Dream on the Volga
Dominick Argento (1927– ): Casanova's Homecoming, Christopher Sly, Postcard from Morocco
Thomas Arne (1710–1778): Alfred, Artaxerxes, Comus, The Cooper, Eliza, The Fairy Prince, Love in a Village, Rosamond, Thomas and Sally
Samuel Arnold (1740–1802): The Baron Kinkvervankotsdorsprakingatchdern, Inkle and Yarico
Leo Ascher (1880–1942): Hoheit tanzt Walzer
Daniel Auber (1782–1871): Le cheval de bronze, Les diamants de la couronne, Le domino noir, Fra Diavolo, Gustave III, Haydée, Manon Lescaut, La muette de Portici, La part du diable
Edmond Audran (1842–1901): La mascotte, Les noces d'Olivette
Svitlana Azarova (1976– ): Momo og tidstyvene
B
Grażyna Bacewicz (1909–1969): The Adventure of King Arthur
Johann Christian Bach (1735–1782): Temistocle, Amadis de Gaule
Michael William Balfe (1808–1870): The Bohemian Girl, The Maid of Artois, The Rose of Castille, L'étoile de Seville, The Siege of Rochelle
Granville Bantock (1868–1946): The Seal Woman
Samuel Barber (1910–1981): Antony and Cleopatra, A Hand of Bridge, Vanessa
Francisco A. Barbieri (1823–1894): Jugar con fuego, Los diamantes de la corona, El barberillo de Lavapiés
John Barnett (1802–1890): Mountain Sylph, Fair Rosamond, Farinelli
Gerald Barry (1952– ): The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant, The Importance of Being Earnest
Jiří Bárta (1935–2012): Čitra (Chitra)
Béla Bartók (1881–1945): Bluebeard's Castle
Jan Zdeněk Bartoš (1908–1981): Prokletý zámek (The Cursed Mansion)
Franco Battiato (1945–2021): Genesi, Gilgamesh, Messa arcaica, Il cavaliere dell'intelletto
Amy Beach (1867–1944): Cabildo
Jack Beeson (1921–2010): Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines, Hello Out There, Lizzie Borden, The Sweet Bye and Bye
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827): Fidelio
Ján Levoslav Bella (1843–1936): Wieland der Schmied
Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835): Adelson e Salvini, Beatrice di Tenda, Bianca e Fernando (Bianca e Gernando), I Capuleti e i Montecchi, Norma, Il pirata, I puritani, La sonnambula, La straniera, Zaira
Ralph Benatzky (1884–1957): Bezauberndes Fräulein, Meine Schwester und ich, The White Horse Inn (Im weißen Rößl)
Georg Benda (1722–1795): Ariadne auf Naxos, Medea, Pygmalion, Romeo und Julie, Walder
Julius Benedict (1804–1885): The Lily of Killarney
Arthur Benjamin (1893–1960): The Devil Take Her
George Benjamin (composer) (1960– ): Written on Skin, Lessons in Love and Violence
Tim Benjamin (1975– ): The Corley Conspiracy
Richard Rodney Bennett (1936–2012): The Mines of Sulphur
Maksym Berezovsky (1745–1777): Demofonte
Alban Berg (1885–1935): Lulu, Wozzeck
Erik Bergman (1911–2006): The Singing Tree
Luciano Berio (1925–2003): Opera, La vera storia, Un re in ascolto, Outis, Cronaca del luogo
Lennox Berkeley (1903–1989): Nelson, Ruth
Michael Berkeley (1948– ): Baa, Baa, Black Sheep, For You, Jane Eyre
Hector Berlioz (1803–1869): Béatrice et Bénédict, Benvenuto Cellini, La damnation de Faust, Les francs-juges, Les Troyens
Leonard Bernstein (1918–1990): Candide, A Quiet Place, Trouble in Tahiti, West Side Story
Louise Bertin (1805–1877): La Esmeralda, Le loup-garou
Franz Berwald (1796–1868): The Queen of Golconda, Estrella de Soria, I enter a monastery, The Modiste
Oscar Bianchi (1975– ): Thanks to My Eyes
Francesco Bianchi (1752–1810): Alonso e Cora, Arbace, Calto, Castore e Polluce, La morte di Cesare, Seleuco, re di Siria, La villanella rapita, Zemira
Harrison Birtwistle (1934–2022): Gawain, The Io Passion, The Last Supper, The Mask of Orpheus, The Minotaur, The Second Mrs Kong, Punch and Judy, Yan Tan Tethera
Georges Bizet (1838–1875): Carmen, Djamileh, Le docteur Miracle, Don Procopio, Ivan IV, La jolie fille de Perth, La maison du docteur, Les pêcheurs de perles
Terence Blanchard (1962– ): Champion, Fire Shut Up in My Bones
Arthur Bliss (1891–1975): The Olympians, Tobias and the Angel
Marc Blitzstein (1905–1964): Regina
Ernest Bloch (1880–1959): Macbeth
Vilém Blodek (1834–1874): In the Well (V studni)
Karl-Birger Blomdahl (1916–1968): Aniara
John Blow (1649–1708): Venus and Adonis
Luigi Boccherini (1743–1805): Clementina
Philippe Boesmans (1936– ): Julie, La passion de Gilles, Reigen, Wintermärchen
Craig Bohmler (1956– ): Riders of the Purple Sage
François-Adrien Boieldieu (1775–1834): Le calife de Bagdad, La dame blanche
Joseph Bodin de Boismortier (1689–1755): Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse
Arrigo Boito (1842–1918): Mefistofele, Nerone
William Bolcom (1938– ): A View from the Bridge, A Wedding, McTeague
Joseph Bologne (1745–1799): L'amant anonyme
Antonio Maria Bononcini (1677–1726): Griselda
Giovanni Bononcini (1670–1747): Muzio Scevola, Xerse, Griselda, Almahide, Camilla
Alexander Borodin (1833–1887): Prince Igor (Knyaz Igor)
Rutland Boughton (1878–1960): The Immortal Hour
Antonio Braga (1929– ): 1492 epopea lirica d'America, San Domenico di Guzman
Walter Braunfels (1882–1954): Prinzessin Brambilla, Verkündigung, Die Vögel
Eef van Breen (1978– ): ’u’
Nicolae Bretan (1887–1968): Arald, Golem, Horia, Luceafarul
Tomás Bretón (1850–1923): La verbena de la Paloma, La Dolores
Benjamin Britten (1913–1976): Albert Herring, Billy Budd, The Burning Fiery Furnace, Curlew River, Death in Venice, Gloriana, The Little Sweep, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Noye's Fludde, Owen Wingrave, Paul Bunyan, Peter Grimes, The Prodigal Son, The Rape of Lucretia, The Turn of the Screw
Rudolf Brucci (1917–2002): Gilgamesh
Max Bruch (1838–1920): Die Loreley
Arthur Bruhns (1874–1928): Ib and Little Christina
Ignaz Brüll (1846–1907): Das goldene Kreuz
Alfred Bruneau (1857–1934): Angelo, L'attaque du moulin, L'enfant roi, Messidor, L'ouragan, La rêve
Joanna Bruzdowicz (1943– ): The Penal Colony, The Women of Troy, The Gates of Paradise
Mark Bucci (1924–2002): Tale for a Deaf Ear
August Bungert (1845–1915): Die Odyssee
Anthony Burgess (1917–1993): Blooms of Dublin
Paul Burkhard (1911–1977): Feuerwerk (Der schwarze Hecht), Hopsa
Keith Burstein (1957– ): Manifest Destiny
Alan Bush (1900–1995): Men of Blackmoor, Wat Tyler, Joe Hill
Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924): Arlecchino, Die Brautwahl, Doktor Faust, Turandot
Sylvano Bussotti (1931–2021): La Passion selon Sade, Le Racine
C
Francesca Caccini (1587–1630/1640): La liberazione di Ruggiero
Giulio Caccini (1551–1618): Euridice, Il rapimento di Cefalo
John Cage (1912–1992): Europeras
Robert Cambert (c.1627–1677): Pomone
André Campra (1660–1744): Alcine, Les âges, Le carnaval de Venise, L'Europe galante, Les fêtes vénitiennes, Hésione, Idoménée, Iphigénie en Tauride, Tancrède
Michele Carafa (1787–1872): La belle au bois dormant
David Carlson (1952– ): The Midnight Angel, Anna Karenina
Frank Osmond Carr (1858–1916): His Excellency
Pavlos Carrer (1829–1896): Dante e Bice, Isabella d'Aspeno, La Rediviva, Marcos Botsaris, Fior di Maria, I Kyra Frossyni, Maria Antonietta, Despo, Marathon – Salamis
Elliott Carter (1908–2012): What Next?
Alfredo Catalani (1854–1893): Loreley, La Wally
Daniel Catán (1949–2011): Rappaccini's Daughter, Florencia en el Amazonas, Salsipuedes
Eduard Caudella (1841–1924): Commandant Baltag, Petru Rareş
Emilio de' Cavalieri (c. 1550–1602): Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo
Francesco Cavalli (1602–1676): Gli amori d'Apollo e di Dafne, Artemisia, Calisto, Ciro, Coriolano, Didone, Doriclea, Egisto, Elena, Eliogabalo, Ercole amante, Erismena, Eritrea, Giasone, Hipermestra, Orimonte, Orione, Oristeo, Ormindo, Mutio Scevola, Le nozze di Teti e di Peleo, Pompeo Magno, Rosinda, Scipione affricano, Statira principessa di Persia, Veremonda, La virtù dei strali d'Amore, Xerse
Ludvík Čelanský (1870–1931): Kamilla
Alfred Cellier (1844–1891): After All!, The Carp, Dora's Dream, Doris, Dorothy, In the Sulks, The Mountebanks, The Spectre Knight, The Sultan of Mocha, Topsyturveydom
François Cellier (1849–1914): Captain Billy
Friedrich Cerha (1926–2023): Baal, Der Rattenfänger, Der Riese von Steinfeld
Antonio Cesti (1623–1669): Orontea, Il pomo d'oro
Emmanuel Chabrier (1841–1894): Briséïs, Une éducation manquée, L'étoile, Fisch-Ton-Kan, Gwendoline, Le roi malgré lui
Ruperto Chapí (1851–1909): Roger de Flor, Música clásica, La serenata, Las bravías, La revoltosa, El puñao de rosas, Margarita la tornera
Gustave Charpentier (1860–1956): Julien, Louise
Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1643–1704): Actéon, Les arts florissants, David et Jonathas, La descente d'Orphée aux enfers, Médée, Les plaisirs de Versailles
Francis Chassaigne (1847–1922): Le droit d'aînesse
Ernest Chausson (1855–1899): Le roi Arthus
Carlos Chávez (1899–1978): The Visitors
Deborah Cheetham (fl. 2011): Pecan Summer
Luigi Cherubini (1760–1842): Les Abencérages, Anacréon, Le crescendo, Les deux journées, Eliza, Faniska, L'hôtellerie portugaise, Lodoïska, Médée, Pimmalione
Unsuk Chin (1961– ): Alice in Wonderland
Michael Ching (1958– ): Buoso's Ghost, A Midsummer Night's Dream: Opera A Cappella, Speed Dating Tonight!
Francesco Cilea (1866–1950): Adriana Lecouvreur, L'arlesiana, Gloria
Domenico Cimarosa (1749–1801): L'Armida immaginaria, Le astuzie femminili, La Cleopatra, Le donne rivali, La finta parigina, Giannina e Bernardone, L'impresario in angustie, Il maestro di cappella, Il matrimonio segreto, Gli Orazi e i Curiazi
Frederic Clay (1838–1889): Ages Ago, The Gentleman in Black, Happy Arcadia, Princess Toto
Thomas Clayton (1673–1725): Rosamond, Arsinoe, Queen of Cyprus
Carlo Coccia (1782–1873): Arrighetto, Caterina di Guisa, Clotilde
Juan J. Colomer (1966–): El Pintor, Dulcinea XL
Paul Constantinescu (1909–1963): Pana Lesnea Rusalim, A stormy night, O noapte furtunoasa
David Conte (1955– ): The Dreamers, Gift of the Magi
Aaron Copland (1900–1990): The Second Hurricane, The Tender Land
Azio Corghi (1937–2022): Il dissoluto assolto, Divara – Wasser und Blut
John Corigliano (1938– ): The Ghosts of Versailles
Peter Cornelius (1824–1874): Der Barbier von Bagdad, Der Cid, Gunlöd
Noël Coward (1899–1973): Bitter Sweet
Frederic Hymen Cowen (1852–1935): Harold or the Norman Conquest, Pauline, Signa, Thorgrim
César Cui (1835–1918): Angelo, The Captain's Daughter, Feast in Time of Plague, Le flibustier, Ivan the Fool, Little Red Riding Hood, Mademoiselle Fifi, The Mandarin's Son, Mateo Falcone, Prisoner of the Caucasus, Puss in Boots, The Saracen, The Snow Bogatyr, William Ratcliff
César Cui, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky, Alexander Borodin: Mlada
Douglas J. Cuomo (1958– ): Doubt
Charles Cuvillier (1877–1955): Lilac Domino
Chaya Czernowin (1957– ): Pnima...ins Innere, Adama
D
Nicolas Dalayrac (1753–1809): L'amant statue, Les deux petits savoyards, Nina
Luigi Dallapiccola (1904–1975): Job, Il prigioniero, Ulisse, Volo di notte
Ikuma Dan (1924–2001): Yūzuru (Twilight Crane), Takeru
Richard Danielpour (1956– ): Margaret Garner
Alexander Dargomyzhsky (1813–1869): Rusalka, The Stone Guest (Kammeny Gost)
Michael Kevin Daugherty (1954– ): Jackie O
Antoine Dauvergne (1713–1797): Les troqueurs
Peter Maxwell Davies (1934–2016): The Doctor of Myddfai, Eight Songs for a Mad King, Kommilitonen!, The Lighthouse, The Martyrdom of St Magnus, Mr Emmet Takes a Walk, Resurrection, Taverner
Victor Davies (1939– ): Transit of Venus
Anthony Davis (1951– ): X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X, Under the Double Moon, Tania, Amistad, Wakonda's Dream
Don Davis (1957– ): Río de Sangre
Claude Debussy (1862–1918): Pelléas et Mélisande, Rodrigue et Chimène, Le diable dans le beffroi, La chute de la maison Usher
Reginald De Koven (1859–1920): The Canterbury Pilgrims (De Koven)
Brett Dean (1961– ): Bliss
Miguel del Aguila (1957– ): Time and Again Barelas
Léo Delibes (1836–1891): Jean de Nivelle, Lakmé, Le roi l'a dit
Frederick Delius (1862–1934): Fennimore and Gerda, Koanga, A Village Romeo and Juliet (Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe)
Rudolf Dellinger (1857–1910): Don Cesar
Norman Dello Joio (1913–2008): The Triumph of St. Joan
Edison Denisov (1929–1996): Soldier Ivan (Ivan-Soldat), L'écume des jours, Quatre filles
Henri Desmarets (1661–1741): Didon, Vénus et Adonis, Iphigénie en Tauride
Paul Dessau (1894–1979): Die Verurteilung des Lukullus, Einstein
André Cardinal Destouches (1672–1749): Callirhoé, Les élémens, Issé
Anton Diabelli (1781–1858): Adam in der Klemme
Charles Dibdin (1745–1814): The Ephesian Matron, Lionel and Clarissa, The Padlock, The Recruiting Serjeant.
