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Béla Gerster (20 October 1850 – 3 August 1923) was a Hungarian engineer and canal architect. He took part in an early expedition to determine the route of the Panama Canal, and was the chief engineer of the Corinth Canal.
Background
Béla Gerster was born in 1850 at Kassa (Kaschau/Košice), (then in the Austrian Empire, at present in Slovakia) . He graduated from the Vienna University of Technology and he also started his profession in this city as a civil engineer. He was a respected expert on water constructions. He accompanied Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps and István Türr in an early international expedition in 1876 with the task to locate the most suitable route of an interoceanic canal. He proposed an area between Panama and Colón.
After István Türr was granted permission by the Greek government to revive the long abandoned idea works of cutting through of the Corinthian Isthmus (it was Emperor Nero who first attempted this in 68 AD). Gerster was given charge over making the plans in 1881. Afterwards he supervised the whole project as the chief engineer of the canal building company; his co-workers in this endeavour were another four Hungarian engineers: István Kauser, László Nyári, Garibaldi Pulszky and István Stéghmüller. The construction lasted for 11 years (1882–1893). The Corinth Canal is 6,343 metres long; its width amounts to 25 metres, its depth 8 metres and the earth cliffs flanking it reach a maximum height of 63 metres.
Gerster wrote about his experiences in his Hungarian-French bilingual book "A korinthusi földszoros és átmetszése" / "Cutting through the Corinthian Isthmus". This book features a lot of photographs, construction drawings and maps. He also laid out a railway line from Athens to Larisa.
He participated in the development of István Türr's monumental plans of water-supply engineering in Hungary. Later on he conducted the designing, construction and building of 13 major railway lines in Hungary. Lastly, in 1919 he administered the works at the Duna-Tisza Canal. He died in Budapest, Hungary in 1923.
See also
History of the Panama Canal
References
Further reading
Bela Gerster, "L'Isthme de Corinthe: tentatives de percement dans l'antiquité", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 8 (1884), pp. 225–232
External links
1850 births
1923 deaths
People from Košice
TU Wien alumni
Danube-Swabian people
Hungarian people of German descent
Hungarian architects
Hungarian canal engineers
Engineers from Austria-Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la%20Gerster |
Alex Carter may refer to:
Alex Carter (British actor) (born 1982), British actor
Alex Carter (Canadian actor) (born 1964), Canadian television and film actor
Alex Carter (cornerback) (born 1994), American football cornerback
Alex Carter (defensive end) (born 1963), American football defensive end
Alexander Carter (1909–2002), Canadian bishop
Alex Carter (Neighbours), fictional character on Australian soap opera Neighbours
See also
Alexandra Carter (born 1987), Canadian voice actress
Alexandra Carter (politician), English politician
Al Carter (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Carter |
Alex Neilson (born 22 September 1982) is an English drummer, percussionist and singer who is based in Glasgow but grew up in Leeds. He is a founding member and main songwriter of folk-rock group Trembling Bells (2008-2018). He is also known for his continuing collaborations with Alasdair Roberts, Will Oldham and Richard Youngs, and for his work with elusive American singer/songwriter Jandek.
Career
Over the years Neilson has performed alongside a large number of bands and artists including Lucky Luke, The One Ensemble of Daniel Padden, Ashtray Navigations, Alastair Galbraith, Isobel Campbell, Ben Reynolds, Matt Valentine, Tanakh, Josephine Foster, Six Organs of Admittance and Taurpis Tula, as well as Directing Hand and Scatter, both of which he founded. Collaborating with other musicians, he has accompanied on tour several folk artists who have enjoyed a late rediscovery of their work, amongst them Scott Fagan, Nick Garrie, Mike Heron and Shirley Collins. He also drummed on Collins's 2016 comeback album, Lodestar.
In early 2007, Neilson left his position at Glasgow-based record shop and distribution company Volcanic Tongue and joined Will Oldham for tour dates, having first played with him on a Scottish tour in April 2006. Neilson subsequently spending much of the year touring with Ben Reynolds (as Motor Ghost), with David Keenan (as Tight Meat) and with a fresh incarnation of Directing Hand consisting of himself and vocalist/harpist Lavinia Blackwall. In 2008, he toured with Baby Dee - he is heard on Dee's Safe Inside The Day record - and Current 93, having already appeared on a handful of Current 93 releases. A new Oldham live album featuring Neilson was also released.
Neilson spent much of late 2008 and early 2009 concentrating on his band Trembling Bells. The band consisted of Neilson on drums and vocals, Lavinia Blackwall on lead vocals and guitar, Mike Hastings on guitar and Simon Shaw on bass. Their debut LP Carbeth was released on Honest Jon Records to widespread critical acclaim in the spring of 2009. Neilson also spent considerable time on tour with Ben Chasny and his Six Organs of Admittance live ensemble. Trembling Bells continued to tour and release records until their split in late 2018. Their final release, for the 2019 Record Store Day, is a split 10" with Neilson's solo project Alex Rex.
Neilson regularly drummed for American avant-garde musician Jandek. Four of these live performances have been released by Corwood Industries as Glasgow Sunday, Newcastle Sunday, Glasgow Monday and Glasgow Friday on both CD and DVD. He continues to drum for Will Oldham (Bonnie "Prince" Billy), and has recorded and performed extensively with Scottish folk musician Alasdair Roberts on multiple tours and records.
In early 2013, Neilson joined forces with artist Lucy Stein and artist/writer/musician Sybren Renema in Death Shanties, a saxophone-drum duo with live visuals. Their mini-tour and self-released CD-R were generally well received.
Neilson currently releases solo work under the name Alex Rex. His debut album, Vermillion, came out in April 2017 on Tin Angel Records.
The second Alex Rex album Otterburn was released in March 2019. It heavily dealt with the sudden death of Alex's younger brother Alastair around the time of the release of Vermillion. The album cover features a childhood photo of Alastair, Alex and their older brother Oliver. Two singles preceded the album, "Master" and "Latest Regret". Alex Rex's third solo album, Andromeda, was released just a short time afterwards, in 2020, with Paradise following in 2021 on London-based Neolithic Recordings.
In 2022 Alex Rex released Mouthful of Earth, a collection of his poetry and music, on Neolithic Recordings.
Select discography
Solo (Alex Rex)
Vermillion, CD/LP (Tin Angel Records, 2017)
Otterburn, LP (Tin Angel Records, 2019)
Andromeda, CD/LP (Tin Angel Records, 2020)
Paradise, CD/LP (Neolithic Recordings, 2021)
Mouthful of Earth, LP (Neolithic Recordings, 2022)
Trembling Bells
Carbeth, CD (Honest Jon's Records, 2009)
Abandoned Love, CD (Honest Jon's Records, 2010)
The Constant Pageant, CD/LP (Honest Jon's Records, 2011)
The Marble Downs with Bonnie Prince Billy, CD/LP (Honest Jon's Records, 2012)
The Sovereign Self, CD/LP (Tin Angel Records, 2015)
Wide Majestic Aire, CD/LP EP (Tin Angel Records, 2016)
Dungeness, CD/LP (Tin Angel Records, 2018)
I am the King with Alex Rex, 10" LP (Tin Angel Records, Record Store Day 2019)
Ashtray Navigations
The Love That Whirrs, CD (Last Visible Dog, 2005)
To Get Beyond Nihilism By Revaluing Combat, CD-R (Hypnagogia, 2005)
Current 93
Birth Canal Blues Live, CD (Coptic Cat, 2008)
Aleph at Hallucinatory Mountain, CD/LP (Coptic Cat, 2009)
Monohallucinatory Mountain, CD/LP (Coptic Cat, 2009)
Aleph on Docetic Mountain, CD (Coptic Cat, 2009)
Baalstorm, Sing Omega, CD/LP (Coptic Cat, 2010)
Death Shanties
Crabs, LP (Bomb Shop, 2014)
Psychic Rome, LP (Goldenlab, 2015)
Directing Hand
Bells for Augustin Lesage, CD/LP (Secret Eye Records, 2005)
Love Will Waste My Body, CD-R (Memoirs of an Aesthete, 2005)
An Old Soul At The Helm, CD-R (Chocolate Monk, 2005)
What Put the Blood, LP (Dancing Wayang, 2008)
Songs from the Red House, LP (Singing Knives Records, 2008)
Jandek
Glasgow Sunday, CD/DVD (Corwood Industries, 2005)
Newcastle Sunday, CD/DVD (Corwood Industries, 2006)
Glasgow Monday, CD/DVD (Corwood Industries, 2006)
Glasgow Friday, CD/DVD (Corwood Industries, 2008)
Where Do You Go From Here, CD (Corwood Industries, 2011)
Tight Meat Duo/Trio
Vanishing Fist, CD (Bo’Weavil, 2007)
Tight Meat Duo, 8" (Altvinyl, 2007)
Ganges Letdown, CD-R (No label, 2007)
Richard Youngs & Alex Neilson
Ourselves, CD (VHF Records, 2004)
Beating Stars, LP (HP Cycle Records, 2005)
Partick Rain Dance, CD (VHF Records, 2005)
Road Is Open Life, CD (Celebrate Psi Phenomenon, 2006)
Electric Lotus, CD/LP (VHF Records, 2007)
References
External links
2006 Interview with Alex Neilson at Stylus Magazine
British male drummers
English drummers
English folk musicians
Musicians from Glasgow
Living people
1982 births
21st-century British drummers
21st-century British male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Neilson |
Max Casella (born Maximilian Deitch; June 6, 1967) is an American actor. He is known for his roles on the television series Doogie Howser, M.D., The Sopranos, Boardwalk Empire, Vinyl, Cro and the voice of Daxter in the Jak and Daxter video game series.
Early life
Casella was born in Washington, D.C., the son of David Deitch, a newspaper columnist, and Doris Casella, a social worker. His father is Jewish and his mother is of Italian descent. He grew up in Cambridge, Massachusetts and attended Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, where his classmates included Traci Bingham, Ben Affleck, and Matt Damon. Casella has Growth hormone deficiency, which accounted for his ability to play characters much younger than his actual age. His brother also shares the condition. He did not go through puberty until the age of 27 after medical intervention. His physical changes caused him to gain weight and he was dropped by his agents. He then had to completely reinvent himself as an actor.
Career
Casella played Vincent "Vinnie" Delpino in the television series Doogie Howser, M.D. from 1989 to 1993 with Neil Patrick Harris. In 1992, Casella played Racetrack Higgins in Newsies, which was based upon true events in the 1899 newsboys strike against Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. He appeared in WindRunner: A Spirited Journey, starring Margot Kidder and Russell Means as Jim Thorpe's ghost. In 1997, Casella played Timon in the original Broadway production of The Lion King; a performance for which he was awarded a Theatre World Award and received a Drama Desk Award nomination. From 2000 to 2001 he returned to Broadway as Marcellus Washburn in the revival of The Music Man. Casella portrayed Pvt. Dino Paparelli in Sgt. Bilko. He joined the cast of the HBO series The Sopranos during its third season, as Benny Fazio. Casella also starred in Ed Wood and Analyze This. In 2007, Casella portrayed Dick Howser in the ESPN mini-series The Bronx is Burning. He also voiced Tip in The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea, Zini in the CGI film Dinosaur and the titular character in ABC's Cro. In 2008, Casella played Mack Steiner in Leatherheads and Dennis, one of the main characters in Scaring the Fish. He also played Leo D'Alessio in season one of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire.
Personal life
Casella married Leona Robbins in 2002, and has two daughters, Mia and Gioia. They lived in New York City; and they separated in 2018.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
Max Casella at Home Box Office
1967 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American people of Italian descent
American people of Jewish descent
American Ashkenazi Jews
Cambridge Rindge and Latin School alumni
Jewish American male actors
Male actors from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Male actors from New York City
Male actors from Washington, D.C.
Singers from Massachusetts
Theatre World Award winners
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Casella |
Kimble Lynard Anders (born September 10, 1966) is a former American football fullback in the National Football League.
Early years
He played college football at the University of Houston where he produced 261 carries for 1,359 yards and 16 TDs to go with 115 receptions for 1,718 and 11 scores.
Professional career
Kimble was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1990. In 1991, he was signed as a free agent by the Kansas City Chiefs. He played for the Chiefs throughout his career. In 2022, the Chiefs announced he would be inducted into the team's Hall of Fame during the 2022 season.
Personal life
On April 4, 2013, it was announced that Anders would return to his home town of Galveston, TX to serve as Head Coach for Ball High School and Athletic Director for Galveston Independent School District.
References
External links
NFL.com player page
Running Back Giving Back Foundation
Kansas City Chiefs Ambassadors
1966 births
Living people
Players of American football from Galveston, Texas
American football fullbacks
Houston Cougars football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
American Conference Pro Bowl players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimble%20Anders |
Make Death Love Me (1979) is a psychological crime novel by English author Ruth Rendell, regarded by some as one of her bleakest and most powerful stories. The novel was shortlisted for an Edgar and won Sweden's prestigious Martin Beck Award.
Summary
Alan Groombridge, forty-ish, manages a tiny sub-branch of the Anglian-Victorian Bank in the fictional Suffolk town of Childon, assisted only by a young cashier, Joyce Culver. His humdrum, suburban life (a loveless marriage, two charmless, selfish children - an adult son and teenage daughter - an obnoxious father-in-law living with them and a vapid social life) is at odds with an imagined fantasy existence, inspired by his reading. "He had come late in life to the heady intoxication of literature and it had poisoned him for what he had... He became discontented with his lot... Unless all these authors were liars, there was an inner life and an outer experience, an infinite number of things to be seen and done, and there was passion."
Coincidence and random events driven by the independent, often unwitting or unconscious actions or words of various characters, lead to a half-baked armed robbery of the bank by two young men, Marty Foster and Nigel Thaxby, who neatly parallel Alan and Joyce. Marty, the alcoholic, grubby, unloved product of a rural working-class background, is a streetwise realist, while the strikingly handsome, lazy Nigel, has rejected his minor public-school education, middle-class parents and their aspirations for him. Both young men, without scruple and looking for an easy life, rob the bank at gunpoint and are obliged to abduct Joyce because she has seen their faces. It appears to police that Alan has also been abducted, but in fact he hid during the bank raid and, in a moment of madness, absconded with £3,000 the robbers overlooked.
These four central characters are holed up in London for most of the novel. Marty and Nigel swiftly lose control of the situation and find themselves effectively the prisoner of their captive, Joyce, unable to benefit from their robbery, enjoy the stolen money or resolve an impossible situation. Under a false identity, Alan establishes his long-dreamed-of life of cultural, emotional, sexual and spiritual fulfilment, and falls in love, but, plagued by guilt, he is also trapped in a situation that offers no clear resolution.
The explosive climax for these reluctantly and fatally entangled characters is bleak indeed. Ruth Rendell brilliantly offsets the soul-destroying, humdrum life of ordinary people lacking imagination or aspiration, against the perilous world of the fantasist, denying reality or struggling to escape into an imagined life. "Like Alan Groombridge, Nigel lived in a world of dreams." The theme is neatly embodied in a character we never actually meet, but who plays a key role in the world to which Alan briefly escapes - Ambrose Engstrand a "Neo-Empiricist" philosopher and psychologist, whose books (The Glory of the Real, Dream, the Opiate etc) argue his belief that dreams, fantasies, fiction and literature are pernicious and dangerous distractions from the reality of human existence.
References
1979 British novels
Novels by Ruth Rendell
Hutchinson (publisher) books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make%20Death%20Love%20Me |
Terminal Velocity is a 1994 American action film directed by Deran Sarafian, written by David Twohy, and starring Charlie Sheen, Nastassja Kinski, James Gandolfini, and Christopher McDonald. It follows a daredevil skydiver (Sheen) who is caught up in a criminal plot by Russian mobsters (Gandolfini and McDonald), forcing him to team up with a freelance secret agent (Kinski) in order to survive. It was one of two skydiving-themed action films released in the fourth quarter of 1994 (the other being Paramount Pictures' Drop Zone), and received mostly negative reviews from critics.
Plot
About to leave the country, a young Russian woman is ambushed in her Tucson apartment after calling her contact about a Boeing 747 she witnessed landing in the desert. The lead assailant, Kerr, broke into her apartment and captured her. He tortures her to death by drowning into a water tank where she is barefoot and naked. He tortures her for information about her roommate before drowning her in an aquarium.
Former Olympic gymnast-turned-daredevil skydiver Ditch Brodie participates in an illegal BASE jump off of a skyscraper, despite his jump school being under tight scrutiny by the FAA. Upon returning to his school, he's approached by a beautiful but nervous woman named Chris Morrow, who insists on performing a static jump from cruising altitude immediately. Playing along due to her flirtatious attitude, Ditch agrees to take her himself. During the flight, Chris briefly spots another aircraft below. When Ditch checks to see if his pilot has noticed it, Chris cuts ties with Ditch and jumps on her own. Ditch spots Chris tumbling uncontrollably below him, and is unable to save her before she hits the ground at terminal velocity. An investigation ensues, and the school is closed down indefinitely.
Feeling guilty and confused, Ditch rifles through Chris' personal belongings, and finds her apartment key. There he finds a photograph of Chris performing a jump, thus contradicting her earlier claim of inexperience, and Ditch is attacked and chased off by Kerr. At the flight school, Ditch is approached by Assistant District Attorney Ben Pinkwater, who tells Ditch he may be charged with manslaughter for Chris' death. Later, Ditch sees the same plane that had been following him during the jump, and follows it to a shack where he finds Chris alive, having faked her own death. She then takes Ditch on an unexplained nighttime jump at an aeronautics plant, promising to clear his name if he co-operates. Chris has Ditch infiltrate the plant via a smokestack and disable the security system before stealing a hidden optical disc. Kerr and his men arrive, forcing Ditch to flee from gunfire back to his school. Wanting his name cleared, he arranges a meeting with Chris and Pinkwater at a scrapyard, but upon arriving Ben kills Chris' partner Lex, revealing himself to be a cohort of Kerr's. A firefight ensues, and Chris and Ditch escape using a makeshift rocket car.
Taking shelter in the desert, Chris reveals that her real name is Krista Moldova, and that she and her pursuers are former KGB operatives left unemployed due to the collapse of the Soviet Union. "Pinkwater" and his men have fallen in with the Russian mob, and have hijacked a shipment of gold bullion intended for the Moscow reserve, and intend to use it to finance a coup d'état against the democratic Russian government. Using the optical disc retrieved by Ditch, Chris determines the location of the missing Boeing 747 carrying the shipment. She and Ditch get on board and find the gold, but are discovered by Pinkwater's men. The two barely escape, and Ditch decides to quit while Chris heads off to face Pinkwater alone.
As Ditch is about to leave on a bus, he finds a picture taken by Chris holding up a sign reading "Ditch Brodie Did Not Kill Me," thereby exonerating him. Having a change of heart, Ditch drives off to the airfield just as Pinkwater and his men take off, having kidnapped Chris. Posing as an FAA agent, Ditch convinces a biplane stunt pilot to fly him up and onto the 747. Ditch gets on board just as Chris is stuffed in the trunk of Kerr's sports car to be killed. Ditch and Kerr get into a fight, driving the car out of the cargo hold and plummeting toward the ground below. Ditch manages to force Kerr off, and gets Chris out of the trunk before it hits the ground. The two land in a nearby wind farm, and the plane, damaged in the fight, is forced to land. As police swarm the runway, Chris and Ditch are attacked by a parachuting Pinkwater, and Chris is stabbed in the back. Ditch attacks Pinkwater and pulls his back-up chute, sucking him into a nearby turbine and killing him.
Some time later, Ditch and Chris receive official commendations at the Kremlin for their actions in preventing the coup.
Cast
Charlie Sheen as Richard 'Ditch' Brodie
Nastassja Kinski as Agent Krista Moldova / Chris Morrow
James Gandolfini as Stefan / Ben Pinkwater
Christopher McDonald as Kerr
Suli McCullough as 'Robocam'
Hans R. Howes as Sam
Melvin Van Peebles as Noble
Gary Bullock as Agent Lex
Margaret Colin as Joline
Cathryn de Prume as Agent Karen
Rance Howard as Chuck
Sofia Shinas as Maxine 'Broken Legs Max'
Production
Based on David Twohy’s original spec script which sold to Hollywood Pictures for over $500,000 Kevin Reynolds and Tom Cruise were initially slated as director and star, but commitments prevented this.
The final stunt, which features Sheen at the wheel of a Cadillac Allanté falling to earth, was a mixture of bluescreen and camera work, as a real car was suspended beneath a helicopter and then a reverse zoom made it seem as if it were in free-fall.
Portions of the film were shot in Palm Springs, California. Other filming locations were Alabama Hills (Lone Pine, California); a windfarm near Tehachapi, California; Douglas, Arizona; Flagstaff, Arizona; Little Colorado River Canyon, Arizona; Moscow, Russia; Phoenix, Arizona; San Bernardino, California and Tucson, Arizona, where a cameo appearance by Martha Vasquez of its station KVOA was filmed.
Reception
The film debuted at No. 2 at the box office behind Timecop. It eventually grossed $16.5 million in the United States and Canada and over $31 million internationally, for a worldwide total of over $47 million compared to its $50 million budget.
It received mostly negative reviews by critics; it has a 19% positive scale on the ratings aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 26 reviews. Owen Gleiberman opined that "Terminal Velocity is the kind of movie in which the hero keeps sneaking into rooms to peek into some file and you wait, with glum certitude, for yet another ”surprise” thug to leap out of the shadows. It’s fun to hear Charlie Sheen deliver quips like, 'I’m not just a walking penis — I’m a flying penis!' But for most of the movie, Sheen, lowering his voice to a basso he-man growl, gives a boringly flat, square-jawed performance, as if he thought he were doing Hot Shots! Part Quatre." Roger Ebert suggested that "Sheen's behavior in this and other scenes is so close to the self-parody of his work in the 'Hot Shots!' movies that he almost seems to be telling us something — such as, that he takes the movie with less than perfect seriousness. No wonder. It's based on such a goofy premise that with just a nudge here and a pun there it could easily have become 'Hot Shots Part Cinq' and taken advantage of the franchise. It's not so much that Sheen can keep a straight face in any situation, as that he always seems to be testing himself with the situations he gets himself into."
Year-end lists
Honorable mention – David Elliott, The San Diego Union-Tribune
References
External links
1994 films
1990s action films
American action films
American aviation films
Films scored by Joel McNeely
Films directed by Deran Sarafian
Films set in Tucson, Arizona
Films shot in Tucson, Arizona
Films shot in California
Hollywood Pictures films
Interscope Communications films
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films
Films with screenplays by David Twohy
Skydiving in fiction
Films produced by Scott Kroopf
1990s English-language films
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal%20Velocity%20%28film%29 |
The Arkalochori Axe is a 2nd millennium BC Minoan bronze votive double axe (labrys) excavated by Spyridon Marinatos in 1934 in the Arkalochori cave on Crete, which is believed to have been used for religious rituals. It is inscribed with fifteen symbols.
It has been suggested that these symbols might be Linear A, although some scholars disagree.
The labrys and the Phaistos Disc are conserved in the Heraklion Archaeological Museum. They share some symbols.
Inscription
Of the fifteen signs, two appear to be unique. The following suggestions for comparison with Linear A and Phaistos Disc glyphs are attributed to Torsten Timm (2004). Reading top to bottom, right to left, the symbols are:
Note that reading top to bottom, right to left after turning the inscription counterclockwise gives a different sequence and numbering of the glyphs. The alternative sequence is suggested to be translatable as a text with a dedicatory offering to Tammuz.
See also
Phaistos Disc
Dispilio tablet
References
Cretan hieroglyphs
Minoan archaeological artifacts
Axes
Archaeological discoveries in Greece
Ancient Greek metalwork
1934 archaeological discoveries
Minoan art
2nd-millennium BC works
Bronze objects
Heraklion Archaeological Museum
Ancient art in metal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkalochori%20Axe |
St. Boniface's Abbey () is a Benedictine monastery in Maxvorstadt, Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It was founded in 1835 by King Ludwig I of Bavaria, as a part of his efforts to reanimate the country's spiritual life by the restoration of the monasteries destroyed during the secularisation of the early 19th century.
The abbey, constructed in Byzantine style, was formally dedicated in 1850. It was destroyed during World War II and only partly restored. The church contains the tombs of King Ludwig I and of his queen, Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen.
St. Boniface's is situated in a city, which is unusual for a Benedictine monastery. To ensure the material provision of the monks, King Ludwig bought the former Andechs Abbey, which had been secularised in 1803, along with its supporting farmlands and gave it to the new abbey. For this reason Andechs is now a priory of St. Boniface's Abbey.
The monks work in the pastoral care of the parish, in scholarly and educational fields and in the care of the homeless. The present abbot (as of 2014) is Johannes Eckert, whom the monks elected on 23 July 2003 on the retirement of the previous abbot, Odilo Lechner.
St. Boniface's Abbey is a member of the Bavarian Congregation within the Benedictine Confederation.
Abbots
Paulus Birker (1850–1854)
Bonifaz Haneberg (1854–1872)
Benedikt Zenetti (1872–1904)
Gregor Danner (1904–1919)
Bonifaz Wöhrmüller (1919–1951)
Hugo Lang (1951–1967)
Odilo Lechner (coadjutor 1964–1967; abbot 1967–2003)
Johannes Eckert (2013-)
References
Sources
Lebendige Steine. St. Bonifaz in München. 150 Jahre Benediktinerabtei und Pfarrei. Eine Ausstellung der Benediktinerabtei St. Bonifaz München und Andechs und des Bayerischen Hauptstaatsarchivs zum 150. Jubiläum der Gründung durch König Ludwig I. München 2000 (Ausstellungskataloge der Staatlichen Archive Bayerns; 42) [exhibition catalogue produced by the Bavarian State Archives for the 150th anniversary of the abbey's foundation]
External links
St. Boniface's website
Boniface
Boniface
Boniface
Boniface
Boniface
Boniface
Boniface
Boniface
Cultural heritage monuments in Munich
Neoclassical church buildings in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Boniface%27s%20Abbey |
The Quartz Valley Indian Community of the Quartz Valley Reservation of California is a federally recognized tribe of Klamath, Karuk, and Shasta Indians in Siskiyou County, California.
Reservation
The Quartz Valley Reservation was originally located near the current reservation but was terminated by the US government in the 1960s. The current reservation is large, and the tribe is working to acquire additional lands.
Nearby communities are Greenview, Fort Jones, and Etna, California.
Education
For elementary education, part of the reservation is served by the Quartz Valley Elementary School District and the other portion by the Etna Union Elementary School District. For secondary education, the entire reservation is served by the Etna Union High School District.
Notes
External links
Quartz Valley Indian Community, official website
Corporate Charter of the Quartz Valley Indian Community - Native American Constitution and Law Digitization Project
Final Environmental Assessment, Quartz Valley Indian Reservation Wells Project - August 2010, with map showing the reservation's location
Federally recognized tribes in the United States
Karuk
Klamath
Geography of Siskiyou County, California
Native American tribes in California
American Indian reservations in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20Valley%20Indian%20Community |
Daniel Carlsson (born 29 June 1976) is a rally car driver from Sweden.
Biography
Carlsson came in 2nd at the Swedish Junior Rally Championship in 1998 when he was only 22. He went on to compete in the Swedish Rally Championship in 1999, finishing 1st in Group H. In 1999 he finished 2nd again in the Swedish Juniors.
By 2000 he graduated to the WRC and finished 22nd at his home rally of Sweden driving a Toyota. The following year in the same event he finished 7th.
At his first Monte Carlo rally in 2002 he promptly came in 4th just off the podium driving a Ford Puma S1600. At his home rally of Sweden, driving a Mitsubishi in the group N class, he finished 1st.
In the 2005 WRC season Carlsson was asked to stand in for Markko Märtin after the Wales Rally GB, in which Märtin's co-driver was killed. Martin decided to quit for the rest of the season, therefore prompting Peugeot Sport team to hire Carlsson for the remainder of the season.
At the start of the 2006 season, Carlsson posted his best home result with a 3rd in the Swedish WRC Rally. For the 2006 season Carlsson drove a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution with co-driver Bo Holmstrand.
In 2007, Carlsson was caught for drunk driving, had his driving license revoked, and decided to quit his rally career.
WRC results
JWRC results
References
External links
Official site
Profile of the driver from Ewrc-results.com
1976 births
Living people
Swedish rally drivers
World Rally Championship drivers
Peugeot Sport drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Carlsson%20%28rally%20driver%29 |
Belenois aurota, the pioneer or pioneer white or caper white, is a small to medium-sized butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites, which is found in South Asia and Africa. In Africa, it is also known as the brown-veined white, and is well known during summer and autumn when large numbers migrate north-east over the interior.
Description
Wet-season form
The upperside of males is white with the forewing having the costa from base to base of vein 11 dusky black and then jet black continuing into a widened and curving short streak along the discocellulars to the lower apex of the cell; apical area diagonally with the termen black, the former with six elongate outwardly pointed spots of the ground colour enclosed one in each of the interspaces 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9. Hindwing: uniform, the black along the venation on the underside seen through by transparency; termen between veins 2 and 6 somewhat broadly black, with a series of four round spots of the ground colour in the interspaces; below vein 2 and above vein 6 the termen is very narrowly black. Underside: forewing white, markings similar, more clearly defined, the white spots within the black apical area larger. Hindwing: yellowish white, all the veins very broadly bordered with black; interspaces 1, 2, 6, and 7 with crossbars of black, beyond which there is a subterminal, somewhat broad, transverse band of black between veins 2 and 6. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings white alternated with black. The ground colour on both upper and undersides variable, often cream coloured above; beneath: in some specimens, the base of cell and the elongate spots in apical area of forewing, and the whole surface of the hindwing varies to rich chrome yellow.
Female similar; the black markings on both upper and undersides broader, the white spots on black apical area of forewing often sub-obsolete above.
Antennae in both sexes black, sparsely sprinkled with white dots; head, thorax and abdomen above and below white: thorax above often bluish grey.
Dry-season form
The dry-season form is similar to the wet-season form but on the upperside the black markings are narrower, the white markings on the black apical area of forewing broader and longer, and on the hindwing the narrow inner margining to the black on the termen very narrow, somewhat obsolescent; therefore, the white subterminal spots have the appearance of opening inwards. Underside: ground colour almost pure white; on the hindwing slightly tinged with yellow. Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen as in the wet-season form.
Wingspan of 44–62 mm.
Race taprobana, Moore (Sri Lanka) differs from the typical form as follows: Male upperside, forewing: deep black on apical area, the enclosed white elongate spots more or less obsolete. Hindwing: the black terminal border much broader and of a deeper black, the enclosed white spots, except the spot in interspace 6, very much smaller, somewhat obsolescent, sometimes absent in interspace 4. Underside: similar to the upperside, the markings of a very intense black and broader, the enclosed spots in the apical area of forewing, the white of the cell and the area along the upper half of the wing generally overlaid with rich chrome yellow. Hindwing: ground colour a deep rich chrome yellow, the spots on it enclosed in the black along terminal margin subhastate (somewhat spear shaped), the spot in interspace 4 absent.
The female is similar to the male on both upper and undersides, but in most specimens, on the upperside, the spots of the white ground colour that are enclosed in the black apical area of the forewing and the spots on the black border along the terminal margin of the hindwing are entirely absent.
Distribution
The species lives in Sri Lanka, the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at elevations below , and through the plains to southern India. In the Nilgiris observed up to (George Hampson). To the west it spreads through Persia and Arabia to East Africa. The species occurs over the greater part of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Life cycle
Food plants of the larvae include Capparis zeylanica. In Africa, the host plants are almost exclusively from the family Capparaceae and in particular the genera Boscia, Maerua and Capparis. Eggs are laid in batches of 20 or so, while the newly hatched larvae are gregarious.
Larva
Pupa
See also
List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)
Notes
References
Pierini
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Africa
Butterflies described in 1793
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belenois%20aurota |
Jo Anne Bryant Barnhart (born January 1, 1950) was the 14th Commissioner of the Social Security Administration, filling a six-year term of office that ran through January 19, 2007.
Biography
She was nominated by President George W. Bush on July 17, and confirmed by the United States Senate on November 2, 2001. On February 1, 2007, the Senate confirmed Michael J. Astrue to replace Mrs. Barnhart for a six-year term beginning on January 20, 2007.
As head of the Social Security Administration (SSA), she was responsible for administering the Social Security programs (retirement, survivors and disability), as well as the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program.
During her term, the Social Security Administration provided financial protection to more than 158 million workers and their families, and more than 48 million Americans receive monthly Social Security retirement, disability or survivors benefits. The SSI program paid monthly benefits to more than 7 million Americans who have little or no resources and who are aged, blind or disabled. During her tenure, SSA developed and implemented the Electronic Disability System (e-Dib). Within one year of implementation e-Dib was the largest repository of medical records in the world.
Before her appointment by President Bush, Commissioner Barnhart served for more than four years as a member of the Social Security Advisory Board, an independent body created to advise the Congress on Social Security issues and policies.
A former SSA employee, Mrs. Barnhart worked in the Office of Family Assistance from 1981–1986, first as Deputy Associate Commissioner and then as Associate Commissioner. She served as minority staff director for the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs from 1986-1990. From 1990-1993, she served as Assistant Secretary for Children and Families at the Department of Health and Human Services, overseeing more than 65 programs, including Aid to Families with Dependent Children.
During her career, Mrs. Barnhart served as Senator William V. Roth, Jr.’s legislative assistant (1977–1981) and as his campaign manager (1988, 1994 and 2000), she was political director of the National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC; 1995–1996) and managed her own political and public policy consulting firm.
A graduate of the University of Delaware, Commissioner Barnhart was born in Memphis, Tennessee. She has been an adjunct lecturer at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University since 2008 where she teaches a course on designing social security programs. She lives in Florida with her husband, David.
References
External links
1950 births
Commissioners of the Social Security Administration
Living people
George W. Bush administration personnel
Politicians from Memphis, Tennessee
People from Virginia
Tennessee Republicans
University of Delaware alumni
United States Department of Health and Human Services officials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%20Anne%20B.%20Barnhart |
Yalkharoy is a rural locality (a selo) in Urus-Martanovsky District of the Republic of Chechnya, Russia.
Location
Yalkhara is located in the center of Galanchozhsky District. It is located north-west of Aka-Bass and south-west of Grozny.
The closest settlements to Yalkhara are Tsecha-Äkhk in the west, Aka-Bass in the south, and Khaybakha in the south-east.
History
Yalkharoy is the ancestral home of the Yalkharoy teip.
In the second half of the 18th century (1770s), the German researcher J. A. Güldenstädt mentioned the village of Yalkharoy as part of the district of "Sholkha" which according to him was called "Little Angusht" by the Russians due to its proximity to Angusht proper. Yalkharoy among the villages of the Ingush in 1823 was also mentioned by S. M. Bronevskiy.
According to the Regulations on the management of the Terek Oblast in 1862, the Ingushskiy Okrug was established as part of the Western Department. It included societies of Nazranians, Karabulaks, Galgai, Kistins, Akkins and Tsorins (also Meredzhin society and some Galanchozh and Yalkharoy auls). The village of Yalkharoy was part of the Gorsky section of the Ingush district. In 1866 the village of Yalkharoy (Meredzhi society, some Galanchozh, Yalkharoy auls and Akkin society) was ceded to the due to them belonging to the same nation as the locals (Chechen) and geographically closer to the central governance of the Okrug.
From 1940 to 1944, Yalkhara was the administrative center of Galanchozhsky District. On 27 February 1944, after the genocide and deportation of the Chechen and Ingush people and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was abolished, the village of Yalkhara was abandoned and destroyed.
In 1957, after the Vaynakh people returned and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored, the former residents of Galanchozhsky District were forbidden to resettle there. As a result, most former residents of Yalkhara resettled in the flat lands of the republic, mostly in the Achkhoy-Martanovsky, Groznensky and Sernovodsky districts.
In 2019, Yalkhara was named as one of the first 7 settlements in Galanchozhsky District to be rebuilt in order to resettle the area.
Demographics
National censuses done by the Russian empire and the Soviet Union in 1874,1883,1891, 1914 and 1926 showed that all of the inhabitants of Yalkharoy and its surrounding villages were ethnic Chechens in all 5 censuses.
Notable people
Dzhokhar Dudayev, major general of Soviet Air Force and the first president of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Geography of Chechnya
History of Chechnya
Rural localities in Urus-Martanovsky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalkharoy |
The Guatemalan Air Force ( or FAG) is a small air force composed mostly of U.S.-made aircraft throughout its history. The FAG is a subordinate to the Guatemalan Military and its commanding officer reports to the Defence Minister.
Mission and vision
The mission of the Guatemalan Air Force is to "plan and conduct aerial operations to maintain and guarantee the sovereignty of the national air space, through aerial combat, supporting ground units, with the purpose of dissuading, neutralizing or destroying any threat against national obrectives, as well as cooperating with the other State institutions to accomplish national efforts."
The vision of the Guatemalan Air Force is "The Guatemalan Air Force will transform its Air Commands, its Training and Professionalization Centers, as well as its Air Reserve, to turn them into units with a greater mobilization, coordination and communication between them, to maximize their administrative and operational capacity, basing on a centralized command, and a descentralized execution, and a series of coordinated efforts, to adequately maintain itself organized, equipped and trained to plan, conduct and execute the actions that the Military Defence of the State imposes on the use of air power, as well as participating in military operations in service to the Nation, such as peace maintenance and/or natural disaster prevention. All of this within the legal statutes of our country, and the search for the most efficient use of assigned resources."
History
In 1920 a French military aviation mission opened a flying training school. The 'Cuerpo de Aviacion Militar de Guatemala' was established in 1929 – with pioneer pilots Jacinto Rodríguez Díaz and Miguel Garcia Granados Solís, among others – and started to expand in 1934. The outbreak of World War II hindered any further expansion until 1942, when Guatemala started to receive lend-lease military assistance. Guatemala signed the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance in 1947 at Rio, Brazil. The air force was renamed the Fuerza Aerea Guatemalteca (FAG) in 1948. In the 1960s, the strike aircraft and basic interceptor used was the F-51 Mustang, supplied from surplus US stocks. The first jet aircraft to enter service was the Lockheed T-33 trainer to fight the growing insurgency; the US supplied four jets in 1963, two in 1964 and two more in 1965. In 1965, the US also supplied four armed Sikorsky UH-19B helicopters, the first military helicopters in Central America. In 1967 the FAG acquired five Bell UH-1B and UH-1D helicopters from the US to reinforce its helicopter force. In 1971 the FAG received eight Cessna A-37 Dragonfly fighter-bombers, a Vietnam-proven light attack jet. Seven more A-37s were supplied in 1974 and 1975.
At the beginning of the 1970s, there was also tension concerning a dispute with the United Kingdom over the territorial status of neighboring British Honduras (now Belize). In 1970, a T-33 overflew Belize City on a photo-reconnaissance mission. In 1971 the FAG forward-deployed seven F-51 Mustangs to an airstrip at Tikal, near the border. Guatemalan C-47 transport aircraft made parachute drops in daylight near the border area. The British reinforced their garrison, but the diplomatic tension eased, and conflict was averted.
In addition to going after the Maya rebels, the FAG destroyed villages providing support by using bombing and napalm. By 1968 the insurgency was almost neutralized but the cost was an estimated 8,000 civilians killed, so in 1977 the US was pressured to cut off overt military aid due to human rights violations. To circumvent this, Guatemala turned to countries like Argentina, Israel and Switzerland, and the United States continued to supply dual-use aircraft and covertly provided the air force with millions of dollars in overhauls and spare parts for previously purchased aircraft. From Switzerland, twelve Pilatus PC-7 were acquired in 1979–1980 as training aircraft, but they were also used in combat during the counter-insurgency.
By the late 1970s the insurgency had been reborn as a mostly Maya peoples rebellion organized around four Maoist-oriented rebel groups, mostly the Guerrilla Army of the Poor. In early 1982 the various guerrilla forces were inflicting 250 casualties per month on the army, so the military again resorted to destroy villages suspected of providing support to the rebels. By the late 1980s an estimated one million Guatemalans had been displaced within their own country and another 250,000 had fled to Mexico and settled in refugee camps there. In the 1980s Guatemala continued to acquire helicopters and airplanes to support the army. In 1981 Guatemala purchased at least 8 Bell 206B civilian helicopters as well as three Aérospatiale Alouettes, which they armed for combat. Four Fokker 27s light transport airplanes were acquired in 1982. Between 1975 and the early 1980s Israel supplied eleven Arava IAI-201 twin engine transport aircraft, which are excellent for small runways and were easily modified as a gunships with the addition of rocket pods and side-mounted machine guns. In the late 1980s France also supplied three Fouga CM.170 Magister jet trainer aircraft, which were also armed and used in combat. Air strikes were launched by A-37 jets and PC-7 armed trainers. One A-37 was lost in combat in 1988 down by ground fire in a close support operation.
