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Paul William Westhead (born February 21, 1939) is an American retired basketball coach. He was the head coach for three National Basketball Association (NBA) teams and an assistant for four others, and also coached in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), American Basketball Association (ABA), and Japan Basketball League (JBL). In his first year as an NBA head coach, he led a rookie Magic Johnson and the Los Angeles Lakers to the 1980 NBA Finals, which they won in six games for the team's first title in eight years. Westhead won titles in both the NBA and WNBA, and he is also remembered as the coach of the Loyola Marymount University (LMU) men's basketball team. Westhead is known for an unorthodox, run-and-gun style called "The System.” He was nicknamed "The Professor" due to his former career as an English teacher prior to coaching and his tendency to quote Shakespeare and other literary sources while coaching. He attended Saint Joseph's University.
1970s
Cheltenham High School
Westhead started his coaching career at Cheltenham High School in suburban Philadelphia; in 1968, he coached the Panthers to a loss in the Pennsylvania state championship. One of his players at Cheltenham was future University of Virginia Athletic Director Craig Littlepage.
La Salle University
Westhead coached the La Salle University men's basketball team starting in 1970 while also teaching as a professor in the English Department. Westhead led the Explorers to one NIT and two NCAA tournament appearances in nine seasons (1970–1979). He finished with a record of 142–105.
1980s
Los Angeles Lakers
Westhead started his NBA head coaching career by succeeding Jack McKinney as coach of the Los Angeles Lakers after serving briefly as his assistant (Westhead initially became interim head coach after McKinney was hospitalized due to a serious bicycle accident). With rookie guard Magic Johnson and longtime star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, the Lakers won the 1980 NBA Finals in Westhead's first year as coach, defeating Philadelphia in six games for the first title in their Showtime era. However, the team lost in the playoffs the next year to the Moses Malone-led Houston Rockets. Tensions grew between Westhead and Magic Johnson, as Johnson wanted Westhead to implement a fast-break offense involving all five players that better suited his style of play, while Westhead was insistent to continue running an isolation style offense centered on Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Westhead was fired early in his third season with the Lakers, and replaced with Pat Riley (whom Westhead had hired as an assistant). It is commonly believed that Magic Johnson orchestrated Westhead's ouster. A 1987 book called Winnin' Times (about the Lakers' franchise history) indicated that Lakers owner Jerry Buss wanted to fire Westhead several days prior to the actual occurrence, which is not mutually exclusive of the notion that Johnson had orchestrated it. In 1982, Buss said, "The irony, which makes what Magic did unfortunate, is that I had already decided to fire him. But I don't think anyone will ever totally believe that." Westhead finished his Lakers stint with a 111–50 record.
Chicago Bulls
Westhead was the head coach of the Chicago Bulls for the 1982–83 season, but lasted only one season as the Bulls went 28–54. Prior to that season, the Bulls traded all-star center Artis Gilmore to the San Antonio Spurs, and the franchise was still two years away from the debut of Michael Jordan.
Loyola Marymount
Westhead returned to the college ranks, and took over as the head coach of the Loyola Marymount Lions men's basketball program. From 1985 to 1990, Westhead oversaw an impressive run in which Loyola Marymount, despite being a smaller school and not a traditional NCAA basketball power, became a legitimate contender in NCAA hoops. Westhead lured star players like Hank Gathers and Bo Kimble, who both transferred from USC, and Loyola Marymount set several NCAA records with their up-tempo, run-and-gun style.
From 1988 to 1990, Westhead's teams went 27–3, 20–10 and 23–5 respectively, earning NCAA tournament berths each year. Gathers led the NCAA in scoring and rebounding (32.7 ppg, 13.7 rpg) in 1989 and Kimble led the NCAA in scoring in 1990 (35.3 ppg). After the on-court death of Gathers in its conference tournament, LMU went on an inspired run in the NCAA tournament in 1990 that captured the attention of the entire college basketball world for those weeks. The Lions blew out defending champion Michigan in the 2nd round and made it to the Regional Final round before losing to eventual national champion, the UNLV Runnin' Rebels, by 30 points.
Westhead's teams led Division I in scoring in 1988 (110.3 points per game), 1989 (112.5), and 1990 (122.4). LMU's 122.4 point per game in 1990 remains the NCAA record as of 2023. As of April 2012, Loyola Marymount held the five highest combined score games in Division I history. Four of the five occurred during Westhead's career, including a record 331 in the 181–150 win over United States International University on January 31, 1989.
1990s
Denver Nuggets
After the 1989–1990 season, Westhead left LMU for the NBA's Denver Nuggets, a position he held for two seasons. His tenure in Denver was best known for attempting to incorporate the run-and-gun offense that worked for LMU to the NBA.
However, while the 1990-91 Nuggets averaged a league-best 119.9 points per game in 1990–91, they also surrendered an NBA record 130.8 points per game. Their opponents never scored fewer than 100 points in any game, and only four opponents failed to score at least 110 points. They gave up 107 points in a single half to the Phoenix Suns, which remains an NBA record. Under Westhead, the Nuggets were sometimes called the "Enver Nuggets" (as in no "D," or no defense). The next year the Nuggets drafted Dikembe Mutombo, who made the All-Star team, and played at a more conservative pace scoring just 99.7 points per game. However, they only improved to 24 wins, largely because they continued to give up points so quickly that even their prolific offense could not keep up. Westhead was fired after posting a combined two-year record of 44–120.
George Mason
Following his tenure with the Nuggets, Westhead returned to college coaching as the head coach of George Mason University from 1993 to 1997. This time, Westhead's run-and-gun style did not succeed at the college level, ending his tenure at Mason with a 38–70 record. Westhead was succeeded at Mason by Jim Larranaga after the 1996–1997 season.
Golden State Warriors
From 1997 to 1999, Westhead was an assistant coach with the Golden State Warriors under head coach P. J. Carlesimo.
2000s
Los Angeles Stars
Westhead was the head coach of the Los Angeles Stars in the inaugural season of the new ABA in 2000–2001.
Panasonic Super Kangaroos
Westhead was the head coach of the Panasonic Super Kangaroos of the Japan Basketball League from 2001 to 2003.
Long Beach Jam
Westhead returned to the ABA as the head coach of Long Beach Jam in 2003. He coached the team for only one game before returning to the NBA.
Orlando Magic
From 2003 to 2005, Westhead was an assistant coach with the Orlando Magic under head coach Johnny Davis.
Phoenix Mercury
In 2005, Westhead was hired as the head coach of the WNBA's Phoenix Mercury, a position that he held until the 2007 WNBA season concluded. In 2007, Westhead coached the Mercury to a WNBA championship, making him the only coach to win a championship in the NBA and the WNBA. The Mercury won using Westhead's fast-paced approach.
Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder
On September 27, 2007 he agreed to a contract with the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics to be an assistant coach under longtime friend P. J. Carlesimo. When Carlesimo was relieved of his duties on November 21, 2008, Westhead was also released as an assistant at that time.
2010s
University of Oregon, women's basketball
On March 26, 2009 University of Oregon Athletic Director Pat Kilkenny introduced Paul Westhead as the Ducks' newest head coach. As the sixth head coach in the history of Oregon women's basketball, this was Westhead's first job as head coach of an NCAA women's program (although he had coached women's teams at the professional level before).
On March 4, 2014, the University of Oregon announced that they would not renew Westhead's contract, which expired March 31, 2014. Westhead was 65–90 overall at Oregon and 27–64 in conference play in five seasons. Westhead's Oregon contract was worth more than $3 million for five years, with his final season earning him $675,000.
Head coaching record
Men's college basketball
NBA
|- ! style="background:#FDE910;"
| align="left" |Los Angeles
| align="left" |
|68||50||18||||align="center" |1st in Pacific||16||12||4||.750
| align="center" |Won NBA Championship
|-
| align="left" |Los Angeles
| align="left" |
|82||54||28||||align="center" |2nd in Pacific||3||1||2||.333
| align="center" |Lost in first round
|-
| align="left" |Los Angeles
| align="left" |
|11||7||4||||align="center" |(fired)||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |–
|-
| align="left" |Chicago
| align="left" |
|82||28||54||||align="center" |4th in Central||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Denver
| align="left" |
|82||20||62||||align="center" |7th in Midwest||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Denver
| align="left" |
|82||24||58||||align="center" |4th in Midwest||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left" |Career||||407||183||224||||||19||13||6||.684||
WNBA
|-
| align="left" |PHX
| align="left" |2006
|34||18||16||.529|| align="center" |5th in West||–||–||–||–
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|-! style="background:#FDE910;"
| align="left" |PHX
| align="left" |2007
|34||23||11||.676|| align="center" |1st in West||9||7||2||.778
| align="center" |Won WNBA Finals
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left" |Career
| ||68||41||27||.603|| ||9||7||3||.778||
Women's college basketball
Notes
References
External links
Oregon profile
NBA profile
BasketballReference.com: Paul Westhead
1939 births
Living people
American Basketball Association (2000–present) coaches
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
American women's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania
Basketball players from Philadelphia
Chicago Bulls head coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Denver Nuggets head coaches
George Mason Patriots men's basketball coaches
Golden State Warriors assistant coaches
High school basketball coaches in the United States
La Salle Explorers men's basketball coaches
Los Angeles Lakers assistant coaches
Los Angeles Lakers head coaches
Loyola Marymount Lions men's basketball coaches
National Basketball Association championship-winning head coaches
Oklahoma City Thunder assistant coaches
Oregon Ducks women's basketball coaches
Orlando Magic assistant coaches
People from Cheltenham, Pennsylvania
Phoenix Mercury coaches
Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball players
Seattle SuperSonics assistant coaches
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Women's National Basketball Association championship-winning head coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Westhead |
The Rock and Pillar Range of high hills is located in the Maniototo, an area of inland Otago, New Zealand. They are surrounded by the Taieri River, which has its source in the range, flowing out across the scroll plain at Paerau, before almost doubling back on itself at Waipiata and flowing back along the other side through the Strath-Taieri. The town of Middlemarch lies close to the Taieri to the east of the range, and Patearoa lies to the northwest.
The Rock and Pillars are a horst range, caused by movement on two parallel faults uplifting the area in between. Thus, the range is characterised by a very flat top, with steep escarpments on either side. The Great Moss Swamp lies on the upper surface of the range. There is a persistent and highly unusual cloud formation associated with the range. This strange cloud formation, found only in one or two places in the world, is more or less stationary and is called the Taieri Pet by the local inhabitants. It is formed by high north-westerly winds being forced upward over the Rock & Pillar range. Big Hut, situated near the summit of the range, is available for public use.
Summit Peak
The range takes its name from the rock formations that cover parts of it. The highest point in the range is Summit Peak or Summit Rock at . Several lower points include Stonehenge and McPhee's Rock .
Fauna and Flora
The nationally endangered Burgan Skink is endemic to the Rock and Pillar range. This range is also an area of narrow-range endemism for New Zealand endemic moths. The moth species Ichneutica schistella can only be found in this area.
References
Mountain ranges of Otago
Horsts (geology) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20and%20Pillar%20Range |
Chen Wangdao () (1891–1977) was a Chinese scholar and educator. He is recognized as the first and only person to translate the Communist Manifesto into Chinese completely so far. He also served as president of Fudan University from 1949 to 1977.
Chen was born Mingrong () in 1891, while Wangdao is his courtesy name. Beginning in 1915, he studied at Waseda University, Toyo University and Chuo University successively. He eventually obtained his Bachelor of Laws at Chuo University. The experience in Japan brought him into contact with communist ideas.
Chen returned to China as the May Fourth Movement began. He found a job teaching Chinese literature at then Chekiang Provincial No.1 Normal School. Meantime, Chen spread the New Culture with colleagues whose passions coincided with his own. The authority decided to dismiss them for that method. Despite students' agitation against the order, he was obliged to return to his hometown in 1920.
Thereafter, he assented to the request of Dai Jitao to translate the Communist Manifesto. Dai provided a translation in Japanese. Besides, Li Dazhao also provided its English version.
Later, he set up a group on the communist campaign in Shanghai, together with Chen Duxiu, Li Hanjun et al. He became a member of the CPC, after it was established in 1921. He was at odds with Chen Duxiu soon. Thus, he left the party in 1922. He rejoined the party in 1957.
References
Translators to Chinese
1891 births
1977 deaths
Chuo University alumni
Academic staff of Fudan University
Presidents of Fudan University
Writers from Jinhua
Educators from Jinhua
Academic staff of Shanghai University (ROC)
Academic staff of Anhui University
Academic staff of Guangxi University
20th-century Chinese translators
Burials in Shanghai
People from Yiwu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Wangdao |
This is a list of Wikipedia articles on notable violinist/composers. This is a person prominent as both a violinist and a composer. For example: Jean Sibelius is not considered a violinist/composer, despite the fact that he played the violin, and neither is Jascha Heifetz, even though he wrote several cadenzas and transcribed showpieces.
Famed violinist/composers
A
Jean-Baptiste Accolay
B
Grażyna Bacewicz
Johann Sebastian Bach
Charles Auguste de Bériot
Joseph von Blumenthal
Joseph Boulogne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges
Bjarne Brustad
C
Roberto Carnevale
Arcangelo Corelli
D
Alfredo D'Ambrosio
Charles Dancla
Grigoraș Dinicu
Jakob Dont
František Drdla
Antonín Dvořák
E
George Enescu
André-Joseph Exaudet
F
Salina Fisher
G
Pierre Gaviniès
Manoj George
Edvard Grieg
H
Edward W. Hardy
Jenő Hubay
J
Joseph Joachim
Jose Julian Jiménez
K
Fritz Kreisler
Rodolphe Kreutzer
William Kroll
Jan Kubelík
Ferdinand Küchler
L
Pietro Locatelli
M
Amanda Röntgen-Maier
Martin Pierre Marsick
Henri Marteau
Jacques-Fereol Mazas
Emil Młynarski
Vittorio Monti
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
N
Abhijith P. S. Nair
O
František Ondříček
P
Niccolò Paganini
R
Florizel von Reuter
Pierre Rode
Amadeo Roldán
S
Dilshad Said
Pablo de Sarasate
Otakar Ševčík
Maddalena Laura Sirmen
Louis Spohr
Johann Strauss II
Richard Strauss
Joseph Suk
Dinesh Subasinghe
T
Giuseppe Tartini
V
Flausino Vale
Franz von Vecsey
Francesco Maria Veracini
Henri Vieuxtemps
Giovanni Battista Viotti
Giovanni Battista Vitali
Antonio Vivaldi
W
Henryk Wieniawski
Y
Eugène Ysaÿe
Lists of composers
Composers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20violinist/composers |
Hermann August Fredrich Priess (24 May 1901 – 2 February 1985) was a German general in the Waffen-SS and a war criminal during World War II. He commanded the SS Division Totenkopf ("Death's Head") following the death of Theodor Eicke in February 1943. On 30 October 1944 he was appointed commander of the I SS Panzer Corps and led it during the Battle of the Bulge.
After the war, Priess was convicted of war crimes for his involvement in the Malmedy massacre, and was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. He was released from the Landsberg Prison in 1954.
Career
Born in 1901, Priess volunteered for military service in the army of the German Empire in January 1919, which was transformed to the Reichsheer in the Weimar Republic. Due to the limitations imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, his regiment was disbanded. He then joined the paramilitary group Freikorps and fought in the Estonian War of Independence. In 1920, he returned to the army and was discharged in June 1931.
On 24 October 1944, Priess succeeded Georg Keppler as commander of I SS Panzer Corps. He led this formation, as part of the 6th Panzer Army, in the failed Ardennenoffensive, which was dubbed the Battle of the Bulge. The objective of the offensive was to split the British and American line in half, so the Germans could then proceed to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty with the Axis Powers. Subordinated to I SS Panzer Corps was Kampfgruppe "Peiper", led by Joachim Peiper. Peiper's command was responsible for the Malmedy massacre, a war crime in which 84 American prisoners of war were murdered by their German captors near Malmedy, Belgium.
After the Ardennes offensive, the 6th SS Panzer Army was transferred to Hungary, where it fought against the advancing Soviet Army. The I SS Panzer Corps arrived in Hungary in early February 1945. There, Priess committed his forces in Operation Southwind against the Hron Bridgehead, a strong position formed by the Soviets over the Danube near the town of Esztergom, destroying the bridgehead by the end of February. He then commanded I SS Panzer Corps in Operation Spring Awakening, the last major German offensive of World War II. The attack, centered in the Lake Balaton area, began on 6 March 1945 and ended with a German defeat on 16 March 1945.
War crimes trial and conviction
In May 1945, Priess surrendered to the U.S. forces. He started working for the US Army Historical Division at the Camp King. From May–July 1946, he became one of 73 defendants at the Malmedy massacre trial held in the Dachau internment camp. Along with Sepp Dietrich, Joachim Peiper and others, Priess was charged with his complicity in murder of over 300 American POWs and 100 Belgian civilians between 16 December 1944 and 13 January 1945. Priess was found guilty of having ordered his men to fight with "reckless brutality and hardness", and relaying orders that the troops "were to be preceded by a wave of terror and fright, that no humane inhibitions were to be shown, and that every resistance was to be broken by terror."
On 16 July, Priess was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. In October 1954, he was released prior to serving his full sentence from the Landsberg Prison. Priess died in 1985.
Summary of SS career
Awards
Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (22 September 1939) & 1st Class (15 October 1939)
German Cross in Gold on 6 January 1942 as SS-Standartenführer in the SS-Artillerie-Regiment "Totenkopf"
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Knight's Cross on 28 April 1943 as SS-Oberführer and commander of Artillerie-Regiment of the SS-Panzergrenadier-Division Totenkopf
297th Oak Leaves on 9 September 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS and commander of the SS-Panzergrenadier-Division "Totenkopf"
65th Swords on 24 April 1944 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 3. SS-Panzer-Division "Totenkopf"
Wound Badge in Black
Promotions
See also
List SS-Gruppenführer
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
1901 births
1985 deaths
Military personnel from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
People from Ludwigslust-Parchim
Military personnel from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
People convicted in the Malmedy massacre trial
Waffen-SS personnel
SS-Gruppenführer
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Priess |
Mission Hill is a square mile (2 square km), primarily residential neighborhood of Boston, bordered by Roxbury, Jamaica Plain and Fenway-Kenmore and the town of Brookline. It is home to several hospitals and universities, including Brigham and Women's Hospital and New England Baptist Hospital. Mission Hill is known for its brick row houses and triple decker homes of the late 19th century. The population was estimated at 15,883 in 2011.
Location
The neighborhood is roughly bounded by Columbus Avenue and the Boston neighborhood of Roxbury to the east, Ruggles Street to the northeast and the Olmsted designed Riverway/Jamaicaway, and the town of Brookline to the west. The Historic District was designated by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1985 and is roughly bounded by Smith Street, Worthington Street, Tremont Street (to the south), and Huntington Avenue (to the west). The Mission Hill neighborhood is immediately north of the Boston neighborhood of Jamaica Plain. It is served by the MBTA Green Line E branch and the Orange Line, and is within walking distance of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Gardner Museum. "The Hill" overlaps with about half of the Longwood Medical and Academic Area, home to 21 health care, research, and educational institutions which together provides the largest employment area in the City of Boston outside of downtown Boston. Due to these adjacencies, the neighborhood is often struggling with institutional growth taking residential buildings and occupying storefront commercial space. Recent years have seen new retail stores, restaurants, and residential development giving the neighborhood a stronger political voice and identity, as some of the educational institutions have made commitments to house all or most of their about 2000 undergraduate students in newly erected campus housing, including several new high-rise dormitories. People aged 20 to 24 account for 32% of the population currently living in Mission Hill.
The Mission Hill Triangle is an architectural conservation district with a combination of freestanding houses built by early wealthy landowners, blocks of traditional brick rowhouses, and many triple-deckers. Many are now condominiums, but there are also several two-family and some single-family homes.
The neighborhood was named in March 2008 as one of 25 "Best ZIP Codes in Massachusetts" by The Boston Globe, citing increased value in single-family homes, plentiful restaurants and shopping, a marked racial diversity, and the behavioral fact that 65% of residents walk, bike, or take public transit to their work.
Geography
The neighborhood has two main commercial streets: Tremont Street and Huntington Avenue. Both have several small restaurants and shops. Mission Hill is at the far western end of Tremont Street, with Government Center at the far eastern end. Mission Hill’s main zip code is 02120. Additionally, a very small portion of the southeastern edge uses the code 02130, areas adjacent to the Longwood Medical Area use 02115 and two streets on the far western edge use 02215.
Parker Hill, Back of The Hill, and Calumet Square are areas within the Mission Hill, an officially designated neighborhood in Boston (as attested by numerous signs prohibiting parking without a suitable Mission Hill neighborhood residential sticker, which only residents can procure legally).
Brigham Circle, located at the corner of Tremont and Huntington is the neighborhood's commercial center, with a grocery store, drug stores, bistros, banks and taverns. One block up the hill from Brigham Circle is Boston's newest park, Kevin W. Fitzgerald Park (formerly Puddingstone Park) created when a new $60-million mixed use building was completed in 2002.
On Tremont Street is Our Lady of Perpetual Help Basilica (1878, Schickel and Ditmars, 1910 towers addition by Franz Joseph Untersee), an eponymous landmark building that dominates the skyline of the area. The church was chosen as the location for the funeral of Senator Edward M. Kennedy on Saturday, August 29, 2009.
Also nearby is the recently restored Parker Hill Library, the neighborhood branch of the Boston Public Library, and designed by architect Ralph Adams Cram in 1929. The city used eminent domain to acquire the land for both the library and the adjacent Mission Hill playground.
Atop the hill are the New England Baptist Hospital and the Parker Hill Playground, which extends from the hospital grounds down Parker Hill Avenue.
Green space
There are a few large parks in Mission Hill for walking or sitting.
One is called Kevin W. Fitzgerald Park. Formerly named Puddingstone Park because of the local rock sources, the park includes lawn space and asphalt walkways for people to walk on. The walkway is lined with benches for people to rest and enjoy the various views such as Lower Roxbury, the Fenway, and Back Bay. This park was previously one of the five quarries in Boston. This park was known as the Harvard Quarry. The operation of the quarry was ceased around 1910 and this left a 65-foot-high quarry wall. In the 1990s, the open space planning committee worked on preserving public access to the quarry. The community and the developer decided together that the walls of the old quarry would be preserved and they would create a new 6-acre open space for the community at the top of the puddingstone bowl. Harvard Quarry Urban Wild was then named Puddingstone Park. In November 2006, the park was renamed Kevin Fitzgerald Park in honor of the former Massachusetts State Representative. Most of the land is already being developed on for more housing and institutional purposes. Only 6.2 acres of land are protected for preservation of public access.
McLaughlin Park is another park located in Mission Hill. An article posted in the Mission Hill Gazette on April 3 talked about the park being renovated on a $430,000 budget. A direct quote taken from the article states the plan for the renovations, "The City presented a plan for the renovation in September that would lay a loop path around the upper terrace; build an overlook area along the southeastern portion of the terrace; repair Ben's Tower; add a new set of stairs from the upper terrace to the lower terrace; and address other maintenance issues." Ben's tower is a memorial for a child named Ben who was from Mission Hill and enjoyed playing in the McLaughlin Park. Ben died of cancer.
The Butterfly Garden located on the Back of The Hill is another lovely gated garden, smaller in size.
Demographics
According to the American Community Survey (ACS), Mission Hill's population was 15,883 in 2011. It listed 47.8% of the people in the community as White, 18.0% as Black or African American, 17.5% as Hispanic or Latino, 14.1% as Asian, 1.2% as "two or more races", and 1.4% as "other". Given its proximity to many colleges and universities, and because it houses several dormitories, ages in the neighborhood centered near the early to mid-20s. The ACS estimated residents between the ages 20–24 make up most of the population of Mission Hill, Boston.
The 2011 ACS listed median household income in Mission Hill as $33,432 during a 12-month span. 21.1% of the households made less than $10,000 yearly. The median family income during a 12-month span was $36,237. The highest percent of family income accounts for 12.0% and they make between $75,000 to $99,999 yearly. Out of 6,230 households, 1,300 received food stamps/SNAP over a 12-month span. However, Mission Hill Neighborhood Housing Services claims that "Mission Hill's population of 18,722 people is racially and economically diverse" on its website. Seeming disparities in statistics might recurringly result from the very large number of short-term undergraduates and visiting international faculty, postdocs, researchers, and professional degree candidates who may or may not appear in statistical data sets that are cited for publication.
History
Like the adjacent neighborhood of Jamaica Plain to the south, Mission Hill was once a neighborhood of adjacent Roxbury before Roxbury's annexation by Boston. According to maps from the period, it was often referenced as Parker Hill (which is the name of the geographic feature in the area). After annexation (and more rapidly in recent years) the area slowly came to be considered a separate neighborhood of its own right. The majority of government, commercial, and institutional entities list "Mission Hill" in the breakdown of Boston neighborhoods and its boundaries generally agreed upon.
Until the American Revolution, Mission Hill supported large country estates of wealthy Boston families. Much of the area was an orchard farm, originally owned by the Parker family in the 18th century. Peter Parker married Sarah Ruggles, whose family owned large areas of land including most of what became known as Parker Hill (later renamed Mission Hill). Parker's life ended when a barrel of his own cider fell on him. (Much of this story is outlined in "The History of Peter Parker and Sarah Ruggles", a book by John William Linzee, published in 1913.) An annual 'cider press' neighborhood event is held in the 'top of the hill' park adjacent to New England Baptist Hospital, commemorating this neighborhood narrative.
The orchard continued for some time thereafter, but gradually pieces of the land were sold and developed. Boston's reservoir was once located at the top of the hill. Many of the older apple trees along Fisher Avenue and in an undeveloped area of the playground are probably descendants of the Parker family's original trees. The lower portion of the eastern hill was a puddingstone quarry with large swaths owned by merchants Franklin G. Dexter, Warren Fisher, and Fredrick Ames.
Maps of the area indicate Mission Hill development began before the Fenway and Longwood Medical Area. Huntington Avenue, now one of the main connections to the rest of Boston, once stopped at the intersection of Parker Street, near the present-day site of the Museum of Fine Arts. Up until that time, Mission Hill was connected via Parker Street (a man-made raised passage between the Stony Brook and the Muddy River – both which formed a tidal flat into the Charles River) all the way to Boylston Street in the Back Bay. Part of what was once Parker Street is now called Hemenway Street. The once main intersection of Parker Street and Huntington Avenue has been traffic-engineered, cutting the straight-line road in two and forcing traffic to first turn onto Forsyth Way to make the connection. Many other streets leading into Mission Hill were also realigned and/or renamed at Huntington Avenue (including Longwood Avenue/McGreevey Way, Smith/Shattuck Street, Vancouver Street, and Palace Road/Worthington Street), limiting both pedestrian and vehicular access.
After the 1880s and the re-routing of the Muddy River by Frederick Law Olmsted, Huntington Avenue was joined from Parker Street to Brigham Circle, creating the Triangle District. (Maps from the time indicate that Huntington Avenue from Brigham Circle to the Brookline line was named Tremont Street.)
Development began in earnest in the mid-19th century. In 1870, the Redemptorist Fathers built a humble wooden mission church that was replaced by an impressive Roxbury puddingstone structure in 1876. In 1910, dual-spires were added that now dominate the skyline. The church was elevated to basilica in 1954 by Pope Pius XII and is one of less than 100 in the United States. Officially named Our Lady of Perpetual Help after the icon of the same name, it is uniformly referred to as "Mission Church", even by its own parishioners. Due to a sloping foundation of this landmark, the west cross tops its tower at ; the other spire is two feet shorter. The length of the church is also , presenting a perfect proportion.
At one time, the Basilica was a campus of buildings; the Queen Anne style Sister's Convent and Grammar School (1888–1889, Henry Burns) and the Romanesque Revival St. Alphonsus Hall (1898, Franz Joseph Untersee) administered by the parish. The church closed Mission Church High School in 1992, but a parochial elementary school still remains. The sale of these buildings at 80–100 Smith Street allowed much of the church to be restored. The sold buildings are currently planned to be used for 'Basilica Court,' a 229-unit residential complex, developed by Weston Associates, Inc. The Hall was the club headquarters for the St. Alphonsus Association founded in 1900. It was the preeminent social and athletic Catholic men's organization for nearly 50 years and its 1000-seat theatre held many community, political, and theatrical events.
Another example of high religious architecture is the Byzantine-style Annunciation Greek Orthodox Cathedral at 514 Parker Street at the eastern edge of the neighborhood. Referred to as the "mother church" of the Greek Orthodox Church in New England, it is the cathedral of the Diocese of Boston and the seat of its Bishop Methodios Tournas. Built between 1892 and 1927, it is one of the oldest Greek churches in the United States, a Boston landmark, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1927 a Greek artist was commissioned to decorate the cathedral with Byzantine iconography. The radiant stained glass windows and large crystal chandeliers also contribute to the visual majesty of the cathedral's interior.
Puddingstone plays a historic role in the area. The large puddingstone quarry that ran between Tremont Street and Allegany Street produced the stone foundations of most of the late-19th-century houses in the neighborhood. This locally sourced material made quick construction of working-class housing possible. Some structures around the Tremont Street/Parker Street intersection are made entirely of the material, including 682–688 Parker Street, 2–5 Sewall Street and 1472–74 Tremont Street (1856, David Connery, mason).
Most of the houses in the neighborhood are stone foundations and wood construction, but the Triangle Historic District along Huntington Avenue is stone and brick, and one of only eight such districts in Boston given landmark status by the city. These seventy-one buildings bordered by Huntington Avenue, Tremont Street, and Worthington Street exemplify the development of the neighborhood from the 1870s through the 1910s. Construction of this area was begun in 1871. The Helvetia, a distinctive apartment hotel, was built at 706–708 Huntington Avenue in 1884–1885; a Georgian revival apartment building known as The Esther was built at 683 Huntington/142–148 Smith Street in 1912. Both buildings continue have retail on the ground floor and apartments above. Similar row houses line one side of Delle Avenue a few blocks away from the Triangle District. Taller and larger brick row houses also line Huntington Avenue, Wait Street, and South Huntington.
By 1894, the electric streetcar was in operation on Huntington Avenue. Builder-developers began cutting streets through the hillside farmland and building homes for commuters on Parker Hill Avenue, Hillside Street, and Alleghany Street. An excellent example from this era is the Timothy Hoxie House at 135 Hillside Street. A freestanding Italianate villa, it was built in 1854 across from its present location. The Hoxie family left Beacon Hill for pastoral Mission Hill. Single-family houses of this size are rare today in the area. Demand for housing went up and builders turned to building multifamily dwellings, generally constructed on smaller lots.
The carpenter-contractor John Cantwell lived in the Gothic Revival cottage at 139 Hillside Street, and purchased the Hoxie House after Timothy's death. He moved the house to its present site so that upper Sachem Street could be cut through. Cantwell also developed triple deckers on adjacent lots on Darling and Sachem Streets. In 1890, he subdivided the lot on which the Hoxie House stood and built triple-deckers at 17 and 19 Sachem Street.
By the 1890s, there was a more urban feel to the neighborhood and the hill was covered in triple-deckers. Calumet, Iroquois and other streets with Native American names were built up within ten years into a dense neighborhood of triple deckers in the Queen Anne style. The Queen Anne style is prevalent in Mission Hill because this building boom coincided with the popularity of this style. A restoration of this style of houses along Parker Street is becoming something of a Polychrome Row.
Before 1900, the Georgian Revival New England Baptist Hospital (at the time, the Robert Breck Brigham Hospital) at 125 Parker Hill Ave was one of the few institutions in the neighborhood. Other soon followed, moving from their downtown locations to the Mission Hill/Longwood area for more space and less expensive land (along with the completion of the Emerald Necklace). In 1906, the Harvard Medical School moved into five buildings on Longwood Avenue. Wentworth Institute at 360 Ruggles Street began building in 1911. In 1912, the then Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (now Brigham & Women's Hospital) opened on Brigham Circle. In 1914, Children's Hospital also moved to Longwood Avenue. Beth Israel Deaconess was constructed a short time later.
In the late 19th century through the 1970s, the neighborhood was once home to large numbers of families of recent immigrant descent: mostly Irish, but also Germans, Italians, and others. After the 1950s, the combined effects of urban renewal, white flight, and institutional growth caused many to flee the neighborhood. In the early 1960s, the Boston Redevelopment Authority razed several homes in the Triangle District section of the neighborhood to make way for the Whitney Redevelopment Project, which are three high-rise towers along St. Alphonsus Street. They include Charlesbank Apartments (276-unit highrise that became a limited equity co-op), Back Bay Manor (270 units, now known as CityView at Longwood), and Franklin Square Apartments (formerly Back Bay Towers – 146 units, now known as The Longwood). This project was one of Boston's earliest redevelopment projects not funded by federal renewal monies. Eastward across St. Alphonsus Street is Mission Main, one of the nation's oldest public housing developments. The original thirty-eight 3-story brick structures built between 1938 and 1940 were demolished in the mid-1990s and replaced with 535 new apartments with a mix of subsidized and market-rate units.
Industry began in the area as early as the 17th century. The first brewery was established at the foot of Parker Hill in the 1820s. By the 1870s beer production was the main industry in Mission Hill, and many breweries lined the Stony Brook (now a culvert running along the Southwest Corridor). Most of Boston's breweries were once located in Mission Hill, but three periods of Prohibition (1852–1868, 1869–1875 and 1918–1933) and the nation's transition from local breweries to national mass-produced brands took their toll on business. Many of the remaining buildings are now being converted into loft condominia.
Breweries included A.J. Houghton (1870–1918) at 37 Station Street, American Brewing Co. at 251 Heath Street(1891–1934)—now American Brewery Lofts, Union Brewing Co. on Terrace Street (1893–1911), Roxbury Brewing Co. at 31 Heath Street (1896–1899)—the building is now home to the Family Service of Greater Boston, Croft Brewing Co. (1933–1953), Burkhardt Brewing Co. (1850–1918), Alley Brewing Co. at 117 Heath Street (1886–1918) and the Highland Springs Brewery/Reuter & Co. (1867–1918) on Terrace Street—the building is often referred to as The Pickle Factory and is in planning for conversion to housing.
From 1916 through the early 1950s, Gordon College, related to the Ruggles Street Baptist Church formerly on Ruggles Street, was on Evans Way in the Fenway on the edge of Mission Hill. When Gordon moved out of the neighborhood near the Museum of Fine Arts and relocated to Wenham, Massachusetts, Wentworth Institute of Technology bought the land. The 7-story Alice Heyward Taylor Apartments were completed in 1951; since that time, they have been completely renovated.
In the late 1960s, Harvard University, through straws, thus concealing the purchases from the neighborhood, bought the wood frame and brick houses along Francis, Fenwood, St. Alban's, Kempton Streets, and part of Huntington Avenue, and announced plans to demolish the buildings. Most were replaced with the Mission Park residential complex of towers and townhomes in 1978 after neighborhood residents organized the Roxbury Tenants of Harvard Association to convince Harvard to rebuild. The tower sits on the site of the House of the Good Shepard, once a large and prominent orphanage. The gates to the complex and the brick wall along Huntington survive from this era.
Also in the 1960s the federal government proposed to extend Interstate 95 into the center of Boston and began buying property and demolishing houses along the Boston and Providence Rail Road. This area, once known as Pierpoint Village after the Pierpoint family and their mills (the earliest of which began in the 1650s), was a stop along the Boston & Providence Railroad in the 1840s, and was once a vibrant commercial area with the 749-seat Criterion Theatre, a Woolworth's, and some restaurants catering to market tastes.
In 1962, the Mission Hill public housing development had 1,024 families (all white), while the Mission Hill Extension project across the street had 580 families (of which 500 were black), and in 1967 when the Boston city government under Mayor John F. Collins (1960–1968) agreed to desegregate the developments, the projects were still 97 percent white and 98 percent black respectively.
The Interstate project was shelved by the governor in 1971 after freeway revolts. Ten years later saw the creation of the Southwest Corridor, a park system with bike and pedestrian trails that lead into the center of Boston. In November 2007, the MBTA awarded Mission Hill Housing Services rights to develop a new 10-story mixed-use building on what is known to the Boston Redevelopment Authority (now the Boston Planning and Development Agency – BPDA) as "Parcel 25", across from the Roxbury Crossing subway station.