David DiChiera (1935– ): Cyrano
Violeta Dinescu (1953– ): Hunger und Durst, Der 35 Mai, Eréndira, Schachnovelle, Herzriss
Gaetano Donizetti (1797–1848): Adelia, L'ajo nell'imbarazzo, Alahor in Granata, Alfredo il grande, Alina, regina di Golconda, L'Ange de Nisida, Anna Bolena, L'assedio di Calais, Belisario, Betly, Il campanello, Il castello di Kenilworth, Caterina Cornaro, Le convenienze ed inconvenienze teatrali, Il diluvio universale, Le duc d'Albe, Dom Sébastien, Don Pasquale, L'elisir d'amore, Elvida, Emilia di Liverpool, Enrico di Borgogna, L'esule di Roma, Fausta, La favorite (La favorita), La fille du régiment, Francesca di Foix, Gabriella di Vergy, Gemma di Vergy, Gianni di Calais, Gianni di Parigi, Imelda de' Lambertazzi, Linda di Chamounix, Lucia di Lammermoor, Lucrezia Borgia, Maria di Rohan, Maria de Rudenz, Maria Padilla, Maria Stuarda, Marino Faliero, Olivo e Pasquale, Otto mesi in due ore, Il Pigmalione, Parisina, Pia de' Tolomei, Pietro il grande, Poliuto, Rita, Roberto Devereux, Rosmonda d'Inghilterra, Torquato Tasso, Ugo, conte di Parigi, La zingara, Zoraida di Granata
Nico Dostal (1895–1981): , , , Die ungarische Hochzeit
Jonathan Dove (1959– ): The Adventures of Pinocchio, Flight
Sabin Drăgoi (1894–1968): Constantin Brâncoveanu, Horia, Kir Ianulea, The Misfortune (Napasta)
Deborah Drattell (1956– ): Lilith, Nicholas and Alexandra
Paul Dukas (1865–1935): Ariane et Barbe-Bleue
Thomas Dunhill (1877–1946): Tantivy Towers
Egidio Romualdo Duni (1708–1775): L'école de la jeunesse, La fée Urgèle, Le peintre amoureux de son modèle
Pascal Dusapin (1955– ): Medeamaterial, Perelà, uomo di fumo
Alphonse Duvernoy (1842–1907): Le Baron Frick, Hellé
Antonín Dvořák (1841–1904): Alfred, Armida, The Cunning Peasant, The Devil and Kate (Čert a Káča), Dimitrij, The Jacobin (Jakobín), King and Charcoal Burner, Rusalka, The Stubborn Lovers (Tvrdé palice), Vanda
E
John Eaton (1935–2015 ): The Cry of Clytaemnestra, Danton and Robespierre, The Tempest
John Eccles (1668–1735): Semele, The Judgement of Paris
Werner Egk (1901–1983): Peer Gynt, Die Verlobung in San Domingo, Die Zaubergeige
Gottfried von Einem (1918–1996): Der Besuch der alten Dame, Dantons Tod, Kabale und Liebe, Der Prozess
George Enescu (1881–1955): Œdipe
Péter Eötvös (1944– ): Tri sestry, Love and Other Demons, Der goldene Drache
Ferenc Erkel (1810–1893): Bánk bán, Hunyadi László
Camille Erlanger (1863–1919): Le Juif Polonais
Iván Erőd (1936–2019 ): La doncella, el marinero y el estudiante, Die Seidenraupen, Orpheus ex Machina, Der Füssener Totentanz, Die Liebesprobe, Pünktchen und Anton
Edmund Eysler (1874–1949): Bruder Straubinger, Die gold'ne Meisterin
F
Franco Faccio (1840–1891): Amleto
Leo Fall (1873–1925): , Die Dollarprinzessin, Der fidele Bauer, Die geschiedene Frau, Der liebe Augustin (English version: Princess Caprice), Madame Pompadour
Manuel de Falla (1876–1946): Los amores de la Inés, El retablo de maese Pedro, La vida breve
Gabriel Fauré (1845–1924): Pénélope, Prométhée
Giuseppe Farinelli (1769–1836): Calliroe, Il Cid della Spagna, I riti d'Efeso
Ivan Fedele (1953– ): Antigone
Morton Feldman (1926–1987): Neither
Francesco Feo (1691–1761): Andromaca
Brian Ferneyhough (1943– ): Shadowtime
Lorenzo Ferrero (1951– ): Rimbaud, ou le fils du soleil, Marilyn, La figlia del mago, Mare nostro, Night, Salvatore Giuliano, Charlotte Corday, Le Bleu-blanc-rouge et le noir, La nascita di Orfeo, La Conquista, Le piccole storie: Ai margini delle guerre, Risorgimento!
Henry Février (1875–1957): Monna Vanna
Zdeněk Fibich (1850–1900): Blaník, The Bride of Messina (Nevěsta messinská), Bukovín, The Fall of Arkun (Pád Arkuna), Hedy, Šárka, The Tempest (Bouře)
Vivian Fine (1913–2000): The Women in the Garden
Gottfried Finger (c. 1660–1730): The Virgin Prophetess
Michael Finnissy (1946– ): Thérèse Raquin
Valentino Fioravanti (1764–1837): Le cantatrici villane
Elena Firsova (1950– ): A Feast in Time of Plague (Pir vo vremya chumy), The Nightingale and the Rose
Domenico Fischietti (c. 1725–after c. 1810): , ,
Veniamin Fleishman (1913–1941): Rothschild's Violin
Friedrich von Flotow (1812–1883): Alessandro Stradella, Martha
Carlisle Floyd (1926– ): Cold Sassy Tree, Flower and Hawk, Of Mice and Men, Slow Dusk, Susannah, Willie Stark, Wuthering Heights
Josef Bohuslav Foerster (1859–1951): Debora, Eva, Jessika, The Invincible Ones (Nepřemožení), The Heart (Srdce), The Fool a.k.a. The Simpleton (Bloud)
Yevstigney Fomin (1761–1800): Postal Coachmen at the Relay Station (Yamshchiki na podstave)
Ernest Ford (1858–1919): Jane Annie
Jacopo Foroni (1825–1858): Cristina, regina di Svezia
Wolfgang Fortner (1907–1987): Bluthochzeit
Lukas Foss (1922–2009): The Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, Griffelkin, Introductions and Good-byes
Alberto Franchetti (1860–1942): Cristoforo Colombo, Germania, Asrael, La figlia di Iorio
César Franck (1822–1890): Hulda, Ghiselle
François Francoeur (1698–1787) and François Rebel (1701–1775): Pirame et Thisbé, Scanderberg
Harold Fraser-Simson (1872–1944): The Maid of the Mountains
Rudolf Friml (1879–1972): The Firefly, Rose-Marie, The Vagabond King
G
Marco da Gagliano (1582–1643): Dafne
Baldassare Galuppi (1706–1785): Il filosofo di campagna, L'inimico delle donne (L'italiana in Oriente)
Hans Gál (1890–1987): Der Arzt der Sobeide, Die heilige Ente, Das Lied der Nacht, Die beiden Klaas
Louis Ganne (1862–1923): Les saltimbanques
Francesco Gasparini (1661–1727): Ambleto, Tamerlano, Bajazet
Florian Leopold Gassmann (1729–1774): L'amore artigiano, La notte critica
Stanislao Gastaldon (1861–1939): Mala Pasqua!
Pierre Gaveaux (1761–1825): Le trompeur trompé
Joaquín Gaztambide (1822–1870): El estreno de una artista, El juramento, Un pleito, Una vieja
Giuseppe Gazzaniga (1743–1818): Antigono, Il barone di Trocchia, Don Giovanni Tenorio, La donna astuta, Ezio, Il finto cieco
Pietro Generali (1773–1832): Adelina
Roberto Gerhard (1896–1970): The Duenna
Edward German (1862–1936): The Emerald Isle (with Arthur Sullivan), Fallen Fairies, Merrie England, A Princess of Kensington, The Rival Poets, Tom Jones
Thomas German Reed (1817–1888): Eyes and No Eyes, No Cards, Our Island Home, A Sensation Novel
George Gershwin (1898–1937): Blue Monday, Porgy and Bess
Ottmar Gerster (1897–1969): Enoch Arden, Die Hexe von Passau
Geminiano Giacomelli (1692–1740): La Merope
Vittorio Giannini (1903–1966): Blennerhassett, The Taming of the Shrew
Jean Gilbert (1879–1942): Die keusche Susanne
Alberto Ginastera (1916–1983): Bomarzo, Beatrix Cenci, Don Rodrigo
Umberto Giordano (1867–1948): La cena delle beffe, Andrea Chénier, Fedora, Madame Sans-Gêne, Mese mariano, Il re, Siberia
Peggy Glanville-Hicks (1912–1990): Nausicaa, The Transposed Heads
Philip Glass (1937– ): 1000 Airplanes on the Roof, Akhnaten, Appomattox, La Belle et la bête, The Civil Wars: A Tree Is Best Measured When It Is Down, O Corvo Branco, Einstein on the Beach, The Fall of the House of Usher, Galileo Galilei, Hydrogen Jukebox, The Juniper Tree, Kepler, Monsters of Grace, The Photographer, Satyagraha, The Voyage
Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857): A Life for the Tsar (Zhizn za tsarya), Ruslan and Lyudmila
Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787): Alceste, L'arbre enchanté, Armide, Le cadi dupé, Le cinesi, La Cythère assiégée, Le diable à quatre, Echo et Narcisse, La fausse esclave, Le feste d'Apollo, L'ile de Merlin, Iphigénie en Aulide, Iphigénie en Tauride, L'ivrogne corrigé, Orfeo ed Euridice, Paride ed Elena, La rencontre imprévue, Telemaco
Benjamin Godard (1849–1895): Jocelyn
Alexander Goedicke (1877–1957): Virineya (Виринея), At the Crossing (У перевоза), Jacquerie (opera) (Жакерия), Macbeth (Goedicke) (Макбет)
Alexander Goehr (1932– ): Arden Must Die, Arianna, Behold the Sun, Triptych
Hermann Goetz (1840–1876): Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung
Walter Goetze (1883–1961): Der goldene Pierrot, Ihre Hoheit, die Tänzerin
Karl Goldmark (1830–1915): Das Heimchen am Herd, Die Königin von Saba
Osvaldo Golijov (1960– ): Ainadamar
Antônio Carlos Gomes (1836–1896): Condor, Fosca, Il Guarany, Joana de Flandres, Lo schiavo, Maria Tudor, A noite do castelo, Salvator Rosa
Fernando González Casellas (1925–1998): Saverio el Cruel
Ricky Ian Gordon (1956– ): The Grapes of Wrath
François-Joseph Gossec (1734–1829): Les pêcheurs, Sabinus, Thésée, Le tonnelier, Le triomphe de la République
Jakov Gotovac (1895–1982): Ero s onoga svijeta (Ero the Joker)
Charles Gounod (1818–1893): Cinq-Mars, La colombe, Faust, Maître Pierre, Le médecin malgré lui, Mireille, La nonne sanglante, Philémon et Baucis, Polyeucte, La reine de Saba, Roméo et Juliette, Sapho, Le tribut de Zamora
Orlando Gough (1953–): The Finnish Prisoner
Louis Grabu (fl. 1665–1690, died after 1693): Albion and Albanius
Paul Graener (1872–1944): Hanneles Himmelfahrt
Enrique Granados (1867–1916): Goyescas, María del Carmen
Bruno Granichstaedten (1879–1944): Der Orlow
Carl Heinrich Graun (1704–1759): Montezuma
Maurice Greene (1696–1755): Florimel, Phoebe
André Grétry (1741–1813): L'amant jaloux, Andromaque, Aucassin et Nicolette, La caravane du Caire, Colinette à la cour, L’épreuve villageoise, Les deux avares, Guillaume Tell, Le Huron, Le jugement de Midas, Lucile, Les mariages samnites, Pierre le Grand, Richard Coeur-de-lion, Le tableau parlant, Zémire et Azor
George Grossmith (1847–1912): Haste to the Wedding, Cups and Saucers
Jacinto Guerrero (1895–1951): El huésped del Sevillano
Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi (1728–1804): Alceste, La bella pescatrice, La pastorella nobile, Il ratto della sposa, Lo spirito di contradizione, La sposa fedele
Manfred Gurlitt (1890–1973): Wozzeck
H
Pavel Haas (1899–1944): Šarlatán
Alois Hába (1893–1973): The Mother
Henry Kimball Hadley (1871–1937): Azora, the Daughter of Montezuma, Bianca, Cleopatra's Night, A Night in Old Paris, Safié
Daron Hagen (1961– ): Amelia, Shining Brow, Bandanna, Vera of Las Vegas, The Antient Concert, New York Stories
Reynaldo Hahn (1874–1947): Ciboulette
Jakob Haibel (1762–1826): Der Tyroler Wastel
Fromental Halévy (1799–1862): L'artisan, Charles VI, L'éclair, Jaguarita l'Indienne, Le Juif errant, La Juive, Ludovic, Le nabab, Noé, La reine de Chypre, Le val d'Andorre
Iain Hamilton (1922–2000): Anna Karenina, The Catiline Conspiracy, The Royal Hunt of the Sun
George Frideric Handel (1685–1759): Acis and Galatea, Admeto, Agrippina, Alcina, Alessandro, Alessandro Severo, Almira, Amadigi di Gaula, Arianna in Creta, Ariodante, Arminio, Atalanta, Berenice, Deidamia, Ezio, Faramondo, Flavio, Floridante, Florindo, Giove in Argo, Giulio Cesare, Giustino, Hercules, Imeneo, Lotario, Muzio Scevola, Oreste, Orlando, Ottone, Parnasso in festa, Partenope, Il pastor fido, Poro, Radamisto, Riccardo Primo, Rinaldo, Rodelinda, Rodrigo, Samson, Scipione, Semele, Serse, Silla, Siroe, Sosarme, Tamerlano, Teseo, Theodora, Tolomeo
Howard Hanson (1896–1981): Merry Mount
Kazuko Hara (1935–2014): Crime and Punishment, Yosakoi Bushi
John Harbison (1938– ): The Great Gatsby
Stephen Hartke (1952– ): The Greater Good, or the Passion of Boule de Suif
Johann Adolph Hasse (1699–1783): Artaserse, Antonio e Cleopatra, Cleofide, Piramo e Tisbe, Siroe, Il Ruggiero
Joseph Haydn (1732–1809): L'anima del filosofo, Armida, La canterina, La fedeltà premiata, L'infedeltà delusa, L'isola disabitata, Il mondo della luna, Orlando paladino, Lo speziale, La vera costanza, L'incontro improvviso
Jake Heggie (1961– ): Dead Man Walking, The End of the Affair, Last Acts
Peter Arnold Heise (1830–1879): Drot og marsk
Moya Henderson (1941– ): Lindy
Hans Werner Henze (1926–2012): The Bassarids, Boulevard Solitude, Elegy for Young Lovers, The English Cat, Der junge Lord, König Hirsch, Phaedra, Der Prinz von Homburg, L'Upupa und der Triumph der Sohnesliebe, Venus und Adonis, Das verratene Meer, We Come to the River
Victor Herbert (1859–1924): Babes in Toyland, Dream City, The Dream Girl, Eileen, The Fortune Teller, The Magic Knight, Mlle. Modiste, Natoma, Naughty Marietta, Prince Ananias, The Princess Pat, The Red Mill, The Serenade, Sweethearts, The Wizard of the Nile
Ferdinand Hérold (1791–1833): Le pré aux clercs, Zampa
Bernard Herrmann (1911–1975): Wuthering Heights
Philippe Hersant (1948– ): Le Château des Carpathes, Le Moine noir
Hervé (1825–1892): Chilpéric, Don Quichotte et Sancho Pança, Mam'zelle Nitouche
Richard Heuberger (1850–1914): Der Opernball
Juan Hidalgo de Polanco (1614–1685): Celos aun del aire matan, Los celos hacen estrellas, La púrpura de la rosa
Johann Adam Hiller (1728–1804): Die Jagd, Lisuart und Dariolette, Lottchen am Hofe, Die verwandelten Weiber
Paul Hindemith (1895–1963): Cardillac, Die Harmonie der Welt, Hin und zurück, Lehrstück, The Long Christmas Dinner, Mathis der Maler, Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen, Neues vom Tage, Das Nusch-Nuschi, Sancta Susanna, Wir bauen eine Stadt
Emil Hlobil (1901–1987): Anna Karenina, Měšťák šlechticem (Le Bourgeois gentilhomme), Král Václav IV (King Wenceslaus IV)
Lee Hoiby (1926–2011): The Scarf, Summer and Smoke
E. T. A. Hoffmann (1776–1822): Undine
Igo Hofstetter (1926–2002): Roulette der Herzen, Alles spricht von Charpillon, Schach dem Boss
York Höller (1944– ): Der Meister und Margarita
Heinz Holliger (1939– ): Schneewittchen
Gustav Holst (1874–1934): The Revoke, The Idea, The Youth's Choice, Sita, At the Boar's Head, The Perfect Fool, Savitri, The Wandering Scholar
Ignaz Holzbauer (1711–1783): Günther von Schwarzburg
Arthur Honegger (1892–1955): Judith, Antigone, Les aventures du roi Pausole, La belle de Moudon, Les petites, L'aiglon (with Jacques Ibert)
Toshio Hosokawa (1955– ): Vision of Lear, Hanjo
Jenő Hubay (1858–1937): Alienor, A cremonai hegedűs (The Violin Maker of Cremona), (The Village Vagabond), Moharózsa (Moss Rose), Lavotta szerelme, Karenina Anna (Anna Karenina), Az álarc (The Mask), A milói Vénusz (The Venus de Milo), Az önző óriás (The Selfish Giant; based on the story by Oscar Wilde)
Engelbert Humperdinck (1854–1921): Hänsel und Gretel, Königskinder
Ilja Hurník (1922–2013): Dáma a lupiči (The Lady and the Robbers), (Wisemen and Fools), Rybáři v síti (Fishermen in Their Own Nets), Oldřich a Boženka (Oldřich and Boženka)
Jenő Huszka (1875–1960): Aranyvirág, Prince Bob (Bob herceg), Gül Baba, Baroness Lili (Lili bárónő), Tilos a Bemenet (No Entry)
Ketil Hvoslef (1939– ): Barabbas
Jason Kao Hwang (1957– ): The Floating Box: A Story in Chinatown
I
Vincent d'Indy (1851–1931): Le chant de la cloche, L'étranger, Fervaal, La légende de Saint-Christophe, Le rêve de Cinyras
Nicolas Isouard (1775–1818): Cendrillon, Joconde, Les rendez-vous bourgeois
J
Victor Jacobi (1883–1921): The Bravest Hussar, The Haughty Princess, The Marriage Market, Szibill
Edward Jakobowski (1858–1927): Erminie
Leoš Janáček (1854–1928): The Beginning of a Romance (Počátek Románu), The Cunning Little Vixen (Příhody lišky Bystroušky), Destiny (Osud), The Excursions of Mr. Brouček to the Moon and to the 15th Century (Výlet pana Broučka do XV století/Výlet pana Broučka do Měsíce), From the House of the Dead (Z mrtvého domu), Jenůfa (Její pastorkyňa), Káťa Kabanová, The Makropulos Affair (Věc Makropulos), Šárka
Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (1665–1729): Céphale et Procris
Georg Jarno (1868–1920): Die Försterchristl
Leon Jessel (1871–1942): Schwarzwaldmädel
Alan John (1958– ): The Eighth Wonder, Through the Looking Glass
Niccolò Jommelli (1714–1774): Armida abbandonata, Demofoonte, Fetonte, Iphigenia in Tauride, L'Olimpiade, La schiava liberata, L'uccelellatrice, Vologeso
Scott Joplin (1868–1917): A Guest of Honor, Treemonisha
Wilfred Josephs (1927–1997): Rebecca
K
Emmerich Kálmán (1882–1953): Arizona Lady, Die Bajadere, Gräfin Mariza, Die Csárdásfürstin, Zsuzsi kisasszony, Die Herzogin von Chicago, Kaiserin Josephine, Marinka, Az obsitos (The Soldier on Leave), Tatárjárás, Das Veilchen vom Montmartre, Der Zigeunerprimas (The Gipsy Virtuoso), Die Zirkusprinzessin
Manolis Kalomiris (1883–1962): Protomastoras, The ring of the mother, Anatoli (opera), , Konstantinos Palaiologos
Rudolf Kattnigg (1895–1955): Balkanliebe
Nigel Keay (1955– ): At the Hawk's Well
Reinhard Keiser (1674–1739): Croesus, Fredegunda, Masagniello, Octavia, Ulysses
Jerome Kern (1885–1945): Show Boat
Wilhelm Kienzl (1857–1941): Der Evangelimann, Der Kuhreigen
Leanna Kirchoff: The Clever Artifice of Harriet and Margaret
Giselher Klebe (1925–2009): Alkmene, Chlestakows Wiederkehr, Die Ermordung Cäsars, Die Fastnachtsbeichte, Figaro läßt sich scheiden, Gervaise Macquart, Jacobowsky und der Oberst, Der Jüngste Tag, Das Mädchen aus Domrémy, Das Märchen von der schönen Lilie, Die Räuber, Das Rendezvous, Die tödlichen Wünsche, Ein wahrer Held
Alexander Knaifel (1943– ): The Canterville Ghost (), Alice in Wonderland
Oliver Knussen (1952–2018): Higglety Pigglety Pop!, Where the Wild Things Are
Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967): Háry János
Joonas Kokkonen (1921–1996): The Last Temptations
Walter Kollo (1878–1940): Drei alte Schachteln, Filmzauber, Die Frau ohne Kuss,
Nikolai Korndorf (1947–2001): MR (Marina and Rainer)
Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897–1957): Die Kathrin, Der Ring des Polykrates, Die tote Stadt, Violanta, Das Wunder der Heliane
Petr Kotik (1942– ) Many, Many Women
Reginald De Koven (1859–1920): The Knickerbockers, Rip Van Winkle, Rob Roy, Robin Hood
Hans Krása (1899–1944): Brundibár
Fritz Kreisler (1875–1962): Sissy
Ernst Krenek (1900–1991): The Bell Tower, Cefalo e Procri, Der Diktator, Jonny spielt auf, Karl V, Leben des Orest, Orpheus und Eurydike, Schwergewicht, Tarquin, What Price Confidence?