The government also mobilized the nation's civil air fleet and commandeered several Cessna 182 and Cessna 206 with FN or M-60 machine guns fired from the side doors.
By 1986 the rebellion was considered to be generally under control and the military regime turned over power to a civilian president by the mediation of Costa Rica's President Oscar Arias as well as Honduran and Salvadoran governments. The improvement of the political climate also meant the resumption of overt US military assistance. Although the role of the FAG has been much diminished since the Guatemala Peace Treaty was signed in 1996, they have served the country after natural disasters, most notably after Hurricane Mitch and Hurricane Stan. During those disasters, helicopters were used to rescue stranded people, and cargo planes were used to carry food, water and emergency medical equipment to villages and remote places that had been cut off.
Structure
The Guatemalan Air Force was restructured in 2003, along with the rest of the Guatemalan Army. Now it is composed of three operational commands, along with 2 schools, a Hospital (Hospitalito de la Fuerza Aerea Guatemalteca), a Presidential Transport Squadron (Escuadron Presidencial), and a Headquarters Command (Comandancia de la Fuerza Aerea Guatemalteca). The three operational commands are: Comando Aereo Central (Central Air Command) located in La Aurora in Guatemala City and sharing space with the Comandancia de la Fuerza Aerea Guatemalteca, the Comando Aereo del Sur (Southern Air Command) located in Retalhuleu and the Comando Aereo del Norte (Northern Air Command) located in Mundo Maya. The two schools are the Escuela Militar de Aviacion (Military Aviation School, or EMA) which trains new pilots and standardizes pilots trained in other countries. The school is based in Retalhuleu, but does temporary detachments all over the country for training. The other school is the Escuela Tecnica Militar de Aviacion (Technical Military Aviation School, ETMA) which is a military high school that trains all of the FAG's new mechanics and is located at La Aurora. The Hospital and Presidential Transport Squadron are also located in La Aurora but are not located within the Comando Aereo Central.
Further, the Air Force personnel are separated into four main specialties: Fixed Wing, Rotary Wing, Maintenance, and Air Defence. These four specialties form Squadrons or Units which are represented in every Command and operating location.
Most FAG Aircraft are based at La Aurora, but perform detachments as necessary to other bases as operations require. The exception for this is the EMA aircraft, the Presidential aircraft, and a few aircraft permanently based at the two other Operational Commands.
The Cessna A-37 is the main jet aircraft, while the retired Pilatus PC-7s were used for training. In September 2011, Guatemala requested credit approval of $166 million to buy six EMB-314, radar and equipment. On 3 July 2019, Guatemala ordered two IA-63 Pampa jet trainers from Argentina, but Guatemala cancelled the order 9 days after due to "lack of transparency surrounding the deal."
Aircraft
Current inventory
Retired
Previous notable aircraft operated consisted of the P-51D Mustang, Douglas B-26, C-47, Lockheed T-33, Fouga CM.170 Magister and more recently the S-76 Spirit helicopter
See also
Guatemalan Civil War
Jacinto Rodríguez Díaz
La Aurora International Airport
Mexico–Guatemala conflict
References
External links
Latin American Aviation Historical Society
Official Website of Guatemala's Military
Website Chronicling Air Force Strategies
Military of Guatemala
Guatemala
Aviation in Guatemala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan%20Air%20Force |
The Saratoga Special Stakes is an American grade II thoroughbred horse race run annually in mid-August at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York. The race is for two-year-olds willing to race six furlongs on the dirt.
With its first run in 1901, the Saratoga Special was a winner-take-all race until 1959 when it became a standard stakes race. The race was held at Belmont Park on the Widener Course in 1943, 1944, and 1945. There was no race in 1911 and 1912 due to the New York State legislated ban on parimutuel betting that led to the closure of all New York racetracks. There was also no race held in 2004.
Since inception it has been contested at various distances:
5.5 furlongs : 1901–1906
6 furlongs : 1907–1993, 2005, 2020
furlongs : 1994–2003, 2006–2019
Only four horses have ever won all three Saratoga Racecourse events for two-year-olds. Regret (1914), Campfire (1916), Dehere (1993), and City Zip (2000) each swept the Saratoga Special, Sanford Stakes and Hopeful Stakes.
Records
Speed record:
at furlongs – 1:15.57 Corfu (2013)
at 6 furlongs – 1:09 – General Assembly (1978)
Largest Margin of Victory:
lengths – D' Funnybone (2009)
Most wins by a jockey:
7 – Eddie Arcaro (1935, 1947, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1958, 1959)
Most wins by a trainer:
6 – James G. Rowe Sr. (1904, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1922, 1929)
Most wins by an owner:
4 – Harry Payne Whitney (1914, 1920, 1922, 1929)
4 – George D. Widener (1923, 1930, 1950, 1969)
Winners
In 1953, Porterhouse finished first, but was disqualified and set back to last.
† In 1935, there was a dead heat for first.
References
External links
Video at YouTube of the 1993 Saratoga Special Stakes
The Saratoga Special Stakes at Pedigree Query
1901 establishments in New York (state)
Horse races in New York (state)
Saratoga Race Course
Flat horse races for two-year-olds
Graded stakes races in the United States
Grade 2 stakes races in the United States
Recurring sporting events established in 1901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga%20Special%20Stakes |
Alexander Brydie Dyer (January 10, 1815 – May 20, 1874) was an American soldier in a variety of 19th century wars, serving most notably as a general and the Army's Chief of Ordnance for the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps during the American Civil War.
Early life
Dyer was born at Richmond, Virginia, on January 10, 1815. He was the son of William Hay Dyer (1788–1862) and Margaret (née Brydie) Dyer (1796–1888), who later moved their family to Missouri.
Dyer graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1837 as 6th out of 50 cadets.
Career
He served in the Seminole Wars 1837–38 in the 3rd US Artillery and as Lieutenant in the Ordnance Corps.
In the Mexican–American War in 1846–48, he was brevetted Captain for gallant conduct at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales. He was promoted to full Captain in the Ordnance Department on March 3, 1853. Between the wars, Dyer commanded Fayetteville Arsenal (1851–1853), Little Rock Arsenal (1853–1855), and Fort Monroe Arsenal (1855–1861). He became a member of the Ordnance Board in 1859.
When the Civil War erupted Dyer stayed with the Union, and in August 1861 he was given command of the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, where his expansions and enlargement of operations gained notice. During his tenure at Springfield, Dyer was responsible for expanding the output of small arms for the Union Army. Doubts about the wisdom of placing a southerner in such a position of responsibility were rapidly dispelled as Dyer upgraded production with energy and dispatch. In 1862, Dyer was approached by his superiors concerning the possibility of his supplanting General Ripley as Chief of Ordnance, but he declined to take the assignment because he had great respect for his chief, and because he was in the middle of a major upgrading of weapons production at Springfield Armory.
On the retirement of General Ramsey, the previous Chief of Ordnance, on September 12, 1864, he was advanced three ranks and appointed as the 7th Chief of Ordnance of the United States Army with the rank of Brigadier General. On December 12, 1864, President Lincoln submitted his nomination to brevet Major General to the U.S. Senate, which confirmed the appointment on February 23, 1865.
During his ten years in the office, Dyer had to contend with the demands of inventors and unscrupulous contractors, who ultimately took their various complaints to Congress. Seeking to clear his name, Dyer asked for a court-martial. Failing in this, he requested a court of inquiry, which proved to be protracted and exhaustive. He was not only exonerated, but was declared to be an exemplary officer, worthy of emulation by all Army officers.
Dyer is known as being the first commander committed to the purchasing of a Gatling gun, one of the first designs of a machine gun. He is also known as the creator of the Dyer Shell, an artillery projectile for the 3-inch ordnance rifle, a principal artillery piece by the end of the Civil War.
After the war Dyer stayed in the army and continued his service as head of the Ordnance Department until his death.
Personal life
Dyer was married to Elizabeth Beersheba Allen (1823–1891). Together, they were the parents of six children. Of note is his son, Colonel Alexander Brydie Dyer, Jr. (1852–1920), West Point class of 1873; as the author of the Handbook for Light Artillery.
Dyer died on May 20, 1874, in Washington, D.C. He was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery. Dyer was reinterred at Arlington National Cemetery along with his wife on November 30, 1910.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Union)
Notes
References
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
1815 births
1874 deaths
Military personnel from Richmond, Virginia
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Missouri
United States Army personnel of the Seminole Wars
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
United States Army generals
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Brydie%20Dyer |
Ken Bruen (born 1951) is an Irish writer of hard-boiled and noir crime fiction.
Biography
Education and teaching career
Born in Galway, he was educated at Gormanston College, County Meath and later at Trinity College Dublin, where he earned a PhD in metaphysics.
Bruen spent twenty-five years as an English teacher in Africa, Japan, S.E. Asia and South America. His travels have been hazardous at times, including a stint in a Brazilian jail.
Writing career
Bruen is part of a literary circle that includes Jason Starr, Reed Farrel Coleman, and Allan Guthrie.
His works include the well-received White Trilogy and The Guards. In 2006, Hard Case Crime released Bust, a collaboration between Bruen and New York crime author Jason Starr. Bruen's short story "Words Are Cheap" (2006) appears in the first issue of Murdaland. He has also edited an anthology of stories set in Dublin, Dublin Noir. Jack Taylor's informant, named China, is a nod of the head by Ken Bruen to author Alan Hunter's original informant character named China, in the George Gently series of novels, first published in 1955. Bruen is also the recipient of the first David Loeb Goodis Award (2008) for his dedication to his art.
Other works of note include The Killing of the Tinkers, The Magdalen Martyrs, The Dramatist and Priest, all part of his Jack Taylor series, which began with The Guards. Set in Galway, the series relates the adventures and misadventures of a disgraced former police officer working as a haphazard private investigator whose life has been marred by alcoholism and drug abuse. It chronicles the social change in Ireland in Bruen's own lifetime, paying particular attention to the decline of the Catholic Church as a social and political power. Themes also explored include Ireland's economic prosperity from the mid-1990s onwards, although it is often portrayed as a force which has left Ireland as a materialistic and spiritually drained society which still harbours deep social inequality. This is the side of the Celtic Tiger best portrayed in Bruen's Ireland-based novels. Immigration is also a theme to be found in these works.
Literary awards
Bruen is the recipient of many awards: The Shamus Award in 2007 (The Dramatist) and 2004 (The Guards), both for Best P.I. Hardcover; The Macavity Award in 2005 (The Killing of the Tinkers) and 2010 (Tower, cowritten by Reed Farrel Coleman), both for Best Mystery Novel; The Barry Award in 2007 (Priest) for Best British Crime Novel; the Grand Prix de Literature Policiere in 2007 (Priest) for Best International Crime Novel. He was also a finalist for the Edgar Allan Poe Award in 2004 (The Guards) and 2008 (Priest), both for Best Novel.
Bibliography
Non-series (including collections of stories)
Funeral: Tales of Irish Morbidities (1991)
Shades of Grace (1993)
Martyrs (1994)
Sherry and Other Stories (1994)
All the Old Songs and Nothing to Love (1994)
The Time of Serena-May & Upon the Third Cross (1994)
Rilke on Black (1996)
The Hackman Blues (1997)
Her Last Call to Louis MacNeice (1998)
London Boulevard (2001)
Dispatching Baudelaire (2004)
American Skin (2006)
A Fifth of Bruen: Early Fiction of Ken Bruen (2006) (collection including Funeral: Tales of Irish Morbidities (1991); Shades of Grace (1993); Martyrs (1994); Sherry and Other Stories (1994); All the Old Songs and Nothing to Love (1994); and The Time of Serena-May & Upon the Third Cross (1994)
Once Were Cops (2008)
Killer Year (2008)
Merrick (2014)
Callous (2021)
Jack Taylor
The Guards (2001) – 2004 Shamus Award for Best Novel; Finalist 2004 Edgar Award for Best Mystery Novel; Finalist 2004 Macavity Award for Best Novel
The Killing of the Tinkers (2002) – 2005 Macavity Award for Best Novel; Finalist 2005 Anthony Award for Best Novel
The Magdalen Martyrs (2003)
The Dramatist (2004) – 2007 Shamus Award for Best Novel
Priest (2006) – 2007 Barry Award for Best British Novel; Finalist 2008 Edgar Award for Best Mystery Novel
Cross (2007)
Sanctuary (2008)
The Devil (2010)
Headstone (2011)
Purgatory (Aug 2013)
Green Hell (July 2015)
The Emerald Lie (September 2016)
The Ghosts of Galway (November 2017)
In the Galway Silence (November 2018)
Galway Girl (November 2019)
A Galway Epiphany (November 2020)
Detective Sergeant Tom Brant and Chief Inspector James Roberts
A White Arrest (1998)
Taming the Alien (1999)
The McDead (2000)
Blitz (2002), adapted for the 2011 British crime thriller film Blitz starring Jason Statham
Vixen (2003)
Calibre (2006)
Ammunition (2007)
Max Fisher and Angela Petrakos
Bust (2006) – Finalist 2007 Barry Award for Best Paperback
Slide (2007) – Finalist 2008 Anthony Award for Best Paperback Original
The Max (2008)
Pimp (2016)
Adaptations
Beginning in 2010, nine of the Jack Taylor novels were made into a TV series starring Iain Glen in the title role.
His Brants and Roberts novel Blitz was adapted into a 2011 film of the same name, starring Jason Statham, Paddy Considine and Aidan Gillen.
Bruen's 2014 novel Merrick was adapted for TV as the series 100 Code, starring Dominic Monaghan and Michael Nyqvist.
His 2001 novel, London Boulevard, was adapted for the big screen in 2010 and starred Keira Knightley, Colin Farrell, David Thewlis and Ray Winstone.
References
Further reading
Jeannerod, Dominique. "Representations of Crime and Punishment in French and Irish Crime Fiction." Masson, Antoine, O'Connor, Kevin (eds.) Representations of Justice, Bern, Peter Lang, (2007) 23–37
Kincaid, Andrew. "Down These Mean Streets": The City and Critique in Contemporary Irish Noir Éire-Ireland – Volume 45:1&2, Earrach/Samhradh / Spring/Summer 2010, 39–55
Murphy, Paula. "Murderous Mayhem": Ken Bruen and the New Ireland." CLUES: A Journal of Detection 24.2 (Winter 2006): 3–16
Murphy, Paula. "Ken Bruen's American Skin and Postmodern Media Culture". Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture 7.1 (Spring 2008)
Murphy, Paula. "Ken Bruen". Twenty-first Century Irish Writers, Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 386. Michael R. Molino, (ed.). Gale, Farmington Hills (2020), 62-74.
External links
1951 births
People from Galway (city)
Irish novelists
Irish male novelists
Irish mystery writers
Irish crime fiction writers
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Shamus Award winners
Barry Award winners
Macavity Award winners
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Bruen |
Mark L. Lester (born November 26, 1946) is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. He is known as a prolific director of cult films, including the disco musical Roller Boogie (1979), the vigilante thriller film Class of 1984 (1982), the Stephen King adaptation Firestarter (1984), the Arnold Schwarzenegger action film Commando (1985), the action-comedy Armed and Dangerous (1986), starring John Candy, Eugene Levy, and Meg Ryan and the buddy movie Showdown in Little Tokyo, starring Dolph Lundgren and Brandon Lee.
Career
After his debut in 1970 with the documentary film Twilight of the Mayas, Lester quickly became a prolific B-movie director/producer/writer, initially making his mark with a trio of road movies designed for the drive-in market: Steel Arena (1973), Truck Stop Women (1974), and Bobbie Jo and the Outlaw (1976). In 1977, he directed the high-concept thriller Stunts, an early outing for New Line Cinema, starring Robert Forster, Joanna Cassidy, and Richard Lynch, with a score composed by Michael Kamen. Two years later, he capitalized on the disco trend with Roller Boogie, starring Linda Blair. The film had a significantly higher budget than his previous films and was the first to be distributed by a major studio, to modest success. While it received negative reviews upon its initial release, it has since gained cult status as a proverbial time capsule of the bygone Disco Era. He then made the exploitation action crime-thriller Class of 1984, a film revolving around violence in an inner-city school. The Canadian-made production, which featured an early appearance by Michael J. Fox, was controversial at the time of release, but has since gained cult status .
Lester entered the mainstream in 1984 with the Stephen King adaptation Firestarter, and had his biggest hit the following year with Commando, a big-budget, Joel Silver-produced, Arnold Schwarzenegger action film that grossed over $57 million worldwide. In 1986, he directed and produced his first comedy, Armed and Dangerous, starring John Candy, Eugene Levy and Meg Ryan. In 1986, he formed Original Pictures, replacing his original production company Mark L. Lester Pictures, he had earlier established in the late 1970s, and had five films planned, source from the work of public domain with a $66 million budget. In 1987, he, by way of Mark Lester Films, had signed with upstart film production company Davis Entertainment for production of $5–10 million action films, which Davis produced, Lester directed and independently funded by two independent studios, and 70% of each pictures could be obtained for presale use. In 1990, he directed Class of 1999, a semi-sequel to Class of 1984, starring Malcolm McDowell, Pam Grier, and Stacy Keach. In 1991, he directed the cult classic Showdown in Little Tokyo, starring Dolph Lundgren and Brandon Lee.
Lester also founded American World Pictures, an independent production and distribution company. Other films include the thrillers Hitman's Run (1999) and Blowback (2000), and the TV movie Pterodactyl (2005), produced for the Sci Fi Channel. In 2012, he formed a new distribution company called Titan Global Entertainment.
In January 2013, almost 10 years after directing his last picture, Lester helmed the film Poseidon Rex on location in Belize. The production was disrupted briefly when lead actor Corin Nemec was severely injured during a boating accident while the Belizean Coast Guard was transporting the cast to set; Nemec was later replaced by Charmed co-star Brian Krause.
Personal life
Lester married Dana Dubovsky, with whom he had two children: Jason and Justin. The couple divorced in 2010. Lester also has a daughter from a prior relationship, Janessa (James), who is a musician and singer-songwriter.
Filmography
Feature films
Direct-to-video films
TV movies
Executive producer
Yeti: Curse of the Snow Demon (2008) (Also story writer)
Dragonwasps (2012)
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
American screenwriters
American film producers
American film directors
Action film directors
Horror film directors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20L.%20Lester |
In population dynamics, depensation is the effect on a population (such as a fish stock) whereby, due to certain causes, a decrease in the breeding population (mature individuals) leads to reduced production and survival of eggs or offspring. The causes may include predation levels rising per offspring (given the same level of overall predator pressure) and the Allee effect, particularly the reduced likelihood of finding a mate.
Critical depensation
When the level of depensation is high enough that the population is no longer able to sustain itself, it is said to be a critical depensation. This occurs when the population size has a tendency to decline when the population drops below a certain level (known as the "Critical depensation level"). Ultimately this may lead to the population or fishery's collapse (resource depletion), or even local extinction.
The phenomenon of critical depensation may be modelled or defined by a negative second order derivative of population growth rate with respect of population biomass, which describes a situation where a decline in population biomass is not compensated by a corresponding increase in marginal growth per unit of biomass.
See also
Abundance (ecology)
Conservation biology
Local extinction
Overexploitation
Overfishing
Small population size
Threatened species
References
External links
Optimal harvesting in the presence of critical depensation
On line source of definitions and other fish info
Extinction
Ecological processes
Population dynamics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depensation |
The Sanford Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually during the third week of July at the Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York. A six furlong sprint race, the Grade III event is open to two-year-old horses.
Inaugurated in 1913 as the Sanford Memorial Stakes, it was modified to its present name in 1927. The race is named for Stephen Sanford and his son John, Amsterdam, New York businessmen from one of Saratoga's original horse racing families. Their horses first appeared in the Saratoga races in 1880. Stephen Sanford named all his best horses after members of the Mohawk nation.
The race was hosted by Belmont Park from 1943 through 1945. It was contested at five and a half furlongs from 1962 through 1968. Held for almost a hundred years, the only three years in which it did not take place was 1961, 2005, and 2020.
Only four horses have ever won all three Saratoga Racecourse events for two-year-olds. Regret (1914), Campfire (1916), Dehere (1993), and City Zip (2000) each swept the Sanford Stakes, Saratoga Special Stakes, and Hopeful Stakes.
It was in the seventh running of the Sanford in 1919 that Man o' War lost his only race to the Harry Payne Whitney colt, Upset.
This race was downgraded to a Grade III for its 2014 running.
Records
Speed record: (at current distance of 6 furlongs)
1:09.32 – Afleet Alex (2004)
Most wins by a jockey:
7 – John Velazquez (1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2011, 2015)
Most wins by a Trainer
8 –Todd A. Pletcher (1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2018, 2021)
Most wins by an owner:
8 – Greentree Stable (1933, 1941, 1950, 1951, 1956, 1959, 1963, 1978)
Winners
* † In 1938, Ariel Toy finished first, but was disqualified. † In 1939 the niece of Edward R. Bradley raced Boy Angler under the nom de course "Mr. French."
References
External links
The 2009 Sanford Stakes at the NTRA
Horse races in New York (state)
Saratoga Race Course
Flat horse races for two-year-olds
Graded stakes races in the United States
Grade 3 stakes races in the United States
Recurring sporting events established in 1913
Sanford family
1913 establishments in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford%20Stakes |
Warm, in Your Coat is a Romeo Void compilation album released in 1992.
Track listing
"White Sweater" (Debora Iyall, Peter Woods, Frank Zincavage) – 4:48
"I Mean It" (Benjamin Bossi, Iyall, Woods, Zincavage) – 5:40
"Charred Remains" (Iyall, Woods, Zincavage) – 3:04
"Talk Dirty to Me (Iyall, Woods, Zincavage) – 4:47
"Myself to Myself" (Iyall, Woods, Zincavage) – 3:44
"In the Dark" (Bossi, Larry Carter, Iyall, Woods, Zincavage) – 4:27
"A Girl in Trouble (Is a Temporary Thing)" (Iyall, Woods, Zincavage, David Kahne) – 4:18
"Out on My Own" [dance mix] (Iyall, Kahne, Woods, Zincavage) – 5:12
"Just Too Easy" (Iyall, Woods, Zincavage, Kahne) – 3:12
"Wrap It Up" (Isaac Hayes, David Porter) – 3:25
"Flashflood" (Bossi, Carter, Iyall, Woods, Zincavage) – 4:57
"Undercover Kept" (Bossi, Carter, Iyall, Woods, Zincavage) – 6:08
"Chinatown" (Bossi, Carter, Iyall, Woods, Zincavage) – 3:16
"Never Say Never" (Bossi, Carter, Iyall, Woods, Zincavage) – 5:54
"One Thousand Shadows" [previously unreleased] (Bossi, Iyall, Woods, Zincavage) – 3:29
Personnel
Debora Iyall – vocals
Peter Woods – guitar
Benjamin Bossi – saxophone
Frank Zincavage – bass
John Haines – drums, percussion (tracks 1–5)
Larry Carter – drums, percussion on (tracks 6 and 10–14)
Aaron Smith – drums, percussion (tracks 7–9)
References
Romeo Void albums
Albums produced by David Kahne
Albums produced by Ric Ocasek
1992 compilation albums
Columbia Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm%2C%20in%20Your%20Coat |
Stephen Foster (1826–1864), known as "the father of American music", was an American songwriter.
Stephen Foster may also refer to:
Stephen Foster (Lord Mayor of London) (fl. 1454), fishmonger and Lord Mayor of London
Stephen Clark Foster (Maine politician) (1799–1872), United States Representative from Maine
Stephen Symonds Foster (1809–1881), American abolitionist and social activist
Stephen Clark Foster (1822–1898), mayor of Los Angeles
C. Stephen Foster (fl. 1965), American ophthalmologist
Steve Foster (singer) (1946–2018), Australian singer-songwriter
Stephen Foster (cricketer) (born 1968), English cricketer
Stephen Foster (footballer) (born 1980), English footballer
Stephen Foster (boxer) (born 1980), English boxer of the 2000s and 2010s
Stephen Foster (triathlete) (born 1966), Australian professional triathlete; see ITU World Triathlon Series
Other uses
Bing Crosby – Stephen Foster, a 1946 album of songs written by Foster and sung by Crosby
Stephen Foster (sculpture), a 1900 public statue in Pittsburgh
Stephen Foster - The Musical
See also
Stephen Foster Briggs (1885–1976), American engineer
Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park, Florida
Stephen Foster Handicap, an American horse race
Stephen Foster House or S. A. Foster House and Stable, Chicago, Illinois
Stephen Foster House (Topsfield, Massachusetts)
Stephen Foster Memorial, a historical landmark in Pittsburgh
Stephen C. Foster State Park, a park in the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia
Steve Foster (disambiguation)
Foster, Stephen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Foster%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The AFL final eight system is an eight-team championship playoff tournament developed and adopted by the Australian Football League in the 2000 season. The eight teams, which are ranked or seeded in advance of the tournament, participate in a four-week tournament, with two teams eliminated in each of the first three weeks. The grand final is played in the fourth week between the two remaining teams, with the winning team awarded the premiership.
The system is designed to give the top four teams an easier road to the grand final than the second four teams. The top four teams need to win only two finals to reach the grand final, while the second four teams need to win three. The two winning teams of the top four receive a bye in the second week of the playoff and then play at home in the third week, and the two losing teams play at home in the second week.
The AFL introduced the system in 2000 to address several perceived issues with the McIntyre final eight system that had been in use in that competition from 1994–1999. The system has also been adopted by the Victorian Football League and National Rugby League. Similar systems are used by Super League, and were previously used by the Australian Rugby League in the 1995 and 1996 seasons.
Summary
Finals format
Week one
1st qualifying final: 1st ranked team hosts 4th ranked team.
2nd qualifying final: 2nd ranked team hosts 3rd ranked team.
1st elimination final: 5th ranked team hosts 8th ranked team.
2nd elimination final: 6th ranked team hosts 7th ranked team.
The eight finalists are split into two groups for the opening week of the Finals Series. The top four teams have the best chance of winning the premiership and play the two Qualifying Finals. The winners get a bye through to Week Three of the tournament to play home Preliminary Finals, while the losers play home Semi-Finals in Week Two. The bottom four teams play the two Elimination Finals, where the winners advance to Week Two away games and the losers' seasons are over.
Week two
1st semi-final: Loser of 1st QF hosts winner of 1st EF
2nd semi-final: Loser of 2nd QF hosts winner of 2nd EF
Week three
1st Preliminary Final: Winner of 1st QF hosts winner of 2nd SF
2nd Preliminary Final: Winner of 2nd QF hosts winner of 1st SF
Week four
Grand Final: Winner of 1st PF meets Winner of 2nd PF.
Advantages for ladder positions
Under this finals system, the final eight teams are broken up into two halves of four teams which are in turn split into two pairs each. The higher a team's position on the ladder, the greater benefits they receive. The top half of the ladder has two key advantages. These teams only need to win twice to reach the grand final (either a Qualifying or Semi-Final and a Preliminary Final), and they have the benefit of the double-chance; since the qualifying final is non-elimination, losers still have a second chance to reach the grand final by winning their two other Finals. Teams in the top six get the benefit of at least one home final; the top two teams play two home finals.
A team's final rank in the home-and-away season also determines their pairings for the first week. In the qualifying finals, 1st place plays 4th place and 2nd place plays 3rd place; in the Elimination Finals, 5th place plays 8th place and 6th place plays 7th place. The better a team's rank, the more advantageous (or less disadvantageous) the matchup. After the first week, matchups are determined directly by the results of the previous week.
First and second
The top two seeds host their first two finals: the qualifying final and whatever final they play next (Preliminary Final if they win, Semi-Final if they lose). They also have the benefit of only needing to win twice to reach the grand final. If they win the qualifying final, they earn the bye to the Preliminary Final; otherwise they get the double-chance and can still reach the Preliminary Final by winning the Semifinal.
Third and fourth
The next two seeds visit for the qualifying final but then host their next final. Like the top two, these teams only need to win twice to reach the grand final. Winning the qualifying final earns them the bye to the Preliminary Final; losing gives them the double-chance via the Semi-Final.
Fifth and sixth
Fifth and sixth place host their Elimination Final and visit any other finals they reach. These teams must win all three of their finals (Elimination, Semi-, and Preliminary Finals) to avoid elimination.
Seventh and eighth
The last two teams visit throughout the finals and also must win all three of their finals to avoid elimination.
See also
Argus finals system
McIntyre system
Top five play-offs
Top six play-offs
Super League play-offs
References
External links
Grand Finals at the MCG Contains a brief summary of the finals systems used in the VFL/AFL
Australian Football League
Tournament systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%20final%20eight%20system |
Imperial commissioner is an ambivalent English language term, used to render foreign language titles of various – mostly gubernatorial – officers whose 'commission' was in the gift of an Emperor, including China, the Russian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire.
The German title, in both the German Empire (1871–1918) and Nazi Germany (1933–45), was usually Reichskommissar.
However, Imperial Commissioner can also be used to render Kaiserlicher Kommissar, which in German etymology refers to the Emperor, not to the Empire. This was notably the case for a gubernatorial style in the colonial possession of Jaluit (in the South sea, presently in the Marshall Islands), which were administered, after a single Kommissar ('Commissioner'; 1885–1886, Gustav von Oertzen, b. 18.. – d. 1911), by the following Kaiserliche Kommissare:
1886 – 5 October 1887 Wilhelm Knappe (b. 1855 – d. 1910)
5 October 1887 – 29 March 1889 Franz Leopold Sonnenschein (acting to 14 April 1888) (b. 1857 – d. 1897)
29 March 1889 – 14 April 1890 Eugen Brandeis (acting) (b. 1846 – d. 1919) (1st time)
14 April 1890 – February 1892 Friedrich Louis Max Biermann (b. 1856 – d. 1929)
February 1892 – 1893 Eugen Brandeis (acting) (2nd time)
1893–1894 Ernst Schmidt-Dargitz (b. 1859 – d. 1924); thereafter by Landeshauptleute
See also
Imperial Commissioner (China)
Commissioner
Sources and references
WorldStatesmen- Marshall islands
External links
Imperial Commissioner
Gubernatorial titles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20commissioner |
"The Exit of Battling Billson" is a short story by British author P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the December 1923 issue of Cosmopolitan, and in the United Kingdom in the January 1924 Strand. It features the irrepressible Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, and was included in the collection Ukridge, published in 1924.
Plot
Corky is in the Welsh town of "Llunindnno" to report on the emergence of a popular revivalist speaker, and is amazed to run into Ukridge outside a theatre - he has been ejected for attacking a man who had stolen his seat, attempting to lift him out by the ears. Ukridge is in town to promote a boxing match between a local man and "Battling" Billson, this time as manager of the affair, sharing the ticket sales with his partner from his failed bookmaking enterprise.
Corky attends the stirring revivalist meeting, and later meets Billson, who was also at the meeting. Billson, swayed by the speaker, has become an advocate of teetotalism and non-violence, and has been disputing drinkers in local pubs. Ukridge, dismayed that Billson refuses to fight, intends to take his place, having made an agreement with the other boxer that he will treat Ukridge gently. When they meet, however, Ukridge recognises the boxer as the man whose ears he pulled.
Sure the other man will break his word, Ukridge is petrified, but when the fight seems to be going well, he assumes the other is merely a poor fighter. When Ukridge hits the other man's nose, breaking the central clause of their deal, the Welshman lets loose, and is on the verge of destroying Ukridge when Billson steps into the ring, determined to end the violence. Ukridge runs off as Billson, enraged by the booing crowd and a few punches from the Welshman, launches into a spectacular fight.
The Welshman's agent arrives at Ukridge's house to collect the money owed, but Ukridge's partner has fled with the takings. When all looks black, Billson arrives, confirming the partner has fled, but carrying the bag of money, which he took from the fleeing man. He hands it over to Ukridge, and strolls off to spread the light.
Main characters
Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, the irrepressible entrepreneur
Jimmy Corcoran, Ukridge's writer friend
"Battling" Billson, a boxer sometimes managed by Ukridge
Lloyd Thomas, a famous Welsh boxer
Izzy Previn, aka Isaac O'Brien, Ukridge's untrustworthy business partner
Publication history
The story was illustrated by T. D. Skidmore in Cosmpopolitan. It was illustrated by Reginald Cleaver in The Strand Magazine.
"The Exit of Battling Billson" was the only Wodehouse story included in A Century of Humour, an anthology edited by Wodehouse and published by Hutchinson & Co. in September 1934. It was also collected in The World of Ukridge, published in October 1975 by Barrie & Jenkins.
The 1926 anthology Twenty-Seven Humorous Tales included the story. The anthology was edited by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott and Ernest Rhys, and was published by Hutchinson.
Adaptations
The story was incorporated into the Ukridge radio episode "The Return Of Battling Billson", adapted from the short story "The Return of Battling Billson". It first aired on 18 January 1993.
See also
List of Wodehouse's Ukridge stories
References
Notes
Sources
Short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
1923 short stories
Works originally published in Cosmopolitan (magazine) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Exit%20of%20Battling%20Billson |
Hugh Gater Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Putney, (27 July 1908 – 26 January 2004) was a British Labour politician, campaigner and member of Parliament (MP) and the House of Lords.
Jenkins was MP for Putney and served as Arts Minister from 1974 to 1976. He was the Chair of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) between 1979 and 1981, succeeded by Joan Ruddock.
His private papers are held at the London School of Economics.
Before politics
Jenkins was born in Enfield, Middlesex, into a 'modest' family, his parents being a dairyman and a butcher's daughter. He attended Enfield Grammar School and went to work for the Prudential Assurance 1930–40. He married his first wife, Marie Crosbie, in 1936. She died in 1989 and he married a second time to Helena Maria Pavlidis in 1991. Helena died in 1994. During World War II he served with the Royal Observer Corps and the Royal Air Force from 1941, and after the war worked at Rangoon Radio until 1947, where he was director of English-language programmes.
Political life
An ardent left-winger, Jenkins was active in the Prudential Staff Association, the National Union of Bank Employees and the actors' union Equity, of which he was assistant general secretary 1957–64. He and his wife, Marie, became active in the politics of his local community in the County Borough of Croydon, Surrey. Jenkins chaired his local Upper Norwood Labour Party and stood for the council, and Marie was elected to Croydon Council for Whitehorse Manor ward in 1949. He stood for Parliament without success in Enfield West in 1950 and Mitcham in 1955. Jenkins was involved in the Victory for Socialism group opposed to the 1956 Suez War and had been a supporter of CND and nuclear disarmament since its foundation in 1957. In 1958 he became a London County Councillor for Hackney North and Stoke Newington, serving until 1965, and he served on the London Labour Party executive in 1962. He was also involved with the Arts Council.
Jenkins won Putney, where he and Marie had moved, in the 1964 election, quickly becoming involved in the Tribune Group of MPs. He was made Shadow Arts Minister in 1973 and became the Arts Minister in 1974, being sacked in 1976 by the Prime Minister James Callaghan. He lost his seat in the 1979 General Election to David Mellor of the Conservative Party, and became Chair of CND in the same year. He was made a life peer as Baron Jenkins of Putney, of Wandsworth in Greater London on 14 May 1981. He attended every day at the House of Lords when it was in session and he was in good health. Jenkins was highly active in the House of Lords. So skilfully did he exploit the informal procedures of the Upper House that a limit had to be imposed on the number of questions a peer could ask each day. He circumvented the government's ban on the publication of Spycatcher by reading lengthy extracts from it to ensure it was on public record in Hansard.
Jenkins continued to write pamphlets and radio plays, serving on the board of the Royal National Theatre. His later plays were typed on an early Amstrad 256. He said he became 'computerised' late in life. His parliamentary correspondence and speeches continued to be typed on the same Amstrad 256 until he entered a care home at the end of his life in 2004.
CND
Jenkins was a long time anti-nuclear campaigner and supporter of CND. His anti-nuclear activities before the formation of CND led to rightwingers within the Labour Party attempting to block him as a parliamentary candidate. He was CND Chair from 1979 to 1981 and vice-chair from 1981. As a Member of the House of Lords, he was chair of the Lords CND group. This was the period in which CND underwent a major revival known as the 'Second Wave'.
References
External links
Obituary in The Guardian
Obituary in The Telegraph
CND Press Release after Hugh Jenkin's death
Article About Jenkins in Local London
Catalogue of the Jenkins papers at the Archives Division of the London School of Economics.
1908 births
2004 deaths
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
British trade unionists
British agnostics
British humanists
Members of London County Council
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament activists
People from Enfield, London
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
People of the Royal Observer Corps
Jenkins of Putney
People educated at Enfield Grammar School
Life peers created by Elizabeth II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Jenkins%2C%20Baron%20Jenkins%20of%20Putney |
Alexandra DeWitt is a fictional character in the . She is the girlfriend of Kyle Rayner before he receives the Green Lantern power ring from Ganthet. She is best known, however, as the murder victim whose manner of disposal led writer Gail Simone to coin the phrase "Women in Refrigerators". DeWitt first appears with Kyle at the end of Green Lantern vol. 3, #48.
Fictional character history
Time with Kyle Rayner
As a photographer for a newspaper in Los Angeles, Alex is annoyed by Kyle's somewhat immature attitude towards work. When Kyle reveals the new ring he has received, she is at first apprehensive, but she agrees to help Kyle train himself to use his new powers. Alex's time with Kyle is short-lived, however. Kyle returns home to find that Major Force has strangled Alex and stuffed her in the refrigerator. This drives Kyle to attack Major Force. During the battle, he nearly loses the ring when its charge runs out, but Major Force reveals that the 'green rock' in his possession is a power lantern that recharges the ring.
After death
In Kyle's first encounter with Hal Jordan as Parallax, Hal offers to resurrect Alex as part of his plan to recreate the universe, but Kyle rejects the offer. When Kyle moves to New York and joins the Titans, he falls asleep while watching the monitors and his ring makes a projection of Alex. Later, when the demon Neron attacks, he attempts to entice Kyle by offering to resurrect Alex. Kyle, having already rejected the same offer from Hal, similarly refuses Neron's offer. Finally, in a Green Lantern Annual, Kyle and Hal's spirits are switched, so that Kyle's spirit is in Hal's body at the time in which Hal is debuting as Green Lantern, while Hal's spirit is occupying Kyle's body during the time in which Alex is still his girlfriend. Here, Major Force attacks Alex, but Hal is able to prevent him from killing her. However, when Kyle and Hal's souls are eventually returned to their respective bodies and they are back in the present, Alex is once again deceased.
A different version of Alex is found in the story arc "Green Lantern: Circle of Fire", where Kyle summons six different versions of Green Lantern to help him fight off a villain named Oblivion. One of these Green Lanterns is Alexandra DeWitt, who was believed to be from an alternate reality where she rather than Kyle acquired the ring, but she was later revealed to be a sentient construct of Kyle's ring representing Kyle's positive aspect for love.
Another version of Alex appeared by Ion #3, as one of the projections made from Mogo's power and Kyle's own subconscious.
Jade, another of Kyle's deceased loves, and reanimated as an undead Black Lantern, created a black energy construct crafted in an image of Alex from her black ring to torment Kyle. Alex's remains become a Black Lantern later, trapping Kyle inside a black energy construct of a refrigerator before using her powers to take control of his body, transforming him into a facsimile of Major Force, and forcing him to relive the moments of her death. She tries to mentally break Kyle by saying that, since Force attacked her because of him, he essentially killed her himself. After what happened with Jade, Kyle does not fall prey to the same manipulation. With the help of the Indigo Tribesman Munk, he destroys her after saying goodbye.
Woman in Refrigerator syndrome
Because of the brutal manner in which Alex is killed, and because of the different 'significant others' of superheroes that are constantly in danger of being killed, women in the series who are killed in a particularly violent manner, to further a male hero's story, are said to have suffered from the Woman in Refrigerator syndrome.
Alexandra was reimagined as Samantha Dean in The Refrigerator Monologues.
See also
Portrayal of women in American comics
References
External links
Summary of Green Lantern #54
Characters created by Ron Marz
Comics characters introduced in 1994
DC Comics female characters
Fictional characters from Los Angeles
Fictional murdered people
Fictional photographers
Green Lantern characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra%20DeWitt |
The Manchester Book Award is a project run in Manchester, UK, organised by School Services at the Manchester Library & Information Service; it is funded by the Working Neighbourhoods Fund. The project is currently in its fourth year.
Each year, a longlist of twenty-four children's books is drawn up from nominations by secondary-school pupils, school and library staff, and publishers. To be eligible for the longlist books have to be standalone books (that is, not sequels) published between 1 July and 30 June, written by authors living in the UK. Reading groups in schools and libraries then narrow this to a shortlist of six. In the following January, young people across Manchester start voting for their favourite, either online or in libraries and schools; voting for the 2009 award closed on 5 March.