By the early 1970s, the area was deemed dangerous and most White people and affluent Black people had moved away. The 1989 incident involving Charles Stuart further intensified this view. With property values low, many of the homes were bought by slum lords and converted into rental housing. The inexpensive rents brought many students from nearby colleges and universities, especially MassArt, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, which has a large studio building in the neighborhood. The Mission Hill Artists Collective now hosts Open Studios in the fall of each year.
As past fears faded by the mid-1990s, the area began to change as homeowners moved into newly converted condominia to take advantage of the fantastic views of the city and proximity to the Longwood Area, the MBTA and downtown Boston.
Today, the neighborhood is briskly gentrifying and diversifying in favor of a mix of new luxury condominia and lofts, triple-deckers converted to condominia, surviving student rental units, newly rebuilt public housing, and strong remnants of long-time residents. Racially, Mission Hill is one of the most diverse in the city, with a balance of white, Asian, Hispanic, and African-Americans having little conflict along race lines.
Much of the early history of Mission Hill through 1978 is covered in a 65-minute documentary video, Mission Hill and the Miracle of Boston, a widely used documentary which was directed by Richard Broadman (died 2002) of the Museum of Fine Arts and released in 1978. The film recounts the events that led to the Urban Renewal Program in Boston and its aftermath by showing how these events unfolded in Mission Hill.
Community organizations
The Tobin Community Center is located at 1481 Tremont Street, Boston, Massachusetts. This community center is for Mission Hill and other neighborhoods in the area. This center as stated on the Timothy Smith Network is for social, educational, recreational, and cultural purposes. There are thirty-eight Boston Centers for Youth & Families facilities. The Tobin Center provides programing for children, youth, adults, and families. Most of the programming provided is coed, but it requires a membership. The Tobin Community Center is open all seven days of the week. Some but not all of their programming is free, but participating in programs requires a (free) membership.
Mission Hill Main Streets (MHMS) is a non-profit organization that helps rejuvenate local businesses, residents, and community organizations. They provide professional support to businesses on operations and property upkeep. Their recently revised (2014) website lists their goals: "Revitalize the Mission Hill commercial area, Increase merchant participation in the Main Street organization and in the life of the Mission Hill community, Provide Mission Hill merchants with technical assistance and with financial and design assistance for storefront renovations, Reduce negative health impacts – noise, clutter, trash, smells – of how business is done, Continuously improve the appearance, healthfulness, safety, and functionality of the Mission Hill business districts and the Mission Hill host community, Work with schools, students, employee groups, neighborhood organizations, and the local District Courts on community services projects throughout the area." The director, Richard Rouse, a former Suffolk County sheriff, writes a monthly column in the Mission Hill Gazette about neighborhood news and the group's accomplishments. They help small businesses stay presentable and solvent in Mission Hill and support the equitable development of a stable presence in Mission Hill. They provide direct financial help to businesses for physical changes, including design and repairs. Residents can refer businesses for help in making their shops look more appealing.
The Parker Hill Branch Library of the Boston Public Library is open Monday through Saturday, providing year-round children's programs, often collaborating with the Tobin Community Center, the Mission Hill Health Movement, and Mission Hill Artists Group (displaying work by local artists).
The Mission Hill Health Movement (MHHM) works For a Healthier Hill. From 1968 to 1970, when it was founded (in July 1970), MHHM acted as the Community Health Committee of Parker Hill-Fenway Area Planning Action Committee (APAC), through the local office of the Action for Boston Community Development (ABCD), when it negotiated with the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Harvard Community Health Plan (HCHP) for neighborhood-based coverage by Harvard Community Health Plan. That agreement included the first Medicaid/Medicare HCHP eligibility with sliding scale premiums for Mission Hill residents, and a local primary care outreach/advocacy office with its neighborhood residents in meaningful staff positions. It was instrumental in founding the Fenway Community Health Center. It conducted with neighborhood staff a neighborhood-based door-to-door lead paint testing program and coordinated with the Boston Department of Health and Hospitals (DHH), later (after a series of complex mergers) the Boston Public Health Commission, to offer the first neighborhood-based free flu shots for elderly. It helped establish at Hennigan School a preschool program integrating special needs students into mainstream classes and set up for Mission Hill children the "SWISH" school-based dental care program with fluoride rinses, scheduling Mission Hill 'Swish Moms' to work with and assist Harvard Dental School staff. Current MHHM Programs include: Seasonal Farmers Markets at Roxbury Crossing subway station on the orange line, and Brigham Circle trolley station on the E green line; the Gore St Community Garden; Mission Hill Noise Study with the Boston University Community Noise Lab; Mission Hill Walks! (Walking Group); Video-What I want my Doctor to Know (Filming Spring 2021); COVID 19 response with facemasks and food support; and Annual Mission Hill Health and Wellness Fair.
Between the Parker Hill Branch Library of the Boston Public Library and Mission Church is Sheehy Park, where young people play, the annual MHHM Mission Hill Community Health, Wellness, and Fitness Fair is held in the Fall and students gather to chat and study after school.
Healthcare
World class teaching hospitals are found in the adjacent Longwood Medical Area, which is sometimes treated administratively by the City as part of the Mission Hill neighborhood. Some of their buildings have been built inside the residential portion of Mission Hill.
A community relations function of Brigham and Women's hospital supports the Mission Hill community, addressing issues of health care, employment, social programs, and services through outreach to schools, housing developments, youth-serving organizations, and other service groups in Mission Hill and elsewhere in Boston.
Residents may also find their medical home in one of the neighborhood health centers, such as the Whittier Street Health Center.
The Mission Hill Health Movement is a community-based organization addressing an array of health conditions and other issues of residents of the Mission Hill community and surrounding neighborhoods, such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, mental illness and depression, exercise and energy levels, personal and social responsibility for health, and access to health care. They sponsor the twice-weekly Mission Hill Farmers markets throughout the months of June to November, the annual community health fair (with Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences) and a summer food fair in September, and low-cost fresh produce and bread distribution, the $2 bag program, with Fair Foods of Dorchester. At the Tuesday and Thursday farmers' markets, local farmers sell their freshly picked produce. MHHM sponsors several self-help health programs, including a walking group, a Women's Health Group, and a Diabetes Self-Management Group to educate newly diagnosed and current diabetics and pre-diabetics about how to live responsibly with it, to improve overall health and ease the responsibilities of living day-to-day with chronic diabetes. In 2011, the Mission Hill Main Streets, Tobin Community Center, Mission Hill Health Movement, and Sociedad Latina sponsored the first Mission Hill healthy food festival. Longwood-based hospitals, such as Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Boston Children's Hospital, schools such as Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and the Whittier Street Health Center, tabled at this festival to field questions and distribute informative literature. The Boston Collaborative for Food & Fitness, Boston Vegetarian Society, Cooking Matters, and Sociedad Latina also offered helpful information. Each Spring, the Mission Hill Health Movement sponsors a community health fair, convening 20-40 local institutions, organizations, and neighborhood businesses during 2011, and now 66 such exhibitors in 2015, providing health information, screening tests, and health-supporting food. They also provide a "FEET FIRST" walk on Thursdays at 10 am, rain or shine, at 1534 Tremont Street, exploring the colorful and visually interesting Mission Hill neighborhood and contiguous areas, walking through the Fens, the Rose Garden, Jamaica Plain, and back. "Walks will terminate at the Brigham Circle Farmers Market from mid-June until the end of October."
Green energy
Several small and medium-sized developers, architects, and contractors have presented to the Community Alliance of Mission Hill their plans for zero carbon, zero net energy (ZNE), passive energy, or other green-oriented construction.
Visual appearance
Historically, Mission Hill Main Streets, a neighborhood affiliation of Boston Main Streets, has worked to neaten and improve the 'main streets' where small businesses operate. Business operators with cashflow restraints can apply for business mentoring, and loans and/or grants for awnings and structural improvements.
The Community Alliance of Mission Hill, is an unincorporated network of neighbors, largely property owners, who have combined to review trends and developments in Mission Hill, specifically zoning and building requests. The Mission Hill Beautification Task Force (MHB Task Force) is a CAMH sub-network focused upon cleanup and preservation, beautification, and public outreach and education and concerning well-being and the quality of life in Mission Hill.
Education
The Fenway High School is a Boston public pilot school. This school is located at 67 Alleghany St, Boston, MA 02120. It has gained national reputation and received many awards for innovation and excellence. Students and faculty teach and learn together in a diverse, respectful community.
Founded in 1983, Fenway became one of Boston’s six original pilot schools in 1994. It is devoted to providing a high-quality, personalized education to students from all over the city of Boston. There is no academic admission requirement. The school structure is based on three core principles:
intellectual challenge
personalized relationships
collaborations with outside organizations
The mission of this school as written on their website is, "to create a socially committed and morally responsible community of learners that values its students as individuals. Fenway’s goal is to encourage academic excellence and to develop intellectual habits of mind, self-esteem, and leadership skills among all students." This school is a public school.
The table above is an estimation from the American Community Survey during the years of 2007–2011.
Inside the adjacent Longwood Medical Area are the Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and educational programs run by the Harvard teaching hospitals. Also adjacent to Mission Hill/Longwood are the Colleges of the Fenway, Wentworth Institute, Northeastern University, and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts.
Newspapers
Mission Hill Gazette
Neighborhood groups
Alice Heyward Taylor Tenant Task Force (of the 165 units at Alice Heyward Taylor Apartments)
Boston Redevelopment Authority neighborhood site
Community Alliance of Mission Hill –. The Mission Hill Beautification Task Force is an ad hoc subgroup of CAMH, seeking to cultivate among the neighborhood's residents and users an ethic or ethos of fair use and responsibility, cleaning up &maintaining the progressive culture of responsibility for safe, lovely, and health-supporting surroundings and the promotion of green residences and other construction in the neighborhood.
Mission Hill Artists Collective –
Mission Hill Health Movement – sponsor of twice-weekly farmers' markets, extremely low cost fresh produce and bread distribution with ($2 bag of produce with Fair Foods of Dorchester), and an annual community health fair in Sheehy Park on Tremont Street, in mid-April
Mission Hill Main Streets –
Mission Hill Neighborhood Housing Services – MHNHS manages many multi-unit properties in Mission Hill and invites community members to review its work in its annual meeting in the Spring.
Mission Main Tenant Task Force, Smith Street
Roxbury Tenants of Harvard
Sociedad Latina, Tremont Street
Mission Hill Arts Festival
MBTA subway stops
On the Green Line E branch:
Longwood Medical Area, Brigham Circle, Fenwood Road, Mission Park, Riverway, Back of the Hill.
On the Orange Line:
Roxbury Crossing
The neighborhood is also served by MBTA bus route 39 running from Forest Hills in Jamaica Plain past Copley Square to Back Bay Station, and MBTA bus route 66 running from Dudley Square through Brookline to Harvard Square in Cambridge. The Urban Ring crosstown route passes through the far eastern corner of the neighborhood along Longwood Avenue and Huntington Avenue.
See also
Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help
City of Boston's web page regarding Mission Hill neighborhood, including four data-filled resources
District 8, Boston
Kostachuk Square
MTA
National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Boston
References
External links
The Sociedad Latina, Inc. records, 1968–2007 (bulk 1985–1999) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
The Carmen A. Pola papers, 1970–2006 (bulk 1975–2000) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
An early planning study, Fenway-Parker Hill area: its problems and potential, Boston, Massachusetts: preliminary report of the Sponsors’ Committee, is available at the MIT or Harvard libraries, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Archived papers from the development of the Charlesbank Apartments, 650 Huntington Avenue, are stored in boxes in Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) in Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ground was broken in 1960 for three 24-story multi-unit residential highrises, but redesign of two of the three buildings was forced by residents protesting the height; only Charlesbank is 24 stories high.
City of Boston, Landmarks Commission. Mission Hill Triangle Architectural Conservation District, 1985
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Historic districts in Suffolk County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Boston
Neighborhoods in Boston
Roxbury, Boston
Streetcar suburbs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission%20Hill%2C%20Boston |
The Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists (, KPD/ML) was a clandestine communist party active in West Germany and East Germany during the Cold War. It was founded in 1968 by former Communist Party of Germany (KPD) official , who subsequently became the party's chairman. An anti-revisionist party, the KPD/ML upheld the legacy of Soviet premier Joseph Stalin and supported China under Mao Zedong and later Albania under Enver Hoxha after the Sino-Albanian split. At its peak in the mid-1970s, the party claimed a membership of around 800.
The party published a periodical named Roter Morgen (). Former members of the party continued to publish the newspaper until December 2011.
History
The KPD/ML was founded on 31 December 1968 in Hamburg, West Germany, and was centered around the leadership of Ernst Aust. Rival organisations who were similarly named distinguished themselves by calling the KPD/ML the "Roter Morgen Group", after the party's newspaper Roter Morgen. The party's headquarters were moved from Hamburg to Dortmund in 1973.
The KPD/ML opposed the German Communist Party (DKP), which it believed to be revisionist, and initially oriented itself around Maoism. Aust made his first international trip in 1974, travelling to Albania to meet Enver Hoxha in a private audience. Yao Wenyuan, a member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party later received Aust on 1 June 1975. At its fourth congress in 1978, the KPD/ML adopted a new programme and disassociated itself entirely from the Chinese Communist Party, rejecting in particular Mao's Three Worlds Theory. Relations between the KPD/ML and the Party of Labour of Albania had significantly cooled by 1984.
Owing to his failing health, Aust resigned as chairman in 1983. Horst-Dieter Koch was elected as the party's new chairman at the conclusion of the fifth party congress on 6 November 1983.
In 1986, the KPD/ML merged with the Trotskyist-oriented International Marxist Group to form the Unified Socialist Party. A handful of members who opposed the merge split off and formed many parties in the tradition of Aust's KPD/ML, the most prominent being the Communist International (Marxist–Leninist), the Organization for the Construction of a Communist Workers' Party, and the Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen).
In East Germany
At the end of 1975 and beginning of 1976, the foundation by the KPD/ML of its own section in the East Germany was made public. The corresponding declaration was published in Roter Morgen on 7 February 1976. While the KPD/ML had already been formed in 1968 in West Germany, the nucleus of the East German section emerged within East Germany itself.
In the beginning of the 1970s, some students in the eleventh and twelfth grades at an Extended Secondary School () in East Berlin got together to study the texts of the classical authors of Marxism–Leninism independently of the official version propagated by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). Other interested people among their friends and families joined them, so that, in the course of time, a little circle of employees (in the education and technical fields) and students (of medicine, language and literature) was formed. In reading the basic texts of Marxist–Leninist social theory they came more and more to the conclusion that a deep gap existed between theory and practice in "actually existing socialism".
In Magdeburg, in 1969 and 1970, pupils, students and apprentices got together to form the Progressive Youth (), inspired by, among others, the Black Panthers. Besides the classical authors of Marxism–Leninism, various forbidden texts (of Mao, Stalin, the Black Panthers, etc.) were read and discussed by this youth group, whose activities spanned across East Germany and which was composed of around 100 young people. Following the dissolution of the Progressive Youth by the East German authorities, the "hardcore" elements of the Progressive Youth formed a KPD/ML cell in 1976.
In Rostock, too, an autonomous circle of students was formed with a similar political orientation. Being interested in further ideological inspiration, many of these groups and circles – by themselves – got in touch with various left organizations in West Berlin and with the Albanian embassy in East Berlin.
Besides the young people, who were the majority within the East German section, some older, battle-hardened comrades joined the section. For instance, Heinz Reiche, who had spent 11 years in Nazi prisons and concentration camps, took part in activities in Weißwasser (a township south of Cottbus). Reiche had already come into conflict with the SED in the 1950s.
During the following years, the KPD/ML was successful in gaining supporters and organizing them into party cells in East Germany. These cells were inspired by the cell system of the illegal KPD during the Nazi dictatorship. According to declassified Stasi files, almost a dozen such cells were formed by 1980. The total number of members or supporters of the KPD/ML in East Germany amounted to three dozen people. In addition, there were about 50 to 60 sympathizers who were in direct personal contact with the above-mentioned circle.
Party congresses
Election results
Gallery
References
Citations
Sources
Books
Government publications
News and magazine articles
Roter Morgen. No. 24. 24 December 1997.
Roter Morgen. No. 1. 21 January 1998.
Roter Morgen. No. 2. 5 February 1998.
1968 establishments in West Germany
1976 establishments in East Germany
1986 disestablishments in West Germany
Anti-revisionist organizations
Defunct communist parties in Germany
Defunct Maoist parties
Außerparlamentarische Opposition
Far-left politics in Germany
Hoxhaist parties
Political parties disestablished in 1986
Political parties established in 1968
Political parties in East Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist%20Party%20of%20Germany/Marxists%E2%80%93Leninists |
The Viking-class submarine was a planned class of submarines to be built by the Viking Submarine Corporation. Viking was a corporation jointly established by Kockums in Sweden, Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace in Norway and Odense Steel Shipyard in Denmark. Finland was an observer of the Viking project, as an eventual future buyer of additional Viking submarines. The idea was to develop modern successor to the Swedish , that would have cost about one third of the German Type 214. It was initially planned that the Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian navies would purchase two, four, and four Viking-class submarines each starting in 2005.
When the Royal Danish Navy announced that they would stop using submarines completely in the summer of 2004, the whole Viking project was cancelled. Currently Kockums is doing low-intensive continuous research, based on the Viking design, towards the A26 submarine for Sweden.
In 2015 Damen Group and Saab Group announced that they have teamed up to jointly develop, offer and build next-generation submarines that are able to replace the current s of the Royal Netherlands Navy. It is speculated that the design will be derived from the A26 submarine.
References
External links
Official site (Kockums)
Viking | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking-class%20submarine |
POD 2: Multiplayer Online (released under the title POD: Speedzone in North America) is the sequel to the 1997 racing game POD, made by Ubisoft and available for Dreamcast in 2000.
Gameplay
In POD 2 the player had the option of connecting to the Internet to play against other people. The game takes place on a terraformed version of Saturn's largest moon Titan where a planet-wide viral outbreak has taken place. The premise of the game is that the only person who knows how to contain the virus will only assist the player if they race against him. There are a variety of courses that include volcanoes and deserts.
Development and release
A PlayStation 2 and a Microsoft Windows version were also planned for release in 2001, both developed by Ubisoft UK, but were scrapped.
In October 2017 the online portions of the game were brought back online thanks to fans.
Reception
The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Blake Fisher of NextGen said that the game was "As mediocre a racing experience as you can possibly buy."
References
External links
2000 video games
Cancelled PlayStation 2 games
Cancelled Windows games
Dreamcast games
Dreamcast-only games
Science fiction racing games
Racing video games
Ubisoft games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Romania
Video games set on Titan (moon)
Video games about viral outbreaks
Multiplayer and single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POD%202 |
Jane Brook is the name of a watercourse and the valley that passes through the Darling Scarp, and which was utilised for the Eastern Railway and subsequently a central part of the John Forrest National Park.
Suburb
It is also the name of the middle class suburb, situated approximately east of the capital city Perth, Western Australia. It is a suburb within the City of Swan.
Local attractions
There are a number of fine wineries located near Jane Brook, producing premium hand-crafted wines. Most have restaurants serving lunch and dinner.
The nearest major shopping precinct is located in Midland, approximately to the west.
References
Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia
Darling Range
Watercourses of Western Australia
Suburbs and localities in the City of Swan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Brook%2C%20Western%20Australia |
The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is an international scientific radar network
consisting of 35
high frequency (HF) radars located in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. SuperDARN radars are primarily used to map high-latitude plasma convection in the F region of the ionosphere, but the radars are also used to study a wider range of geospace phenomena including field aligned currents, magnetic reconnection, geomagnetic storms and substorms, magnetospheric MHD waves, mesospheric winds via meteor ionization trails, and interhemispheric plasma convection asymmetries. The SuperDARN collaboration is composed of radars operated by JHU/APL, Virginia Tech, Dartmouth College, the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, the University of Leicester, Lancaster University, La Trobe University, the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory at Nagoya University, and the Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (INAF-IAPS Italy).
History
In the 1970s and 1980s, the Scandinavian Twin Auroral Radar Experiment (STARE) very high frequency (VHF) coherent scatter radars were used to study field aligned E region ionospheric irregularities. Using two radars with overlapping fields of view, it was possible to determine the 2D velocity vector of E region ionospheric plasma flow. However, irregularities were only observed when the radar wavevector was perpendicular to the magnetic field in the scattering region.
This meant that there was a problem with operating at VHF since VHF frequencies don't allow for very much refraction of the transmitted radar wave vector; thus, the perpendicularity requirement could not be easily met at high latitudes. At HF frequencies, however, refraction of the radar wavevector is greater, and this allows for the perpendicularity requirement to be met at high latitudes. Refraction of radio waves in the ionosphere is a complicated non-linear phenomenon governed by the Appleton–Hartree equation.
In 1983, a steerable-beam HF radar with 16 log-periodic antennas began operations at Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. Comparing measurements of F region ionopheric plasma velocity from the Goose Bay radar with the Sondestrom Incoherent Scatter Radar revealed that the Goose Bay radar was capable of measuring the F region plasma convection velocity. A magnetically conjugate radar was constructed in Antarctica at Halley Research Station in 1988 as part of the Polar Anglo–American Conjugate Experiment (PACE). PACE provided simultaneous conjugate studies of ionospheric and magnetospheric phenomena.
From PACE, which was only able to determine a single component of the 2D ionospheric velocity, it became apparent that determining the 2D ionospheric velocity would be advantageous. Combining velocity measurements from Goose Bay with a second coherent-scatter radar in Schefferville in 1989 allowed for a 2D determination of the F region ionospheric velocity.
This work led to SuperDARN, a network of HF radars with pairs of radars having overlapping fields of view. This arrangement allowed for the determination of the full 2D ionospheric plasma convection velocity. Due to the advancement of data assimilation models, radars recently added to the network do not necessarily have overlapping fields of view. Using data from all SuperDARN radars in the northern or southern hemisphere, an ionospheric plasma convection pattern—a map of high-latitude plasma velocity at F region altitudes (300 km)—can be determined.
Primary Goals
The primary goals of SuperDARN are to determine or study:
Structure of global convection—to provide a global-scale view of the configuration of plasma convection in the high-latitude ionosphere;
Dynamics of global convection—to provide a global-scale view of the dynamics of plasma convection in the high-latitude ionosphere. (Previous studies of high-latitude convection had largely been statistical and time-averaged);
Substorms—to test various theories of polar cap expansion and contraction under changing IMF conditions and observe the large-scale response of the nightside; convection pattern to substorms:
Signatures of atmospheric gravity waves in the ionosphere,
High-latitude plasma structures, and
Ionospheric irregularities
Operations
SuperDARN radars operate in the HF band between 8.0 MHz (37 m) and 22.0 MHz (14 m). In the standard operating mode each radar scans through 16 beams of azimuthal separation of ~3.24°, with a scan taking 1 min to complete (~3 seconds integration per beam).
Each beam is divided into 75 (or 100) range gates each 45 km in distance, and so in each full scan the radars each cover 52° in azimuth and over 3000 km in range; an area encompassing the order of 1 million square km.
The radars measure the Doppler velocity (and other related characteristics) of plasma density irregularities in the ionosphere.
Since Linux became popular, it has become the default operating system for the SuperDARN network. The operating system (superdarn-ros.3.6) is currently licensed under the LGPL).
SuperDARN sites
The following is a list of SuperDARN sites, based on a list maintained by Virginia Tech College of Engineering. As of 2009, an expansion project was underway for expanding the network into the middle latitudes, including the addition of sites in Hays, Kansas (near Fort Hays State University), Oregon, and the Azores, in order to support mapping outside of the auroral regions during large magnetic storms.
*: Part of the Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment
Coverage
Northern Hemisphere
Because the SuperDARN network evolved in the west during the late Cold War, coverage of Russia's arctic regions is poor.
Although there is no shortage of possible sites to cover Russia's Arctic regions from Northern Europe and Alaska, the coverage would probably not be of high quality.
Although Russian universities have worked with the University of Leicester and installed a HF radar in Siberia, national funding issues have limited the radar operations.
The Polar Research Institute of China has extended mid-latitude coverage, christening the extension to SuperDARN "AgileDARN"
Southern Hemisphere
Although Antarctica is covered reasonably well, the Sub-Antarctic regions do not have uniform coverage due to the large expanse of ocean.
Java VM real time display software interoperability (where both poles could be observed at the same time) is still a work in progress.
Annual SuperDARN Workshops
Each year the SuperDARN scientific community gather to discuss SuperDARN science, operations, hardware, software and other SuperDARN related issues. Traditionally, this workshop has been hosted by one of the SuperDARN PI groups, often at their home institution, or at another location such as a site close to a radar installation. A list of the SuperDARN workshop locations and their host institutions is provided below:
References
Research papers
Research papers related to SuperDARN and related technologies
Double Pulse Operations with SuperDARN
The TIGER Radar, An Extension of SuperDARN
Real time display of SuperDarn radar
Realtime Java applet display (North American Arctic)
External links
Each participating university should be listed here. As these are ongoing research sites, these links are subject to change.
Northern Hemisphere Stations
Canada : SuperDARN at University of Saskatchewan
US :SuperDARN at the University of Alaska Geophysical Institute
US : SuperDARN at Virginia Tech
US :SuperDARN at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire
UK : SuperDARN UK
Southern Hemisphere Stations
Australia : SuperDARN Tiger at La Trobe University
...
Radar networks
Buildings and structures completed in 1983
Johns Hopkins University
Science and technology in Alaska
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Virginia Tech
University of Saskatchewan
University of Leicester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Dual%20Auroral%20Radar%20Network |
The Ruthenian Austrian internment was part of the confinement of enemy aliens in Austria during World War I. Central Camp Talerhof (German: Thalerhof) was a concentration camp operated by the Austro-Hungarian imperial government between 1914 and 1917 in the Austrian state of Styria.
Over twenty thousand Eastern Slavic Moscophiles were arrested and imprisoned in the camp and in the fortress of Terezín, Bohemia. The camp housed primarily Russophile individuals and families from Galicia. All were suspected of collaboration with the advancing Imperial Russian Army that had invaded and occupied Galicia at the outset of World War I.
The first group of prisoners was transported to Talerhof by soldiers of Austrian regiment of Graz on September 4, 1914. Until the winter of 1915, there were no barracks in Talerhof; prisoners slept in the open air on the ground.
On November 9, 1914, according to the official report of Field Marshal Schleer, there were 5,700 Ukrainians, Carpatho-Rusyns and Lemkos in Talerhof. In total, 20,000 people were prisoners from September 4, 1914, to May 10, 1917.
In the first year and a half, three thousand prisoners died. In addition, tens of thousands of Ukrainians and Lemkos were victims of reprisals carried out by Austro-Hungarian authorities in the Western Ukraine during World War I. In May 1917, the camp was closed by order of Emperor Karl I of Austria (r. 1916-1918).
See also
Ukrainian Canadian internment
German American internment
Central Labour Camp Jaworzno
Metodyj Trochanovskij
References
Internment camps
Austria-Hungary in World War I
Forced migration
World War I crimes by Austria-Hungary
Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
1914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenian%20Austrian%20internment |
Typhoon Bess, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Susang, was responsible for the disappearance of a United States Air Force weather reconnaissance aircraft. Developing out of a poorly organized system on October 8 to the east of the Philippines, Bess featured two centers of circulation. Initially the southern low was monitored; however, a low to the north soon became the dominant center. Tracking generally west-northwestward, the storm gradually intensified before striking northern Luzon as a minimal typhoon on October 11. Temporary weakening took place due to interaction with land. After moving back over water the following morning, Bess regained typhoon intensity. This was short-lived though, as conditions surrounding the cyclone soon caused it to weaken. Now moving due west, the weakening storm eventually struck Hainan Island as a tropical storm on October 12 before diminishing to a tropical depression. The depression briefly moved back over water before dissipating in northern Vietnam on October 14.
Bess produced heavy rains throughout the Philippines, especially in Luzon where was measured in Baguio. These rains triggered extensive flooding and landslides that killed 26 people and left 3 others missing. Many homes were destroyed and damage amounted to $9.2 million (1974 USD). On October 12, a reconnaissance plane, with a crew of six, investigating the periphery of the storm went missing. It is presumed that the entire crew was lost when the aircraft crashed off the coast of Luzon. Though the center remained offshore, strong winds and high tides also impacted Hong Kong, causing minor flooding.
Meteorological history
On October 6, 1974, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a tropical disturbance several hundred miles southeast of Guam. Tracking quickly westward to west-northwestward in response to a strong subtropical ridge to the north, the system gradually organized, passing near Ulithi atoll on October 7. Accompanied by a broad monsoonal flow, the disturbance featured multiple centers of circulation. On October 8, it developed into a tropical depression and soon into a tropical storm, at which time it was assigned the name Bess. Early on October 9, an aircraft reconnaissance mission into Bess revealed that a new dominant center of circulation had developed to the north of the original low. The southern low soon dissipated as the northern one became a tropical storm. The northern system retained the name Bess and is considered the same storm by the JTWC.
After the northern circulation became the dominant center on October 9, a deepening trough in the westerlies caused a decrease in synoptic pressures, resulting in Bess' forward motion greatly decreasing. Maintaining a west-northwesterly track, strong outflow developed, especially to the southwest of the circulation. The storm eventually intensified into a typhoon on October 10 as it approached the northern Philippines. Due to the cyclone's proximity to the country, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration also monitored the storm and assigned it with the local name Susang. Later that day, Bess made landfall in northern Luzon, roughly south of Escarpada Point, with winds estimated at . Though classified a minimal typhoon by the JTWC, the Hong Kong Royal Observatory reported that reconnaissance planes had recorded surface winds of before the system moved ashore. Inland, a barometric pressure of 976.9 mbar (hPa; 28.85 inHg) was recorded in Tuguegarao as the typhoon passed to the north.
Due to the interaction with the high terrain of northern Luzon, Bess temporarily weakened to a tropical storm before regaining typhoon strength over the South China Sea during the afternoon of October 11. As the storm emerged back over water, satellite images revealed a relatively large system with clouds spanning an area in diameter. Upon reintensifying, Bess turned due west in response to a dominating high-pressure area over Southern China. With a large difference in pressures between the two systems, a strong northeasterly flow developed between them. This resulted in gale-force winds occurring up to from Bess's center. During the evening of October 12, the combined effects of a winter monsoon and entrainment of cool, dry air from mainland China began to weaken the system. By the following morning, Bess had weakened to tropical storm as it passed south of Hong Kong. The system later struck Hainan Island with winds of before lessening to a tropical depression. The dissipating system emerged over the Gulf of Tonkin on October 14 and ultimately dissipated as it began moving ashore in northern Vietnam later that day.
Impact
Striking northern Luzon as a typhoon, Bess produced damaging winds and torrential rainfall across the region. Gusts peaked at in Aparri, Cagayan while Baguio experienced gusts of . Communication across the region was greatly disrupted as numerous power lines and trees were downed. While much of the peninsula received of rain, a 24‑hour maxima of was reported in Baguio. The rainfall triggered widespread flash flooding and landslides, resulting in 26 fatalities and extensive damage. One death took place in Baguio after a girl was buried in a landslide. At least three other people were reported missing. In a town roughly south of Manila, a landslide destroyed eight homes and a school. Flood waters inundated four villages in the central Philippines. The storm affected a total of 35,562 people, of which about 4,000 became homeless. Total losses amounted to $9.2 million (1974 USD).
On October 11, a level one warning signal was raised for Hong Kong, indicating that a tropical cyclone was approaching the region. This was soon raised to level three as strong winds were expected to affect the area. Although the center of Bess passed roughly south of Hong Kong, the pressure gradient between the tropical storm and high pressure to the north resulted in strong winds across the region. On Pratas Island, Taiwan (ROC), winds of 50 knots and a sea-level pressure of 987.2 millibars were reported. In Hong Kong itself, winds reached and gusted to . Gusts up to occurred on Tate's Cairn. In contrast to the unusually strong winds, Bess produced virtually no rainfall as it passed by, with only a trace of precipitation measured between October 11 and 14 in Hong Kong. Along the coast, abnormally high tides combined with storm surge flooded low-lying areas of the city. Tides at Tai Po Kau reached with a surge of . Sea water leaked into the city's underground sewage system and caused minor flooding in the area's western district. Some property damage was reported.
While over the South China Sea on October 12, a United States Air Force WC-130H Hercules reconnaissance aircraft (call sign Swan 38), with a crew of six, went missing while collecting data on the cyclone. The plane took off from Clark Air Base during the night on October 12 and made its final contact six hours later roughly north of Manila. A rescue team of five Air Force aircraft and the USS White Plains was dispatched to look for survivors. Search and rescue missions for the crew only found pieces of debris, such as an aircraft survival radio, soundproofing material, and orange cushion-like material. All six crewmen were never found and are presumed dead. Following the incident, the 53d Weather Reconnaissance Squadron established the Swan 38 Memorial Scholarship for outstanding students in the 403d Wing.
Because of the damage and loss of life caused by the storm, the name Bess was retired and replaced with Bonnie. However, when the list of typhoon names was changed to incorporate male names in 1979, the name was re-introduced to the roster. Coincidentally, it was again retired in 1982 when a powerful storm named Bess caused extensive damage and loss of life in Japan.
See also
1974 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons in the Philippines
List of retired Pacific typhoon names (JMA)
References
External links
Japan Meteorological Agency
Joint Typhoon Warning Center
Bess 1974
1974 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons
Bess 1974
Bess 1974
Bess 1974
Typhoon Bess | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Bess%20%281974%29 |
Ölürüm Sana (I'd Die For You) is Tarkan's third studio album, released on July 5, 1997. The album was distributed in both Europe and Asia. It sold more than 3 million copies in Turkey, and a total of 4.5 million worldwide, and sales continued till 2003. This album received very good reviews, becoming one of Turkey's best-selling albums, and played a heavy role in catapulting Tarkan to the status of 'Mega-Star'.
Track listing
Music videos
"Şımarık" (Published: 10 June 1997)
"İkimizin Yerine" (Published: 6 October 1997)
"Salına Salına Sinsice" (Published: 9 March 1998)
"Ölürüm Sana" (Published: 12 July 1998)
Singles
"Şımarık", "Ölürüm Sana", "Salına Salına Sinsice", and "Kır Zincirlerini" enjoyed a relatively high success in Turkey and the world.
Launched in 1998 as a single, "Şımarık" helped Tarkan to become known Europe and around the world, and, released in 1999, his song "Kır Zincirlerini (Bu Gece)" also increased his fan-base.
The third track on the album "Salına Salına Sinsice" was remixed for its music video, and this remixed version was not available in the album itself.
Personnel
Tarkan: Vocals
Erden Sökmen, David Matos, Can Şengün: Guitars
Ozan Çolakoğlu: Keyboards, Piano
James Cruz, İsmail Soyberk, Murat Ejder: Bass
Hamdi Akatay: Drums
Shawn Pelton: Kick Drum
Seyfi Ayta: Bendir, Bongos, Castanets, Daf, Hollow and Goblet Drums
Cengiz Ercümer, Aydın Karabulut: Percussion
İlyas Tetik, Hüseyin Bitmez: Oud
Ahmet Kadri Rizeli: Kemenche
Ertuğrul Köseoğlu: French Horn
Bülent Altınbaş: Clarinet
Production
Produced by Ozan Çolakoğlu
Executive-produced by Mehmet Söğütoğlu; supervised by Tarkan
Production assisted by Egemen Öncel, Uygar Ataş and Özgür Buldum
Recording Engineers: Özgür Buldum, Arzu Alsan, Denise Barbarita, Murat Matthew Erdem, Serkan Kula, Shawn Coffey, Steve Sauder, Ufuk Çoban
Mixed by Brian Kinkead, Ozan Çolakoğlu and Rıza Erekli
Editing by Duyal Karagözoğlu, Serhan Keser and Çağlar Türkmen
Mastered by Çağlar Türkmen
References
External links
Tarkan Translations
Ozgur Buldum
Tarkan (singer) albums
1997 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCr%C3%BCm%20Sana%20%28album%29 |
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Sukhomlinov (; – 2 February 1926) was a Russian general of the Imperial Russian Army who served as the Chief of the General Staff from 1908 to 1909 and the Minister of War from 1909 to 1915.