Conradin Kreutzer (1780–1849): Das Nachtlager in Granada, Der Verschwender
Rodolphe Kreutzer (1766–1831): La mort d'Abel
Eduard Künneke (1885–1953): The Cousin from Nowhere
F.L.Æ. Kunzen (1761–1817): Holger Danske
L
Helmut Lachenmann (1935– ): Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern
Franz Lachner (1803–1890): Caterina Cornaro
Lori Laitman (1955– ): Come to Me In Dreams, The Scarlet Letter, The Three Feathers
Édouard Lalo (1823–1892): Le roi d'Ys, Fiesque
John La Montaine (1920–2013): Novellis, Novellis, The Shephardes Playe, Erode the Greate, Be Glad Then, America
Stefano Landi (1587–1639): La morte d'Orfeo, Il Sant'Alessio
Elena Langer (1974– ): Figaro Gets a Divorce
Rued Langgaard (1893–1952): Antikrist
Isidore de Lara (1858–1935): Messaline
Lars-Erik Larsson (1908–1986): Prinsessan av Cypern
Felice Lattuada (1882–1962): Le preziose ridicule, La tempesta
Elodie Lauten (1950–2014): The Death of Don Juan
Armas Launis (1884–1959): Seven Brothers, Kullervo, Aslak Hetta, Jehudith, among others
Henry Lawes (1595–1662), Henry Cooke (1616–1672) et al.: The Siege of Rhodes
Jean-Marie Leclair (1697–1764): Scylla et Glaucus
Charles Lecocq (1832–1918): La fille de Madame Angot, Giroflé-Girofla, Le petit duc
Ton de Leeuw (1926–1996): Antigone
Nicola LeFanu (1947– ): Blood Wedding, The Story of Mary O'Neill, Light Passing
Giovanni Legrenzi (1626–1690): I due Cesari, Eteocle e Polinice, Il Giustino, La divisione del mondo, Totila, Zenobia e Radamisto
Franz Lehár (1870–1948): Endlich allein, Giuditta, Der Göttergatte, Der Graf von Luxemburg, The Land of Smiles (Das Land des Lächelns), The Merry Widow (Die lustige Witwe), Paganini, Der ZarewitschJean-Baptiste Lemoyne (1751–1796) Électre, Nephté, PhèdreNicholas Lens (1957– ): Slow Man, Shell ShockRuggero Leoncavallo (1857–1919): Are You There?, La bohème, Chatterton, Edipo re, Goffredo Mameli, La jeunesse de Figaro, Maià, I Medici, Pagliacci, Der Roland von Berlin, Zazà, ZingariJean-François Le Sueur (1760–1837): La caverne, La mort d'Adam, Ossian, ou Les bardesGyörgy Ligeti (1923–2006): Le Grand MacabreLiza Lim (1966– ): The NavigatorPaul Lincke (1866–1946): Frau LunaPeter Josef von Lindpaintner (1791–1856): Der VampyrThomas Linley the elder (1733–1795): The DuennaVatroslav Lisinski (1819–1854): PorinFranz Liszt (1811–1886): Don SancheAntonio de Literes (1673–1747): Los elementos, Acis y Galatea, Júpiter y SemeleRicardo Llorca (1962– ): Las horas vaciasGeorge Lloyd (1913–1998): John SocmanMatthew Locke (1621–1677): The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru, The History of Sir Francis DrakeEdward Loder (1813–1865): Raymond and Agnes Richard Harvey Lohr: KenilworthAlbert Lortzing (1801–1851): Die beiden Schützen, Hans Sachs, Die Opernprobe, Undine, Der Waffenschmied, Der Wildschütz, Zar und Zimmermann Charles Lucas: The RegicideJean-Baptiste Lully (1632–1687): Achille et Polyxène, Acis et Galatée, Alceste, Amadis, Armide, Atys, Bellérophon, Cadmus et Hermione, Les fêtes de l'amour et de Bacchus, Isis, Pastorale comique, Persée, Phaëton, Proserpine, Psyché, Roland, ThéséeMeyer Lutz (1829–1903): Faust and MargueriteRalph Lyford (1882–1927): Castle AgrazantMykola Lysenko (1842–1912): Natalka Poltavka, Taras Bulba, May NightM
Lorin Maazel (1930–2014): 1984Hamish MacCunn (1868–1916): Jeanie DeansGeorge Alexander Macfarren (1813–1887): Robin Hood, She Stoops to Conquer, HelvellynAlexander Mackenzie (1847–1935): Colomba, His MajestyJames MacMillan (1959– ): Inés de Castro, The Sacrifice, ClemencyElizabeth Maconchy (1907–1994): The Departure, The Sofa, The Three StrangersBruno Maderna (1920–1973): SatyriconLeevi Madetoja (1887–1947): The Ostrobothnians (Pohjalaisia), JuhaAlbéric Magnard (1865–1914): Bérénice, GuercœurErnst Mahle (1929– ): A Moreninha, Marroquinhas Fru-Fru, O GaratujaMesías Maiguashca (1938– ): Los enemigosAimé Maillart (1817–1871): Les dragons de VillarsKiril Makedonski (1925–1984): GoceGian Francesco Malipiero (1882–1973): Torneo notturnoFrancesco Mancini (1672–1737): L’Idaspe fedelePhilippe Manoury (1952– ): 60th Parallel, KNikolaos Mantzaros (1795–1872): Don CrepuscoloMarin Marais (1656–1728): Alcyone, SéméléFilippo Marchetti (1831–1902): Romeo e Giulietta, Ruy BlasMiguel Marqués (1843–1918): Perla, El zortzico, El reloj de LucernaHeinrich Marschner (1795–1861): Hans Heiling, Der Templer und die Jüdin, Der VampyrVicente Martín y Soler (1754–1806): L'arbore di Diana, Una cosa rara, Il burbero di buon cuoreBohuslav Martinů (1890–1959): Alexandre bis, Ariane, Comedy on the Bridge (Veselohra na mostě), The Greek Passion (Řecké pašije), Julietta, The Marriage (Ženitba), Mirandolina, The Plays of Mary (Hry o Marii), Les trois souhaits, The Voice of the Forest (Hlas lesa), What Men Live By (Čím člověk žije)
Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945): Amica, L'amico Fritz, Cavalleria rusticana, Guglielmo Ratcliff, Iris, Isabeau, Lodoletta, Le maschere, Nerone, Parisina, Il piccolo Marat, I Rantzau, Silvano, ZanettoBenedict Mason (1954– ): Playing AwayVictor Massé (1822–1884): Les noces de JeannetteJules Massenet (1842–1912): Amadis, Ariane, Bacchus, Cendrillon, Chérubin, Le Cid, Cléopâtre, Don César de Bazan, Don Quichotte, Esclarmonde, La grand'tante, Grisélidis, Hérodiade, Le jongleur de Notre-Dame, Le mage, Manon, La Navarraise, Panurge, Le portrait de Manon, Le roi de Lahore, Roma, Sapho, Thaïs, Thérèse, WertherTeizo Matsumura (1929–2007): Chinmoku (Silence)
Siegfried Matthus (1934–2021): Graf Mirabeau, Judith, Der letzte Schuss, Die unendliche Geschichte, Die Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph RilkeNicholas Maw (1935–2009): The Rising of the Moon, Sophie's ChoiceSimon Mayr (1763–1845): L'amor coniugale, Ginevra di Scozia, La Lodoiska, Medea in Corinto, La rosa bianca e la rosa rossa, Fedra, Adelaide di GuesclinoToshiro Mayuzumi (1929–1997): Kinkakuji (The Golden Pavilion)
Domenico Mazzocchi (1592–1665): La catena d'AdoneVirgilio Mazzocchi (1597–1646) and Marco Marazzoli (c. 1602 to 1608–1662): Chi soffre, speriRichard Meale (1932–2009): VossKirke Mechem (1925– ): TartuffeÉtienne Méhul (1763–1817): Adrien, Les amazones, Ariodant, Euphrosine, Horatius Coclès, L'irato, Le jeune Henri, Joseph, Mélidore et Phrosine, Stratonice, UthalAlessandro Melani (1639–1703): L'empio punitoJacopo Melani (1623–1676): Girello, Il potestà di ColognoleErkki Melartin (1875–1937): AinoFelix Mendelssohn (1809–1847): Die beiden Neffen, Die beiden Pädagogen, Die Heimkehr aus der Fremde, Die Hochzeit des Camacho, Die SoldatenliebschaftGian Carlo Menotti (1911–2007): Amahl and the Night Visitors, Amelia Goes to the Ball, The Boy Who Grew Too Fast, The Consul, Help, Help, the Globolinks!, The Last Savage, Maria Golovin, The Medium, The Old Maid and the Thief, The Saint of Bleecker Street, The Telephone, or L'Amour à troisSaverio Mercadante (1795–1870): Il bravo, I briganti, Elena da Feltre, Elisa e Claudio, Il giuramento, Orazi e Curiazi, Il reggente, La vestale, Virginia, The Most Important ManAarre Merikanto (1893–1958): JuhaOskar Merikanto (1868–1927): The Maiden of the North (, 1898), The Death of Elina (, 1910), Regina von Emmeritz (1920)
André Messager (1853–1929): L'amour masqué, La Basoche, La Béarnaise, Béatrice, Le bourgeois de Calais, Coups de roulis, La fauvette du temple, Fortunio, François les bas-bleus, Isoline, Le mari de la reine, Madame Chrysanthème, Mirette, Monsieur Beaucaire, Passionément, La petite fonctionnaire, Les p'tites Michu, VéroniqueOlivier Messiaen (1908–1992): Saint François d'AssiseGiacomo Meyerbeer (1791–1864): L'Africaine, Il crociato in Egitto, Dinorah, L'esule di Granata, L'étoile du nord, Ein Feldlager in Schlesien, Les Huguenots, Jephtas Gelübde, Margherita d'Anjou, Le prophète, Robert le diable, Semiramide riconosciutaMarcel Mihalovici (1898–1985): Krapp, ou, La dernière bandeMinoru Miki (1930–2011): Ada, An Actor's Revenge, Ai-en, Genji monogatari, The Happy Pagoda, Jōruri, The Monkey Poet, The River Sumida / Kusabira, Shizuka and Yoshitsune, Shunkinshō, Terute and Oguri, Wakahime, YomigaeruDarius Milhaud (1892–1974): L'abandon d'Ariane, Bolivar, Christophe Colomb, David, La mère coupable, Le pauvre matelotCarl Millöcker (1842–1899): Der arme Jonathan, Der Bettelstudent, Gräfin Dubarry, Gasparone, Das verwunschene SchlossRichard Mills (1949– ): Summer of the Seventeenth Doll, Batavia, The Love of the NightingaleJean-Joseph de Mondonville (1711–1772): Les fêtes de Paphos, Titon et l'AuroreStanisław Moniuszko (1819–1872): The Countess (Hrabina), Halka, The Haunted Manor (Straszny dwór), Verbum nobileMeredith Monk (1942– ): AtlasPierre-Alexandre Monsigny (1729–1817): Aline, reine de Golconde, Le déserteur, On ne s'avise jamais de tout, Le roi et le fermierMichel Pignolet de Montéclair (1667–1737): Les festes de l'été, JephtéItalo Montemezzi (1875–1952): L'amore dei tre re, Giovanni Galurese, Hellera, L'incantesimo, La nave, La notte di ZoraimaJosé Ángel Montero (1832–1881): VirginiaClaudio Monteverdi (1567–1643): L'Arianna, L'incoronazione di Poppea, L'Orfeo, Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patriaDouglas Moore (1893–1969): The Ballad of Baby Doe, The Devil and Daniel Webster, Carry Nation, Giants in the EarthRobert Moran (1937– ): Desert of Roses, The Dracula Diary, From the Towers of the Moon, The Juniper Tree, The Night PassageFederico Moreno Torroba (1891–1982): Luisa Fernanda, La Chulapona, La Virgen de Mayo, El poetaLodewijk Mortelmans (1868–1952): De Kinderen van Zee (The Children of the Sea)
Jean-Joseph Mouret (1682–1738): Les amours de RagondeWolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791): Apollo et Hyacinthus, Ascanio in Alba, Bastien und Bastienne, La clemenza di Tito, Così fan tutte, Don Giovanni, Die Entführung aus dem Serail, La finta giardiniera, La finta semplice, Idomeneo, Lucio Silla, The Magic Flute, The Marriage of Figaro, Mitridate, re di Ponto, L'oca del Cairo, Il re pastore, Der Schauspieldirektor, Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots, Il sogno di Scipione, Lo sposo deluso, Thamos, King of Egypt, ZaideWenzel Müller (1767–1835): Alpenkönig und der Menschenfeind, Der Barometermacher auf der Zauberinsel, Die gefesselte Phantasie, Kaspar der Faggotist, Das Neusonntagskind, Das Sonnenfest der Braminen, Die Teufelsmühle am WienerbergeVano Muradeli (1908–1970): The Great Friendship, Moscow-Paris-MoscowThea Musgrave (1928– ): A Christmas Carol, The Decision, Harriet, the Woman called 'Moses', Mary, Queen of Scots, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, The Voice of AriadneModest Mussorgsky (1839–1881): Boris Godunov, The Fair at Sorochyntsi (Sorochinskaya Yarmarka), Khovanshchina, Zhenitba (The Marriage), SalammbôEmanuele Muzio (1821–1890): Giovanna la pazza, Claudia, Le due regine, La sorrentinaJosef Mysliveček (1737–1781): Adriano in Siria (Mysliveček), Antigona, Antigono, Armida, Artaserse, Atide, Il Bellerofonte, La Calliroe, La Circe, La clemenza di Tito, Demetrio [1st version], Demetrio [2nd version], Demofoonte [1st version], Demofoonte [2nd version], Ezio [1st version], Ezio [2nd version], Farnace, Tamerlano, Ipermestra (Mysliveček), Medonte (Mysliveček), Motezuma, La Nitteti, L'Olimpiade, Romolo ed Ersilia, Semiramide, Il trionfo di CleliaN
Nicolas Nabokov (1903–1978): Love's Labour's LostEduard Nápravník (1839–1916): DubrovskyIsaac Nathan (1792–1864): Don John of AustriaOskar Nedbal (1874–1930): Polská krev, VinobraníChristian Gottlob Neefe (1748–1798): Adelheit von VeltheimViktor Nessler (1841–1890): Der Rattenfänger von Hameln, Der Trompeter von SäkkingenOtto Nicolai (1810–1849): The Merry Wives of WindsorEdmund Nick (1891–1973): Das kleine HofkonzertLouis Niedermeyer (1802–1861): Marie Stuart, StradellaCarl Nielsen (1865–1931): Maskarade, Saul og DavidAlessandro Nini (1805–1880): La marescialla d'AncreLuigi Nono (1924–1990): Al gran sole carico d'amore, Intolleranza 1960, PrometeoSerge Noskov (1956– ): KuratovVítězslav Novák (1870–1949): Lucerna (The Lantern)
Ivor Novello (1893–1951): The Dancing Years, Perchance to Dream, King's RhapsodyMichael Nyman (1944– ): Facing Goya, Letters, Riddles and Writs, Love Counts, Man and Boy: Dada, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs, Tristram ShandyO