The winner of the award is announced each year at a ceremony at the City of Manchester Stadium attended by pupils from the 24 state secondary schools in Manchester. The ceremony was compered in 2008 and 2009 by Paul Sleem.
The 2009 award was announced by Coronation Street actress, Julie Hesmondhalgh, on 11 March 2009.
List of Prize Winners
2009 Six Steps to a Girl by Sophie McKenzie
2008 Girl, Missing by Sophie McKenzie
2007 Beast by Ally Kennen
2006 Stuff by Jeremy Strong
Winners, shortlists, and longlists
The following is a listing of all honoured books, including winners, shortlists, and longlists.
References
External links
Manchester Book Award Home page
Manchester Book Award at Booktrust
British children's literary awards
Awards established in 2005
2005 establishments in England
Culture in Manchester
Education in Manchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%20Book%20Award |
DC 9/11: Time of Crisis is a 2003 docudrama television movie which re-enacts the events of the September 11 attacks in 2001 as seen from the point of view of the President of the United States and his staff. It was directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith and starred Timothy Bottoms as President George W. Bush.
Premise
DC 9/11: Time of Crisis is a film concerning the events of 9/11 as they unfolded from the perspective of President George W. Bush and his Cabinet. The film follows the 10 days following the attacks up to September 20, 2001 when President Bush gave his Address to the nation on the same day. DC 9/11: Time of Crisis was succeeded by The Path to 9/11, in which Penny Johnson Jerald reprised her role as Condoleezza Rice.
Plot
On the morning of September 11, 2001, United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld is eating breakfast at the Pentagon with several members of the US Congress, hoping to procure an increase to the US defense budget. Rumsfeld says that they will soon need the funding as "something" is likely to occur soon given recent provocations by terrorists and rogue states.
As hijacked airplanes crash into New York's World Trade Center, US President George W. Bush is at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Florida. White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card informs him that "a second plane has hit the second tower, America is under attack." After a few minutes, Bush prepares to leave the school, interrupting a reporter's question so as to not alarm schoolchildren as to the events unfolding in New York.
Bush then orders Rumsfeld to take the US to DEFCON 3, putting the US Armed Forces in high alert. He discusses the situation with US Vice President Dick Cheney and order the grounding of all civil aviation. He leaves Florida on Air Force One headed for Washington, DC. While in the air, Naval Intelligence uncovers a credible threat against "Angel" (the day's codeword for Air Force One). Fighter jets escort the plane in response.
The US Secret Service evacuates the White House of non-essential personnel while US Cabinet members are escorted to the Presidential Emergency Operations Center. Cheney and National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice are informed that there is a non-responsive aircraft headed for Camp David. Cheney orders fighter jets to attempt contact, stating that if the plane does not respond or turn around it is to be shot down. The plane disappears off radar; Cheney assumes he has just caused the deaths of those on board. Bush is apprised of the situation and is told that the FAA suggests that the military did not shoot down the plane, but rather a group of passengers learned of the events in New York and took matters into their own hands. Bush wants to head back to Washington, DC, and after conferencing with the George Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, and other members of his cabinet, he orders that Air Force One head there immediately.
Bush arrives at the White House that evening and addresses the US people, informing them that they are now in a "War on Terror". Over the next hours and days, Bush consoles survivors and meets numerous times with his cabinet to determine an appropriate response, which ultimately leads to his declaration that "either you are with us or you are with the terrorists" and the subsequent wars in both Afghanistan and Iraq.
Background information
Production
The writer wanted a sense of authenticity to underpin the film. To achieve this a vast amounts of research were conducted which included an interview with President Bush, which led to true scenes appearing in the film, such as: Rumsfeld's early breakfast meeting on the morning of September 11, Cheney ordering the plane being shot down, and President Bush receiving PAPD Officer George Howard's badge from his grieving mother Arlene. The writer wanted to answer a number of questions many people had that day, most notably where was President Bush and why was he out of contact for so long.
Cast
Timothy Bottoms previously played George W. Bush (in a comedic fashion) in the short-lived sitcom That's My Bush! as well as in The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course.
Fellow cast members Gregory Itzin (John Ashcroft) and Penny Johnson Jerald (Condoleezza Rice) have also portrayed major (fictional) political figures on the series 24. Itzin played President Charles Logan during seasons 4 and 5 while Jerald played Sherry Palmer, the manipulative ex-wife of President David Palmer, during the first three seasons. Jerald also reprised playing Condoleezza Rice in 2006's The Path to 9/11.
Cast
Reception
The film was met with mild controversy during production and upon broadcast on the Showtime network in the United States. The film was also praised by the political right for portraying Bush's strong leadership in a time of crisis, while Michael Moore and others on the political left have branded the film as propagandistic for attempting to portray Bush as a strong leader in complete command of the situation, and also attempting a rebuttal to the suggestion that behind the scenes Cheney was running the show.
DVD release
References
External links
American television films
Films based on the September 11 attacks
Cultural depictions of George W. Bush
2003 drama films
2003 television films
2003 films
Films about presidents of the United States
Films set in Frederick County, Maryland
Films set in Virginia
Films set in Nebraska
Films set in Louisiana
Films set in Pennsylvania
Films set in New York City
Films directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC%209/11%3A%20Time%20of%20Crisis |
The National Museum of Racing Hall of Fame Stakes is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for three year old horses run over a distance of one mile on the turf held annually in July at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York.
History
The event was inaugurated as the Gallant Man Stakes in honor of the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame horse, Gallant Man, on 17 August 1985 as the sixth event in the under-card for Travers Stakes Day and was won by Duluth who was ridden by Jean Cruguet easily by lengths in a time of 1:47.
The event was upgraded to Grade III in 1987.
In 1992 the event was renamed to the National Museum of Racing Hall of Fame Stakes. National Museum of Racing opened in Saratoga Springs in 1951. In 1955, the Museum moved to its present site on Union Avenue, across the street from Saratoga Race Course. That year, 1992, the event was upgraded to Grade II and held that class since except for 2013 when the race was moved from the turf track to the dirt track due to the state of the track and subsequently was downgraded to Grade III.
The event has been run over several distances, including a mile and an eighth from 1985 to 1995, a mile and a sixteenth in 1996 and 1997 and in 1998, the distance was changed back to a mile and an eighth. In 2019 the event was held over a mile.
Several three-year-olds who won this event went on to prove themselves as champions. Of these include 1992 winner Paradise Creek who in 1994 became US Champion Male Turf Horse. The 2004 winner Artie Schiller won the 2005 Breeders' Cup Mile after failing in 2004. The 2011 winner Big Blue Kitten also became 2015 US Champion Male Turf Horse and 2017 winner Bricks and Mortar who was voted US Horse of the Year in 2019.
In 2020 the event was run over miles and the following year was reverted back to one mile.
In 2023 the purse for the event was increased to $500,000. Originally the event was scheduled for August 4 but due to a torrential rainstorm the race was postponed until August 11.
Records
Speed record:
1 mile: 1:33.72 – Casa Creed (2019)
miles: 1:39.47 – Bricks and Mortar (2017)
miles: 1:45.90 – Courageous Cat (2009)
Margins:
lengths – Duluth (1985)
Most wins by a jockey:
7 – Jerry D. Bailey (1986, 1988, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003)
Most wins by a trainer:
7 – William I. Mott (1996, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2019)
7 – Chad C. Brown (2011, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021, 2023)
Most wins by an owner:
3 – Klaravich Stables (2015, 2019, 2021)
Winners
Legend:
Notes:
§ Ran as an entry
See also
List of American and Canadian Graded races
References
Graded stakes races in the United States
Flat horse races for three-year-olds
Horse races in New York (state)
Turf races in the United States
Saratoga Race Course
Recurring sporting events established in 1985
1985 establishments in New York (state)
Grade 2 stakes races in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Museum%20of%20Racing%20Hall%20of%20Fame%20Stakes |
The Redding Rancheria is a federally recognized tribe with a reservation in Shasta County, Northern California. The of the Redding Rancheria was purchased in 1922 by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in order to provide Indigenous peoples with a place to camp and live. They had been made landless by European-American settlers in the area. Three groups of Native Americans in the area organized as a tribe and were recognized in 1979.
Description
The Redding Rancheria consists of Wintu, Achomawi (Pit River), and Yana Indians. It is located in the northern Sacramento Valley, near Redding.
Government
The Redding Rancheria has a constitution, adopted in 1989, signed by Bob Foreman the First tribal chairman. It is governed by seven Councilors and three Alternate Councilors, elected by the membership. The current tribal administration is as follows.
Tribal Chairman – Jack Potter, Jr.
Vice Chairman – Michelle Hayward
Secretary – Patty Spaulding
Treasurer – Hope Wilkes
Council Member – Jason Hayward, Jr.
Council Member – Tony Hayward, Sr.
Council Member – Laine Hayward
1st Alternate – Nicole Wilkes
2nd Alternate – Jason Hayward, Sr.
3rd Alternate – Miranda Edwards
Economic development
The Redding Rancheria established the Win-River Resort & Casino along California State Route 273, near Interstate 5 between Redding and Anderson. It has produced significant revenue for the tribe, enabling capital payments to each member.
Education
The ranchería is served by the Cascade Union Elementary School District and Anderson Union High School District.
See also
Indigenous peoples of California
Pit River tribes
References
External links
Redding Rancheria website
Redding Rancheria Disenrollment
The Redding Rancheria Documentary: "With the Strength of our Ancestors" — on Redding Rancheria's website.
Trail Of Tears- Foreman Family
L.A. Times Article - Redding Rancheria
Wintun
Yana
Pit River tribes
Federally recognized tribes in the United States
Populated places in Shasta County, California
American Indian reservations in California
Shasta County, California
Sovereign immunity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding%20Rancheria |
The Lake Placid Stakes is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old fillies over a distance of one and one-sixteenths miles on the turf course scheduled annually in late July or early August at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York. The event currently carries a purse of $200,000.
History
The event was inaugurated on 20 August 1984 as the Nijana Stakes and was won by the Edward P. Evans owned Possible Mate as part of an entry with Miss Audimar leading throughout the race to win by 2 lengths in a time of 1:50 flat.
The event was named after the broodmare Nijana, who as a two-year-old won the Grade III Schuylerville Stakes in 1975 at Saratoga.
In 1986 the event was upgraded to the Grade III and in 1999 to Grade II.
In 1998 the event was renamed the Lake Placid Stakes after the village of Lake Placid, which is approximately 100 miles north from Saratoga in the Adirondack Mountains.
In 1990 the event was taken off the turf due to the state of the turf track after prolonged inclement weather and was run on dirt. The 2010 event was also moved off the turf, which led to three horses scratched, leaving a field of three.
The Lake Placid was run in two divisions in 1988, 1991, and from 1992 through 1995.
Records
Speed record:
miles: 1:46.33 – Tenski (1998)
miles: 1:40.20 – Jinski's World (1991)
Margins:
lengths – It's Tea Time (2010)
Most wins by an owner:
2 – Joan & John Phillips (1996, 2002)
2 – Ken and Sarah Ramsey (1995, 2012)
2 – Paul P. Pompa Jr. (2008, 2019)
Most wins by a jockey:
6 – Jerry D. Bailey (1987, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2000, 2004)
Most wins by a trainer:
5 – Chad C. Brown (2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023)
Winners
Legend:
Notes:
§ Ran as an entry
† In the 2013 event Nellie Cashman finished first but was disqualified for drifting in the straight and placed third. Caroline Thomas was declared the winner.
See also
List of American and Canadian Graded races
References
Graded stakes races in the United States
Grade 2 stakes races in the United States
Flat horse races for three-year-old fillies
Horse races in New York (state)
Turf races in the United States
Recurring sporting events established in 1984
Saratoga Race Course
1984 establishments in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Placid%20Stakes |
The Alfred G. Vanderbilt Handicap is a Grade I American thoroughbred horse race for horses age three and older over a distance of six furlongs on the dirt held annually in late July at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York.
History
The inaugural running of the event was on 17 August 1985 as the A Phenomenon Stakes, the sixth event on the card that day and was won by
the Richard E. Dutrow Sr. trained Cognizant who won in a time of 1:09. The event was named after the winner of the 1983 Jim Dandy Stakes at Saratoga, A Phenomenon. A Phenomenon suffered a life ending injury in the 1984 Forego Handicap.
The event was classified as Grade III in 1990 and in 1995 upgraded to Grade II.
In 2000, the event was renamed to honor Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Jr. who had died in 1999. Vanderbilt was a very prominent Thoroughbred owner who also served as Chairman of the Board of the New York Racing Association from 1971 to 1975.
In 2010 the event was upgraded to Grade I.
The 2019 winner Imperial Hint set a new track record for the six furlongs distance winning for the second time in a time of 1:07.92.
Records
Speed record:
1:07.92 – Imperial Hint (2019)
Margins
8 lengths – El Deal (2017)
Most wins:
2 – Cognizant (1985, 1986)
2 – Imperial Hint (2018, 2019)
Most wins by a jockey:
4 – Pat Day (1985, 1986, 1992, 1993)
4 – Javier Castellano (2015, 2017, 2018, 2019)
Most wins by a trainer:
4 – Steven M. Asmussen (2010, 2013, 2020, 2022)
Most wins by an owner:
2 – Happy Valley Farm (1985, 1986)
2 – H. Joseph Allen (1988, 2006)
2 – Hobeau Farm (1991, 1998)
2 – Shadwell Racing (1999, 2008)
2 – Raymond Mamone (2018, 2019)
Winners
Notes:
† In the 2000 running Intidab cross the finish line first but was later disqualification, Successful Appeal was declared the winner.
See also
List of American and Canadian Graded races
References
Grade 1 stakes races in the United States
Open sprint category horse races
Horse races in New York (state)
Recurring sporting events established in 1985
Saratoga Race Course
1985 establishments in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20G.%20Vanderbilt%20Handicap |
Acorna's Quest (1998) is a science fantasy novel by American writers Anne McCaffrey and Margaret Ball. It is the sequel to their Acorna: The Unicorn Girl; those two were the first books in the Acorna Universe series. McCaffrey and Elizabeth Ann Scarborough continued the series beginning with Acorna's People (1999).
Plot synopsis
Found as an infant drifting in space, Acorna, the Unicorn Girl, has become a young woman. She still has her tiny, translucent horn and her "funny" feet and hands. And she still has her miraculous ability to make plants grow and heal human sickness.
But Acorna has strange dreams of a gentle folk who mind-speak by touching horns. With her "Uncle" Calum, one of the three grizzled asteroid prospectors who rescued, protected, and raised her, she sets off to find her people. No sooner does she leave than a mysterious craft appears, piloted by the Linyaari, a gentle race with telepathic powers.
The Linyaari are roaming the galaxy, spreading the alarm about the deadly Khleev- and searching for a beloved little girl they had given up for lost, long ago...
References
1998 American novels
1998 fantasy novels
1998 science fiction novels
Novels by Anne McCaffrey
Acorna
Eos Books books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorna%27s%20Quest |
Garnock may refer to:
The River Garnock in North Ayrshire, Scotland
Glengarnock, a small village on the river, once the site of Glengarnock Steelworks.
Garnock Valley area of North Ayrshire, which takes in the towns of Beith, Dalry and Kilbirnie.
Garnock Academy in Kilbirnie, a secondary school formed in 1971.
Garnock RFC, a rugby club located at Lochshore, Glengarnock.
Garnock Way soap opera, produced by Scottish Television from 1976 to 1979.
Robert Garnock (1660–1681), Scottish covenanter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnock |
The State Correctional Institution – Graterford, commonly referred to as SCI Graterford, known prior as Eastern Correctional Institution, Graterford Prison, Graterford Penitentiary, and the Graterford Prison Farm, was a Pennsylvania Department of Corrections prison located in Skippack Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, near Graterford. The prison, located on Graterford Road off of Pennsylvania Route 29, was about northwest of Philadelphia.
The prison, described by Joseph Stefano of The Philadelphia Inquirer as the primary state prison serving the Philadelphia metropolitan area, once housed a small number of male death row inmates. Graterford closed in 2018 and was replaced by SCI Phoenix.
History
The facility, built in 1929, was Pennsylvania's largest maximum-security prison, holding about 3,500 prisoners. It replaced functions at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, which had previously experienced some disturbances.
The Graterford grounds include an extensive prison farm on ; the prison compound itself lies within high walls surmounted by nine staffed towers. An $80 million construction program completed in 1989 added a new administration building, a 28-bed infirmary, and 372 additional cells.
As recently as 1978 the prison held only about 1,600 prisoners in 2,000 available cells distributed among five major cellblocks of 400 cells each. The five major cellblocks were supplemented by about 40 cells in a security unit known as BAU (Behavior Adjustment Unit) or RHU (Restricted Housing Unit); this unit included a special death row section (though executions were never carried out at this prison). The original 1929 plan for the facility included eight major cellblocks of 400 cells each, or 3,200 individual cells. An engraving of this plan is found on a brass plaque just inside the facility's double-gated airlock-type main entrance.
The prison's two current Restricted Housing Units (RHU) are essentially prisons within a prison and house over 300 prisoners — about 10 percent of the total prison population - who are allowed one hour a day for exercise, remaining confined to their cells the other 23, where they receive three meals a day and are permitted shower visits. The prisoners in RHU are allowed only one visitor per month. SCI-Graterford has a 22-bed Mental Health Unit contracted to MHM Services to facilitate a mental health program.
SCI-Graterford Industries provides work and economic activity within the prison, including a garment factory, undergarment factory, shoe factory, weave plant, hosiery factory, carton factory, and a mail distribution center. Prison factories and industries employ 21 civilian staff, 315 inmate staff, and in 20032004 generated revenues of $4,450,940.01. The prison also conducts farming operations and educational programs.
In the final period of operations, Cynthia Link, the superintendent of Graterford and the prospective superintendent of Graterford's replacement facility, SCI Phoenix, resigned and retired. Laurel Harry, previously the superintendent of SCI Camp Hill, became the interim superintendent.
SCI Phoenix opened in July 2018. The state began moving Graterford prisoners there on July 11, 2018, and Graterford ended operations on July 15, 2018. All Graterford employees became Phoenix employees. Some inmates disliked the move as they feared they would be sharing cells with other inmates, while at Graterford they had single cells. The population of Graterford was reduced so the transfer of inmates to Phoenix would not involve as many people.
Programs
Graterford had a music program for inmates, Songs in the Key of Free, run by volunteers and established in October 2016. A previous musical program ended around 2006. The program ended on May 21, 2018 as a result of Graterford's closure. In addition the stress-reduction and therapy programs from Rutgers University professor Nancy Wolff were also terminated as part of the move.
Notable inmates
George Feigley, sex cult leader; incarcerated at Graterford from 1979 to 1981, then transferred to Western Penitentiary after plans to escape by helicopter were discovered.
Bernard Hopkins, spent several years at Graterford before beginning his boxing career.
Ira Einhorn, environmental activist and convicted murderer; after extradition from France in 2001, spent his first month at Graterford before transfer to SCI Houtzdale.
Meek Mill, Philadelphia rapper, incarcerated at Graterford from 2017 to 2018.
References
External links
- Pennsylvania Department of Corrections
- Pennsylvania Department of Corrections
Songs in the Key of Free music program
interactive aerial perspective photograph
Graterford
Buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Capital punishment in Pennsylvania
1929 establishments in Pennsylvania
2018 disestablishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Correctional%20Institution%20%E2%80%93%20Graterford |
The January Events () were a series of violent confrontations between the civilian population of Lithuania, supporting independence, and the Soviet Armed Forces. The events took place between 11 and 13 January 1991, after the restoration of independence by Lithuania. As a result of the Soviet military actions, 14 civilians were killed and over 140 were injured. 13 January, was the most violent day. The events were primarily centered in the capital city Vilnius, but Soviet military activity and confrontations also occurred elsewhere in the country, including Alytus, Šiauliai, Varėna and Kaunas.
January 13th is the Day of the Defenders of Freedom () in Lithuania and it is officially observed as a commemorative day.
Background
The Baltic states, including Lithuania, were forcibly annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. This move was never recognized by Western powers.
The Republic of Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990 and thereafter underwent a difficult period of emergence. During March–April 1990 the Soviet Airborne Troops (VDV) occupied buildings of the Political Education and the Higher Party School where later encamped the alternative Communist Party of Lithuania, on the CPSU platform.
The Soviet Union imposed an economic blockade between April and late June. Economic and energy shortages undermined public faith in the newly restored state. The inflation rate reached 100% and continued to increase rapidly. In January 1991 the Lithuanian government was forced to raise prices several times and was used for organization of mass protests of the so-called "Russophone population" of the country.
During the five days preceding the killings, Soviet, Polish, and other workers at Vilnius factories protested the government's consumer goods price hikes and what they saw as ethnic discrimination. According to Human Rights Watch, the Soviet government had mounted a propaganda campaign designed to further ethnic strife.
In protection of the rallied Russophone population minority, the Soviet Union sent elite armed forces and special service units.
On 8 January the conflict between Chairman of the Parliament Vytautas Landsbergis and the more pragmatic Prime Minister Kazimira Prunskienė culminated in her resignation. Prunskienė met with Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev on that day. He refused her request for assurances that military action would not be taken.
On the same day the pro-Moscow Yedinstvo movement organized a rally in front of the Supreme Council of Lithuania. Protesters tried to storm the parliament building but were driven away by unarmed security forces using water cannons. Despite a Supreme Council vote the same day to halt price increases, the scale of protests and provocations backed by Yedinstvo and the Communist Party increased. During a radio and television address, Landsbergis called upon independence supporters to gather around and protect the main governmental and infrastructural buildings.
From 8–9 January several special Soviet military units were flown to Lithuania (including the counter-terrorism Alpha Group and paratroopers of the 76th Guards Air Assault Division of the VDV based at Pskov). The official explanation was that this was needed to ensure constitutional order and the effectiveness of laws of the Lithuanian SSR and the Soviet Union.
On 10 January Gorbachev addressed the Supreme Council, demanding a restoration of the constitution of the USSR in Lithuania and the revocation of "all anti-constitutional laws". He mentioned that military intervention could be possible within days. When Lithuanian officials asked for Moscow's guarantee not to send armed troops, Gorbachev did not reply.
Timeline of events
Friday 11 January 1991
In the morning, Landsbergis and Prime Minister Albertas Šimėnas were presented with another ultimatum from the "Democratic Congress of Lithuania" demanding that they comply with Gorbachev's request by 15:00 on 11 January.
11:50 – Soviet military units seize the National Defence Department building in Vilnius.
12:00 – Soviet military units surround and seize the Press House building in Vilnius. Soldiers use live ammunition against civilians. Several people are hospitalized, some with bullet wounds.
12:15 – Soviet paratroopers seize the regional building of the National Defence Department in Alytus.
12:30 – Soviet military units seize the regional building of the National Defence Department in Šiauliai.
15:00 – In a press conference held in the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania, the head of the Ideological Division Juozas Jermalavičius announces the creation of the "National Salvation Committee of Lithuanian SSR" and that from now on it will be the only legitimate government in Lithuania.
16:40 – Minister of Foreign Affairs Algirdas Saudargas sends a diplomatic note to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union in which he expresses his concerns about Soviet army violence in Lithuania.
21:00 – Soviet military units seize a TV re-transmission center in Nemenčinė.
23:00 – Soviet military units seize the dispatcher's office of the Vilnius railway station. Railway traffic is disrupted but restored several hours later.
Saturday 12 January 1991
During an overnight session of the Supreme Council, Speaker Landsbergis announced that he had tried to call Gorbachev three times, but was unsuccessful. Deputy Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union, General Vladislav Achalov, arrived in Lithuania and took control of all military operations. People from all over Lithuania started to encircle the main strategic buildings: the Supreme Council, the Radio and Television Committee, the Vilnius TV Tower and the main telephone exchange.
00:30 – Soviet military units seize the base of the Lithuanian SSR Special Purpose Detachment of Police (OMON) in a suburb of Vilnius.
04:30 – Soviet military units unsuccessfully try to seize the Police Academy building in Vilnius.
11:20 – Armed Soviet soldiers attack a border-line post near Varėna.
14:00 – A Soviet military truck collides with a civilian vehicle in Kaunas. One person dies and three are hospitalized with serious injuries. Vilnius residents carry food to passengers in stalled trucks on strike.
22:00 – A column of Soviet military vehicles is spotted leaving a military base in Vilnius and moving towards the city centre. Employees of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania instruct special worker groups (druzhinas) to be ready "for special events."
23:00 – An unknown group of individuals who claim to be part of the National Salvation Committee, declare at the Supreme Council that it is their duty to take over Lithuania to avoid an economic meltdown and a fratricidal war.
Sunday 13 January 1991
00:00 – Another column of military vehicles (including tanks and BMPs) is spotted leaving the military base and heading toward the TV tower.
01:25 – Upon arrival in the vicinity of the TV tower, tanks start to fire blank rounds.
01:50 – Tanks and soldiers encircle the TV tower. Soldiers fire live ammunition overhead and into civilian crowds gathered around the building. Tanks drive straight through lines of people. Fourteen people are killed in the attack, most of them shot and two crushed by tanks. One Soviet Alfa unit member (Viktor Shatskikh) is killed by friendly fire. Loudspeakers on several BMPs transmit the voice of Juozas Jermalavičius: "Broliai lietuviai, nacionalistų ir separatistų vyriausybė, kuri priešpastatė save liaudžiai, nuversta. Eikite pas savo tėvus, vaikus!" ("Brother Lithuanians! The nationalist and separatist government, which confronted the people has been overthrown! Go [home] to your parents and children!")
02:00 – BMPs and tanks surround the Radio and Television Committee building. Soldiers fire live ammunition into the building, over the heads of the civilian crowds. The live television broadcast was hosted by Eglė Bučelytė and later terminated. The last pictures transmitted are of a Soviet soldier running toward the camera and switching it off.
02:30 – A small TV studio from Kaunas came on air unexpectedly. A technician of the family program that usually broadcast from Kaunas once a week was on the air, calling for anyone who could help to broadcast to the world in as many different languages as possible about the Soviet army and tanks killing unarmed people in Lithuania. Within an hour, the studio was filled with several university professors broadcasting in several languages. The studio received a threatening phone call from the Soviet army division of Kaunas (possibly the 7th Guards Airborne Division of the VDV). The second phone call from the Soviet army division followed shortly, with a commander stating that "they would not try to take over the studio so long as no misinformation is given". This was all broadcast live. The Kaunas TV station was using Juragiai and Sitkūnai transmitters as retranslators.
Following these two attacks, large crowds (20,000 during the night, more than 50,000 in the morning) of independence supporters gathered around the Supreme Council building. People started building anti-tank barricades and setting up defences inside surrounding buildings. Provisional chapels were set up inside and outside the Supreme Council building. Members of the crowd prayed, sang and shouted pro-independence slogans. Despite columns of military trucks, BMPs and tanks moving into the vicinity of the Supreme Council, Soviet military forces retreated instead of attacking.
Among the members of the barricade were two basketball players who would later play for the Lithuanian national team, Gintaras Einikis and Alvydas Pazdrazdis.
List of victims
In all, thirteen Lithuanians were killed by the Soviet army. An additional civilian died at the scene due to a heart attack, and one Soviet soldier was killed by friendly fire. All victims, except the Soviet soldier, were awarded the Order of the Cross of Vytis (the Knight) on January 15, 1991.
Loreta Asanavičiūtė (b. 1967) – the only female victim. Worked as a seamstress in a factory. Died in hospital after she fell under a tank. Noted for her shy character, she became the most famous victim.
Virginijus Druskis (b. 1969) – student at Kaunas University of Technology. Was shot in the chest.
Darius Gerbutavičius (b. 1973) – student at a vocational school. Was shot five times (legs, arms and back).
Rolandas Jankauskas (b. 1969) – student. He was hit in the face by an explosive device. His mother was a native Russian from Altai Krai.
Rimantas Juknevičius (b. 1966) – native of Marijampolė, senior at Kaunas University of Technology. He was shot.
Alvydas Kanapinskas (b. 1952) – worker at a Kėdainiai biochemical factory. He was shot.
Algimantas Petras Kavoliukas (b. 1939) – butcher at a grocery store. He was wounded by a rubber bullet on January 11, 1991, when he protested against the Soviet troops near the Press House. On January 13, he was hit by a tank. According to some witnesses, he was the first victim killed that night.
Vytautas Koncevičius (b. 1941) – shopman. Died in the hospital about a month after the attacks. Had been deported to Siberia with his family in 1945. He was shot.
Vidas Maciulevičius (b. 1966) – locksmith. Died from bullet wounds to the face, neck and spine.
Titas Masiulis (b. 1962) – Kaunas resident who was shot in the chest.
Alvydas Matulka (b. 1955) – Rokiškis resident who died from a heart attack.
Apolinaras Juozas Povilaitis (b. 1937) – metalworker at an institute. He died from bullet wounds to the heart, right lung, upper arm and thigh.
Ignas Šimulionis (b. 1973) – high school student, a friend of Gerbutavičius. Was shot in the head.
Vytautas Vaitkus (b. 1943) – plumber at a meat plant. Died from bullet wounds to the chest.
Viktor Viktorovich Shatskikh (b. 1961) – Lieutenant Group 'A' Service Office MTO 7 of the KGB. Mortally wounded by a 5.45mm bullet passing through a slit in his body armour (died from a ricochet bullet shot by a fellow soldier inside the Lithuanian National Radio and Television building). He was awarded the Order of Red Banner posthumously.
12 of the 14 victims were buried in the Antakalnis Cemetery in Vilnius. Titas Masiulis was buried in Petrašiūnai Cemetery in his native Kaunas, Rimantas Juknevičius was buried in the Marijampolė cemetery.
Aftermath
Immediately after the attacks, the Supreme Council issued a letter to the people of the Soviet Union and to the rest of the world denouncing the attacks and calling for foreign governments to recognise that the Soviet Union had committed an act of aggression against a sovereign nation. Following the first news reports from Lithuania, the government of Norway appealed to the United Nations. The government of Poland expressed their solidarity with the people of Lithuania and denounced the actions of the Soviet army.
The reaction from the United States government was somewhat muted as they were heavily preoccupied with the imminent onset of Operation Desert Storm against Iraq and worried about possible wider consequences if they were to offend the Soviets at that critical juncture. President George H. W. Bush denounced the incident, calling it "deeply disturbing" and that it "threatens to set back or perhaps even reverse the process of reform" in the Soviet Union. Bush was notably careful not to criticize Gorbachev directly, instead directing his remarks at "Soviet leaders".
After the events, Gorbachev said that Lithuanian "workers and intellectuals" complaining of anti-Soviet broadcasts had tried to talk to the Lithuanian parliament, but they were refused and beaten. Then, he said, Lithuanian "workers and intellectuals" asked the military commander in Vilnius to provide protection. Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov, Interior Minister Boris Pugo and Gorbachev all asserted that no one in Moscow gave orders to use force in Vilnius. Yazov claimed that nationalists were trying to form what he called a bourgeois dictatorship. Pugo alleged on national television that the demonstrators had opened fire first.
During the following day, meetings of support took place in many cities (Kyiv, Riga, Tallinn) and some had defensive barricades built around their government districts.
Although occupation and military raids continued for several months following the attacks, there were no large open military encounters after 13 January. Strong Western reaction and the actions of Soviet democratic forces put the President and the government of the Soviet Union in an awkward position. This influenced future Lithuanian-Russian negotiations and resulted in the signing of a treaty on 31 January.
During a visit by the official delegation of Iceland to Lithuania on 20 January Foreign Minister Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson said: "My government is seriously considering the possibility of establishing diplomatic relations with the Republic of Lithuania." Iceland kept its promise, and on 4 February 1991, just three weeks after the attacks, it recognized the Republic of Lithuania as a sovereign independent state, and diplomatic relations were established between the two nations.
These events are considered some of the main factors that led to the overwhelming victory of independence supporters in a referendum on 9 February 1991. 84.73% of registered voters voted, of which 90.47% of them voted in favour of the full and total independence of Lithuania.
Streets in the neighborhood of the TV tower were later renamed after nine victims of the attack. A street in Titas Masiulis' native Kaunas was named after him, likewise a street in Marijampolė after its native, Rimantas Juknevičius, a street in Kėdainiai after Alvydas Kanapinskas, and a street in Pelėdnagiai (near Kėdainiai) after Vytautas Koncevičius.
From the interview of Mikhail Golovatov, ex-commander of "Alpha-group": "The weapons and ammunition that were given to us, were handed over at the end of the operation, so it can be established that not a single shot was fired from our side. But at the time of the assault, our young officer Victor Shatskikh was mortally wounded in the back. As we have already seized the TV tower and went outside, we came under fire from the windows of the neighbouring houses, and leaving from there we had to hide behind the armoured vehicles."
Criminal prosecution
In 1996, two members of the Central Committee of Communist Party of the Lithuanian SSR, Mykolas Burokevičius and Juozas Jermalavičius, were given prison sentences for their involvement in the January Events. In 1999 the Vilnius District Court sentenced six former Soviet military men who participated in the events. On 11 May 2011, a soldier of the Soviet OMON Konstantin Mikhailov was sentenced to life in prison for killing customs workers and policemen in 1991 at the "Medininkai" border checkpoint with the Byelorussian SSR near the village of Medininkai (see Soviet aggression against Lithuania in 1990).
Since 1992, representatives of the Prosecutor General's Office of Lithuania requested Belarus to extradite Vladimir Uskhopchik, a former general who was in command of the Vilnius garrison in January 1991 and the editor of the newspaper Soviet Lithuania Stanislava Juonienė. Lithuania's request has been repeatedly denied.
In July 2011, diplomatic tensions rose between Austria and Lithuania when Mikhail Golovatov, an ex-KGB general who took part in the 13 January 1991 massacre, was released after being detained at the Vienna Airport. He then proceeded to fly to Russia. In response, Lithuania recalled its ambassador from Austria.
Hearings in Vilnius District Court started on 27 January 2016, with 67 individuals facing charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, battery, murder, endangering other's well-being, as well as unlawful military actions against civilians. The case consists of 801 volumes of documents, including 16 volumes of the indictment itself. The defendants included former Soviet Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov, former commander of Soviet Alpha anti-terror group Mikhail Golovatov and Vladimir Uskhopchik.
Robertas Povilaitis, a surviving son of one of the victims, requested that law enforcement authorities conduct an investigation into Gorbachev's role in the events. On 17 October 2016, Vilnius Regional Court decided to summon Gorbachev to testify as a witness. The Russian Federation refused to question Gorbachev. As no pre-trial investigation has been initiated against Gorbachev in the January 13 case, the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania Dainius Žalimas argued that it is hard to believe that the events happen without the knowledge of the President of the USSR. The role of Mikhail Gorbachev in the January events remains disputed.
In 2018 Russia's law enforcement began criminal proceedings against the Lithuanian prosecutors and judges who were investigating the case. Such Russian action was condemned by the European Parliament as "unacceptable external influence" and "politically motivated."
On 27 March 2019, Vilnius District Court found all 67 defendants guilty of war crimes or crimes against humanity. The vast majority of them were tried and sentenced in absentia. Among the high-profile defendants, former Soviet Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov was sentenced to 10 years in prison, Mikhail Golovatov to 12 years in prison and Vladimir Uskhopchik to 14 years in prison. Others were sentenced to prison terms between 4 and 12 years.
On 31 March 2021, the Lithuanian Court of Appeal announced its judgement, which only increased the time of imprisonment for the sentenced and awarded non-pecuniary damage of 10.876 million Euro to the victims. A judge, who announced the judgement, said that: "As they drove with the tanks over the people, they understood perfectly well what they were doing." Thereafter, Russia threatened to take retaliatory actions for the judgement. The European Commissioner for Justice Didier Reynders had promised that the European Union will defend Lithuanian judges who heard the January 13 case from persecution by Russia. Minister for Foreign Affairs of Lithuania Gabrielius Landsbergis said that Lithuania will appeal to Interpol to reject Russia's appeal against the persecution of Lithuanian judges who heard the January 13 case.
In 2019, Russia and Belarus refused to extradite those who are responsible for the January Events.
As of March 2021 many of the 66 defendants remain out of reach of Lithuanian justice.
Legacy
January 13th is the Day of the Defenders of Freedom () in Lithuania. It is not a public holiday, but it is officially observed as a commemorative day. It is a vividly remembered day in the Lithuanian national memory. The day has been associated with mourning and the national flags are usually raised with a black ribbon attached. In recent years, forget-me-not flower pins have become a symbol of commemoration of the events.
Recently there have been public debates whether January 13th (and the events in general) should be viewed as the day of mourning or should rather be celebrated as the day of victory. Former Lithuanian leaders Landsbergis and Dalia Grybauskaitė expressed the view that 13th January is not only the day of mourning and commemorating those who sacrificed their lives, but also the day of national victory. Other prominent public figures described January 13th as a Victory Day, including Arvydas Pocius and Valdemaras Rupšys, both of whom were volunteers defending the Parliament during the events, as well as Rimvydas Valatka, , .
Lithuania has since accused Russia of trying to spread disinformation about the January Events. The European Parliament has condemned Russia and urged to "cease the irresponsible disinformation and propaganda statements" regarding the 13 January case. EUvsDisinfo has documented several examples of disinformation in the pro-Kremlin media.
See also
Antakalnis Cemetery
Baltic Way
Black January
The Barricades (Latvia)
Autumn of Nations
Sąjūdis
April 9 tragedy
Singing Revolution
Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
Vilnius TV Tower
References
External links
www.laisve15.lt – portal dedicated to 15th anniversary of massacre.
www.lrs.lt – collection of photo, video and other testimonies.
Loreta Asanavičiūtė's Story
Russia refused to question the former president of Soviet Union
Polishchuk, M. Lithuania, be free! Recollections of a student defense squad participant in the 1991 Winter Vilnius events. Ukrayinska Pravda. 18 January 2011
1991 in Lithuania
1991 in the Soviet Union
1991 protests
Battles involving Lithuania
Battles involving the Soviet Union
Conflicts in 1991
1991 crimes in Lithuania
1991 murders in Europe
1990s murders in Lithuania
Eastern Bloc
History of Lithuania (1990–present)
History of Vilnius
January 1991 events in Europe
Mass murder in 1991
Massacres in Lithuania
Massacres in the Soviet Union
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Vytis
Remembrance days
Singing Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%20Events |
Naursky District (; , Nevran khoşt) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifteen in the Chechen Republic, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a stanitsa) of Naurskaya. Population: 51,143 (2002 Census); The population of Naurskaya accounts for 16.5% of the district's total population.
History
In the second half of the 18th century, the area was settled by the Russian and Ukrainian Cossacks. Several stanitsas were founded. In 1771, after being wounded at the siege of Bender, the future Cossack insurgency leader Yemelyan Pugachev came to live at Ishcherskaya with his family.
The modern district was created in 1935 by the order of the Supreme Soviet. It was a part of Stavropol Krai prior to 1944 when it was transferred to newly created Grozny Oblast. After the Chechens were allowed to return in 1957, the district remained a part of the restored Chechen-Ingush ASSR.
Economy
Its agriculture is dominated by livestock breeding, especially in the north of the district (often subject to field erosion, caused by severe climatic circumstances), but there are vineyards in the south.
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Chechnya | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naursky%20District |
Zhenhai is a district and former county of the sub-provincial city of Ningbo in Zhejiang Province in eastern China. It has a population of 200,000.
History
Under the Qing, the city walls covered a circuit of and rose to . The British captured Zhenhai on 10 October 1841 during the First Opium War, dismantling its former citadel. The Zhenhai Coastal Battery was the site of the 1885 Battle of Zhenhai during the Sino-French War.
In the later 19th century, Zhenhai was protected from the sea by a dike about long, made of large blocks of hewn granite.
Zhenhai has suffered severe long-term air pollution mainly emanating from the Ningbo Petro-Chemical Economic and Technical Development Zone built on its eastern coast. The zone is home to nearly 200 chemical plants including Zhenhai Refining and Chemical Corporation (ZRCC), a subsidiary of Sinopec and the largest oil refinery in China, LG-Yongxing, the largest ABS plastic producer in China and Zhenhai Port Liquid Chemical Dock, the largest liquid chemical dock in China. In September, 2007, 400 tones of acrylonitrile leaked from the LG-Yongxing plant and polluted air and underground water around adjacent areas. In late April, 2012, three million bees died in an orchard in Xiepu Town next to the Petro-Chemical Zone because of pollutants discharged by a chemical plant. Research has shown that the ratio of deaths from cancer in Zhenhai rose significantly between 2007 and 2009.