Sukhomlinov was ousted as Minister of War amid allegations of failure to provide the Imperial Russian Army with necessary armaments and munitions for World War I and accused of responsibility for Russia's defeats in the early Eastern Front. Sukhomlinov was tried for high treason, corruption, and abuse of power in a high-profile case that damaged the reputation of Russia's fragile Imperial government. According to some historians, the Sukhomlinov scandal may have done more harm to the Romanov monarchy than the lurid scandals associated with Rasputin.
Early life and military career
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Sukhomlinov was born on 16 August 1848 (O.S. 4 August 1848) in Telšiai, Vilna Governorate, the son of Alexander Pavlovich Sukhomlinov and Olga Ivanovna Lunskaya. Sukhomlinov's younger brother, Nikolai Sukhomlinov, appointed the governor of Orenburg Governorate and the ataman of the Orenburg Cossack Army. Sukhomlinov graduated from Nikolayevskoye Cavalry School in 1867 and served in the Uhlans of the Imperial Guard Regiment based in Warsaw. Sukhomlinov graduated from the General Staff Academy in 1874 and participated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, serving for some time on the staff of General Mikhail Skobelev and awarded the Order of St. George 4th class. After the Russo-Turkish War, Sukhomlinov joined the staff at the General Staff Academy on the invitation of its chief, General Mikhail Dragomirov, and lectured as well at the Nicholas Cavalry School, the Corps of Pages, and the Mikhail Artillery School. From 1884 to 1886, Sukhomlinov commanded the 6th Dragoon Regiment at Suwalki. Sukhomlinov served as Chief of the Officers' Cavalry School in St. Petersburg from 1886 until 1898, being promoted General in 1890. His next appointment was as Commander of the 10th Cavalry Division in Kharkov. In 1899, Sukhomlinov was appointed Chief of Staff of the Kiev Military District. In 1902, Sukhomlinov became a deputy commander of the Kiev Military District, and in 1904 became its commander. In 1905, Sukhomlinov was appointed Governor General of Kiev, Podolia, and Volhynia. In December 1908, Sukhomlinov became head of General Staff.
Minister of War
Sukhomlinov was appointed as Minister of War in March 1909, effectively placing him in charge of the Russian armed forces. In this position, Sukhomlinov opposed training innovations that would have placed emphasis on infantry firepower against the use of sabers, lances and bayonets; stating that "I have not read a military manual for the last twenty-five years". Sukhomlinov's personal charm and popularity with Tsar Nicholas II enabled him to survive accusations of lazy incompetence and dishonesty while in office. Sukhomlinov was standing next to Pyotr Stolypin, who had just resigned as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, when the latter was assassinated inside the Kiev Opera. Disagreement between the Minister and his assistant, General Alexei Polivanov, culminated in 1912 in the dismissal of Polivanov, and his replacement by General Vernander.
As Minister of War, Sukhomlinov was never trusted by the Army Committee of the State Duma, led by Alexander Guchkov, and it came to a duel. Sukhomlinov was resented by Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich, the commander-in-chief of the Russian forces in the first phase of World War I. Sukhomlinov was not allowed to interfere with Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Sazonov, the Stavka, or Grand Duke Nicholas, and all the briefing went through the hands of his assistant, Nikolai Yanushkevich. Despite Sukhomlinov's reforms (or perhaps because of his inefficacy and resistance to change, as some assert), Russia suffered badly in the opening phase of the World War I. After several Russian defeats in East Prussia during the first months of war, on 11 June (O.S.) Sukhomlinov was forced out of office and succeeded by Alexei Polivanov. Sukhomlinov held Grand Duke Nicolas, Guchkov and Polivanov responsible for his downfall and went fishing in Saimaa near Imatra, writing articles under the pseudonym Ostap Bondarenko and studying the Russo-Turkish War (1787–92).
Perception
Maurice Paleologue, the last French ambassador to Imperial Russia, described Sukhomlinov as "intelligent, clever and cunning, obsequious towards the tsar and a friend of Rasputin—a man who has lost the habit of work—I know few men who inspire more distrust at first sight". Sukhomlinov has been considered responsible for Russia's military stagnation from 1905 to 1912, which resulted in the unpreparedness at the outbreak of World War I. On the other hand, in Bayonets Before Bullets, Bruce W. Menning asserts that "There was no doubt that he remained committed to building Russia's defensive and offensive military power. ... Thanks to Sukhomlinov's reforms, the peacetime strength of the Imperial Russian Army on the eve of World War I reached 1,423,000 officers and men." Though he has some criticism for the Minister, Menning credits him with simplifying and modernizing the structure of the Russian army corps, including the addition of a six aircraft detachment to each.
Norman Stone maintains that Sukhomlinov had "an extremely bad press" due to his autocratic style and accusations of corruption made by his enemies in the Imperial Duma and the army. The effect of the allegations against him is that "Sukhomlinov, as a sort of uniformed Rasputin, belongs to the demonology of 1917. But the case against him is far from watertight." Stone details his position as the leader of an informal group of "praetorians" in the high ranks of the army: professional soldiers, often from lower- and middle-class backgrounds, with experience in and loyalty to the infantry. As such, Sukhomlinov and his allies were opposed by what Stone calls the "patrician" faction, upper-class officers owing less of their status to military service, who tended to favor the cavalry and artillery (especially fortress artillery). Stone regards the continued standoff between the two factions as the responsibility of the Czar Nicholas, who played the two sides off against one another as a means of preserving his own freedom of action. In any case, Sukhomlinov did try, with some success, to direct resources away from the static fortifications which would prove less useful in the coming war, to the infantry and mobile artillery. Stone blames Sukhomlinov's failure to achieve more on problems of Russian development economics, and the resistance of the supposedly "technocratic" patrician faction.
Imprisonment and death
On 20 April 1916, the police searched Sukhomlinov's mansion and in the evening he was detained at the Peter and Paul Fortress. Sukhomlinov remained at the fortress until he was transferred to a hospital in July. Polivanov accused him of abuse of power, in relation with the divorce of his wife, corruption, depositing millions of rubles at the Deutsche Bank in Berlin, and high treason after some of his close associates had been convicted for espionage on behalf of Germany (c.q. S. Myasoedov, A. Altschuller, V. Dumbadze, who was allowed to see documents in order to write a biography). Myasoedov, having an affair with Sukhumlinov's wife at the time, was arrested in Kovno and tried in Warsaw by a military court on 17 March and hanged the next day. Responsibility for his being brought to trial was shared by Duke Mikhail Andronnikov, Alexander Guchkov, Alexander Khvostov and Alexander Alexandrovich Makarov. Sukhomlinov received a sentence of two years imprisonment.
The third wife of Sukhomlinov was accused of having very extravagant tastes for clothes and furs. Like Alexandra, she had organized a hospital for wounded soldiers. One evening she organized a donation party using the name of the Tsarina to attract people. According to Mikhail Rodzianko, Sukhomlinov's wife had sought assistance from Grigori Rasputin and Peter Badmayev. After Rasputin had spoken to the Tsarina, she defended Sukhomlinov until she and Alexander Protopopov had him freed after six months and placed under house arrest. When Protopopov visited the former minister at his apartment, he was heavily criticized in the Duma. It disgusted the public and injured the reputation of the government.
Sukhomlinov was rearrested during the February Revolution and locked up in the same cold and humid cell at Peter and Paul Fortress as two years before, in addition to his wife and Anna Vyrubova who were also imprisoned there. His trial took place from 10 August through 12 September 1917. While acquitted of charges of treason, Sukhomlinov was found guilty of not using his power in the past to organize weapons and ammunition for the army. Sukhomlinov was sentenced to an open-ended katorga (as a librarian, printer and sweeper) on charges of leaving the army unprepared for World War I. For the first time in Russian jurisprudence history, a public jury was used for a political trial, organized in a military concert hall. After the fall of the Russian Provisional Government, Sukhomlinov had in prison the company of all the former ministers, others were Alexei Khvostov, Purishkevich, and Stepan Petrovich Beletsky.
On May Day 1918, Sukhomlinov was released from prison shortly before reaching 70 years of age, and for a while kept himself hidden in an empty apartment. On 22 September, Sukhomlinov fled Russia and moved to Hanko in Finland (now independent from Russia) before moving again to Weimar Germany. In 1924, his memoirs appeared, dedicated to his former friends in the army and to Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, who considered reciprocating by dedicating his memoirs to Sukhomlinov. Highly critical of former colleagues, Sukhomlinov suggested that the Revolutions of 1917-1923 had occurred because Russia and Germany been unable to remain united against liberal democracy due to the breakup of the League of the Three Emperors and the war, and that monarchism could be restored through a rapprochement in Russian-German relations. Sukhomlinov's memoirs were published in translation by the newly-formed Soviet Union.
Sukhomlinov lived the remainder of his life in extreme poverty in Berlin, where he was found dead of exposure on a park bench one morning on 2 February 1926. Sukhomlinov was buried at the Berlin-Tegel Russian Orthodox Cemetery.
Works
As a journalist under the pseudonym Ostap Bondarenko;
Suchhomlinov, W.A. (1924) 'Erinnerungen'. Verlag von Reimar Hodbing. Berlin.
Honours and awards
Knight of the Imperial Order of Saint Stanislaus, 3rd Class, 1875, 2nd Class with Swords, 1878; 1st Class, 1893
Gold Sword for Bravery, 1878
Knight of the Order of Saint George, 4th class, 1878
Knight of the Imperial Order of Saint Prince Vladimir, 4th Class with Swords and Bow, 1879; 3rd Class, 1883; 2nd Class, 1903
Knight of the Imperial Order of St. Anna, 2nd Class with Swords, 1879; 1st Class, 1896
Knight of the Imperial Order of the White Eagle, 1905
Knight of the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky, 1 January 1910; with Diamond Signs, 21 February 1913
Silver mark to commemorate the anniversary of the 1st Cadet Corps, 27 June 1907
Insignia of the Russian Red Cross, 30 September 1908
Medal in memory of the 100th anniversary of the 1812 War, 15 August 1912
Medal in memory of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, 21 February 1913
Medal for his work on other than implementation of a general mobilization in 1914, 24 March 1915
Medal to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the victory at Gangut, 28 April 1915
Foreign
: Montenegrin campaign medal for 1877-1878, 1878
Principality of Romania:
Romanian Iron Cross "for crossing the Danube", 1879
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Romania, 1914
:
Commander of the Order of Saint Alexander, 1884; Grand Cross, 1911
Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Military Merit, 1903
Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Order of the Red Eagle, 2nd Class, 20 January 1890; 1st Class, 20 January 1905; Grand Cross, 1913
Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Imperial Austrian Order of Franz Joseph, 22 May 1891
: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 30 January 1895
Persian Empire: Order of the Lion and the Sun, 1st Class with Diamond Signs, 1903
: Bukhara Order of the Iskander-Salis, 1909
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog, 1909
: Order of the Double Dragon, Grade I Class III, 1911
: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, 1911
: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour, November 1911
: Order of the Precious Rod of the 1st century, 1913
: Albert Order, 1913
: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
See also
Kornelij Šacillo: Delo polkovnika Mjasoedova, in: Voprosy istorii (Moskau) 4/1967, S. 103–116.
Viktor Gilensen: Germanskaja voennaja razvedka protiv Rossii (1871–1917), in: Novaja i novejšaja istorija (Moskau) 2/1991, S. 153–177.
Sources
William C. Fuller, The Foe Within: Fantasies of Treason and the End of Imperial Russia, 2006. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Alfred Knox. General V. A. Sukhomlinov. The Slavonic Review, Vol. 5, No. 13 (Jun., 1926), pp. 148–152.
Meiden, G.W. van der (1991) Raspoetin en de val van het Tsarenrijk.
Bruce Menning, Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861–1914, Bloomington: Indian University Press, 1992 ().
Norman Stone, The Eastern Front 1914–1917, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975 ().
Vladimir G. Orloff, Underworld And Soviet, 1931
References
External links
Russia's war minister; the life and work of Adjutant-General Vladimir Alexandrovitsh Soukhomlinov (1915)
Bio at FirstWorldWar.com.
1848 births
1926 deaths
People from Telšiai
People from Telshevsky Uyezd
Imperial Russian Army generals
Members of the Russian Assembly
Russian memoirists
Russian military personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class
Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
Grand Crosses of the Order of Franz Joseph
Grand Crosses of the Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria)
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
Governors-General of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Sukhomlinov |
Shaun Palmer (born November 14, 1968) is an American professional snowboarder, skier, mountain biker, and motocross rider. Nicknamed "Napalm" and "Palm Daddy", he is known as one of the forefathers of extreme sports.
Early life
Palmer was born in South Lake Tahoe on November 14, 1968.
From a young age, he maintained a strong interest in all things fast. His mother told People Magazine in 1999, "Whether it was on wheels or on a board, it had to be superfast—he had no fear. I remember once when he was 13, I had grounded him. Well, he jumped out of his second-floor bedroom window, got on his bike and took off. He was like that—always pushing the limits."
While Palmer showed potential in both skiing and baseball, Shaun grew enamored with the still-infant sport of snowboarding. At the age of 12, he built his own snowboard.
Snowboarding career
Palmer taught himself to snowboard, as he was never formally schooled in the sport. In an interview with People Magazine, Palmer stated: "I didn't watch tapes or study other guys—I just figured out what felt right." Just three years after building his own board, Palmer dropped out of high school to become a professional snowboarder.
Throughout his snowboarding career, Palmer received various accolades, including USA Today's World's Greatest Athlete, Details Magazine's Athlete of the Year in 1998, and the NEA Extreme Athlete of the Year in 2000. Also in 2000, Palmer was named as the inaugural Laureus World Alternative Sportsperson of the Year. In February 2001, Palmer was awarded the ESPY Awards' Action Sports Athlete of the Year.
In 2006, Palmer earned himself a spot on the 2006 U.S. Olympic Snowboarding Team. Palmer was a long shot, qualifying for the team after an 11th-hour World Cup podium finish in Bad Gastein, Austria, just one month before the 2006 Winter Olympics. He tore his Achilles tendon just two weeks later, rendering him unable to represent the United States.
In 2010, Palmer was left off the 2010 U.S. Olympic Snowboarding Team. Palmer had sought to fill the last spot on the 18-member squad, but was bumped in favor of Nick Baumgartner. Palmer would have been the oldest man to qualify for the Winter Olympics in history.
Palmer Snowboards
Palmer began Palmer Snowboards in 1995, as an offshoot of one of the most popular names in extreme sports.
As per his Facebook page, Palmer Snowboards closed its U.S.-based office doors in 2008 and the brand is only available for purchase within Europe. Rumor is that a Swiss owner bought the brand with inheritance, as Palmer Snowboards' online shop is in German and an account to shop with can only be created with an address in Europe.
Mountain biking
In 1995, Palmer took up the sport of mountain biking, spending time around some of the sport's foremost authorities. Just one year later, Palmer began competing in the professional mountain biking circuit. Palmer shocked the mountain biking world by proving to be a more than worthy competitor. Palmer placed seventh in downhill at the second 1996 World Cup event of the year, before finishing second in downhill at the 1996 UCI World Championships, missing the top spot by just .15 seconds. Palmer threw his goggles down in frustration after finishing as he rolled through the finish area, showing his determination to obtain nothing but first The event drained Palmer, however he was quick to warn the 1996 champion Nicolas Vouilloz of France in a post race interview that after he gained some more fitness Palmer would soon be beating Vouilloz in the races. In the same interview, Palmer was quick to compliment Vouilloz as the best rider in the world based on his record of wins.
By the end of the biking season, Palmer was number five in the World Cup rankings and seventh in the NORBA National Championship Series. Palmer's debut year landed him a $300,000 annual contract with Mountain Dew Specialized Bicycles team, making Palmer the highest-paid mountain biker in the world.
In the 1999 Mountain biking season, Palmer won the NORBA downhill championship in the dual slalom category.
Motocross
Palmer is a professional motocross racer. Palmer claims that motocross is his favorite sport, dubbing it "the best sport in the world."
In 2003, he began his professional motocross career racing on the Supercross Tour. Palmer qualified for the tour on his first 125cc Supercross main event, an almost unheard of feat.
Other achievements
Between the snowboarding and mountain biking seasons, Palmer took up two new sports, reaching similar levels of success.
In 1998, Palmer won the Toyota Celebrity Grand Prix auto race. His interest in auto racing continued, winning the Pike's Peak Hill Climb auto race in 2000 as well as the Jeep King of the Mountain championship in 2008.
In 2001, Palmer went head to head with the world's best professional skiers, winning the Ski cross event at the 2001 Winter X Games, as well as the ski cross gold at the Gravity Games of the same year.
Personal life
Throughout the 1990s, Palmer was the lead singer of a punk band called Fungus.
Palmer teamed up with Activision, publishers of Tony Hawk's Pro Skater, to create Shaun Palmer's Pro Snowboarder for the PlayStation 2 in 2001.
References
External links
American male snowboarders
Laureus World Sports Awards winners
1968 births
Living people
People from South Lake Tahoe, California
Sportspeople from El Dorado County, California
X Games athletes
Downhill mountain bikers
American mountain bikers
American male cyclists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun%20Palmer |
Riaan Cruywagen (born 5 October 1945) is a South African television news reader and voice artist who has been associated with the South African Broadcasting Corporation since its first television broadcasts in 1975. Cruywagen continued to present the Afrikaans news on the SABC network every weeknight until his final broadcast on SABC 2 on 26 November 2012 at 7pm CAT. He has made approximately 7000 news broadcasts.
Career
He began his career as a journalist in 1965 when he started working part-time at the SABC in Cape Town, while studying at the University of Stellenbosch. He presented his first news bulletin on 26 November 1975 at 8:00 pm – the first story he read on that night was the sentencing of Breyten Breytenbach to nine years in jail.
In June 2003, following an outcry over reports that Cruywagen's contract with the SABC would not be renewed, an agreement between the SABC and UASA (United Association of South Africa) was reached. His contract was renewed and it was announced that he would continue with his duties for a period of time. Cruywagen presented his final news bulletin on SABC 2 on 26 November 2012 at 7 pm.
The name Riaan Cruywagen has become synonymous with Afrikaans television news through his lengthy career. In the mid-2000s, following the contract renewal issue, Cruywagen was once more the focus of popular culture in South Africa for a time, when a number of e-mail and internet jokes originally referring to Chuck Norris and David Hasselhoff were modified by using his name in their place. South African-themed jokes in a similar vein were also circulated, mostly related to his perennially youthful appearance and intellectual prowess.
Cruywagen was also the voice artist for the character Haas Das on the popular Afrikaans children's news programme Haas Das se Nuuskas in 1976. He also voiced the character when it was revived in a movie Haas Das hou konsert (Hare Tie Holds A Concert) in 2007. He originally landed the job when he told the show's creator Louise Smit a joke. She grabbed him and screamed: "I've got my rabbit!". He also voiced numerous characters in another popular children's programme, "Liewe Heksie".
He appeared in an ad-campaign for ATKV/Pendoring, as a waiter in a restaurant with a board on the wall saying: "Moenie die taal afskeep nie! (Don't neglect the language!)" – referring to Afrikaans. Cruywagen has appeared in a number of films, playing himself as a newsreader, including an appearance reading the news in Zulu in Leon Schuster's Sweet 'n Short. He was also seen in Stander as a nostalgic reminder of his long career as newsreader.
See also
Haas Das se Nuuskas
Liewe Heksie
References
External links
Who's who of South Africa:Riaan Cruywagen
SABC:Cruywagen to stay
"Don't Shoot" – a documentary about Riaan Cruywagen in the Why Democracy? 2007 series
TVSA Actor Profile
Snaparazzi Gallery
– Riaan Cruywagen's last bulletin uploaded by SABC News on their YouTube channel
1945 births
Living people
Afrikaner people
South African people of Dutch descent
South African television journalists
South African television presenters
Stellenbosch University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riaan%20Cruywagen |
The Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment, or SHARE, started in 1988, is an Antarctic research project designed to observe velocities and irregularities of electrical fields in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. It is operated jointly by the University of Natal, Potchefstroom University, the British Antarctic Survey and Johns Hopkins University and operates out of British Halley Station, South African SANAE IV Station and Japanese Showa Station.
Using a total of 16 antennas, each mounted on a 12 m tower and radiating on fixed frequencies in the 8–20 MHz range, SHARE transmits a radio frequency pulse into the upper atmosphere every two minutes. The three stations' ranges overlap to cover most of the Antarctic continent.
SHARE is part of the international Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). It supplies valuable data to track space weather.
Meteorology research and field projects
Radio frequency propagation
Plasma physics facilities
Ground radars
Astronomical experiments in the Antarctic
1988 establishments in Antarctica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Hemisphere%20Auroral%20Radar%20Experiment |
Bus upgrade zones, commonly abbreviated to BUZ, are a feature of Brisbane's public transport system. The name is given to high-frequency bus routes operated by Transport for Brisbane, the Brisbane City Council agency that operates the city's public bus services for Translink. All BUZ services run at least every fifteen minutes from around 6:00am to 11:30pm seven days a week and at least every ten minutes during peak hours from Monday to Friday.
Nearly all BUZ routes are express services which provide quick and frequent access to places along major trunk roads, with the exception of routes 196 and 199, which are the only all-stops BUZ service with bus stops within short walking distances of each other between the inner suburbs of Fairfield, West End, New Farm and Teneriffe. Most BUZ routes are radial, and commence in or near the Brisbane CBD. However, routes 196 and 199 are again an exception, in that they are cross-town routes that passes through the CBD.
History
Route 111 was upgraded to become the first BUZ service in December 2003. Other BUZ services have been progressively added since then. The Cultural Centre busway station on the South East Busway is the common interchange point for all BUZ services, with the exception of routes 340 and 412.
In 2007, BUZ services carried over 346,000 passengers a week, accounting for around 30% of all Brisbane Transport patronage. Route 199 being the busiest BUZ service, carrying over 53,000 passengers per week.
Routes
All BUZ services run at least every fifteen minutes from around 6:00am to 11:30pm seven days a week and at least every ten minutes during peak hours from Monday to Friday. Nearly all BUZ routes are express services which provide quick and frequent access to places along major trunk roads, with the exception of routes 196 and 199, which are the only all-stops BUZ services with bus stops within short walking distances of each other between the inner suburbs of West End and Teneriffe (199) and New Farm and Fairfield (196). All BUZ routes are radial, and commence in or near the Brisbane CBD. However, routes 196 and 199 are again an exception, in that they are cross-town routes that pass through the CBD.
See also
Transport for Brisbane
Busways in Brisbane
CityGlider
Translink
References
Public transport in Brisbane
Bus transport brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus%20upgrade%20zone |
Mislata is a city in the Valencian Community, Spain. It has borders with the city of Valencia and Quart de Poblet in the west and Xirivella in the south.
Population
In recent decades it has gone from being a village in the Horta region of the Valencian Community, to the most densely populated borough in Spain and one of the ten most densely populated in Europe, with a population of 43,363 (2006 figures) spread across 2.1 km².
This growth has been assisted by better transport communications including the opening of two stations of the Valencian metro on 20 May 1999 in the town which provide a direct connection to the main railway station and the main shopping area in Carrer de Colón. Further extensions westwards to the Valencia airport and the towns of Quart de Poblet and Manises were completed in 2007.
Further construction work which was completed on green belt land in 2005 will further increase Mislata's population density.
The area has been, in a physical sense, almost swallowed up by the encroaching suburbs of Valencia in recent years.
Transport links
Mislata is well connected with central Valencia. In addition to several bus routes, Mislata now has two metro stations, Mislata and Mislata-Almassil. A third station, Nou d'Octubre is nearby. Mislata is the only town outside the city of Valencia to be categorised as "zone A" by the private taxi system.
Local festivals
In addition to the famous Falles festival which runs from 15–20 March, numerous other festivals also take place such as those in honour of Saint Michael Archangel (in September) or Saint Francis of Assisi (in October).
Monuments and places of interest
Mislata's main places of interest are the church of the "Mare de Déu dels Àngels" (Virgin of the Angels) and the "Creu Coberta" (Covered Cross) that separates the town from Valencia.
Local politics
Until 2003, Mislata was controlled by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), either with an absolute majority or with the support of United Left. The People's Party had a majority administration from 2003 until 2011. Since then the PSOE has had an absolute majority.
Summary of council election results
Source:
Notes
References
External links
Official site
Municipalities in the Province of Valencia
Horta Oest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mislata |
The Kinesin-13 Family are a subfamily of motor proteins known as kinesins. Most kinesins transport materials or cargo around the cell while traversing along microtubule polymer tracks with the help of ATP-hydrolysis-created energy.
Structure
They are easily identified by their three typical structural components including a highly conserved structural domain, catalytic core, and microtubule binding sites. The kinesin-13 family, unlike other kinesins, has an internally positioned motor domain. They were initially named KIF-M because of the unique location of their catalytic core in the middle of the polypeptide between the N-terminal globular domain and the C-terminal stalk but they are truly special due to their versatile nature. The Kinesin-13 family's molecular mechanism is less understood than other classes of kinesins which have their motor domains at one end of the molecule or the other. They are capable of traveling to both the minus and plus ends of microtubules whereas most motors are unidirectional. Thus they can catalytically depolymerize a microtubule from both ends making it a very efficient process.
The exact mechanism of Kinesin-13 activated microtubule depolymerization remains unclear, however, recent biochemical and structural studies revealed some more detailed class specific features enabling researchers to formulate a model.) The protein first contacts the side wall of a microtubule. This is not a stable interaction because the convex surface of the catalytic core does not fit to the flat surface of the straight microtubule protofilament. Steric hindrance between the molecule neck and adjacent protofilament further inhibits full contact between protein and the microtubule and only facilitates one-dimensional diffusion along the microtubule. At this time, The protein's nucleotide binding pocket is trapped in an open state so that the structure is not hydrolyzing ATP. Once the motor reaches the end of the microtubule, the protofilament spontaneously curves itself allowing motor to make full contact with the tubulin subunit. More MCAK molecules collectively bind to the curved region supporting the theory that they do not actively peel away the microtubule but they wait patiently for it to adopt this curved conformation. They stabilize the curved conformation by binding to the end of the microtubule and then catalyze depolymerization.
Functions during mitosis
The major function of mitosis is to separate replicated sister chromatids, and this is accomplished in part during anaphase A when "kinetochore microtubules (or kMTs)" that link the sister chromatids to opposite spindle poles shorten by depolymerization, exerting forces on the chromatids that pull them to the poles. In Drosophila there is evidence that sister chromatids are moved to opposite spindle poles by a "kinesin-13 dependent pacman-flux mechanism" in which one kinesin-13 isoform, KLP59c, localized to kinetochores facilitates the depolymerization of the end of the kMTs facing the chromatid (pacman), whereas a second kinesin-13 isoform, KLP10A, localized on the spindle poles facilitates the depolymerization of the opposite end of the kMTs facing the poles (flux)
See also
KIF13A
References
External links
Video Illustrations
Motor proteins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesin%2013 |
Hunter, in Darkness is a 1999 interactive fiction game by Andrew Plotkin, written in Inform. It won the "Best Individual Puzzle" and "Best Setting" categories in the 1999 XYZZY Awards, and came in eighth overall in the 1999 Interactive Fiction Competition.
The game is inspired by Gregory Yob's seminal 1972 computer game Hunt the Wumpus. As in Hunt the Wumpus, the player's goal is to locate and defeat the title beast within its cave. However, Hunter, in Darkness emphasizes the setting, describing the cave in much greater detail than the earlier work.
Plotkin states in the About section of the game:
"This game was conceived of and fully outlined in early June of 1999."
And it was, too. All that discussion of compassless games, and mazes, and
whether "Hunt the Wumpus" was really IF, made me giggle. I already had this on
the drawing board. I didn't start any of that discussion, either -- although I
contributed a few comments that I knew would turn out relevant.
The game features an experimental system of movement, being one of the few Interactive Fiction games where mapping is neither necessary nor useful. Instead of typing compass directions, players move between locations by following clues in their surroundings, such as sounds and locations of objects.
References
External links
Hunter, in Darkness at IfWiki
Play Hunter, in Darkness online at ifiction.org
1990s interactive fiction
1999 video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter%2C%20in%20Darkness |
PKP Class Pt47 is a Polish steam locomotive. An improvement of the successful pre-war PKP class Pt31 class, the main difference is the addition of circular tubes in the fire chamber, thereby significantly increased boiler performance. This class also featured a superheater and many have mechanical stokers to feed coal into the firebox. 180 locomotives were built in total between 1948 and 1951. The designation stood for fast passenger (P) 2-8-2 (t) locomotive designed in 1947.
Although heavy, the Pt47 is powerful and fast. Its main use was to carry heavy fast passenger trains, especially on long distance routes, for example on the difficult route from Cracow to Krynica. They were withdrawn from regular service in 1988. Fifteen survived, mostly in non-working condition.
The Pt47 easily reached speeds of , with a heavy train, although is not as refined as the PKP class Pm36 - especially on routes with a lower quality track. A maximum speed of could be achieved even with a train of . In the 1950s these machines were could travel per day.
At first, German tenders from class 41 or 44 locomotives were used, designated 34D44. From 1949, Polish tenders 33D48 were manufactured in Pafawag, next rebuilt to 27D48, when fitted with a mechanical stoker (water capacity 33 m3, then 27 m3).
Nicknames
Petucha - after the first two letters of the name
References
Railway locomotives introduced in 1948
Pt47
2-8-2 locomotives
Fablok locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKP%20class%20Pt47 |
Penneshaw is a township in the Australian state of South Australia located on the northeast coast of the Dudley Peninsula on Kangaroo Island about south of the state capital of Adelaide. It is the island's main ferry port with regular services from Cape Jervis. Penneshaw features a Maritime and Folk Museum, and evening tours to a colony of little penguin, the only species of penguin to breed in Australian waters. At the , Penneshaw had a population of 276.
Originally known as Hog Bay due to the pigs released by French Commander Nicholas Baudin, Penneshaw was named after a combination of the names of Dr. F.W.Pennefather, private secretary to Governor Jervois, and Flora Louisa Shaw, The Times colonial editor, a visitor to Government House.
South Australia's first modern seawater desalination plant was established at Penneshaw in the 1990s, to supplement the town's limited dam water supply.
Penneshaw jetty
In 1901, the Government authorised a budget of £1,800 for the construction of a jetty at Penneshaw (then known as Hog Bay). Appeals for the extension and improvement of the jetty followed in 1905 and 1906. Jetty extension works were undertaken by brothers J. and W. Tait of Port Adelaide in late 1908, using methods similar to those used at Glenelg and Edithburgh. At that time the outer part of the jetty was only 9 feet wide.
A breakwater was later constructed to provide shelter from rough seas for visiting ships.
In 2012, the Penneshaw jetty was extended to provide a cruise ship tender vessel landing facility to accommodate growing numbers of short-term visitors arriving by cruise ship. In the 2014–15 season, seven cruise ships landed passengers at Pennseshaw with eight or nine ships expected the following season. The jetty can also be enjoyed by snorkelers and scuba divers, and is known for supporting Gorgonian corals.
Today, the timber jetty and breakwater provide a sheltered landing for the ferry that travels to and from Cape Jervis daily and for tenders landing passengers from visiting cruise ships.
Attractions
Anglican Parish of Kangaroo Island Church of St Columba
Christmas Cove
Frenchman's Rock – In 1803 the French explorer Nicolas Baudin anchored in Hog Bay and one of his crew noted the arrival of the expedition by carving on a rock. The rock was later removed and is now located in the Gateway Information Centre. A replica now occupies the rock's original location on Penneshaw Beach.
Hog Bay
Maritime and Folk Museum
Penneshaw Penguin Centre – Nocturnal tours of the local little penguin colony with experienced guides are offered.
The Uniting Church (formerly Methodist) built c. 1883, the first church established on Kangaroo Island.
Heritage places
Penneshaw includes the following places that are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register – Christmas Cove, Frenchman's Rock Monument and Penneshaw Cemetery.
Little penguin colony
An account of penguins observed by Matthew Flinders' expedition of 1802 in the vicinity of Kangaroo Head (immediately west of Penneshaw) describes "thousands" of little penguins landing in the area. Other published accounts of little penguins at Penneshaw exist from 1948, 1951, 1982, 1988 1989 and 1998.
In July 1984, two dogs killed 80 penguins at the Penneshaw foreshore in a single night. The mortality event reduced the population there by almost half. Another dog attack at Penneshaw in March 2003 resulted in over 30 penguins being killed.
As of June 2011, the number of little penguins in the section of the colony which is monitored by the Penneshaw Penguin Centre appears to have declined over the prior 10 years.
Restoration work to provide improve habitat for little penguins near Penneshaw is ongoing. As of 2013, an 800m coastal strip between Frenchman's Rock and Baudin Conservation Park is the focus site. Works include the removal of weeds, planting of native plants and installation of nesting boxes.
Governance
Penneshaw is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Mawson and the local government area of the Kangaroo Island Council.
See also
List of little penguin colonies
References
External links
Kangaroo Island
Penneshaw Maritime and Folk Museum
Towns on Kangaroo Island
Coastal towns in South Australia
Dudley Peninsula
Backstairs Passage
Penguin colonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penneshaw%2C%20South%20Australia |
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, also promoted as LXG, is a 2003 steampunk/dieselpunk superhero film loosely based on the first volume of the comic book series of the same name by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill. Distributed by 20th Century Fox, it was released on 11 July 2003 in the United States, and 17 October in the United Kingdom. It was directed by Stephen Norrington and starred Sean Connery, Naseeruddin Shah, Peta Wilson, Tony Curran, Stuart Townsend, Shane West, Jason Flemyng, and Richard Roxburgh. It was Connery's final role in a theatrically released live-action film before his retirement in 2006 and death in 2020.
As with the comic book source material, the film features prominent pastiche and crossover themes set in the late 19th century. It features an assortment of fictional literary characters appropriate to the period who act as Victorian era superheroes. It draws on the works of Jules Verne, H. G. Wells, Bram Stoker, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, H. Rider Haggard, Ian Fleming, Herman Melville, Oscar Wilde, Robert Louis Stevenson, Edgar Allan Poe, Gaston Leroux, and Mark Twain, albeit all adapted for the film.
It received generally unfavorable reviews but was financially successful, grossing over $179 million worldwide in theaters, and earning rental revenue of $48.6 million and DVD sales (as of 2003) of $36.4 million, against its $78 million budget.
Plot
In 1899, a terrorist group led by the Fantom breaks into the Bank of England to steal Leonardo da Vinci's blueprints of Venice's foundations. They then kidnap several German scientists while blowing up a zeppelin factory.
The British Empire sends Sanderson Reed to Kenya Colony to recruit adventurer and hunter Allan Quatermain, who had retired following the death of his son. Quatermain at first refuses until a group of assassins is sent to kill him, resulting in the death of his longtime friend, Nigel. In London, Quatermain meets "M", who explains that the Fantom plans to start a world war by bombing a secret meeting of world leaders in Venice. To prevent this, M is forming the latest generation of the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, consisting of Quatermain, Captain Nemo, vampire chemist Mina Harker, and invisible thief Rodney Skinner.
The League travels to the London Docklands to recruit Dorian Gray, Mina's former lover who is immortal due to a missing cursed portrait. The Fantom and his assassins attack but the League, aided by U.S. Secret Service Agent Tom Sawyer, fends them off. Gray and Sawyer join the League. They then capture Edward Hyde in Paris, who transforms back into his alter ego, Dr. Henry Jekyll, and joins the League after being offered amnesty. The League travels to Venice in Nemo's submarine, the Nautilus. Soon, they deduce there may be a mole on board when a camera's flash powder residue is found in the wheelhouse and one of the vials of Jekyll's transformation formula disappears. Suspicion falls on the missing Skinner.
The Nautilus arrives in Venice just as the bombs detonate, causing the Piazza San Marco and the rest of the city to start collapsing. Sawyer uses Nemo's automobile to stop the destruction, while Quatermain confronts the Fantom, who is unmasked as M. Dorian, the traitor, murders Nemo's first mate Ishmael and steals the Nautilus exploration pod. M and Dorian leave a phonograph recording for the League declaring that their true goal is to ignite the world war, and that Dorian has been collecting physical elements of the League to create a heavily armed version of the Nautilus, invisible spies, vampire assassins, and Hyde-like soldiers, and to sell the superhuman formulas off to the highest bidder. The Nautilus is damaged by bombs hidden on board, but Hyde saves it by draining the flooded engine rooms. Skinner secretly messages the League, informing them that he has sneaked aboard the exploration pod and telling them to follow his heading.