Jacques Offenbach (1819–1880): Le 66, Apothicaire et perruquier, Bagatelle, Barbe-bleue, Barkouf, Ba-ta-clan, Les bavards, La belle Hélène, La bonne d'enfant, Les brigands, La chanson de Fortunio, Le château à Toto, La chatte métamorphosée en femme, La créole, Croquefer, ou Le dernier des paladins, Daphnis et Chloé, Les deux aveugles, Fantasio, La fille du tambour-major, Le financier et le savetier, Geneviève de Brabant, La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein, L'île de Tulipatan, La jolie parfumeuse, Lischen et Fritzchen, Madame Favart, Madame l'archiduc, Le mariage aux lanternes, Mesdames de la Halle, M. Choufleuri restera chez lui , Monsieur et Madame Denis, Orpheus in the Underworld, La Périchole, La permission de dix heures, Pierrette et Jacquot, Le pont des soupirs, Robinson Crusoé, La rose de Saint-Flour, The Tales of Hoffmann, Tromb-al-ca-zar, ou Les criminels dramatiques, Un mari à la porte, Vert-Vert, La Vie parisienne, Le violoneux, Le voyage dans la luneCarl Orff (1895–1982): Antigonae, De temporum fine comoedia, Der Mond, Die Kluge, PrometheusGiuseppe Maria Orlandini (1676–1760): BereniceP
Giovanni Pacini (1796–1867): Alessandro nelle Indie, Amazilia, Bondelmonte, Carlo di Borgogna, Il corsaro, Lorenzino de' Medici, Maria, regina d'Inghilterra, Medea, Saffo, L'ultimo giorno di PompeiFredrik Pacius (1809–1891): Kung Karls jakt, Prinsessan av CypernFerdinando Paer (1771–1839): Achille, Agnese (opera), Camilla, I fuorusciti di Firenze, Leonora, Le maître de chapelleGiovanni Paisiello (1741–1816): Il barbiere di Siviglia, Le due contesse, Elfrida, Fedra, I filosofi immaginari, La Frascatana, I giuochi d'Agrigento, La modesta raggiratrice, La molinara, Nina, Nitteti, Pirro, Proserpine, Il re Teodoro in Venezia, Sismano nel MogolZakaria Paliashvili (1871–1933): Absalom and Eteri, Daisi, Latavra Selim Palmgren (1878–1951): Daniel HjortRoxanna Panufnik (1968– ): The Music ProgrammeJorma Panula (1930– ): Jaakko IlkkaGérard Pape (1955– ): Les Cenci, Ivan and Rena, A Little Girl Dreams of Taking the Veil, MonologueIan Parrott (1916–2012): The Black RamThomas Pasatieri (1945– ): Before Breakfast, Black Widow, Calvary, La Divina, A Flea in her Ear, Flowers of Ice, Frau Margot, The Goose Girl, The Hotel Casablanca, Inés de Castro, Maria Elena, Padrevia, The Penitentes, The Seagull, Signor Deluso, Three Sisters, The Trial of Mary Lincoln, The Trysting Place, Washington Square, The WomenJiří Pauer (1919–2007): Zuzana VojiřováStephen Paulus (1947– ): The Postman Always Rings TwiceCarlo Pedrotti (1817–1893): Tutti in mascheraJorge Peña Hen (1928–1973): La CenicientaKrzysztof Penderecki (1933–2020): The Devils of Loudun, Paradise Lost, Die schwarze Maske, Ubu RexManuel Penella (1880–1939): El gato montésJohann Christoph Pepusch (1667–1752): Thomyris, Queen of Scythia, The Beggar's OperaDavide Perez (1711–1778): SolimanoGiovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710–1736): Adriano in Siria, Lo frate 'nnamorato, Livetta e Tracollo, L'Olimpiade, Il prigionier superbo, La serva padronaJacopo Peri (1561–1633): Dafne, EuridiceGiuseppe Persiani (c. 1799/1805–1869): Ines de CastroGiacomo Antonio Perti (1661–1756): L'incoronazione di DarioWilhelm Peterson-Berger (1867–1942): Arnljot, The Doomsday ProphetsErrico Petrella (1813–1877): Il carnevale di Venezia, Jone, I promessi sposiHans Pfitzner (1869–1949): Der arme Heinrich, Das Christ-Elflein, Das Herz, Palestrina, Die Rose vom LiebesgartenFrançois-André Danican Philidor (1726–1795): Blaise le savetier, Ernelinde, princesse de Norvège, Le maréchal ferrant, Tom JonesAstor Piazzolla (1921–1992): María de Buenos AiresNiccolò Piccinni (1728–1800): L'americano, Atys, La buona figliuola, La buona figliuola maritata, Catone in Utica, Didon, Le donne vendicate, Ercole al Termedonte, Iphigénie en Tauride, RolandTobias Picker (1954– ): An American Tragedy, Emmeline, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Thérèse RaquinWillem Pijper (1894–1947): Helewijn, MerlijnMatthias Pintscher (1971– ): Thomas ChattertonIldebrando Pizzetti (1880–1968): Fedra, Dèbora e Jaéle, Fra Gherardo, Lo straniero, L'oro, Ifigenia, Assassinio nella cattedrale, ClitennestraRobert Planquette (1848–1903): Les cloches de Corneville, Nell Gwynne, Rip Van WinkleLudvík Podéšť (1921–1968): Když se Anička vdávala, Slepice a kostelník, Bez cymbálu nejsou hody, Tři apokryfy (Staré zlaté časy; Svatá noc; Romeo a Julie), Hrátky s čertem, Emílek a dynamit, Filmová hvězdaAmilcare Ponchielli (1834–1886): Il figliuol prodigo, La Gioconda, I Lituani, Marion Delorme, I promessi sposiNicola Porpora (1686–1768): Arianna in Nasso, Semiramide riconosciuta, TemistocleGiovanni Porta (1675–1755): Numitore, Ifigenia in AulideRachel Portman (1960– ): The Little PrinceFrancis Poulenc (1899–1963): Dialogues of the Carmelites, Les mamelles de Tirésias, La voix humaineHenri Pousseur (1929–2009): Votre Faust, Die Erprobung des Petrus Hebraïcus, Leçons d'Enfer, Don Juan à Gnide ou les Séductions de la ChastetéAndré Previn (1929–2019): A Streetcar Named Desire, Brief EncounterSergei Prokofiev (1891–1953): Betrothal in a Monastery (The Duenna) (Obrucheniye v monastyre), The Fiery Angel (Ognenniy angel), The Gambler (Igrok), The Love for Three Oranges (Lyubov k tryom apelsinam), Maddalena, Semyon Kotko, The Story of a Real Man (Povest' o nastoyashchem cheloveke), War and Peace (Voyna i mir)
Giacomo Puccini (1858–1923): La bohème, Edgar, La fanciulla del West, Gianni Schicchi, Madama Butterfly, Manon Lescaut, La rondine, Suor Angelica, Il tabarro, Tosca, Il trittico, Turandot, Le VilliHenry Purcell (1659–1695): Dido and Aeneas, Dioclesian, The Fairy-Queen, The Indian Queen, King ArthurEduard Pütz (1911–2000): Riders to the SeaQ
Joseph Quesnel (1746–1809): Colas et Colinette, Lucas et CécileR
Robin de Raaff (1968-): RAAFF, Waiting for Miss MonroeHenri Rabaud (1873–1949): Mârouf, savetier du CaireSergei Rachmaninoff (1873–1943): Aleko, Francesca da Rimini, The Miserly Knight (Skupoy rytsar), Monna VannaVäinö Raitio (1891–1945): The Daughter of Jephtha, Princess Cecilia, The King of Lydia, Väinämöinen's Proposal, The Two Queens
Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764): Acante et Céphise, Anacréon (1754), Anacréon (1757), Les Boréades, Castor et Pollux, Daphnis et Eglé, Dardanus, Les fêtes d'Hébé, Les fêtes de l'Hymen et de l'Amour, Les fêtes de Polymnie, Les fêtes de Ramire, La guirlande, Hippolyte et Aricie, Les Indes galantes, Io, Naïs, La naissance d'Osiris, Nélée et Myrthis, Les Paladins, Pigmalion, Platée, La princesse de Navarre, Les sibarites, Les surprises de l'Amour, Le temple de la Gloire, Zaïs, Zéphire, ZoroastreEinojuhani Rautavaara (1928– ): Aleksis Kivi, Rasputin, Vincent, among others
Maurice Ravel (1875–1937): L'enfant et les sortilèges, L'heure espagnoleFred Raymond (1900–1954): Geliebte Manuela, Maske in Blau, Saison in SalzburgEmil Reesen (1887–1964): FarinelliSteve Reich (1936– ): The Cave, Three TalesJohann Friedrich Reichardt (1752–1814): Brenno, Claudine von Villa Bella, Erwin und ElmireAribert Reimann (1936– ): Melusine, Lear, Die Gespenstersonate, Troades, Das Schloß, MedeaOttorino Respighi (1879–1936): Belfagor, La bella dormente nel bosco, La campana sommersa, La fiamma, Maria egiziacaHermann Reutter (1900–1985): Saul, Der verlorene Sohn, Doktor Johannes Faust, Odysseus, Der Weg nach Freudenstadt, Don Juan und Faust, Der Tod des Empedokles, Die Brücke von San Luis Rey, Die Witwe von Ephesus, HamletErnest Reyer (1823–1909): Salammbô, SigurdAlfred Reynolds (1884–1969): Derby DayEmil von Reznicek (1860–1945): Donna DianaWilliam Barnes Rhodes (1772–1826): Bombastes FuriosoFederico Ricci (1809–1877) & Luigi Ricci (1805–1859): Crispino e la comareFerdinand Ries (1784–1838): Die RäuberbrautWolfgang Rihm (1952– ): Die Eroberung von Mexico, Faust und Yorick, Die Hamletmaschine, Jakob Lenz, Oedipus, Séraphin, DionysosNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908): Christmas Eve, The Golden Cockerel (Zolotoy petushok), Kashchey the Deathless (Kashchey bessmertnïy), The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya (Skazaniye o nevidimom grade Kitezhe i deve Fevronii), The Maid of Pskov (Pskovityanka), May Night (Mayskaya noch'), Mlada, Mozart and Salieri (Motsart i Sal'yeri), The Noblewoman Vera Sheloga (Boyarïnya Vera Sheloga), Pan Voyevoda, Sadko, Servilia (Serviliya), The Snow Maiden (Snegurochka), The Tale of Tsar Saltan (Skazka o Tsare Saltane), The Tsar's Bride (Tsarskaya nevesta)
Giovanni Alberto Ristori (1692–1753): CalandroArturo Rodas (1954– ) El árbol de los pájarosRobert Xavier Rodriguez (1946– ): La Curandera, FridaGonzalo Roig (1890–1970): Cecilia ValdésJames Rolfe (1961– ): Beatrice ChancySigmund Romberg (1887–1951): The Desert Song, The New Moon, The Student PrinceWilliam Michael Rooke (1794–1847) Amilie, or the Love Test, HenriqueJoseph Willard Roosevelt (1918–2008): And the Walls Came Tumbling DownNed Rorem (1923–2022): Bertha, Miss Julie, Our Town, Three Sisters Who Are Not SistersLuigi Rossi (1597–1653): Orfeo, Il palazzo incantatoGioachino Rossini (1792–1868): Adelaide di Borgogna, Adina, Armida, Aureliano in Palmira, Il barbiere di Siviglia, Bianca e Falliero, La cambiale di matrimonio, La Cenerentola, Ciro in Babilonia, Le comte Ory, Demetrio e Polibio, La donna del lago, Eduardo e Cristina, Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra, Ermione, L'equivoco stravagante, La gazza ladra, La gazzetta, L'inganno felice, L'italiana in Algeri, Maometto II (revised as Le siège de Corinthe), Matilde di Shabran, Mosè in Egitto, L'occasione fa il ladro, Otello, La pietra del paragone, Ricciardo e Zoraide, La scala di seta, Semiramide, Sigismondo, Il signor Bruschino, Tancredi, Torvaldo e Dorliska, Il turco in Italia, Il viaggio a Reims, William Tell, ZelmiraNino Rota (1911–1979): Il cappello di paglia di Firenze, I due timidiJean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778): Le devin du villageAlbert Roussel (1869–1937): La naissance de la lyre, Padmâvatî, Le testament de la tante CarolineJoseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer (c. 1705–1755): Zaïde, reine de GrenadeAnton Rubinstein (1829–1894): Christus, The Demon, Dmitry Donskoy, Feramors, Fomka the Fool, Die Kinder der Heide, Die Maccabäer, The Merchant Kalashnikov, Moses, Néron, Der Thurm zu BabelPoul Ruders (1949– ): The Handmaid's TaleJohn Rutter (1945– ): Bang!S
Kaija Saariaho (1952–2023): L'amour de loin, Adriana Mater, ÉmilieAntonio Sacchini (1730–1786): Armida, Arvire et Évélina, Calliroe, Chimène, La contadina in corte, Creso, Dardanus, Œdipe à Colone, RenaudFrancesco Sacrati (1605–1650): La finta pazzaShigeaki Saegusa (1942– ): ChushinguraCamille Saint-Saëns (1835–1921): Ascanio, Déjanire, Étienne Marcel, Hélène, Henry VIII, Phryné, La princesse jaune, Samson et Dalila, Le timbre d'argentTheophrastos Sakellaridis (1883–1950): Hymenaios (opera), The pirate (opera), PerouzéLuis H. Salgado (1903–1977): Cumandá, El tribuno, El Centurión, Eunice, Escenas del CorpusAntonio Salieri (1750–1825): Armida, Axur, re d'Ormus, La cifra, Les Danaïdes, Europa riconosciuta, Falstaff, La fiera di Venezia, La grotta di Trofonio, Les Horaces, Palmira, regina di Persia, Prima la musica e poi le parole, Der Rauchfangkehrer, La scuola de' gelosi, TarareAulis Sallinen (1935– ): The Red Line, The King Goes Forth to France, The Horseman, Kullervo, The Palace, King LearErkki Salmenhaara (1941–2002): Portugalin nainenSpyridon Samaras (1861–1917): Flora mirabilis, Medgé, Lionella, La martire, La furia domata, Storia d'amore o La biondinetta, Mademoiselle de Belle-Isle, RheaGiovanni Battista Sammartini (1700/1701–1775): MemetSven-David Sandström (1942– ): Jeppe: The Cruel ComedyDomenico Sarro (1679–1744): Achille in Sciro, Didone abbandonata, PartenopeGiuseppe Sarti (1729–1802): Armida e Rinaldo, Didone abbandonata, Fra i due litiganti il terzo gode, Le gelosie villane, Giulio Sabino, Medonte, re di EpiroAntonio Sartorio (1630–1680): Adelaide, Giulio Cesare in Egitto, OrfeoErik Satie (1866–1925): Geneviève de BrabantHenri Sauguet (1901–1989): Les caprices de Marianne, La chartreuse de ParmeDavid Sawer (1961– ): From Morning to MidnightAhmed Adnan Saygun (1907–1991): ÖzsoyAlessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725): Griselda, Mitridate Eupatore, Tigrane, Il trionfo dell'onore, Sedecia, Telemaco, Il Pirro e DemetrioDomenico Scarlatti (1685–1757): Berenice, regina d'EgittoGiuseppe Scarlatti (1718 or 18 June 1723–17 Aug 1777): L'isola disabitataAndrea Lorenzo Scartazzini (born 1971): Wut, Der Sandmann, Edward II.