From May16 to 17, 2002, residents in Zhenhai launched protests against environmental degradation caused by the chemical industry, blocking the district's traffic on its main streets. In October, 2012, angry people staged demonstrations against a giant petro-chemical project scheduled by ZRCC and clashed with police. The 50 billion yuan ($8 billion) integrated investment project, according to some reports, will affect more than 9800 households. Many argue that the environment in Zhenhai has been tremendously overloaded and the new project will bring even more harm to the ecosystem.
Administrative divisions
Subdistricts:
Zhaobaoshan Subdistrict (招宝山街道), Jiaochuan Subdistrict (蛟川街道), Luotuo Subdistrict (骆驼街道), Zhuangshi Subdistrict (庄市街道)
Towns:
Jiulonghu (九龙湖镇), Xiepu (澥浦镇)
Climate
Notable individuals
Hu Zongnan
Run Run Shaw
Yang Fujia
Ye Chengzhong
Notes
References
.
.
Geography of Ningbo
Districts of Zhejiang | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenhai%20District |
The Bernard Baruch Handicap is a Listed American Thoroughbred horse race for three-years-old and older run over a distance of miles on the turf annually in early August at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York. The event currently offers a purse of $200,000.
History
The event is named in honor of Bernard Baruch who was a statesman, an adviser to various Presidents of the United States, and a lover of horses, thoroughbred horse racing, and the life of America's racetracks.
The inaugural running of the event was on 12 August 1959 as the Bernard Baruch Stakes for three year old horses over a distance of miles on the dirt and was won by Middle Brother, ridden by Bobby Ussery defeating Howard B. Keck's Bagdad by a neck in a time of 1:49 flat setting a new track record. The event was again held for three year old horses in 1960, but in 1961 the event was moved to the turf.
During the early runnings, the event would have many more nominations than would allow to start in one race forcing Saratoga's administration to either disallow acceptance or splitting the event into two divisions. This happened seven times with the event split into divisions in 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1981 and 1983.
The event was classified as Grade III in 1973 with it being upgraded to Grade II
in 1983. For two runnings the event was Grade I, in 1988 and 1989 before returning to Grade II in 1990.
In 1975, there was a dead heat for first place between Salt Marsh and War McAllister.
In 1979, the race was switched to dirt due to weather conditions.
In the 1960s the event attracted many high calibre horses. Of these who won the event were crowned US Champion Male Turf Horse. This includes the 1966 winner Assagai, 1967 Division 2 winner Fort Marcy and the South African bred champion Hawaii in 1969.
The event even in today's Breeders' Cup era continues to attract excellent horses who have run in this race. The 2005 winner Artie Schiller went on to win the Breeders' Cup Mile later in the year, while the 2013 US Horse of the Year, Wise Dan won the 2014 event by a nose as an odds-on favorite.
In 2022 the event was downgraded by the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association to Grade III status and once again in 2023 to Listed status.
Records
Speed record:
miles: 1:38.29 – Ring Weekend (2016)
miles: 1:45.33 – Shakis (2007)
Margins:
5 lengths – Steinlen (GB) (1989)
Most wins:
2 – Red Reality (1971, 1973)
2 – Win (1984, 1985)
2 – Fourstars Allstar (1992, 1995)
2 – Hap (2000, 2001)
2 – Shakis (2007, 2008)
2 - Qurbaan (2018, 2019)
Most wins by an owner:
6 – Cragwood Stables (1966, 1969 (2), 1971, 1973 (2))
Most wins by a jockey:
7 – Jerry Bailey (1983, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004)
Most wins by a trainer:
7 – MacKenzie Miller (1966, 1969 (2), 1971, 1973 (2), 1990)
Winners
Legend:
See also
List of American and Canadian Graded races
References
Open mile category horse races
Horse races in New York (state)
Turf races in the United States
Saratoga Race Course
Recurring sporting events established in 1959
1959 establishments in New York (state)
Bernard Baruch
Previously graded stakes races in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Baruch%20Handicap |
Leif Erlend Johannessen (born 14 May 1980) is a Norwegian chess player, and Norway's fifth grandmaster. He received his title in 2002, and was at the time Norway's second youngest grandmaster of all times. He picked up his first norm in Oslo, the second at Bermuda and finally the third in the Sigeman tournament in Malmö. Johannessen has yet to win the Norwegian championship, the closest he has come is second place in 1999 after losing the play-off 0-2 to Berge Østenstad. Johannessen has won the Norwegian blitz and rapid championship several times though.
Johannessen usually plays 1.d4 when he is White. With Black, Johannessen employs a variety of defenses including the Sicilian Defence and Caro-Kann Defence against 1.e4 and the Queen's Gambit Declined, Slav Defense, or Semi-Slav Defense against 1.d4.
Johannessen works as attorney. He is also the editor-in-chief of the official Norwegian Chess Magazine.
Johannessen is an honorary member of the Portuguese amateur team Mata de Benfica and played in the Portuguese First League Team Championship in the season 2006/2007 and 2008/2009 for this team.
Sample game
White: Leif Erlend Johannessen
Black: Hikaru Nakamura
Opening: Grünfeld Defence, Exchange Variation
Played at Bermuda 28 January 2002, round 7
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.e4 Nxc3 6.bxc3 Bg7 7.Nf3 c5 8.Rb1 0–0 9.Be2 cxd4 10.cxd4 Qa5+ 11.Bd2 Qxa2 12.0–0 Bg4 13.Bg5 Qe6 14.h3 Bxf3 15.Bxf3 Qd7 16.d5 Na6 17.Qe2 Nc5 18.e5 Rae8 19.Rfd1 f6 20.Be3 Rc8 21.d6 b6 22.Bxc5 Rxc5 23.e6 Qc8 24.dxe7 Re8 25.Rd8 Rxd8 26.exd8=Q+ Qxd8 27.e7 Qe8 28.Qe6+ Kh8 29.Rd1 Rc8 30.Qxc8 Qxc8 31.Rd8+, Black resigns
External links
1980 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Norwegian chess players
Norwegian chess writers
Norwegian magazine editors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif%20Erlend%20Johannessen |
The Spanish futsal league is divided into divisions. The top teams play in the División de Honor (also called Liga Nacional de Fútbol Sala). In each division, a team plays all other teams twice, once at home and once away.
The Spanish league teams compete in Europe under UEFA, most notably in the UEFA Futsal Cup with great success, being the national league holding more continental titles. The teams also compete in a domestic cup competition each year, called the Copa del Rey. The winner of the División de Honor plays against the winner of the Copa del Rey in the Supercopa de España (Super Cup).
Current hierarchical divisional breakdowns
As of 6 September 2017
Primera División de Futsal (16 teams)
Segunda División de Futsal (16 teams)
Segunda División B de Futsal (103 teams in 6 groups)
Tercera División de Futsal (264 teams in 19 groups)
List of futsal clubs in Spain
For a list of teams, see List of futsal clubs in Spain
The Spain national futsal team represents the whole country, and has twice won the World Championship and six times the UEFA Futsal Championship, which makes Spain the second international futsal power, after Brazil.
Current female hierarchical divisional breakdowns
Division de Honor (16 teams)
List of futsal clubs in Spain
For a list of teams, see List of futsal clubs in Spain
The Spain women's national futsal team represents the whole country.
Other competitions
Copa de España de Futsal
Supercopa de España de Futsal
References
External links
Liga Nacional de Futbol Sala Official Website
Royal Spanish Football Federation Official Website
El diario digital del fútbol sala
CATSALA: Tot el Futbol Sala Català | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal%20in%20Spain |
The Farewell Tour is the third live music video title by singer-actress Cher. Released by Warner Music Video in 2003, it contained a live date from Living Proof: The Farewell Tour, filmed at American Airlines Arena in Miami on November 8, 2002. It was originally aired on April 8, 2003 as a television special on American network NBC attracting near 17 million viewers. Cher was awarded with an Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special. The same performance is also available on CD format as Live! The Farewell Tour. The video was a big success in many countries and has received several certification awards: 3× Platinum in the US, 8× Platinum in Australia and Platinum in the UK, among others respectively.
Formats
CD — CD case edition packed with the live CD.
DVD — DVD Digipack and Amaray Case in some countries packed with the DVD.
Track listing
Production credits
Director: David Mallet
Producers: Dione Orrom and Paul Morphos
Executive Producers: Cher, Roger Davies and Lindsay Scott
Executive Producer for Serpent Film: Rocky Oldham
Tour Directed: Doriana Sanchez
Choreography: Doriana Sanchez and Bubba Carr
Certifications and sales
!scope="row"|New Zealand Music Videos (RMNZ)
|align="left"|Platinum
|align="left"|5,000
|-
!scope="row"|Portugal (AFP)
|align="left"|Silver
|align="left"|2,000
|-
!scope="row"|Swedish DVD (Sverigetopplistan)
|align="left"|Gold
|align="left"|10,000
|-
See also
Live! The Farewell Tour
Living Proof: The Farewell Tour
External links
Rovi review
References
Cher video albums
2003 video albums
2003 live albums
Live video albums
Films directed by David Mallet (director)
NBC television specials
2003 television specials
2000s American television specials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Farewell%20Tour%20%28video%29 |
Vytegra is a town in Vytegorsky District of Vologda Oblast, Russia.
Vytegra may also refer to:
Vytegra Urban Settlement, Vologda Oblast, Russia, a municipal formation into which the town of district significance of Vytegra is incorporated
Vytegra (river), a river in Vologda Oblast, Russia
See also
Vytegorsky District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vytegra%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The River Garnock (), the smallest of Ayrshire's six principal rivers, has its source on the southerly side of the Hill of Stake in the heart of the Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park. About a mile and a half south of this starting point the untested stream tumbles over the Spout of Garnock, the highest waterfall in Ayrshire, once thought to be the river's origin. The river then continues, for a total length of or so, through the towns of Kilbirnie, Glengarnock, Dalry and Kilwinning to its confluence with the River Irvine at Irvine Harbour.
The main tributaries are the Rye Water and Caaf Water which join north and south of Dalry respectively and the Lugton Water which joins just south of Kilwinning.
Garnock Valley
"Glen Garnock" pertains specifically to the short, sometimes precipitous, section of ravine overlooked by the ruins of Glengarnock Castle north of Kilbirnie, whereas "The Garnock Valley" refers to a wider geographic area of North Ayrshire abutting Renfrewshire, which encompasses the former parishes of Beith, Dalry, and Kilbirnie.
Estuary
Within Ayrshire by far the largest estuary has developed, behind the Ardeer Peninsula, at the confluence of the Irvine and Garnock Rivers. This is one of the best examples of a bar-built estuary in the UK and is the only major estuary between the Solway and Inner Clyde. The majority of the estuary has been designated a SSSI, in recognition of its national importance for three bird species eider, red-breasted merganser and goldeneye). It is also a nationally important feeding ground for thousands of migrating birds during the spring and autumn. Otters and water voles live on the estuary as well as numerous breeding birds, including water rail, grasshopper warbler and sand martin. The Garnock/Irvine estuary is also a Wildlife Site.
Bogside Flats SSSI covers 253.8ha that include inter-tidal mudflats, salt-marsh and adjacent pasture land.
Places of interest
Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park is the source of the headwaters of the Garnock.
Spout of Garnock is the highest waterfall in Ayrshire.
Glengarnock Castle is a ruined keep standing on a remote rocky promontory overlooking the river, located about north of Kilbirnie.
Nether Mill (or Nethermyln), in Kilbirnie, is a ruined watermill that leaves as its legacy the name of the local football team, Kilbirnie Ladeside, who originally played in a field beside the mill lade running from a weir on the river to the mill at the end of Knoxville Road.
Dalgarven Mill still draws water from the Garnock to turn the restored undershot waterwheel. The mill complex, located off the A737 road north of Kilwinning, is now a tourist attraction with the mill building being home to the Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume.
Kilwinning Viaduct, on the former Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway, is now used by the Sustrans Garnock Valley Cycleway to get across the river.
Eglinton Country Park was developed around the ancient Eglinton Castle Estate, home for 600 years to the Earls of Eglinton and Winton.
In the River Garnock some distance below Kilwinning Bridge in the Dirrans area, in the vicinity of the old saw mill and close to where the lade to the mill started, was Saint Ninian's Isle, named after the saint who is otherwise mainly commemorated at Whithorn. It is now part of the river banking.
Down river near the confluence with the Lugton Water were the 'Mess John's Steps'; stepping stones across the river as shown on the first edition of the 6 inch OS map. This term was used in the 17th century as a jocular, but derogatory term for a minister, especially a Presbyterian one not appointed by the congregation. The term 'mess' derives from 'the mass'. The name is thus effectively 'The Minister's Steps'.
Between Ninian's Isle and the steps, just before the bend of the river, is an area named Cullim's Hole.
Smith records in 1895 that an island called Ringen's Isle existed in the Garnock. This may have been named after Saint Ringen or Winning.
Salmon generally arrive in the Garnock at the end of July, with the most productive part of the river being the stretch between Kilbirnie and Dalry.
Garnock Floods is a wildlife reserve of the Scottish Wildlife Trust in Kilwinning; sandwiched between the railway line, Sandy Road and the river. One of two 'lost loops' of the River Garnock ran through it and now only carries the Redburn to its confluence with the Garnock.
Two sections of canal were dug in the 19th century at Nethermains and between Longford and Bogend to permit the drainage of two loops of the Garnock.
Ardeer Factory, once the world's largest commercial explosives factory, is situated on a natural peninsula with the Firth of Clyde on its west side, the River Garnock to the east, and the mouth of the River Irvine to the south.
Tributaries
Pundeavon Burn
Confluence from the right at Coordinates :
The Pundeavon Burn drains from Pundeavon Reservoir and enters the Garnock just upstream of Kilbirnie Cross.
Paduff Burn
Confluence from the right at Coordinates :
The Paduff Burn is a small stream, known locally as Jock's Burn, which comes into play on the golf course at Kilbirnie Place Golf Club.
Powgree Burn
Confluence from the left at Coordinates :
The Powgree Burn rises on Cuff hill in the Gateside area, runs east of the old Speir's school, through Auchengree and Longbar then shortly after runs under Glengarnock railway station.
Pitcon Burn
Confluence from the right at Coordinates :
The Pitcon Burn cuts deep into the hillside causing the tree lined gully known as Swinlees Glen, a Nature Conservation Site, and enters the Garnock near its namesake Pitcon House.
Rye Water
Confluence from the right at Coordinates :
The Rye Water drains from the area of Muirhead Reservoir and Camphill Reservoir and runs through the old village of Drakemyre to join the Garnock north of Dalry near Brownhill Junction on the main railway line. A ford across the river at Drakemyre is associated with the song "Comin' Thro' the Rye".
Putyan Burn
The Putyan Burn forms from a number of small burns, etc., such as the Baidland Burn from Baidland Hill and springs at Baidland Mill. It reaches its confluence with the Garnock at Putyan Cottage and the Lynn Holm, near the road junction for Ardrossan at the Kilwinning end of the town. It passes Broadlie House where a small weir or dam still exists as part of an abandoned 1892 hydroelectric scheme which provided the house with its own electricity. The burn has its confluence with the Garnock near the Lovers' Bridge in Dalry.
Caaf Water
Confluence from the right at Coordinates :
The Caaf Water drains from Caaf Reservoir and soon passes the Michelin star rated Braidwoods Restaurant, before entering the Lynn Glen with its waterfall and finally enters the Garnock south of Dalry.
Bombo Burn
Confluence from the left at Coordinates :
The Bombo Burn is a small stream, only about in length, that runs across the north side of Bankhead Moss, a Special Area of Conservation and joins the Garnock soon after passing through the Blair Estate:
The delightfully landscaped grounds and gardens of the Estate contain a wonderful mixture of species trees and shrubs from all over the world. The Bombo Burn meanders gently for a mile through the gardens creating many natural beauty spots. The ancient yew tree recorded in the Domesday Book leans over the banks of the Bombo Burn presiding on the changes over the centuries.
Dusk Water
Confluence from the left at Coordinates :
The Dusk Water is a stream that has its beginnings on Cuff Hill, near Beith, and runs through Barrmill to eventually join the Garnock upstream of Dalgarven.
Interesting places along its course, as well as several old watermills, are Giffin House, a large and handsome mansion-house, and Cleeves Cove, a system of caves in the Dusk Glen.
A couple of miles from the source of the Dusk, a sluice diverts water via a tunnel into the eastern end of the Roebank reservoir, which feeds the Muirdykes water treatment works supplying much of the Paisley area with drinking water.
Mills
Coldstream Mill is located on the south side of Cuff Hill. The grain mill can still operate today, albeit only for demonstration purposes, with water supplied from the scenic mill dam.
Giffen Mill (or Barr Mill) is a ruined grain mill in the village of Barrmill.
Blair Mill was a traditional corn mill for the large Blair estate in Dalry. It was probably built in the late 18th century and ceased to be used as a mill in the 1950s.
Waterside Mill, lying downstream of the Dusk Glen, is now a residence.
Lugton Water
Confluence from the left at Coordinates :
The Lugton Water, the largest tributary of the Garnock, runs from Loch Libo (395 feet above sea-level) in Uplawmoor, through Lugton and the parishes of Neilston, Beith, Dunlop, Stewarton and Kilwinning. The Lugton joins the Garnock below the tidal limit, shortly after passing through Eglinton Country Park, developed around the ancient estate of the Earl of Eglinton.
River Irvine
Confluence at Coordinates :
The two main rivers of North Ayrshire, the Irvine and the Garnock, come together in the estuary at Irvine Harbour where they jointly enter the Firth of Clyde.
Major tributaries of the Irvine are the Glen Water, Cessnock Water, Kilmarnock Water (combined Fenwick and Craufurdland Waters), Carmel Water and Annick Water..
The Garnock and the Irvine
These rivers flow into the estuary, the Garnock being swelled by the Annick Water that has its confluence at the Dirrans in Kilwinning. The silt from these rivers has created the Bogside mudflats and the course of these rivers has been greatly altered over the centuries through both natural and man made influences.
A mining disaster
On 20 June 1833 the surface of the Garnock was seen to be ruffled and it was discovered that a section of the river bed had collapsed into mineworkings beneath. The river was now flowing into miles of mineworkings of the Snodgrass, Bartonholm and Longford collieries. Attempts were made to block the breach with clay, whin, straw, etc. to no avail. The miners had been safely brought to the surface and were able to witness the sight of the river standing dry for nearly a mile downstream, with fish jumping about in all directions. The tide brought in sufficient water to complete the flooding of the workings and the river level returned to normal. The weight of the floodwater was so great that the compressed air broke through the ground in many places and many acres of ground were observed to bubble up like a pan of boiling water. In some places rents and cavities appeared measuring four or five feet in diameter, and from these came a roaring sound described as being like steam escaping from a safety valve. For about five hours great volumes of water and sand were thrown up into the air like fountains and the mining villages of Bartonholm, Snodgrass, Longford and Nethermains were flooded.
Archibald William, the enterprising 13th Earl of Eglinton purchased all the lands concerned in 1852 and through the simple expedient of cutting a short canal at Bogend, across the loop of the river involved, he bypassed the breach and once the river course had been drained and sealed off he was able to have the flooded mineworkings pumped out. The breach lay on the sea side of the loop close to Bogend on the Snodgrass Holm side. The Earl leased the mines to Bairds of Gartsherrie and the "Eglinton Iron Works" were born.
The curse of Saint Winning
A legend tells of Saint Winning sending his monks to fish in the Garnock, however no matter how hard they tried or how long they persevered they could catch nothing. The saint in response placed a curse on the river, preventing it from ever having fish in its waters; the river responded by changing course and thereby avoiding the curse. It is clear that the river has substantially changed its course in recorded history, previously having entered the sea at Stevenston. Ardeer therefore being an island at that time. Blaeu's map printed in 1654 shows this.
It was also noted during the construction of a canal serving early coal pits at Ardeer that the small lochans used to ease construction lay on the old course of the River Garnock.
The Earls of Eglinton
It is recorded in official documents of the 1770 "Trial of Mungo Campbell for the Murder of Alexander, Earl of Eglinton" that Alexander Montgomery, 10th Earl of Eglinton was very protective of his fishing rights on the River Garmock to the extent that he banned fishing on the river altogether. Mungo Campbell even sold his fishing rod; however the murder of the earl in 1769 was as a direct result of Mungo being accused of poaching at Ardrossan's North Bay and Lord Eglinton's attempt to confiscate his gun.
References
External links
Ayrshire Rivers Trust
YouTube Video of the River Garnock near Glengarnock Castle
YouTube Video of Dalgarven Mill and the River Garnock
The Pundeavon Reservoir
The Long Ford on the River Garnock
YouTube video of Mess John's (The Minister's) Ford and the lost Bartonholm Loop.
YouTube video of the flooding of the mines at Longford Misk.
Garnock
Garnock Valley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Garnock |
Fire investigation, sometimes referred to as origin and cause investigation, is the analysis of fire-related incidents. After firefighters extinguish a fire, an investigation is launched to determine the origin and cause of the fire or explosion. Investigations of such incidents require a systematic approach and knowledge of basic fire science.
Investigating fires
The difficulty of determining whether arson has occurred arises because fire often destroys the key evidence of its origin. Many fires are caused by defective equipment, such as shorting of faulty electrical circuits. Car fires can be caused by faulty fuel lines, and spontaneous combustion is possible where organic wastes are stored. A fire investigator looks at the fire remains, and obtains information to reconstruct the sequence of events leading up to the fire.
One of the challenging aspects of fire investigation is the multi-disciplinary basis of the investigator's job. As fires can be caused by or involve many ignition sources and fuels, an individual with expertise in fire chemistry should investigate the incident. For example, if there is a gas appliance at the origin of the fire, an investigator should know enough about appliances to either include or exclude it as a possible cause of the fire. Fire investigators sometimes work with forensic engineers, such as forensic electrical engineers when examining electrical appliances, household wiring, etc.
In the United States, fire investigators often refer to NFPA 921: Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations (National Fire Protection Association). Also, Kirk's Fire Investigation by David J. Icove and Gerald A. Haynes has long been regarded as the primary textbook in the field of fire investigation.
Conducting investigations
The main steps of a fire investigation include:
Arrive at the scene
Ensure safety of crime scene
Secure the area
Investigate the scene
Evaluate external structure
Evaluate interior structure
Determine point of origin
Document the evidence
Sample and tag evidence
Sketch the scene and damage
Photograph evidence
Conclude the investigation
Finish necessary documents/reports
Interview necessary parties
Present evidence
Fire investigators conduct their investigations using a systematic approach utilizing the scientific method, including the following:
When arsonists attack, there is very rarely much evidence left at the scene. However, arsonists usually use accelerants to speed up a blaze. Forensic scientists use technologies to heat samples taken from the scene causing any residue to separate. This sample is then analyzed to determine the chemical structure. Scientists also use other tests such as using liquid nitrogen gas to trap residue which are then analyzed using gas chromatography.
The investigator:
Receives the assignment and responsibilities
Plans the investigation and assembles tools, equipment, and personnel
Examines the scene and collects data
Collects, tests, evaluates, and documents evidence
Applies the scientific method to analyze the information obtained
Depending on how much evidence is present, an investigator can use different approaches. Two techniques include process of elimination, or disregarding the causes that the evidence deems not possible. The second is to start investigating the most probable cause first until it is ruled unlikely.
Spoliation
Spoliation is the destruction or alteration of evidence through intention or ignorance. The mere act of extinguishing a fire can destroy potential evidence of arson
or what is also known as an "Incendiary fire." Firefighters are educated that the stream of their fire hose or the use of a Pike Pole can destroy evidence and efforts are made to do what is required to extinguish the fire, while not destroying clues to the fires' origin. By taking steps before the investigation starts, destruction of evidence can be avoided. Investigators are encouraged to set barriers and secure the area. This allows for control to be taken over the crime scene and limits the chance of an investigation being compromised. Investigators then document any evidence seen at the crime scene or on the victims (clothes, burns, etc.) While looking for evidence, any findings that impose a threat to evidence, such as excessive use of fire-suppressing chemicals, unusual movement of handles/knobs, and changed position of evidence should be reported.
Qualification
Investigators can receive additional certification to prove their fire investigating skills. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), through a document known as NFPA 1033, Standard for Professional Requirements for Fire Investigator, publishes minimum requirements for the knowledge skills and ability of a fire investigator. Principal among these is a 16-point list of areas in which a fire investigator is required to have education beyond high school level. The list mentions points such as using protective equipment, fire ignition, heat science, explosions, working with chemicals, investigating fires, using related technology, and reporting evidence. These guidelines are recommended practice but are not required by law.
Fire scene investigators may become certified through the National Association of Fire Investigators (NAFI) or the International Association of Arson Investigators (IAAI). Both certification programs rely heavily on the content of NFPA 1033 and NFPA 921. Both also require an application process detailing the investigator's education, training, and experience, and successfully challenging a written examination. Certificates are valid for a period of 5 years, at which time an investigator must demonstrate continued participation in the field and a minimum amount of continuing education in order to be recertified.
The National Association of Fire Investigators (NAFI), a professional association of fire and explosion investigators, offer several National Board Certified fire investigation certifications including:
Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator (CFEI),
Certified Vehicle Fire Investigator (CVFI), and
Certified Fire Investigation Instructor (CFII).
The International Association of Arson Investigators (IAAI), a professional group of fire investigators, grants the following certifications:
Certified Fire Investigator (IAAI-CFI) – certified by the ProBoard Fire Service Professional Qualifications System.
Fire Investigation Technician (IAAI-FIT)
Certified Instructor (IAAI-CI)
Evidence Collection Technician (IAAI-ECT)
See also
Arson
ATF Fire Research Laboratory
Fire marshal
Fire protection engineer
Kirk's Fire Investigation
Women in firefighting
Footnotes
References
General references
https://www.einvestigator.com/arson-investigations/
https://www.atascientific.com.au/technologies-forensic-sciences/
External links
Example of an actual Arson Investigation Report | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20investigation |
Pterodactyl is a 2005 American action-horror film that premiered on the Sci Fi Channel. The film is directed by Mark L. Lester.
Plot
At a pterodactyl's nest, several of the eggs hatch.
A trio of hunters, scouting the Turkish–Armenian border are suddenly attacked by a pterodactyl. While defending themselves, they become outmatched and are all killed.
Michael (Cameron Daddo), and Kate (Amy Sloan), are leading a group of teenagers for camping and through a science expedition. The students are Gwen, Jason, Willis (Steve Braun), and Angie (Mircea Monroe). They stop at a Turkish forest and begin exploring, eventually discovering a dead pterodactyl and mounds of pterodactyl feces. While the others examine the spore, Angie wanders off and decides to go for a swim. When she jumps into the water, a pterodactyl appears and attacks her. She struggles to escape, and runs into Jason, who was searching for Angie. In the confusion, he moves to the lake to investigate. Upon reaching the lake, the pterodactyl drags him away. Angie tells the others that she was attacked by something that looked like a bird, but Michael dismisses the idea. Michael and Willis desperately go searching for Jason, but unnoticed by them, he has been killed.
That night, Captain Bergen (Coolio) and his squad sneak into the Russian camp and captures the terrorist Clarke, (Todd Kramer). Captain Bergen find Michael and his group camping, so they decide to follow them.
The next morning, while preparing to leave, Michael's jeep is ambushed by a group of Russian terrorists. When the pterodactyls attack, the group flees with Captain Bergen and his squad rescuing them. In the struggle, Gwen is killed by a pterodactyl while escaping. Michael questions their presence; Bergen says that he and his squad members have been assigned to capture a Russian terrorist by hand. While the group continue on foot, Angie shows her feelings to Willis, for his bravery, and a mockbuster of the Universal/Amblin Entertainment film based on the same source
A second wave of pterodactyls suddenly appear. During the attack, Angie is wounded and succumbs to her injury. Several soldiers are also killed, and Kate is snatched in the process. After the attack, Captain Bergen and the group continue, to find a shelter. Flocks of pterodactyls start raiding the shelter, bringing it down to pieces. The group, arms and defends themselves from the invaders. With the group gaining the upper hand, the remaining invading pterodactyls retreats. Willis and one of Bergen's remaining soldiers Zelasny are injured. They are told to remain at the shelter, while the rest journey to the nest to rescue Kate.
Later, Zelasny (Jessica Ferrarone), dies from her wounds and Willis is killed by invading pterodactyls. Meanwhile, in the nest, Kate grabs a soldier's walkie-talkie and contacts Bergen. She escapes the nest and runs over the group once again. When the rescue line is set up for Kate to cross, Serling (George Calil), travers and grabs Kate to swing to Michael. Serling slips off the rope, falling to the rocks below. Bergen salutes his soldier and runs off as Serling before succumbing to his injury, detonates the bomb, in the nest, killing all of the pterodactyls. As they get off the mountain, the last pterodactyl attack in revenge. Bergen fires a missile saying, "the music's coming down and guess what I'm your DJ", but is killed. Michael keeps the missile on target and finally kills the last flying reptile. As Kate and Michael share a kiss and walk away, an Allosaurus emerges from the volcano's crater.
Cast
Cameron Daddo as Professor Michael Lovecraft
Coolio as Captain Bergen
Amy Sloan as Kate Heinlein
George Calil as Serling
Steve Braun as Willis Bradbury
Mircea Monroe as Angie Lem
Jessica Ferrarone as Zelazny
Todd Kramer as Clarke
Many of the characters are named after famous science-fiction and fantasy writers—Bradbury (Ray Bradbury), Burroughs (Edgar Rice Burroughs), Clarke (Sir Arthur C. Clarke), Donaldson (Steven Donaldson), Heinlein (Robert A. Heinlein), Herbert (Frank Herbert), Lem (Stanislaw Lem), Lovecraft (H. P. Lovecraft), Serling (Rod Serling), Yolen (Jane Yolen) and Zelazny (Roger Zelazny).
Location
Despite the dialogue indicating that the events are taking place on the Turkish–Armenian border (a dry, rocky, mountainous area), the landscape in the film is wooded forestland with open grassy knolls in the Czech Republic.
See also
List of films featuring dinosaurs
External links
2005 action films
2005 films
2005 science fiction action films
2005 television films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s science fiction horror films
American action horror films
American science fiction action films
American science fiction television films
American splatter films
Films about dinosaurs
Films directed by Mark L. Lester
Films set in Armenia
Films set in Turkey
Films shot in the Czech Republic
Mockbuster_films
Pterosaurs in fiction
Syfy original films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterodactyl%20%28film%29 |
Marc Rogers is a Canadian acoustic and electric bassist.
Career
Rogers studied at the University of North Texas College of Music, where he was a member of the One O'Clock Lab Band directed by Neil Slater.
He is a member of the band The Philosopher Kings. Rogers tours with and is a member of Michael Kaeshammer's band. He has recorded and written music for film and TV including Zoe Busiek: Wild Card, the L Word, Lie With Me and Saint Ralph.
In 1999, Rogers was the bassist for the band Laszlo which featured Norah Jones as the lead singer.
In 2006 he was in a jazz ensemble with Robi Botos, Phil Dwyer, and Terri Lyne Carrington. They were nominated for a Juno Award in the category Contemporary Jazz Album of the Year for the recording One Take – Volume II.
Rogers is a contributing columnist for Canadian Musician Magazine.
Personal life
Rogers is married to singer/songwriter Karen Kosowski.
Selected discography
Solo
Marc Rogers – Lunasa (2003)
With Jarvis Church
Jarvis Church & The Soul Station – Vol. 1 (2012)
With Shawn Hook
Cosmonaut and the Girl (2012)
With Michael Kaeshammer
KaeshammerLive! (2012)
KAESHAMMER (2011)
Lovelight (2009)
With Emma-Lee
Backseat Heroine (2012)
With Sarah Harmer
Oh Little Fire (2010)
With Nelly Furtado
Mi Plan (2009)
With Mark McLean
Playground (2010)
With Anjulie
Anjulie (2009)
With Kelly Jefferson Quartet
Next Exit (2010)
Spark (2005)
With Stereos
Throw Ya Hands Up (Single)(2009)
Summer Girl (Single)(2009)
With Justin Hines
Chasing Silver (2009)
With Kreesha Turner
Passion (2008)
With Serena Ryder
Calling To Say (Single)(2007)
With The Philosopher Kings
Castles (2006)
With Theo Tams
Sing (Single)(2008)
With Fefe Dobson
Joy (2010)
With K'naan
The Dusty Foot Philosopher (2005)
With Peter Katz
More Nights (2007)
With Amanda Stott
Chasing the Sky (2005)
With Sophie Milman
Sophie Milman (2004)
With Emilie-Claire Barlow
Like a Lover (2005)
With Layah Jane
Grievance and Gratitude (2005)
With Emma Roberts
Grievance and Gratitude (2005)
With Matt Dusk
Peace on Earth (2004)
With The Good Lovelies
Let The Rain Fall (2005)
With Emblem3
Nothing to Lose (2005)
With Kate Ceberano
Kensal Road (2013)
With Barbra Lica
That's What I Do (2012)
References
Canadian rhythm and blues musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Canadian bass guitarists
21st-century Canadian bass guitarists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Rogers |
"Ukridge Rounds a Nasty Corner" is a short story by British author P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the January 1924 issue of Cosmopolitan, and in the United Kingdom in the February 1924 Strand. It features the irrepressible Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, and was included in the collection Ukridge, published in 1924.
Plot
When Jimmy Corcoran is hired to help prepare the memoirs of a deceased colonial, he is amazed to see his friend Ukridge visiting the house, pretending not to know him. He had, earlier that day, received a bottle of patent medicine and a parrot, delivered by Ukridge, so he is even more amazed when Ukridge brings up parrots to his employer, Lady Elizabeth Lakenheath.
Ukridge later reveals that he has fallen in love with and wooed Millie, Lady Elizabeth's niece and ward, and together they have kidnapped the parrot in order to help obtain the aunt's consent to their marriage. Ukridge is also involved in the sale of "Peppo", the patent medicine.
The parrot scheme is successful, but Millie's aunt wishes to meet Ukridge's Aunt Julia. Knowing that any such meeting will result in the revealing of Ukridge's past, they must stop the two from coming into contact until Aunt Julia, currently working in rural seclusion, leaves for a tour of America.
When Lady Elizabeth is invited to a meeting of the Pen and Ink Club, Corky goes to Aunt Julia's house to intercept a speech she is due to make at the meeting, hoping that the lack of a speech will prevent her from attending. Julia has returned early, however, and is highly suspicious of Corky's presence. Next day at the Lakenheath's he expects to find Ukridge's name turned to mud, but all is well; Lady Elizabeth was unable to attend the meeting, as her precious parrot was sick.
Ukridge reveals that the plucky Millie had plied the parrot with Peppo, rendering it dangerously inebriated.
Millie and Ukridge would later marry, and on occasion rely on Lady Elizabeth to pull them out of hot water, as in Love Among the Chickens (1906).
Main characters
Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, the irrepressible entrepreneur
Julia Ukridge, his haughty writer aunt
Millie, a girl Ukridge falls for
Lady Elizabeth Lakenheath, Millie's parrot-loving aunt
Jimmy Corcoran, Ukridge's writer friend
George Tupper, an old schoolfriend of Ukridge and Corcoran
Publication history
The story was illustrated by T. D. Skidmore in Cosmopolitan, and by Reginald Cleaver in The Strand Magazine.
It was included in Nothing But Wodehouse, a Wodehouse short story collection edited by Ogden Nash and published by Doubleday, Doran & Company in July 1932. It was also collected in The World of Ukridge, published in October 1975 by Barrie & Jenkins.
Adaptations
The story was adapted by Helmar Fernback for radio in 1956, with Michael Shepley as Ukridge, Hubert Gregg as Corcoran, Margot Lister as Aunt Julia, Martin Lewis as Bowles, Bryan Powley as Leonard the parrot, and Belle Chrystall as Millie.
It was adapted as an episode in the television series The World of Wodehouse. The episode, titled "The Nasty Corner", aired in 1968.
The sixth episode of the 1992–1993 Ukridge radio series was adapted from the story. The episode, "Ukridge Rounds a Nasty Corner", first aired on 25 January 1993, with Griff Rhys Jones as Ukridge, Robert Bathurst as Corky, Adam Godley as Tupper, Simon Godley as Beamish, Rebecca Front as Millie and Mabel, Dougal Lee as Mr Price, and Julian Dutton as Hank Philbrick (from "Ukridge Sees Her Through"). The story was adapted by Julian Dutton.
See also
List of Wodehouse's Ukridge stories
References
Notes
Sources
External links
The full text of "Ukridge Rounds a Nasty Corner" at HathiTrust Digital Library
1924 short stories
Short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
Works originally published in Cosmopolitan (magazine) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukridge%20Rounds%20a%20Nasty%20Corner |
George Douglas Crawford (1 November 1939 – 17 April 2002) was a Scottish politician and journalist who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Perth and East Perthshire from 1974 to 1979.
Crawford was educated at Glasgow Academy and St Catharine's College, Cambridge, before working as a journalist in London. He was an Industrial Correspondent for the Glasgow Herald newspaper from 1963 to 1966, and then worked as Head of Publications for the Scottish Council for Development and Industry.
A convinced believer in the benefits of Scottish independence, he worked unofficially as an adviser and researcher to Winnie Ewing whilst she was the sole Scottish National Party parliamentarian from 1967 till 1970. He also served as SNP Director of Communications in the late 1960s before becoming a Vice-Chairman of the party in the early 1970s.
He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Perth and East Perthshire at the October 1974 election as the party increased its number of representatives from 7 to 11. Elected with a majority of 793, he was given the financial portfolio in the SNP Parliamentary grouping, but lost his seat at the 1979 general election along with 8 of his colleagues. Although he garnered only 287 fewer votes than he had when he was elected, the Conservatives increased their vote by 3,609 to leave Crawford trailing by 3,103 votes.
Not long after his defeat he suffered a cerebral haemorrhage from which he recovered to contest the Perth and Kinross constituency in the 1983 election, but lost to Nicholas Fairbairn, the Conservative incumbent MP, who won with a 6,733 majority.
Crawford died in 2002 in Campbeltown. He married (and later divorced) journalist Joan Burnie, with whom he had two children. His son, Ewan, at one stage worked for former SNP leader John Swinney.
References
External links
1939 births
2002 deaths
Scottish journalists
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Scottish National Party MPs
UK MPs 1974–1979
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
The Herald (Glasgow) people
People educated at the Glasgow Academy
Politics of Perth and Kinross | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Crawford |
The Vytegra () is a river in Vytegorsky District of Vologda Oblast in Russia. It nominally flows out of Lake Matkozero and is a tributary of Lake Onega. It is long, and the area of its basin . The principal tributary is the Tagazhma (left).
The river is a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway. When the canal was under construction, Lake Matkozero was used to deposit the soil, and it does not exist anymore. The Vytegra is connected with the valley of the Kovzha by Novomariinsky Canal in the south. Close to the mouth, the Onega Canal branches off west to bypass Lake Onega and to connect the Vytegra with the Svir. Upstream of the town of Vytegra, the Vytegorsky Reservoir was filled.
The whole river basin of the Vychegda is located in the central part of Vytegorsky District.
The valley of the Vytegra is populated, in particular, the town of Vytegra is located on both banks of the river. The names of both Vytegra and Vytegorsky District originates from the name of the river.
References
External links
Rivers of Vologda Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vytegra%20%28river%29 |
Jan Costin Wagner (born 13 October 1972 in Langen) is a German crime fiction writer. His novels are set in Finland and feature detective Kimmo Joentaa.
Biography
Wagner studied German Literature and History at university in Frankfurt, and later worked as a journalist. His first novel, "Nachtfahrt" (Night Trip) was published to much acclaim in 2002 and won the Marlowe Prize for Best Crime Novel. His wife is a native of Finland, and they spend time both there and in Germany. His 2007 novel The Silence () was adapted into the 2010 German film of the same name in English; the original name of the film in German is Das letzte Schweigen, i.e. The last Silence.
Bibliography
Eismond 2003, (Ice Moon, translated to English 2005)
Das Schweigen 2007 (Silence, translated to English 2010)
Im Winter der Löwen 2009 (The Winter of the Lions, translated to English 2011)
Light in a Dark House (2013)
External links
Authors official homepage (in German)
German crime fiction writers
Living people
German male novelists
1972 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Costin%20Wagner |
Extreme-G is a futuristic racing video game developed by Probe Entertainment and published by Acclaim Entertainment, featuring an original trance soundtrack. It was released for the Nintendo 64 in 1997, and was released in Japan on May 29, 1998. Despite the crowded field of Nintendo 64 racing games, Extreme-G was met with moderately positive reviews and was a commercial success. A sequel, Extreme-G 2, was released in 1998, followed by two additional games: Extreme-G 3 and XGRA: Extreme G Racing Association.