The League reaches northern Mongolia, where it reunites with Skinner and plots to destroy M's factory with explosives. Nemo and Hyde rescue the scientists and their families while fighting Dante, who overdoses on the Hyde formula. Skinner sets the explosive charges, and Mina battles and eventually kills Dorian by exposing him to his portrait. Quatermain and Sawyer confront M and identify him as Professor James Moriarty, longtime archenemy of genius detective Sherlock Holmes who had changed identities following his alleged death at the Reichenbach Falls. Sawyer is taken hostage by an invisible Reed; Quatermain shoots the latter, only to be fatally stabbed by Moriarty. Moriarty flees, but Sawyer shoots and kills him, and his samples sink into the icy water. Quatermain then dies.
Quatermain is buried beside his son in Kenya. The League recall how a witch doctor had blessed Quatermain for saving his village, promising that Africa would never let him die. The remaining League members—Nemo, Mina, Skinner, Jekyll, and Sawyer—depart, agreeing to keep using their powers for good in the coming 20th century. The witch doctor arrives and performs a ritual that summons an unnatural storm, with a bolt of lightning striking a rifle Sawyer left on Quatermain's grave.
Cast
Sean Connery as Allan Quatermain, an adventurer and hunter.
Naseeruddin Shah as Nemo, the captain of the Nautilus.
Peta Wilson as Dr. Mina Harker, a chemist with vampire abilities following an encounter with Count Dracula.
Tony Curran as Rodney Skinner, a gentleman thief who got his hands on Griffin's invisibility serum.
Stuart Townsend as Dorian Gray, a man who is immortal due to his aging picture and is Fantom's double agent.
Shane West as Tom Sawyer, an agent from the United States who aids the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen.
Jason Flemyng as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Edward Hyde, a doctor turned human monster struggling with his new dual personality.
Richard Roxburgh as The Fantom / "M" / Prof. James Moriarty, an old enemy of Sherlock Holmes. As "Fantom", he leads a terrorist organization. As "M", he claims to be working for the British Empire.
Tom Goodman-Hill as Sanderson Reed, the henchman of Professor Moriarty.
David Hemmings as Nigel, an old friend of Allan Quatermain.
Terry O'Neill as Ishmael, Captain Nemo's first mate.
Max Ryan as Dante, Fantom's second-in-command.
Production
Writing
Because 20th Century Fox was unable to secure the rights to the eponymous character of H. G. Wells' 1897 novel, the script referred to "The Invisible Man" as "An Invisible Man", and his name was changed from Hawley Griffin to Rodney Skinner. The Fu Manchu character was dropped. At the request of the studio, the character of Tom Sawyer was added to increase the film's appeal to American audiences and the youth demographic, a move that producer Don Murphy initially dismissed as a "stupid studio note" but later described as "brilliant".
Casting
After previously turning down the roles of the Architect in The Matrix trilogy and Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings trilogy, the latter of which would reportedly have earned him $450 million, Connery agreed to appear as Quatermain for $17 million, a sum that left the filmmakers with little flexibility to attract other high-profile stars for the ensemble cast.
A character named Eva Draper (Winter Ave Zoli), daughter of German scientist Karl Draper, remained visible in promotional materials despite not appearing in the film's final cut.
Filming
Principal photography took place in Hungary, Malta, and the Czech Republic.
The studio pressured filmmakers for a summer release because Master and Commander was slated for fall release. The production encountered delays when a special effects set failed to perform as intended, forcing the filmmakers to quickly look for another effects shop.
Connery reportedly had many disputes with director Stephen Norrington. Norrington did not attend the opening party and, on being asked where the director could be, Connery is said to have replied, "Check the local asylum". Norrington reportedly did not like the studio supervision and was "uncomfortable" with large crews.
Connery claimed that making the film, and the quality of the finished product, convinced him to permanently retire from acting in movies. He told The Times: "It was a nightmare. The experience had a great influence on me, it made me think about showbiz. I get fed up dealing with idiots". As of 2023, Norrington and screenwriters O'Neill and James Dale Robinson have not worked on a live-action, feature-length film since The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen.
Lawsuit
In 2003, Larry Cohen and Martin Poll sued 20th Century Fox for intentionally plagiarizing their script Cast of Characters, which they had pitched to the studio between 1993 and 1996. Noting that the scripts shared public-domain characters that had not appeared in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen graphic novel series, the suit accused Fox of soliciting the series as a smokescreen. Fox denied the allegations as "absurd nonsense" but settled out of court, a decision Alan Moore believed "denied [him] the chance to exonerate" himself.
Reception
Box office
The film opened at #2 behind Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen grossed an estimated $66,465,204 in Canada and the United States, $12,603,037 in the United Kingdom, and $12,033,033 in Spain. Worldwide, the film took in $179,265,204.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of based on reviews from critics, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads: "Just ordinary. LXG is a great premise ruined by poor execution." On Metacritic it has a score of 30% based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of B−, on an A+ to F scale.
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one star out of a possible four: "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen assembles a splendid team of heroes to battle a plan for world domination, and then, just when it seems about to become a real corker of an adventure movie, plunges into ... inexplicable motivations, causes without effects, effects without causes, and general lunacy".
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also gave it one star out of four, writing: "Except for Connery, who is every inch the lion in winter, nothing here feels authentic".
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C− grade.
Empire magazine criticized its exposition and lack of character depth, giving it two stars out of five, and asserting that it "flirts dangerously close with one-star ignominy".
Creators' response
In an interview with The Times, Kevin O'Neill, illustrator of the comics, said he believed the film adaptation was a critical failure because it was not respectful of its source material. He did not recognize the characters when reading the screenplay, and claimed that Norrington and Connery did not cooperate. Finally, O'Neill said that the movie's version of Allan Quatermain compared poorly to the character in the original comics, and that "the whole balance" was changed by "marginalizing Mina [Murray] and making her a vampire."
The comics' author, Alan Moore, has generally been dissatisfied with the films based on his works, but thought that the reputations of the originals would not be affected by the quality of the adaptations. "As long as I could distance myself by not seeing them, enough to keep them separate, take the option money, I could be assured no one would confuse the two. This was probably naïve on my part."
Home video
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen earned a total of $48,640,000 in rentals, including $14,810,000 from video rentals and $33,830,000 from DVD rentals. DVD sales garnered $36,400,000.
The movie was rereleased on Blu-ray in October 2018 by Fabulous Films.
In other media
A novelization of the movie, written by Kevin J. Anderson, was published shortly before the film's release.
The soundtrack album, featuring two songs performed by Ladysmith Black Mambazo, was released by Varèse Sarabande on iTunes, and later online. It was not sold in stores in the United States.
Reboot
The Tracking Board reported in May 2015 that 20th Century Fox and Davis Entertainment had agreed to develop a reboot, in hope of launching a franchise, and that a search was underway for a director. John Davis told Collider in an interview that the film would be "female-centric". These plans were reportedly scrapped after the 2019 Disney–Fox merger. However, The Hollywood Reporter revealed in May 2022 that the reboot was back on track as a Hulu release, with Justin Haythe writing, and producer Don Murphy returning, alongside Susan Montford and Erwin Stoff of 3 Arts Entertainment.
See also
Penny Dreadful – a Showtime series involving famous figures from literary horror
Anno Dracula – a mashup novel by Kim Newman
Bungou Stray Dogs – a Japanese manga with a similar premise
Persona 5 – a Japanese video game that features popular fictional and historical outlaws and gentleman thieves as main characters' initial Personas
References
External links
Article at FilmForce about the film
Stax's review at IGN of a revised version of the script
Zone Troopers: Website about the different Allan Quatermain and King Solomon's Mine films
Film
2003 films
2003 action films
2000s fantasy adventure films
2000s superhero films
Action crossover films
Adventure crossover films
American action adventure films
American alternate history films
American crossover films
American fantasy adventure films
American fantasy comedy films
American superhero films
British action adventure films
British fantasy adventure films
German action adventure films
German fantasy adventure films
Crossover films
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films
Films based on works by Alan Moore
Films based on The Picture of Dorian Gray
Films based on WildStorm titles
Films based on works by H. Rider Haggard
Films based on works by Jules Verne
Films based on works by Mark Twain
Films directed by Stephen Norrington
Films set in London
Films set in Paris
Films set in Venice
Films set in Kenya
Films set in Russia
Films set in 1899
Films set in the Victorian era
Films shot in the Czech Republic
Films shot in Morocco
Live-action films based on comics
Films involved in plagiarism controversies
Science fiction submarine films
Superhero crossover films
British vampire films
Works based on Dracula
20th Century Fox films
Czech action films
Czech adventure films
Czech fantasy films
Czech superhero films
Films scored by Trevor Jones
Films about giants
English-language Czech films
English-language German films
Films produced by Don Murphy
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s British films
2000s German films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20League%20of%20Extraordinary%20Gentlemen%20%28film%29 |
Partywise poll results
Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan
Ganganagar (SC), Nihalchand Meghwal, Bharatiya Janata Party
Bikaner, Dharmendra, Bharatiya Janata Party
Churu, Ram Singh Kaswan, Bharatiya Janata Party
Jhunjhunu, Sis Ram Ola, Indian National Congress
Sikar, Subhash Maharia, Bharatiya Janata Party
Jaipur, Girdhari Lal Bhargava, Bharatiya Janata Party
Dausa, Sachin Pilot, Indian National Congress
Alwar, Dr. Karan Singh Yadav, Indian National Congress
Bharatpur, Vishvendra Singh, Bharatiya Janata Party
Bayana (SC), Ramswaroop Koli, Bharatiya Janata Party
Sawai Madhopur (ST), Namo Narain Meena, Indian National Congress
Ajmer, Rasa Singh Rawat, Bharatiya Janata Party
Tonk (SC), Kailash Meghwal, Bharatiya Janata Party
Kota, Raghuveer Singh Koshal, Bharatiya Janata Party
Jhalawar, Dushyant Singh, Bharatiya Janata Party
Banswara (ST), Dhan Singh Rawat, Bharatiya Janata Party
Salumber (ST), Mahaveer Bhagora, Bharatiya Janata Party
Udaipur, Kiran Maheshwari, Bharatiya Janata Party
Chittorgarh, Shrichand Kriplani, Bharatiya Janata Party
Bhilwara, Vijayendrapal Singh, Bharatiya Janata Party
Pali, Pusp Jain, Bharatiya Janata Party
Jalore (SC), B. Susheela, Bharatiya Janata Party
Barmer, Manvendra Singh, Bharatiya Janata Party
Jodhpur, Jaswant Singh Bishnoi, Bharatiya Janata Party
Nagaur, Bhanwar Singh Dangawas, Bharatiya Janata Party
Results by constituencies
Ganganagar
Bikaner
Churu
Jhunjhunu
Sikar
Jaipur
Dausa
Alwar
Bharatpur
Bayana
Sawai Madhopur
Ajmer
Tonk
Kota
Jhalawar
Banswara
Salumber
Udaipur
Chittorgarh
Bhilwara
Pali
Jalore
Barmer
Jodhpur
Nagaur
References
2004
2004
2004 Indian general election by state or union territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Indian%20general%20election%20in%20Rajasthan |
Valley FM 89.5 (call sign: 1VFM) is a community radio station which broadcasts on 89.5 MHz from its studios at the Erindale Centre, in the southern Canberra suburb of Wanniassa. All of the station's staff and presenters are volunteers, and the station operates as a completely non-profit entity.
Valley FM 89.5 has been on air since June 1999 and holds a Permanent Community Broadcasting Licence (PCBL). The station is also a full member of the Community Broadcasting Association of Australia (CBAA).
In November 2005, Valley FM 89.5 was named the Best Value For Money Radio Station in Australia at the Australian Community Broadcasting Association (CBAA) awards ceremony held in Fremantle, Western Australia.
More information about Valley FM 89.5 and the latest Program Guide can be found at www.valleyfm.com
References
Community radio stations in Australia
Radio stations in Canberra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley%20FM%2089.5%20Tuggeranong |
Mezőberény (; ; ) is a town in Békés county, Hungary.
Location
Mezőberény is located in the Great Hungarian Plain, 200 km southeast from Budapest. Highway 46, 47 and Budapest-Szolnok-Békéscsaba-Lökösháza high speed (120–160 km/h (75–99 mph)) railway line also cross the town.
History
The Medieval village of Berény was ruined due to the Ottoman wars, native Hungarian population fled from the area. It was rebuilt in the 18th century with German, Hungarian and Slovak settlers and was a multiethnic town until the late 19th century, when Germans and Slovaks adopted the Hungarian language. In 1881, the town had a population of 11,368 people, of which 4,267 were Slovaks, 3,860 Hungarians, 2,614 Germans and 627 of other ethnicites.
Notable people
Soma Orlai Petrich (1822–1880), painter
Twin towns – sister cities
Mezőberény is twinned with:
Gronau, Germany
Kolárovo, Slovakia
Münsingen, Germany
Sovata, Romania
References
External links
(in Hungarian)
Guide Mezőberény (in Hungarian)
Populated places in Békés County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mez%C5%91ber%C3%A9ny |
Charlie van Gelderen (14 August 1913 – 26 October 2001) was a South African Trotskyist active in the British Labour movement from the 1930s. He attended the founding conference of the Fourth International in 1938, and towards the end of his life he was the last survivor of that conference.
In the 1940s, he played the leading role for the Revolutionary Communist Party's fraction in the Labour Party. He became a leader of the International Marxist Group, and served on the editorial board of its magazine, International. After the break-up of the IMG, he joined the International Socialist Group.
References
External links
Memorial meeting report, International Viewpoint
Obituary by Terry Conway and Penelope Duggan
International Marxist Group members
Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944) members
British Trotskyists
South African socialists
South African people of Dutch descent
1913 births
2001 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20van%20Gelderen |
Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony (22 November 1610 – 24 October 1684) was duchess consort of Holstein-Gottorp as the spouse of Duke Friedrich III of Holstein-Gottorp. As a widow, she became known as a patron of culture.
Biography
She was a daughter of John George I, Elector of Saxony, and his spouse Princess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia. She was engaged in 1627 and married in 1630. Her marriage was arranged by the Danish queen Dowager Sophie, and the duchess Dowager of Saxony, Hedwig of Denmark. In her dowry, she brought paintings by Lucas Cranach the Elder.
In 1659, she became a widow, and in 1660 moved to Wittum Husum Castle. Her household at Husum became renowned as a culture center, and she herself a noted patron. She produced an interpretation of the Bible in 1664.
Marriage and issue
She was married on 21 February 1630 to Duke Friedrich III of Holstein-Gottorp and had sixteen children:
Sofie Auguste (5 December 1630 – 12 December 1680), married on 16 September 1649 to John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. Mother of John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg, grandmother of Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and great-grandmother of Catherine II of Russia.
Magdalene Sibylle (24 November 1631 – 22 September 1719), married on 28 November 1654 to Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Mother of Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Queen of Denmark.
Johann Adolf (29 September 1632 – 19 November 1633).
Marie Elisabeth (6 June 1634 – 17 June 1665), married on 24 November 1650 to Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.
Friedrich (17 July 1635 – 12 August 1654).
Hedwig Eleonore (23 October 1636 – 24 November 1715), married on 24 October 1654 to King Charles X of Sweden.
Adolf August (1 September 1637 – 20 November 1637).
Johann Georg (8 August 1638 – 25 November 1655).
Anna Dorothea (13 February 1640 – 13 May 1713).
Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (3 February 1641 – 6 January 1695).
Gustav Ulrich (16 March 1642 – 23 October 1642).
Christine Sabine (11 July 1643 – 20 March 1644).
August Friedrich (6 May 1646 – 2 October 1705), Prince-Regent of Eutin and Prince-Bishop of Lübeck; married on 21 June 1676 to Christine of Saxe-Weissenfels (daughter of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, and his first wife Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin). No issue.
Adolf (24 August 1647 – 27 December 1647).
Elisabeth Sofie (24 August 1647 – 16 November 1647), twin of Adolf.
Auguste Marie (6 February 1649 – 25 April 1728), married on 15 May 1670 to Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach.
Ancestry
References
Article in the Dansk biografisk Lexicon
|-
Duchesses of Holstein-Gottorp
1610 births
1684 deaths
House of Wettin
German patrons of the arts
Nobility from Dresden
17th-century philanthropists
Albertine branch
Daughters of monarchs
Mothers of monarchs
17th-century women philanthropists
German women philanthropists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess%20Marie%20Elisabeth%20of%20Saxony |
Emek HaMa'ayanot Regional Council (, Mo'atza Azorit Emek HaMa'ayanot, lit. Valley of the Springs Regional Council) is a regional council in the Northern District of Israel that encompasses most of the settlements in the Beit She'an Valley. Until 2008 it was known as the Beit She'an Valley Regional Council (Mo'atza Azorit Bik'at Beit She'an).
Physical geography
The territory of the regional council is bounded by the Jezreel Valley in the west, in the north by the Lower Galilee, to the east by the Jordan River, and the south by the Jordan Valley and Samarian hills.
Population and administrative geography
About 12,000 people live in the sixteen kibbutzim, six moshavim, and 2 community villages located in its municipal territory. The city of Beit She'an lies in the centre of the territory, but is an independent municipality.
List of settlements
Kibbutzim
Ein HaNetziv
Gesher
Hamadia
Kfar Ruppin
Ma'ale Gilboa
Maoz Haim
Meirav
Mesilot
Neve Eitan
Neve Ur
Nir David
Reshafim
Sde Eliyahu
Sde Nahum
Shluhot
Tirat Zvi
Moshavim
Beit Yosef
Rehov
Revaya
Sde Trumot
Yardena
Other
Malkishua (drug rehabilitation centre)
Menahemia (moshava)
Tel Te'omim (community settlement)
See also
Tourism in Israel
References
External links
Official website (in Hebrew)
Regional councils in Northern District (Israel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emek%20HaMaayanot%20Regional%20Council |
Tailevu North Ovalau Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It comprised the island of Ovalau and the northern part of Tailevu Province, on the main island of Viti Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailevu%20North%20Ovalau%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Cautín Province () is one of two provinces in the southern Chilean region of La Araucanía (IX), bounded on the north by Arauco and Malleco provinces, on the east by Argentina, on the south by Valdivia Province, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Its population at the 2012 census was of 692,582. The most important communes are Temuco, Villarrica, Padre Las Casas, and Nueva Imperial. Cattle, forestry, and agriculture make up most of Cautin's economy. Its climate is humid, rainy in winter, and generally warm in summer.
History
Cautin province once formed part of the territory occupied by the Araucanian natives, and its present political existence dates from 1887. Cautín Province was the last area to be taken by Chile during the occupation of the Araucanía. Cautin is known for the 1971 Agrarian revolt.
Tourism
The province of Cautín is known for its lakes and beaches. Perhaps best known internationally is the town of Pucón with its many recreational amenities on Villarrica Lake under the backdrop of the Villarrica Volcano. South of Villarrica on Calafquén Lake lies Licán Ray, another lakeside resort town. Saavedra is a popular beach on the Pacific coast.
Economy
Cautín lies within the temperate agricultural and forest region of the south, and produces cereal crops such as wheat and oats. In Carahue, the potato cultivation has a significant position. In addition, cattle production is remarkable.
Communes
The province of Cautín is divided into 21 communes (out of the 32 in the region):
Temuco, provincial capital
Carahue
Cholchol
Cunco
Curarrehue
Freire
Galvarino
Gorbea
Lautaro
Loncoche
Melipeuco
Nueva Imperial
Padre Las Casas
Perquenco
Pitrufquén
Pucón
Saavedra
Teodoro Schmidt
Toltén
Vilcún
Villarrica
Geography and demography
According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute (INE), the province spans an area of and had a population of 667,920 inhabitants (0 men and 0 women), giving it a population density of . It is the third most populated province in the country after Santiago and Concepción. Of these, 449,147 (67.2%) lived in urban areas and 218,773 (32.8%) in rural areas. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 15.5% (89,715 persons).
References
Revolution in Cautín
Provinces of Chile
Provinces of La Araucanía Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caut%C3%ADn%20Province |
Dillon Matthew Boucher (born 27 December 1975) is a New Zealand former professional basketball player. His 13 combined career championships is the most in ANBL/NZNBL history.
Early life
Growing up in Bell Block, a small township just outside of New Plymouth, Boucher picked up basketball in his final year at Bell Block Primary School, thanks in large part to his older brothers. Boucher continued to play the sport through high school, spending his third-form year at New Plymouth's Spotswood College in 1989 before relocating to Auckland in 1990 and attending Papatoetoe High School. While he enjoyed playing basketball, it was when he was selected for his first New Zealand age-group squad, around the age of 17, he saw the potential to make a career out of it.
Professional career
Boucher played for the New Zealand Breakers in the Australian National Basketball League from their inception in 2003 until 2005 when he signed with the Perth Wildcats for whom he played for in 2005/06. Boucher then played for the Brisbane Bullets between 2006 and 2008. In 2008, he re-joined the New Zealand Breakers and was part of the team's championship three-peat between 2010/11 and 2012/13. Boucher retired from the Breakers and the Australian NBL in 2013. The Breakers retired his number 24.
With the Auckland Pirates in 2012, Boucher won his ninth NZNBL championship. Prior to 2011, he played for the Auckland Stars, Waikato Titans and Harbour Heat. He played for the Wellington Saints in 2013, before joining the Super City Rangers in 2014. He was player/assistant with the Rangers in 2015. In November 2015, he re-signed with the Rangers on a three-year deal, continuing on as a player/assistant coach. On 4 May 2017, Boucher became the second player to reach 400 NBL games, joining Phill Jones (406). On 5 June 2017, he played his 409th career NBL game, surpassing Jones as the all-time leader.
On 12 July 2018, Boucher announced that the 2018 season would be his last in the New Zealand NBL. He finished his career with 426 NBL games.
Off the court
In 2016, Boucher became the New Zealand Breakers' general manager. In September 2019, he quit as general manager of the Breakers.
In November 2020, Boucher was appointed Director of Basketball for the Auckland Huskies in the New Zealand NBL.
In September 2021, Boucher was appointed CEO of Basketball New Zealand.
National team career
Boucher made his first Tall Blacks team in 2001. He was part of the squad who shocked the hoops world to claim fourth place at the 2002 FIBA World Championship. Following his national team call up, Boucher became a fixture in the side until his retirement from the international level in 2008.
Personal
In the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours, Boucher was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to basketball.
References
External links
Dillon Boucher at nzbreakers.co.nz
Dillon Boucher at fiba.basketball
Dillon Boucher at sportstg.com
1975 births
Living people
Auckland Pirates players
Auckland Stars players
Basketball players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Brisbane Bullets players
Commonwealth Games medallists in basketball
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand
Harbour Heat players
Members of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand Breakers players
New Zealand expatriate basketball people in Australia
New Zealand men's basketball players
Perth Wildcats players
Power forwards (basketball)
Small forwards
Sportspeople from New Plymouth
Super City Rangers players
Waikato Titans players
Wellington Saints players
2006 FIBA World Championship players
2002 FIBA World Championship players
People educated at Papatoetoe High School
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillon%20Boucher |
Brian G. Wowk is a Canadian medical physicist and cryobiologist known for the discovery and development of synthetic molecules that mimic the activity of natural antifreeze proteins in cryopreservation applications, sometimes called "ice blockers". As a senior scientist at 21st Century Medicine, Inc., he was a co-developer with Greg Fahy of key technologies enabling cryopreservation of large and complex tissues, including the first successful vitrification and transplantation of a mammalian organ (kidney). Wowk is also known for early theoretical work on future applications of molecular nanotechnology, especially cryonics, nanomedicine, and optics. In the early 1990s he wrote that nanotechnology would revolutionize optics, making possible virtual reality display systems optically indistinguishable from real scenery as in the fictitious Holodeck of Star Trek. These systems were described by Wowk in the chapter "Phased Array Optics" in the 1996 anthology Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance , and highlighted in the September 1998 Technology Watch section of Popular Mechanics magazine.
Early life and education
He obtained his undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada. Dr. Wowk obtained his PhD in physics in 1997. His graduate studies included work in online portal imaging for radiotherapy at the Manitoba Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation (now Cancer Care Manitoba), and work on artifact reduction for functional magnetic resonance imaging at the National Research Council of Canada. His work in the latter field is cited by several text books, including
Functional MRI which includes an image he obtained of magnetic field changes inside the human body caused by respiration.
References
Notes
1.Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance
2.Functional MRI
External links
21st Century Medicine
Cell Repair Technology
Medical Time Travel
Living people
Cryobiology
Cryonicists
University of Manitoba alumni
Medical physicists
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Wowk |
The European Patent Register, also known as the Register of European Patents, is a public register kept by the European Patent Office (EPO). It contains legal information relating to published European patent applications and European patents granted under the European Patent Convention (EPC). The register notably provides the current legal status of European patent applications and patents, such as for instance "whether a patent application has been published, whether a patent has been granted, what the outcome of opposition proceedings was or whether a patent has been revoked".
The register does not, however, contain information regarding what happens to a European patent at the national level (especially after grant, when the European patent becomes effectively a bundle of national patents in the member states of the European Patent Organisation). Since October 2011 however, its records include deep links to the corresponding records of the European patents' "national parts" in about twenty national registers (as of December 2012). The Global Dossier is also available via the European Patent Register.
The European Patent Office is the only body that can perform legally effective publication and registration of European patent applications and patents. It regularly issues warnings about scams by firms and individuals that invite applicants to register patents in unofficial registers or publications. Such registration services are a well known scam in intellectual property.
See also
Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR), a similar service provided by the USPTO for U.S. patent applications and patents
References
External links
European Patent Register at the European Patent Office
Legal basis
: European Patent Register
(formerly ): Entries in the European Patent Register
European Patent Organisation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Patent%20Register |
The battle that took place on 26 July 1566 during the Northern Seven Years' War and was a slight victory for a Swedish fleet over a combined Danish and Lübecker fleet. It began just east of Öland and the Allied fleet eventually retreated toward Gotland.
Two days after the battle a storm sank fourteen of the Allied ships while they were anchored near Visby, drowning around 5900 men. The Swedish fleet, further out to sea, returned to port with some damage.
On 25 July, Horn discovered the Allied Danish–Lübeck fleet at the northern tip of Öland, headed for Gotland. Horn, who had a headwind, decided to avoid battle, but when the wind turned he started the battle on the morning of 26 July. A few more losses did not affect either fleet, when a sudden wind made it impossible for the Swedish navy to continue its pursuit of the Danish fleet, which was anchored to the Gotland coast to bury the Danish vice-admiral Christopher Morgisen on hallowed ground after his death from a cannonball.
Shortly after that a sudden storm broke out. The Swedish navy, which was at sea, survived without major losses, other than having had to fell the main mast of the Hector, and was able to flee to Älvsnabben by 6 August. The Allied fleet however was thrown against the coast of Gotland, and 12 Danish and 3 Lübeck vessels were smashed, and most of the ships' crews, numbering around 5000, were drowned, with only around 1400 surviving ashore.
Ships involved
* indicates ships that sank in the storm of 28 July 1566
Sweden
St Erik 90 (flag)
Finska Svan 82
Hercules 81
Böse Lejon 56
Engel 49
other ships
Denmark
Samson* (flag)
Hannibal*
Merkurius*
Achilles (Christopher Mogensen, died)
Engel*
Solen*
Flores*
Hoyenhald*
Papegoye*
Griffe*
Engelske Fortuna*
Hertug Olufs Pincke*
other ships
Lübeck
Morian* (Lübeck flagship)
Josua* (2nd Lübeck flagship)
Havfru*
other ships
References
Gotland
History of Lübeck
Hanseatic League
1566 in Denmark
Conflicts in 1566
1566
1566 in the Holy Roman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20of%2026%20July%201566 |
The Civic Party (CP) was a pro-democracy liberal political party in Hong Kong.
The party was formed in 2006 on the basis of the Basic Law Article 45 Concern Group, which was derived from the Basic Law Article 23 Concern Group that rooted in its opposition to the proposed legislation of the Article 23 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong. Mainly composed of leading barristers, the party first contested in the 2007 Chief Executive election with Alan Leong unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Donald Tsang elected by the Election Committee.
The Civic Party joined the League of Social Democrats (LSD) in the "Five Constituencies Referendum" campaign in 2010 to pressure the government to implement the universal suffrage of the Chief Executive and Legislative Council in 2012 over the constitutional reform package. In the 2012 Legislative Council election, the party took an aggressive electoral strategy, which resulted in winning six seats and overtaking the Democratic Party in vote share.
In light of the rise of localism, the Civic Party speeded up its rejuvenation and localisation after its candidate Alvin Yeung defeated Edward Leung of the Hong Kong Indigenous in the 2016 New Territories East by-election, which Yeung became the party leader later in the year. The party received a largest victory by winning 32 seats in the 2019 District Council election in the midst of the citywide anti-government protests.
In July 2020 after Beijing installed the national security law on Hong Kong, three of the five Civic incumbent legislators, Alvin Yeung, Kwok Ka-ki and Dennis Kwok were barred from running for re-election and subsequently unseated, which resulted in the mass resignations of the pro-democracy legislators, leaving the party with no representation in the legislature for the first time and Yeung's resignation as party leader. After all local councillors resigned from office or from the party in late 2021 as threats of disqualification loomed, the party has turned low profile. The party dissolved itself in May 2023.
Party beliefs
The party is considered part of the pan-democracy camp in the Legislative Council. The party's objectives are:
to promote a democratic political system in Hong Kong built upon universal suffrage, the rule of law, constitutionalism, civil liberties and equality of opportunities for all Hong Kong people;
to provide support and services for members of the Party who hold elected public office and members of the Party who stand in elections as candidates to such public office as is open to election in Hong Kong;
to foster a sustainable community through partnership with civil society groups;
to promote civic education;
to foster social cohesion and undertake community projects for the well being of Hong Kong residents.
During the 2008 Legislative Council election campaign, candidates from the party also called for the introduction of a statutory minimum wage and a competition law.
History
Founding
The Civic Party was founded on 19 March 2006 as a coalition of six incumbent members of the Legislative Council. Four of them, Audrey Eu, Alan Leong, Ronny Tong and Margaret Ng were barristers, who had already cooperated as an informal bloc called the Article 45 Concern Group, reflecting their efforts to realise universal suffrage with Article 45 and 68 of the Hong Kong Basic Law. They were joined by two other incumbents, the then functional constituency Legislative Councillors Mandy Tam (Accountancy) and Fernando Cheung (Social Welfare), as well as a number of pan-democratic academics. Political scientist Professor Kuan Hsin-chi became the first Chairman of the Civic Party and Audrey Eu the first Leader of the party. At the time of formation, the party was holding six seats in the Legislative Council, making it the fourth largest party.
The Article 45 Concern Group was transferred from the Article 23 Concern Group launched in 2002 opposing the legislation of the Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23. The barristers rose to fame as the issue escalated to a full-scale civil movement in the mid summer of 2003. Alan Leong and Ronny Tong were both able to elected to the Legislative Council in the geographical constituency direct elections in Kowloon East and New Territories East respectively.
Eu leadership (2006–2011)
Chief Executive bid and legislative election (2006–2008)
The Civic Party's first electoral test was its decision to run Alan Leong in the March 2007 "small circle" Chief Executive election, challenging incumbent Donald Tsang. The party and its ally actively fill candidates running in the 800-member December 2006 Election Committee Subsector elections and won more than 100 seats. Leong's winning sufficient nomination votes to enter the race was viewed as a breakthrough in what previously had been seen as an entirely Beijing-orchestrated process. However a safe margin in the Election Committee to assure Donald Tsang re-election, Leong eventually lost by 123 to 649 votes as a result. In the November 2007 District Council elections, the party contested 42 constituencies. Five incumbents now under the Civic Party flag were re-elected, and three rookies picked up new seats.
With a slate of widely respected legislators projecting an image of competence and ability, the Civic Party went into the September 2008 Legislative Council elections heavily favoured, with some pundits predicting they would take over as the flagship of the pan-democratic movement from what at the time seemed to be an ailing Democratic Party. However, the party's results failed to match pre-election predictions. Ronny Tong only took the sixth out of seven seats in his constituency, Alan Leong the final seat. While the Civics won a new seat for District Councilor Tanya Chan by placing Audrey Eu after Chan in the candidate list in Hong Kong Island, Mandy Tam's internal battles with Accountancy functional constituency (FC) cost Tam her seat. In addition, Fernando Cheung's decision to give up his Social Welfare FC seat in favour of running in the New Territories West geographic constituency (GC) proved disastrous. Finally, Kowloon West GC candidate Claudia Mo found herself under fierce attack by League of Social Democrats (LSD) chairman Wong Yuk-man, which the Civics believe cost Mo the election. As a result, the Civic Party dropped one seat in total, while retaining the three seats in the geographical constituency and one seat in the Legal FC and also gaining a new seat in Hong Kong Island, but losing two seats in the Accountancy and Social Welfare FCs.
The Civic Party's 2008 electoral performance led most observers to conclude the party needed to rectify its weakness at the grassroots. At the party's 6 December internal elections, Professor Kuan Hsin-chi was re-elected chairman and Audrey Eu remained as Party Leader. Vice-Chairman Fernando Cheung and Treasurer Mandy Tam, however, resigned to take responsibility for their defeats. While Alan Leong replaced Cheung as vice-chairman, Cheung's duties as party strategist were picked up by Secretary-General Kenneth Chan Ka-lok. Tanya Chan was elected Chairman of the "Young Civics", the party's youth wing.
Newly elected Civic Party Secretary-General Kenneth Chan suggested that the party should transformed from the elitist "barristers' club" image of the "blue-blooded" squad of barristers to a proper political party which could expand their base or groom the next generation of leaders for the party.
"Five Constituencies Referendum" (2009–2011)
The party was member of the Alliance for Universal Suffrage which consisted of all the pro-democracy groups to strive for the 2012 universal suffrage of the Chief Executive and Legislative Council. In response to the electoral reform package proposed by the government, the party joined hand with the League of Social Democrats, which belonged to the relatively radical wing the pan-democracy camp, to launch the "Five Constituency Referendum" by having five legislators resigning and participating in a territory-wide by-election to demand genuine universal suffrage. The claim of by-election as referendum expectedly received serve attacks from the Beijing government and the pro-Beijing camp in Hong Kong as unconstitutional. The Democratic Party refused to join the movement and sought for a less confrontational way to negotiate with Beijing. The election turnout showed with only 17.7 percent of the registered voters voted despite Alan Leong and Tanya Chan were re-elected. After the by-election Chairwoman Audrey Eu was invited by the Chief Executive Donald Tsang to a televised debate over the reform package. Audrey Eu was widely perceived to have scored an overwhelming victory over Tsang in the debate, yet the reform package was ultimately passed with the support of the Democratic Party despite Civic Party voted against it.
Leong leadership (2011–2016)
2011/12 elections (2011–2014)
In January 2011 party leadership elections, there was first changes at the top for the five-year-old party. Alan Leong took over from Audrey Eu as Party Leader uncontestedly, while Kenneth Chan beat Professor Joseph Cheng by an 11-vote margin after a heated campaign that saw some complaining about the fairness of the contest. Chan campaigned on a platform that was endorsed by most of the party veterans. Alan Leong denied the speculations of any intra-party factional struggle.
In the 2011 District Council elections, the Civic Party was hammered by the pro-Beijing media due to its close ties with the legal advisers on the lawsuit of the right of abode for foreign domestic workers who represented one such Filipina. The party was greatly disadvantaged by this as many HK residents fear granting Filipinos permanent residency would affect them. The party received great defeat in the election with only seven out of 41 candidates were elected. Party leader Alan Leong blamed the pro-Beijing camp's vast resources as the cause of defeat.