Benedikt Schack (1758–1826): Der Stein der WeisenPierre Schaeffer (1910–1995): Orphée 53R. Murray Schafer (1933–2021): The Princess of the StarsPeter Schat (1935–2003): Labyrint, Houdini, SymposionJohann Baptist Schenk (1753–1836): Der DorfbarbierFriedrich Schenker (1942–2013): BettinaPeter Schickele (P. D. Q. Bach) (1935– ): The Abduction of FigaroMax von Schillings (1868–1933): Mona LisaLudwig Schmidseder (1904–1971): Melodie der Nacht, Die oder Keine, Frauen im Metropol, AbschiedswalzerFranz Schmidt (1874–1939): Notre DameAlfred Schnittke (1934–1998): Life with an Idiot, Historia von D. Johann Fausten, GesualdoOthmar Schoeck (1886–1957): Massimilla Doni, Penthesilea, Das Schloss Dürande, Venus, Vom Fischer un syner FruArnold Schoenberg (1874–1951): Erwartung, Die glückliche Hand, Von heute auf morgen, Moses und AronFranz Schreker (1878–1934): Christophorus, Der ferne Klang, Die Gezeichneten, Irrelohe, Der Schatzgräber, Der Schmied von Gent, Der singende Teufel, Das SpielwerkFriedrich Schröder (1910–1972): Hochzeitsnacht im ParadiesFranz Schubert (1797–1828): Alfonso und Estrella, Fierrabras, Die Verschworenen, Die ZwillingsbrüderErwin Schulhoff (1894–1942): FlammenGunther Schuller (1925– ): The Visitation, The Fisherman and His WifeAndrew Schultz (1969– ): The Children's BachJohann Abraham Peter Schulz (1747–1800): AthalieWilliam Schuman (1910–1992): The Mighty Casey, A Question of TasteRobert Schumann (1810–1856): GenovevaWalter Schumann (1913–1958): John Brown's BodyJoseph Schuster (1748–1812): Der Alchymist, oder Der LiebesteufelHeinrich Schütz (1585–1672): DafneAnton Schweitzer (1735–1787): Alceste, Die Dorfgala, RosamundeLaura Schwendinger (1962– ): ArtemisiaKurt Schwertsik (1935– ): Die Welt der MongolenSalvatore Sciarrino (1947– ): Da gelo a gelo, Infinito nero, Lohengrin, Luci mie traditrici, Macbeth, Perseo ed AndromedaAntonio Scontrino (1850–1922): MateldaCyril Scott (1879–1970): The AlchemistPeter Sculthorpe (1929–2014): Rites of Passage, QuirosHumphrey Searle (1915–1982): The Diary of a MadmanSeedo (c. 1700–c. 1754): The Devil to PayAlexander Serov (1820–1871): Judith, Rogneda, The Power of the FiendJosé Serrano (1873–1941): La dolorosa, La canción del olvidoPaolo Serrao (1830–1907): L'impostore, Leonora dei Bardi, Pergolesi, La Duchessa di Guisa, Il Figliuol ProdigoRoger Sessions (1896–1985): The Trial of Lucullus, MontezumaJohn Laurence Seymour (1893–1986): In the Pasha's GardenRodion Shchedrin (1932– ): Dead Souls, Levsha, LolitaBright Sheng (1955– ): Madame Mao, The Silver RiverWilliam Shield (1748–1829): The Flitch of Bacon, RosinaAlice Shields (1943– ): ApocalypseHoward Shore (1946– ): The FlyDmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975): The Gamblers (Igroki), Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (Ledy Macbeth Mtsenskovo uyezda), Moscow, Cheryomushki, The Nose (Nos)
Jean Sibelius (1865–1957): The Maiden in the Tower (Jungfrun i tornet), The Building of the Boat (Veneen luominen)
Elie Siegmeister (1909–1991): The Plough and the StarsRoberto Sierra (1953– ): El mensajero de plataSheila Silver (1946– ): The Thief of LoveChristian Sinding (1856–1941): Der Heilige BergLarry Sitsky (1934– ): De Profundis, The Fall of the House of Usher, Fiery Tales, The Golem, Lenz, Voices in LimboFrantišek Škroup (1801–1862): Fidlovačka Dráteník (The Tinker)
Antonio Smareglia (1854–1929): Nozze istriane, La falena, OceànaBedřich Smetana (1824–1884): The Bartered Bride (Prodaná nevěsta), The Brandenburgers in Bohemia (Braniboři v Čechách), Dalibor, The Devil's Wall (Čertova stěna), The Kiss (Hubička), Libuše, The Secret (Tajemství), The Two Widows (Dvě vdovy), ViolaDmitri Smirnov (1948– ): Tiriel, ThelJohn Christopher Smith (1712–1795): The Fairies, The TempestJulia Smith (1911–1989): Cynthia ParkerMartin Smolka (1959– ): Nagano, Das schlaue GretchenEthel Smyth (1858–1944): The Boatswain's Mate, Der Wald, The WreckersRagnar Søderlind (1945– ): Olav TryggvasonMikhail Sokolovsky (1756–1795): The Miller-Wizard, Cheat and MatchmakerJuan María Solare (1966– ): Veinticinco de agosto, 1983Temistocle Solera (1815–1878): Il contadino d'Agleiate (rev. as La fanciulla di Castelguelfo), Genio e sventura, La hermana de palayo, IldegondaCarlo Evasio Soliva (1791–1853): La testa di bronzo o sia La capanna solitariaEdward Solomon (1855–1895): Billee Taylor, The Nautch Girl, Quite an Adventure, The Red Hussar, The Vicar of BrayHarry Somers (1925–1999): Louis RielS. P. Somtow (Somtow Sucharitkul) (1952– ): Madana, Ayodhya, Mae Naak, Dan No UraStephen Sondheim (1930–2021): Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet StreetFernando Sor (1778–1839): Telemaco nell'isola di CalipsoPablo Sorozábal (1897–1988): La del manojo de rosas, La tabernera del puertoJohn Philip Sousa (1854–1932): Désirée, El CapitanAlexander Spendiaryan (1871–1928): AlmastNiccola Spinelli (1865–1909): A basso portoLouis Spohr (1784–1859): Faust, Jessonda, Zemire und AzorGaspare Spontini (1774–1851): Agnes von Hohenstaufen, Alcidor, Fernand Cortez, Milton, Nurmahal, Olimpie, La vestaleLewis Spratlan (1940– ): Life Is a DreamSigmund Theophil Staden (1607–1665): SeelewigCharles Villiers Stanford (1852–1924): The Canterbury Pilgrims, Much Ado About NothingJohn Stanley (1712–1786): TeramintaRobert Starer (1924–2001): ApolloniaRoman Statkowski (1859–1925): Maria, PhilaenisAgostino Steffani (1653–1728): Henrico LeoneWalter Steffens (born 1934): Eli, Under Milk Wood/Unter dem MilchwaldDaniel Steibelt (1765–1823): Roméo et JulietteWilhelm Stenhammar (1871–1927): TirfingRudi Stephan (1887–1915): Die ersten MenschenGeorge Stephănescu (1843–1925): Sânziana şi PepeleaRoger Steptoe (1953– ): King of Macedon (opera)William Grant Still (1895–1978): Blue Steel, Troubled Island, A Bayou LegendKarlheinz Stockhausen (1928–2007): Atmen gibt das Leben, Licht (Donnerstag, Freitag, Samstag, Sonntag, Montag, Dienstag, Mittwoch)
Petar Stojanović (1877–1957): Devojka na Mansardi, Die Herzog von Reichstadt, Der TigerRobert Stolz (1880–1975): Der Tanz ins Glück, Der verlorene WalzerStephen Storace (1763–1796): Dido, Queen of Carthage, Gli equivoci, The Haunted Tower, The Iron Chest, Lodoiska, No song, no supper, The Pirates, The Siege of Belgrade, Gli sposi malcontentiAlessandro Stradella (1639–1682): Il Trespolo tutoreRobert Strassburg (1915–2003): ChelmOscar Straus (1870–1954): Bozena, The Chocolate Soldier (Der tapfere Soldat), Drei Walzer, Ein Walzertraum, Der letzte WalzerJohann Strauss II (1825–1899): Blindekuh, Cagliostro in Wien, Die Fledermaus, Eine Nacht in Venedig, Indigo und die vierzig Räuber, Der Karneval in Rom, Der lustige Krieg, Prinz Methusalem, Ritter Pázmán, Simplicius, Das Spitzentuch der Königin, Waldmeister, Wiener Blut, Der ZigeunerbaronRichard Strauss (1864–1949): Die ägyptische Helena, Arabella, Ariadne auf Naxos, Capriccio, Daphne, Elektra, Feuersnot, Die Frau ohne Schatten, Friedenstag, Guntram, Intermezzo, Die Liebe der Danae, Der Rosenkavalier, Salome, Die schweigsame FrauIgor Stravinsky (1882–1971): The Flood, Histoire du soldat (Istoria Soldata), Mavra, The Nightingale (Solovei), Oedipus rex, Perséphone, The Rake's Progress, Renard (Bayka pro Lisu, Petukha, Kota da Barana)
Heinrich Strecker (1893–1981): Ännchen von TharauEugen Suchoň (1908–1993): Krútňava, SvätoplukArthur Sullivan (1842–1900): With W. S. Gilbert: The Gondoliers, The Grand Duke, H.M.S. Pinafore, Iolanthe, The Mikado, Patience, The Pirates of Penzance, Princess Ida, Ruddigore, The Sorcerer, Thespis, Trial by Jury, Utopia, Limited, The Yeomen of the Guard; With others: The Beauty Stone, The Chieftain, The Contrabandista, Cox and Box, The Emerald Isle (with Edward German), Haddon Hall, Ivanhoe, The Rose of Persia, The Zoo, (with Henry Fothergill Chorley), The Sapphire NecklaceFranz von Suppé (1819–1895): Banditenstreiche, Boccaccio, Fatinitza, Leichte Kavallerie, Die schöne GalatheeConrad Susa (1935–2013): The Dangerous Liaisons, TransformationsFranz Xaver Süssmayr (1766–1803): Der Spiegel von ArkadienHeinrich Sutermeister (1910–1995): Romeo und Julia, Die schwarze SpinneMargaret Sutherland (1897–1984): The Young KabbarliDonald Swann (1923–1994): PerelandraGiles Swayne (1946– ): Le nozze di CherubinoPiet Swerts (1960– ): Ajas, Les Liaisons dangereuses
Albert Szirmai (1880–1967): Mágnás Miska, Mézeskalács, Princess Charming, Táncos HuszárokKarol Szymanowski (1882–1937): Hagith, King Roger (Król Roger)
T
Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983): Du style galant au style méchant, Il était un petit navireOtar Taktakishvili (1924–1989): MindiaJoby Talbot (1971– ): EverestJosef Tal (1910–2008): Saul at Ein Dor, Amnon and Tamar, Ashmedai, Massada 967, The Temptation (Die Versuchung), The Tower (Der Turm), The Garden (Der Garten), JosefLouise Talma (1906–1996): The AlcestiadEino Tamberg (1930–2010): Cyrano de BergeracDavid Tamkin (1906–1975): The DybbukTan Dun (1957– ): The First Emperor, Marco Polo, Peony Pavilion, Tea: A Mirror of SoulSergei Taneyev (1856–1915): OresteiaAngelo Tarchi (1760–1814): L'archetiello, Ademira, Ariarate, Il conte de SaldagnaMikael Tariverdiev (1931–1996): Graf CagliostroVladimir Tarnopolsky (1955– ): The Three GracesPhyllis Tate (1911–1987): The LodgerJohn Tavener (1944–2013): Mary of EgyptDeems Taylor (1885–1966): The King's Henchman, Peter IbbetsonPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893): Cherevichki, The Enchantress, Eugene Onegin, Iolanta, The Maid of Orleans (Orleanskaya deva), Mazeppa, The Oprichnik, The Queen of Spades (Pique Dame, Pikovaya dama), Undina, Vakula the Smith, The VoyevodaGeorg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767): Orpheus, PimpinoneOscar Ferdinand Telgmann (c. 1855–1946): Leo, the Royal CadetDomènec Terradellas (1713–1751): MeropeClaude Terrasse (1867–1923): Les travaux d'Hercule, Le sire de VergyFlavio Testi (1923–2014): Saül, Riccardo IIIJohann Theile (1646–1724): Adam und EvaMikis Theodorakis (1925–2021): Kostas Karyotakis (opera), Medea, Antigone, ElectraAmbroise Thomas (1811–1896): La cour de Célimène, Hamlet, MignonArthur Goring Thomas (1850–1892): EsmeraldaRandall Thompson (1899–1984): Solomon and BalkisVirgil Thomson (1896–1989): Four Saints in Three Acts, Lord Byron, The Mother of Us AllFrancis Thorne (1922–2017): Mario and the MagicianJohn Thow (1949–2007): SerpentinaLudwig Thuille (1861–1907): LobetanzIvo Tijardović (1895–1976): Mala Floramye, Splitski AkvarelMichael Tippett (1905–1998): The Ice Break, King Priam, The Knot Garden, The Midsummer Marriage, New Year, Robin HoodCamillo Togni (1922–1993): BlaubartHenri Tomasi (1901–1971): Don Juan de MañaraMichael Torke (1961– ): Strawberry FieldsTomás de Torrejón y Velasco (1644–1728): La púrpura de la rosaCharles Tournemire (1870–1939): Nittetis, Chryséis (Les dieux sont morts), Trilogie Faust – Don Quichotte – Saint François d’Assise, La légende de Tristan, Il poverello di AssisiGeoffrey Toye (1889–1942): The Red PenAntonio Tozzi (1736–1812): La morte di DimoneTommaso Traetta (1727–1779): Antigona, Armida, Ifigenia in Tauride, Ippolito ed Aricia, Le serve rivali, Sofonisba, I TindaridiCornel Trăilescu (1926–2019): BãlcescuEduard Tubin (1905–1982): The Parson of ReigiJoaquín Turina (1882–1949): Margot, Jardín de orienteMark-Anthony Turnage (1960– ): Anna Nicole, Greek, The Silver Tassie, Twice Through the HeartErkki-Sven Tüür (1959– ): WallenbergGeirr Tveitt (1908–1981): DragaredokkoU
Marco Uccellini (1603–1680): Li Eventi di Filandro Et EdessaMartin Andreas Udbye (1820–1889): FredkullaAlfred Uhl (1909–1992): Der mysteriöse Herr XViktor Ullmann (1898–1944): Der Kaiser von AtlantisJosé María Usandizaga (1887–1915): Las golondrinas, La llama, Mendi MendiyanFrancesco Uttini (1723–1795): Birger Jahl och Mechtilde, Thetis och PéléeV
Nicola Vaccai (1790–1848): Giulietta e RomeoFabio Vacchi (1949– ): La station thermaleVincenzo Valente (1855–1921): I granatieriGiuseppe Valentini (1681–1753): La finta rapitaJean Vallerand (1915–1944): Le MagicienLouis Varney (1844–1908): L'Amour mouillé, Les mousquetaires au couvent, Les petites brebisRalph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958): Hugh the Drover, Sir John in Love, The Pilgrim's Progress, The Poisoned Kiss, Riders to the SeaOrazio Vecchi (1550–1605): L'AmfiparnasoAlexander Veprik (1899–1958): Toktogul (Токтогул) (1940), Toktogul (Токтогул) (1949)Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901): Aida, Alzira, Aroldo, Attila, Un ballo in maschera, La battaglia di Legnano, Il corsaro, Don Carlos, I due Foscari, Ernani, Falstaff, La forza del destino, Un giorno di regno, Giovanna d'Arco, Jérusalem, I Lombardi alla prima crociata, I masnadieri, Luisa Miller, Macbeth, Nabucco, Oberto, Otello, Rigoletto, Simon Boccanegra, Stiffelio, La traviata, Il trovatore, Les vêpres siciliennesAlexey Verstovsky (1799–1862): Askold's Grave (Askol'dova mogila)
Pauline Viardot (1821–1910): CendrillonGerard Victory (1921–1995): The Music hath Mischief, ChattertonHeitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959): Izaht, YermaLeonardo Vinci (c. 1696–1730): Artaserse, Didone abbandonata, Li zite 'ngaleraFranco Vittadini (1884–1948): Anima Allegra, Caracciolo, Fiammetta e l'avaro, La Sagredo, NazarethAntonio Vivaldi (1678–1741): Ottone in villa, Orlando finto pazzo, Nerone fatto Cesare, Arsilda, regina di Ponto, La costanza trionfante, L'incoronazione di Dario, L'Olimpiade, Tieteberga, Armida al campo d'Egitto, Scanderbeg, Teuzzone, Tito Manlio, La verità in cimento, Ercole su'l Termodonte, Farnace, Orlando furioso, Argippo, Motezuma, Bajazet, Griselda, Dorilla in Tempe, La costanza trionfante degl'amori e de gl'odiiAmadeo Vives (1871–1932): Doña FrancisquitaGiovanni Buonaventura Viviani (1638–1693): AstiageClaude Vivier (1948–1983): KopernikusRoman Vlad (1919–2013): Il dottore di vetroGeorg Joseph Vogler (1749–1814): Castore e Polluce, Der Kaufmann von Smyrna, LampedoHans Vogt (1911–1992): Die Stadt hinter dem StromAndy Vores (1956– ): Freshwater, No ExitAlexander Vustin (1943– ): The Devil in LoveW
Ignatz Waghalter (1881–1949): Der Teufelsweg, Mandragola, Jugend, Sataniel, Ahasaverus and EstherRichard Wagner (1813–1883): Die Feen, Der fliegende Holländer, Die Hochzeit, Das Liebesverbot, Lohengrin, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Parsifal, Rienzi, Der Ring des Nibelungen (Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Siegfried, Götterdämmerung), Tannhäuser, Tristan und IsoldeSiegfried Wagner (1869–1930): Der BärenhäuterRudolf Wagner-Régeny (1903–1969): Das Bergwerk zu Falun, Die Bürger von Calais, Der Günstling, PrometheusJulian Wagstaff (1970– ): The Turing Test (opera), Breathe Freely (opera)Rufus Wainwright (1973– ): Prima Donna, HadrianIgor Wakhévitch (1948– ): Être DieuStewart Wallace (1960– ): The Bonesetter's DaughterWilliam Vincent Wallace (1812–1865): The Amber Witch, Lurline, Maritana, The Desert FlowerJoelle Wallach (1946– ): The King's Twelve MoonsHermann Wolfgang von Waltershausen (1882–1954): Else Klapperzehen, Oberst Chabert, Richardis, Die Rauhensteiner Hochzeit, Die Gräfin von TolosaWilliam Walton (1902–1983): The Bear, Troilus and CressidaRobert Ward (1917–2013): The CrucibleRoger Waters (1943– ): Ça Ira (opera)Carl Maria von Weber (1786–1826): Abu Hassan, Die drei Pintos, Der Freischütz, Euryanthe, Oberon, Peter Schmoll und seine Nachbarn, SilvanaJoseph Weigl (1766–1846): Die Schweizer FamilieKurt Weill (1900–1950): Die Bürgschaft, Down in the Valley, The Eternal Road (Der Weg der Verheissung), The Firebrand of Florence, Happy End, Der Jasager, Johnny Johnson, Knickerbocker Holiday, Der Kuhhandel (A Kingdom for a Cow, or Arms and the Cow), Lady in the Dark, Lost in the Stars, Love Life, One Touch of Venus, Der Protagonist, Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny), Royal Palace, The Seven Deadly Sins (Die sieben Todesünden), Der Silbersee, Street Scene, The Threepenny Opera (Die Dreigroschenoper), Der Zar lässt sich photographieren, The Flight across the OceanMieczysław Weinberg (1919–1996): The PortraitJaromír Weinberger (1896–1967): Schwanda the Bagpiper, Milovaný hlas (The Beloved Voice), Lidé z Pokerflatu (The Outcasts of Poker Flat), Jarní bouře (Spring Storms), Na růžích ustláno (A Bed of Roses), Apropó, co dělá Andula? (By the Way, What Is Andula Doing?), Císař pán na třešních (The Emperor Lord of Cherries), Valdštejn (Wallenstein)