Gameplay
The gameplay of Extreme-G consists mainly of fast-paced racing through an array of futuristic environments. An array of defensive and offensive weapons are available on-track. These include multi-homing/reverse missiles, magnetic/laser mines, and shield-boosting power-ups. Special weapons can also be found such as invisibility, phosphorus flash and the mighty Wally-Warp which if not avoided, can instantly transport a bike right to the back of the pack.
As with all Extreme-G games, futuristic racing pilots race plasma-powered bikes in an intergalactic Grand Prix at speeds over 750 km/h. The emphasis is on speed and racetrack design, with tracks looping through like roller coasters.
At the beginning of each round, the player is given three "nitro" powerups which provide a temporary speed boost (these powerups cannot be replenished). Also, falling off cliffs or, in some cases, the track itself results in simply losing time rather than losing 'lives'; bikes are teleported back to the track and must rebuild their speed and lost time from a dead standstill.
The single player games come in three difficulty settings: Novice, Intermediate and Extreme. The main game mode (Extreme Contest) features three championships: Atomic (four tracks), Critical Mass (eight tracks) and Meltdown (full 12 standard tracks). The player must come first in each championship to progress. Winning championships on the various difficulty levels will open up the hidden bikes, levels and cheats. Once the levels have been opened they can be used for the additional single and multi-player modes.
The multi-player modes include competitive racing, flag capture, and battle mode.
Plot
Extreme-G is set in the distant future where Earth is reduced into a wasteland. From their new-found planet the human colonists watch their remote controlled bikes wreak havoc through their ancient cities and fight their way to determine which racer manages to qualify.
Development
Extreme-G was developed under the working title "Ultimate Racer". It was created by Probe Entertainment, an internal development team of Acclaim Entertainment.
Reception
Extreme-G received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Critics particularly praised the track designs with their numerous loops, jumps, and corkscrews, and the sense of speed. Crispin Boyer wrote in Electronic Gaming Monthly that no other title delivers sense of speed than Extreme-G. Next Generation said the game has fast, futuristic, heavily armed speedbikes with rollercoaster tracks in some hallucinogenic scenarios. A few critics remarked that the intense speeds give the game a steep learning curve, but that ultimately the controls work well. Edge criticized the handling of the bikes, but highlighted the game's emphasis on combat.
The bike designs were also applauded, with several reviewers likening their look to that of the movie Tron. GameRevolution praised the game's replay value due to the large number of tracks, weapons and multiplayer options. Critics in general complimented the selection of modes and options, though there were some complaints that the multiplayer modes are not as strong as the single-player. Several noted slowdown and choppiness in the otherwise strong frame rate when four players are racing, Shawn Smith of Electronic Gaming Monthly said the tracks in the multiplayer Battle mode are dull and unimaginative, and Next Generation simply said that four-player Extreme-G bike deathmatches was a decent idea, but flawed. Most critics remarked that the techno soundtrack is unoriginal but does its job of enhancing the mood of the intense races. Though many criticized the use of distance fog, reviews unanimously declared the game's graphics to be outstanding.
Most reviews concluded that while a handful of shortcomings keep Extreme-G from being a top-ranked game, it was impressive enough to recommend. GamePro, for instance, wrote that Extreme G will keep N64 racers sated until F-Zero 64 debuts. Similarly, Peer Schneider of IGN opined that it can't compete with Wave Race 64 and Top Gear Rally in terms of graphics, physics and control, but ultimately recommended it for action and racing fans.
According to N64 Magazine, Extreme-G was a commercial success, selling 700,000 copies by October 1998.
Notes
References
External links
1997 video games
Acclaim Entertainment games
Probe Software games
Science fiction racing games
Nintendo 64 games
Nintendo 64-only games
Vehicular combat games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme-G |
Malleco Province () is one of two provinces in the southern Chilean region of La Araucanía (IX). Its population as of the 2017 census is 205,124, and it covers an area of . The provincial capital is the city of Angol.
Malleco Province is known for having the emblematic Malleco Viaduct and the Las Raíces Tunnel, Chile's longest tunnel, which links the eastern part to the rest of the province.
Communes
As one of Chile's second level administrative divisions, Malleco comprises eleven communes, each administered by its respective municipality.
Angol
Renaico
Collipulli
Lonquimay
Curacautín
Ercilla
Victoria
Traiguén
Lumaco
Purén
Los Sauces
Geography and demography
According to the 2017 census by the National Statistics Institute (INE), the province spans an area of and had a population of 205,124 inhabitants (99,811 men and 105,313 women), giving it a population density of . Of these, 151,057 (73.6%) lived in urban areas and 54,067 (26.4%) in rural areas. Between the 2002 and 2017 censuses, the population rose by 1.7% (3,509 persons).
Malleco Valley wine region
Located 340 miles (540 km) south of the capital of Chile, Santiago, the Malleco wine region lies in the province of the same name. It is one of Chile’s southern Denomination of Origin (DO) regions as defined by the Chilean Appellation system, the legally protected geographical indication used to identify where the grapes for a wine were grown.
The wine industry here is still developing but good results are already being obtained, particularly from its crispy and fresh Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.
The climate is cool, with a high level of rainfall (51 inches (1300 mm) a year), a short growing season, and high temperature variation between day and night, which is challenging for wine producers. Most vineyards are located around the town of Traiguen, just south of the Bio Bio Valley. The volcanic soil in Malleco, composed mainly of sand and clay, are reasonably well drained. Although the valley has high rainfall, vines have to make extra effort to hydrate due to the well-drained soil, which results in less foliage and lower grape yields. All these factors produce grapes with more concentrated flavour and excellent structure, which in turn leads to the crisp and fresh wine produced in the region.
Grape distribution by varietal
Climate: Cool Mediterranean climate. 1300 mm (51.2 in) of rain per year.
Soils: Volcanic soils, clay and sand.
Primary wines: Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.
Total hectares planted: 11 ha (27 acres).
See also
Chilean wine
Maule Region
Maule River
Maipo Valley
References
Provinces of Chile
Provinces of La Araucanía Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleco%20Province |
Pir () or Peer is a title for a Sufi spiritual guide. They are also referred to as a Hazrat (from ) and Sheikh or Shaykh, which is literally the Arabic equivalent. The title is often translated into English as "saint". In Sufism, a Pir's role is to guide and instruct his disciples on the Sufi path. This is often done by general lessons (called Suhbas) and individual guidance. Other words that refer to a Pir include Murshid () and Sarkar ().
The title Peer Baba (from ) is common in the Indian subcontinent used as a salutation to Sufi masters or similarly honored persons. After their death, people visit their tombs or mausolea, referred to as dargah or maqbara.
This title is mostly used by Sayyids, who are descendants of Prophet Muhammad.
The path of Sufism starts when a student takes an oath of allegiance with a teacher called Bai'at or Bay'ah (Arabic word meaning "transaction") where he swears allegiance at the hands of his Pir and repents of all his previous sins. After that, the student is called a Murid (Arabic word meaning committed one). From here, his batin (esoteric) journey starts.
A Pir usually has authorizations to be a teacher for one (or more) tariqahs. A tariqah may have more than one Pir at a time. A Pir is accorded that status by his Sheikh by way of Khilafat or Khilafah (Arabic word meaning "succession"), a process in which the Pir identifies one of his disciples as his successor, which may be more than one.
The title is also written as Pirzada or Peerzada. The people having this title also write Shah. The title is most used by Pirs of Sindh. The title is common in Iran, India and Afghanistan.
See also
Spiritual direction
Satya Pir, a folk hero
Syed Pir Badshah, Persian author of Bengal
Panchpiria, an ethnic group defined by their reverence for five pirs
References
Further reading
Persian words and phrases
Islamic honorifics
Religious leadership roles
Sufism in India
Sufism in Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%20%28Sufism%29 |
Carna is an area in Connemara, County Galway, Ireland. It is located on the country's west coast in the Gaeltacht, about 50 km west of Galway city. Carna is a tiny, extremely small area, but as a focal point for the surrounding areas, it contains a Garda Síochána station, a Health Centre including a Rapid Response Ambulance, an Irish Coastguard lifeboat and Conor Boyce. Carna is not located close to any villages. The population dramatically dropped from the previous average of 8,000 before the Great Famine. The age of the average resident is significantly higher than the Irish national average.
The National University of Ireland, Galway, has an Irish-language and educational centre (Áras Shorcha Ní Ghuairim) in Roisín na Mainiach, near Carna. It also operates a marine biology station Martin Ryan Institute in Maínis and an atmospheric research station at Mace Head, Carna, which is run by the university's experimental physics department.
There is a water reservoir in Carna that provides west Connemara, including Roundstone, with fresh water. A bus is also based in Carna that brings passengers between Carna and Galway City picking up passengers along the N59.
Following the Cromwellian War and the subsequent Down Survey based confiscations, many of the dispossessed settled in Connacht. The statement "to hell or to Connacht" originated in this migration. Carna is in a strong Gaeltacht region, so most of the people speak Irish at home. The population is almost totally (96% in 2006) bilingual with English being the second language spoken.
During the aftermath of the Irish War of Independence and the Civil War, Carna was a major center for the work of the Irish Folklore Commission in recording Ireland's endangered folklore, mythology, and oral literature. According to folklore collector and archivist Seán Ó Súilleabháin, Carna residents with no stories to tell were the exception rather than the rule and it was generally conceded in 1935 that there were more unrecorded folktales in the parish of Carna alone than anywhere else in Western Europe.
There is an Irish language college for second level students located in Carna and Cill Chiaráin called Coláiste Sheosaimh.
History
Early Christianity
Off the coast of Mace Head in Carna Parish is Oileán Mhic Dara (St. MacDara's Island). This is the site of a stone-built early Christian church and the cross of Saint Mac Dara, who is the Patron Saint of fishermen and sailors in the area. There is a pilgrimage to the Island once a year on 16 July followed by a race of traditional boats.
Another archaeological site in the area is a standing stone on Lake Scannive / Loch na Scainimhe.
Coastal defence
During the scatter of the Spanish Armada's around Britain and the west coast of Ireland, a Spanish ship, the Concepción de Juanes del Cano went onto rocks off the Carna coast in Mace. The sailors were brought to Galway and were publicly hung in Eyre Square by Governor Bingham of Connaught. No wreckage is left but it is believed that some sailors escaped capture and settled in Carna.
There are also the remains of the Martello Tower built during the Napoleonic Wars. These towers were erected to spot French ships off the coast. The tower on Coilín hill, a 5-minute drive from central Carnais, is now in ruins. The remains of what archaeologists think is a cellar can be seen as a hole extends downwards inside the ruins. Also out on Mace Headland 10 minutes from Carna, close to where the Spanish Armada ship went aground, there are the remains of an army bunker used by the Irish Defence Forces during The Emergency (WWII) to spot ships off the Irish coast.
St. Oliver wreck
In September 2004 the St.Oliver, a fishing vessel, set sail for Ros an Mhíl. The ship was being repaired at the local shipyard in Letterard. On board were four men from various parts of Connemara and the Aran Islands including the owner of the shipyard. The route was to be routine but shortly after leaving the bay it began having difficulties and ran aground on Duck Island a rock close to Mynish Island. The Irish Coastguard and the Irish Navy were immediately notified and the shipwreck was found shortly after 11.00 p.m. that night. Throughout the following days the bodies of the men were recovered from the waters and coasts. Two years previous, a Spanish fishing vessel named the 'Arosa' sank killing 12 people after running aground 2 miles from Duck Island at Sceirde Rocks. Following a report from the Marine Casualty Investigation Board it was concluded that it wasn't known what had caused the ship to run aground due to the damage to the ships systems caused by the ferocity of the collision and removal of vital equipment during the investigation.
Drowning during War of Independence
On 6 February 1921, during the Irish War of Independence, four volunteers of the IRA () were making their way by boat from Carna (or, more precisely, Moyrus beach in Dooyeher) to Roundstone for a Battalion meeting, when they were caught by a violent storm and drowned off the shore of Inishlackan.. Close to the harbour mole of Moyrus beach, a memorial stone has been placed.
Sport
Carna's main sport is Gaelic football. The local team is shared with the neighbouring village of Cashel giving it the name Carna-Cashel or Cárna-Caiseal. The team are currently playing in the Senior League of Galway GAA. The home ground of Carna-Cashel is nicknamed The Plantation but is also known as Páirc Naomh MhicDara. Carna Cashel have had a number of players who have represented the Galway senior football team. In the 1930s Hugo Carey was playing for Carna and won an All-Ireland medal with Galway, Michael Cloherty was also with Galway in 1998 when they ended the 32-year wait for an All Ireland title. More recently players such as Val Feeney and Niall Coyne have represented Galway. From 2016 onwards, Carna will have a ladies' Gaelic football team.
Carna is also home to Club Luthchleasaíocht Iorras Aithneach or Iorras Aithneach Athletics Club. The club was formed in 2015. It was helped by the opening of an astro turf ground in Cill Chiaráin. Members of the club have taken part in events in Galway and at the Regionals in Athlone.
Townlands
While Carna is the main area of Iorras Aithneach there are a number of areas which can be described as "townlands" attributed to Carna. Beginning in the west and moving along the coast there are: Glynsk, Letterard, Muighros, Coilín, Ard West, and east: Más, Leathmhás, Leitir Deisceart, Crumpán, Cárna, Ruisin na Mainioch, Feenish and Callowfeenish. The island of Muighinis can also be included and this adds the townlands of Ros Dugán, Feithearnach and Ruisín a'Chaladh.
Notable people
Éamon a Búrc, a storyteller in the Irish language, was longtime resident of Carna. The volumes of his transcribed tales remain in the possession of the Irish Folklore Commission. He is widely considered one of the most talented Irish traditional storytellers ever recorded. Furthermore, according to Irish-American historian Bridget Connelly, the stories collected by the Irish Folklore Commission from Éamon a Búrc are still taught in University courses alongside Beowulf, the Elder Edda, and the Homeric Hymns.
Nan Tom Teaimín de Búrca lives in Rusheenamanagh
Joe Heaney (1919–1984), was a sean-nós singer from Carna, is said to have known more than 500 songs - most learned while he was growing up in Carna. The Féile Chomórtha Joe Éinniú (Joe Heaney Commemorative Festival) is held every year in Carna.
Máire Geoghegan-Quinn, born in Carna, former European Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science.
Denis McDonough, Chief of Staff for the United States National Security Council. His grandfather came from Ard West in Carna before his family moved to Minnesota where Denis grew up.
Liam Cosgrave, the former Taoiseach, lived in Carna for a number of years to learn Irish in the old national school in Carna.
James Berry, writer of Mayo News column Tales of the West - Recollections of my Early Boyhood. Berry died in 1914 and was buried in Mynish cemetery, Carna.
Marty Walsh, the 54th Mayor of Boston, has close connections to both Carna and Rosmuc.
References
Towns and villages in County Galway
Gaeltacht towns and villages
Articles on towns and villages in Ireland possibly missing Irish place names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carna%2C%20County%20Galway |
The concept of symbolic power, also known as symbolic domination (domination symbolique in French language) or symbolic violence, was first introduced by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu to account for the tacit, almost unconscious modes of cultural/social domination occurring within the everyday social habits maintained over conscious subjects. Symbolic power accounts for discipline used against another to confirm that individual's placement in a social hierarchy, at times in individual relations but most basically through system institutions also.
Also referred to as soft power, symbolic power includes actions that have discriminatory or injurious meaning or implications, such as gender dominance and racism. Symbolic power maintains its effect through the mis-recognition of power relations situated in the social matrix of a given field. While symbolic power requires a dominator, it also requires the dominated to accept their position in the exchange of social value that occurs between them.
History
The concept of symbolic power may be seen as grounded in Friedrich Engels' concept of false consciousness. To Engels, under capitalism, objects and social relationships themselves are embedded with societal value that is dependent upon the actors who engage in interactions themselves. Without the illusion of natural law governing such transactions of social and physical worth, the proletariat would be unwilling to consciously support social relations that counteract their own interests. Dominant actors in a society must consciously accept that such an ideological order exists for unequal social relationships to take place. Louis Althusser further developed it in his writing on what he called Ideological State Apparatuses, arguing that the latter's power is partly based on symbolic repression.
The concept of symbolic power was first introduced by Pierre Bourdieu in La Distinction. Bourdieu suggested that cultural roles are more dominant than economic forces in determining how hierarchies of power are situated and reproduced across societies. Status and economic capital are both necessary to maintain dominance in a system, rather than just ownership over the means of production alone. The idea that one could possess symbolic capital in addition and set apart from financial capital played a critical role in Bourdieu's analysis of hierarchies of power.
For example, in the process of reciprocal gift exchange in the Kabyle society of Algeria, when there is an asymmetry in wealth between the two parties, the better-endowed giver "can impose a strict relation of hierarchy and debt upon the receiver." Symbolic power, therefore, is fundamentally the imposition of categories of thought and perception upon dominated social agents who, once they begin observing and evaluating the world in terms of those categories—and without necessarily being aware of the change in their perspective—then perceive the existing social order as just. This, in turn, perpetuates a social structure favored by and serving the interests of those agents who are already dominant. Symbolic power, if real, is in some senses much more powerful than physical violence in that it is embedded in the very modes of action and structures of cognition of individuals, and imposes the specter of legitimacy of the social order.
See also
Power (social and political)
Social dominance theory
Structural violence
Slavoj Žižek
References
External links
Sociological terminology
Violence
Pierre Bourdieu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic%20power |
Sopot railway station is the main railway station serving the city of Sopot, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened in 1870 and is located on the Gdańsk–Stargard railway and the parallel Gdańsk Śródmieście–Rumia railway. The train services are operated by PKP, Polregio and SKM Tricity. Koleje Mazowieckie trains operate here during the summer.
General information
The station features two island platforms, of which one functions as the regional commuter SKM stop and the other for long-distance services. The platforms are accessible through two underpasses, one of which connects both tracks. The ticket offices are open all day long.
History
The station was built in the years 1868–1870. The railway reached Sopot from Gdańsk (11.7 km) on 1 July 1870. On 1 September of the same year the line from Slupsk and Gdynia (119.5 km) reached Sopot.
In 1907 the first overpass in Sopot was built at ul. Podjazd and in 1909 a pedestrian tunnel was built.
In 1884 the railway station was used by 134,709 passengers. In 1925 this was 11x greater with 1,522,672 passengers. For comparison, at the station Gdańsk Główny in the same year 3,445,006 tickets were sold. In 1909 Sopot had direct train connections from Berlin, Bydgoszcz, Konigsberg, St. Petersburg, Poznan, Szczecin, Torun and Warsaw.
In 1912 the first work began for the construction of a separate pair of tracks for urban traffic from Gdańsk Główny towards Sopot. The work interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. This line was completed between Gdańsk and Sopot Wyścigi in 1925. After World War II, in 1950, it was decided to continue work on the separation of suburban traffic. In 1952 SKM arrived in Sopot and a year later, on 22 July 1953 it was extended to Gdynia (one track). On 1 May 1954 the second track was opened.
Station building
Identical or similar stations were built in Gdańsk-Wrzeszcz, Gdańsk Oliwa, Gdynia Chylonia, Reda, Wejherowo and probably in Lębork. Most of the pre-war station and buildings no longer exist, except for the original platform roofs. In 1945, the original station building was burned down by Soviet troops advancing along the railway tracks on Danzig (Gdansk) from Gdynia in the northwest. In the area of the station resistance was encountered and strongly suppressed. In 1947, the station was rebuilt and the ground floor of the old main building saw the construction in 1972 of the functional/social-realist second station building.
Modernisation
The functionalist 1970s ticket building was torn down in 2013 to make way for a complete redevelopment of the entire station and its surrounding area. This development project was completed and opened on 18 December 2015 after some delays. The station area is now known as Sopot Centrum.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
EuroCity services (EC) (EC 95 by DB) (IC by PKP) Gdynia - Gdansk - Bydgoszcz - Poznan - Rzepin - Frankfurt (Oder) - Berlin
EuroCity services (EC) Gdynia - Gdansk - Malbork - Warsaw - Katowice - Bohumin - Ostrava - Prerov - Breclav - Vienna
Express Intercity Premium services (EIP) Gdynia - Warsaw
Express Intercity Premium services (EIP) Gdynia - Warsaw - Katowice - Gliwice/Bielsko-Biała
Express Intercity Premium services (EIP) Gdynia/Kołobrzeg - Warsaw - Kraków (- Rzeszów)
Intercity services (IC) Gdynia - Gdansk - Bydgoszcz - Poznań - Wrocław - Opole - Katowice - Kraków - Rzeszów - Przemyśl
Intercity services (IC) Gdynia - Gdańsk - Bydgoszcz - Toruń - Kutno - Łódź - Częstochowa - Katowice - Bielsko-Biała
Intercity services (IC) Gdynia - Gdańsk - Bydgoszcz - Łódź - Czestochowa — Krakow — Zakopane
Intercity services (IC) Gdynia - Gdańsk - Bydgoszcz - Poznań - Zielona Góra
Intercity services (IC) Gdynia - Gdańsk - Bydgoszcz - Poznań - Wrocław
Intercity services (IC) Łódź Fabryczna — Warszawa — Gdańsk Glowny — Kołobrzeg
Intercity services (IC) Szczecin - Koszalin - Słupsk - Gdynia - Gdańsk
Intercity services (IC) Szczecin - Koszalin - Słupsk - Gdynia - Gdańsk - Elbląg/Iława - Olsztyn
Intercity services (IC) Szczecin - Koszalin - Słupsk - Gdynia - Gdańsk - Elbląg - Olsztyn - Białystok
Intercity services (TLK) Gdynia Główna — Kostrzyn
Intercity services (TLK) Gdynia Główna — Warszawa — Krakow — Zakopane
Intercity services (TLK) Kołobrzeg — Gdynia Główna — Warszawa Wschodnia — Kraków Główny
Regional services (R) Tczew — Gdynia Chylonia
Regional services (R) Tczew — Słupsk
Regional services (R) Malbork — Słupsk
Regional services (R) Malbork — Gdynia Chylonia
Regional services (R) Elbląg — Gdynia Chylonia
Regional services (R) Elbląg — Słupsk
Regional services (R) Chojnice — Tczew — Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Olsztyn Główny
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Smętowo
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Laskowice Pomorskie
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Bydgoszcz Główna
Regional services (R) Słupsk — Bydgoszcz Główna
Regional services (R) Gdynia Chylonia — Pruszcz Gdański
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Szybka Kolej Miejska services (SKM) (Lębork -) Wejherowo - Reda - Rumia - Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk
References
External links
Sopot at Google Local
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1870
Railway stations served by Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)
Sopot
Railway stations served by Przewozy Regionalne InterRegio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopot%20railway%20station |
Paradise Lost is an epic Christian poem by John Milton.
Paradise Lost may also refer to:
Music
Paradise Lost (band), a British gothic metal band
Albums
Paradise Lost (Cirith Ungol album)
Paradise Lost (Delta Heavy album)
Paradise Lost, a 2005 album by Hasan Salaam
Paradise Lost (Symphony X album)
Paradise Lost (Paradise Lost album)
Songs
"Paradise Lost (You're the Reason Why)", a song by Half Man Half Biscuit from the 2002 album Cammell Laird Social Club
"Paradise Lost", a song by Kaya from the 2006 album Glitter
Paradise Lost (Herd song), 1967
"Paradise Lost" (Minori Chihara song), 2008
"Paradise Lost", a song by Hollywood Undead from the 2008 album Swan Songs
"Paradise Lost", a song by Gain from the 2015 EP Hawwah
"Paradise Lost", a song by the band Paradise Lost from the 1990 album Lost Paradise
"Paradise Lost, a poem by John Milton", a song by The Used from the 2020 album Heartwork
Film
Paradise Lost (1940 film), a French drama film directed by Abel Gance
Paradise Lost (1971 film), a 1971 tv movie of the play by Clifford Odets (1935)
Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills, a 1996 documentary
Paradise Lost 2: Revelations, a 2000 sequel to Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills
Paradise Lost 3: Purgatory, the 2012, third installment to Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills
Kamen Rider 555: Paradise Lost, a 2003 movie retelling of the tokusatsu TV series Masked Rider 555
Paradise Lost, also known as Turistas, a 2006 vacation horror film
Jonestown: Paradise Lost, 2007 docudrama about the Jonestown tragedy
Eden of the East the Movie II: Paradise Lost, the second theatrical release for the animated series Eden of the East (2010)
Paradise Lost (2011 film), a Chinese teen sex comedy film
Escobar: Paradise Lost, a 2014 romantic thriller film
Theater
Paradise Lost (Penderecki), a 1978 opera by Krzysztof Penderecki
Paradise Lost (play), a 1935 American drama by Clifford Odets
Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings, a 2007 opera by Eric Whitacre
Television
Paradise Lost (2020 TV series), an American television series debuted in 2020
Paradise Lost (upcoming TV series), an American television series
Episodes
"Paradise Lost" (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) (2016)
"Paradise Lost" (Bionic Woman) (2007)
"Paradise Lost" (Eureka Seven episode) (2005)
"Paradise Lost" (Justice League episode) (2002)
"Paradise Lost" (Sliders) (1997)
"Paradise Lost" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) (1996)
"Paradise Lost" (Stargate SG-1) (2003)
"Paradise Lost" (TaleSpin) (1991)
"Paradise Lost" (The Unit) (2007)
Books
Paradise Lost (novel), the third novel in the Japanese mystery series Joker Game
Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922, a 2008 historical book by Giles Milton
Other uses
Paradise Lost (video game), a 2007 arcade version of Far Cry Instincts
Shitsurakuen, (translated literally as "Paradise Lost") a shōnen manga by Naomura Tooru
GTO: Paradise Lost, a 2014 manga by Tooru Fujisawa
Paradise Lost Orienteers, the orienteering club of the Gold Coast of Australia.
See also
Lost Paradise (disambiguation)
Paradises Lost | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise%20Lost%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Braunau in Rohr Abbey (Kloster Braunau in Rohr) is a Benedictine monastery, formerly Rohr Abbey, a monastery of the Augustinian Canons, in Rohr in Niederbayern in the district of Kelheim in Bavaria, Germany.
Rohr Abbey: First foundation
The monastery, dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was founded in 1133 by Adalbert of Rohr. It was dissolved in the secularization of 1803 when the German princes substituted church lands for property they had lost through Napoleon. In the east wing the parish priest's offices and a school were accommodated, and in a part of the west wing, an inn. The remaining buildings were demolished.
Abbey church
The abbey church, dedicated, like the abbey, to the Assumption, contains a high altar, which represents the Assumption of the Virgin in fully three-dimensional sculpture: a "Theatrum sacrum". It was created by Egid Quirin Asam in 1722 and 1723.
Braunau in Rohr Abbey: Second foundation
After World War II the exiled German Benedictine monks from Braunau Abbey (Braunau is now Broumov in the Czech Republic) were lodged here in part of the east wing. They gradually re-established their community, acquiring little by little the remaining parts of the entire monastery complex. The monks have re-established a secondary school here.
The abbey has been part of the Bavarian Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation since 1984.
External links
Braunau-Rohr Website (also with good English text)
Klöster in Bayern
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Bavaria
1130s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1133 establishments in Europe
1130s establishments in Germany
Religious organizations established in the 1130s
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunau%20in%20Rohr%20Abbey |
The Kovzha () is a river in the Vytegorsky, Belozersky, and Vashkinsky districts of Vologda Oblast in Russia. It originates from Lake Kovzhskoye and is a tributary of Lake Beloye. It is long, and the area of its basin . The Kovzha River is a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway. The main tributaries are the Tumba and the Shola (both right).
The source of the Kovzha is in the western bay of Lake Kovzhskoye. The river follows about its natural course and then joins the Volga–Baltic Waterway and turns south. In the lower course, the Kovzha forms the border between Belozersky and Vashkinsky Districts. The lowest course of the river is a water reservoir. Here the Kovzha accepts the Shola, its main tributary, from the right.
The river basin of the Kovzha comprises the central part of Vytegorsky District, the western part of Vashkinsky District, and the northern part of Belozersky District. It is limited in the east by the river basin of the Kema, in the north and the west by the river basins of tributaries of Lake Onega, most notably the Vytegra, and in the south by the basin of the Megra, another tributary of lake Beloye.
Between 1927 and 1959 the selo of Annensky Most, in the middle stream of the Kovzha, was the administrative center of Kovzhinsky District. The name of the district originated from the name of the river. In 1959, the district was abolished, and its area was split between Vashkinsky and Vytegorsky Districts.
References
Rivers of Vologda Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovzha |
Mackensen may refer to:
Mackensen (Dassel), a village in Dassel, Lower Saxony, Germany
August von Mackensen (1849-1945), German World War I field marshal
Two of his sons:
Eberhard von Mackensen (1889-1969), German World War II general
Hans Georg von Mackensen (1883-1947), German diplomat
Fritz Mackensen (1866-1953), German painter
Isabel Mackensen-Geis (born 1986), German politician
, German World War I class of ships
, the lead ship of the Mackensen class of battlecruisers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackensen |
The Union of Women Teachers (UWT) was a trade union for female teachers in the United Kingdom.
The National Union of Women Teachers dissolved in 1960, and women teachers thereafter could choose to join either the National Union of Teachers or the Association of Assistant Mistresses. The National Association of Schoolmasters (NAS), while not wanting to admit women as members, was concerned that both the alternative unions were hostile to them. As a result, in 1964, the NAS encouraged the formation of the Union of Women Teachers.
The union was always small, and by 1969 had only 2,000 members, although it grew to 6,000 by 1975. Due to its small size, it worked closely with the NAS, particularly on legal and professional matters. In 1970, the two unions formed an alliance, the "Joint Two". The UWT was refused permission to join the Trades Union Congress in 1974.
The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 made it unlawful to maintain a single-sex union. As a result, the NAS proposed a merger with the UWT. The UWT leadership opposed this, but were outvoted at the union's annual conference. The general secretary, Penny Yaffe, left the platform in protest, along with most of the union's executive committee. They were declared by the union's president to have thereby resigned, and the merger went ahead, forming the National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers. However, Yaffe founded the rival Association of Career Teachers.
General Secretaries
1965: Sally Rogers
1967: Beryl Gandy
1969: Geraldine Jones
1970: Penny Yaffe
References
Education trade unions
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
Trade unions established in 1964
Trade unions disestablished in 1976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20of%20Women%20Teachers |
Syed Hussein Alatas bin Syed Ali Alatas ( ; 17 September 1928 – 23 January 2007) was a Malaysian academic, sociologist, politician, and founder of social science organisations. He was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Malaya in the 1980s and formed the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan). Syed Hussein wrote several books on corruption, multi-racialism, imperialism, and intellectual captivity as part of the colonial, and postcolonial, project, the most famous being The Myth of the Lazy Native.
Early life
Syed was born in Buitenzorg (now Bogor), Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). His grandfather, Sayyid 'Abd Allah bin Muhsin al-Attas ( ), was a Hadhrami from Hadhramaut, Yemen and settled in Bogor. Syed Hussein is the older brother of Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas and the father of Syed Farid Alatas, a professor at the National University of Singapore, Sharifah Munirah Alatas, a professor at the National University of Malaysia, and Sharifah Masturah Alatas, author of his first biography .
Political career
Syed Hussein was among several intellectuals who formed Gerakan in 1968 as an offshoot of the defunct Labour Party. Gerakan was successful in the 1969 general election, where it campaigned on a platform of social justice and the reduction or elimination of Bumiputra privileges outlined by Article 153 of the Constitution. Gerakan held a victory rally in the capital of Kuala Lumpur to celebrate. However, it deviated from its planned route into Malay areas of the city, where party members jeered at the Malays. Although an apology was issued the following day, the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a major component of the ruling Alliance coalition government, held a retaliatory rally. This rally degenerated into a riot with at least 180 people killed (other estimates put the death toll substantially higher). As a result, a state of emergency was declared, and Parliament was suspended; it did not reconvene until 1971.
When Gerakan joined the Alliance coalition government in 1972, Syed Hussein left to help form PEKEMAS (Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia, or Social Justice Party of Malaysia), based on similar principles that Gerakan had been formed on. However, the party collapsed in 1978 due to massive defections to the Democratic Action Party (DAP).
Academic and public career
Syed Hussein's academic career began at the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka publishing house, where he worked as head of the research department from 1958 onwards. He began lecturing part-time in philosophy at the University of Malaya in 1960 and served as the Head of the Cultural Division at the University's Department of Malay Studies from 1963 to 1967. He served as the Head of the Department of Malay Studies in the National University of Singapore from 1967 to 1988. He was appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Malaya in 1988, before becoming a professor at the Centre for General Studies in the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in 1995. He later transferred to the Department of Anthropology and Sociology in 1997, before becoming a principal research fellow at the Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation of the same university in 1999.
Syed Hussein authored a number of books, the most well-known being The Myth of the Lazy Native. In 1966, Syed Hussein began pondering the question of why Western colonialists had, for four centuries, considered the natives of Maritime Southeast Asia to be generally lazy since Europeans had not arrived until the 17th century. His research eventually produced The Myth of the Lazy Native, a book which was published in 1977. In the book, he cited one instance of a "denigrating" view of the natives, when a German scientist suggested that the Filipinos made their oars from bamboo so they could rest more frequently: "If they happen to break, so much the better, for the fatiguing labor of rowing must necessarily be suspended till they are mended again." Syed Hussein criticised such beliefs in the book as ranging "from vulgar fantasy and untruth to refined scholarship", very much an ideological justification of colonial domination. He also asserted that "[t]he image of the indolent, dull, backward and treacherous native has changed into that of a dependent one requiring assistance to climb the ladder of progress", especially with publications like the 1971 Revolusi Mental (Mental Revolution) by UMNO that succumbed to the language of colonial capitalism.
According to Bruno Fernandes, Alatas was a "sociologist, philosopher, academic and policy analyst" who "worked out a critical and reflexive work from the point of view of the ex-colonized countries", and while Alatas was and is today well "known in the Malayan intellectual world (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines) – and (by) a "broad Malayan intellectual (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines) community", he is "broadly ignored elsewhere…." The respect for Syed Alatas and his influence is also discussed in "An Intellectual Life" in Asian Analysis by Asean Focus Group and Faculty of Asian Studies at The Australian National University: "The late Edward Wadie Said, for example, whose book Orientalism recast post-colonial scholarship, acknowledged his debt to Syed Hussein whose critique of imperialism in his Myth of the Lazy Native (1977) and of colonial historiography in Thomas Stamford Raffles: Schemer or Reformer (1971) were pioneering efforts in Third-Worldist post-colonial responses to Western social sciences. He has been regarded as one of the founders of sociological investigation in Southeast Asia and as a mentor to many in the Malaysian Social Science and academic community, more generally. In the 1950s, he was already considering the significance of the contribution of Tunisian-born Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) to the philosophy of history and sociology. While undertaking postgraduate studies at the University of Amsterdam, Syed Hussein founded and edited the journal Progressive Islam (1954–55), fostering his links with intellectuals within the Muslim world, including Mohammad Natsir from Indonesia, Taha Husayn and Osman Amin, both from Egypt."
Citing Syed Alatas as an opponent of corruption another writer wrote, "Syed Hussein's pet domains had been Malay studies, progressive Islam and fighting corruption. Read his books if you have the time: The Democracy of Islam, Mental Revolution, Sociology of Corruption, and The Myth of the Lazy Native, among many more."; as a supporter for multiracism, "To the young, you should be reminded that Syed Hussein laid the foundation for multi-racial politics, obviously ahead of his time.....";
as an academic, Syed Hussein is remembered as a man with a sense of fairness and integrity. However, Dr. Lim Teck Ghee, who was a lecturer at Universiti Malaya when the Prof was VC, said: "His insistence on the principles of excellence, justice and fair play irrespective of a race made him unpopular in some circles. For this, he paid a heavy price.”
Death
Syed Hussein died from a pulmonary embolism at 9.30 p.m. of 23 January 2007.
Bibliography
Reflections on the Theories of Religion (1963)
The Sociology of Corruption (1968)
Thomas Stamford Raffles: Schemer or Reformer? (1972)
Modernization and Social Change in Southeast Asia (1972)
Intellectuals in Developing Societies (1977)
The Myth of the Lazy Native (1977)
The Problem of Corruption (1986)
Corruption: Its Nature, Causes and Functions (1990)
"Corruption" in Oxford Companion to World Politics OUP New York (1993)
"Social Sciences" in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World Vol 4 OUP New York (1995)
Corruption and the Destiny of Asia (1999)
Cita Sempurna Warisan Sejarah (2000)
Notes and references
Further reading
Scores pay last respects to Syed Hussein
1928 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Indonesian emigrants to Malaysia
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian sociologists
Malaysian socialists
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian writers
Malaysian people of Yemeni descent
Hadhrami people
People from Bogor
Members of the Dewan Negara
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia politicians
Malaysian Social Justice Party politicians
Academic staff of the National University of Malaysia
Malaysian political party founders
Naturalised citizens of Malaysia
Vice-chancellors of universities in Malaysia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed%20Hussein%20Alatas |
The Union of Insurance Staffs (UIS) was a trade union in the United Kingdom for workers in the insurance industry.
The union was founded in 1919 as the Guild of Insurance Officials (GIO), and had 14,551 members by 1921. Membership remained at a similar level for many years, peaking at 21,000 in 1963. The union affiliated to the Trades Union Congress and the Confederation of Insurance Trade Unions, and became the "Union of Insurance Staffs" in 1969. The following year, it merged with the Association of Scientific, Technical and Management Staffs.
References
External links
Catalogue of the UIS archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
Insurance industry trade unions
Trade unions established in 1919
Trade unions disestablished in 1970
Trade unions based in London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20of%20Insurance%20Staffs |
Alabama Gas Corporation, known as Alagasco was the largest natural gas utility in the north and central part of Alabama. It was headquartered in Birmingham and at its peak provided natural gas energy to 460,000 homes and businesses.
In 2014, Energen Corporation sold Alagasco to The Laclede Group of St. Louis. After the acquisition of several other energy holdings, the company was rebranded as Spire in 2017.
Within Spire Inc., service territory formerly under Alagasco is now referred to as Spire Alabama Inc.
External links
The Spire Inc website
References
Defunct natural gas companies of the United States
Companies based in Birmingham, Alabama
Energy in Alabama
Companies established in 1852
1852 establishments in Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagasco |
Heather Menzies Urich (December 3, 1949 – December 24, 2017) was a Canadian–American model and actress, known for her roles as Louisa von Trapp in the 1965 film The Sound of Music and Jessica 6 in the TV series Logan's Run.
Early life
Heather Margaret Brotherston Menzies was born in Toronto on December 3, 1949, to Scottish parents who had left the United Kingdom for Canada after the war. Her father was a struggling artist. By Menzies' 14th birthday, she had lived in Vancouver, Miami, London, and Southern California. She had a younger sister, Sheila, and an older brother, Neil, who died in 2019.
Menzies was a graduate of John Burroughs High School in Burbank, California, in 1967, and she studied at Falcon Studio's University of the Arts.
Career
Menzies' first appearance on-screen was in 1964, when she appeared in the TV series The Farmer's Daughter. She was cast in The Sound of Music as Louisa, the third-oldest of the von Trapp children, at age 14, with no prior acting experience. Menzies sang "So Long, Farewell" and the "Lonely Goatherd" in the film.
Menzies went on to appear in a number of television series such as Alias Smith and Jones, T. J. Hooker, Dragnet, Room 222, Bonanza, Marcus Welby, M.D. and The Bob Newhart Show. She starred as Jessica 6 in the short-lived TV series Logan's Run. In addition, Menzies appeared in Hawaii, How Sweet It Is!, Hail, Hero!, Piranha, and Endangered Species.
Menzies was featured in Playboy magazine during 1973 in a pictorial titled "Tender Trapp", in reference to her The Sound of Music role. She was later cast in four television films: The Keegans, James Dean, Tail Gunner Joe, and Captain America.
Personal life
Menzies married John Cluett in 1969 and divorced him in 1973. She married Robert Urich in 1975. Urich and Menzies first met in 1974 while filming a commercial in which they "got married." They adopted 3 children. After Urich's death in 2002, Menzies established the Robert Urich Foundation and spent most of her time in her last years devoted to the organization, which raises money for cancer research and support for cancer patients.
Death
Menzies-Urich was diagnosed with terminal brain cancer in November 2017. She died on December 24, 2017.
Filmography
TV and Film
References
External links
Interview with Heather Menzies Urich at Classic Film & TV Cafe
1949 births
2017 deaths
Canadian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American actresses
American people of Scottish descent
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from Toronto
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Deaths from brain tumor
Deaths from cancer in Ontario
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather%20Menzies |
Guillermo Gonzalez (born 1963) is an astronomer, a proponent of the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design, and a research scientist at the University of Alabama-Huntsville. He is a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, considered the hub of the intelligent design movement, and a fellow with the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design, which also promotes intelligent design.