The 2012 Legislative Council elections were held on 9 September 2012. Civic Party won a seat in each geographical constituency, five seats in total, and a seat in Legal functional constituency. These six seats made the Civic Party the second largest political party in Legislative Council and stood side by side with the Democratic Party as the largest pro-democratic party, though the popular votes gained by the Civics in the geographical constituency surpassed the Democrats. The party was blamed for its electoral strategy by putting heavyweights Audrey Eu and Tanya Chan in New Territories West and Hong Kong Island to attract too many votes at the expense on the other pan-democratic parties. Although both Eu and Chan received about 70,000 votes in their constituencies, they failed to get re-elected and the seats went to pro-Beijing candidates Leung Che-cheung and Wong Kwok-hing which made the pro-Beijing camp controlled the majority of the seats in those constituencies despite fewer votes.
Post-Umbrella Revolution (2014–2016)
On 22 June 2015, few days after the historic legislative vote over the 2015 Hong Kong electoral reform, Ronny Tong announced that he would quit the Civic party that he co-founded, adding that he noted the line the Civic Party had taken since the end of 2009 had deviated from its founding values. He would also resign from the Legislative Council as he said it was inappropriate for him to retain his seat in the legislature because he stood for election as a Civic Party member.
In the 2015 District Council election, the Civics won total of 10 seats, although legislator Kenneth Chan failed to win a seat in South Horizons East.
In Legislative Council by-election to fill the seat left vacant by Ronny Tong, Alvin Yeung, a young barrister defeated Beijing-loyalist Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) candidate Holden Chow and localist camp Hong Kong Indigenous candidate Edward Leung Tin-kei, receiving 160,880 votes.
In the September's Legislative Council general election, the Civics retained all their six seats with Tanya Chan replaced Kenneth Chan in Hong Kong Island and Jeremy Tam took over retiring leader Alan Leong's seat in Kowloon East.
Yeung leadership (2016–2021)
On 1 October 2016, as Alan Leong retired from the Legislative Council, he has also stepped down from the post of Party Leader, and the Executive Committee of the party appointed Alvin Yeung as the acting party leader. Yeung officially became the party leader in November, with Leong succeeding Audrey Eu as party chair. On 14 November 2016, the party's legislator Claudia Mo resigned from the party citing differences over localism and other issues which left the party five seats in the council.
In the 2019 District Council election, the Civic Party won 32 seats, ranked second amongst all parties. After the imposition of national security law in 2020 and relevant resolutions, party co-founder Tanya Chan left the party, while all legislators of the Civic Party were unseated for "unpatriotic" or resigned to protest against the decision. The arrest of leader Alvin Yeung, and ex-legislators Jeremy Tam and Kwok Ka-ki in 2021 for "subversion" dealt a major blow to the party. Yeung quit the party later that year. In July 2021, all local councillors resigned from office or from the party as threats of disqualification loomed. The party has since turned low profile, and did not join the 2021 legislative election.
In December 2022, the party announced its plans to disband after it failed to form a new executive committee due to a lack of incumbent executives seeking re-election and nominations for new executives. A general meeting was held in May 2023 to dissolve the party. Party chair Alan Leong also announced that he would retire from politics after the Civic Party's dissolution.
Structure
The party is managed by the twenty-member Executive Committee, headed by the chairman and Leader. It has five District Branches, and a youth branch known as the Young Civics.
The admittance of any new ordinary member must be backed by two existing ordinary members or founding members. In addition, a prospective member must complete local branch work for one year before being inducted as an ordinary member.
Performance in elections
Chief Executive elections
Legislative Council elections
District Council elections
Leadership
Overall structure
The Civic Party operates with a dual-leadership model, with a Leader and a Chairperson. In general, the Leader is an elected legislator who leads the party within the Legislative Council, while the Chairperson is typically not a legislator so that he or she may focus on the overall development of the party.
Leaders
Chairpersons
Vice-chairpersons (external affairs)
Fernando Cheung, 2006–2008
Albert Lai, 2008–2012
Tanya Chan, 2012–2020
Jeremy Tam, 2020–2021
Vice-chairpersons (internal affairs)
Albert Lai, 2006–2008
Alan Leong SC , 2008–2011
Margaret Ng, 2011–2012
Stephen Chan Ching-kiu, 2012–2016
Billy Lay Yan-piau, 2016–2023
Secretaries general
Joseph Cheng, 2006–2008
Kenneth Chan, 2008–2011
Bill Lay Yan-piau, 2011–2016
Chan Kai-yuen, 2016–2020
Jessica Leung Ka-sin, 2020–2023
Treasurers
Mandy Tam, 2006–2008
Amy Yung Wing-sheung, 2008–2011
Tommy Wong Wai-ming, 2011–2012
Janos Choy Kai-sing, 2012–2023
References
External links
Civic Party Official Site
2006 establishments in Hong Kong
2023 disestablishments in Hong Kong
Liberal parties in Hong Kong
Political parties established in 2006
Political parties disestablished in 2023
Political parties in Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic%20Party |
The grammar of Modern Greek, as spoken in present-day Greece and Cyprus, is essentially that of Demotic Greek, but it has also assimilated certain elements of Katharevousa, the archaic, learned variety of Greek imitating Classical Greek forms, which used to be the official language of Greece through much of the 19th and 20th centuries. Modern Greek grammar has preserved many features of Ancient Greek, but has also undergone changes in a similar direction as many other modern Indo-European languages, from more synthetic to more analytic structures.
General characteristics
Syntax
The predominant word order in Greek is SVO (subject–verb–object), but word order is quite freely variable, with VSO and other orders as frequent alternatives. Within the noun phrase, adjectives precede the noun (for example, , , 'the big house'), and possessors generally follow it (for example, , , 'my house'; 'Nick's house'). If both an adjective and a possessive occur, the possessive may be placed before the noun: ⇔ , 'my big house'. Some other alternative constructions involving the opposite order of constituents are possible as a marked option (e.g. 'the big house'; 'Nick's house')
Greek is a pro-drop language, and subjects are typically not overtly expressed whenever they are inferable from context. While the word order of the major elements within the clause is fairly free, certain grammatical elements attach to the verb as clitics and form a rigidly ordered group together with it; this applies particularly to unstressed object pronouns, negation particles, the tense particle , and the subjunctive particle . Likewise, possessive pronouns are enclitic to the nouns they modify.
Morphology
Greek is a largely-synthetic (inflectional) language. Although the complexity of the inflectional system has been somewhat reduced in comparison to Ancient Greek, there is also a considerable degree of continuity in the morphological system, and Greek still has a somewhat archaic character compared with other Indo-European languages of Europe. Nouns, adjectives and verbs are each divided into several inflectional classes (declension classes and conjugation classes), which have different sets of endings. In the nominals, the ancient inflectional system is well preserved, with the exception of the loss of one case, the dative, and the restructuring of several of the inflectional classes. In the verbal system, the loss of synthetic inflectional categories is somewhat greater, and several new analytic (periphrastic) constructions have evolved instead.
Characteristics of the Balkan language area
Modern Greek shares several syntactic characteristics with its geographical neighbours, with which it forms the so-called Balkan language area (Sprachbund). Among these characteristics are:
The lack of an infinitive. In Greek, verbal complementation in contexts where English would use an infinitive is typically formed with the help of finite (subjunctive) verb forms (e.g. , , literally 'I-want that I-go', i.e. 'I want to go').
The merger of the dative and the genitive case. In Greek, indirect objects are expressed partly through genitive forms of nouns or pronouns, and partly through a periphrasis consisting of the preposition (, 'to') and the accusative.
The use of a future construction derived from the verb 'want' ( → ).
A tendency to use pre-verbal clitic object pronouns redundantly (clitic doubling), doubling an object that is also expressed elsewhere in the clause: for example, (, 'I saw it, the car", literally 'It I-saw the car').
On the other hand, one prominent feature of the Balkan language area that Greek does not share is the use of a postposed definite article. The Greek article (like the Ancient Greek one) stands before the noun.
Accent
Modern Greek has a stress accent, similar to English. The accent is notated with a stroke (΄) over the accented vowel and is called (oxeia, "acute") or (tonos, "accent") in Greek. The former term is taken from one of the accents used in polytonic orthography which officially became obsolete in 1982.
As in Ancient Greek, in Modern Greek the accent cannot be placed before the antepenultimate syllable. As a result, in many words that have the accent on their antepenultimate in their base form, the stress shifts to the next syllable in inflection forms with longer affixes. For example, (, "lesson") but and etc. In some words, the accent moves forward even without the addition of a syllable. For example, (, "human") but , and . This accentuation is inherited from Ancient Greek, where long vowels and diphthongs occupied two morae, having the same effect as the addition of a syllable.
Accent shifts can also be triggered by the addition of enclitic elements after a word. Enclitics are phonologically weak personal pronouns that form a single phonological unit together with the word they are attached to. The three-syllable rule then applies to the unit as a whole. When the previous word is accented on the antepenultimate syllable, the enclitic causes the ultimate syllable to be accented too. For example, (, "teacher") but (, "my teacher") and (, "wear ") but (, "wear it"). If two enclitic elements are added to a word, the extra accent appears on the first enclitic. For example, (, "bring it to me").
As a rule, monosyllabic words do not carry an orthographic accent, except for a few words where the accent marker is used to orthographically distinguish them from an otherwise homonymous item (e.g. (, "or", distinguished from the feminine article . Moreover, weak personal pronouns are accented in cases where they may be mistaken for enclitics. For example, (, "the dog barked at me") instead of (, "my dog barked").
Verbs
Greek verb morphology is structured around a basic 2-by-2 contrast of two aspects, namely imperfective and perfective, and two tenses, namely past and non-past (or present). The aspects are expressed by two separate verb stems, while the tenses are marked mainly by different sets of endings. Of the four possible combinations, only three can be used in indicative function: the present (i.e. imperfective non-past), the imperfect (i.e. imperfective past) and the aorist (i.e. perfective past). All four combinations can be used in subjunctive function, where they are typically preceded by the particle or by one of a set of subordinating conjunctions. There are also two imperatives, one for each aspect.
In addition to these basic forms, Greek also has several periphrastic verb constructions. All the basic forms can be combined with the future particle (historically a contraction of , 'want to'). Combined with the non-past forms, this creates an imperfective and a perfective future. Combined with the imperfective past it is used as a conditional, and with the perfective past as an inferential. There is also a perfect, which is expressed with an inflected form of the auxiliary verb ('have'). It occurs both as a past perfect (pluperfect) and as a present perfect.
Modern Greek verbs additionally have three non-finite forms. There is a form traditionally called "απαρέμφατο" (i.e. 'infinitive', literally the 'invariant form'), which is historically derived from the perfective (aorist) infinitive, but has today lost all syntactical functions typically associated with that category. It is used only to form the periphrastic perfect and pluperfect, and is always formally identical to the 3rd person singular of the perfective non-past. There is also a passive participle, typically ending in -menos (-meni, -meno), which is inflected as a regular adjective. Its use is either as a canonical adjective, or as a part of a second, alternative perfect periphrasis with transitive verbs. Finally, there is another invariant form, formed from the present tense and typically ending in -ontas, which is variably called either a participle or a gerund by modern authors. It is historically derived from an old present participle, and its sole use today is to form non-finite adjunct adverbial clauses of time or manner, roughly corresponding to an -ing participle in English.
Regular perfect periphrasis, with aparemphato ("invariant form"), for example:
(, 'I have written the cheque')
Alternative perfect periphrasis, with passive participle, for example:
(, 'I have written the cheque')
Adverbial clause with present participle/gerund form, for example:
(, 'he ran along the street singing')
The tables below exemplify the range of forms with those of one large inflectional class of verbs, the first conjugation.
First conjugation
Second conjugation
Below are the corresponding forms of two subtypes of another class, the second conjugation. Only the basic forms are shown here; the periphrastic combinations are formed as shown above. While the person-number endings are quite regular across all verbs within each of these classes, the formation of the two basic stems for each verb displays a lot of irregularity and can follow any of a large number of idiosyncratic patterns.
Augment
The use of the past tense prefix (e-), the so-called augment, shows some variation and irregularity between verb classes. In regular (demotic) verbs in standard modern Greek, the prefix is used depending on a stress rule, which specifies that each past tense verb form has its stress on the third syllable from the last (the antepenultimate); the prefix is only inserted whenever the verb would otherwise have fewer than three syllables. In these verbs, the augment always appears as . A number of frequent verbs have irregular forms involving other vowels, mostly (i-), for example, → ('want'). In addition, verbs from the learned tradition partly preserve more complex patterns inherited from ancient Greek. In learned compound verbs with adverbial prefixes such as (peri-) or (ipo-), the augment is inserted between the prefix and the verb stem (for example, → ('describe'). Where the prefix itself ends in a vowel, the vowels in this position may be subject to further assimilation rules, such as in → ('sign'). In addition, verbs whose stem begins in a vowel may also display vocalic changes instead of a syllabic augment, as in → ('hope').
Grammatical voice
Greek is one of the few modern Indo-European languages that still retain a morphological contrast between the two inherited Proto-Indo-European grammatical voices: active and mediopassive. The mediopassive has several functions:
Passive function, denoting an action that is performed on the subject by another agent (for example, 'he was killed');
Reflexive function, denoting an action performed by the subject on him-/herself (for example, 'he shaved himself');
Reciprocal function, denoting an action performed by several subjects on each other (for example, 'they love each other');
Modal function, denoting the possibility of an action (for example, 'it is edible');
Deponential function: verbs that occur only in the mediopassive and lack a corresponding active form. They often have meanings that are rendered as active in other languages: 'Ι work'; 'I sleep'; 'I accept'. There are also many verbs that have both an active and a mediopassive form but where the mediopassive has a special function that may be rendered with a separate verb in other languages: for example, active 'I raise', passive 'I get up'; active 'I strike', passive 'I am bored'.
There also two other categories of verbs, which historically correspond to the ancient contracted verbs.
There are also more formal suffixes instead of -μασταν, -σασταν: -μαστε, -σαστε. In this case the suffixes of the first person of the plural of present and imperfect are the same.
Be and have
The verbs ('be') and ('have') are irregular and defective, because they both lack the aspectual contrast. The forms of both are given below.
The first and second person plural forms ήμαστε and ήσαστε appear very rarely in the spoken language.
For both of these verbs, the older declinable participles are also sometimes used in fossilized stereotypical expressions (e.g. "έχων σωάς τας φρένας", 'of sound mind and spirit')
Nouns
The Greek nominal system displays inflection for two numbers (singular and plural), three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and four cases (nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative). As in many other Indo-European languages, the distribution of grammatical gender across nouns is largely arbitrary and need not coincide with natural sex. Case, number and gender are marked on the noun as well as on articles and adjectives modifying it. While there are four cases, there is a great degree of syncretism between case forms within most paradigms. Only one sub-group of the masculine nouns actually has four distinct forms in the four cases.
Articles
There are two articles in Modern Greek, the definite and the indefinite. They are both inflected for gender and case, and the definite article also for number. The article agrees with the noun it modifies. For plural indefiniteness, no article is used.
Definite article
The definite article is used frequently in Greek, such as before proper names and nouns used in an abstract sense. For example,
Ο Αλέξανδρος ήρθε χθες (O Alexandros irthe chthes, "Alexander came yesterday")
Η ειλικρίνεια είναι η καλύτερη πρακτική. (I eilikrineia einai i kalyteri praktiki, "Honesty is the best policy")
Indefinite article
The indefinite article is identical with the numeral one and only has singular forms. The use of the indefinite article is not dictated by rules and the speaker can use it according to the circumstances of their speech. Indefiniteness in plural nouns is expressed by the bare noun without an article, just as in English. For example,
Αγόρασα έναν υπολογιστή (Agorasa enan ypologisti, "I bought a computer")
However, the indefinite article is not used in Greek as often as in English because it specifically expresses the concept of "one". For example,
Είναι δικηγόρος (Einai dikigoros, "He is a lawyer")
Τι καλό παιδί! (Ti kalo paidi, "What a good boy!")
Declensions
Greek nouns are inflected by case and number. In addition each noun belongs to one of three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Within each of the three genders, there are several sub-groups (declension classes) with different sets of inflectional endings.
Masculine nouns
The main groups of masculine nouns have the nominative singular end in -ος [-os], -ης [-is], -ας [-as], -έας [-ˈeas]. Nouns in -os are identical to the Ancient Greek second declension, except for the final -n of the accusative singular. However, in other parts of speech that follow the same declension and where clarity is necessary, such as in pronouns, the -n is added. When the word has more than two syllables and the antepenult is accented, the accent fluctuates between the antepenult and the penult according to whether the last syllable has one of the ancient long diphthongs, -ου, -ων or -ους. Nouns in -is correspond to the ancient first declension in most cases, having the accent on the ultimate syllable in the genitive plural, and so do some nouns ending in -ίας [-ˈias]. Nouns in -as stem from the ancient third declension. They formed their nominative singular from the accusative singular and retain the original accent in genitive plural. Nouns in -eas stem from the ancient third declension and form their plural respectively.
Moreover, there are other categories and forms too that have to do with either Demotic or Katharevousa. For example, through Demotic, many nouns, especially oxytones (those that are accented on the last syllable) in -άς (-as) or -ής (-is) form their plural by adding the stem extension -άδ- (-ad-) and -ήδ- (-id-) respectively. Although this declension group is an element of Demotic, it has its roots in Ionic Greek that influenced later Koine. On the other hand, from Katharevousa, nouns such as μυς (mys, "muscle") follow the ancient declension in all cases except for the dative.
Feminine nouns
Most feminine nouns end in -η [-i], -α [-a] and -ος [-os]. Those that end in -i and many that end in -a stem from the ancient first declension and have the accent on the ultimate syllable in genitive plural. The rest of those that end in -a originate from the ancient third declension and have formed their nominative singular from the ancient accusative singular; those nouns keep the accent unchanged in genitive plural. The nouns that end in -ος (-os) are identical to the respective masculine nouns. Finally, many feminine nouns that end in -η (-i) correspond to Ancient Greek nouns in -ις (-is), which are still used as learned forms in formal contexts. Their singular forms have been adapted to the rest of the feminine nouns, while their plural forms have retained the ancient pattern in -εις (-eis). The forms of the genitive singular -εως (-eos) are also found as a stylistic variant and they are fully acceptable, and in fact are more commonly used than the old-style nominative singular form.
Neuter nouns
Most neuter nouns end either in -ο [-o] (plural: -α [-a]) or -ι [-i] (plural: -ιά [-ia]). Indeed, most of them that end in -i initially ended in -io, an ending for diminutives that many nouns acquired already since Koine Greek. As a result, the endings of the plural and of the genitive singular are reminiscent of those older forms. For example, the diminutive of the ancient Greek word παῖς (pais, "child") is παιδίον (paidion) and hence the modern noun παιδί (paidi). Other neuter nouns end in -α (-a) and -ος (-os) and their declension is similar to the ancient one. Moreover, some nouns in -ιμο (-imo), which are usually derivatives of verbs, are declined similarly to those that end in -a. Also note that most borrowings are indeclinable neuter, and can have just about any ending, such as γουίντ-σέρφινγκ "windsurfing". Finally, all neuter nouns have identical forms across the nominative, accusative and vocative.
For other neuter nouns, the ancient declension is used. For example, το φως (fos, "light") becomes του φωτός, τα φώτα and των φώτων and το οξύ (oxy, "acid") becomes του οξέος, τα οξέα and των οξέων.
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, case and number. Therefore, each adjective has a threefold declension paradigm for the three genders. Adjectives show agreement both when they are used as attributes, e.g. η όμορφη γυναίκα (i omorfi gynaika, "the beautiful woman") and when they are used as predicates e.g. η γυναίκα είναι όμορφη (i gynaika einai omorfi, "the woman is beautiful").
Most adjectives take forms in -ος (-os) in the masculine, -ο (-o) in the neuter and either -η (-i), -α (-a) or -ια (-ia) in the feminine. All those adjectives are declined similarly with the nouns that have the same endings. However they keep the accent stable where nouns change it. Adjectives with a consonant before the ending usually form the feminine with -η, those with a vowel before the ending in -α and some adjectives that end in -κός ([-ˈkos], -kos) or -χός ([-ˈxos], -chos) usually form it in -ια although the ending -η is applicable for those too.
Other classes of adjectives include those that take forms in -ης (-is) in both masculine and feminine and in -ες (-es) in neuter. They are declined similarly with the ancient declension. Those that are not accented on the ultima usually raise the accent in the neuter. Another group includes adjectives that end in -υς ([-is], -ys). Although some are declined somewhat archaically such as οξύς (oxys, "acute"), most of them are declined according to the rules of Demotic Greek and in many cases and persons they acquire other endings, such as in the case of πλατύς (platys, "wide").
The adjective πολύς (polys, "many, much") is irregular:
Comparative and superlative
Adjectives in Modern Greek can form a comparative for expressing comparisons. Similar to English, it can be formed in two ways, as a periphrastic form (as in English beautiful, more beautiful) and as a synthetic form using suffixes, as in English tall tall-er. The periphrastic comparative is formed by the particle πιο ([pço], pio, originally "more") preceding the adjective. The synthetic forms of the regular adjectives in -ος, -η and -o is created with the suffix -ότερος (-'oteros), -ότερη (-'oteri) and -ότερο (-'otero). For those adjectives that end in -ης and -ες or -υς, -εια and -υ the corresponding suffixes are -έστερος (-'esteros) etc. and -ύτερος (-'yteros) etc. respectively.
A superlative is expressed by combining the comparative, in either its periphrastic or synthetic form, with a preceding definite article. Thus, Modern Greek does not distinguish between the largest house and the larger house; both are το μεγαλύτερο σπίτι.
Besides the superlative proper, sometimes called "relative superlative", there is also an "absolute superlative" or elative, expressing the meaning "very...", for example ωραιότατος means very beautiful. Elatives are formed with the suffixes -ότατος, -ότατη and -ότατο for the regular adjectives, -έστατος etc. for those in -ης and -ύτατος for those in -υς.
Numerals
The numerals one, three and four are declined irregularly. Other numerals such as διακόσιοι (diakosioi, "two hundred"), τριακόσιοι (triakosioi, "three hundred") etc. and χίλιοι (chilioi, "thousand") are declined regularly like adjectives. Other numerals including two are not declined.
Pronouns
Greek pronouns include personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, possessive pronouns, intensive pronouns, relative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.
Personal pronouns
There are strong personal pronouns (stressed, free) and weak personal pronouns (unstressed, clitic). Nominative pronouns only have the strong form (except in some minor environments) and are used as subjects only when special emphasis is intended, since unstressed subjects recoverable from context are not overtly expressed anyway. Genitive (possessive) pronouns are used in their weak forms as pre-verbal clitics to express indirect objects (for example, του μίλησα, , 'I talked to him'), and as a post-nominal clitic to express possession (for example, οι φίλοι του, , 'his friends'). The strong genitive forms are relatively rare and used only for special emphasis (for example, αυτού οι φίλοι, , his friends'); often they are doubled by the weak forms (for example, αυτού του μίλησα, , ' him I talked to'). An alternative way of giving emphasis to a possessive pronoun is propping it up with the stressed adjective δικός (, 'own'), for example, οι δικοί του φίλοι (, 'his friends').
Accusative pronouns exist both in a weak and a strong form. The weak form in the oblique cases is used as a pre-verbal clitic (for example, τον είδα, , 'I saw him'); the strong form is used elsewhere in the clause (for example, είδα αυτόν, , 'I saw him'). The weak form in the nominative is found only in few idiomatic deictic expressions, such as να τος 'there he [is]', πού 'ν' τος; 'where is he?'. Third-person pronouns have separate forms for the three genders; those of the first and second person do not. The weak third-person forms are similar to the corresponding forms of the definite article. The strong third-person forms function simultaneously as generic demonstratives ('this, that').
The strong forms of the third person in the genitive (αυτού, αυτής, αυτών, αυτούς) have optional alternative forms extended by an additional syllable or (αυτουνού, αυτηνής, αυτωνών). In the plural, there exists the alternative accusative form αυτουνούς.
Besides αυτός as a generic demonstrative, there are also the more specific spatial demonstrative pronouns τούτος, -η, -ο (, 'this here') and εκείνος, -η, -ο (, 'that there').
It is worth noting that in some rare cases, pronouns in the genitive can either express an indirect object or a possessive, as they have the same form (μου, σου, του, ...). In the case of possible ambiguity, a diacritical accent should be written if the pronoun is an indirect object (μού, σού, τού, ...).
- Indirect object: Ο καθηγητής μού εξήγησε το μάθημα. (The teacher explained the lesson to me.)
- Possessive: Ο καθηγητής μου εξήγησε το μάθημα. (My teacher explained the lesson.)
- Both: Ο καθηγητής μου μου εξήγησε το μάθημα. (My teacher explained the lesson to me.)
The last sentence does not require diacritics, as one of the "μου" represents the possessive, and the other one represents the indirect object.
In speech, the ambiguity would be removed by a stronger emphasis of 'μου' if it is an indirect object, the possessive being unstressed anyway.
Prepositions
In Demotic Greek, prepositions normally require the accusative case: από (from), για (for), με (with), μετά (after), χωρίς (without), ως (as) and σε (to, in or at). The preposition σε, when followed by a definite article, fuses with it into forms like στο (σε + το) and στη (σε + τη). While there is only a relatively small number of simple prepositions native to Demotic, the two most basic prepositions σε and από can enter into a large number of combinations with preceding adverbs to form new compound prepositions, for example, πάνω σε (on), κάτω από (underneath), πλάι σε (beside), πάνω από (over) etc.
A few prepositions that take cases other than the accusative have been borrowed into Standard Modern Greek from the learned tradition of Katharevousa: κατά (against), υπέρ (in favor of, for), αντί (instead of). Other prepositions live on in a fossilised form in certain fixed expressions (for example, εν τω μεταξύ 'in the meantime', dative).
The preposition από (apó, 'from') is also used to express the agent in passive sentences, like English by.
Conjunctions
Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions in Greek include:
The word να () serves as a generic subordinator corresponding roughly to English to (+ infinitive) or that in sentences like προτιμώ να πάω (, 'I prefer to go', literally 'I prefer that I go') or προτιμώ να πάει ο Γιάννης (, 'I prefer that John go'). It marks the following verb as being in the subjunctive mood. Somewhat similar to the English to-infinitive its use is often associated with meanings of non-factuality, i.e. events that have not (yet) come true, that are expected, wished for etc. In this, it contrasts with ότι and πως , which correspond to English that when used with a meaning of factuality. The difference can be seen in the contrast between μας είπε να πάμε βόλτα (, 'he told us to go for a walk') vs. μας είπε πως πήγε βόλτα (, 'he told us that he went for a walk'). When used on its own with a following verb, να may express a wish or order, as in να πάει! (, 'let him go' or 'may he go'). Unlike the other subordinating conjunctions, να is always immediately followed by the verb it governs, separated from it only by any clitics that might be attached to the verb, but not by a subject or other clause-initial material.
Negation
For sentence negation, Greek has two distinct negation particles, δε(ν) ([ˈðe(n)], de(n)) and μη(ν) ([ˈmi(n)], mi(n)). Δεν is used in clauses with indicative mood, while μην is used primarily in subjunctive contexts, either after subjunctive-inducing να or as a negative replacement for να. Both particles are syntactically part of the proclitic group in front of the verb, and can be separated from the verb only by intervening clitic pronouns. The distinction between δεν and μην is a particularly archaic feature in Greek, continuing an old prohibitive negation marker inherited from Indo-European. As such, μην is often associated with the expression of a wish for an event not to come true:
Δεν του ζήτησα να έρθει. (Den tou zitisa na erthei, "I didn't ask him to come.")
Του ζήτησα να μην έρθει. (Tou zitisa na min erthei, "I asked him not to come.")
When used alone with a subjunctive verb in the second person, prohibitive μην serves as the functional equivalent to a negative imperative, which itself cannot be negated. Thus, the negation of the positive imperative τρέξε (, 'run!') is μην τρέξεις (, 'don't run!').
The particle όχι serves as the stand-alone utterance of negation ('no'), and also for negation of elliptical, verbless sentences and for contrastive negation of individual constituents:
Κάλεσα τη Μαρία, όχι τον Γιώργο. (Kalesa ti Maria, ochi' ton Giorgo, "I invited Mary, not George.")
For constituent negation, Greek employs negative concord. The negated constituent is marked with a negative-polarity item (e.g. κανένας 'any, anybody/nobody', τίποτα 'anything/nothing', πουθενά 'anywhere/nowhere'), and the verb is additionally marked with the sentence negator δεν (or μην). In verbless, elliptical contexts the negative-polarity items can also serve to express negation alone.
The negative pronoun κανείς ([kaˈnis], kaneis), i.e. nobody or anybody is declined in all three genders and three cases and can be used as the English determiner no.
Δε θέλω κανέναν εδώ. (De thelo kanenan edo, "I want nobody here.")
—Είναι κανείς εδώ; —Όχι, κανείς. (—Einai kaneis edo? —Ochi, kaneis, "'Is anyone here?' 'No, nobody.'")
Δεν έκανα κανένα λάθος. (Den ekana kanena lathos, "I have made no mistake.")
On the other hand, the negative pronoun ουδείς ([uˈðis], oudeis), from the learned tradition of Ancient Greek, is used without negative concord:
Ουδείς πείστηκε. (Oudeis peistike, "No one was convinced.")
Relative clauses
Greek has two different ways of forming relative clauses. The simpler and by far the more frequent uses the invariable relativizer που (, 'that', literally 'where'), as in: η γυναίκα που είδα χτες (, 'the woman that I saw yesterday'). When the relativized element is a subject, object or adverbial within the relative clause, then – as in English – it has no other overt expression within the relative clause apart from the relativizer. Some other types of relativized elements, however, such as possessors, are represented within the clause by a resumptive pronoun, as in: η γυναίκα που βρήκα την τσάντα της (, 'the woman whose handbag I found', literally 'the woman that I found her handbag').
The second and more formal form of relative clauses employs complex inflected relative pronouns. They are composite elements consisting of the definite article and a following pronominal element that is inflected like an adjective: ο οποίος, η οποία, το οποίο ( etc., literally 'the which'). Both elements are inflected for case, number and gender according to the grammatical properties of the relativized item within the relative clause, as in: η γυναίκα την οποία είδα χτες (, 'the woman whom I saw yesterday'); η γυναίκα της οποίας βρήκα την τσάντα (, 'the woman whose handbag I found').
Notes
References
Bibliography
Hardy, D. A. and Doyle, T. A. Greek language and people, BBC Books, 1996. .
[Greek translation of Holton, Mackridge and Philippaki-Warburton 1997]
[abridged version of Holton, Mackridge and Philippaki-Warburton 1997]
Lindstedt, J. 1999. "On the Nature of Linguistic Balkanisms". Paper read at the Eighth International Congress of the International Association of Southeast European Studies (AIESEE), Bucharest 24–28 August 1999.
Marineta, D. and Papacheimona, D., Ελληνικά Τώρα, Nostos, 1992. .
Pappageotes, G. C. and Emmanuel, P. D., Modern Greek in a Nutshell, Institute for Language Study, Montclair, N.J. 07042, Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 1958; "Vest Pocket Modern Greek", Owlets, 1990, , .
Pring, J. T. The Pocket Oxford Greek Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2000. .
Greek grammar
Grammar
Grammar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Greek%20grammar |
Ruabon railway station () is a combined rail and bus interchange serving Ruabon, Wrexham County Borough, Wales. It is the second busiest station in Wrexham County Borough in terms of passenger journeys, after the mainline station, Wrexham General. It is on the Shrewsbury to Chester Line, which is part of the former Great Western Railway mainline route from London Paddington to Birkenhead Woodside which lasted until 1967.
History
Ruabon station was originally larger than at present, with an extensive marshalling yard with a turntable and goods depot accompanying it, and was the terminus of the Ruabon to Barmouth line which ran via Llangollen, Corwen and Dolgellau. This branch line was a victim of the Beeching cuts in the 1960s, closing to passengers in 1965 and completely three years later. The bay platform serving this route can still be seen at the station, whilst the old goods yard has been redeveloped as a housing estate.
The original station building was Italianate in style and was designed by the architect Thomas Penson and opened on 4 November 1846. However, this was replaced by the current neo-Tudor style stone buildings, designed by Henry Robertson, in 1860. In 1870, refreshment rooms were added between the platforms serving Chester and Barmouth.
Following further cuts in the national railway service, Ruabon station became an unstaffed halt in 1974. Only parts of both main platforms are now in use.
In 2009, Ruabon station was refurbished at a cost of £70,000. New shelters, lighting and passenger information system screens were provided as part of the Welsh Assembly-funded project.
Facilities
As noted, the station is unmanned but has a ticket vending machine where tickets must be purchased or collected before boarding. The main buildings on platform 2 are privately occupied. Train running information is offered via digital displays, automatic announcements, timetable posters and customer help points on each platform. Step-free access is only provided on platform 2, as platform 1 can only be reached via a footbridge with stairs. Ruabon Station is the only station on the Chester-Shrewsbury Line without step-free access. The stairs cause major problems for the disabled with passengers wishing to alight here being advised to go to Wrexham and return on the next train south. Access for those with prams and pushchairs is also very difficult if not impossible and a struggle for those with luggage or those less mobile.
Services
Currently, trains run on two routes operated by Transport for Wales:
1tph to Wrexham General; usually continues to Chester and Holyhead
1tph to Shrewsbury; usually continues to either Birmingham International or Cardiff Central via (two-hourly to each)
A two-hourly service operates on Sundays to Chester and Birmingham International, with limited additional services to Cardiff and Holyhead.
Until January 2011 the Wrexham, Shropshire and Marylebone Railway provided regular daily services between Wrexham and London. This service ceased due to a continuing loss being made by the company.
Connections
A small number of local buses serve the station.
References
Further reading
External links
Chester to Shrewsbury Rail Partnership
Railway stations in Wrexham County Borough
DfT Category F1 stations
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1846
Railway stations served by Transport for Wales Rail
Ruabon
1846 establishments in Wales
Thomas Mainwaring Penson railway stations
Grade II listed buildings in Wrexham County Borough
Grade II listed railway stations in Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruabon%20railway%20station |
(, commonly abbreviated "АиФ" and translated as Arguments and Facts) is a weekly newspaper based in Moscow and a publishing house in Russia and worldwide. Since 2014, it has been owned by the Government of Moscow.
History and profile
It was founded in 1978 by the All-Union Organisation "Znanie" (Knowledge) and was published throughout the whole Soviet Union for lecturers, propagandists, political agitators. In 1980 AiF was transformed into a weekly but was available only by subscription. In late 1980s, it was one of the leading publications in the Glasnost period. AiF was listed in the Guinness Book of Records with the largest circulation of any weekly publication. In 1990 it had a print run of 33.5 million. With the fall of the Soviet Union, publication of it was discontinued in countries outside the Russian Federation. As of 2008, the circulation was about 3 million copies, with about 8 million readers. More specifically its February 2008 circulation was 2,750,000. During this time, it was owned by Promsvyazbank and the newspaper was edited by Nikolay Zyatkov.
References
External links
About Argumenty I Fakty
1978 establishments in the Soviet Union
Newspapers published in Moscow
Newspapers published in the Soviet Union
Newspapers established in 1978
Russian-language newspapers published in Russia
Weekly newspapers published in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumenty%20i%20Fakty |
The sequence .ac (short for academia) is in use in many countries as a second-level domain for academic institutions such as universities, colleges, and research institutes. In the United Kingdom and Japan, for example, academic institutions use domain names ending in .ac.uk and .ac.jp respectively.
Many countries use .edu for the same purpose, such as Australia (.edu.au) and Malaysia (.edu.my). Still others do not maintain a second-level domain specifically for academic institutions. In France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, for example, each institution will have its own second-level domain (thus sorbonne.fr for the Sorbonne, hslu.ch for the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts and tum.de for the Technical University of Munich).
In some countries, both .edu and .ac second-level domains exist, differentiating between different types of academic institutions. China, for example, announced in 2006 that it would use .edu.cn for educational institutions and .ac.cn for research institutions.