Felix Weingartner (1863–1942): Genesius, Meister Andrea, SakuntalaJudith Weir (1954– ): Blond Eckbert, Heaven Ablaze in His Breast, King Harald's Saga, A Night at the Chinese Opera, The Vanishing Bridegroom, ArmidaHugo Weisgall (1912–1997): Esther, Nine Rivers from Jordan, Six Characters in Search of an Author, The Stronger, The Tenor, Will You Marry Me?Dan Welcher (1948– ): Della's GiftJohn Weldon (1676–1736): The Judgement of ParisEgon Wellesz (1885–1974): Die Prinzessin Girnara, Die BakchantinnenFelix Werder (1922–2012): AgamemnonPeter Westergaard (1931–2019): The Tempest, Alice in WonderlandGillian Whitehead (1941– ): Outrageous FortuneJörg Widmann (1973– ): Das Gesicht im Spiegel, BabylonCharles-Marie Widor (1844–1937): Maître AmbrosAlec Wilder (1907–1980): The Lowland Sea, Sunday Excursion, The OpeningHealey Willan (1880–1968): DeirdreGrace Williams (1906–1977): The ParlourMalcolm Williamson (1931–2003): English Eccentrics, The Happy Prince, Julius Caesar Jones, Lucky Peter's Journey, Our Man in Havana, The Valley and the Hill, The Violins of Saint-JacquesCharles Wilson (1931–2019): Héloise and Abelard, Psycho RedJames Wilson (1922–2005): Letters to Theo, Grinning at the DevilThomas Wilson (1927–2001): The Charcoal Burner, Confessions of a Justified SinnerHerbert Windt (1894–1965): AndromachePeter Winter (1754–1825): Babylons Pyramiden, Der Bettelstudent, Das Labyrinth, Leonardo und Blandine, Das unterbrochene OpferfestPeter Wishart (1921–1984): Two in the Bush, The CaptiveErling Wold (1958– ): A Little Girl Dreams of Taking the VeilHugo Wolf (1860–1903): Der CorregidorErmanno Wolf-Ferrari (1876–1948): Il campiello, Le donne curiose, I gioielli della Madonna, I quatro rusteghi, Il segreto di Susanna, SlyAlbert Wolff (1884–1970): L'oiseau bleuStefan Wolpe (1902–1972): Zeus und Elida, Schöne GeschichtenPaul Wranitzky (1756–1808): Oberon, König der ElfenCharles Wuorinen (1938–2020): Brokeback Mountain, Haroun and the Sea of StoriesX
Spyridon Xyndas (1812/1814–1896): Il Conte Giuliano, O ypopsifios vouleftis (The parliamentary candidate), O neogambros, I due pretendentiY
Kosaku Yamada (1886–1965): Kurofune (The Black Ships)
Christopher Yavelow (1950– ): The Passion of Vincent van Gogh, Countdown
Eugène Ysaÿe (1858–1931): Pier li Houyeû
Sergei Yuferov (1865–?): Myrrha (Мирра), Yolande (Иоланда), Antoine et Cléopatre (Антоний и Клеопатра)
Isang Yun (1917–1995): Sim Tjong
Z
Ivan Zajc (1832–1914): Nikola Šubić Zrinjski
Riccardo Zandonai (1883–1944): I cavalieri di Ekebù, Conchita, Francesca da Rimini, Giulietta e Romeo, La farsa amorosa
Carl Zeller (1842–1898): Der Obersteiger, Der Vogelhändler
Alexander von Zemlinsky (1871–1942): Es war einmal, Eine florentinische Tragödie, Der König Kandaules, Der Kreidekreis, Sarema, Der Traumgörge, Der Zwerg
Hans Zender (1936– ): Stephen Climax, Don Quijote de la Mancha
Otakar Zich (1879–1934): Preciézky
Karl Michael Ziehrer (1843–1922): Der Fremdenführer, König Jérôme, Die Landstreicher
Winfried Zillig (1905–1963): Die Windsbraut
Bernd Alois Zimmermann (1918–1970): Die Soldaten
Udo Zimmermann (1943–2021): Levin's Mühle, Der Schuhu und die fliegende Prinzessin, Weiße Rose, Die wundersame Schusterfrau
Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli (1752–1837): Giulietta e Romeo, Ines de Castro, Pirro, re d'Epiro
Heinrich Zöllner (1854–1941): Die versunkene Glocke (The Sunken Bell)
Guglielmo Zuelli (1859–1941): Fata del Nord
Manuel de Zumaya (1678–1755): Partenope
Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg (1760–1802): Das Pfauenfest
See also
List of important operas
List of operas by title | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20operas%20by%20composer |
Peter Bruce Andrews (born 1937) is an American mathematician and Professor of Mathematics, Emeritus at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the creator of the mathematical logic Q0. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1964 under the tutelage of Alonzo Church. He received the Herbrand Award in 2003. His research group designed the TPS automated theorem prover. A subsystem ETPS (Educational Theorem Proving System) of TPS is used to help students learn logic by interactively constructing natural deduction proofs.
Publications
Andrews, Peter B. (1965). A Transfinite Type Theory with Type Variables. North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
Andrews, Peter B. (1971). "Resolution in type theory". Journal of Symbolic Logic 36, 414–432.
Andrews, Peter B. (1981). "Theorem proving via general matings". J. Assoc. Comput. March. 28, no. 2, 193–214.
Andrews, Peter B. (1986). An introduction to mathematical logic and type theory: to truth through proof. Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. . Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL.
Andrews, Peter B. (1989). "On connections and higher-order logic". J. Automat. Reason. 5, no. 3, 257–291.
Andrews, Peter B.; Bishop, Matthew; Issar, Sunil; Nesmith, Dan; Pfenning, Frank; Xi, Hongwei (1996). "TPS: a theorem-proving system for classical type theory". J. Automat. Reason. 16, no. 3, 321–353.
Andrews, Peter B. (2002). An introduction to mathematical logic and type theory: to truth through proof. Second edition. Applied Logic Series, 27. . Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
References
External links
Peter B. Andrews
1937 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American logicians
Mathematical logicians
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Princeton University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20B.%20Andrews |
Roughly speaking, the prose of the Ottoman Empire can be divided along the lines of two broad periods: early Ottoman prose, written prior to the 19th century CE and exclusively nonfictional in nature; and later Ottoman prose, which extended from the mid-19th century Tanzimat period of reform to the final fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, and in which prose fiction was first introduced.
Early Ottoman prose
Early Ottoman prose, before the 19th century CE, never developed to the extent that the contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose of the time was expected to adhere to the rules of seci, or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from Arabic literature (saj') and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a sentence, there must be a rhyme.
Nevertheless, there was a long tradition of prose in the Ottoman Empire. This tradition was, for centuries, exclusively nonfictional in nature—the fiction tradition was limited to narrative poetry. A number of such nonfictional prose genres developed:
the seyahâtnâme, or travelogue, of which the outstanding example is the 17th-century Seyahâtnâme of Evliya Çelebi
the sefâretnâme, a related genre that is a sort of travelogue of the journeys and experiences of an Ottoman ambassador, and which is best exemplified by the 1718–1720 Paris Sefâretnâmesi of Yirmisekiz Mehmet Çelebi Efendi, ambassador to the court of Louis XV of France
the siyâsetnâme, a kind of political treatise describing the functionings of state and offering advice for rulers, an early Seljuk example of which is the 11th-century Siyāsatnāma, written in Persian by Nizam al-Mulk, vizier to the Seljuk rulers Alp Arslan and Malik Shah I
the tezkire, a collection of short biographies of notable figures, some of the most notable of which were the 16th-century tezkiretü'ş-şuaras, or biographies of poets, by Latîfî and Aşık Çelebi
the münşeât, a collection of writings and letters similar to the Western tradition of belles-lettres
the münazara, a collection of debates of either a religious or a philosophical nature
Later Ottoman prose
Ottoman women writers of the 19th and 20th century wrote extensively on the subjects of Islamic dress, women's employment and education. Borrowing from progressive and conservative modes of thought, their writings reveal a range of views and attitudes on the most important issues of their time. Ottoman feminist writers noted the limited opportunities of Ottoman women to attain financial independence, considered the most important stepping stone to women's emancipation. In Ottoman society, women working outside the home was widely considered dishonorable, not only for the woman herself, but for her entire family. Armenian journalist Zaroubi Galemkearian wrote in her autobiography:
How conservative the social norms were! Girls of modest [social] status would often hide the need to earn money working outside the household. Women who embroidered tival (decorative panels) or crocheted at home to meet essential needs or to help the family regarded the money earned as a sort of disgrace.
Another writer Halide Nusret had more conservative views. Although Nusret acknowledged the need of women to work in cases of financial hardship, she found the toil of daily labor to be less than ideal for women inclined to femininity. A supporter of women's education, Nusret did not envision women's education as a rivalry with men, but an essential for building the character and maturity needed of capable mothers.
Safveti Ziya
References
Ottoman culture
History of literature
Turkish | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose%20of%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire |
Interdisciplinary teaching is a method, or set of methods, used to teach across curricular disciplines or "the bringing together of separate disciplines around common themes, issues, or problems.” Often interdisciplinary instruction is associated with or a component of several other instructional approaches. For example, in a review of literature on the subject published in 1994, Kathy Lake identified seven elements common to integrated curriculum models: a combination of subjects; an emphasis on projects; the use of a wide variety of source material, not just textbooks; highlighting relationships among concepts; thematic units; flexible schedules; and flexible student grouping.
Types
There are many different types, or levels, of interdisciplinary teaching. On one end, schools might employ an interdisciplinary team approach, in which teachers of different content areas assigned to one group of students who are encouraged to correlate some of their teaching (Vars, 1991). The most common method of implementing integrated, interdisciplinary instruction is the thematic unit, in which a common theme is studied in more than one content area.
The example given above about rivers would be considered multidisciplinary or parallel design, which is defined as lessons or units developed across many disciplines with a common organizing topic (Jackson & Davis, 2000).
One of the foremost scholars of interdisciplinary teaching techniques is James Beane, who advocates for curriculum integration, which is curriculum that is collaboratively designed around important issues. It has four major components: the integration of experiences, social integration, the integration of knowledge, and integration as a curriculum design. It differs from other types of interdisciplinary teaching in that it begins with a central theme that emerges from questions or social concerns students have, without regard to subject delineations (Beane, 1997).
In 1989, the seminal work, Interdisciplinary Curriculum: Design and Implementation, edited by Heidi Hayes Jacobs was published by ASCD (Alexandria, Va). In this work, she presented a continuum of options for design spanning focused disciplined work to parallel to multidisciplinary to full integration.
Examples
Travel and vacation can serve as a theme for cross-curricular interdisciplinary instruction. In social studies, student might study the geography of popular travel destinations, the history of tourist sites in the local community, and how travel changed dramatically during the 19th century Industrial Revolution. Analysis of travel promotion and advertising are relevant to media literacy education. Thousands of travel accounts have been published over the centuries that could be read and discussed in English classes. The impact of tourism on the environment relevant to science curriculum. In business education, students might examine the impact of tourism on the local, regional, or world economy.
An interdisciplinary unit on rivers is appropriate for elementary or middle school Language Arts, Science and Social Studies. The local river system would be the unifying idea, but the English teacher would link it to Language Arts by studying river vocabulary and teaching students how to do a research report. The science teacher might teach children about the life systems that exist in the river, while the Social Studies teacher might help students research the local history and peoples who used the river for food and transport.
Food is studied in every discipline and can serve as a theme for interdisciplinary instruction. Psychologists and sociologists explore how individuals and cultures decide what to eat, how to prepare it, and how to consume it. Anthropologists explore the meaning and symbolism of food in a culture or how food relates to social class, sex, gender, or ethnicity. Economists study the production, distribution, marketing, sales, trade, and prices of food. Political scientists examine the government food policies such as taxation, regulation and debate the government’s role in feeding its citizens. Scientists from the fields of nutrition, medicine, chemistry, biology, and agriculture study every aspect of food, from diet, health, and nutrition to chemical composition, production, and preservation. Food historians use interdisciplinary approaches to study food and its place in social class, religious practice, immigration, urbanization, technological change, the growth of the food industry, counterculture movements, and government policy.
Implementation
Heidi Hayes Jacobs presents a four-phase approach to curriculum integration planning. (1989, ASCD, Alexandria, Va) First, she suggests that a school conduct action research to learn more about how to implement curriculum integration. This should be done six months to a year ahead of when the school is going to attempt curriculum integration. Next, phase two calls for the development of a proposal. Phase three consists of implementing and monitoring the pilot unit; this should take place in the second year of the curriculum integration plan. Phase four takes place in the third year of the plan, and calls for staff adoption of the program based on the findings from phase three (1991).
Choosing a theme to focus interdisciplinary instruction is a key step in implementing this approach. Themes should be of interest to students and relevant to the required curriculum. In some situations, students might choose the thematic topic. Themes should also be topics of interest to the teacher(s) because successful thematic instructions often requires additional research and preparation. Interdisciplinary themes related to multiple academic disciplines can be reinforced in lessons throughout the school day.
Essential questions are helpful in focusing the theme of interdisciplinary curriculum units. Essential questions are open-ended, intellectually engaging questions that demand higher-order thinking. Essential questions help teachers chose the most important facts and concepts relative to the theme and serve to focus planning efforts. For students, essential questions highlight key facts and concepts related to the interdisciplinary theme. They also serve as a focus for analysis and evaluation. Good essential questions can not be answered with a simple yes/no or true/false; students must discuss, defend, and debate issues related to the theme. Designing interdisciplinary instruction around essential questions require students to learn both content and develop critical analysis skills.
Benefits
A school district in Michigan created integration plans for thematic units, based on the ideas of Howard Gardner about multiple intelligences, in a yearlong pilot program. The results of the program included “sustained enthusiasm” from the staff, parents, and students, increased attendance rates, and improvement in standardized test scores, “especially from students with the poorest test results”.
Flowers, Mertens, & Mulhall identify five important outcomes and findings of their experiences with interdisciplinary teaching and planning: common planning time is vital, schools that team have a more positive work climate, parental contact is more frequent, teachers report a higher job satisfaction, and student achievement scores in schools that team are higher than those that do not team.
Additionally, Pumerantz & Galanto find that interdisciplinary teaching allows for students to, “Proceed at a pace commensurate with their interests, skills, and experiences”.
Integrated instruction helps teachers better utilize instructional time and look deeper into subjects through a variety of content-specific lens. Another benefit of integrated instruction is that teachers can better differentiate instruction to individual student needs. Integrated instruction also allows for authentic assessment. A final benefit of interdisciplinary teaching is that students have a chance to work with multiple sources of information, thus ensuring they are receiving a more inclusive perspective than they would from consulting one textbook.