Education, work and academics
Gonzalez obtained a BS in 1987 in physics and astronomy from University of Arizona and his Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Washington in 1993. He has done post-doctoral work at the University of Texas, Austin and the University of Washington. He has received fellowships, grants and awards from NASA, the University of Washington, Sigma Xi, and the National Science Foundation. He supports the Galactic habitable zone concept, which was coined in 1986 by L.S. Marochnik and L.M. Mukhin, who defined the zone as the region in which intelligent life could flourish. Until May 2008 he was an assistant professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Iowa State University, then taught at Grove City College, an evangelical Christian school, and since 2013 is an assistant professor at Ball State University in Muncie.
Gonzalez was a regular contributor to Facts for Faith magazine produced by Reasons To Believe, an old earth creationist group. In addition to his work for the Discovery Institute and International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, he is a researcher for the Biologic Institute, which is funded by the institute for research into intelligent design.
In 2004 he published The Privileged Planet and its accompanying video, which takes the arguments of the Rare Earth hypothesis and combines them with arguments that the Earth is in prime location for observing the universe. He then proposes that the Earth was intelligently designed. William H. Jefferys, a professor of astronomy at the University of Texas at Austin, reviewed the book writing "the little that is new in this book isn't interesting, and what is old is just old-hat creationism in a new, modern-looking astronomical costume." Co-author Jay Richards responds to such criticism with the following statement: "It has absolutely nothing to do with biological evolution. We are talking about the things that you need to produce a habitable planet, which is a prerequisite for life. It doesn't tell you anything about how life got here." A documentary based on the book was produced by the Discovery Institute.
His primary research interest is studying radial velocity and transit techniques for the detection of extrasolar planets.
Iowa State University tenure denial
Faculty statement
Two years prior to his consideration for tenure, approximately 130 members of the faculty of Iowa State University signed a statement co-authored by associate professors James Colbert and Hector Avalos and assistant professor Michael Clough opposing "all attempts to represent Intelligent Design as a scientific endeavor." Similar statements were issued by faculty at the University of Northern Iowa and at the University of Iowa. A total of approximately 400 professors signed the three petitions. No mention of Gonzalez was made in these petitions, and the professors maintained the statement "was in no way targeted specifically at Gonzalez", that Tom Ingebritsen, an associate professor in the Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, had been advocating, and teaching a course in, Intelligent Design at ISU for a number of years before Gonzales arrived, and that "[a]t that time [the] statement began to circulate, Dr. Gonzalez was not well-known as an ID advocate to most faculty even at ISU". Avalos also criticized the Discovery Institute for "combining sentences from different sections of [the statement] in order create a fragmented syntax that appears to target Gonzalez":
Two years later, an article in the local newspaper The Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier reported Gonzalez's appeal against his denial of tenure and claimed he was "the unnamed target" of the ISU petition. The article noted that "Gonzalez won't discuss the reasons for the tenure denial" but that he "noted...that he has frequently been criticized by people who don't consider intelligent design as a legitimate science." Comments from John West, the associate director of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture – at which Gonzalez was a senior fellow – blamed the failure to secure tenure directly upon Gonzalez's belief in intelligent design and compared it to a "doctrinal litmus test" typical of his native Cuba.
Denial of tenure and appeals
In April 2007 Iowa State University denied Gonzalez tenure.
On June 1, 2007, Gregory Geoffroy, president of Iowa State University, rejected Gonzalez's appeal and upheld the denial of tenure. In making this decision, Geoffroy states that he "specifically considered refereed publications, [Gonzalez's] level of success in attracting research funding and grants, the amount of telescope observing time he had been granted, the number of graduate students he had supervised, and most importantly, the overall evidence of future career promise in the field of astronomy" and that Gonzalez "simply did not show the trajectory of excellence that we expect in a candidate seeking tenure in physics and astronomy – one of our strongest academic programs." Geoffroy noted, "Over the past 10 years, four of the 12 candidates who came up for review in the physics and astronomy department were not granted tenure." Gonzalez appealed to the Iowa Board of Regents and the board affirmed the decision on February 7, 2008.
Reasons for denial
The university has issued an FAQ concerning the situation saying that "The consensus of the tenured department faculty, the department chair, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the dean of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and the executive vice president and provost was that tenure should not be granted. Based on recommendations against granting tenure and promotion at every prior level of review, and his own review of the record, President Gregory Geoffroy notified Gonzalez in April that he would not be granted tenure and promotion to associate professor." The denial of tenure for Gonzalez resulted in one of the Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns with the institute encouraging its followers to call and email Geoffroy and urge him to reverse the decision.
The Chronicle of Higher Education said of Gonzalez and the Discovery Institute's claims of discrimination "At first glance, it seems like a clear-cut case of discrimination ... But a closer look at Mr. Gonzalez's case raises some questions about his recent scholarship and whether he has lived up to his early promise." The Chronicle observed that Gonzalez had no major grants during his seven years at ISU, had published no significant research during that time and had only one graduate student finish a dissertation. The Discovery Institute misrepresents an op-ed by John Hauptman, one of Gonzalez's colleagues in the physics department. Hauptman states clearly that Gonzalez's work falls far short of what scientists know to be science, containing not one single number, not one single measurement or test of any kind. "I believe that I fully met the requirements for tenure at ISU," said Gonzalez. On May 8, 2007, Gonzalez appealed the decision.
Gonzalez's failure to obtain research funding has been cited as a factor in the decision. "Essentially, he had no research funding," said Eli Rosenberg, chairman of Gonzalez's department. "That's one of the issues." According to the Des Moines Register, "Iowa State has sponsored $22,661 in outside grant money for Gonzalez since July 2001, records show. In that same time period, Gonzalez's peers in physics and astronomy secured an average of $1.3 million by the time they were granted tenure." On February 7, 2008, his appeal to the board of regents was denied.
Discovery Institute and intelligent design campaign
The Discovery Institute launched a campaign portraying Gonzalez as a victim of discrimination by "Darwinist ideologues" for his support of intelligent design, comparing Gonzalez's denial of tenure to the claims of discrimination by Richard Sternberg, another institute affiliate, over the Sternberg peer review controversy. The institute's public relations campaign also makes the same claims of discrimination as the campaign it conducted on behalf of institute Fellow Francis J. Beckwith when he was initially denied tenure at Baylor University.
The Discovery Institute filed a request for public records and as a result, in December 2007, Des Moines Register obtained faculty email records from 2005 that included discussions of intelligent design, and made mention of the impact that Gonzalez's support for it might have on his prospects for tenure. Emails included one by John Hauptman who worried that the anti-Gonzalez sentiments were "starting to smack of a witch's hanging." Hauptman went on to vote against Gonzalez's tenure purely on the grounds that his work did not come close to being science, for example, the only numbers in his book were the page numbers. The Discovery Institute writes that the email records "demonstrate that a campaign was organized and conducted against Gonzalez by his colleagues, with the intent to deny him tenure". In a letter to the Iowa State Daily, Physics and Astronomy Professor Joerg Schmalian stated that the e-mail "discussion was prompted by our unease with the national debate on intelligent design", not the issue of tenure.
Observers such as PZ Myers have stated that the Discovery Institute's statement "relies heavily on fragmentary quotes taken from emails that they obtained through an open records inquiry", that the "entire anti-evolution movement" has a track-record of taking quotations out of context, that "the DI has not made the full text of the sources available for examination", leading to a "reluctan[ce] to accept the quotes provided at face value", and that in any case "[t]his is precisely what his colleagues are supposed to do: discuss concerns about his tenure case." A review and analysis of the list of Gonzalez's publications supplied by the Discovery Institute found that "he peaked in 1999, and the decline [in his publications] began even while he was still at the University of Washington" and that "[e]ven more pronounced than the drop in publications is the complete bottom-out in first authorships that is almost sustained throughout his entire probationary period leading up to tenure." Another academic commented:
Additionally, Gonzalez appeared in the 2008 documentary-style propaganda film Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. The American Association for the Advancement of Science describes the film as dishonest and divisive, aimed at introducing religious ideas into public school science classrooms, and the film is being used in private screenings to legislators as part of the Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign for Academic Freedom bills. Expelled portrays Gonzalez as a victim of religious discrimination and the Discovery Institute campaign asserts that his intelligent design writings should not have been considered in the review. However, Gonzales listed The Privileged Planet as part of his tenure review file. Dr. Gregory Tinkler of Iowa Citizens for Science stated that "Being a religious scientist is perfectly normal and acceptable, but scientists are supposed to be able to separate science from non-science, and good research from bad. Academic freedom protects a scientist's ability to do science, not to pass off a political or religious crusade as science."
Colleagues speak out
One of Gonzalez's colleagues, physics professor Joerg Schmalian wrote "To deny tenure to a colleague is a very painful experience. It literally causes sleepless nights to those who are forced to make a responsible decision. Faculty candidates who are being hired in our department always come with promising backgrounds and terrific accomplishments. The decision to recommend or deny tenure is then predominantly based on research performance while at Iowa State. As far as I can judge, this was no different in Gonzalez's case. What I know with certainty is that Gonzalez's views on intelligent design, with which I utterly disagree, had no bearing whatsoever on my vote on his tenure case."
Grove City College
In late 2007, Gonzalez accepted a non-tenure track position in the astronomy program of the Grove City College in Pennsylvania starting in fall semester 2008. Grove City College acquired an observatory from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania in February 2008 that will be utilized for astronomy classes as well as faculty and student research.
Ball State University
On 12 June 2013, Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana, announced it had engaged Gonzalez as an assistant professor in the department of physics and astronomy. At the time, the university was already investigating a complaint that another assistant professor in that department, Eric Hedin, had been promoting intelligent design in an honors symposium titled "The Boundaries of Science". Concerns about the teaching of religion in science courses had been raised by academics, including professor of biology Jerry Coyne, who commented on the new hire that if Gonzales "wants to talk about it in his writing and speeches, he has a right to do that. But he can't pass that stuff off in a university classroom. He doesn't have the right to get tenure working in discredited science." The university's investigation into Hedin had begun following a letter from the Freedom from Religion Foundation, whose attorney said that the university "already has a serious issue with creationism being taught as science" by Hedin, "Now they've hired another astronomy professor and creationist to teach science at their university, Gonzalez", and this pattern could damage the university's reputation as well as involving the administration in work "to ensure that proper legal, ethical, and educational boundaries are followed by Gonzalez." The Discovery institute's Evolution News and Views website published a statement Guillermo Gonzalez had issued about his new position as a faculty member:
At the end of July, Professor Jo Ann Gora as president of the university stated that science courses would not include teaching intelligent design and that Hedin would remain on the staff, but his symposium would not continue. She issued a letter to faculty and staff advising that "Intelligent design is overwhelmingly deemed by the scientific community as a religious belief and not a scientific theory" and that "Said simply, to allow intelligent design to be presented to science students as a valid scientific theory would violate the academic integrity of the course as it would fail to accurately represent the consensus of science scholars."
The Discovery Institute had meetings with Indiana Senator Dennis Kruse, chairman of the Education Committee, and three of his fellow Republican legislators. The legislators, acting on behalf of the Discovery Institute, wrote to the university to raise concerns about the decision, including the "establishment of a speech code restricting faculty speech on intelligent design" and demanding that Gora answer the question, "Does the policy forbid science professors from explaining either their support or rejection of intelligent design in answer to questions about intelligent design in class?" The Discovery Institute's vice president John G. West alleged that "one science class is covering intelligent design in order to bash it. If they allow that, it's tantamount to state endorsement of an anti-religious view."
The Discovery Institute also sought access to any emails between the university and Coyne to investigate their suspicions that a faculty member had contacted Coyne to sabotage the hiring of Gonzalez: Coyne described this as "crazy" and said "I made it clear I didn't think Guillermo Gonzalez or Eric Hedin should be fired. The question was whether religion can be taught as if it were science. Like president Gora said, it's not only wrong but illegal to represent religion as if it were science." He also commented that "The Discovery Institute is hurt because they lost, so they're trying to make trouble. This is a watershed thing, the first time the issue of intelligent design came up in a university as opposed to a high school or elementary school. Ball State was the first time they tried, and it failed."
Books
The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos Is Designed for Discovery (co-author Jay Richards), Regnery Publishing, Inc., Washington D.C., March 2004,
Observational Astronomy (co-authors D. Scott Birney, David Oesper) Cambridge University Press, 2006,
(contributor) The Case for a Creator: A Journalist Investigates Scientific Evidence That Points Toward God (2004), Zondervan,
References
External links
Guillermo Gonzalez faculty page at Ball State University
Guillermo Gonzalez, Senior Fellow from the Discovery Institute
1963 births
Living people
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Discovery Institute fellows and advisors
Intelligent design advocates
Grove City College faculty
University of Arizona alumni
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences alumni
Fellows of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design
Discovery Institute campaigns
Iowa State University faculty
Intelligent design controversies
21st-century Cuban writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo%20Gonzalez%20%28astronomer%29 |
Lavardin is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department of central France.
It is located on the banks of the river Loir.
Population
Sights
Lavardin is classified as one of the most beautiful villages of France thanks to the ruins of its mediaeval castle (see main article: Château de Lavardin), its Gothic church and frescoes, its houses and the ancient bridge. The village has been frequented by renowned painters since about 1900, most notably Busson and Sauvage.
Early history
Salomon I of Lavardin became lord of Lavardin around 1030, and his descendants ruled there for the next three centuries. The church of St. Genest in Lavardin was built in the mid-to-late eleventh century, but the existence of a prior Merovingian cemetery on the site attests to the village's existence for several centuries prior to Salomon's reign.
Culture
The historical card game of Chouine has had a renaissance in recent years and 'world championships' are currently held annually in the village.
References
External links
Official website
Association des plus beaux villages de France: Lavardin
Communes of Loir-et-Cher
Plus Beaux Villages de France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavardin%2C%20Loir-et-Cher |
John Arthur "Jack" Shaw (July 1, 1939 – April 5, 2020) was an American former civil servant who held positions under several presidents: Senior Staff under Richard Nixon, White House liaison under Gerald Ford, and in the State Department under Ronald Reagan. Additionally, President George H. W. Bush gave him a recess appointment as Assistant Secretary of Commerce.
His last presidential appointment was as Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for International Technology Security, under George W. Bush. Shaw was accused of improper advocacy for private contracts, which led to his dismissal, but a subsequent FBI investigation resulted in no charges against him.
Shaw returned to the private sector and was President and CEO of the American Overseas Clinics Corporation.
Early life, education, and professorships
Shaw was born into a prominent Philadelphia political family, and was raised in the suburbs by an aunt and uncle due to the early death of his parents. Shaw graduated from Kent School in Connecticut in 1957. He then received a B.A. from Williams College in 1962, where he was a member of St. Anthony Hall, as well as a Masters (1967), and Ph.D. (1976) from Cambridge University, where he was a Fellow of Magdalene College. He has taught international security studies at Cambridge University, Williams College, Georgetown University, and the Institut d'Etudes Politiques in Paris.
During his professorship at Williams College, he invested his own time and money to found the Williams College men's rowing team, despite some resistance from the Williams faculty and administration at the time. In recognition of Shaw's perseverance, one of the shells in the John A. Shaw Boathouse is named Pride and Persistence. Additionally, a Silver Goblet bearing his name is given out each year to a male rower who epitomizes his will to keep fighting in the face of adversity. Thanks to Shaw's efforts in the early 1970s Williams has become a minor US rowing power, with the men winning successive championships and the women winning seven successive NCAA Division III Rowing Championships.
Career from 1975 to 2000
Shaw has held a number of positions in the executive branch of the U.S. Government, in business, and at think tanks.
Ford administration and then the private sector
In 1975 under President Ford, Shaw was confirmed by the Senate as Inspector General of Foreign Assistance and Assistant Secretary of State, responsible for the oversight of all U.S. Foreign Military Sales, U.S. AID, the Peace Corps, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and the Export-Import Bank.
From 1978-80, Shaw returned to the private sector as a Vice President of Booz Allen & Hamilton International, overseeing the development, organization and management of two new industrial cities, Jubail and Yanbu, in Saudi Arabia. These cities constituted the largest development project in the world. He worked for several management consulting companies, the St. Phalle International Group and the Cambridge Consulting Group, overseeing international business development projects. From 1980-84 he was a Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, specializing in Middle Eastern and International Business Affairs. While there, he co-authored a favorably reviewed study titled Saudi Arabian Modernization: The Impact of Change on Stability. Shaw was Vice President for Washington Operations for the Hudson Institute, then overseeing the Center for Naval Analyses, from 1985-86.
Reagan and G.H.W. Bush administrations
From 1986-88 under President Reagan he served as senior advisor to the Administrator of Agency for International Development. From 1989-91 he served as Associate Deputy Secretary and Chief Operating Officer of the Department of Commerce, and oversaw a major effort to reform the Bureau of Export Administration.
On September 13, 1991 he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush as Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Export Enforcement, replacing Quincy Mellon Crosby. Shaw received a recess appointment when the revised Export Administration Act was vetoed.
With the arrival of the Clinton Administration, Shaw returned to the private sector. During this time he worked as CEO of American Overseas Clinics Corporation (AOCC).
Career during and after G.W. Bush administration
Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld appointed Shaw in October 2001 to head the new Office of International Technology Security. In that capacity, he became responsible for controlling export of sensitive technology.
Iraq weapons of mass destruction (WMD) allegation
As head of the Office of International Technology Security, Shaw tracked Saddam Hussein's weapons programs before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and he has said that Russia helped move them to Syria. On February 18, 2006, Shaw told a conference at The Intelligence Summit in Alexandria, Virginia:
The short answer to that question of where the W.M.D. Saddam bought from the Russians went was that they went to Syria and Lebanon. ... They were moved by Russian units out of uniform, that were specifically sent to Iraq to move the weaponry and eradicate any evidence of its existence.
Shaw alleged that Evgeny Primakov flew to Baghdad in December, 2002 to arrange the shipments, which Primakov denied.
Charges of corruption fabricated and disproven
Shaw made several authorized trips to Iraq, although a former official with the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) alleged to the L.A. Times that Shaw gained unauthorized access to one site: the port of Umm al Qasr. Shaw urged U.S. officials to hire a company called Nana Pacific, owned by Alaskan natives and therefore eligible for no-bid contracts. Nana could sub-contract some work, including dredging at Umm al Qasr, and setting up communications systems. According to a former CPA official: "The notion was that this might well be a vehicle where you could in fact get things moving quickly that needed to be done. ... "
Nana Pacific, which is an 8(a) company, was granted a contract worth up to $70 million for work on the port, subcontracting $3.5 million in dredging work to SSA Marine, and both companies were represented by Richard Powers who was a friend of Shaw. As for the communications systems, neither Nana Pacific nor its proposed subcontractor (Guardian Net whose board included a friend of Shaw's named Don DeMarino) nor a related consortium called Liberty Mobile (which included DeMarino and the telecom company Qualcomm), were given that contract, about which Shaw took three notable actions. First, Shaw questioned the validity of contracts awarded to other companies. Second, he allegedly told the staff of Daniel Sudnick, a senior U.S. adviser to the Iraqi Ministry of Communications, that there would be "hell to pay" if the contract for a first responder communication system did not include a provision holding out the possibility of later expansion to a nationwide commercial CDMA network, instead of ruling out CDMA. Third, Shaw sought to have the Iraqi communications minister replaced with Sami al-Majoun, his deputy minister, who was in the Liberty Mobile consortium.
Sudnick requested an investigation of Shaw's conduct. Shaw then suggested that Sudnick resign, and opposed Sudnick at the Pentagon. Sudnick was fired in April 2004, and subsequently sued Shaw and the Department of Defense for allegedly suggesting to third parties that Sudnick was under investigation for bribery. In December 2004, Shaw was fired. In 2005, the FBI declined to charge Shaw, adding that it vigorously investigates corruption allegations. In 2007, Sudnick permanently dismissed all remaining claims against Shaw, with no admissions by Shaw, nor any finding against him.
Subsequent private sector career
Shaw returned to the Cambridge Consulting Group, serving as its president. In that capacity, he has been involved with technology consulting for the Defense Department. Since 2007, he has also been an advisory board member at NeXplore Corporation, a software company that develops Internet properties and applications primarily in the United States.
Personal life
Shaw was first married to Deborah Rossiter, daughter of Harry Sayen Rossiter, Jr. with whom he had two children. His second wife and widow is Helen Anderson Shaw. Shaw resided in suburban Chevy Chase, MD Washington, D.C. He was a national leader in St. Anthony Hall ( AKA Delta Psi fraternity ) for decades. Shaw died on April 5, 2020, at his home in Chevy Chase, Maryland.
References
External links
Gertz, Bill and Scarborough, Rowan. "Early warning", Washington Times (May 24, 2004).
Shaw, John. "From Baghdad to Chicago: Rezko and the Auchi empire", WikiLeaks (October 10, 2008).
Shaw, John. "Arab Money and the Purchase of a President", DirectorBlue (December 30, 2012).
Shaw, John. "Saudi Arabia Comes of Age", Washington Quarterly (Spring 1982).
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Kent School alumni
Williams College alumni
1939 births
2020 deaths
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Politicians from Philadelphia
United States Department of Defense officials
Pennsylvania Republicans
Washington, D.C., Republicans
George W. Bush administration controversies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Shaw |
Andy Van Hellemond (born February 16, 1948) is a Canadian former National Hockey League referee and a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame since 1999. He is also a former municipal politician, serving on city council for the City of Guelph, Ontario from 2010 to 2018.
Officiating career
Van Hellemond's NHL officiating career began in 1969 and included 19 Stanley Cup Finals. In 1984, he became the first NHL on-ice official to wear a helmet; four years later, the NHL later made helmets mandatory for all on-ice officials (however, any official who was not wearing a helmet at the time of the ruling could continue to go helmetless if they so desired). Subsequently, several officials followed his lead, and beginning with the 2006–07 NHL season, all NHL on-ice officials were compelled to wear helmets. He also officiated 1,557 regular season games and 227 playoff games. Van Hellemond has been the NHL's #1 referee 14 consecutive times. He also officiated in two All-Star games, the 1979 Challenge Cup, and Rendez-vous '87.
From the 1977–78 to 1993–94 seasons, NHL officials' jerseys displayed their last names on the back. Due to its length, Van Hellemond's name was displayed in two lines. From the 1994–95 NHL season until his retirement in 1997, Van Hellemond wore uniform number 25, which was later worn by Marc Joannette.
After retiring as on-ice official, Van Hellemond held a management position with the East Coast Hockey League until being hired by the NHL in 2000 to replace Bryan Lewis as Director of Officiating. Van Hellemond remained director of officiating until July 2004, when he was asked by Colin Campbell to resign from the position because of concern over the former's personal gambling debts.
In July 2011, Van Hellemond served the creators of the comic strip Adam@home with a notice of intention to sue for libel over a comic which used the word "evil" in referring to Van Hellemond as "the worst and most evil ref ever." Newspapers carrying the strip, including the Toronto Star and The Boston Globe, were also served.
Political career
Van Hellemond was a candidate for City Councillor during the 2010 municipal election in the city of Guelph, Ontario. He was elected to Ward Two, winning with 29.86% of the vote over both incumbents.
In 2014, Van Hellemond was elected for a second term as City Councillor for Ward 2, in the Guelph municipal election. Van Hellemond was not a candidate for City Council in the 2018 Elections.
Awards and achievements
MJHL First All-Star Team (1968)
Selected as Manitoba's Referee of the Century
Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1999
"Honoured Member" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
References
External links
Van Hellemond becomes director of officiating
Andy Van Hellemond's biography at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
1948 births
Canadian ice hockey officials
Guelph city councillors
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Living people
National Hockey League officials
Politicians from Winnipeg
St. James Braves players
St. James Canadians players
Ice hockey people from Winnipeg
Canadian sportsperson-politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Van%20Hellemond |
An Evening with Fred Astaire is a one-hour live television special starring Fred Astaire, broadcast on NBC on October 17, 1958. It was highly successful, winning nine Emmy awards and spawning three further specials, and technically innovative, as it was the first major television show to be recorded on videotape in color. It was produced at NBC's Color City studios in Burbank, California.
Considered something of a comeback for the then 59-year-old Astaire, the special was his first starring role on television. It was directed and co-produced by Bud Yorkin and introduced Astaire's new partner Barrie Chase, whom he would later describe in Interview magazine in 1973 as perhaps his favorite dance partner. The Jonah Jones Quartet and David Rose and his Orchestra provided the music, and the Hermes Pan Dancers appeared in the ensemble dance numbers. The announcer was Art Gilmore, who at the time was the voice of the Chrysler Corporation, the show's sponsor. Typical for advertising of the era, Chrysler's 1959 model year Forward Look cars featured prominently in the show; Astaire's final words were "I only hope the show is as good as the cars."
The use of videotape
The program was highly innovative in its use of a color-capable VTR, a technology then in its infancy.
As with the first major television program to be recorded on videotape—The Edsel Show in 1957—this was a straight recording of a live performance with no editing. Early videotape use was confined largely to rebroadcasting programs from the east coast three hours later in the west, and was a cheaper, better-quality alternative to the film-based kinescopes. The experimental low-band quadruplex recording system in use was troublesome and hard to copy. Furthermore, early video editing was a highly complicated matter that required the engineer to cover the two-inch tape with iron oxide solution to locate the magnetic tracks and then splice it with a razor blade.
Although it was recorded live, An Evening with Fred Astaire used a number of innovative production techniques that are now commonplace, such as chroma key, and dissolves between scenes.
In 1988, the show earned a further technical Emmy Award for Ed Reitan, Don Kent, and Dan Einstein, who restored the original videotape, transferring its contents to a modern format. (The three had also restored the oldest color videotape known to exist, the dedication of WRC-TV's new studio in Washington, DC on May 21, 1958.)
The show was rebroadcast twice, on NBC on January 26, 1959, and on CBS on December 20, 1964. It was thus one of the earliest shows to be rerun using color videotape recording. The 1964 rebroadcast used a different beginning and ending that eliminated the advertising for Chrysler; instead, the opening and closing dances were shown, uninterrupted.
Musical numbers
"Morning Ride"/"Svengali"/"Frantic Holiday" — Fred Astaire and the Hermes Pan Dancers
"Change Partners" — Fred Astaire and Barrie Chase
"Baubles, Bangles & Beads" (Wright and Forrest)
"Prop Dance" — Fred Astaire
"Mack the Knife" — The Jonah Jones Quartet
"Man with the Blues"/"Young Man's Lament" (David Rose)/ "Like Young" (André Previn) — Fred Astaire, Barrie Chase and the Hermes Pan Dancers
"Old MacDonald on a Trip/Holiday for Strings" (David Rose) — The Hermes Pan Dancers, featuring Jimmy Huntley, Roy Fitzell, and Bert May
"St. James Infirmary" (Primrose) — Fred Astaire, Barrie Chase, Jonah Jones, and the Hermes Pan Dancers
"Oh, Lady be Good!" (Ira & George Gershwin)/"Cheek to Cheek" (Irving Berlin)/"A Fine Romance" (Kern & Fields)/"They Can't Take That Away From Me"/"Nice Work If You Can Get It"/"A Foggy Day" (Ira & George Gershwin)/"I Won't Dance" (Kern-Hammerstein-Harbach)/"Something's Gotta Give" (Mercer)/"Night and Day" (Porter)/"Top Hat, White Tie and Tails" (Berlin, also the theme music for the show) — Fred Astaire
"Isn't This a Lovely Day" — Fred Astaire
The Chrysler Corporation record label, mastered and pressed by NBC partner RCA Victor Records produced a rare giveaway promotional soundtrack album direct from the monaural audio track of the master videotape.
Sequels
Astaire produced another three similar specials, each featuring Barrie Chase:
Another Evening with Fred Astaire (November 4, 1959) designed by art director Edward Stephenson (Art Direction Emmy Award)
Astaire Time (September 28, 1960) designed by art director Edward Stephenson (Art Direction Emmy Award)
The Fred Astaire Show (February 7, 1968) designed by art director James Tritippoo (Art Direction Emmy Award)
Media coverage
Astaire's first foray into television dance, and the introduction of his new dance partner, Barrie Chase, drew significant media coverage, the most prominent being a feature on the cover of TV Guide for October 11–17, 1958 and an inside article: "Now for the Dance Bash", formally announcing the new partnership to the American public. The show went on to win the Trendex rating race for its time slot and the week. TV Guide followed up with an in-depth feature article on December 13, 1958: "How Fred Astaire discovered Barrie Chase" and again featured Astaire and Chase on its cover on October 31, 1959, promoting Another Evening with Fred Astaire.
Not all media coverage was so positive, however. After the show won an unprecedented nine Emmy awards, Ed Sullivan queried whether Astaire should have been awarded the Best Actor Award. Astaire promptly offered to return the award, protesting: "I'm an actor, and this Emmy is for a performance by an actor, isn't it? When I do a difficult pantomime in a dance which tells a story, what do they think it is? Tiddlywinks?". He kept the award, but when Variety reported that MCA had lost $75,000 on the show, he retorted angrily: "Kindly retract erroneous article in last week's Variety. Here are the facts: The entire package is mine, via Ava Productions Corp. MCA merely acted as my agent with the sponsor. Nobody had any cut. All the expenses were paid for by me and the show definitely turned in a sizeable profit. Though I was not interested in that phase, I would like to make it clear that I am not completely nuts. I particularly directed that no expense be spared in carrying out my plans, ideas and designs for the show which I had been working on for some time."
See also
Fred Astaire's solo and partnered dances
1958 in television
The Edsel Show
Notes
References
External links
fredastaire.net article mentioning the special (via archive.org)
fredastaire.net production details (via archive.org)
Ed Reitan color TV page
Engineer Kris Trexler's page about early videotape, with short clip from the show
1950s American television specials
NBC television specials
English-language television shows
Peabody Award-winning broadcasts
1958 television specials
1958 in American television
Fred Astaire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Evening%20with%20Fred%20Astaire |
Alexandra Meissnitzer (born 18 June 1973) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria. Her specialities were the downhill, super-G, and giant slalom disciplines.
From Abtenau, Salzburg, her father, Hans Meissnitzer, a mechanic by trade, taught her to ski at an early age.
At the 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano, Meissnitzer won the silver in the giant-slalom and the bronze in the super-G, and at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin she won the bronze in the super-G. In 1999, she won the overall World Cup, to which she added the super-G and giant slalom World Cups for the same season. She also won two world titles (super-G and giant slalom) at the 1999 World Championships. A serious training crash in November 1999, she missed the remainder of the season. At the 2003 World Championships, she won the silver medal in the downhill race (in a tie with Corinne Rey-Bellet) behind Melanie Turgeon.
Meissnitzer was third in the super-G at the 2008 World Cup finals in Bormio, Italy, and became the oldest woman (age 34) to finish on the podium in an alpine World Cup race.
World Cup results
Season titles
Season standings
Race victories
14 wins – (2 DH, 7 SG, 5 GS)
44 podiums – (8 DH, 18 SG, 16 GS, 2 PS)
World Championship results
Olympic results
References
External links
Alexandra Meissnitzer's official web site
1973 births
Austrian female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for Austria
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Olympic silver medalists for Austria
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
People from Hallein District
Living people
Skiers from Salzburg (state)
20th-century Austrian women
21st-century Austrian women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra%20Meissnitzer |
Piazza Colonna is a piazza at the center of the Rione of Colonna in the historic heart of Rome, Italy. It is named for the marble Column of Marcus Aurelius, which has stood there since AD 193. The bronze statue of Saint Paul that crowns the column was placed in 1589, by order of Pope Sixtus V. The Roman Via Lata (now the Via del Corso) runs through the piazza's eastern end, from south to north.
Overview
The piazza is rectangular. Its north side is taken up by Palazzo Chigi, formerly the Austria-Hungary's embassy, but is now a seat of the Italian government. The east side is taken up by the 19th century public shopping arcade Galleria Colonna (since 2003 Galleria Alberto Sordi), the south side is taken up by the flank of Palazzo Ferrajoli, formerly the Papal post office, and the little Church of Santi Bartolomeo ed Alessandro dei Bergamaschi (1731-35). The west side is taken up by Palazzo Wedekind (1838) with a colonnade of Roman columns taken from Veii.
The piazza has been a monumental open space since Antiquity; the temple of Marcus Aurelius stood on the site of Palazzo Wedekind (TCI).
Fountain
The fountain in the piazza (1577) was commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII from Giacomo Della Porta who was assisted by Rocco De Rossi. In 1830, it was restored and had two sets of dolphins side by side, with tails entwined, sculpted by Achille Stocchi, set at either end of the long basin. The central sculpture was then substituted with a smaller sculpture and spray.
References
External links
Colonna
Rome R. III Colonna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza%20Colonna |
Paul Trapier (1749–1778) was a public official in South Carolina during the American Revolution.
Trapier was born Georgetown, South Carolina, and educated in England. During the American Revolution, he served on the Georgetown Committee of Safety and in the South Carolina Provincial Congress. He was a captain in a militia artillery unit. In 1776 he was elected to the South Carolina General Assembly. The next year he was elected to represent South Carolina in the Second Continental Congress, but never attended a meeting and died the next year.
He is buried in Georgetown in the churchyard of Prince George Winyah Parish Church.
References
External links
1749 births
1778 deaths
Members of the South Carolina General Assembly
People of South Carolina in the American Revolution
South Carolina militiamen in the American Revolution
18th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Trapier |
Christian Hoff (born April 21, 1968) is an American actor.
Biography
Hoff was born in San Francisco, California, and later moved with his family to San Diego. At eight years old he began acting at the San Diego Junior Theater, and not long after was playing Winthrop in The Music Man.
Career
Since then he has appeared on numerous television, big screen and Broadway shows. Most recently, he had a guest role as Marty on All My Children.
He starred until 2008 in the original cast production of Jersey Boys which opened at the August Wilson theater on Broadway in 2005. His dynamic portrayal of Tommy DeVito, one of the founding members of Four Seasons musical group, won him the "Best Featured Actor in a Musical" Tony award in 2006. He was scheduled to return to Broadway in the Roundabout Theatre's 2008 production of Pal Joey in the title role; however due to an injury he was forced to leave the production.
He is currently with The Midtown Men, a group that consist of four former cast members of Jersey Boys who perform music from the 1960s.
Hoff holds the world record for "Most Character Voices in an Audio Book" for Tell Me How You Love the Picture, based on the career of movie producer Ed Feldman. In it, he performs 241 separate voices.
Personal life
He is married to the actress Melissa Hoff and together they have three daughters: Elizabeth, Evelyn and Ella. Christian has two children from a previous marriage: Eli and Erika.
Filmography
All My Children
In Love and War
ER
Evening Shade
Growing Pains
JAG
Kids Incorporated
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
Millennium
Party of Five
Richie Rich
The Commish
Quincy, M.E.
Quantum Leap
Who's the Boss?
Ugly Betty
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Stage
Jersey Boys (Tommy DeVito, Original Cast Album)
Pal Joey (Joey Evans, injured during previews)
The Who's Tommy (Pinball Lad, Original Cast Album)
Jesus Christ Superstar (King Herod)
George M! (George M. Cohan)
The Will Rogers Follies (Will Rogers)
References
External links
Christian Hoff official website
Christian Hoff official weblog
1968 births
Living people
American male child actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male television actors
Male actors from San Diego
Male actors from San Francisco
Tony Award winners
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Hoff |
The Union of Communication Workers (UCW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom for workers in the post office and telecommunications industries.
History
The union was founded in 1919 as the Union of Post Office Workers (UPW) by the merger of the Postmen's Federation, Postal and Telegraph Clerks' Association and the Fawcett Association. It achieved official recognition, and as a result, in 1920 the London Postal Porters' Association, Central London Postmen's Association, Tracers' Association, Tube Staff Association, Messengers' Association and Sorters' Association all merged with it. It was banned legally from TUC membership from 1927 to 1946. Its longest strike was for 7 weeks in 1971.
It changed its name in 1980, and merged with the National Communications Union in 1995 to form the Communication Workers' Union.
Election results
The union sponsored Labour Party candidates in each Parliamentary election. From 1927 until the end of World War II, the union was legally barred from affiliating to the party, so its candidates in that period are omitted from many sources.
Leadership
General Secretaries
1919: William Bowen
1936: T. J. Hodgson
1944: Charles Geddes
1956: Ron Smith
1967: Thomas Jackson
1982: Alan Tuffin
1992: Alan Johnson
Deputy General Secretaries
1919: Walter Baker
1931: James Paterson
1941: Charles Geddes
1944: G. A. Stevens
1951: Richard Hayward
1956: L. V. Andrews
1967: Norman Stagg
1980: Alan Tuffin
1982: Tony Clarke
1993: Derek Hodgson
Treasurers
1919: Will Lockyer
1935: W. T. Leicester
1947: A. H. Wood
1953: Ron Smith
1956: E. R. Mercer
1962: Fred Moss
1981: Fred Binks
1988: Derek Walsh
See also
Edgar Hardcastle
References
External links
Catalogue of the UCW archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Trade unions established in 1919
Trade unions disestablished in 1995
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Communications trade unions
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20of%20Communication%20Workers |
In mathematics, an operation is a function which takes zero or more input values (also called "operands" or "arguments") to a well-defined output value. The number of operands is the arity of the operation.
The most commonly studied operations are binary operations (i.e., operations of arity 2), such as addition and multiplication, and unary operations (i.e., operations of arity 1), such as additive inverse and multiplicative inverse. An operation of arity zero, or nullary operation, is a constant. The mixed product is an example of an operation of arity 3, also called ternary operation.
Generally, the arity is taken to be finite. However, infinitary operations are sometimes considered, in which case the "usual" operations of finite arity are called finitary operations.
A partial operation is defined similarly to an operation, but with a partial function in place of a function.
Types of operation
There are two common types of operations: unary and binary. Unary operations involve only one value, such as negation and trigonometric functions. Binary operations, on the other hand, take two values, and include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation.
Operations can involve mathematical objects other than numbers. The logical values true and false can be combined using logic operations, such as and, or, and not. Vectors can be added and subtracted. Rotations can be combined using the function composition operation, performing the first rotation and then the second. Operations on sets include the binary operations union and intersection and the unary operation of complementation. Operations on functions include composition and convolution.
Operations may not be defined for every possible value of its domain. For example, in the real numbers one cannot divide by zero or take square roots of negative numbers. The values for which an operation is defined form a set called its domain of definition or active domain. The set which contains the values produced is called the codomain, but the set of actual values attained by the operation is its codomain of definition, active codomain, image or range. For example, in the real numbers, the squaring operation only produces non-negative numbers; the codomain is the set of real numbers, but the range is the non-negative numbers.
Operations can involve dissimilar objects: a vector can be multiplied by a scalar to form another vector (an operation known as scalar multiplication), and the inner product operation on two vectors produces a quantity that is scalar. An operation may or may not have certain properties, for example it may be associative, commutative, anticommutative, idempotent, and so on.
The values combined are called operands, arguments, or inputs, and the value produced is called the value, result, or output. Operations can have fewer or more than two inputs (including the case of zero input and infinitely many inputs).
An operator is similar to an operation in that it refers to the symbol or the process used to denote the operation, hence their point of view is different. For instance, one often speaks of "the operation of addition" or "the addition operation", when focusing on the operands and result, but one switches to "addition operator" (rarely "operator of addition"), when focusing on the process, or from the more symbolic viewpoint, the function .
Definition
An n-ary operation ω from to Y is a function . The set is called the domain of the operation, the set Y is called the codomain of the operation, and the fixed non-negative integer n (the number of operands) is called the arity of the operation. Thus a unary operation has arity one, and a binary operation has arity two. An operation of arity zero, called a nullary operation, is simply an element of the codomain Y. An n-ary operation can also be viewed as an -ary relation that is total on its n input domains and unique on its output domain.
An n-ary partial operation ω from to Y is a partial function . An n-ary partial operation can also be viewed as an -ary relation that is unique on its output domain.
The above describes what is usually called a finitary operation, referring to the finite number of operands (the value n). There are obvious extensions where the arity is taken to be an infinite ordinal or cardinal, or even an arbitrary set indexing the operands.
Often, the use of the term operation implies that the domain of the function includes a power of the codomain (i.e. the Cartesian product of one or more copies of the codomain), although this is by no means universal, as in the case of dot product, where vectors are multiplied and result in a scalar. An n-ary operation is called an . An n-ary operation where is called an external operation by the scalar set or operator set S. In particular for a binary operation, is called a left-external operation by S, and is called a right-external operation by S. An example of an internal operation is vector addition, where two vectors are added and result in a vector. An example of an external operation is scalar multiplication, where a vector is multiplied by a scalar and result in a vector.
An n-ary multifunction or ω is a mapping from a Cartesian power of a set into the set of subsets of that set, formally .