Countries with .ac as second-level domain for educational institutions
Austria: ac.at
Bangladesh: ac.bd
Belgium: ac.be
Botswana: ac.bw
China: ac.cn
Costa Rica: ac.cr
Cyprus: ac.cy
Fiji: ac.fj
India: ac.in
Indonesia: ac.id
Iran: ac.ir
Israel: ac.il
Japan: ac.jp
Kenya: ac.ke
Morocco: ac.ma
New Zealand: ac.nz
Papua New Guinea: ac.pg
Rwanda: ac.rw
Serbia: ac.rs
South Africa: ac.za
South Korea: ac.kr
South Sudan: ac.ss
Sri Lanka: ac.lk
Tanzania: ac.tz
Thailand: ac.th
Uganda: ac.ug
United Kingdom: ac.uk
United Arab Emirates: ac.ae
Zambia: ac.zm
Zimbabwe: ac.zw
See also
.ac (a first-level domain for the Ascension Island but also used worldwide)
References
Second-level domains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ac%20%28second-level%20domain%29 |
Tarkan is a 1999 compilation album by Tarkan, composed of songs released in his 1994 A-Acayipsin and 1997 Ölürüm Sana albums. It was initially released in France in 1998 but due to the success of his single "Şımarık", it was given a wider European release on 1 April 1999, with 14 tracks. Due to its popularity it was re-released with 15 tracks on 27 September in the same year. The sales of this album won Tarkan a Monaco World Music Award.
Track listing
Extra information
The Japanese export had two bonus tracks, "Bu Gece" (Kir Zincirlerini) Club Remix and "Şımarık" (Malagutti Remix).
Music videos
"Şıkıdım"
"Şımarık"
"Bu Gece"
Charts
Year-end charts
Sales
Notes
External links
Tarkan Tevetoğlu - Tarkan Lyric TR
Tarkan Translations
Album and Song Lyrics Information in English
Tarkan (singer) albums
1999 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkan%20%28album%29 |
Crumpler is an Australian bag brand and manufacturer with two separately held companies who design and supply different products to their respective markets. The company's Pacific headquarters are in Melbourne, Australia, while its European office serving other markets is in Berlin, Germany. Established in 1995, Crumpler's products are aimed at young people aged 18 to 35 years old, and have been known for its colourful designs and quirky humorous marketing.
History
Crumpler was founded in Melbourne in 1995 by Dave Roper (ex bike courier and co-founder of Minuteman Messengers), and sculptor / furniture maker / bike courier Stuart Crumpler. Stuart designed the original Crumpler logo in 1991 which he branded onto his furniture designs. Will Miller who was a business partner of Dave at Minuteman came in later as a 3rd partner. From the beginning, the bags were designed for bike messengers, in particular those working for David Roper and Will Miller's bike courier company, Minuteman. The range grew to include more options in colours and sizes. The story goes Minuteman needed better bags and Dave approached Stuart who was working part-time as a bike courier and asked if he could make 20 for the fleet. The simple shoulder bags were much more practical for the job than a backpack (no need to remove completely to access the contents). After making gradual improvements to the materials and design Stuart & Dave met at The George Hotel in St Kilda and decided to start a bag company. In its early days, the founders drove around stencilling the Crumpler logo on public surfaces and building site hoardings, for which they were fined, but generated word-of-mouth publicity.
In the late 1990s, Crumpler established Melbourne Alleycat races, consisting of illegal street races for cycle messengers. They then also sponsored similar races in other Australian cities. This led to them sponsoring the annual Australian Cycle Messenger Championships.
Crumpler had a booth at the 2005 Consumer Electronics Show to introduce its brand to American technology retailers.
Stuart Crumpler sold his share of Crumpler to Roper and Miller in 2011. Roper and Miller left the company in 2015 after Crescent Capital bought a majority stake and took over management.
Crumpler became the "official luggage sponsor" for the Australian Olympic team in 2015.
The company did not purchase Australian swimwear brand Tigerlily out of administration in 2020 as has been wrongly reported. Crescent Capital purchased Tigerlily.
In September 2021 it was reported Crumpler had been placed into administration.
In November 2021, David Roper, now joined by his daughter Virginia Martin, announced they had reacquired Crumpler. The father-daughter team beat out more than 60 expressions of interest and bids from 20 parties. The duo also announced the return of the original logo and a revisit to Crumpler's artistic roots. The Smith St, Fitzroy store reopened in December 2021, having been converted to a showroom with the addition of a workshop where designers can be seen creating limited, exclusive Fitzroy versions of classic Crumpler messenger bags.
Brand and marketing
Its original logo consisted of a stick figure with dreadlocks, designed before the company was founded. In 2018, the private equity brand owners and then CEO launched an all-new logo following results of a focus group. This was met with significant backlash and the generic looking stick figure has since become known as Toilet Man due to its similarity to a toilet door sign.
As of early 2022, Crumpler Australia reintroduced the original Crumpler logo with new products featuring the beloved icon being manufactured.
Crumpler became known for unusual marketing largely credited to Dave Roper which is deliberately informal with an idiosyncratic approach. Some of its approaches include giant logo stencils painted on building site hoardings, the infamous Beer for Bags event where beer was the only currency accepted in store during the sale, logo fruit stickers placed on millions of apples and oranges, tiny boxes of matches, and using a nude body model to demonstrate the sizes of its bags. Their bags are given wacky names, for example "Barney Rustle," "Complete Seed," and "Moderate Embarrassment."
This approach also spread to the company's web site after a redesign, which was considered to be cryptic and difficult to navigate.
Vincent Flanders' Web Pages that Suck listed the original website as the second-worst web site of 2006 an accolade Crumpler was very proud of.
The brand achieved high popularity among younger shoppers in Australia, known for its colourful and compact designs. It has been highly associated with laptop and camera bags. Crumpler is also highly popular in Singapore.
Stores
In Australia, Crumpler sells exclusively through their own stores. There are currently also stores in Singapore and Malaysia.
Crumpler Europe no longer has its own physical stores and is now only trading online.
The brand has also had various pop-up stores worldwide. In 2015 one of these opened in the 1st arrondissement of Paris at the petite Cremerie de Paris.
and in 2018 at the Australian Open tennis Grand Slam event.
Due to voluntary administration, in 2021 all 11 Crumpler stores across Australia were closed down indefinitely. Since Roper's acquirement, five stores have been reopened - Brisbane, Sydney Galleries, Little Bourke St, Fitzroy and Adelaide.
Gallery
References
External links
Crumpler.com
Crumpler.eu
Manufacturing companies of Australia
Australian brands
Privately held companies of Australia
Australian companies established in 1995
Photography equipment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumpler |
Warren's Gate (), first described by nineteenth century surveyor Charles Warren, is an ancient entrance into the Temple platform in Jerusalem which lies about into the Western Wall Tunnel. In the Second Temple period, the gate led to a tunnel and staircase onto the Temple Mount.
After the Rashidun Caliphate conquest of Jerusalem from the Byzantines, Jews were allowed to pray inside the tunnel. The synagogue was destroyed in the First Crusade in the siege of Jerusalem in 1099. The tunnel then became a water cistern, thus its name Cistern 30.
The area is surrounded by a vaulted tunnel.
Rabbi Yehuda Getz, the late official Rabbi of the Western Wall, believed that the Gate represented the point west of the Wall closest to the Holy of Holies. An underground dispute broke out in July 1981 between Jewish explorers inside Warren's Gate and Arab guards who came down to meet them through surface cistern entries. A small underground riot ensued which was only stopped when the Jerusalem police came in to restore the peace.
References
Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
Gates
Historic sites in Jerusalem
Synagogues in Jerusalem
Temple Mount | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%27s%20Gate |
Saint Louis is an unincorporated community in the French Prairie area of Marion County, Oregon, United States, about three miles northwest of Gervais, at the intersection of St. Louis and Manning roads. It is part of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
One of the oldest communities in the state, Saint Louis was founded in 1845 when a Jesuit missionary, Reverend Aloysius Verecuysee, built a log church there for the early settlers. Saint Louis parish was organized in 1847 with a resident priest and named for St. Louis, King of France. It was the third parish organized in what is now the Archdiocese of Portland. The Saint Louis Catholic Church, built in 1880 on the site of the original Saint Louis cemetery, is still in operation. It is the oldest wooden church in the archdiocese. The current Saint Louis cemetery is northwest of the church. Saint Louis post office operated from 1860 until 1901; today Saint Louis has a Gervais mailing address. At one time the community had a school and store.
See also
Marie Aioe Dorion, member of the Astor Expedition buried in Saint Louis
St. Paul, Oregon, site of the oldest church and second-oldest parish in the archdiocese
References
External links
Historic images of Saint Louis from Salem Public Library
Transcription from the church register of the burials in the old St. Louis cemetery from U.S. Genweb Archives
Salem, Oregon metropolitan area
Populated places established in 1845
Unincorporated communities in Marion County, Oregon
1845 establishments in Oregon Country
Unincorporated communities in Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Louis%2C%20Oregon |
was a Japanese composer and conductor.
Name
In older Western reference sources, his name is given as Kôsçak Yamada.
Biography
Born in Tokyo, Yamada started his music education at Tokyo Music School in 1904, studying there under German composers and Heinrich Werkmeister. In 1910, he left Japan for Germany where he enrolled at the Prussian Academy of Arts and learnt composition under Max Bruch and Karl Leopold Wolf and piano under Carl August Heymann-Rheineck, before returning to Japan in late 1913. He travelled to the United States in 1918 for two years. During his stay in Manhattan, New York City, he conducted a temporarily-organized orchestra composed of members of New York Philharmonic and New York Symphony, short before their amalgamation.
The beginning of his Symphony in F major, "Triumph and Peace" (1912) has a pentatonic theme G-A-D-E which reflects the Japanese national anthem based on Gagaku. This symphony was the first complete symphony with four movements in Japan.
His Sinfonia "Inno Meiji" (1921) includes Japanese instruments such as the hichiriki, an ancient Japanese double reed wind instrument, and other Asian instruments.
Yamada composed about 1,600 pieces of musical works, in which art songs (Lieder) amount to 700 even excluding songs commissioned by schools, municipalities and companies. Akatombo (Red Dragonfly) (1927) is perhaps his most famous song. His songs have been performed and recorded by many famous singers such as Kathleen Battle, Ernst Haefliger and Yoshikazu Mera.
Yamada's opera Kurofune (black ships) is regarded as one of the most famous Japanese operas. His work was heard at the music section of the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
As a conductor, Yamada made an effort to introduce western orchestral works to Japan. He premiered in Japan of Debussy's Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune, Dvořák's Symphony No. 9, Gershwin's An American in Paris, Mosolov's Iron Foundry, Sibelius' Finlandia, Shostakovich's Symphony No. 1, Johann Strauss II's An der schönen blauen Donau, and Wagner's Siegfried Idyll.
Jacques Ibert's Ouverture de fête was dedicated to the Japanese emperor and government for the 2,600th National Foundation Day in 1940 and premiered under the baton of Yamada.
Yamada died at his home in Tokyo of a heart attack on 29 December 1965, and was survived by his wife, Teruko.
Major compositions
Operas
Ayame [Iris] (1931)
Kurofune [Black Ships] (1940)
Hsìang-fei (1946) (four acts, seven scenes with a proemnia – see Xiang Fei)
Other stage works
Maria Magdalena for ballet, after the drama by M. Maeterlinck (1916) (piano sketches were complete, but are now lost; the sketches were never developed)
Orchestral works
Overture in D major (1912)
Symphony in F major "Triumph and Peace" (1912)
Kurai Tobira, symphonic poem (1913)
Madara No Hana, symphonic poem (1913)
Choreographic Symphony 'Maria Magdalena' (1918) (written from sketches for a ballet; first performed in Carnegie Hall)
Sinfonia "Inno Meiji" (1921)
Nagauta Symphony "Tsurukame" for voice, shamisen and orchestra (1934)
Chamber works
String Quartet No. 1 in F major
String Quartet No. 2 in G major
String Quartet No. 3 in C minor
Hochzeitsklänge for piano quintet (1913)
Chanson triste japonaise for violin and piano (1921)
Suite japonaise for violin and piano (1924)
Variations on Kono-michi for flute and piano (1930)
Works for piano
New Year's Eve (1903)
Variationen (1912)
The Chimes of the Dawn (1916)
Les poèmes à Scriabin (1917)
Karatachi-no-hana for piano solo (1928)
Choral works
Die Herbstfeier for mixed chorus and orchestra (1912)
Songs
"Song of Aiyan" (1922)
"Chugoku chihō no komoriuta" [Lullaby from the Chugoku Area]
"Karatachi no hana"
"Pechika"
"" [This Road]
"Akatombo" [Red Dragonfly] (1927)
"Yuu-in"
"Sabishiki Yoruno Uta" [Songs of Lonely Night] (1920)
Recordings
Yamada Kosak Memorial Album – Quince Blossoms – Columbia BLS-4001 (1966?)
"Aka Tombo" recorded by Jean-Pierre Rampal (flute) and Ensemble Lunaire, Japanese Folk Melodies transcribed by Akio Yashiro, CBS Records, 1978
Kósçak Yamada, Overture in D major, Symphony in F major 'Triumph and Peace', and symphonic poems The Dark Gate and Madara No Hana, Ulster Orchestra and New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, dir. Takuo Yuasa. Naxos, 2004
Kósçak Yamada, Nagauta Symphony "Tsurukame", Inno Meiji, Maria Magdalena, Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra, dir. Takuo Yuasa. Naxos, 2007
References
Further reading
Herd, Judith Ann. 1996. "Westliche Musik und die Entstehung einer japanischen Avantgarde", translated by Annemarie Guignard and Elisabeth Seebass. In Musik in Japan: Aufsätze zu Aspekten der Musik im heutigen Japan, edited by Silvain Guignard, 219–40. Munich: Iudicium, 1996.
Pacun, David. 2006. "Thus we cultivate our own World, thus we share it with others: Kósçak Yamada's Visit to the United States, 1918–19", American Music 24/1, 67–94.
Pacun, David. 2008. "Style and Politics in Kosaku Yamada's Folk Song Arrangements, 1917–1950." In Music of Japan Today edited by E. Michael Richards and Kazuko Tanosaki, (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008), 39–54.
(subscription access)
"Yamada Kōsaku", Encyclopædia Britannica
External links
1886 births
1965 deaths
19th-century Japanese male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Japanese composers
20th-century Japanese male musicians
20th-century Japanese pianists
Composers from Tokyo
Japanese classical composers
Japanese classical pianists
Japanese male classical composers
Japanese male classical pianists
Japanese male conductors (music)
Japanese music educators
Japanese opera composers
Japanese Romantic composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Tokyo
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Tokyo Music School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dsaku%20Yamada |
The GS&WR Class 2 was a lightweight 4-4-0 steam locomotive used by the Great Southern and Western Railway in Ireland in the late 19th and in the first half of the 20th century. They were the first locomotives of type 4-4-0 in Ireland.
Many Irish branch lines, some very long, were lightly laid and needed special locomotives to work the trains. With a locomotive weight just of and maximum axle load of just over , the GS&WR Class 2 was a most successful type fulfilling these requirements.
History
This class of 4-4-0 locomotives was designed by Alexander McDonnell, the Locomotive Superintendent of the GS&WR, and built between 1877 and 1880. The locomotives were intended for light branch line work and they made their mark on the lightly laid Kerry line, gaining the name "Kerry Bogies" although they were also used on the Cork to Youghal line and as an assisting engine on the steeply graded (1 in 60 / 1.7 %) section of the main line from Glanmire to Blarney, this latter work taxing their capabilities to the limit.
Mechanically they were the first bogie locomotives to have used the American principle of the "swing-link" bogie where hinged links control the truck's lateral (sideways) movement.
Development
Many changes took place during the long life of these locomotives, which lasted almost to the end of steam traction on the Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ). The boiler and firebox arrangement was the largest and most obvious change. As built the locomotives had a McDonnell raised round top firebox but this was replaced over the years by the Belpaire 'U' types, all members of the class being converted by 1950. Chimneys and smokeboxes were also changed. The original cab, described as "abbreviated", offered little protection for the crew, and was replaced.
The tender was a six-wheel design with flaired top and was of rivetted construction.
In 1925 the Great Western and Southern Railway became part of Great Southern Railways. The locomotives retained their GS&WR numbers and class, but gained an additional classification of Class D19.
Most were rebuilt with a belpaire firebox in the 1930s but No. 46 was withdrawn unrebuilt in 1935. CIÉ withdrew most of the remainder between 1945 and 1953 noting that while the type was "quite a good design for a light engine" the demand for such a type was decreasing.
Livery
Originally lined black, until around 1918 when the Great Southern and Western Railway introduced its long-lived standard all-over unlined battleship-grey livery. This lasted past the Great Southern Railways amalgamation, and into the CIÉ era. In latter CIÉ days, the only change was that pale yellow painted numerals on cabsides replaced earlier GSWR style cast number plates. A few older CIÉ 4-4-0s were treated to the 1950s lined green livery — but no locomotives of this class were among them.
References
4-4-0 locomotives
Steam locomotives of Ireland
Railway locomotives introduced in 1877
Scrapped locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS%26WR%20Class%202 |
Chirk railway station () serves the town of Chirk, Wrexham County Borough, Wales. The station is on the Shrewsbury to Chester Line north of Shrewsbury, which is part of the former Great Western Railway mainline route from London Paddington to Birkenhead Woodside. The original 19th-century (grade 2 listed) Chirk / Y Waun station building was demolished in 1987, without consultation, by the local council.
Chirk was also the eastern terminus and transfer point for the Glyn Valley Tramway.
Historical services
According to the Official Handbook of Stations the following classes of traffic were being handled at this station in 1956: G, P, F, L, H, C and there was a 15 cwt crane. At one time there was also a private siding into the Cadbury's factory from where cocoa liquor was sent to the chocolate factory at Bournville.
The railway itself superseded the Llangollen Canal, which runs parallel to the railway through Chirk, for the transportation of coal and other goods.
Facilities
The station is unstaffed (and has been since 1974) but has a ticket vending machine where passengers may buy or collect pre-booked tickets before boarding. Stone waiting shelters are provided on both platforms, along with a fully accessible ramped footbridge linking them – this was installed in 2015 as part of a £2 million Welsh Assembly-funded station improvement project. Train running information is provided via the CIS displays, automated announcements and timetable posters.
Current services
Passenger
Trains run on two routes operated by Transport for Wales:
Hourly northbound service to Holyhead via Wrexham General and Chester.
Hourly southbound service to Shrewsbury then continuing alternately to give a two-hourly service to both via Birmingham New Street and Cardiff Central via .
Some early morning & late evening trains run only between Shrewsbury and either Wrexham General or Chester only, whilst there is a single late evening service northbound to Manchester Piccadilly on weekdays only. Sundays see a two-hourly service to Chester & Birmingham International with a limited number of services to Holyhead & Cardiff.
Freight
To the north of Chirk station on the Up (southbound) side of the line is a private siding into the Kronospan chipboard factory. The siding receives a trainload of softwood from Kingmoor Yard, Cumbria five days a week (Monday to Friday), and additionally, between the months of April and October, up to three trains a week of softwood from Ribblehead, North Yorkshire. Since 2007 these timber trains have been operated to the Chirk Kronospan factory by Colas Rail Ltd.
Gallery
References
Further reading
External links
Chester to Shrewsbury Rail Partnership
Chirk station on navigable 1946 O.S. map
Chirk Railway Station. YouTube video with narration.
Railway stations in Wrexham County Borough
DfT Category F2 stations
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Railway stations served by Transport for Wales Rail
Chirk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirk%20railway%20station |
Ambazhathil Karunakaran Lohithadas (10 May 1955 – 28 June 2009) was an Indian screenwriter, playwright, film maker, and producer who worked in the Malayalam film industry. In a career spanning over two decades, his films have won a National Film Award, six Kerala State Film Awards, and fourteen Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Script.
Lohithadas made his debut as a screenwriter with Thaniyavarthanam (1987). He has written screenplays for 35 films in a 24-year-long career, such as Vicharana (1988), Ezhuthapurangal (1988), Kireedam (1989), Dasharatham (1989), Mrugaya (1989), His Highness Abdullah (1990), Sasneham (1990), Bharatham (1991), Amaram (1991), Aadhaaram (1992), Kamaladalam (1992), Vatsalyam (1993), Venkalam (1993), Padheyam (1993), Chenkol (1993), Chakoram (1994), Thooval Kottaram (1996), Sallapam (1996), and Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal (1999). He later became a director, and made his directorial debut with Bhoothakkannadi (1997). He later wrote and directed Karunyam (1997), Kanmadam (1998), Joker (2000), and Kasthooriman (2003). He died on 28 June 2009 due to a heart attack.
Early life
Lohithadas (or 'Lohi', as he is often referred to) was born on 5 May 1955 in Chalakudy, Thrissur district, Kerala, as the son of
Ambazhathuparambil Karunakaran and Lakshmi.
Career
Lohi's first movie screenplay was Thaniavarthanam directed by "Sibi Malayil". Together, Sibi Malayil and Lohithadas would later produce several Malayalam movies. His screenplay works for Sibi Malayil are Thaniyavarthanam (1987), Dasharatham (1989), Kireedam (1989), His Highness Abdullah (1990), Bharatham (1990), Dhanam (1991), Kamaladalam (1992), and Chenkol (1993). Other works include Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal (1999), Sasneham (1990) for Sathyan Anthikkad and Amaram, Venkalam(1991) for Bharathan.
He later became a filmmaker and made works such as Bhoothakkannadi (1997), Karunyam (1997), Kanmadam (1998), Arayannangalude Veedu (2000), Joker (2000), Kasthooriman (2003) (which he himself produced), and Nivedyam (2007).
Most of his works were critically and commercially successful. His works were recognised from his very first venture Thaniyavarthanam, which brought him the Kerala State Film Award for Best Story.
"Nizhalukal Inachernna Naattuvazhikal" ('നിഴലുകൾ ഇണചേർന്ന നാട്ടുവഴികൾ' – എം. ശബരീഷ്, പാപ്പാത്തി ബുക്സ്) is a book about his life and film career.
Death
On 28 June 2009, Lohithadas, 54, died suddenly from a heart attack at his home in Aluva, where he had been living for two-three years. His body was taken to his home in Lakkidi in Palakkad district, where he was cremated with full state honours. He is survived by his wife Sindhu and two sons named Harikrishnan and Vijayashankar.
Awards
National Film Awards
1998 – Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director – Bhoothakannadi
Kerala State Film Awards
1987 – Best Story – Thaniyavarthanam
1997 – Best Film – Bhoothakannadi
1997 – Best Screen Play – Bhoothakkannadi
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards
2005 – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film Portraying Woman in Good Light – Kasthuri Maan
Kerala Film Critics Association Awards
1989 – Best Screenplay – Dasharatham
1991 – Best Screenplay – Bharatham
1996 – Best Screenplay – Sallapam, Thooval Kottaram
1997 – Second Best Film – Bhoothakkannadi
1997 – Best Story – Bhoothakkannadi
1998 – Second Best Film – Ormacheppu
1998 – Best Screenplay – Ormacheppu
1998 – Second Best Film – Nivedyam
1999 – Best Screenplay – Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal
2003 – Second Best Film – Kasthooriman
Asianet Film Award
1999 – Best Script Writer Award – Veendum Chila Veettu Karyangal
Filmography
Screenwriter
Director
Actor
References
External links
'Cinema of Malayalam' profile
1955 births
2009 deaths
People from Chalakudy
Malayalam film directors
Tamil film directors
Kerala State Film Award winners
Malayalam screenwriters
Male actors in Malayalam cinema
Indian male film actors
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Film directors from Thrissur
Screenwriters from Kerala
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners
Director whose film won the Best Debut Feature Film National Film Award
20th-century Indian screenwriters
Male actors from Thrissur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20K.%20Lohithadas |
Kill at Will (titled At Will in its censored version) is an extended play by American rapper Ice Cube, released in 1990 via Priority Records. It was released soon after AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted and capitalized on Cube's newfound solo success.
Critical reception
Trouser Press praised "the lighthearted 'Jackin’ for Beats' (which bites EPMD, PE, Digital Underground, LL Cool J and others) and the devastating 'Dead Homiez', in which [Cube] solemnly contemplates the murder of a friend over an evocative mix of horn, guitar and piano."
Track listing
Partial list of samples
"Endangered Species (Tales from the Darkside) (Remix)"
"The Payback" by James Brown
"Funky Drummer" by James Brown
"Standin' on the Verge of Gettin' It On" by Funkadelic
"Bop Gun (Endangered Species)" by Parliament
"Straight Outta Compton (Extended Mix)" by N.W.A
"Bring the Noise" by Public Enemy
"The Product"
"Good Times" by Kool and the Gang
"Rated X" by Kool and the Gang
"Jungle Boogie" by Kool and the Gang
"You Can Make It If You Try" by Sly & the Family Stone
"Train Sequence", narrated by Geoffrey Sumner
"Funky Drummer" by James Brown
"The Nigga Ya Love to Hate" by Ice Cube
"Illegal Search" by LL Cool J
"I Gotta Say What Up!!!"
"Hyperbolicsyllabicsesquedalymistic" by Isaac Hayes
"Synthetic Substitution" by Melvin Bliss
"Who Stole the Soul?" by Public Enemy
"Dead Homiez"
"Rollin' Wit the Lench Mob" by Ice Cube
"Do Like I Do" by Smokey Robinson
"Jackin' for Beats"
"It's a Man's Man's Man's World" by James Brown
"The Payback" by James Brown
"Funky President" by James Brown
"Funky Drummer" by James Brown
"I Know You Got Soul" by Bobby Byrd
"Hot Pants - I'm Coming, I'm Coming, I'm Coming" by Bobby Byrd
"Bop Gun (Endangered Species)" by Parliament
"Sing a Simple Song" by Sly & the Family Stone
"Big Ole Butt" by LL Cool J
"So Wat Cha Sayin'" by EPMD
"Heed the Word of the Brother" by X-Clan
"They Call Me D-Nice" by D-Nice
"Ashley's Roachclip" by The Soul Searchers
"Bon Bon Vie" by T.S. Monk
"Tramp" by Lowell Fulsom
"Psychedelic Shack" by The Temptations
"Hector" by Village Callers
"The Big Beat" by Billy Squier
"The Haunted House", narrated by Laura Olsher
"Welcome to the Terrordome" by Public Enemy
"The Humpty Dance" by Digital Underground
"Rebel Without a Pause" by Public Enemy
"100 Miles and Runnin" by N.W.A
Later samples
"Dead Homiez"
"Young Black Male" by 2Pac from the album 2Pacalypse Now
"The Product"
"Young Black Male" by 2Pac from the album 2Pacalypse Now
Album singles
"Endangered Species (Tales from the Darkside)"
Released: 1990
B-side: "Dead Homiez"
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1990 EPs
Ice Cube albums
Priority Records EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill%20at%20Will |
Mario Abbate (Naples, 8 August 1927 – Naples, 6 August 1981) was an Italian singer and actor, famous as an exponent of Neapolitan songs. He appeared in three Italian movies: Naples Sings (1953), It Happened at the Police Station (1954), and Treasure of San Gennaro (1966). He died on 6 August 1981, two days before his 54th birthday.
External links
1927 births
1981 deaths
Italian male film actors
20th-century Italian male actors
20th-century Italian male singers
Singers from Naples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Abbate |
CXH may refer to:
Charing Cross Hospital in London, UK
China Xinhua Airlines, the ICAO airline code
Vancouver Harbour Water Airport, the IATA airport code
Chloe x Halle, American R&B duo
Chuzhou railway station, China Railway telegraph code CXH | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXH |
Wamboin is a rural-residential area in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia in the County of Murray, Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council LGA. It is approximately 16 kilometres north-east of the Australian city of Canberra.
It should not be confused with the Parish of Wamboyne, near West Wyalong, NSW, the rural locality of Wamboin near The Marra in central northern NSW, nor the village of Wonboyn on the far south coast of NSW.
Wamboin is about 20 minutes drive from the Canberra CBD, 25 minutes from the Woden Town Centre, and about 10 minutes drive from the city of Queanbeyan. Services in the area include a local Church (Anglican), community centre, recycling area at the community centre, waste transfer station (at Macs Reef Road, Bywong) and rural fire brigade.
Community organisations include the Wamboin Community Association, a bookgroup, golf club, Greenways Renewal Working Group (GRoW), Landcare, Playgroup, Pony Club, Wildcare and Wonderful Women of Wamboin (WWoW). Blocks of land range in size from to .
The name Wamboin is probably derived from Wiradjuri , meaning "large grey kangaroo", though Wamboin is some distance from Wiradjuri country, and the Ngunnawal people, whose country lies between Wamboin and Wiradjuri country had, and have, a different word for kangaroo (buru).
At the , Wamboin had a population of 1,805. 39 people identified as being Aboriginal. 83.0% stated that they were born in Australia, and 91.6% stated that they spoke only English in the home. The modal age was 46. 41.1% of those aged 15 years and above stated that their qualifications were at the bachelor's degree or higher level.
The Wamboin Community Association (WCA) provides a range of community services, and represents the community at policy forums, etc. It conducts a market at the community hall, located on Bingley Way, on the third Saturday of the month, except in winter. Additionally, a comprehensive New Residents' Guide is available online and in printed form at the monthly markets. Pack.
The Wamboin Whisper is the monthly community newsletter developed by the WCA. It is distributed by local volunteers around the region and contains local news, interest articles, and is designed to maintain a sense of togetherness in the community.
The WCA hosts the annual Wamboin Bonfire and Fireworks event, marking the conclusion of the winter season. This event not only brings the community together but also offers a platform for the Wamboin Rural Fire Brigade as well as small community groups to set up food and merchandise stalls, raising funds to support local community activities.
References
External links
www.wamboincommunity.asn.au Wamboin Community Association Website
www.bywongcommunity.org.au Website of Neighbouring Community Bywong
Towns in New South Wales
Southern Tablelands
Queanbeyan–Palerang Regional Council
Localities in New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamboin |
SHARE Inc. is a volunteer-run user group for IBM mainframe computers that was founded in 1955 by Los Angeles-area users of the IBM 704 computer system. It evolved into a forum for exchanging technical information about programming languages, operating systems, database systems, and user experiences for enterprise users of small, medium, and large-scale IBM computers such as IBM S/360, IBM S/370, zSeries, pSeries, and xSeries. Despite the capitalization of all letters in the name, the official website says "SHARE is not an acronym; it's what we do."
Overview
A major resource of SHARE from the beginning was the SHARE library. Originally, IBM distributed what software it provided in source form
and systems programmers commonly made small local additions or modifications and exchanged them with other users. The SHARE library and the process of distributed development it fostered was one of the major origins of open source software.
In 1959 SHARE released the SHARE Operating System (SOS), originally for the IBM 709 computer, later ported to the IBM 7090. SOS was one of the first instances of "commons-based peer production" now widely used in the development of free and open-source software such as Linux and the GNU project. In 1963 SHARE participated with IBM in the development of the PL/I programming language as part of the "3x3" committee.
In 1969, members of SHARE in Europe formed a European Chapter of the organisation, which was formalised in 1966 as the "Share European Association (SEAS)", later SHARE Europe (SEAS).The last meeting of 1994 was jointly held with G.U.I.D.E. At this meeting it was decided to dissolve both SHARE Europe and G.U.I.D.E. and establish the new European IBM users group GSE (Guide Share Europe).
SHARE later incorporated as a non-profit corporation based in Chicago, Illinois and is located at 330 N. Wabash Ave. The organization produces a newsletter and conducts two major educational meetings per year.
In September 1999, GUIDE International, the other major IBM mainframe users group, ceased operation. Although SHARE did not formally take over GUIDE in the United States, many of the activities and projects that were undertaken under the aegis of GUIDE moved to SHARE, and GUIDE suggested to its members that they join SHARE. In August 2000, SHARE took over the guide.org domain name.
In 2005 SHARE's membership of 20,000 represented some 2,300 enterprise IBM customers.
See also
History of free software
History of SHARE Europe .
IBM Type-III Library
DECUS
Seven tiers of disaster recovery
COMMON
References
Further reading
External links
SHARE Library
Index of SHARE, Inc. Records, 1955-1994 at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
Index of GUIDE International Records, 1970-1992 at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
IBM user groups
User groups
Free software culture and documents
Organizations based in Chicago
Organizations established in 1955
1955 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHARE%20%28computing%29 |
Reject All American is the second studio album by the American punk rock band Bikini Kill, released in 1996 by Kill Rock Stars.
Recording and release
Reject All American was recorded in November 1995 and produced by John Goodmanson. The album was released on April 5, 1996, by the independent record label Kill Rock Stars.
Critical reception
Reject All American received generally favorable reviews from music critics. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly opined that the album is "28 wonderfully concentrated minutes of unrelenting punk, with mid-tempo stops that pay homage to Kurt Cobain and Tony Randall. The Go-Go's as riot grrrls." Robert Christgau praised Kathleen Hanna's vocals and Billy Karren's guitar playing, stating that they add definition and confidence.
Track listing
Personnel
Kathleen Hanna – vocals, bass on 4, 5 & 9
Tobi Vail – drums, vocals on 4, 5 & 9
Kathi Wilcox – bass, vocals on 5, drums on 4, 5 & 9
Billy Karren – guitar, trumpet on 9
References
External links
1996 albums
Bikini Kill albums
Kill Rock Stars albums
Albums produced by John Goodmanson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reject%20All%20American |
Alastair Crawford is CEO and founder of i-CD Publishing, the precursor to 192.com.
An internet entrepreneur, he founded i-CD Publishing (UK) Ltd in 1997, which published the UK-info Disk range. He was the first person to publish the electoral roll on CD ROM, which led to a legal dispute with Royal Mail, settled in 2004. The case was mentioned in the book Silent State, by Heather Brooke.
Crawford was also the first to publish a UK directory enquiry site (192.com), and the first to challenge BT's monopoly of directory enquiries.
Alastair lives in London and is an ex-Harrow School student.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Businesspeople from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair%20Crawford |
Tailevu South Lomaiviti Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It comprised the Lomaiviti Archipelago (except Ovalau) and the southern part of Tailevu Province, on the main island of Viti Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailevu%20South%20Lomaiviti%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Princess Augusta of Denmark (8 April 1580 – 5 February 1639) was the Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp as the wife of Duke John Adolf. She was the third daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark and Sophia of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. She was politically influential during the reign of her son, Duke Frederick III.
Life
In August 1594 there were negotiations for Augusta to marry Maurice, Prince of Orange, involving her sister the Queen of Scotland, but the plan was abandoned.
Earlier in Augusta's life, another match for her had been considered. Between 1589 and 1590 there had been plans for a marriage between Princess Augusta and William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel's eldest son Maurice. It was Duke Adolf of Gottorp's widow, Duchess Christine, Landgrave William's sister, who was particularly interested in this party. The Gottorp councillor Casper Hoyer, stable master in Eiderstedt, was sent to Danish Chancellor Niels Kaas repeatedly to negotiate with him on the matter. Both Niels Kaas and Dowager Queen Sophie also stood up rather favourably for the match, but the negotiations still do not seem to have gone beyond the first initial steps.
Duchess consort of Holstein-Gottorp
She was married on 30 August 1596 in Copenhagen to her parents' cousin Duke John Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp (1575–1616) and had eight children. The marriage was tense as the spouses disagreed on religious matters. When in 1610 John Adolf fired the Lutheran vicar Jacob Fabricius the Elder, general provost for Holstein and Schleswig ducal share, and replaced him with a Calvinist, Philipp Caesar, as the official vicar of the ducal court in 1614, Augusta refused to attend service and went by foot to the Lutheran church in Schleswig.
In September 1603 she sent one of her ladies-in-waiting to the court of her sister Anne of Denmark to learn English manners and customs. The lady met Arbella Stuart and Henry Wotton and visited Basing House, Woodstock Palace, and Oxford.
Widowhood
As widow, she fired the Calvinist court vicar and reinstated Jacob Fabricius in 1616. She was politically influential during the reign of her son. She governed Husum castle as her dowry and there promoted arts and culture, music and gardening and schools. She supported and recommended the persecuted writer Anna Ovena Hoyer, when she fled from Holstein-Gottorp to the Swedish queen, Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg in 1632. In 1631 she came in conflict with her ruling brother Christian IV of Denmark over the inheritance of their wealthy mother.
Issue
Her marriage to John Adolf produced eight children, four boys and four girls. Her last child, a son, did not survive infancy.
Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp (22 December 1597 – 10 August 1659).
Elisabeth Sofie (12 October 1599 – 25 November 1627), married on 5 March 1621 to Duke Augustus of Saxe-Lauenburg.
Adolf (15 September 1600 – 19 September 1631).
Dorothea Augusta of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (12 May 1602 – 13 March 1682), married in 1633 to Joachim Ernest, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön, son of John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg.