Criticism
Scholars that advocate for curriculum integration argue that the topics studied should originate with students and their teachers, and not from district-imposed curriculum packages. This raises the important issue of accountability. As school districts often have decision-making panels that consist of stakeholders such as teachers, parents, and students, curriculum integration may take away their agency to make curricular choices. In addition to issues of local control, truly integrated curricula may or may not prepare students for the high-stakes tests that have become a reality for most high schools around the world, depending on whether they cover the same material. Finally, there is also concern that integrated teaching discounts the value of deep subject-specific knowledge, which is essential for specialization in areas such as medicine, law, and engineering.
Thematic units can also fall short of teaching in-depth content to students. Often a theme, such as apples, is used to link unrelated subjects, with little deference to students’ prior knowledge or interests. This superficial coverage of a topic can give students the wrong idea about school, perhaps missing the idea of curriculum integration in the first place.
Thematic units can contain pointless busywork and activities created solely to create a link to a theme; for example, the alphabetizing of state capitals in a social studies unit, attempting to integrate it with language arts.
Research has also suggested that some students may have less capacity to cope with broad interdicisplinary curricula that spans diverse combination of subjects from different fields.
See also
Interdisciplinarity
Phenomenon-based learning
Thematic learning
Notes
References
Barton, K.C. & Smith, L.A. (September 2000). Themes or motifs? Aiming for coherence through interdisciplinary outlines. The Reading Teacher, 54(1), 54 – 63.
Beane, J. (1997). Curriculum Integration. Teachers College Press: New York.
Bolak, K., Bialach, D., & Dunphy, M. (May 2005). Standards-based, thematic units integrate the arts and energize students and teachers. Middle School Journal, 31(2), 57 - 60.
Brophy, J. & Alleman, J. (October 1991). A caveat: Curriculum integration isn’t always a good idea. Educational Leadership, 49(2), 66.
Flowers, N., Mertens, S.B., & Mulhall, P.F. (November 1999). The impact of teaming: Five research-based outcomes. Middle School Journal, 36(5), 9 - 19.
Gatewood, T. (March 1998). How valid is integrated curriculum in today’s middle school? Middle School Journal, 29(4), 38 - 41.
Jackson, A.W. & Davis, G.A. (2000). Turning Points 2000: Educating adolescents in the 21st century. New York: Teachers College Press.
Jacobs, H.H. (1989). Interdisciplinary Curriculum: Design and Implementation. ASCD, Alexandria, Va.
Jacobs, H.H. (October 1991). Planning for curriculum integration. Educational Leadership, 49(2), 27 – 28.
Pumerantz, P. & Galano, R.W. (1972). Establishing interdisciplinary programs in the middle school. West Nyack, N.Y.: Parker Publishing Company, Inc.
Stevenson, C. (March 1998). Finding our priorities for middle level curriculum. Middle School Journal, 29(4), 55 - 57.
Vars, G.F. (October 1991). Integrated curriculum in historical perspective. Educational Leadership, 49(2), 14 – 15.
Wood, K. (1997). Interdisciplinary instruction: A practical guide for elementary and middle school teachers. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Merrill.
Teaching
Learning methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinary%20teaching |
Paul Birchard is an American actor who lives in Finland. He has appeared in film, television, stage and radio productions, most notably as Bud in Sweet Bird of Youth with the Royal National Theatre, Ross in The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? at the Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh, and Chuck in the premiere of Frank Grimes's first performed play, The Fishing Trip. Birchard is also known for his one-man stage adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald stories, a documentary film about Tennessee Williams and Konrad Hopkins which he produced and directed, and a song promoting the Glasgow Diamonds American football team.
Early life and education
Birchard grew up in Los Angeles, California, where he saw Henry Fonda acting and directing stage performances, including The Time of Your Life in 1972. He moved to Scotland, and in 1981 graduated with a Diploma in Dramatic Art from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow.
Career
During the 1980s, Birchard worked as a DJ at Radio Clyde, and appeared in various stage performances including supporting roles in a touring production of The Entertainer, and pantomime.
In 1986 he wrote and recorded the song "Diamonds Rap (We Are The Diamonds)", promoting the Glasgow Diamonds American football team. CBS Sports created a video package called the "CBS Video Bowl" for the half-time interval of their worldwide broadcast of the Super Bowl in January 1987, and in a countdown from seven to one, "Diamonds Rap (We Are The Diamonds)" beat more polished rap videos by NFL teams to take the top spot.
His career continued to encompass radio and stage roles, as well as appearances on television and in films. In 1991, he appeared at the Warehouse Theatre Croydon, London, in the premiere of Frank Grimes' first performed play, The Fishing Trip. Reviewers commented, "Paul Birchard's macho Vietnam vet Chuck is unexpectedly subtle"; "the riven Pat is set against the brooding force of Paul Birchard's Chuck - who conveys menace with the minimum of histrionics."
In 1994, he adapted five of F. Scott Fitzgerald's Pat Hobby Stories into a one-man show at the Riverside Studios, London, in which he "used his broad acting talent to impersonate characters like the brash producer to the effeminate hairdresser ... The American actor's storytelling ability is so vivid that the very few props he uses - telephones, typewriters and Time magazines - are hardly needed to boost the imagination." A reviewer in The Times considered that the stories were "not F. Scott Fitzgerald at his best ... frankly, five is a handful too many. ... The fault does not really lie with Birchard's performance ... he plays numerous parts adeptly, flicking from Hobby's wannabe Sam-Spade suavity to a cute-talking broad. He conveys character simply, with a jutting jaw or a seductive finger." Two years later, he took the show to the Dublin Fringe Theatre Festival, and in 2019, performed it at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
Some of his most notable roles have been at the National Theatre. He also played Benjamin's father in the London run of The Graduate. Birchard's more recent roles have been in Inherit the Wind at the Old Vic in London, where he played the town mayor and was understudy to Kevin Spacey. In Edward Albee's The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? at the Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh, Birchard played Ross. The Guardian reviewer said, "Superb performances from Sian Thomas, John Ramm, Paul Birchard and Kyle McPhail do tremendous justice to an unnerving play", while The Stage wrote "the four-strong cast put in near definitive performances ... Paul Birchard is lugubrious longest-serving friend, Ross ... Ross’s gleeful delight in the idea of an affair is a superbly-judged precursor to his horror at the enormity of the reality."
On radio, he has been a regular guest on the Eddie Mair Live show on Radio Scotland in the early 1990s, and appeared in BBC Radio 4 plays and readings in the 1990s and 2000s. He also provided the voice over for 1998 computer game Plane Crazy, as well as the voice of one of the main characters in Crysis 2 in 2011.
On television, he appeared in a number of BBC 2 plays, including a drama about Buddy Holly in 1989, presented the World League of American Football on Scottish TV, and appeared in Spooks as a rogue CIA operative.
Birchard produced, directed and appeared in the feature-length documentary film U & Me & Tennessee: An American Romance..., which deals with a romance by correspondence between playwright Tennessee Williams and Konrad Hopkins. This film was an official selection at the 2007 Raindance Film Festival and at the Sydney Mardi Gras Film Festival.
Selected stage performances
Filmography
Film
1985: King Solomon's Mines – German on Train (uncredited)
1989: Batman – Another Reporter
1990: Memphis Belle – Lieutenant
1992: La mansión de los Cthulhu – Billy
1998: Sista Kontraktet (The Last Contract) – Bertram Norris
1999: Gregory's Two Girls – American Executive
2001: The Tailor of Panama – Joe
2001: The Fourth Angel – Pilot
2001: Revelation – General Demolay
2003: Quicksand – F.B.I. Man
2003: Solid Air – Chris
2003: The Jacket – Doctor
2005: The White Countess – Company Director
2006: Alien Autopsy – Senior TV Exec
2007: 1408 – Mr. Innkeeper
2008: The Dark Knight – Cop with Fat Thug
2011: Hanna – Bob
2012: Outpost: Black Sun – Cains
2012: The Angels' Share – North American Bidder
2012: Love Bite – Reverend Lynch
2016: Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them – Hobo
2019: Les Temps De Marguerite – Ernest Hemingway
TV
Radio
Personal life
Birchard is a lifelong devotee of Meher Baba. He has four children, including Ross Matthew Birchard, who produces music as Hudson Mohawke.
References
External links
'Diamond Rap' on YouTube
Actor's website
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Place of birth missing (living people)
Followers of Meher Baba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Birchard |
Karel Blažej Kopřiva (or Karl Blasius Kopriva; 9 February 1756 in Cítoliby – 15 May 1785 in Cítoliby) was a Czech organist and composer from a family of musicians.
Life and career
Kopřiva studied first with his father, the composer Václav Jan Kopřiva (1708–1789), and later with Josef Seger in Prague. Then he became organist at the St. Jacob's Church in Cítoliby. He is especially renowned for his numerous concertos and fairs.
His brother Jan Jáchym Kopřiva (1754–1792) was also a notable musician.
List of selected works
12 symphonies (lost)
8 organ concertos (one survived)
Missa Solemnis in Dis
Requiem in C
Motetti: Dictamina mea (in Dis), Gloria Deo (in D), Veni sponsa Christi (in D)
Offertorium O, magna coeli Domina (in C)
Arias: Ah, cordi trito (in Dis), Amoenitate vocum (in D), Quod pia voce cano (in Dis), Siste ultricem dexteram (in B)
Solo organ works (complete)
Prelude in C major
Fugue-pastorella in C major
Fugue in A flat major
Fugue in F minor
Fughetta after Handel in G major
Fuga supra cognomen DEBEFE in D minor
Fugue in A minor
Sources
Karel Blažej Kopřiva biography
Another biography
External links
1756 births
1785 deaths
Czech Classical-period composers
Czech male classical composers
Czech classical organists
Male classical organists
People from Louny District
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
18th-century keyboardists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20Bla%C5%BEej%20Kop%C5%99iva |
Kevin Hathway is an English percussionist and educator. Besides being a member of the Philharmonia Orchestra, a position he has held since 1979, he is head of wind, brass and percussion at the Purcell School. He is a diploma examiner for the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music and co-devised their timpani, snare drum and tuned percussion examination syllabus.
From 1986 until 2007, he was head of the percussion faculty at the Royal College of Music. He creates and presents numerous concerts aimed at younger audiences and his unique Elastic Band – a micro-orchestra of 15 musicians – is in great demand throughout the UK and abroad. His themed family concerts for the Philharmonia are a concept he uses with MusicQuest, Britten Sinfonia, Southbank Sinfonia and the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra. He also directs Alberts Band, an educational chamber group resident at the Royal Albert Hall.
Publications
Graded Music for Snare Drum (Book I to IV) edited with Ian Wright
Graded Music for Tuned Percussion (Book I to IV) edited with Ian Wright
External links
Royal College of Music page on Kevin Hathway
Meet Kevin
Kevin Hathway's page at the Philharmonia
Academics of the Royal College of Music
British composers
Living people
British classical percussionists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Hathway |
James McIlroy (born 7 December 1977) is an English heavy metal guitarist. He was born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, grew up in Belgium before returning to England in 1996. He started his professional playing career in 2002.
Career
A guitarist in the British extreme metal band Cradle of Filth from 2003 until 2005, McIlroy played on the Nymphetamine album and special edition, as well as appearing on the Mannequin and Peace Through Superior Firepower DVDs.
He originally auditioned for the position in late 2002, and toured extensively for the Damnation and a Day and Nymphetamine albums, as well as appearances at the 2003 Ozzfest and Viva La Bam (2005), before leaving to pursue academia and work on other projects, his own band Chaosanct, as well as becoming part of the Order of Apollyon and English goth rock band NFD. In 2009, he returned for the second leg of Cradle of Filth's European Godspeed on the Devil's Thunder Tour.
McIlroy currently plays in his own bands Chaosanct, Order of Apollyon and NFD. He is currently working on the debut Chaosanct album as well as new material for all bands.
Discography
Nymphetamine – Cradle of Filth (2004)
I of Goliath – Chaosanct (2008)
The Ascendance of Impurity – Chaosanct (2009)
March of the Titans – Gravil (2010)
The Flesh – Order of Apollyon (2010)
Darkly, Darkly, Venus Aversa – Cradle of Filth (2010)
Evermore Darkly – Cradle of Filth (2011)
The Sword and the Dagger – Order of Apollyon (2015)
Videography
Peace Through Superior Firepower
Mannequin
Evermore Darkly
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
English heavy metal guitarists
Cradle of Filth members
People from King's Lynn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20McIlroy%20%28musician%29 |
In 2022, 79.6% of Taiwan's electricity generation came from fossil fuels (43.4% natural gas, 34.8% coal, 1.4% oil, 1.4% cogeneration, 1.2%), 9.1% from nuclear, 8.6% from renewables, and 1.2% from hydro. Taiwan relies on imports for almost 98% of its energy, which leaves the island's energy supply vulnerable to external disruption. In order to reduce this dependence, the Ministry of Economic Affairs' Bureau of Energy has been actively promoting energy research at several universities since the 1990s.
Nuclear energy
Taiwan has one active nuclear reactors, the Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant.
Nuclear energy is controversial, and the privatization of the energy market (with Taipower that is owned by the state), originally planned in 2001, was postponed to 2006. In 2012, nuclear power accounted for a total 38,890 GWh of electricity generation in Taiwan. In 2015, nuclear energy provided one quarter of base load power generation and 16% of overall generation in Taiwan.
The 2016 election was won by the Pan-Green Coalition which supported policies that included moving toward a nuclear-free society. In the 2018 referendums voters repealed a portion of the Electricity Act which required the phase-out of nuclear power by 2025. However, since then, older nuclear power plants have continued to be decommissioned with no new plants planned.
Liquefied natural gas
The annual output of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from exploration and production within Taiwan is 350-400 million m3. While on the other hand, Taiwan imported 18.4 billion m3 of LNG, the fifth largest LNG importer in the world, primarily from Qatar, Malaysia and Indonesia. LNG-fired power plants in Taiwan produce electricity at a cost of NT$3.91/kWh, more than the electricity cost charged to the customers.
The Democratic Progressive Party Government of the Republic of China under Chen Shui-bian was elected in early 2000 promising to approve only liquefied natural gas power projects in the future, and to increase the share of liquefied natural gas of Taiwan's power generation to roughly one-third by 2010. President Chen's administration tried to stop the 2,600 MW Longmen Nuclear Power Plant, currently under construction, but a court has ruled the construction could not be aborted.
In January 2013, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) and Shinfox signed an agreement to supply Kinmen with liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Mainland China. The delivery of LNG is expected to be started in early 2015 to industrial companies. At a later stage, the supply will be increased up to 100,000 tonnes per year to include power plants and households. The agreement was witnessed by Minister of Environmental Protection Administration Stephen Shen. Shen said that the cooperation is helpful to help Taiwan in realizing Kinmen to be a tourism-focused low-carbon county. During the third Cross-Strait Entrepreneurs Summit in Nanjing on 2–3 November 2015, executives from CNOOC and Shinfox gave a briefing on the joint venture project. Under the cooperation framework, CNOOC facilities in Fujian will also supply compressed natural gas, along with production technology.
As of 2017, the safety stock of LNG imported to Taiwan is seven days. In 2017 Taiwan was the world's fifth largest importer of LNG accounting for 6% of global market share.
Renewable energy
In June 2009, the Legislative Yuan passed a renewable energy act aimed at promoting the use of renewable energy, boosting energy diversification and helping reduce greenhouse gases. The new law authorizes the government to enhance incentives for the development of renewable energy via a variety of methods, including the acquisition mechanism, incentives for demonstration projects, and the loosening of regulatory restrictions in order to increase Taiwan's renewable energy generation capacity by 6.5 gigawatts to 10 gigawatts within 20 years.
In July 2009, the Executive Yuan approved a proposal consisting of 16 measures to transform Taiwan into a “low carbon” country by 2020. The Ministry of Economic Affairs’ (MOEA) proposal set a long-term goal of cutting total annual greenhouse gas emissions to 2000 levels by the year 2025. The Executive Yuan also requested the legislature to complete a bill on reducing carbon emissions and another bill on developing renewable energy. NT$226 million will be used to promote renewable energy and facilities in homes and public buildings. Over the next five years NT$20 billion would be invested into advanced technologies in seven industries: solar energy, LED lighting, wind power, hydrogen energy and fuel cells, biofuel, energy information and communications technology and electric vehicles. Cooperation between local governments and the central government will be enhanced by providing incentives for conserving energy and cutting emissions. Two pilot communities will be created per county or city over 2009-2011, with 50 percent of the energy supply in those areas coming from renewable sources.
In August 2009, Taiwan's government has announced that it will invest T$45 billion ($1.4 billion) in the island's domestic renewable energy sector in an attempt to help the sector grow nearly eight-fold by 2015 thereby increasing industry production value to T$1.158 trillion in 2015 compared to T$160.3 billion in mid-2009. Proponents hope that "the green energy sector will help Taiwan become a major power in energy technology and production, as well as provide the creation of green jobs."
In May 2016 Economics Minister Lee Shih-guang stated that the government expects renewable energy to account for 20% of electricity generation by 2025, to support the government's ambition to phase out nuclear power generation.