See also
Finitary relation
Hyperoperation
Infix notation
Operator
Order of operations
References
Elementary mathematics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20%28mathematics%29 |
Annibal Camoux (1638? – 1759) was a former French soldier from Marseilles who was noted for his longevity. Most researchers, including French historian Louis Thibaux, consider this an unverified longevity claim.
A former soldier in the service of the King of France, according to his biography, Camoux reached age 100 without losing his strength, which he attributed to his practice of chewing Angelica root. He claimed to have gained his knowledge of herbs from the naturalist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1681.
He enlisted in the French army aged 12 and said he took part in the construction of in 1660.
Louis XV allocated a pension to him. In 1755 the Cardinal Belloy, Bishop of Marseille, visited him. Several artists painted his portrait, among them Claude Joseph Vernet, who painted him in the port of Marseilles.
Annibal Camoux died in 1759 in Marseilles, at the claimed age of 121. Research, however, suggests he was born in 1669, meaning he was only 90 when he died.
L'entrée du port de Marseille (1754) by Claude Joseph Vernet is part of a series of 15 representations of French sea ports commissioned by King Louis XV and realized between 1754 and 1765.
The booklet of the 1755 art show gave some information: Entrance of Marseilles Harbour. We can see the Fort St. Jean and Citadelle Saint Nicolas which protects this entrance.... on the foreground, the author has painted a portrait of a man which is 117 years old with a good health.
References
1759 deaths
Longevity claims
French soldiers
Year of birth uncertain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibal%20Camoux |
Art Laboe (born Arthur Egnoian; August 7, 1925 – October 7, 2022) was an American radio host, songwriter, record producer, and radio station owner. He was generally credited with coining the term "Oldies but Goodies".
Early life and education
Laboe was born to parents Hosanna (née Kezerian) and John Egnoian in Murray, Utah, a suburb of Salt Lake City, on August 7, 1925. His parents were Armenian immigrants and observant Mormons; his father, John, came to the United States from the Ottoman Empire.
When Laboe was 13, his parents divorced, whereupon he moved to South-Central Los Angeles to live with his sister. He attended George Washington High School and in 1938 began to experiment with amateur radio from his bedroom.
After graduating from high school, Laboe studied at Stanford University, then joined the United States Navy during World War II. He was stationed at Naval Station Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay.
Career
Laboe made his professional radio debut in 1943 on KSAN in San Francisco, while stationed at Treasure Island. He obtained the job because he had a first-class radiotelephone license and the station had been depleted of staff in order to meet wartime demands. During this period he changed his last name to "Laboe," which had been derived from the station manager's secretary's name, because "it sounded catchier" and "more American." He was permitted to play big band and jazz records shortly before the station signed off at midnight, later encouraging his listeners to call the station to make song requests, an idea so ahead of its time that the technology did not yet exist to broadcast live telephone calls. Laboe had to repeat his callers' comments into the microphone.
Laboe returned to Southern California, obtaining work at KCMJ in Palm Springs. He acquired the nickname "As Long as He Lasts" because of a publicity stunt he participated in February 1948, wherein he hosted a "120-hour talkathon" for charity. He allowed himself only brief rests that lasted no more than 15 minutes.
He later returned to Los Angeles and began his time at KPOP. While working at KPOP, Laboe got the idea to take his show on the road and broadcast live from the local Scrivner's Drive-In, on Cahuenga and Sunset. Teenagers would come to the drive-in and hang out, and give live on-air dedications for songs. Laboe began to make a list of the most frequently requested songs. People would often call in who had just gone through a breakup and would ask him to play love songs to help win back their significant others. As the popularity grew, Laboe found a promoter and a ballroom east of Los Angeles, and through that the El Monte dance hall was formed.
With the live radio show going, he had the audience and the lists of requests. He began to turn that concept into an album titled Oldies But Goodies, a term he trademarked.
In 1959, Laboe formed record label Original Sound Records to promote new musical talent he discovered. In 1959 the label released two instrumental hit songs: "Teen Beat", the breakout hit by Sandy Nelson and "Bongo Rock" by Preston Epps. Laboe also received writing credit on both songs.
Later he moved to KXLA (subsequently KRLA), where he stayed for many years.
In the 1990s, Laboe worked for radio station KGGI.
In January 2006, Laboe debuted another syndicated request and dedication radio show, The Art Laboe Connection. The show began on weeknights on KDES-FM in Palm Springs and KOKO-FM in Fresno. It soon expanded to KHHT (Hot 92.3) in Los Angeles (until its 2015 format flip), KAJM (Mega 104.3) in Phoenix, and stations in Bakersfield and Santa Maria.
Laboe later DJ'd on two syndicated radio shows, both of which were broadcast across the American Southwest. The Art Laboe Connection and Art Laboe Sunday Special. In 2018, Art could be heard in 14 different radio markets including Los Angeles, the Inland Empire, San Diego, Las Vegas, and Phoenix.
Social impact to Los Angeles
Laboe contributed to desegregating Los Angeles. As his on-air popularity started to grow, so did Laboe's ability to draw crowds of all ages. While hosting a local radio show, he approached the owner of Scrivner's Drive-In about being a sponsor. In return for buying ad spots, Laboe agreed to tell his audience he would meet them at the drive-in after the show. The success of the post-show meetup led Laboe to host a live remote from Scrivner's Drive-In on the corner of Sunset and Cahuenga in Los Angeles. According to Art, initially the audience was mostly white teenagers. The growing popularity of the live broadcast, coupled with growing police harassment of the teenagers who attended the shows, led Laboe to look for a new location to host dances. Laboe chose the El Monte Legion Stadium. Since it was outside the city limits of Los Angeles, Laboe was not subject to a city ordinance that mandated LA Board of Education approval for any public dance intended for high school students.
Laboe began hosting Saturday night dance shows at the El Monte Legion Stadium, a venue that, until then, had primarily hosted country jamborees and boxing matches. Those events began to attract teenagers of all races, but mostly Hispanic.
In a city divided by topography, neighborhoods, and class, Laboe brought together teenagers of the greater Los Angeles area, regardless of race or class, to one location. He did not discriminate when listeners called to request a song live on-air and was one of the first DJs to allow people of different races to make a request.
Death
Laboe died of pneumonia on October 7, 2022, at the age of 97. His final program was produced on October 6 and was later aired on October 9.
References
External links
Art Laboe Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (2014)
Art Laboe archive, Music Connection Magazine (2018
1925 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from Salt Lake City
Military personnel from Utah
American people of Armenian descent
American radio DJs
American male songwriters
Record producers from California
Businesspeople from Salt Lake City
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Songwriters from California
Songwriters from Utah
Los Angeles City College alumni
Stanford University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%20Laboe |
Clearlight is an American instrumental rock band from New Orleans, Louisiana. They are also known as the Mystick Krewe of Clearlight due to other bands using the same original name.
History
The Mystick Krewe of Clearlight was founded in 1996 as an instrumental side-project by members of New Orleans bands Eyehategod, Down, and Crowbar. This project has allowed the members to explore music outside their native metal genre. After several years of shows in New Orleans with the occasional out-of-town show they recorded their self-titled debut album via Tee Pee Records in 2000. This was followed by The Father, the Son and the Holy Smoke, a 2001 split release with Acid King on Man's Ruin Records, featuring Scott "Wino" Weinrich (the Obsessed, Saint Vitus, Spirit Caravan, the Hidden Hand) on vocals. That same year they released a split 7-inch with the Obsessed that features both bands covering Lynyrd Skynyrd. The Mystick Krewe covers "Cheatin Woman" and features Pepper Keenan of Corrosion of Conformity on vocals. They have also been featured on compilations such as Inhale and High Volume: The Stoner Rock Collection.
Members
Jimmy Bower – guitar
Paul Webb – guitar
Andy Shepherd – bass
Joey Lacaze – drums
Ross Karpelman – electric organ
Discography
Albums
The Mystick Krewe of Clearlight LP/CD (2000 Tee Pee Records)
The Father, the Son and the Holy Smoke split CD with Acid King (2001 Man's Ruin Records)
Singles
Split 7-inch with The Obsessed (both sides are Lynyrd Skynyrd covers) (2001)
Compilation tracks
"Railhead" on Inhale CD (2000 Spitfire Records)
"Electrode" on Guerrilla Jukebox Vol 1 CD (2003 Tee Pee Records)
"Ride Out" on High Volume: The Stoner Rock Collection CD (2004 High Times Records)
References
External links
Tee Pee Records
NOLA Underground
Heavy metal musical groups from Louisiana
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
Musical groups from New Orleans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearlight%20%28American%20band%29 |
Patrick Neeson Lynch (March 10, 1817 – February 26, 1882) was an Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Charleston in the Southeastern United States from 1857 until his death in 1882.
Biography
Early life
Patrick Lynch's birthplace is sometimes attributed to Clones, County Monaghan but he was actually born in the County Fermanagh portion of the Parish of Clones, probably in the townland of Kibberidogue. His parents were Conlaw Peter and Eleanor (née Neison) Lynch. Eleanor's father disapproved of the marriage and disinherited her.
In 1819, the Lynch family immigrated to the United States, settling in Cheraw, South Carolina. Like their neighbors, they became slave owners. Lynch was one of fourteen children, twelve of whom lived to maturity. One sister became a Carmelite nun in Baltimore, another sister became an Ursuline nun; his brother John became a doctor in Columbia, South Carolina.
Lynch studied at the diocesan Seminary of St. John the Baptist, then went to the Pontifical Urban College in Rome, where he graduated with a Doctor of Divinity degree.
Priesthood
Lynch was ordained to the priesthood in Charleston on April 5, 1840. After his ordination, he was assigned to the Cathedral of Saint John and Saint Finbar in Charleston. He was for a time editor of the United States Catholic Miscellany, founded by Bishop John England. Bishop Reynolds appointed Lynch pastor of St. Mary's Parish in Charleston and as vicar-general.
Bishop of Charleston
After the death of Bishop Reynolds in 1855, Lynch became administrator of the diocese, and succeeded him as bishop. He was consecrated as bishop on March 14, 1858. Lynch was the third bishop of the Diocese of Charleston, which at the time covered North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, the Bahamas and Bermuda. It was later subdivided, leaving the Diocese of Charleston to cover only the state of South Carolina.
Civil War
A major fire in December 1861 destroyed the Cathedral of Saint John and Saint Finbar, the bishop's residence, and other property, along with the diocesan library. The bombardment of Charleston by the Union Army for nearly two years during the American Civil War closed most of the churches and impoverished the congregations.
Confederate delegate to the Holy See
On February 20, 1864, Lynch was named by President Jefferson Davis of the Confederate States of America (CSA) to be its delegate to the Holy See. Lynch then travelled to Rome. Since the Vatican had never recognized the CSA, Lynch did not present his diplomatic credentials to Pope Pius IX, who received him only in as a bishop. Like his predecessors, Pius had condemned slavery. During Lynch's audience, Pius suggested that "something might be done looking to an improvement in [the slaves'] position or state, and to a gradual preparation for their freedom at a future opportune time."
Postwar
In the 1865 burning of Columbia, South Carolina, St. Mary's College, the Sisters' Home, and the Ursuline Convent were all destroyed. After the end of the war, President Andrew Johnson pardoned Lynch for his role as delegate for the Confederacy. With a diocesan debt exceeding $200,000, Lynch began soliciting donations throughout the country for the immediate needs of his diocese and to pay off the debt. Lynch attended the First Vatican Council in 1869 to 1870. Lynch died in Charleston on February 26, 1882, at age 64
Lynch was a granduncle of US Navy Admiral Patrick N. L. Bellinger.
References
Further reading
Corr, Seán. "Bishop Patrick Lynch of Charleston and his visit to Roslea in 1864." Clogher Record, vol. 20, no. 2, 2010, pp. 359–372.
Heisser, David C. R., and Stephen J. White Sr. Patrick N. Lynch, 1817-1882: Third Catholic Bishop of Charleston (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015) 271 pp.
Robert Emmett Curran, ed. For Church and Confederacy: The Lynches of South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2019), 410 pp.
1817 births
1882 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops of Charleston
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Irish emigrants to the United States
People of South Carolina in the American Civil War
American slave owners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Neeson%20Lynch |
Nancy Lewis is a professional female bodybuilder from the United States. She earned her pro card by winning the overall title at the 1991 NPC USA Championship. She competed in a number of professional contests from 1992 to 1998 with a series of solid placings, but no titles. Then after a four-year retirement, she returned to competition in 2002, winning the overall title at the Jan Tana Classic.
Contest history
1985 NPC Nationals - 8th (MW)
1987 NPC USA Championship - 5th (LHW)
1988 NPC California Championship - 1st (HW)
1990 NPC Nationals - 2nd (MW)
1991 NPC USA Championship - 1st (MW & overall)
1992 Ms. International - 5th
1992 Jan Tana Classic - 2nd
1992 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 14th
1993 Jan Tana Classic - 2nd
1993 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 13th
1995 Jan Tana Classic - 3rd
1995 Grand Prix Prague - 4th
1995 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 10th
1996 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 6th
1996 Ms. International - 8th
1997 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 10th
1997 Ms. International - 8th
1998 Ms. International - 4th
2002 Jan Tana Classic - 1st (MW & overall)
2002 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 6th (HW)
2003 Ms. International - 7th (LW)
2004 GNC Show of Strength - 1st (LW)
2004 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 4th (LW)
2009 Atlantic City Pro - 11th
2009 New York Pro Championships - 14th
2010 New York Pro Championships - 7th
2012 Tampa Pro Championships - 6th
2012 Chicago Pro Championships - 6th
References
Wennerstrom, Steve, "Flex 'n' Femme", Flex, July, 2003
Professional bodybuilders
Living people
African-American female bodybuilders
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Lewis |
Tis Pity She's a Whore (original spelling: Tis Pitty Shee's a Who[o]re) is a tragedy written by John Ford. It was first performed or between 1629 and 1633, by Queen Henrietta's Men at the Cockpit Theatre. The play was first published in 1633, in a quarto printed by Nicholas Okes for the bookseller Richard Collins. Ford dedicated the play to John Mordaunt, 1st Earl of Peterborough and Baron of Turvey.
Plot
Giovanni, recently returned to Parma from university in Bologna, has developed an incestuous passion for his sister Annabella and the play opens with his discussing this ethical problem with Friar Bonaventura. Bonaventura tries to convince Giovanni that his desires are evil despite Giovanni's passionate reasoning and eventually persuades him to try to rid himself of his feelings through repentance.
Annabella, meanwhile, is being approached by a number of suitors including Bergetto, Grimaldi, and Soranzo. She is not interested in any of them. Giovanni finally tells her how he feels (obviously having failed in his attempts to repent) and finally wins her over. Annabella's tutoress Putana (literally, "Whore") encourages the relationship. The siblings consummate their relationship.
Hippolita, a past lover of Soranzo, verbally attacks him, furious with him for letting her send her husband Richardetto on a dangerous journey she believed would result in his death so that they could be together, then declining his vows and abandoning her. Soranzo leaves and his servant Vasques promises to help Hippolita get revenge on Soranzo and the pair agree to marry after they murder him.
Richardetto is not dead but also in Parma in disguise with his niece Philotis. Richardetto is also desperate for revenge against Soranzo and convinces Grimaldi that to win Annabella, he should stab Soranzo with a poisoned sword. Bergetto and Philotis, now betrothed, are planning to marry secretly in the place Richardetto orders Grimaldi to wait. Grimaldi mistakenly stabs and kills Bergetto instead, leaving Philotis, Poggio (Bergetto's servant), and Donado (Bergetto's uncle) distraught.
Annabella resigns herself to marrying Soranzo, knowing she has to marry someone other than her brother. She subsequently falls ill and it is revealed that she is pregnant. Friar Bonaventura then persuades her to marry Soranzo before her pregnancy becomes apparent. Donado and Florio (father of Annabella and Giovanni) go to the cardinal's house, where Grimaldi has been in hiding, to beg for justice. The cardinal refuses due to Grimaldi's high status and instead sends him back to Rome. Florio tells Donado to wait for God to bring them justice.
Annabella and Soranzo are married soon after, and their ceremony includes masque dancers, one of whom reveals herself to be Hippolita. She claims to be willing to drink a toast with Soranzo and the two raise their glasses and drink, on which note she explains that her plan was to poison his wine. Vasques comes forward and reveals that he was always loyal to his master and he poisoned Hippolita. She dies spouting insults and damning prophecies to the newlyweds. Seeing the effects of anger and revenge, Richardetto abandons his plans and sends Philotis off to a convent to save her soul.
When Soranzo discovers Annabella's pregnancy, the two argue until Annabella realises that Soranzo truly did love her and finds herself consumed with guilt. She is confined to her room by her husband, who plots with Vasques to avenge himself against his cheating wife and her unknown lover. On Soranzo's exit, Putana comes onto the stage and Vasques pretends to befriend her to gain the name of Annabella's baby's father. Once Putana reveals that it's Giovanni, Vasques has bandits tie Putana up and put out her eyes as punishment for the terrible acts she has willingly overseen and encouraged. In her room, Annabella writes a letter to her brother in her own blood, warning him that Soranzo knows and will soon seek revenge. The friar delivers the letter but Giovanni is too arrogant to believe he can be harmed and ignores advice to decline the invitation to Soranzo's birthday feast. The friar subsequently flees Parma to avoid further involvement in Giovanni's downfall.
On the day of the feast, Giovanni visits Annabella in her room and after talking with her, stabs her during a kiss. He then enters the feast, at which all remaining characters are present, wielding a dagger on which his sister's heart is skewered and tells everyone of the incestuous affair. Florio dies immediately from shock. Soranzo attacks Giovanni verbally and Giovanni stabs and kills him. Vasques intervenes, wounding Giovanni before ordering the bandits to finish the job. Following the massacre, the cardinal orders Putana to be burnt at the stake, Vasques to be banished, and the church to seize all the wealth and property belonging to the dead. Richardetto finally reveals his true identity to Donado and the play ends with the cardinal saying of Annabella "who could not say, 'Tis pity she's a whore?".
Characters
Men
Friar Bonaventura – A friar and Giovanni's mentor
A Cardinal – Nuncio to the Pope
Soranzo – A nobleman (Annabella's suitor and eventual husband)
Florio – A citizen of Parma, and father of Annabella and Giovanni
Donado – A citizen of Parma, and uncle of Bergetto
Grimaldi – A Roman gentleman (Annabella's suitor)
Giovanni – Son of Florio (his name is pronounced with four syllables)
Bergetto – Nephew of Donado (Annabella's suitor and then Philotis's fiancé/suitor)
Richardetto – Hippolita's husband, disguised as a physician, also Philotis' uncle
Vasques – Loyal servant to Soranzo
Poggio – Servant to Bergetto
Banditti – Outlaws, a criminal mob
Officers
Women
Annabella – Daughter of Florio
Hippolita – Wife of Richardetto (Soranzo's former paramour)
Philotis – Niece of Richardetto (becomes Bergetto's fiancée)
Putana – Tutoress of Annabella; her name derives from the Italian word for "whore", puttana.
Reception
The play's open treatment of the subject of incest made it one of the most controversial works in English literature. The play was entirely omitted from an 1831 collection of Ford's plays; its title has often been changed to something euphemistic such as Giovanni and Annabella or Tis Pity or The Brother and Sister. Indeed, until well into the twentieth century, critics were usually harsh in their condemnations of the play; the subject matter offended them, as did Ford's failure to condemn his protagonist. Critic Mark Stavig wrote, "Instead of stressing the villainy, Ford portrays Giovanni as a talented, virtuous, and noble man who is overcome by a tumultuous, unavoidable passion that brings about his destruction". Adolphus Ward said: "Tis Pity She's a Whore has been justly recognized as a tragedy of extraordinary power". Since the mid-twentieth century, scholars and critics have generally shown more appreciation of the complexities and ambiguities of the work, though the treatment of the main subject still remains "unsettling", in the words of Michael Billington, reviewing the 2014 production for The Guardian, because Ford refuses "to either condone or condemn incest: he simply presents it as an unstoppable force".
Notable performances
The play was revived early in the Restoration era; Samuel Pepys saw a 1661 performance at the Salisbury Court Theatre. In 1894, the play was translated into French by Maurice Maeterlinck and produced under the title Annabella at the Théâtre de l'Œuvre.
The play was not seen again in Britain until 1923, in a production by the Phoenix Society at the original Shaftesbury Theatre, and thereafter it was performed by the Arts Theatre Club (1934) and in two productions by Donald Wolfit in 1940 (Cambridge) and 1941 (The Strand Theatre).
In 1980 Declan Donnellan directed the play for New Theatre Company at Theatre Space and Half Moon Theatre. The lead roles played by Malcolm Jamieson and Angelique Rockas received praise for their performances.
In 2011, Jonathan Munby directed a "Tarantino-esque" production of the play set in 1960s Italy, staged at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds from 7 to 28 May. Featuring an image of Christ and the Virgin Mary, the publicity poster for the play caused controversy before it even opened, and was replaced after a letter of complaint from the Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds. In the lead roles, Damien Molony as Giovanni and Sara Vickers as Annabella received praise for their performances.
Between 2011 and 2014, theatre company Cheek by Jowl staged the play, directed by Declan Donnellan and designed by Nick Ormerod. The production went on tour to the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York and the Barbican Centre in London, amongst others. The production was revived with different casts in 2012 and 2014. In 2011–2012, Lydia Wilson played Annabella, and the role was played by Gina Bramhill in 2012–2013 and Eve Ponsonby in 2014.
Michael Longhurst directed a production of the play in 2014 at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, part of Shakespeare's Globe, making use of period costumes and Jacobean musical instruments, as well as candlelight.. Fiona Button played Annabella Noma Dumezweni played Hippolyta.
Adaptations
(1961), French adaptation by director Luchino Visconti, performed at the Théâtre de Paris with Romy Schneider (Annabella) and Alain Delon (Giovanni).
My Sister, My Love (Syskonbädd 1782) (1966), film adaptation by director Vilgot Sjöman, starring Bibi Andersson and Per Oscarsson
'Tis Pity She's a Whore (Addio fratello crudele) (1971), film adaptation by director Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, starring Charlotte Rampling and Oliver Tobias
Filmed for BBC Two by director Roland Joffé under its original title, and transmitted on 7 May 1980, Production starred Kenneth Cranham (as Giovanni), Cherie Lunghi (as Annabella), and Jeremy Child (as the Priest). It used an unedited text while transferring the setting to eighteenth century England.
A BBC Radio 3 adaptation featuring Jessie Buckley as Annabella and Damien Molony as Giovanni was adapted and directed by Pauline Harris and first broadcast on 7 January 2018.
Schade, dass sie eine Hure war, German opera adaptation by (libretto) and Anno Schreier (composer), world premiere on 16 February 2019, Opernhaus Düsseldorf
Influence
Peter Greenaway has said that the play provided him with the main template for his 1989 film The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover.
The pilot episode of Midsomer Murders, "The Killings at Badger's Drift" (1997), contains references to the play.
A song with almost the same name, "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore", is featured on David Bowie's final studio album Blackstar (2016). "Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)", from the same album, loosely recounts the play's events from Annabella's decision to marry Soranzo to Giovanni's reception of her note written in blood.
The play is referenced in Tom Stoppard's 1982 play The Real Thing.
In the third season of Party Down, Henry Pollard (Adam Scott) directs a high school version of the play.
References
External links
– Giuseppe Patroni Griffi's 1971 feature film based upon the play
(TV, BRT)
(TV, BBC)
Full text, Folger Shakespeare Library
Scanned text, HathiTrust Digital Library
Timeline, characters, production history, synopsis, critical perspectives, Red Bull Theatre New York
CurtainUp Review of Tis Pity – review of a modern performance by the Friendly Fire Theatre
Reviews of the 1980 New Theatre production, directed by Declan Donnellan
English Renaissance plays
1633 plays
Revenge plays
Incest in plays
Plays by John Ford (dramatist)
Plays set in Italy
British plays adapted into films
Tragedy plays | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Tis%20Pity%20She%27s%20a%20Whore |
Extreme-G 2, also known as Extreme G: XG2, is a racing video game developed by Probe Entertainment and published by Acclaim Entertainment for Nintendo 64 and Microsoft Windows. It is the sequel to Extreme-G and is followed by Extreme-G 3.
Gameplay
This iteration, as with all Extreme-G games, is about futuristic racing: pilots race plasma-powered Tron-like bikes in an intergalactic Grand Prix at speeds that are over 999 mph. Each of the machines have their own handling characteristics, with varying top speeds, armor values and traction values. All of the machines in the game have an energy meter—with two separate energy stores for protective shields and a basic primary weapon. If a machine loses all of its shield energy, it will explode on contact, causing the player to lose a life or the match. It is also possible for players to fall off the tracks when driving through jumps or similar obstacles. In this case, the player is simply teleported back to the track. Players are given three "Nitro" boosts per race. Extreme-G has a championship mode ranging from novice to expert, shoot-em-up mode (named "Arcade Mode" in XG2), multiplayer racing, and deathmatch. In shoot-em-up/arcade mode, computer drones follow a lunar path while the player attempts to destroy them with Extreme-G's arsenal of weapons.
Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. N64 Magazine editor Jes Bickham felt that Extreme-G 2 was better than its predecessor, but worse than F-Zero X and Wipeout 64. IGN criticised the gameplay, stating that the N64 version was "nowhere near its competition" despite improved controls and tracks. The graphics were criticised for its stuttering framerates and over-filtering.
The Nintendo 64 version was a finalist by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences for "Console Racing Game of the Year" during the 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, which ultimately went to Gran Turismo.
References
External links
1998 video games
Acclaim Entertainment games
Nintendo 64 games
Probe Software games
Science fiction racing games
Vehicular combat games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme-G%202 |
William Stephen Arnsparger (December 16, 1926 – July 17, 2015) was an American college and professional football coach. He was born and raised in Paris, Kentucky, served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II, and graduated from Miami University (Ohio) in 1950. Immediately upon graduation, Arnsparger was hired as an assistant coach with the Miami football program, beginning a long career in the profession.
Arnsparger is best known for serving as a defensive coordinator in the National Football League (NFL) for Miami Dolphins teams that won consecutive Super Bowls (1972 and 1973) and reached another (1982), all under head coach Don Shula. Arnsparger's defenses were an important part of the Dolphins' success, and earned two nicknames over his tenure – the "No-Name-Defense" in the 1970s and the "Killer B's" in the 1980s. Later in his career, he served as the defensive coordinator for another Super Bowl runner-up, the 1994 San Diego Chargers.
Before coaching in the NFL, Arnsparger served as a defensive assistant for several college football teams. He was also the head coach of the New York Giants (1974–1976) and the Louisiana State University (LSU) Tigers (1983–1986), and served as the athletic director at the University of Florida (1986–1992).
Early years
Arnsparger was born in Paris, Kentucky, in 1926. He attended Paris High School, where he was an all-state football player under the school's longtime football and basketball coach, Blanton Collier. The relationship would have a major impact on his future career.
After serving in the United States Marines during World War II, Arnsparger attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he played for the Miami football team under coach Woody Hayes and was a member of Sigma Chi Fraternity (Alpha Chapter). He graduated with bachelor's and master's degrees in 1950.
College assistant coach
Miami University
After graduating, Arnsparger remained at Miami to begin his coaching career as an assistant under Hayes for the 1950 season. Miami went 9-1 and were Mid-American Conference champions.
Ohio State
Woody Hayes was hired as the head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes in 1951 and brought Arnsparger with him from Miami to serve as the Buckeyes' line coach, a position he held through the 1954 season.
Kentucky
In 1954, Arnsparger re-connected with his high school coach Blanton Collier, who had been hired as head football coach at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky. Arnsparger was hired as an assistant at Kentucky and remained there for the eight years until Collier was fired on January 2, 1962. During the 1959 season, he was joined on the coaching staff by a young coach who had served at the University of Virginia the previous year. That coach was Don Shula, with the two coaches forging a strong bond that would tie them for much of the next quarter century.
Tulane
Arnsparger moved on to an assistant position with Tulane University in New Orleans, in 1962. After two years, he resigned the post on March 6, 1964, to become the defensive line coach for the Baltimore Colts under Shula.
National Football League
Baltimore Colts
In 1964, Arnsparger became the defensive line coach for the Baltimore Colts of the National Football League (NFL). That season, the Colts reached the NFL Championship Game and remained one of the strongest teams of the 1960s, competing in Super Bowl III on January 12, 1969.
Miami Dolphins
When Shula left to become head coach with the Miami Dolphins after the end of the 1969 NFL season, he brought along Arnsparger, who was promoted to defensive coordinator. In just two seasons, the formerly moribund team had reached the Super Bowl, with Arnsparger fashioning what became known as the "No-Name Defense." World championships in each of the next two seasons, including an undefeated season during 1972, made Arnsparger a prime candidate for a head coaching position.
New York Giants
Following the Dolphins' 24–7 victory over the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl VIII, Arnsparger was named head coach of the New York Giants, but managed just seven wins in his thirty-five games. Arnsparger coached the Giants in three different home stadiums during his tenure: the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1974; Shea Stadium, home of the cross-town rival Jets in 1975; and finally, Giants Stadium in 1976. Arnsparger was fired in mid-season on October 25, with the team having lost all seven of its games, succeeded by assistant coach John McVay.
Return to the Dolphins
Just two days after his dismissal from the Giants, Arnsparger was rehired by Shula and was restored to his previous position as Miami's defensive coordinator while adding the title of assistant head coach. In the team's first game under his leadership, the Dolphins won a 10–3 defensive battle with the New England Patriots, who had averaged thirty points per game entering the contest.
Miami finished the 1976 NFL season with a 6–8 mark, then narrowly missed a playoff berth the following season. During the next two seasons, the Dolphins reached the postseason, but dropped their first playoff game. During the strike-shortened 1982 NFL season, Miami reached Super Bowl XVII, but dropped a 27–17 decision to the Washington Redskins. Arnsparger again had created an elite defensive unit, known as the Killer B's (so named because of the number of surnames beginning with "B" on the Dolphins defense).
LSU head coach
On December 2, 1983, Arnsparger was introduced as the head football coach at Louisiana State University (LSU), though he stayed on as the Dolphins' defensive coordinator until the end of the NFL season. As the Tigers' head coach, Arnsparger led LSU to two Sugar Bowl berths in three seasons, in 1984 and 1986, both times against Nebraska. In 1984, LSU finished in a tie for second behind Florida, but the Southeastern Conference (SEC) presidents voted to strip Florida of the conference championship due to NCAA rules violations and LSU participated in the Sugar Bowl instead. His 1986 LSU squad won the school's first outright SEC title since 1970 and the Tigers' last in the pre-championship game era, though the season was marred somewhat by an upset home loss to Miami University, his alma mater.
By 1985, Arnsparger was growing frustrated with various scandals in the LSU athletic department, particularly involving basketball coach Dale Brown. After Sports Illustrated ran a cover story about the university's issues, Arnsparger met privately with athletic director Bob Brodhead to complain that the negative coverage was harming football recruiting and to threaten to leave the school if something wasn't done. Shortly after the final regular season game in 1986, Arnsparger announced he was resigning to become the athletic director at Florida.
University of Florida athletic director
At Florida, Arnsparger was tasked with cleaning up an athletic department which had been roiled by NCAA violations and subsequent punishments. The Florida Gators football team had been found in violation of many NCAA rules in the early 1980s and was still suffering under significant sanctions and probation when Arnsparger arrived, a situation which weakened the financial strength of the entire athletic department.
More problems surfaced in 1989. Head football coach Galen Hall was accused of committing minor rules violations, which became a major issue with the NCAA because of the just-completed probation. Though Hall denied the allegations, he was forced to resign in the middle of the 1989 season, and the football program was placed back on NCAA probation the following year. At about the same time, the NCAA was investigating allegations that the Florida Gators men's basketball program had allowed sports agents to pay star players. Less than a month after the head football coach has been forced to resign and just days before the start of the 1989–90 basketball season, long-time head basketball coach Norm Sloan was forced to take an early retirement and his entire coaching staff was dismissed. Sloan subsequently claimed that the allegations were false and that Arnsparger's zealous attempts to clean up Florida's athletic department turned into a "witch hunt" that unfairly punished him and his staff. Former Tennessee coach Don DeVoe was quickly hired as interim basketball coach, but despite being the defending SEC champions, the team struggled to a 7–21 record and DeVoe was not retained.
Despite having both of the university's marquee sports placed on NCAA probation in 1990, Arnsparger was able to rebuild Florida's athletic program by establishing better compliance procedures and by hiring new coaches who would bring success while following NCAA guidelines. In December 1989, Arnsparger hired Duke University's Steve Spurrier as Florida's new football coach. Spurrier, who had won the Heisman Trophy as Florida's quarterback in 1966, would become the school's all-time wins leader in his twelve years in Gainesville, leading the Gators to their first six conference titles and the 1996 national championship. After the basketball team's disappointing 1989–90 season, Arnsparger hired Lon Kruger as Florida's new coach. Kruger led the Gators to their first Final Four appearance in 1994 and set the stage for later and greater success under Billy Donovan. The university's overall athletic program improved under Arnsparger; Florida won its first three SEC All-Sports Trophies during his tenure, beginning an ongoing period in which the Gator sports program has been named the conference's best for 28 out of the next 32 years.
During his time at Florida, Arnsparger was thought by some athletic department staff and boosters to be "domineering" and that, keeping with his background in coaching, he was "inflexible... sticking by his game plan at all costs.". In hindsight, observers gave him credit for setting up the university's athletic department for unprecedented success after his tenure. Jeremy Foley, Arnsparger's successor as athletic director, credited him with "helping to right the ship during a very difficult time at the University of Florida."
Return to the NFL
On January 13, 1992, Arnsparger resigned to become the defensive coordinator of the San Diego Chargers. During his three seasons with the Chargers, the team's defense showed marked improvement, culminating with a berth in Super Bowl XXIX. Just days after the team's Super Bowl appearance, Arnsparger announced his retirement, citing the prostate cancer surgery he had undergone the year before.
Later life and death
Arnsparger retired in 1995 and split time between homes in Kentucky and Alabama. Soon after, his son David became the football coach at West Limestone High School in northern Alabama, and the elder Arnsparger often visited practices as a volunteer assistant coach.
After several years of deteriorating health, Arnsparger died on July 17, 2015, at his home in Athens, Alabama, at the age of 88. He was survived by his wife, his son David, his daughter Mary Susan, and his grandchildren Stephen, Christian, Sarah, Elisabeth, and Callie. He is buried at Paris Cemetery, at Paris, Kentucky.
Head coaching record
NFL
College
See also
Florida Gators
List of Miami University people
List of Sigma Chi members
LSU Tigers
University Athletic Association
References
External links
1926 births
2015 deaths
Baltimore Colts coaches
Florida Gators athletic directors
Kentucky Wildcats football coaches
LSU Tigers football coaches
Miami Dolphins coaches
Miami RedHawks football coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
Miami RedHawks football players
New York Giants head coaches
San Diego Chargers coaches
Tulane Green Wave football coaches
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marines
People from Paris, Kentucky
Coaches of American football from Kentucky
Players of American football from Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Arnsparger |
Bonox is a beef extract made in Australia, currently owned by Bega Cheese after it acquired the brand from Kraft Heinz in 2017. It is primarily a drink but can also be used as stock in cooking.
History
Bonox was invented by Camron Thomas for Fred Walker of Fred Walker & Co. in 1918. Bonox was launched the following year.
The Walker company was purchased by Kraft Foods Inc. sometime after Walker's death in 1935. The product was produced by Kraft (from 2012 Kraft Foods, from 2015 Kraft Heinz) until 2017, when Bonox, along with other brands, was sold to Bega Cheese. It kept the same recipe and jar designs.
, Bonox continues to be produced by Bega.
Nutritional information
This concentrated beef extract contains iron and niacin. It is a thick dark brown liquid paste which can be added to soups or stews for flavoring and can also be added to hot water and served as a beverage.
Approximate per 100g
Energy, including dietary fiber 401 kJ
Moisture 56.6 g
Protein 16.6 g
Nitrogen 2.66 g
Fat 0.2 g
Ash 19.8 g
Starch 6.5 g
Available carbohydrate, without sugar alcohols 6.5 g
Available carbohydrate, with sugar alcohols 6.5 g
Minerals
Calcium (Ca) 110 mg
Copper (Cu) 0.11 mg
Fluoride (F) 190 ug
Iron (Fe) 2 mg
Magnesium (Mg) 60 mg
Manganese (Mn) 0.13 mg
Phosphorus (P) 360 mg
Potassium (K) 690 mg
Selenium (Se) 4 ug
Sodium (Na) 6660 mg
Sulphur (S) 160 mg
Zinc (Zn) 1.5 mg
Vitamins
Thiamin (B1) 0.36 mg
Riboflavin (B2) 0.27 mg
Niacin (B3) 5.4 mg
Niacin Equivalents 8.17 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.38 mg
Pyridoxine (B6) 0.23 mg
Biotin (B7) 12 ug
See also
Bovril
References
Products introduced in 1919
Food ingredients
Australian brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonox |
The Bronze Wolf Award is bestowed by the World Scout Committee (WSC) to acknowledge "outstanding service by an individual to the World Scout Movement". It is the highest honor that can be given a volunteer Scout leader in the world and it is the only award given by the WSC. Since the award's creation in 1935, fewer than 400 of the several millions of Scouts throughout the world have received the award.
History
Scouting's founder, Robert Baden-Powell, initially recognized outstanding contributions to Scouting by any Scout with the bestowal of the Silver Wolf; although he was Chief Scout of the World, the Silver Wolf was associated with British Scouting.
In 1924, the International Committee, predecessor of the WSC, determined that it needed an award to be given out in its own name and at its own recommendation. Baden-Powell wanted to limit the number of awards, but recognized that the concerns of the committee were valid. Conversation about the matter was re-opened in 1932, with a decision reached in June 1934. The WSC approved use of the award in Stockholm on 2 August 1935 and unanimously awarded the first Bronze Wolf to Baden-Powell.
Qualifications
The Bronze Wolf Award is the highest honor that is given to a volunteer Scout leader throughout the world. It is given in recognition to Scouters who have contributed exceptional, noteworthy, and extraordinary service to the World Scout Movement. It recognizes the individual's contributions, service, dedication, and many years of volunteer work in successfully implementing the Scouting program.
Recipients
In order to keep the award a notable honor, the International Committee limited the number of awards within a two-year period to two; however, in practice, it was given even more rarely, with only 12 awards being bestowed between 1935 and 1955. As Scouting's numbers have increased, so have the number of awards bestowed. Between 1955 and 2015, the award was bestowed 346 times. The guidelines of the WSC dictate that the number of awards granted should be limited to "approximately one award for each 2,000,000 members worldwide". , the World Scout Bureau estimates there are about 28 million Scouts worldwide. Eight Bronze Wolf Awards were given in 2017.
Among the recipients have been heads of state such as Hamengkubuwono IX, Vice President of Indonesia, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Bhumibol Adulyadej and Philippine president Fidel Ramos.
Description
The Bronze Wolf award consists of a dark green ribbon bordered by two narrow stripes of yellow from which descends a bronze pendant of a wolf, statant. The wolf bears the World Scout Emblem.
References
Awards established in 1935
Scout and Guide awards
Volunteering awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze%20Wolf%20Award |
Bandolier was an independent healthcare journal about evidence-based healthcare, written by Oxford University scientists. It was started in 1994 and the National Health Service paid for its distribution to all doctors in the UK until 2002. Publication of the printed version ceased in 2007. New material was published online through 2010. Publication ceased in 2010.
In October 2016 back issues of the journal (online version) became available at its own website. It is no longer hosted on Oxford University's site.
The NHS Executive and National electronic Library for Health continue with some support for the electronic site.
See also
Cochrane Collaboration
References
External links
Former website
Public health journals
Academic journals established in 1994
Publications disestablished in 2010
English-language journals
Publications associated with the University of Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandolier%20%28journal%29 |
Lee Scrivner (born February 10, 1971) is an American writer and cultural theorist known for his book Becoming Insomniac (2014) and for his satirical avant-garde art manifestos. He writes on the literature, history, and culture of the Victorian and Modernist periods, as well as on contemporary issues.
Early life and education
Scrivner was born in Winnipeg to American parents and was raised in Las Vegas, where he attended Bonanza High School. He received a BA and an MA in English from the University of Utah. He taught English at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas from 2001 to 2005, after which he pursued doctoral research under Steven Connor at the University of London. From 2007 to 2008, he lectured in the English department at Birkbeck College. He was a Fulbright lecturer in the humanities at Boğaziçi University, Istanbul. Since August 2015, he has taught at American University in Washington D.C.
Creative work
Manifestos
Scrivner's creative work includes writing art manifestos and theatrical performances that incorporate live music and pre-recorded video. His work often deploys satire, anachronism, mock solemnity, and paradox.