Hedwig (23 December 1603 – 22 March 1657), married on 15 July 1620 to Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach.
Anna (19 December 1605 – 20 March 1623).
John (18 March 1606 – 21 February 1655).
Christian (born and died 1 December 1609).
Ancestry
References
Article in the Dansk biografisk Lexicon
|-
1580 births
1639 deaths
16th-century Danish people
16th-century Norwegian people
16th-century Norwegian women
16th-century Danish women
Danish princesses
Duchesses of Holstein-Gottorp
Norwegian princesses
Danish patrons of the arts
Norwegian patrons of the arts
17th-century philanthropists
Daughters of kings
Mothers of monarchs
17th-century women philanthropists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta%20of%20Denmark |
Frederick Miller was the founder of Miller Brewing Company.
Frederick Miller may also refer to:
Frederick Miller (cricketer) (1828–1875), English cricketer
Frederick Miller (British journalist) (1863–1924), British journalist and editor of The Daily Telegraph
Frederick Miller (VC) (1831–1874), Victoria Cross winner
Frederick A. Miller (d.1945), president of the H.C. Godman Co., in Columbus, Ohio, for whom the National Register-listed Frederick A. Miller House was built
Frederick Douglas Miller (1874–1961), English photographer
Frederick Joseph Miller (1891-1940), American lawyer and politician
Frederick Miller (paediatrician) (1911–1996), British paediatrician
See also
Fred Miller (disambiguation)
Freddie Miller (disambiguation)
Frederick Millar, 1st Baron Inchyra (1900–1989), British diplomat
Frederic M. Miller (1896–1958), justice of the Iowa Supreme Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Miller%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Nujol is a brand of mineral oil by Plough Inc., cas number 8012-95-1, and density 0.838 g/mL at 25 °C, used in infrared spectroscopy. It is a heavy paraffin oil so it is chemically inert and has a relatively uncomplicated IR spectrum, with major peaks between 2950-2800, 1465-1450, and 1380–1300 cm−1. The empirical formula of Nujol is hard to determine exactly because it is a mixture but it is essentially the alkane formula where n is very large.
To obtain an IR spectrum of a solid, a sample is combined with Nujol in a mortar and pestle or some other device to make a mull (a very thick suspension), and is usually sandwiched between potassium- or sodium chloride plates before being placed in the spectrometer. For very reactive samples, the layer of Nujol can provide a protective coating, preventing sample decomposition during acquisition of the IR spectrum. When preparing the sample it is important to keep the sample from being saturated with Nujol, this will result in erroneous spectra since the Nujol peaks will dominate, silencing the actual sample's peaks.
References
External links
MSDS data sheet
Nujol's historic use as an alternative medicine
CAS Number for Nujol
Hydrocarbon solvents
Infrared spectroscopy
Alkanes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nujol |
ITU or Itu may refer to:
Organizations
International Telecommunication Union (formerly International Telegraph Union), an agency of the United Nations
Places
Itu, São Paulo, a municipality in Brazil
Itu River, Brazil
Yidu or Itu, Yichang, Hubei, China
Itu, Nigeria
Schools
Information Technology University, Pakistan
International Technological University, in San Jose, California
Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Instytut Techniczny Uzbrojenia, predecessor of the Military Institute of Armament Technology, Poland
Other uses
Itu (surname)
ITU TV, a Turkish television station
Institute for Transuranium Elements, in Karlsruhe, Germany
Intensive treatment unit, intensive therapy unit, or intensive care unit, a hospital department
International Triathlon Union
International Typographical Union, a labor union
See also
ITU country code (disambiguation)
ITU-R (ITU Radiocommunication Sector), a sector of the International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T (ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector), a sector of the International Telecommunication Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Sithole is a surname of Zulu origin, and may refer to:
Lucas Sithole (1931–1994), South African sculptor
Lucas Sithole (tennis) (born 1986), South African Professional Wheelchair Tennis Player
Edson Sithole (1935–1975), Rhodesian lawyer
Majozi Sithole, Swazi politician
Moses Sithole (born 1964), South African serial killer
Robert Sithole (1945–2006), South African musician
Ndabaningi Sithole (1920–2000), Zimbabwean politician
Petros Sithole, South African politician
Xoliswa Sithole (born 1967), South African filmmaker
Surnames of Zimbabwean origin
Zulu-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sithole |
The M8 Armored Gun System (AGS), sometimes known as the Buford, is an American light tank that was intended to replace the M551 Sheridan and TOW missile-armed Humvees in the 82nd Airborne Division and 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (2nd ACR) of the U.S. Army respectively.
The M8 AGS began as a private venture of FMC Corporation, called the Close Combat Vehicle Light (CCVL), in 1983. The Army began the Armored Gun System program to develop a mobile gun platform that could be airdropped. By 1992, the AGS was one of the Army's top priority acquisition programs. The service selected FMC's CCVL over proposals from three other teams. The service sought to purchase 237 AGS systems to begin fielding in 1997.
The Army canceled the M8 AGS program in 1996 over the objections of Congress and the Department of Defense, due to the service's budgetary constraints. The Sheridan was retired without a true successor. The AGS never saw service, though the 82nd Airborne sought to press the preproduction units into service in Iraq. The AGS was unsuccessfully marketed for export, and was reincarnated for several subsequent U.S. Army assault gun/light tank programs. United Defense LP proposed the AGS as the Mobile Gun System (MGS) variant of the Interim Armored Vehicle program in 2000, but lost out to the General Motors–General Dynamics' LAV III, which was type classified as the Stryker M1128 Mobile Gun System. BAE Systems offered the AGS system for the Army's XM1302 Mobile Protected Firepower requirement, but lost to the General Dynamics Griffin II—later type classified as the M10 Booker—in 2022.
Development
The U.S. Army recognized the poor performance of the M551 Sheridan light tank in the Vietnam War and began the process of retiring the vehicle in 1977. A small number were retained in active service by the 82nd Airborne Division and the National Guard. The Army designated the M3 Bradley armored reconnaissance vehicle to partially fill the Sheridan's role.
Initial efforts
In the 1980s, the Army began looking for a more capable replacement for the Sheridan. During this time, a string of Army projects to update or replace the Sheridan were begun, but all ended without the Army committing to buy. Some of its efforts around this time could be described as hopelessly intermingled.
In 1979, Army Chief of Staff General Edward C. Meyer initiated a transformation of the 9th Infantry Division that would see the light infantry division assume many of the characteristics of the heavy division through an infusion of high or emerging technology. The so-called "High Technology Light Division" would require the procurement of a Mobile Protected Gun, later called the Assault Gun System (AGS), and a Fast Attack Vehicle. The notional Mobile Protected Gun was to be armed with a kinetic gun, or possibly a missile, capable of defeating enemy armor. In any case, the service determined that it needed a more immediate solution for the AGS requirement. In 1985, the Army approved a U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) recommendation to field the TOW missile-armed Humvee in the interim. The TOW-armed Humvee proved to be an inadequate substitute for the AGS in the 9th Infantry Division as it could not fire on the move and was too lightly armored.
In 1980, the U.S. Army Infantry School's Mobile Protected Gun project analyzed anti-armor weapons systems, concluding that the Army should equip its new light infantry divisions with TOW-armed Humvees and an unspecified 6×6 lightly armored vehicle armed with a 25 mm caliber gun. This led the Secretary of Defense to direct the Army to use the LAV-25 for this purpose. In 1981, the Army joined the Marine Corps's (USMC) Mobile Protected Weapon System program, which then became known as the Mobile Protected Gun System (MPGS). However, the Army and USMC went their separate ways the following year. The Army and Marine Corps were at the same time involved in the joint LAV program. The Army developed a version of the LAV to serve as the MPGS in the 9th Infantry Division in the interim. Like the Marine version this was also armed with the 25 mm caliber gun, but included additional additional ammunition stowage in lieu of passengers. The Army planned to replace this LAV beginning in the late 1980s with the "far-term" MPGS armed with a 75 mm gun. The Army's commitment to the program wavered somewhat, which caused Congress to withhold money for the LAV. The Army withdrew from the program in December 1983.
The chassis of the Sheridan was considered to be in good working order even if its problematic 152 mm caliber gun/launcher was not. Both the Marine Corps and Army explored re-gunning the Sheridan with a conventional gun. In 1983, the Naval Surface Weapons Center mounted a 105 mm cannon to a Sheridan. One Army plan also envisioned re-gunning a few dozen Sheridan with 105 mm or 120 mm cannons, but this project was canceled in 1985. In the end the Army determined upgrading the Sheridan to meet the AGS requirement was not worth pursuing.
After the Army and Marine Corp parted ways, the project morphed into the Armored/Assault Gun System. In 1983, the Army established the AGS program. In 1985, Army Vice Chief of Staff General Maxwell Thurman approved an amended Requirement Operational Capability (ROC) for the Armored Gun System. Thurman recommended that the Army purchase 500 AGS systems. The Army Chief of Staff did not advocate for funding the program in Congress given its low priority. Senate appropriators declined the Army's request for AGS funds for FY1986. The program office was disestablished, and the ROC retracted. In May 1986, the AGS program was re-organized under the Armored Family of Vehicles Task Force (AFVTV). During one concept study for a proposed All Purpose Fire Support Platoon, the task force shortlisted four candidate vehicles for an Armored Support Platform. These were the FMC Corporation Close Combat Vehicle Light (CCVL), the Cadillac Gage Stingray, the General Motors LAV-105, and the Teledyne AGS. The task force recommended the latter.
In 1987, the Army tested a version of the LAV-25, designated as the M1047. The Army determined that these were unsuitable for LAPES, and with only a 25 mm caliber cannon, could not match the firepower of the Sheridan. Congress did not favor the M1047, though a few were deployed with the 3/73rd Armor of the 82nd Airborne Division in the Gulf War.
In August 1987, the Office of the Secretary of Defense approved the AGS program initiative for 600 vehicles. A joint Army–Marine Corps program was mooted. The ROC was approved for the second time in September. In December, the AGS program was dropped as the $800 million ($ in ) plan was considered unaffordable. Around the same time, the Army Chief of Staff issued a "promissory note" to replace the Sheridan by FY1995.
Rebooted program
In September 1989, the Armored Gun System Project Manager office was reestablished at the United States Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command and a marketing survey was distributed to industry. In March 1990, Army Chief of Staff Carl E. Vuono told the Senate Appropriations Defense Subcommittee that the Army was surveying options for acquiring about 70 tanks to replace the Sheridan. The Army formalized the AGS program in April 1990 with the validation of a new ROC.
In July 1990, the Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC) required that the Army procure the AGS off-the-shelf. In August, SASC directed the Army to halt work on Armored Systems Modernization until it could conduct a competition for an AGS. The AGS program had gained political favor by this point due in part to the back-to-back successful employment of the Sheridan in two overseas operations. In December 1989, Sheridans of the 3/73 Armor were airdropped into Panama as part of Operation Just Cause. This was the first successful employment of light armor in combat. In August 1990, Sheridans were airdropped into Saudi Arabia as the spearhead of the buildup of Operation Desert Shield. In October 1990, HASC deferred the Block III main battle tank and directed the Army to make the AGS its top priority modernization program. After having earlier tried to kill the tank, appropriators grew to appreciate the program's relatively low price tag.
In November 1990, the Defense Acquisition Board authorized the Army to proceed with development of the AGS. The Army believed that replacing the Sheridan with an off-the-shelf AGS would be less expensive and provide more capabilities than an upgraded Sheridan. It was expected to replace the Sheridan in the 3/73rd Armor and TOW missile-armed Humvees in the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (2nd ACR).
In November 1990, Congressional appropriators sought for the Army to utilize the LAV-105 for the AGS role or "show clear and convincing evidence that the LAV-105 is unable to fulfill the requirement". The Army agreed. In 1991, the Senate and House Armed Services Committees joined in directing the Army to integrate the turret and Watervliet Arsenal EX35 gun of the LAV-105 with an AGS chassis. A joint program was balked at by both services, who believed the two platforms were mismatched. Subsequently, the Marine Corps demurred and requested no further funding for the LAV-105. In any event, the proposed chimera was nixed by the Senate Appropriations Committee later that year.
The Army issued a draft request for proposals (RfP) in May 1991. The Army published the RfP in August incorporating changes as a result of feedback from industry and Congress, the latter of which had directed the Army to require the EX35 gun. Army Acquisition Executive Stephen K. Conver became concerned that the AGS program was becoming laden with unnecessary requirements that would increase costs and development time, as well as limit the number of interested contractors. In view of this, in October 1991, Conver's office conducted a review of the requirements. The Army updated its RfP later that year, with submissions due in December.
The final RfP specified two configurations of the AGS: One intended for airborne forces, and another intended for other rapid deployment light forces.
FMC Corporation submitted the Close Combat Vehicle Light to meet the AGS requirement.
Three other teams submitted proposals:
General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) and Teledyne Continental Motors submitted a version of the Teledyne tank included in the AFVTV study. GDLS's design was unconventional with the powerpack mounted in the front, and an externally mounted cannon. The crew were located in the turret basket below the hull line.
Cadillac Gage Textron submitted the Commando Stingray with the LAV-105 turret.
Team Hägglunds USA submitted a variant of the Combat Vehicle 90 with a GIAT turret. This was the only version proposed without an autoloader. Series production would take place in Canada.
Three of the vehicles proposed had autoloaders, while Hägglunds did not. Although the Army did not require that proposals be tracked or wheeled, all four proposals were tracked.
In June 1992, the Army selected the FMC proposal. FMC Ground Systems Division was awarded a $27.7 million ($ in ) contract to begin phase 1 work, including the production of six test units. The bids for this phase ranged from a high of $189 million ($ in ) for GDLS–Teledyne and a low of $92 million ($ in ) for Hägglunds. The procurement program was valued at $800 million.
The Close Combat Vehicle Light becomes the AGS
FMC began developing the Close Combat Vehicle Light as a private venture in 1983. The vehicle was designed from the outset to meet the Army's as-yet unfunded Armored Gun System requirement. FMC built two mock-ups. The first was a front-engine model utilizing a diesel engine. The second was a rear-engine model with a diesel engine and featuring more armor. In 1984, FMC validated the feasibility of pairing the 105 mm gun with a light chassis by test firing a 105 mm gun mounted on an M548. The first prototype CCVL was completed in August 1985 and debuted at the meeting of the Association of the United States Army in October. The CCVL was demonstrated at Fort Bragg in 1987. FMC subsequently ended marketing of the vehicle and disassembled the prototype.
The Army required the AGS be airdroppable from a tactical airlifter. C-130 airdrop was a desired capability, but not a required one. FMC claimed it could achieve C-130 airdroppability and so such a requirement was written in to FMC's contract. FMC made several weight-saving changes to the design, particularly the pallets, in order to meet the C-130's weight limit.
In a December 1993 report, the Defense Department Inspector General (IG) cautioned that the AGS would be too heavy for low-velocity airdrop (LVAD). The IG recommended canceling 58 systems meant for the XVIII Airborne Corps if the Army could not demonstrate LVAD from a C-130. The Pentagon concurred that no production could begin until the Army met this requirement. The IG's concerns were put to rest in October 1994, when the service successfully airdropped an AGS from a C-130 at an altitude of .
Citing cuts in the service's procurement budget, in 1993, the Army reduced its planned AGS order from 300 to 233. In 1994, the Army settled on an acquisition target of 237 vehicles. Of these, 123 would go to the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, 58 to the 82nd, and 56 to reserves and training bases. The last 169 AGS systems, to be produced from 1998 to 2002, were to be built without the weight-saving modifications of those destined for the 82nd, which was the only unit that required an airdroppable AGS system. The AGS's budget was zeroed and the production schedule slipped by one year in Congress's FY1995 budget due to program cost growth.
Six prototypes were built under the designation XM8. The first of these was rolled out at the United Defense (created by a merger of FMC and BMY) facility in San Jose, California, in April 1994, and arrived at Fort Knox, Kentucky, in April 1995. The last of these was delivered in May. United Defense provided five XM8 AGS systems to the service's Operational Test Command, which put the vehicle through five months of testing at Fort Pickett, Virginia. Another prototype underwent survivability testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
Cancelation
In 1995, the Army explored cutting the 2nd ACR, which would reduce the Army's buy to 80 AGS. These would be destined for the 82nd Airborne. In May 1995, the National Guard expressed interest in procuring the AGS for the 38th Infantry Division, 35th Infantry Division and 34th Infantry Division in order to help bridge the looming capability gap should the 2nd ACR be eliminated. This proposal was rejected by the service. Army Chief of Staff Gordon R. Sullivan, the AGS's most influential advocate at the Pentagon, retired in June 1995. In October 1995, the Army type classified the XM8 as the M8 Armored Gun System. It approved an initial production run of 26 vehicles, with an option for 42 more scheduled to begin in FY1997. A full production decision was scheduled for March 1997. Fielding to the 3/73 Armor would begin in 1999. All three squadrons of the 2nd ACR were to be fielded subsequently.
The end of the Cold War had precipitated a fall-off in U.S. military spending. The President's FY1996 budget request allotted the Department of Defense (DoD) the lowest procurement budget level since 1950. The AGS was one of several systems that did not fare well in an Army review of anti-armor weapons then under development. Responding to budget cuts anticipated in the period FY98–03, in 1996 the Army adopted a new policy: Instead of distributing small cuts throughout many projects, entire programs would be canceled. Army Chief of Staff Dennis Reimer canceled the AGS in January 1996.
Many officials felt blindsided by the Army's decision to kill the AGS. The Army's decision to cancel the AGS lacked a formal announcement, but was soon leaked to the press. This displeased some lawmakers including Senate Armed Services Committee chairman Strom Thurmond, who privately expressed irritation to Defense Secretary William J. Perry about having learned of the cancelation through media reports.
Ten Representatives signed a letter urging Perry to continue on with the program. The letter touted the program's "tremendous success" in meeting the program's objectives, and noted that the vehicle was "well within budget and on schedule." The House appropriations national security subcommittee requested that the DoD pause the cancelation of the AGS pending a Congressional review. The subcommittee said that the AGS had met its milestones and "would be a strong candidate for increased funding."
The Army belatedly sought to win Congressional and DoD support for its decision to cancel the tank. Securing the blessings of the Office of the Secretary of Defense would ensure that the service would not have to forfeit unspent FY1996 funds from the AGS program. The DoD, at least at first, affirmed its support for the program and called it "premature" for any service branch to draw any conclusions about the outyear funding environment. However, in February the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC) endorsed the Army's decision. Despite JROC's recommendation, Perry withheld his support for canceling the AGS until he could personally meet with key congressmen. Perry's office said it would review the Army's plans for the $1 billion originally earmarked for the AGS before making a decision.
The Army issued a stop-work order to United Defense in February. In May 1996, the Army Vice Chief of Staff formally announced the cancelation of the AGS. The service estimated killing the program would save the Army $1 billion. The service sought to reallocate unspent FY1996 funds from the AGS program on military pay, construction and modernization programs.
In order to help offset the loss of capability caused by the cancelation of the AGS, the Army increased its requested funding for M1A2 Abrams and M2A3 Bradley upgrades, and accelerated the development of the Javelin missile. The Army considered a variety of plans to "heavy up" the 2nd ACR. The service added heavy armor to the 2nd ACR and requested funding to purchase Apache helicopters. In the 82nd Airborne, the Army also planned to introduce the EFOGM missile and considered more widely fielding the Javelin missile. Funding for EFOGM was deleted in 1998. The Army also considered the Humvee-mounted MGM-166 LOSAT missile, another platform offering similar capabilities for the 82nd Airborne. However, this program was canceled in FY2005.
The 3/73rd Armor was inactivated over the following two years. The last Sheridans in service were vismod Sheridans used for opposing force training. These too were retired in 2004. Maintaining the Sheridan was not thought to be practical. In place of the Sheridan in the 82nd Airborne, the Army stood up an Immediate Ready Company of Bradley Fighting Vehicles and M1A1 Abrams tanks from the 3rd Infantry Division which were to be attached to the 82nd.
Milestones and schedule
A Milestone I/II review was completed in May 1992. The Engineering and Manufacturing Development contract was awarded to FMC in June 1992 for a ballistic structure, six test vehicles, and technical data. A Critical Design Review was completed in September 1993. Six pre-production prototypes underwent technical testing in FY94–95. Early User Test and Experimentation was completed in June 1995 and was highlighted by a successful LVAD of a prototype AGS.
Live fire testing and Initial Operational Test and Evaluation was scheduled to be conducted in FY96. A full-rate production decision was
scheduled for March 1997 (Milestone III).
Proposed revivals
In 1998, the Senate Armed Services Committee proposed using the M8 AGS as a surrogate vehicle to evaluate "strike force experimentation activities" in the 2nd Cavalry Regiment.
In October 1999, Army Chief of Staff Eric Shinseki laid out his vision for a lighter, more transportable force. The Army began the Interim Armored Vehicle (IAV) program to implement Shinseki's concept. United Defense LP (UDLP) proposed the AGS, as well as a version of the Mobile Tactical Vehicle Light, for the Mobile Gun System variant of the IAV in 2000. United Defense provided an AGS armored in level 1, 2 and 3 for a platform performance demonstration from December 1999 to January 2000. By then, the AGS had reached an advanced level of technological maturity, and thus UDLP said it could field its design almost two years earlier than the General Motors' LAV III proposal. The AGS lost out to the General Motors proposal, which was type classified as the Stryker M1128 Mobile Gun System. UDLP protested the award, alleging that the Army disregarded its own timeline requirements, and that the requirements had been crafted with a wheeled vehicle in mind. The General Accounting Office denied UDLP's protest in April 2001.
In March 2004, at the 82nd Airborne Division's request, the Army approved the transfer of four production vehicles from United Defense's facility in Pennsylvania to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The vehicles were intended to bolster the 82nd's 1st Squadron, 17th Cavalry, which was in need of greater firepower for an upcoming deployment to the recent war in Iraq. However, in June 2004, this plan was put on hold while the Army determined whether the Mobile Gun System (MGS) could meet the 82nd's requirements. An air-drop test of a Stryker weighted to simulate the load of the MGS was conducted in August. Around the same time, the Army identified issues with the air-worthiness of the MGS, among the heavier of the Stryker family. Still more pervasive problems persisted with the autoloader. While this decision was on hold, Congressman Robin Hayes expressed frustration that the AGS had not been fielded, and called on the DoD to act swiftly to resolve the delay. In January 2005, the Army said it had ruled out fielding the AGS, saying the system lacked spare parts that would be required to maintain the vehicle for any significant length of time. The Army also doubled down on its commitment to fielding the MGS, which it said it could begin fielding in summer 2006.
United Defense sought overseas customers without success. In 1994 United Defense partnered with Rheinmetall to market the AGS to NATO allies. Taiwan had been interested in acquiring as many as 700 of the system, which would be produced domestically. In 1994, the U.S. State Department authorized the sale of just as many to Taiwan and United Defense agreed to co-production with Hwa Fong Industries conditional on the selection of vehicle by Taiwan. In 1996, United Defense had plans to ship one AGS prototype to Taiwan. In 1996, United Defense partnered with FMC Nurol to offer the AGS to the Turkish Land Forces, which was seeking a main battle tank. By 1998, Canada, Germany, Malaysia and Singapore had expressed interest in the tank. In 1999, officials from Japan observed the AGS prior to embarking on a light tank program of their own.
In 2015, the U.S. Army articulated a requirement for a Mobile Protected Firepower system to replace the Mobile Gun System. In 2017, the Army formalized its requirements with a request for proposals. The MPF was defined as an air-transportable light tank to assist infantry brigades in forced entry operations. The Army sought to buy 504 MPF systems. Requirements called for a tracked vehicle armed with a 105 mm or 120 mm caliber cannon, which would not need to be air-droppable. BAE Systems (which bought United Defense in 2005) entered a modernized AGS into the MPF competition. In 2018, the Army selected bids from GDLS and BAE to build 12 prototypes each. BAE began delivering the prototype vehicles to the Army in December 2020, although the last of these were delivered behind schedule after testing had begun. The Army's evaluation of BAE and General Dynamics prototypes at Fort Bragg continued through August. In February 2022, BAE was eliminated from the competition due to noncompliance issues, leaving the General Dynamics Griffin as the only remaining MPF entry. In June 2022, the Army selected the Griffin as the winner of the MPF competition. The GDLS Griffin was later type classified as the M10 Booker.
Design
The AGS operational requirements were identified early in the process. In order, they were: deployability, lethality, survivability, and sustainability.
The basic hull of the AGS is made of welded 5083 aluminum alloy, with a modular armor system that allows the vehicle to be equipped according to requirements. Aluminum was chosen instead of steel in order to reduce the weight of the vehicle. The weight limit for the vehicle was driven by the requirement that it be capable of LVAD.
Protection
The CCVL hull was all-welded aluminum with bolt-on steel composite armor. Appliqué armor could also be installed by the user.
The AGS was designed with three modular armor levels:
The Level I (basic) armor package consisted of ceramic armor tiles and protected the vehicle against small-arms fire and shell splinters. It was designed for the rapid deployment role and could be airdropped from a C-130. All-up weight was .
The Level II armor package consisted of additional plates of titanium, hardened steel and expanded metal. At an all-up weight of , Level II-armored AGS could still be carried by C-130, but could not be air-dropped.
Level III armor consisted of bolt-on armor boxes, and is designed for contingency operations and provides protection against light handheld anti-tank weapons. Level III-armored AGS systems cannot be carried by C-130. All-up weight is .
The crew is protected from ammunition explosion by blowout panels on the roof and a bulkhead separating the ammunition from the crew. The ammunition compartments in the hull are also protected by blowout panels. Explosion/fire suppression is provided by a Santa Barbara Dual Spectrum system. Halon fire-suppression protects the crew compartment while a powder system is installed in the engine compartment. Unlike the CCVL, the AGS crew is equipped with Nuclear Biological Chemical (NBC) overpressure system. Per the Army's requirement, this is accomplished with ventilated face pieces. NBC-sealing of the turret is not possible in any event as the vehicle is exposed to outside air when spent shell cases are ejected and when the main gun is fired in maximum depression. NBC protection is provided by filtered air through tubing to M25/M42 masks. The Army omitted a requirement for radiation hardening from the AGS.
The CCVL had two 16-barrel Tracor MBA Advanced Smoke Launcher System smoke grenade launchers mounted on either side of the turret. This fired L8 visual or M76 infrared obscurants. The AGS had two 8-barrel smoke grenade launchers which could fire a variety of obscurants. The MPF variant has two 8-barrel M257 model firing M19 smoke grenades.
The CCVL was protected from 30 mm kinetic-energy rounds over the frontal arc. The United Defense Mobile Gun System variant included 7.62 mm integral armor protection over most of the vehicle, and 14.5 mm AP protection over the frontal 60-degree arc. BAE equipped the Mobile Protected Firepower variant of the AGS with underbody blast protection from roadside bombs.
The MPF variant integrated a BAE's Raven soft kill active protection system. This comprised wide-angle view long-wave infrared cameras, radar, and a jammer. As of 2019, BAE was working on adding medium-wave infrared sensors and a slew-to-cue system that points the turret in the direction of the incoming missile. The latter would allow the crew to more quickly identify and engage the perpetrators.
Mobility
Power is provided by a Detroit Diesel 6V-92TA 6-cylinder multifuel diesel engine developing at 2,400 rpm with JP-8 fuel, and at 2,400 rpm with DF2 diesel. This had 65 percent commonality with the eight-cylinder version fitted on the Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT). The AGS's power-to-weight ratio was greater than the American M1A1 Abrams main battle tank. The top speed is governor-limited to . The fuel capacity is , giving the AGS a projected range of at a cruising speed of . The General Electric hydromechanical HMPT-500 transmission is also used by the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. The transmission has three forward speeds and one reverse.
Mounted on two tracks, the powerpack slides out for maintenance, and can be run while it sits on the tracks at the rear of the vehicle. An auxiliary power unit was considered, but ultimately omitted from the final design to save weight. The M8's tracks are double-pin modified T150 with six inches of pitch.
The AGS torsion bar suspension is similar to that in the Abrams. The MPF's torsion bar suspension is in common with the Bradley and Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle.
Many different engines, including a gas turbine, were considered for follow-on versions of the CCVL. The Detroit Diesel engine was replaced in the Mobile Protected Firepower variant with an MTU diesel engine, this one also developing . This was mated to an Allison 3040 MX transmission.
FMC designed the CCVL with to be capable of LAPES (low-altitude parachute-extraction system) airdrop from a C-130. The Army required two variants of the AGS. One capable of the LVAD from the C-17 Globemaster III (intended for the 82nd Airborne), and a heavier variant with roll-on/roll-off capability from the C-5 Galaxy, C-17, C-141 Starlifter and C-130 Hercules. In 1990, the Army had demoted the requirement for LAPES from a required capability to a desired one. After winning the AGS contract, FMC further whittled down the weight of the AGS in order make the tank light enough for LVAD from a C-130. The AGS was initially several hundred pounds over the weight limit for LVAD from a C-130. Initially weight savings was primarily achieved by reducing the weight of the pallets. Other changes included: changing the shape of the track, substituting titanium and graphite materials for the autoloader, using titanium hatches instead of aluminum or steel and using a lighter alloy of steel and titanium for the road wheels. The Army tested three airdrops of the pallets with the simulated weight of an AGS. However as of January 1994 the Army was exploring meeting the weight requirements simply with changes to the AGS design.
Level II and III armor packages can be airdropped separately from the AGS and installed in the field in under three hours. All versions are air-transportable by C-130, C-141, C-17 and C-5 (one, two, three and five systems respectively). For LVAD, the vehicle is stripped to a weight of no more than . The vehicle height is reduced by removing or retracting the commander's cupola. Up to 10 rounds of 105 mm ammunition can be carried in ready capacity. The MPF variant retained airlift capability: one could fit on the C-130 and three on the C-17.
A 1993 TRADOC study called for modifying 53 HEMTTs as Contingency Force Recovery Vehicles to assist with recovering the AGS. In 1994, the Army began seeking an assault bridge for the AGS. The service was seeking 18 medium assault bridge vehicles, but hadn't been able to identify either an off-the-shelf solution nor funding to develop one.
The M8 can carry approximately up to a squad of nine mounted infantry on top.
The MPF variant has a combat weight of .
Firepower
The AGS is armed with the Watervliet Arsenal M35 rifled autoloading 105 mm caliber soft-recoil tank gun with an M240 7.62 mm caliber machine gun mounted coaxially.
The M35, known as the EX35 and XM35 during development, was originally designed and developed by Benét Laboratories, Watervliet Arsenal in 1983 for the Marine Corps Mobile Protected Gun Program. The M35 is about lighter than the M68 used on the M60 tank.
The M35 fires all NATO standard 105 mm ammunition in inventory. The M35 has a rate of fire of approximately 12 rounds per minute. The autoloader magazine has a ready capacity of 21 rounds. The M8 AGS holds nine more rounds in two hull storage compartments. The MPF also has 21 ready rounds and only seven rounds in hull storage.
The AGS has a laser rangefinder from the M1 Abrams, and the Computing Devices Canada Mission Management Computer System fire-control system is the same used in the Challenger 2. The nature of the gun's muzzle brake directed noise towards the tank, which could damage the crew's hearing; particularly the tank commander's. This problem was still being worked on as of 1995. Prototype versions of the AGS gun had a pepperpot muzzle brake which was anticipated would be deleted in the production version.
The gun is stabilized with a Cadillac Gage two-axis system. Gun depression and traverse is hydraulic, with a manual back up for emergencies. Depression and elevation is −10 degrees, except over a rear 60 degree arc, where it is limited to 0 degrees.
The CCVL was originally armed with Rheinmetall's soft-recoil version of the M68A1. It held 19 ready rounds, plus 24 in hull storage.
The autoloader was designed by FMC's Naval Systems Division. It is fed by a rotating 21-round magazine. The gunner selects the type of ammunition to be fired and the computer rotates the magazine to select the correct round accordingly. Automatic and single-shot modes are available. After firing, the gun returns to zero degrees elevation. The autoloader extracts the spent shell casing from the breech, then ejects the casing out of the turret through the same port used to load the autoloader. Once the autoloader has loaded the next round, the gun returns to the elevation of the last target. The autoloader will not engage if the door between the tank commander and autoloader is open. If the autoloader is disabled, provisions existed for the crew to load the AGS under armor from the gunner's position. A program requirement existed that the crew was able to do this at three rounds per minute. In practice, the crew was only able to load the tank manually at about one round per minute as of 1994.
The gunner Hughes day/night thermal sight was stabilized. The CCVL had a commander's independent thermal viewer, but this was later eliminated to save weight.
The M35 fires all NATO-standard 105 mm caliber ammunition. The AGS can defeat 75 to 80 percent of tanks it may encounter on the battlefield. The AGS has the potential to engage main battle tanks, but these more heavily armored vehicles are less likely to be the AGS's main targets. The planned targets for the AGS ranged from bunkers and other man-made structures to armored personnel carriers and light armored vehicles.
On the AGS, a Browning M2 12.7 mm (.50) caliber heavy machine gun is mounted in a fully traversable ring-style mount on the commander's hatch. Unlike in the M1A1, the M8 tank commander must expose himself through the hatch to operate the machine gun. Other possible weapons were a M240 7.62 mm caliber machine gun or an MK 19 40 mm grenade launcher. The CCVL has no commander's machine gun.
The coaxial M240 7.62 mm caliber machine gun on the CCVL has 1,600 ready rounds with 3,400 carried in reserve. On the AGS this weapon has 1,000 ready rounds and 3,500 carried in reserve. On the MPF, the coaxial 7.62 mm caliber machine gun has 1,000 ready rounds.
Human factors engineering
The AGS has an autoloader rather than a human loader. This means the AGS has a crew of three rather than four. In addition to loading the tank, a loader has other responsibilities that would need to be taken on by the three crew members and dismounted infantry.
Miscellany
The AGS has a 1553 data bus. This is not present in the CCVL. The AGS is equipped with an infantry phone.
There are separate hatches for the tank commander, gunner and driver.
The MPF variant has four blind spot cameras for situational awareness. These could see in the long infrared range, which was integrated with the Raven soft kill system, but BAE eventually planned to add sensors for the medium-wave infrared spectrum.
Comparison of tanks
Subcontractors
Subcontractors as of 1996:
Chrysler Corporation (Pentastar)
Computing Devices Canada
Detroit Diesel
General Electric Company
General Motors Corporation (Hughes Electronics)
Textron Inc.: (Cadillac Gage)
Watervliet Arsenal
Variants
Close Combat Vehicle Light
FMC began developing the Close Combat Vehicle Light as a private venture in 1983. The first prototype CCVL was completed in August 1985 and debuted at the meeting of the Association of the United States Army in October.
M8 Armored Gun System/Buford
The AGS eliminated the commander's independent thermal viewer of the CCVL. The Watervliet Arsenal M35 replaced the M68A1 gun.
Vickers/FMC Mark 5 battle tank (VFM 5)
In 1985 the British Vickers Defence Systems and FMC collaborated on a derivative of the CCVL intended for export customers. The prototype was completed in May 1986 and first publicly appeared later that year. The tank had a fourth crewmember in lieu of an autoloader. It was armed with a 105 mm low recoil force gun, and could accept a number of other 105 mm guns as well.
Line of Sight Anti-Tank (LOSAT)
In 1994, Loral Vought Systems was awarded a contract worth up to $42.5 million ($ in ) to integrate the LOSAT missile onto an AGS chassis. In lieu of the turret, a missile pod with 12 kinetic energy missiles was installed. At least one full-scale mockup of the AGS LOSAT had been constructed by 1995. Delivery of the AGS LOSAT was scheduled for 1996. After the cancelation of the AGS, the Army switched the chassis of the LOSAT to the Humvee.
M8 Enhanced Capabilities Demonstrator/Thunderbolt
A single technology demonstrator built by United Defense and demonstrated in 2003. The ECD had a hybrid electric drive instead of a diesel engine. The tracks were a rubber band type. Armament was an XM291 120 mm electrothermal-chemical smoothbore cannon fitted with an autoloader. A storage area in the rear could be used to carry up to four crew members or other equipment, such as additional ammunition.