Emissions
Total carbon dioxide emissions nationwide were 277.645 million tonnes in 2006, representing 124.68 percent growth over 1990's 123.574 million tonnes, according to the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA). Energy conversion industry contributed to 6.9 percent of emissions in 2006, while heavy industry contributed 52.5 percent, the transportation sector contributed 14.3 percent, the commercial sector 6.3 percent and private households 12.1 percent.
Taiwan ranked third in Asia and 32nd worldwide in the 2009 Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) for carbon dioxide emissions, published by Climate Action Network Europe (CAN-Europe) and Germanwatch.
Historical energy consumption
Taiwan produces electricity from fossil fuels, wind, nuclear and hydro power. Taiwan's energy consumption the equivalent of 10.5 million kiloliters of oil, or about 2.2 million barrels a day.
Consumption of petroleum products account for about half of Taiwan's energy supply equivalent of 4.5 million kiloliters of oil. Demand for diesel declined 21 percent, while that for gasoline dropped 8.7 percent. Monthly Power consumption is around 20.9 billion kilowatt-hours. Formosa Petrochemical Corp. and CPC Corp are Taiwan's only oil refiners.
Energy use in the first six months of the year rose 6.7 percent to the equivalent of 61.6 million kiloliters of oil, the energy bureau said.
Crude oil processing: 4.59 million kiloliters in June.
Coal imports: 5.23 million metric tons
Imports of crude oil: 26.9 million kiloliters
[LNG] purchases: 5.58 billion cubic meters. Purchases of liquefied natural gas increased 13 percent to 1.06 billion cubic meters. LNG accounted for 97 percent of gas supply.
In 2013, coal imports to Taiwan amounted 65.96 million tons, which consists of 58.96 million tons of steam coal and 7.02 million tons of coking coal. The largest coal exporter country to Taiwan is Indonesia (41.64%) and Australia (40.20%).
In 2018, oil accounted for 48.28% of the total energy consumption. Coal comes next with 29.38%, followed by natural gas (indigenous and liquefied) with 15.18%, nuclear energy with 5.38%, biomass and waste with 1.13%, and energy from other renewable sources (plus hydroelectric power) with 0.64%.
In 2020, 45% of Taiwan's electricity generation came from coal, 35.7% from natural gas, 11.2% from nuclear, and 5.4% from renewables.
Energy efficiency
The Taiwan government has been active in promoting energy efficiency, and set a target of energy efficiency of 33% by 2025. This target is higher than Japan's commitment to APEC with the target of 25%-26% efficiency. The government is currently assisting 200 major energy users (companies and organizations) in implementing energy-saving measures.
Taiwan is preparing for the age of high oil prices, and is proactively developing clean energy, such as solar and wind power and biofuels. The efforts would help reduce Taiwan's reliance on imported oil, while contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gases.
The government aims for renewable energy to account for 15% of the nation's energy by 2025. It would amount to 8.45 million kilowatts, capable of producing 28.7 billion kilowatt hours of electricity. Wind-generated power could create as much as 8.9 billion kilowatt hours of electricity by 2025, comparable to 2.3 times the capacity of Linkou's thermal power plants. Many domestic companies are now beginning to work on the development of solar energy, and conservative estimates are projecting that 1.2 billion kilowatt hours of electricity will be produced through solar power by 2025.
Under the Energy Management Law and the underlying Implementing Regulations and related measures, companies are encouraged to improve the energy efficiency of their operations and products. Mandatory programs have been established for the purpose of energy conservation, including energy audit and energy efficiency standards for certain electrical and electronic products.
The Energy Commission under the Ministry of Economic Affairs is responsible for formulating and implementing energy policy and laws, including the programs instituted under the Energy Management Law. The principal responsibilities of the Energy Commission include:
supervising general affairs related to energy management to assure the stability of energy supply;
accelerating the rationalization of energy pricing;
promoting the effectiveness of energy utilization;
preventing energy-related environmental pollution; and
enhancing energy research and development.
The day-to-day work of the Energy Commission involves activities such as the development of policies and regulations, planning and conservation, research and development of technology, and data collection, processing, and publication.
Through the Greenmark program set up by the Fundamentals for Promoting the Use of the Taiwan Ecolabel, a number of energy-using appliances have been granted Ecolabels. For the electronic products, energy efficiency is one of the most important criteria for granting Green Marks. For further details, refer to the section on packaging and labeling. The Statute for Upgrading Industries also provides incentives for the improvement of energy efficiency.
Energy research
The Center for Energy Research (CER) at National Central University has initiated a plan to educate energy professionals. It would coordinate professors from related disciplines and build a diversified teaching platform to recruit young students and researchers. Educating young scientists in the field of green technology and encouraging them to create innovative products will provide Taiwan with an edge in the international market.
Energy Technology and Management Research Center at National Chiao Tung University
CER at National Central University
New Energy Research Center at National Taiwan University
Currently there are four nuclear research centers in Taiwan ranging up to 2.8 MW.
Dr. Yuan Tseh Lee is alumni of National Tsing Hua University and actual Taiwanese Nobel Prize scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using with scientific method and with understanding on laws of thermodynamics looking for energy sources with high net capacity factor as base load power source and low carbon footprint.
Taiwan has to step up its pace in fusion power research if it wishes to develop more sources of "clean" energy according to Dr. Cheng Chio-Zong
See also
List of power stations in Taiwan
Taiwan Power Company
Economy of Taiwan
Electricity sector in Taiwan
Nuclear power in Taiwan
Renewable energy in Taiwan
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan)
References
Further reading
Renewable energy in Taiwan: Its developing status and strategy. Energy, Volume 32, Issue 9, September 2007, Pages 1634-1646
Current status and development policies on renewable energy technology research in Taiwan Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Volume 9, Issue 3, June 2005, Pages 237-253
Renewable energy perspectives and support mechanisms in Taiwan
Development of Hydrogen Energy/Fuel Cell in Taiwan
Industrialization and Energy Policy in Taiwan Postwar (I) [in Japanese]
Promotion strategies for renewable energy in Taiwan Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Volume 12, Issue 6, August 2008, Pages 1681-1691
External links
Energy Information Network—energy audits, statistics, consumer and other energy-related information-gathering
Climate Change Taiwan—Mitigating Global Warming: what Taiwan is Doing
Energy Statistics Taiwan - Energy and Resources - Country Profile Taiwan Energy Facts & Stats
Taiwan energy profile statistics (EIA)
Taiwan - Energy Information Administration (2005)
Taiwan - Energy Information Administration (2008)
Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs
核能研究所(INER)-Institute of Nuclear Energy Research
Taiwan Nuclear Power - World Nuclear Association
Taiwan Association of Energy Service Companies
Taiwan Environment Information Center
The Center for Energy and Environmental Research
The hard truths about renewable energy and subsidies
Environmental Impacts of Wind Power
“Renewable Energy: Not Cheap, Not ‘Green’” Turns 15
Is Solar Really Renewable–and Free?
Integrating Taiwan’s Strengths into Global Climate Action
The Paris accord and Taiwan’s exclusion
Taiwan's top scientist critical of 4th nuclear plant.
Hsieh says DPP's policy on nuclear power unchanged
Nuclear plants 'lesser evil': scholar
Lee Teng-hui says nuclear power plants still needed
NCKU Nears Step in Nuclear Fusion Power
Taiwan’s Severe Energy Security Challenges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20in%20Taiwan |
Wechselburg Priory, formerly Wechselburg Abbey (Kloster Wechselburg) is a Benedictine priory in Wechselburg in Saxony, dissolved in the 16th century and re-founded in 1993.
First foundation
Dedo V of Wettin founded the monastery, dedicated in 1168. Henry the Illustrious, Margrave of Meissen made a gift of it in 1278 to the Teutonic Order. In 1543 the abbey with all its possessions came into the hands of the territorial prince, Maurice, Elector of Saxony. It was eventually dissolved in 1570.
Castle
After the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) the lords of Schönburg built a Baroque castle (Schloss Wechselburg) on the foundations of the ruined abbey, which remained in the same family until their dispossession in 1945.
Second foundation
After the end of World War II the abbey church became the parish church and also a place of pilgrimage. In 1993 Benedictine monks from Ettal Abbey re-founded Wechselburg as a priory. Although the community is still small, they run a youth and family centre and are involved in pastoral care and managing the pilgrimages.
Because of its dependency on Ettal, Wechselburg is the only non-Bavarian monastery to be a member of the Bavarian Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation.
Basilica
The Romanesque basilica of the Holy Cross remains as the parish church. It is famous for its huge and intricately carved mediaeval rood screen.
References
External links
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Saxony
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Roman Catholic churches in Saxony
Buildings and structures in Mittelsachsen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wechselburg%20Priory |
Von is a Germanic-language preposition that approximately means of or from. When it prefixes a surname it is not capitalized unless it begins a sentence.
Von can mean the following:
People:
Eerie Von (born 1964), original bassist for the metal band Danzig
King Von (1994–2020), African American rapper
Ronnie Von (born 1944), Brazilian singer and television host
Von Freeman (1923–2012), American jazz saxophonist
Von Hayes (born 1958), former Major League Baseball player
Von Miller (born 1989), National Football League player
Von Wafer (born 1985), National Basketball Association player
Von Von Von, a character created by the humorist Hugh Gallagher
In music:
Von (band), an American black metal band formed in 1987
The Von, an American rock band formed in 2013
Von (album) by Sigur Rós
VON may refer to:
Victorian Order of Nurses
Voice of Nigeria
See also
Vons (disambiguation)
Vaughn (disambiguation)
Vaughan (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Dominican Republic competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR.
Results by event
Athletics
Men's 100 metres
Gerardo Suero
Heat — 10.53
Quarterfinals — 10.57 (→ did not advance)
Women's 100 m Hurdles
Marisela Peralta
Heat — 14.18 (→ did not advance)
Diving
Men's Springboard
Reynaldo Castro
Preliminary Round — 469.14 points (→ 18th place, did not advance)
Men's Platform
César Augusto Jimenez
Preliminary Round — 369.09 points (→ 21st place, did not advance)
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1980 Summer Olympics
1980
Oly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican%20Republic%20at%20the%201980%20Summer%20Olympics |
Mute Print, released on April 20, 2004 through Nitro Records, is the third full-length album from the Massachusetts based melodic hardcore band A Wilhelm Scream. It is their first studio album since changing their name from Smackin' Isaiah in 2002.
Background and production
This album is the follow-up to a release that was done under their old name, Smackin' Isaiah, entitled Benefits Of Thinking Out Loud. In March 2003, the band began recording their next album at The Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado. On March 22, 2003, the band changed their name to A Wilhelm Scream. The following month, the band toured across Canada with Near Miss. The band finished recording the album in June 2003.
Release
On June 26, 2003, Mute Print was announced for release in September, through Jump Start Records. During September, the album was pushed back; the band embarked on a tour across the US, which ran into November. In January 2004, the band signed to Nitro Records. In February and March 2004, the band toured across the US with Much the Same, Break the Silence, and Near Miss. Mute Print was eventually released on April 20, 2004.
The music video for "Mute Print" was posted online on May 22, 2004. That same month, the band went on a US tour with Near Miss until June 2004; they played a handful of shows with the Full Blast, prior to four shows as part of that year's Warped Tour. In August/early September, The Vinyl Collective Cooperative Label released a vinyl version of Mute Print. In August and September 2004, the band supported Killradio on their headlining US tour. In October 2004, they played at a CMJ showcase, followed by a brief tour with Love Me Destroyer. A music video for "Famous Friends and Fashion Drunks" was posted on the label's website on October 8, 2004. They went on an East Coast tour with Love Me Destroyer in November 2004, and then a West Coast tour with Strung Out, Only Crime and Haste the Day to close out the year.
Track listing
Lyrics by Trevor Reilly, with the exception of #8 by Nuno Pereira. Music by A Wilhelm Scream.
Personnel
Nuno Pereira – vocals
Trevor Reilly – guitar, backing vocals
Christopher Levesque – guitar
Jonathan Teves – bass, backing vocals
Nicholas Pasquale Angelini – drums
Production
Produced, engineered and mixed by Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore
Recorded at The Blasting Room, Fort Collins, CO
Mastered by Alan Douches at West West Side Music
References
A Wilhelm Scream albums
2004 albums
Albums produced by Bill Stevenson (musician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute%20Print |
A savior complex is an attitude and demeanor in which a person believes they are responsible for assisting other people. A person with a savior complex will often experience empathic episodes and commit to impulsive decisions such as volunteering, donating, or advocating for a cause. A person with the complex will usually make an attempt to assist or continue to assist even if they are not helpful or are detrimental to the situation, others, or themselves.
See also
Hero syndrome
Superman complex
References
Complex (psychology) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savior%20complex |
Brussels-Schuman railway station (, ), officially Brussels-Schuman (, ), is a railway station in the City of Brussels, Belgium, serving the European Quarter. It received its name from the area around the Robert Schuman Roundabout, itself named after Robert Schuman.
Underneath Brussels-Schuman is the rapid transit Schuman station on lines 1 and 5 of the Brussels Metro system, which serves as an important node of the Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company (STIB/MIVB).
History
The original railway line through the station site ran between Brussels-Luxembourg and Brussels-North and was opened on 23 October 1856, though no station was provided. In about 1865, the Grande Compagnie du Luxembourg received subsidies from the state to open stations on the line, by that point surrounded by rapid housing development, and opened a halt called Bruxelles (Rue de la Loi), on a site now occupied by part of the Berlaymont building. The station was closed around 1920.
The site was identified as a future rail and metro connection during the planning and construction of the Berlaymont and Charlemagne buildings, and opened for rail and premetro (underground tram) services on 17 December 1969. The premetro trams were replaced by the new Brussels Metro on 20 September 1976.
From 2008 to 2016, the railway station (and the metro station) underwent major renovation works, increasing the station's capacity by two extra tracks. These connect to a tunnel to the old Schaerbeek-Josaphat station (and marshalling yard) on line 26, in order to offer direct quick connections to Antwerp, Leuven and Brussels Airport. With this third connection, the station has become one of Brussels' largest. Its new glass roof allows more daylight into the station.
Rail
The rail station (called Bruxelles-Schuman/Brussel-Schuman) is an elevated station, though its north-eastern end is "underground" as it enters a hillside. Its ticket office is located immediately next to the metro station; at one end of the railway station platforms, a stairway leads down to the /, coming out close to Maelbeek/Maalbeek metro station. Trains travelling between Brussels-South railway station and Namur and Luxembourg call at the station. The National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB)'s code for the station is FBSM.
A new tunnel was opened in April 2016 between Brussels-Schuman and Meiser, providing direct connections to Brussels Airport and stations on the Greater Ring of Brussels.
Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):
Intercity services (IC-16) Brussels - Namur - Arlon - Luxembourg
Intercity services (IC-17) Brussels Airport - Brussels-Luxembourg - Namur - Dinant (weekdays)
Intercity services (IC-17) Brussels - Namur - Dinant (weekends)
Intercity services (IC-18) Brussels - Namur - Liege (weekdays)
Intercity services (IC-27) Brussels Airport - Brussels-Luxembourg - Nivelles - Charleroi (weekdays)
Brussels RER services (S4) Aalst - Denderleeuw - Brussels-Luxembourg (- Etterbeek - Merode - Vilvoorde) (weekdays)
Brussels RER services (S5) Mechelen - Brussels-Luxembourg - Etterbeek - Halle - Enghien (- Geraardsbergen) (weekdays)
Brussels RER services (S8) Brussels - Etterbeek - Ottignies - Louvain-la-Neuve
Brussels RER services (S9) Leuven - Brussels-Luxembourg - Etterbeek - Braine-l'Alleud (weekdays, peak hours only)
Brussels RER services (S81) Schaarbeek - Brussels-Luxembourg - Etterbeek - Ottignies (weekdays, peak hours only)
Area
This station is in the centre of Brussels' European Quarter, being adjacent to the Berlaymont building (headquarters of the European Commission), the Justus Lipsius building (used to hold low-level meetings of the Council of the European Union and provide office space to the Council's Secretariat) and numerous other EU offices. It is named after the area around the Robert Schuman Roundabout, which was itself named after Robert Schuman, one of the founding fathers of the European Union, the Council of Europe and NATO. It lies beneath the Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat, a major city thoroughfare, and is close to the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark.
See also
List of railway stations in Belgium
Rail transport in Belgium
Transport in Brussels
History of Brussels
References
Notes
External links
A peek on the future Schuman Station - December 9, 2007 ifrancis blog
Brussels explosion: Many dead in attacks on Zaventem airport and Metro
Railway stations in Brussels
European quarter of Brussels
City of Brussels
Railway stations in Belgium opened in the 1960s
Railway stations opened in 1969
1969 establishments in Belgium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuman%20railway%20station |
Jingji may refer to:
Jingji Circuit (Tang dynasty) (京畿道), a Tang dynasty circuit around its capital Chang'an
Jingji Circuit (Song dynasty) (京畿路), a Song dynasty circuit around its capital Kaifeng Prefecture
See also
Gyeonggi Province, Korean equivalent
Kinki
Kinh Kỳ, Vietnamese equivalent, is a nickname of Hanoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingji |
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