Lord Garden's Masque (an anti-masque) (2009)
This took the form of a short play launched at the Weak Signals & Wild Cards exhibition at De Appel Arts Centre. Commentators have suggested that the name of the masque's main character Ascian might be a reference "to the people of Gene Wolfe's novel The Book of the New Sun in which the only permitted communication is the quoting of lines from the state's constitution." The pompous commissioner Lord Garden and his aides overhear the simple tune Ascian plays on a rustic reed pipe, prompting them to build an elaborate and expensive institution for the study of music. In the play, "cultural activity is frequently spoken of as a state building-block." Thus "Scrivner distills a reductive and absurdest scenario and exposes the self-defeating central ironies of over-regulated commissioning processes."
The Memory of Futurism and the Rise of the Insomnauts (2009)
This manifesto was performed in an underground bunker in Bloomsbury on the centenary of the publication in Le Figaro of F.T. Marinetti's Manifesto of Futurism. The performance was an homage to Marinetti as well as a response to (and attended by) Tom McCarthy, the general secretary of the International Necronautical Society.
The Sound Moneyfesto (2008)
The Sound Moneyfesto was launched at the Manifesto Marathon 2008 at the Serpentine Gallery in London. It incorporated word play, anachronism, and mock solemnity to comment on the financial crisis of 2007–2008, especially the failures of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and on the idea of sound money. The Sound Moneyfesto was launched in concert with manifestos from performance artist Marina Abramović, musician and producer Brian Eno, artists Gilbert & George, artist and musician Yoko Ono, and fashion designer Vivienne Westwood.
How to Write an Avant-Garde Manifesto (2008)
How to Write an Avant-Garde Manifesto was an art manifesto originally written in 2006 and taped to the front door of the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London. It was subsequently presented at the British Library's 2008 exhibition Breaking the Rules: The Printed Face of the European Avant Garde 1900–1937 with Auto Destructive and Fluxus artist Gustav Metzger and British Library curator Stephen Bury.
With Usura With Bells and Manifesto (2008)
This was written and performed in October 2012 at Tate Britain. Accompanied by a small chamber orchestra, Scrivner banged on a reverberating metal salad bowl with mock solemnity as he recited excerpts from The Cantos of Ezra Pound interspersed with his original commentary and occasional headlines from the Financial Times.
Music
Scrivner has released two albums of music with his band Inviolet Row, Consolation Prizes (2002) and Nevertheless (2005). He has also been involved in musical projects with Voiceworks (a collaboration between Wigmore Hall, Guildhall School of Music and Drama, and the Birkbeck Contemporary Poetics Research Centre).
Select bibliography
Becoming Insomniac: How Sleeplessness Alarmed Modernity (2014, Palgrave Macmillan).
“That Sweet Secession: Sleep and Insomnia in Western Literature” in Sleep: Multi-Professional Perspectives, Andrew Green, Alex Westcombe, Ved Varma eds., (London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2012).
""Manifest-o-Meter," in Manifesto Marathon, Serpentine Gallery (Köln: Walther König, 2010).
“The Echo of Narcissism in Interactive Art" in Literatures in the Digital Era: Theory and Praxis, Amelia Sanz, Dolores Romero eds., (2007)
Shorter works
Scrivner's poetry, short fiction, and academic writing have been published in Poet Lore, The Wolf, Teller (a magazine of stories distributed by Trolley Books), Otis Nebula, History Workshop Journal, and Modern Language Review.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
University of Nevada, Las Vegas faculty
Alumni of the University of London
Academics of Birkbeck, University of London
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
University of Utah alumni
College of Southern Nevada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Scrivner |
Li Zhe (born January 31, 1989) is a Chinese professional Go player.
Biography
Li was born in China. At 11 years of age, Li Zhe became one of the youngest professional Go players ever. Two years later, in 2002, Li was promoted to 3 dan. Li made more history in 2006 when he became the youngest title holder in China, at 16 years old.
Titles & runners-up
References
1989 births
Chinese Go players
Living people
Sportspeople from Wuhan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Zhe%20%28Go%20player%29 |
The Tribal Hidage is a list of thirty-five tribes that was compiled in Anglo-Saxon England some time between the 7th and 9th centuries. It includes a number of independent kingdoms and other smaller territories, and assigns a number of hides to each one. The list is headed by Mercia and consists almost exclusively of peoples who lived south of the Humber estuary and territories that surrounded the Mercian kingdom, some of which have never been satisfactorily identified by scholars. The value of 100,000 hides for Wessex is by far the largest: it has been suggested that this was a deliberate exaggeration.
The original purpose of the Tribal Hidage remains unknown: it could be a tribute list created by a king, but other purposes have been suggested. The hidage figures may be symbolic, reflecting the prestige of each territory, or they may represent an early example of book-keeping. Many historians are convinced that the Tribal Hidage originated from Mercia, which dominated southern Anglo-Saxon England until the start of the 9th century, but others have argued that the text was Northumbrian in origin.
The Tribal Hidage has been of importance to historians since the middle of the 19th century, partly because it mentions territories unrecorded in other documents. Attempts to link all the names in the list with modern places are highly speculative and resulting maps are treated with caution. Three different versions (or recensions) have survived, two of which resemble each other: one dates from the 11th century and is part of a miscellany of works; another is contained in a 17th-century Latin treatise; the third, which has survived in six mediaeval manuscripts, has omissions and spelling variations. All three versions appear to be based on the same lost manuscript: historians have been unable to establish a date for the original compilation. The Tribal Hidage has been used to construct theories about the political organisation of the Anglo-Saxons, and to give an insight into the Mercian state and its neighbours when Mercia held hegemony over them. It has been used to support theories of the origin of the listed tribes and the way in which they were systematically assessed and ruled by others. Some historians have proposed that the Tribal Hidage is not a list of peoples, but of administrative areas.
Hide assessments
The Tribal Hidage is, according to historian D. P. Kirby, "a list of total assessments in terms of hides for a number of territories south of the Humber, which has been variously dated from the mid-7th to the second half of the 8th century". Most of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy are included. Mercia, which is assigned 30,000 hides, is at the top at the list, followed by a number of small tribes to the west and north of Mercia, all of which have no more than 7000 hides listed. Other named tribes have even smaller hidages, of between 300 and 1200 hides: of these the Herefinna, Noxgaga, Hendrica and Unecungaga cannot be identified, whilst the others have been tentatively located around the south of England and in the border region between Mercia and East Anglia. Ohtgaga can be heard as Jutegaga and understood as the area settled by Jutes in and near the Meon Valley of Hampshire. The term'-gaga' is a late copyist mistranscription of the Old English '-wara' (people/ men of) the letter forms of 'w' wynn and the long-tailed 'r' being read as 'g'. A number of territories, such as the Hicca, have only been located by means of place-names evidence. The list concludes with several other kingdoms from the Heptarchy: the East Angles (who are assessed at 30,000 hides), the East Saxons (7,000 hides), Kent (15,000 hides), the South Saxons (7,000 hides) and Wessex, which is assessed at 100,000 hides.
The round figures of the hidage assessments make it unlikely they were the result of an accurate survey. The methods of assessment used probably differed according to the size of the region. The figures may be of purely symbolic significance, reflecting the status of each tribe at the time it was assessed. The totals given within the text for the figures suggest that the Tribal Hidage was perhaps used as a form of book-keeping. Frank Stenton describes the hidage figures given for the Heptarchy kingdoms as exaggerated and in the instances of Mercia and Wessex, "entirely at variance with other information".
Surviving manuscripts
A manuscript, now lost, was originally used to produce the three recensions of the Tribal Hidage, named A, B and C.
Recension A, which is the earliest and most complete, dates from the 11th century. It is included in a miscellany of works, written in Old English and Latin, with Aelfric's Latin Grammar and his homily De initio creaturæ, written in 1034, and now in the British Library. It was written by different scribes, at a date no later than 1032.
Recension B, which resembles Recension A, is contained in a 17th-century Latin treatise, Archaeologus in Modum Glossarii ad rem antiquam posteriorem, written by Henry Spelman in 1626. The tribal names are given in Old English. There are significant differences in spelling between A and B (for instance Spelman's use of the word hidas), indicating that the text he copied was not Recension A, but a different Latin text. According to Peter Featherstone, the highly edited form of the text suggests that Spelman embellished it himself.
Recension C has survived in six Latin documents, all with common omissions and spellings. Four versions, of 13th-century origin, formed part of a collection of legal texts that, according to Featherstone, "may have been intended to act as part of a record of native English custom". The other two are a century older: one is flawed and may have been a scribe's exercise, and the other was part of a set of legal texts.
Origin
Historians disagree on the date for the original compilation of the list. According to Campbell, who notes the plausibility of it being produced during the rise of Mercia, it can probably be dated to the 7th or 8th century. Other historians, such as J. Brownbill, Barbara Yorke, Frank Stenton and Cyril Roy Hart, have written that it originated from Mercia at around this time, but differ on the identity of the Mercian ruler under whom the list was compiled. Wendy Davies and Hayo Vierck have placed the document's origin more precisely at 670-690.
There is near universal agreement that the text originates from Mercia, partly because its kings held extensive power over other territories from the late 7th to the early 9th centuries, but also because the list, headed by Mercia, is almost exclusively of peoples who lived south of the river Humber. Featherstone concludes that the original material, dating from the late 7th century, was used to be included in a late 9th century document and asserts that the Mercian kingdom "was at the centre of the world mapped out by the Tribal Hidage". Frank Stenton wrote that "the Tribal Hidage was almost certainly compiled in Mercia", whilst acknowledging a lack of conclusive evidence.
In contrast to most historians, Nicholas Brooks has suggested that the list is of Northumbrian origin, which would account for the inclusion of Elmet and the absence of the Northumbrian kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. Mercia would not have been listed, as "an early mediaeval king did not impose tribute upon his own kingdom": it must have been a list produced by another kingdom, perhaps with an altogether different purpose.
N. J. Higham has argued that because the original information cannot be dated and the largest Northumbrian kingdoms are not included, it cannot be proved to be a Mercian tribute list. He notes that Elmet, never a province of Mercia, is on the list, and suggests that it was drawn up by Edwin of Northumbria in the 620s, probably originating when a Northumbrian king last exercised imperium over the Southumbrian kingdoms. According to Higham, the values assigned to each people are likely to be specific to the events of 625-626, representing contracts made between Edwin and those who recognised his overlordship, so explaining the rounded nature of the figures: 100,000 hides for the West Saxons was probably the largest number Edwin knew. According to D. P. Kirby, this theory has not been generally accepted as convincing.
Purpose
The purpose of the Tribal Hidage is unknown. Over the years different theories have been suggested for its purpose, linked with a range of dates for its creation.
The Tribal Hidage could have been a tribute list created upon the instructions of an Anglo-Saxon king such as Offa of Mercia, Wulfhere of Mercia or Edwin of Northumbria — but it may have been used for different purposes at various times during its history. Cyril Hart has described it as a tribute list created for Offa, but acknowledges that no proof exists that it was compiled during his rule. Higham notes that the syntax of the text requires that a word implying 'tribute' was omitted from each line, and argues that it was "almost certainly a tribute list". To Higham, the large size of the West Saxon hidation indicates that there was a link between the scale of tribute and any political considerations. James Campbell has argued that if the list served any practical purpose, it implies that tributes were assessed and obtained in an organised way, and notes that, "whatever it is, and whatever it means, it indicates a degree of orderliness, or coherence in the exercise of power...".
Yorke acknowledges that the purpose of the Tribal Hidage is unknown and that it may well not be, as has been commonly argued, an overlord's tribute list. She warns against assuming that the minor peoples (of 7000 hides or less) possessed any "means of defining themselves as a distinct gentes". Among these, the Isle of Wight and the South Gyrwe tribes, tiny in terms of their hidages and geographically isolated from other peoples, were among the few who possessed their own royal dynasties.
P. H. Sawyer argues that the values may have had a symbolic purpose and that they were intended to be an expression of the status of each kingdom and province. To Sawyer, the obscurity of some of the tribal names and the absence from the list of others points to an early date for the original text, which he describes as a "monument to Mercian power". The 100,000 hides assigned to Wessex may have reflected its superior status at a later date and would imply that the Tribal Hidage in its present form was written in Wessex. The very large hidage assessment for Wessex was considered to be an error by the historian J. Brownbill, but Hart maintains that the value for Wessex is correct and that it was one of several assessments designed to exact the largest possible tribute from Mercia's main rivals.
Historiography
Sir Henry Spelman was the first to publish the Tribal Hidage in his first volume of Glossarium Archaiologicum (1626) and there is also a version of the text in a book written in 1691 by Thomas Gale, but no actual discussion of the Tribal Hidage emerged until 1848, when John Mitchell Kemble's The Saxons in England was published. In 1884, Walter de Gray Birch wrote a paper for the British Archaeological Association, in which he discussed in detail the location of each of the tribes. The term Tribal Hidage was introduced by Frederic William Maitland in 1897, in his book Domesday Book and Beyond. During the following decades, articles were published by William John Corbett (1900), Hector Munro Chadwick (1905) and John Brownbill (1912 and 1925). The most important subsequent accounts of the Tribal Hidage since Corbett, according to Campbell, are by Josiah Cox Russell (1947), Hart (1971), Davies and Vierck (1974) and David Dumville (1989).
Kemble recognised the antiquity of Spelman's document and used historical texts (such as Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum) to assess its date of origin. He proposed locations for each tribe, without attempting to locate each one, and suggested that some Anglo-Saxon peoples were missing from the document. Birch, in his paper An Unpublished Manuscript of some Early Territorial Names in England, announced his discovery of what became known as Recension A, which he suggested was a 10th or 11th century copy of a lost 7th-century manuscript. He methodically compared all the publications and manuscripts of the Tribal Hidage that are available at the time and placed each tribe using both his own theories and the ideas of others, some of which (for instance when he located the Wokensætna in Woking, Surrey) are now discounted. Maitland suspected that the accepted number of acres to each hide needed to be reconsidered to account for the figures in the Tribal Hidage and used his own calculations to conclude that the figures were probably exaggerated. John Brownbill advised against using Latin versions of the document, which he described as error-prone. He determined that the Old English manuscript was written in 1032 and was a copy of an original Mercian manuscript. Chadwick attempted to allocate each tribe to one or more English shires, with the use of key passages from historical texts.
In 1971, Hart attempted a "complete reconstruction of the political geography of Saxon England at the end of the 8th century". Assuming that all the English south of the Humber are listed within the Tribal Hidage, he produced a map that divides southern England into Mercia's provinces and outlying dependencies, using evidence from river boundaries and other topographical features, place-names and historical borders.
Importance for historians
The Tribal Hidage is a valuable record for historians. It is unique in that no similar text has survived: the document is one of a very few to survive out of a great many records that were produced by the administrators of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, a "chance survivor" of many more documents, as Campbell has suggested. Hart has observed that "as a detailed record of historical topography it has no parallel in the whole of western Europe". The Tribal Hidage lists several minor kingdoms and tribes that are not recorded anywhere else and is generally agreed to be the earliest fiscal document that has survived from medieval England.
Historians have used the Tribal Hidage to provide evidence for the political organisation of Anglo-Saxon England and it has been "pressed into service by those seeking to interpret the nature and geography of kingships and of 'peoples' in pre-Viking England", according to N. J. Higham. In particular, the document has been seen as invaluable for providing evidence about the Mercian state and those peoples that were under its rule or influence.
Alex Woolf uses the concentration of tribes with very small hidages between Mercia and East Anglia as part of an argument that there were in existence "large, multi-regional provinces, some of which were surrounded by small, contested territories". Stenton positions the Middle Anglian peoples to the south-east of the Mercians. He suggests that an independent Middle Anglia once existed, seemingly consisting of twenty of the peoples that were listed in the Tribal Hidage. The expansion of Wessex in the tenth century would have caused the obliteration of the Middle Anglia's old divisions, by which time the places listed would have become mere names. Middle Anglia in the 7th century constitutes a model for the development of English administrative units during the period, according to Davies and Vierck, who demonstrate that it was created by Penda of Mercia when he made his son Peada king of the Middle Angles at the time that they were introduced to Christianity.
James Campbell refutes suggestions that the hides given for each tribe were the sum of a system of locally collected assessments and argues that a two-tier system of assessment, one for large areas such as kingdoms and a more accurate one for individual estates, may have existed. He considers the possibility that many of the tribes named in the Tribal Hidage were no more than administrative units and that some names did not originate from a tribe itself but from a place from where the people were governed, eventually coming to signify the district where the tribe itself lived. Yorke suggests that the -sætan/sæte form of several of the place-names are an indication that they were named after a feature of the local landscape. She also suggests the tribes were dependent administrative units and not independent kingdoms, some of which were created as such after the main kingdoms were stabilized.
The term Tribal Hidage may perhaps have led scholars to underestimate how the names of the tribes were used by Anglo-Saxon administrators for the purpose of labelling local regions; the names could be referring to actual peoples (whose identity was retained after they fell under Mercian domination), or administrative areas that were unconnected with the names of local peoples. Campbell suggests that the truth lies somewhere between these two possibilities. Davies and Vierck believe the smallest of the groups in the Tribal Hidage originated from populations formed into tribes after the departure of the Romans in the fifth century and suggest that these tribes might sometimes have joined forces, until large kingdoms such as Mercia emerged around the beginning of the 7th century. Scott DeGregorio has argued that the Tribal Hidage provides evidence that Anglo-Saxon governments required a system of "detailed assessment" in order to construct great earthworks such as Offa's Dyke.
The kingdom of East Anglia is recorded for the first time in the Tribal Hidage. According to Davies and Vierck, 7th century East Anglia may have consisted of a collection of regional groups, some of which retained their individual identity. Martin Carver agrees with Davies and Vierck when he describes the territory of East Anglia as having unfixed borders, stating that "political authority appears to have primarily invested in people rather than territory".
Notes
Harley MS 3271 has been digitized in full and is available online on the British Library's Digitised Manuscripts website at http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx, together with a full catalogue description of its contents.
Footnotes
Sources
Early printed texts and commentaries
Modern sources
Further reading
For a comprehensive bibliography of the Tribal Hidage, refer to Hill. D and Rumble, A. R., The Defence of Wessex, Appendix III - The Tribal Hidage: an annotated bibliography.
There is a link to an image of the mediaeval manuscript.
Texts of Anglo-Saxon England
Mercia
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal%20Hidage |
Chicago, (Chicago/State in station announcements) is an "L" station on the CTA's Red Line. It serves a significant portion of the Near North Side and Streeterville neighborhoods. With 5,259,992 overall boardings in 2014, it is the busiest station on the Red Line north of the Loop.
Location
The second stop on the Red Line north of the Chicago River, Chicago station lies in the central portion of the Near North Side. Specifically, it is located underneath the intersection of State Street and Chicago Avenue. It is three blocks west of the northern section of the Magnificent Mile; the Chicago Water Tower is located on that strip at the intersection of Chicago and Michigan Avenues. It is also the closest 'L' station to the John Hancock Center, Holy Name Cathedral, the Rush Street entertainment district, and the downtown campus of Loyola University Chicago. The Chicago campus of the Moody Bible Institute is also nearby.
History
The Chicago station opened on October 17, 1943, as part of the State Street subway, which forms the central portion of what is now the Red Line between and stations.
During the 1950s, the CTA implemented skip-stop service throughout the 'L' system. Under this service pattern, Chicago was designated as AB along with all other downtown stations (on the Red Line, those stops south of and north of were given AB designations). As a result, all trains stopped at these stations. The skip-stop service was ended due to budget cuts in the 1990s.
Renovation
From 1999 until 2001, Chicago underwent renovation and refurbishment, in line with other stations of the State Street subway. Work included making the station accessible to people with disabilities, with new elevators, redone flooring, retiling, and increased mezzanine space.
Unlike most State Street Subway stations, Chicago uses a side platform configuration with two tracks, also used at Grand/State and . There are entrances from street level at all corners of the intersection of North State Street and Chicago Avenue. One level below street level is a mezzanine containing fare controls and turnstiles, and the platforms are located beneath the mezzanine.
Bus connections
CTA
36 Broadway
66 Chicago (Owl Service)
See also
Chicago/Milwaukee
Chicago/Franklin
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
Chicago/State Station Page on the CTA official site
Chicago Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View
CTA Red Line stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20station%20%28CTA%20Red%20Line%29 |
Cristian Zorzi (born 14 August 1972 in Cavalese, Trentino) is an Italian former cross-country skier who excelled at sprint ski races. He is nicknamed Zorro, for his exuberant character.
Biography
Zorzi's first major success was at the 2000 Cross-Country Skiing World Cup, where he finished in second place. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, he won a silver medal in the 4 × 10 km relay and a bronze in the individual sprint.
At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, he was the anchor on the Italian 4 × 10 km relay team that won the gold medal in those games.
Zorzi won two medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships; a gold medal in the team sprint in 2007 and a silver in the individual sprint in 2001. He has also finished second in the 2000–01 Sprint World Cup, which he followed up with a third place in the following 2001–02 season.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
3 medals – (1 gold, 1 silver, 1 bronze)
World Championships
2 medals – (1 gold, 1 silver)
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
5 victories – (5 )
12 podiums – (11 , 1 )
Team podiums
8 victories – (3 , 5 )
19 podiums – (9 , 10 )
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Italian male cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers for Italy
Olympic gold medalists for Italy
Olympic silver medalists for Italy
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers of Fiamme Gialle
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
People from Cavalese
Sportspeople from Trentino
Skiers from Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%20Zorzi |
Comfort is the physical and psychological sense of ease.
Comfort may also refer to:
Places
United States
Comfort, North Carolina
Comfort, Texas
Comfort, West Virginia
Comfort, Wisconsin
Comfort Lake, a lake in Minnesota
Comfort Township, Kanabec County, Minnesota
Old Point Comfort, Virginia
Point Comfort, Texas
People
A. B. Comfort (1884–1974), American politician
Alex Comfort (1920–2000), British medical professional, anarchist, pacifist, and writer
Anna Manning Comfort (1845–1931), American physician
Charles Comfort (1900–1994), Canadian painter, sculptor, teacher, writer, and administrator
Electus Comfort (1826–1894), pilot
Lance Comfort (1908–1966), English film director
Nathaniel C. Comfort (born 1962), American historian
Pat Comfort (born 1930), American politician
Philip Comfort (1950–2022), American professor and writer
Ray Comfort (born 1949), New Zealand-born minister and evangelist
Comfort Arthur, British-born Ghanaian animator
Comfort Asamoah, Ghanaian politician
Comfort Freeman, Liberian Lutheran activist
Comfort Omoge, Nigerian musician
Comfort Owusu (born 1940), Ghanaian politician
Comfort Starr (1589–1659), English physician
Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848–1933), American artist and designer
Comfort Tyler (1764-1827), one of the original settlers of modern Syracuse, New York
Arts, entertainment, and media
Comfort (Failure album)
Comfort (magazine), an American mail-order periodical 1888–1942
Comfort (Maya Jane Coles album)
Comfort (Splashh album)
"Comfort", a song by Basement from their album Colourmeinkindness (2012)
"Comfort", a song by Deb Talan
Comfort Jones, character on UK TV show Casualty
Comfort Women: A New Musical, a musical about Korean comfort women, written and directed by Dimo Hyun Jun Kim
Brands and enterprises
Comfort (fabric softener)
Comfort, a taxi company under ComfortDelGro
Comfort Inn, a hospitality company owned by Choice Hotels International
Southern Comfort (often abbreviated SoCo), an American whiskey liqueur
Toyota Comfort, a taxicab in Japan and Hong Kong
Ships
MOL Comfort, a container ship; one of the biggest shipwrecks ever
(1917–1921), a United States Navy hospital ship
(1943–1946), a United States Navy hospital ship
USNS Comfort (1975–present), an American hospital ship
Other uses
Comfort food, food that has a nostalgic or sentimental value
Comfort noise, the artificial background noise used in radio and wireless communications to fill the silent time in a transmission
Comfort object, an object used to provide psychological comfort
Comfort women, a euphemism for women who were forced to work as sex slaves in Japanese-occupied countries during World War II
Comfort zone, the term used to denote a type of mental conditioning resulting in artificially created mental boundaries, within which an individual derives a sense of security
Consolation, psychological comfort
Thermal comfort, a field of specialization in building indoor environment
See also
ComfortDelGro Australia
Comforter (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Ankuwa was an ancient Hattian and Hittite settlement in central Anatolia. Along with Hattusa and Katapa, it was one of the capitals from which the Hittite kings reigned during the year. Travelling from Hattusa, the royal entourage would arrive at Imralla on the first night, Hobigassa on the second, and Ankuwa on the third.
The settlement has been linked to modern Ankara for etymological reasons, but Hittite sources have been discovered to place the settlement along the southern bend of the Marrassandtiya River, the modern Kızılırmak. Alishar Hüyük has also been suggested as a location.
Sources
"Ankuva." Reallexikon der Assyriologie. [German.]
Hittite cities
Hattian cities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankuwa |
Maryland Route 537 (MD 537) is a collection of unsigned state highways in the U.S. state of Maryland. These two existing highways and two former sections of state highway are segments of the old alignment of U.S. Route 213 (US 213), which is now MD 213, in Chesapeake City in southern Cecil County. Some of the roads that became segments of MD 537 were constructed in the mid-1910s as part of the original state road between Elkton and Cecilton. Other portions of MD 537 were part of the approach roads to a bridge across the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal that was built in the mid-1920s and destroyed in 1942. After the modern Chesapeake City Bridge and its approach roads were completed in 1949, US 213 was moved to the new bridge and approach roads and MD 537 was assigned to the bypassed sections of US 213. Much of MD 537 outside of Chesapeake City was transferred to county maintenance in the late 1950s. In 2015, the remaining section of MD 537 north of the canal was turned over to municipal maintenance.
Route description
There are two existing sections of MD 537 and two former sections of the highway. MD 537A and MD 537B were north of the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal, and MD 537C and MD 537D are south of the canal. This description runs north to south starting from the north end of the Chesapeake City area:
MD 537A ran between a pair of intersections with US 213 (Augustine Herman Highway), between which was a third intersection with the highway, north of Chesapeake City. The highway split from the U.S. Highway on a tangent along Knights Corner Road. MD 537A turned west onto Elk Forest Road, crossed to the west side of US 213, and turned south onto Spears Hill Road. The highway followed that road to its southern terminus at US 213 north of Long Creek.
MD 537B began at MD 285, which heads east along Biddle Street toward Delaware and north along Lock Street toward Elkton. The highway headed south along Lock Street for to Canal Road along the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal. The of MD 537B closest to the canal was maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers instead of the Maryland State Highway Administration beginning in 2014 after the discovery that the latter had quitclaimed the segment to the former in 1965. MD 537B originally followed Lock Street a further out of the town limits to MD 213 at the north end of the Chesapeake City Bridge along what is now MD 285.
MD 537C runs from the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal south to MD 213. The highway begins at a dead-end at the canal just north of 1st Street in the South Chesapeake City Historic District. MD 537C follows George Street through an intersection with the western end of MD 286 (2nd Street). The highway has an acute junction with the northern end of MD 342 (St. Augustine Road) and an orthogonal intersection with MD 537D. South of MD 537D, MD 537C reaches its southern terminus at right-in/right-out interchange ramps with northbound MD 213 at the south end of the Chesapeake City Bridge at the Chesapeake City town limit.
MD 537D, which has a length of , begins at MD 342 and heads west as an unnamed road through an intersection with MD 537C. The highway passes under the Chesapeake City Bridge and curves south to an intersection with the right-in/right-out interchange ramps with southbound MD 213. MD 537D reaches its southern terminus south of the town limit of Chesapeake City. The roadway continues as county-maintained Basil Avenue. MD 537D formerly continued south along Basil Avenue to US 213 at Bohemia Manor High School.
History
The Cecilton–Elkton highway was one of the original state roads the Maryland State Roads Commission designated for improvement in 1909. The portion of the highway from Elkton to the north town limit of Chesapeake City was constructed as a macadam road between 1911 and 1914. The highway through Chesapeake City and south toward Cecilton was completed as a concrete road in 1915. At that time, the main highway from the north used Knights Corner Road, Elk Forest Road, and Spears Hill Road, entered Chesapeake City along Hemphill Street, crossed the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal on a one-lane bridge, turned west and crossed Back Creek on a wooden bridge, turned south onto Bohemia Street in South Chesapeake City, turned west onto Third Street, and turned south onto George Street to the south end of town, from which the highway followed Basil Avenue toward Cecilton.
In the 1920s, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers widened, straightened, and deepened the canal. As part of their work, the agency constructed a vertical lift bridge across the canal. Between 1924 and 1926, the Maryland State Roads Commission constructed approaches to the new bridge on both sides of the expanded canal, eliminating two narrow and dangerous bridges and four right-angle turns in Chesapeake City. The new route along George Street and Lock Street, which became part of US 213 in 1927 and is now MD 285 and MD 537, entirely bypassed what is now MD 284. After the tanker Franz Klasen' destroyed the vertical lift bridge on July 28, 1942, the Maryland State Roads Commission established a ferry service across the canal. Between 1946 and 1949, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed the present tied arch Chesapeake City Bridge and new approach roads to the bridge.
US 213 was moved to the new Chesapeake City Bridge, and MD 537 was assigned to the bypassed portions of highway approaching and within Chesapeake City. On May 8, 1958, the Maryland State Roads Commission and Cecil County signed a road transfer agreement to turn maintenance of the approach roads outside the town of Chesapeake City to county maintenance. These roads included all of MD 537A, most of MD 537D, and much of MD 537B. The portion of MD 537B from US 213 to the north town limit was returned to state maintenance through an August 22, 1961, road transfer agreement. All three segments of MD 537 were resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1976. The intersection of MD 537B and MD 284 was transformed from a tangent intersection to the present orthogonal intersection in 1982. The following year, the portion of MD 537B between MD 213 and MD 285's then western terminus at the intersection of Biddle and Lock streets was renumbered as an extension of MD 285. The remainder of MD 537B not maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was transferred to Chesapeake City in 2015.
Junction lists
The route progression in these tables is south to north.
MD 537C
MD 537D
See also
References
External links
MDRoads.com: MD 537
Maryland Roads - MD 537
Chesapeake City Website with a photo of the destruction of the Route 213 bridge.
537
Roads in Cecil County, Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20537 |
Lou Harry is an Indianapolis-based author, journalist, and playwright. The editor of Quill, the magazine of the Society of Professional Journalists, he is host of the podcast Lou Harry Gets Real, which is recorded in front of a live audience. His produced plays include We Are Still Tornadoes, which premiered in August 2018 at Butler University Theatre, and Lightning and Jellyfish, which premiered in October 2014 at Theatre on the Square in Indianapolis.
Biography
Born in Wildwood, New Jersey, Wildwood, New Jersey, Lou Harry graduated from Temple University and shortly was writing professionally for Philadelphia Magazine and other outlets. While working at various city and regional magazines, he sidelined for a decade as a professional stand-up comic, co-ran the Philadelphia-based Comedy for Kids theater company, and began writing books.
His writing career led him to Indiana where his writing projects included the novel The High-Impact Infidelity Diet, (co-written with Eric Pfeffinger), which was released in 2005 by Random House/Three Rivers Press and optioned by Warner Bros.
Other books he has written or co-written include Warning: Don't Try This at Home, The Voodoo Kit (and its many sequels), The Encyclopedia of Guilty Pleasures, Dirty Words of Wisdom, Therapist in a Box, In the Can, Kid Culture, Creative Block, and In the Can: The Greatest Career Missteps, Sophomore Slumps, What-Were-They-Thinking Decisions and Fire-Your Agent Moves in the History of the Movies.
Other books include As Seen on TV, In the Can, Strange Philadelphia, The Game of Life and Santa Claus Conquers the Martians.
In addition, his work has appeared in more than 50 publications including ' 'The Sondheim Review' ', TheatreWeek, Variety, Dramatics, Men's Health, and Endless Vacation.
He edited the now-defunct Indy Men's Magazine, which he co-created. He co-edited IMM's first book, The X-Mas Men: An Eclectic Collection of Holiday Essays. Writers featured include Michael Kun, Rev. Phil Gulley, and Doug Crandell and Todd Tucker.
From 2007 to 2018 he served on the staff of the Indianapolis Business Journal as arts & entertainment editor.
His play "Rita From Across the Street" had its professional world premiere via American Lives Theatre in 2022. His play We Are Still Tornadoes, adapted from the novel by Michael Kun and Susan Mullen, opened the 2018/19 season for Butler University Theatre followed by an industry reading in New York featuring Lilla Crawford and Jared Goldsmith </ref>. Also in 2018, Catalyst Repertory staged his play Popular Monsters. His plays Lightning and Jellyfish and Clutter or The Moving Walkway Will Soon Be Coming to an End premiered at Theatre on the Square. The High-Impact Infidelity Diet and Beer Can Raft premiered at the Indy Fringe Festival. Midwestern Hemisphere: a suburban metaphysical comedy, co-written with Eric Pfeffinger, had its world premiere in March 2008. Staged by the Heartland Actors Repertory Theatre, it was the first full theater production ever staged in the Indianapolis Artsgarden, a landmark location in downtown Indy. His play, "The Pied Piper of Hoboken" was developed in part through a grant from the Indiana Arts Commission.
His "live auction comedy" long-form improv show, Going...Going...Gone (co-created with John Thomas) was staged monthly in Indianapolis and has been offered in other cities. It features different actors at every performance playing characters at the fictional Ed's Auction House. After Ed's death, everything in the auction house must be sold and the characters do that while telling stories about the objects. The actors don't know beforehand what they will have to sell and the audience bids (and keeps) the sold objects, using play money provided with their programs.
References
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
Living people
Novelists from Indiana
21st-century American male writers
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Harry |
The Blemmyes ( or Βλέμυες, Blémues , Latin: Blemmyae) were an Eastern Desert people who appeared in written sources from the 7th century BC until the 8th century AD. By the late 4th century, they had occupied Lower Nubia and established a kingdom. From inscriptions in the temple of Isis at Philae, a considerable amount is known about the structure of the Blemmyan state.
The Blemmyes are usually identified as one of the components of the archaeological X-Group culture that flourished in Late Antiquity. Their identification with the Beja people who have inhabited the same region since the Middle Ages is generally accepted.
Origins
Around 1000 BC a group of people, referred to by archeologists as C-group, migrated from Lower Nubia (the area between present-day Aswan and Wadi Halfa) and settled in Upper Nubia (the Nile Valley north of Dongola in Sudan), where they developed the kingdom of Napata from about 750 BC. For some time this kingdom controlled Egypt too, supplying its 25th Dynasty. Contemporary with them are the archaeological remains of another cultural group, "the pan-grave people". They have been identified with the Medjay of written sources. Sites related to them have been found at Khor Arba'at and Erkowit in the heartland of present-day Beja. The evidence suggests that only a minority of "the pan-grave people" lived in the Nile Valley, where they existed in small enclave communities among the Egyptians and C-group populations, being periodically used as desert scouts, warriors or mine workers. The majority were probably desert nomads, breeding donkeys, sheep and goats. After 600 BC, the Napatan, C-group dynasty lost control over Egypt as well as the then-rather desolate Lower Nubia. The latter area subsequently remained more or less without permanent settlements for four centuries. The main explanation for the hiatus of sedentary population in Lower Nubia has been the drying up of this part of the world, making river valley agriculture difficult. Due to climatic change, the level of the Nile had been lowered to a degree which could only be compensated for at the beginning of the first century AD, when the saqiyah waterwheel was developed. Until then, the area was only sparsely populated by desert nomads. Politically, it was "a sort of no-man's land where caravans, unless they were provided with considerable escort, were delivered to brigands".
History
The people referred to in Greek texts as Blemmyes may have their earliest mention as Egyptian Bwrꜣhꜣyw in the Kushite enthronement stela of Anlamani from Kawa from the late seventh century BC. The representation Brhrm in a petition from El Hiba one century later may reflect the same root term. Similar terms recur in Egyptian sources from later centuries with more certain correspondence to the Greek etymon of Blemmyes. In Coptic, Ⲃⲁⲗⲛⲉⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩⲓ, Balnemmōui, is widely accepted as equivalent to Greek Βλέμμυης, Blémmuēs.
The Greek term first appears in the third century BC in one of the poems of Theocritus and in Eratosthenes, who is cited in Strabo's Geographica (first century AD). Eratosthenes described the Blemmyes as living with the Megabaroi in the land between the Nile and the Red Sea north of Meroë. Strabo himself, locating them south of Syene (Aswan), describes them as nomadic raiders but not bellicose. In later writings, the Blemmyes are described in stereotypical terms as barbarians living south of Egypt. Pomponius Mela and Pliny the Elder described them as headless beings with their faces on their chests.
The cultural and military power of the Blemmyes started to grow to such a level that in 193, Pescennius Niger asked a Blemmye king of Thebes to help him in the battle against the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. In 250, the Roman Emperor Decius put in much effort to defeat an invading army of Blemmyes. A few years later, in 253, they attacked Upper Egypt (Thebaid) again but were quickly defeated. In 265, they were defeated again by the Roman Prefect Firmus, who later in 273 would rebel against the Empire and the Queen of the Palmyrene Empire, Zenobia, with the help of the Blemmyes themselves. The Blemmyes were said to have joined forces with the Palmyrans against the Romans in the battle of Palmyra in 273.
The Roman general Marcus Aurelius Probus took some time to defeat the usurpers with his allies but could not prevent the occupation of Thebais by the Blemmyes. That meant another war and almost an entire destruction of the Blemmyes army (279–280).
During the reign of Diocletian, the province of Upper Aegyptus, Thebaid, was again occupied by the Blemmyes. In 298, Diocletian made peace with the Nobatae and Blemmyes tribes, agreeing that Rome would move its borders north to Philae (South Egypt, south of Aswan) and pay the two tribes an annual gold stipend.
Language
Multiple researchers have proposed that the language of the Blemmyes was an ancestor of modern Beja. Francis Llewellyn Griffith identified the language of an ostracon discovered at Saqqara as "probably in the Blemmye language." Nubiologist Gerald M. Browne and linguist Klaus Wedekind have both attempted to demonstrate that this language is an ancestor of Beja, and were both of the opinion that it represented a fragment of Psalm 30.
The Egyptologist Helmut Satzinger has analyzed Blemmyan names from Egyptian, Greek, and Coptic sources, and similarly concluded that the Blemmyan language is an ancestor of Beja.
Meroiticist and archaeologist Claude Rilly concurs:
Culture
The Blemmyes occupied a considerable region in what is modern day Sudan. There were several important cities such as Faras, Kalabsha, Ballana, and Aniba. All were fortified with walls and towers of a mixture of Egyptian, Hellenic, Roman, and Nubian elements.
Kalabsha would serve as the capital of the Blemmyes. The Blemmyes culture was also influenced by the Meroitic culture, and their religion was centered in the temples of Kalabsha and Philae. The former edifice was a huge local architectural masterpiece, where a solar, lion-like divinity named Mandulis was worshipped. Philae was a place of mass pilgrimage, with temples to Isis, Mandulis, and Anhur. It was where the Roman Emperors Augustus and Trajan made many contributions with new temples, plazas, and monumental works.
Religion
Most of our information on Blemmye religious practices comes from inscriptions in the temples of Philae and Kalabsha, and from Roman and Egyptian accounts of the worship of Isis at Philae. Mandulis was worshipped at Kalabsha. Additional cult societies were dedicated to the gods Abene, Amati, and Khopan. According to Procopius, the Blemmyes also worshipped Osiris and Priapus. Procopius also alleges that the Blemmyes made human sacrifices to the sun.
Letters from Gebelein from the early sixth century suggest that some portion of the Blemmye population had converted to Christianity.
Blemmyan kingdom
Both Blemmye inscriptions in Greek and records from Greeks and Romans refer to the Blemmyes as having βασιλισκοι and βασιλῆς, which terms usually refer to kings. Because of this, the Blemmyes are often described as having had a kingdom. Some historians are skeptical: László Török writes that "the term should not be interpreted narrowly, it is doubtful that there ever existed one centralised Blemmyan kingdom; more likely there were several tribal 'states' developing towards some sort of hierarchical unity"
Blemmye writings mention various royal officials who seemed to be arranged in a hierarchy. Beneath the kings were phylarchs, who were chiefs of separate tribes. Other officials include sub-chiefs, court officials, and scribes. The Blemmyes kings had the power to levy taxes and grant exemptions as well as authority over the territory.
From the historical record, the following Blemmye kings are known:
Tamal (early 4th or 5th century)
Isemne
Degou
Phonen (c. 450)
Pokatimne
Kharakhen
Barakhia
References
Countries in ancient Africa
History of Nubia
African nomads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blemmyes |
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