Lightning Bolt
In August 2004, BAE conducted live fire testing of the Lightning Bolt at Camp Roberts, California. Like the ECD, the Lightning Bolt incorporated a hybrid electric drive and XM291.
Singapore design study
In 2004, United Defense and Singapore studied using the AGS to meet the country's requirement for a replacement for its AMX-13 SM1 light tanks. In addition to a Thunderbolt-derived AGS variant, United Defense submitted a number of designs that mounted the Thunderbolt AGS's 120 mm cannon/turret (and alternatively, 105 mm) on a variety of chassis. These chassis were the
Bionix IFV and the Universal Combat Vehicle Platform that the Primus self-propelled howitzer was based on.
120 Armored Gun System
BAE Systems debuted the AGS 120 in 2006. The chassis was based on the original M8 AGS but integrated the 120 mm gun and turret of the ECD/Thunderbolt.
Expeditionary Light Tank
BAE displayed this demonstrator at AUSA 2015. Improvements included rubber band tracks better sensors such as 360 degree cameras and thermal imagers.
Mobile Protected Firepower demonstrator
BAE Systems showed this vehicle at AUSA Global Force in 2019. This demonstrator integrated IMI Systems Iron Fist hard kill and BAE Raven soft kill active protection systems and Saab Barracuda camouflage netting. The tracks were Soucy composite rubber and the engine hybrid electric. Four longwave infrared cameras provided 360 degrees of view from the vehicle.
XM1302 Mobile Protected Firepower
BAE Systems entered an updated variant of the M8 in the U.S. Army XM1302 Mobile Protected Firepower program. According to BAE, the MPF variant is completely redesigned, keeping only the footprint (length, width and height). The MPF incorporates a new transmission and MTU powerpack, band composite rubber track and a new fire-control system. BAE added improved underbody armor, as well as the Iron Fist active protection system and BAE's Terra Raven soft-kill system.
Surviving examples
An XM8 used for drop-testing is outside the U.S. Army Armor & Cavalry Collection at Fort Moore awaiting restoration as of 2022.
Gallery
The Close Combat Vehicle Light at the National Museum of Military Vehicles in 2020.
BAE XM1302 MPF test vehicle 2 at the U.S. Army Armor & Cavalry Collection, Fort Moore.
See also
2S25 Sprut-SD, Russian airborne light tank
XM1202 Mounted Combat System, a U.S. Army tank, that was part of the Future Combat Systems Manned Ground Vehicles program canceled in 2011
Future Scout and Cavalry System/TRACER, a joint UK–U.S. scout vehicle canceled in 2001
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
M8 Armored Gun System at GlobalSecurity.org
Nicholas Moran reviews the BAE XM1302 MPF
Moran reviews the interior of the BAE XM1302 MPF
Light tanks of the United States
Airborne tanks
Fire support vehicles
Tanks with autoloaders
Cold War tanks of the United States
Light tanks of the Cold War
Post–Cold War light tanks
Post–Cold War tanks of the United States
Abandoned military projects of the United States
United Defense
BAE Systems land vehicles
FMC Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8%20Armored%20Gun%20System |
Biobío Province () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Biobío (VIII). Its capital is Los Ángeles (2002 pop. 94,716). It is bounded on the north, west and south by the provinces of Concepción, Arauco and Malleco, respectively, and on the east by Argentina. It has an area of of well-wooded and mountainous country, and exports timber to a large extent. The population is 373,981 according to the census of 2012.
The great trunk railway from Santiago south to Puerto Montt crosses the western part of the province and also connects it with the port of Concepción. Los Ángeles lies east of this railway and is connected with it by a branch line.
History
The Province of Bio-Bío was created on October 13, 1875, as part of the Province of Araucan. In 1887, President José Manuel Balmaceda set aside the Province of Malleco. The province was then named for the Biobío River which flows through it. The Province of Bio-Bío was divided, into three departments:
As part of the process of regionalization in the 1970s, the Region of
Biobío was created. By Decree #1,213 of 27 of November 4, 1975, the VIII Region comprises the provinces of Bio Bío, Arauco and Concepción. Ñuble was formerly part of Biobío Province, before becoming its own region on the 5th of September 2018.
Administration
As a province, Biobío is a second-level administrative division of Chile, governed by a provincial governor who is appointed by the president.
Communes
The province is composed of 14 communes, each governed by a municipality consisting of an elected alcalde and municipal council.
Alto Bio Bío
Antuco
Cabrero
Laja
Los Ángeles (capital)
Mulchén
Nacimiento
Negrete
Quilaco
Quilleco
San Rosendo
Santa Bárbara
Tucapel
Yumbel
Geography and demography
According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute (INE), the province spans an area of and had a population of 353,315 inhabitants (176,960 men and 176,355 women), giving it a population density of . It is the tenth most populated province in the country. Of these, 245,775 (69.6%) lived in urban areas and 107,540 (30.4%) in rural areas. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 9.1% (29,405 persons).
Bio Bío Valley wine region
The Bio Bío Valley wine region is located in the province and region of the same name. One of Chile's southern wine regions, it has become known for its crisp, aromatic wines.
The region is located at a latitude of 36°S, similar to southern Spain and Monterey in California. The majority of its vineyards lie between and above sea level with a moderate Mediterranean climate. It receives of rain per year, among the highest of all Chilean wine valleys, although winds prevent excessive humidity - a phenomenon that can also be observed in northern France. For most of the 20th century, the main varieties grown in the Bio Bío valley were Moscatel de Alejandria and Pais (known as Missiones in USA), but today, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Sauvignon Blanc are also grown throughout the valley.
The UK's Co-Op's Bio Bío Valley Malbec (2014) was awarded silver at the International Wine Challenge and a bronze from Decanter magazine.
Grape distribution by varietal
Climate: moderate Mediterranean climate. of rain per year. Average rainfall is among highest seen in any Chilean wine valley, although winds prevent humidity.
Soils: Alluvial soils, clay and sand.
Primary grapes: Pinot noir, Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc.
Total hectares planted:
See also
Chilean wine
Notes
Provinces of Chile
Provinces of Biobío Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biob%C3%ADo%20Province |
Alastair Sweeny (born August 15, 1946) is a Canadian publisher, historian, and author.
Early life
Born in Toronto, Ontario, he attended St. Andrew's College, and received a bachelor's degree from the Trinity College in the University of Toronto, and a Master of Letters and Doctor of Philosophy from Trinity College Dublin.
Career
Sweeny has managed research programs, produced reference and learning materials, and consulted with many private and public sector organizations, including as an adviser to the Canadian government's Task Force on National Unity (the Pepin-Robarts Commission), Library and Archives Canada, Parks Canada, Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, National Indian Veterans Association, Assembly of First Nations, Canadian Heritage, eLibrary ProQuest, Nelson Thomson Learning, Quebecor Media, Electric Library Canada and CanWest Global.
In 1989, he produced Canadisk, Canada's first multimedia CD-ROM, as a joint venture with Encyclopædia Britannica. In the 1990s, he developed learning materials for Apple Computer's eWorld online service, and produced the original Encarta Book of Quotations (1999) with Microsoft Inc. and Bloomsbury Publishing, London. In the 1990s, he helped get Canada's SchoolNet under way, and developed the On This Day in Canadian History online service for Bell Globemedia.
Sweeny has produced and written corporate history for a number of Canadian companies, including Investors Group, Alberta Energy Company (now Encana), Magna International and Gendis, Inc. He has done background research for Canadian authors such as W. L. Morton (research for a biography of Lord Strathcona), Peter C. Newman (Hudson's Bay Company series background history), Richard Gwyn (The 49th Paradox: Canada in North America), Pierre Berton (The Promised Land) and Jeffrey Simpson (Spoils of Power). He is author of several books, including a biography of Sir George-Étienne Cartier (1976) and CanQuiz (2002). His "business biography" of the BlackBerry, BlackBerry Planet, was published by John Wiley Canada Ltd in September 2009, and his book on Canada's oilsands industry, Black Bonanza, was published by Wiley in April 2010. His book Fire Along the Frontier: Great Battles of the War of 1812 was published by Dundurn Press to mark the bicentennial of the War of 1812.
Sweeny is currently executive director of the non-profit educational foundation The Civics Channel, dedicated to research, teaching and learning in the areas of citizenship and society, politics, human rights and the justice system. He is co-author and producer of Civics Canada Online, as well as its print version, Civics Canada (2005), and the sponsored Canadawiki portal.
He is also Vice President of Northern Blue Publishing of Waterloo, Ontario, and co-author and producer of History of Canada Online (Canada's Digital History) and Canada's First People, a history of Canada's native and aboriginal nations.
Bibliography
George-Étienne Cartier: A Biography McClelland & Stewart., 1976
CanQuiz (Key Porter, 2002)
Civics Canada (2005)
Canada's First People (2006)
BlackBerry Planet (2009)
Black Bonanza (2010)
Fire Along the Frontier: Great Battles of the War of 1812 (2012)
The Trackers: How to Manage Your Privacy on the Web. (2013, co-author)
The Founders of Canada (Canada's Digital History) (2013, co-author)
The Settlers of Canada (Canada's Digital History) (2013, co-author)
Canada - The New Nation (Canada's Digital History) (2013, co-author)
Thomas Mackay: The Laird of Rideau Hall and the Founding of Ottawa (2022)
References
External links
History of Canada Online
Samuel de Champlain Portal
George-Étienne Cartier Portal
Today in Canadian History
1946 births
Living people
Canadian Anglicans
21st-century Canadian biographers
Canadian male biographers
20th-century Canadian historians
Historians of Canada
Canadian technology writers
Canadian book publishers (people)
Writers from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
Trinity College (Canada) alumni
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
St. Andrew's College (Aurora) alumni
George-Étienne Cartier
Athabasca oil sands
Bituminous sands of Canada
Canadian people of the War of 1812
21st-century Canadian historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair%20Sweeny |
is a yonkoma manga series by Takako Aonuma which ran in the Fujinseikatsusha child-raising magazine Petit Enfant. The manga was adapted to a 52-episode anime television series which ran on the MBS and TBS networks (except for TV Yamaguchi) from September 2, 1995 through August 31, 1996. The series is sometimes called Mama Poyo.
The series follows the "adventures" of a young mother and father as they deal with the joys and challenges of raising small children. The "poyopoyo" in the title is an onomatopoeia for the young children "toddling" around (or walking unsteadily).
Books
Manga, first release
Volume 1:
Volume 2:
Volume 3:
Volume 4:
Manga, second release
Volume 1:
Volume 2:
Volume 3:
Toilet training book
This book was written by Eiichi Hoashi, a well-known child psychologist in Japan. Aonuma wrote the accompanying manga used to illustrate the various ideas and techniques presented in the book.
The Battle to Get Two-year-old Ann Out of Diapers: Mama Poyo Special: Going to Undies in Four Steps,
Anime picture books
Volume 1:
Volume 2:
Volume 3:
Volume 4:
Volume 5: ISBN
Volume 6: ISBN
Volume 7: ISBN
Volume 8: ISBN
Volume 9:
Volume 10:
Volume 11:
Volume 12:
Anime
Cast
In the manga, the names of the characters are the real names of the Aonuma family, but in the anime, they were given new names. Following are names used in the anime:
Hyōga Poyota: Yuri Shiratori (5 years old, boy, in oldest class in pre-school)
Jura Poyota: Satomi Kōrogi (3 years old, girl, in youngest class in pre-school)
Miki Poyota: Rica Matsumoto (Mom, housewife and picture book author)
Gendai Poyota: Yūichi Nagashima (Dad, salaryman, called "Darling" by Miki)
Other characters:
Emi Kunitachi: Kumiko Nishihara
Reira Kunitachi: Hinako Kanamaru
Yū Kunitachi: Fujiko Takimoto
Employee B: Wakana Yamazaki
Staff
Original creator: Takako Aonuma
Director: Takayoshi Suzuki
Script: Mamiko Ikeda, Minori Ikeno, Tomoko Ishizuka
Producers: Hiroshi Nishikiori, Fūta Morita, Jōhei Matsuura, Shinya Hanai, Masahiro Hosoda, others
Character designs: Tatsuo Miura
Animation director: Tatsuo Miura, Hiroshi Oikawa, Shinichirō Kajiura, Hirokazu Ishino, others
Background artist: Gōichi Kudō
Art director: Satoshi Suzuki
Music: Kazunori Maruyama
Sound effects: Mitsuru Kageyama (Fizz Sound Creation)
Audio production: San'onkyō
Production: MBS, Nippon Animation
Writing: Takako Aonuma, MBS, Nippon Animation
Theme songs
Opening
Beeper Love
Vocals: Now
Lyrics: Umedy
Composer: Cake-K
Arrangement: Shige
Ending
(acoustic version)
Vocals: Masatoshi Ono
Lyrics: Masatoshi Ono
Composer: Tsukasa
Arrangement: Yoshio Tsuru
Vocals: Rica Matsumoto
Lyrics: Rui Serizawa
Composer: Kazuyoshi Shina
Arrangement: Tatsuya Nishiwaki
External links
Official Mama Poyo page
1995 anime television series debuts
Mainichi Broadcasting System original programming
Nippon Animation
Anime series based on manga
Books about parenting
TBS Television (Japan) original programming
Yonkoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%20Loves%20the%20Poyopoyo-Saurus |
An artist-run space or artist-run centre (Canada) is a gallery or other facility operated or directed by artists, frequently circumventing the structures of public art centers, museums, or commercial galleries and allowing for a more experimental program. An artist-run initiative (ARI) is any project run by artists, including sound or visual artists, to present their and others' projects. They might approximate a traditional art gallery space in appearance or function, or they may take a markedly different approach, limited only by the artist's understanding of the term. "Artist-run initiatives" is an umbrella name for many types of artist-generated activity.
Argentina
The two main artist-run spaces from Buenos Aires were Belleza y Felicidad and APPETITE, both set the standards for emerging art in Argentina. APPETITE was a gallery was the first Argentinian gallery to be accepted at Frieze, London, and encouraged a lot of galleries to its San Telmo barrio.
Australia
Many artist-run spaces exist in Australia. These spaces are often provided with funding assistance by government and state funding bodies.
Canada
Artist-run centre is the common term of use for artist-initiated and managed organizations in Canada. Centres follow the not-for-profit arts organization model, do not charge admission fees, are non-commercial and de-emphasize the selling of work. The centres were created originally in response to a lack of opportunity to present contemporary work in Canada and a desire to network with other artists nationally and internationally. In the 1990s there were over 100 artist-run centres across Canada. There are currently at least 60 artist-run centres with continuous operating funding.
Important historical artist-run initiatives include the North Edmonton Sculpture Workshop
Ireland
Although varying widely in structure, contemporary spaces like Ormston House, A4 Sounds, Pallas Projects, Sample-Studios, and 126 Artist-run Gallery have all emerged in the Republic of Ireland in the last 25 years.
Following the Financial crisis of 2007–2008, a number of Irish cities experienced high levels of commercial vacancies. Annette Moloney, curator and author of Art in Slack Spaces (2010), "notes that artists [were] increasingly making use of the recession as an opportunity to use vacant shops." At this time, artist initiated projects like The Complex, Block T, Basic Space, The Joinery, and This is Not a Shop, availed of such spaces in Dublin, while Occupy Space, Ormston House, Raggle Taggle Consortium, and Faber Studios appeared in Limerick. Additionally, Basement Project Space, Cork Contemporary Projects, The Couch, The Black Mariah and Sample-Studios/Tactic in Cork, as well as 126 and projects by Engage Art Studios in Galway appeared more or less simultaneously.
In 2015, 126 published FOOTFALL: Articulating the Value of Artist Led Organisations in Ireland. The Future is Self-Organised – Artist-Run Spaces was an exhibition curated by Pallas Projects at the Limerick City Gallery of Art. A number of artist-run spaces and projects from Ireland and abroad were represented, as well as artists who have worked with Pallas over its 20 year history, in this 2015–16 exhibition. Pallas then co-published, with Onomatopee, Artist-Run Europe: Practice/Projects/Spaces later in 2016. It is a collection of experiences, and essays by various artist-run projects in Europe.
Mexico
Biquini Wax is an experimental project in Mexico City of exhibitions, events, parties, and lectures that was started in the house of the artists. La Feria de la Acción (The Action Fair) was an artist-run fair that ran parallel to Zona Maco and Material Art Fair in Mexico City in 2020. It showed only interactive, relational, or performative works.
New Zealand
A number of artist-run spaces have flourished throughout New Zealand since the 1990s. Some have been short-lived, whereas others have secured long-term funding and been operating for more than a decade.
The Blue Oyster Art Project Space was established in Dunedin in 1999; its founding members were Emily Barr, Steve Carr, Wallace Chapman, Douglas Kelaher and Kate Plaisted. The gallery is currently located on Dowling Street in Dunedin's CBD and is funded by Creative New Zealand and Dunedin City Council. It is overseen by a board of Dunedin artists and arts professionals.
The Physics Room in Christchurch emerged from South Island Art Projects, an organisation that in 1992 began presenting temporary and public art events without a formal location. In 1996 The Physics Room was established in a gallery space in the Christchurch Arts Centre. The gallery is now located in the CBD on Tuam Street and receives operational funding from Creative New Zealand.
United Kingdom
There are numerous ARIs in the United Kingdom, often working around and critiquing the functioning of larger art institutions and organisations. An ARI is a project independently run by visual artists which generally showcases the work of local and emerging artists; many exist on low budgets and are managed by artist collectives. In the UK, ARIs tend to be smaller and less permanent than public and municipal organisations and can, for example, become established for the duration of an event or for the period of a lease on a property. Most ARIs in the UK are funded by the Arts Council, the national development agency for the arts in the UK, distributing public money from Government and the National Lottery.
Artist-run spaces had a particularly strong effect on urban regeneration in Glasgow, where the city won the accolade 'European Capital of Culture' in 1990 largely due to the large number of artist-run exhibition spaces and galleries, such as Transmission Gallery. Curator Hans Ulrich Obrist coined the term "The Glasgow Miracle" to describe this.
East London has continued to house a number of artist-run spaces. In Shoreditch, London Charles Thomson founded the Stuckism International Gallery in 2002 warehouse. The last show there was in 2004. The Transition Gallery was founded in October 2002 in a converted garage close to Victoria Park, Hackney, London, and is run by artists Cathy Lomax and Alex Michon to show work by established and new contemporary artists. In 2016, the artist-run project Auto Italia South East relocated to Bethnal Green after programming and producing artists work nomadically in donated or squatted buildings since 2007.
studio1.1 was founded as a co-operative in 2003 and is run by artists Michael Keenan and Keran James. The gallery is an artist-run, not-for-profit space, located in a former sex shop in Redchurch Street, Shoreditch, East London.
One ARI, the Belfast-based Catalyst Arts, wrote that:
"Artist-run means initiating exchange; emphasizing cross and inter-disciplinary approaches to making art; developing networks; through curation, putting creative ideas and arguments into action"
Northern Ireland
Catalyst Arts is based directly on Transmission, and in turn inspired 126 in Galway. Artcetera, PS², Platform, and the Belfast Print Workshop are all other artist-run spaces in Belfast.
United States
Chicago
Chicago has a long tradition of artist-run spaces and projects dating back to the late 1800s. In 1876 artist D. Knight Carter founded Vincennes Gallery of Fine Arts which was reorganized in 1880, by Frank C. Bromley, Henry Arthur Elkins along with other artist to establish a permanent gallery and residency for studio artists.
In 1984, the exhibition Alternative Spaces curated by Lynne Warren at the Museum of Contemporary Art catalogued the scores of artists and artists' spaces to emerge in Chicago including a wave of alternative spaces that emerged from 1960s through 1984 including Artemisia Gallery (1973-2003), ARC Gallery (1973-), Gallery Bugs Bunny (1968-1972), N.A.M.E. Gallery (1973-1997), NAB Gallery (1974-1984), Randolph Street Gallery (1979-1998), 1019 W. Lake St./Noise Factory (1981-1985), W.P.A. Gallery (1981-?) and Axe Street Arena (1985-1989).
In 2009, Artist-run Chicago was mounted by the Hyde Park Art Center and featured notable artist-run spaces operating between the late 1990s an 2009.
Los Angeles
Los Angeles has a tradition of artist run spaces dating back to at least the 1950s. Chris Burden's Shoot piece took place in a space run by artist Barbara T. Smith. Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions was founded by several individuals including two artists. Machine Project, Pretend Gallery, Actual Size, and Human Resources are all managed by artists.
Currently Los Angeles has a vibrant artist-run scene, as evidenced by an artist-run fair called Other Places Art Fair (OPAF), consisting of almost entirely artist-run spaces and initiatives.
New York
During the 1950s in Manhattan, artist-run co-ops became the alternative to the uptown Madison Avenue galleries that catered mostly to wealthy blue-chip and European art-oriented collectors. From the early 1950s to the early 1960s the Tenth Street galleries located mostly in the East Village in lower Manhattan became the proving ground for much of the contemporary art that achieved popularity and commercial success in the decades that followed. During the 1960s, the Park Place Gallery became the first important contemporary gallery in SoHo. Park Place gallery was an artist-run cooperative that featured cutting-edge Geometric abstraction. Eventually, by the 1970s, SoHo became the new center for the New York art world as hundreds of commercial galleries opened in a sudden wave of artistic prosperity.
Contemporary artist-run galleries include:
MINUS SPACE is an artist-run curatorial project devoted to reductive art. Minus Space maintains an exhibition space in Brooklyn and curates exhibitions at other venues nationally and internationally. Minus Space also has a location on the Internet enabling it to collaborate with other institutions.
San Francisco
Savernack Street is an artist-run micro-gallery located in San Francisco's Mission District created and curated by artist Carrie Sinclair Katz. The gallery interior is inaccessible to visitors and artwork can only be viewed by looking through a reverse peephole located on the storefront. The exhibitions usually feature a single piece of miniature artwork that appears larger or life sized when viewed through the peephole.
Portland
Portland, Oregon, is home to artist-run initiatives including Carnation Contemporary and Chicken Coop Contemporary.
See also
Arts Council England
Not-for-profit arts organization
City Racing
studio1.1
Sluice Art Fair
Footnotes
References
Bizewski, Janusz. Janusz Bizewski Gallery, Visual Artist
Colon, Lorne. "Artist-run Manhattan Graphics Center celebrates 20 years", Downtown Express, Vol 18, Issue 52, May 12–18, 2006.
Detterer, Gabriele & Nannucci, Maurizio (ed.). "Artist-Run Spaces", JRP-Ringier / Les presses du réel, 2012, / .
Kimm, Ronni and Jesse Aron Green eds. Dispatches and Directions: On Artist-Run Organizations in Los Angeles. ART2102, Los Angeles, 2011.
MacAdam, Barbara A. "Tilman - Minus Space", Art News, January 2008, Vol 107, No 1, p 132.
Machine Learning, exhibition catalog, The Boyden Gallery of St. Mary's College of Maryland, The Painting Center, Gallery Sonja Roesch and Minus Space. Essay by Matthew Deleget.
Satinsky, Abigail; Bryce Dwyer & Shannon Stratton eds. "Phonebook: A directory of independent art spaces, programming, and projects across the United States." threewalls, Chicago, 2011.
Volk, Gregory. "The Chelsea Alternative", Flash Art, Summer 1999, Vol.XXXII, No.207.
Further reading
, an account by the artists, of a ten-year-long ARI based in London from 1988-1998.
External links
criticalnetwork: UK-based artist-run initiative and network, which promotes the projects of other UK and Ireland-based ARIs
City Racing, published by Black Dog Publishing
Artist groups and collectives
Artist-run centres
Types of art museums and galleries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist-run%20space |
Vuda Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It was located in Ba Province, in the western part of the main island of Viti Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuda%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Fluorometholone acetate, also known as oxylone acetate and sold under the brand names Flarex, Florate, and Omnitrol, is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester, as well as a progestogen and progestogen ester. It is the C17α acetate ester of fluorometholone.
In addition to its potent corticosteroid activity, fluorometholone acetate is a progestogen. It has been studied in the treatment of breast cancer in women and has been found to be effective, producing remission in about 20% of women with advanced breast cancer at an oral dosage of 50 mg/day. However, it also produces severe Cushing's syndrome-like symptoms like plethora, moon face, glycosuria, marked weight gain, hypertension, and osteoporosis at this dosage due to its glucocorticoid activity.
See also
Flumedroxone acetate
Mometasone furoate
References
Corticosteroid esters
Glucocorticoids
Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
Progestogens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorometholone%20acetate |
TSS (Turbine Steam Ship) Fairstar (Fairstar, the Fun Ship) was a popular Australian-based cruise ship operating out of Sydney for 22 years. Originally completed in 1957 as the British troopship Oxfordshire, it was converted to become the Fairstar in 1964 for immigrant voyages and from December 1974 was permanently engaged in cruising.
Background
In the early 1950s, the British War Office still regularly required the transportation of troops to and from garrisons in many parts of the Empire. The Ministry of Transport had contracts with several shipping lines to transport the officers, troops and their families. One particular shipping company, The Bibby Line, had a long history of transporting troops; in fact from as early as 1854 during the Crimean War. In 1953, Bibby Line was made an attractive offer by the British Government to build a new vessel for troop transport. A simultaneous arrangement was made with the British-India Steam Navigation Company for an almost identical vessel, which would become Nevasa. These new ships would become the largest and last British vessels built solely for trooping. It was intended that the pair would take up twenty-year charters from the British Government, to secure their employment. Consequently, Bibby Line sold the original 1912 Oxfordshire and plans for the new ship proceeded with the ship to be built at the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Glasgow. The keel of the new vessel (designated as 'Ship No. 755') was laid down with 8,396 tons (8 531 t) of steel assigned for the construction. On 15 December 1955 the Oxfordshire was launched by Lady Dorothea Head, wife of the Minister for War, Lord Head. Fitting out of the ship took over a year, with her sea trials commencing on 29 January 1957.
The Oxfordshire was officially handed over to the Bibby Line on 14 February 1957 when she steamed towards Liverpool to commence her trooping role. On 28 February 1957 Oxfordshire left Liverpool on her maiden voyage under the command of Captain Norman Fitch, bound for Hong Kong via Cape Town. The vessel had the capacity to carry 1000 troops, 500 passengers (usually the families of the troops) and 409 crew members. Oxfordshire made an average of four trips per year between Britain and the Far East, calling en route at Ceylon, Aden, Port Said and Suez in Egypt. However, by the early 1960s the use of aircraft to fulfil transport requirements and the declining number of overseas British garrisons meant that trooping by sea was soon to be redundant. In 1962 the British Government finally decided to rely entirely on air trooping, so the long-term charters of Oxfordshire and near sister-ship Nevasa were terminated and the vessels withdrawn from service. The last active troopship Oxfordshire followed Nevasa (despatched in October 1962), to lay up in the safe haven of Cornwall's River Fal in December of that year.
It was at this time that the migrant trade to Australia was booming. British and European migrants were given assisted passage to Australia – only having to pay ten pounds, with the balance paid by the Federal Government. The Vlasov Group passenger division, SITMAR Line, was already well established as a migrant carrier to Australia and they quickly showed an interest in the idle Oxfordshire. A six-year charter agreement with an option to purchase the ship was signed in February 1963 between the Bibby Line and Fairstar Shipping Corporation (another subsidiary of Vlasov Group).
'ConOx'
The complex plan to convert the Oxfordshire into a ship that was suitable for both liner voyages and cruises was one of the most ambitious projects to be overseen by the Vlasov engineers. On 19 May 1963 the Oxfordshire entered the Wilton-Fijenoord shipyard at Schiedam to commence the transformation. The project was known as the "Conox Project" (Conversion of Oxfordshire). Unfortunately, the project took longer than expected and cost more than anticipated (£4.5 million). In May 1964 it was then decided to buy the ship outright and move her to Southampton to complete the fitting out. The handsome, new-look ship was quite changed from her former image: the superstructure was lengthened both fore and aft, three pairs of cargo booms were replaced by cranes, also the signal mast and funnel housing were redesigned. Internally, the vessel was completely transformed, with contemporary 'One Class Tourist' accommodation for a maximum of 1,868 passengers in 488 cabins, all but 68 of which were equipped with private shower and toilet facilities.
Fairstar
On 19 May 1964 the Fairstar left Southampton with a full complement of passengers, mostly migrants, on her maiden voyage to Sydney, Australia, joining older company vessels Fairsky, Fairsea and Castel Felice already operating in the same role. During the low season of the migrant run, SITMAR used the ships for cruises out of Sydney to the South Pacific. Fairstars first such cruise departed on 6 January 1965 under charter to Massey Ferguson for their annual convention. After almost another full year of liner voyages from the UK to Australia, Fairstar sailed on another cruise from Sydney, departing on 22 December 1965 and visiting Nouméa and Suva. SITMAR lost its migrant carrying contract to Chandris Lines in 1970, Fairsea having been withdrawn in 1969 following a disabling engine-room fire mid-Pacific. Castel Felice also went to the breakers in October 1970, after a career of almost 40 years. Fairsky was laid up in Southampton in February 1972, not returning to the Australian service until November 1973.
Fairstar was used more and more for cruising over the following years and in November 1974, the vessel departed Southampton for her last liner voyage. Fairstar then began cruising as a permanent cruise ship from Australia in December 1974. Most of the cruises were to the South Pacific, however she often made annual trips to Asia where the vessel would be dry-docked in Singapore for routine maintenance and upgrades in between cruises. Fairstar thus joined Fairsky in full-time cruising, Fairsky having finally been withdrawn in July 1974 from the now unsubsidised UK-Australia route. Both ships remained in service together for a further three years, until the sudden unfortunate demise of Fairsky in June 1977, after the vessel struck a submerged wreck near Jakarta, Indonesia and was found to be beyond economic repair.
Several upgrades were made to Fairstar during her career, the most notable occurring in April 1989, not long after SITMAR was sold to P&O Australia for $210 million. During the refit, her boat deck was extended, lounges and passenger cabins were upgraded and a new potable water plant installed. The passenger capacity was also reduced to 1,280. The funnel sported a new colour scheme: a blue swan on a white funnel (it was originally changed to a white swan on a blue logo in July 1988).
The end of Fairstar
During the 1990s, Fairstar suffered an increasing number of breakdowns and problems. New SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea) requirements that were to be introduced in 1997 meant that Fairstar would require extensive upgrading which would cost millions of dollars. In late 1996, the managing director of P&O, Mr Phil Young, announced that Fairstars long career would conclude the following year. When the news was broken to the public, the final cruise was sold out in a few hours. On 21 January 1997, Fairstar sailed on her last ever cruise, visiting Amédée Island, Nouméa, Lifou, Vila and Havannah-Boulari Passage before finally returning to Sydney. On her return to Sydney, she had the traditional long white pennant flying from her mainmast.
The name "RIPA" was then roughly painted on her bow (which many believe stood for "Rest In Peace Always") and she flew the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines flag. Soon after, she slipped out of Sydney Harbour and arrived at Alang, India on 10 April 1997 where she was broken up for scrap.
References
Bibliography
See also
Fairsky
List of cruise ships
Cruise ships
List of ocean liners
Ocean liners
Troopship
Ships built on the River Clyde
Troop ships of the United Kingdom
1955 ships
Ships of P&O Cruises | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS%20Fairstar |
Singapore Youth Festival (SYF) is a biennial Singaporean event to showcase student's talents in performing arts in the country. First launched in 1967, the SYF has seen the involvement of more than 30,000 students in the activities and performances each year.
History
The SYF was first launched on 18 July 1967 by then President of Singapore Yusof Ishak, and was initially a two-week affair involving 24,000 students that year. The launch was part of a drive at that time to "cultivate the human resource" as espoused by then Minister for Education Ong Pang Boon, although nation-building agendas were not too distant. The SYF Art and Crafts Exhibition was introduced in 1968, and local compositions by youths we showcased, such as the composition by Cerise Lim, then a Secondary 3 Methodist Girls' School student which was performed in 1969. Sports was also featured, such as the Track and Field championships which were held since 1967.
The festival grew every year in scale, until complaints that it was over-emphasised in place of academics led to its scaling down to a one-night event in 1975. The event's programme ballooned again soon after, however. Drama was introduced in 1976, the Singapore Youth Orchestra was featured in 1980, and the Choral Festival became part of the programme in 1990. Public performances at locations such as the National Museum of Singapore, the Chinese Garden, the Jurong Bird Park and shopping malls such as Parkway Parade were introduced from 1991. A mass jog was held in 1992, the Youth Flying Club was featured in 1996, and the National Heritage Trail was introduced in 1997.
In 1994, the SYF was elevated as an official national-level event, and the festival was expanded to include youths in tertiary institutions, youth groups and clubs, the National Youth Council and the People's Association. Corporate partnerships were also forged to help finance public performances and to sponsor prizes for key events, such as the cash incentive prizes for the Best Display Band Competition and the Best Drum Major award which was sponsored by Royal Dutch Shell.
In more recent years, the SYF emphasised theme-based festivals, such as "Opening Hearts" in 2002. It also reached out to include youths with special needs, with the Singapore School of the Deaf, the Tanglin Special School and the Delta Senior School being involved since 2002, and it was involved in fund-raising efforts for the President's Challenge in the same year.
Opening ceremonies
The opening ceremonies are a grandiose affair, alternating between a full stadium-sized ceremony with marching contingents by the uniformed groups and mass display segments, and indoor ceremonies showcasing the performance arts groups. The former are currently held during the even years, and the latter, the odd years, although the rebuilding of the National Stadium has required a temporary shift into the Singapore Indoor Stadium even for the traditionally outdoor ceremonies.
The Opening Ceremony of the 2010 edition of the Singapore Youth Festival was held at the Singapore Indoor Stadium. It was hosted by the National Police Cadet Corps, with the theme "Torch of Friendship", as a tie-up for the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games. The Opening Ceremony organising team alternates between two Uniformed Student Organisations, National Police Cadet Corps and the National Cadet Corps every other year.
Arts presentation
At the annual SYF Arts Presentation, judging is conducted for the performing arts groups in different categories, such that most individual groups are up for judging only biennially. The current list of groups and their annual rotation is as follows:
In 2012, as part of the MOE's revamp of the festival, the former SYF Central Judging was renamed as the SYF Arts Presentation. The award structure was also revamped from Gold (with Honours), Gold, Silver, Bronze and certificate of participation to Distinction, Accomplishment and Commendation. The score needed to obtain the highest award was also lowered from 85% to 75%.
See also
Nanyang Chinese Orchestra, multiple winner of the Chinese orchestra category
References
External links
Education in Singapore
Festivals in Singapore
Youth festivals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20Youth%20Festival |
George Day (29 October 1826 – 13 July 1906) was an Australian politician. He was born in the Hawkesbury River district of New South Wales on 29 October 1826.
He was elected from 1874 to 1880 as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, for the electoral district of Hume, and elected from 1880 to 1889 for the electoral district of Albury.
He then served from 1889 to 1906 in the New South Wales Legislative Council.
He died at Petersham in Sydney on 13 July 1906.
References
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
1826 births
1906 deaths
19th-century Australian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Day%20%28Australian%20politician%29 |
Mumbra is a town in Thane district in Western India in the state of Maharashtra, a Mumbai suburb within the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. It is administered by Thane Municipal Corporation.
History
Mumbra was a flourishing shipbuilding center in early times.
Much of the land around Mumbra was agricultural land until 1975. Between 1968 and 1975, Mumbai experienced significant population growth and greater population density. Then, about 1975, Mumbra's agricultural land was urbanized. This signaled an expansion of the greater Mumbai area, which realized significant population growth in the 1980s. Wafa Hill's "A, B, C" was one of the first planned Thane Municipal Corporation (TMC) approved buildings developed in the 1990s. Which lead the foundation for urbanization in Mumbra.
In 1991 there were about 44,000 people. After the riots of 1992 many Muslims fled Mumbai and settled in Mumbra; 10 Sq mile land was allotted by state Government under custody of state waqf board for resettlement of fled Muslims of different part of Mumbai. It is India's largest Muslim locality also known by India's largest Muslim Ghetto.
Demographics
The population of Mumbra was 9 lakhs as of 2012. More than 80% of Mumbra's residents are Muslim.
Transport
Bus service is available through the Thane Municipal Transport (TMT) and Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT).
Rail service is available at the Mumbra railway station on Central line, also called as mainline. Mumbra is from the Mumbai airport.
The main source of Transport in Mumbra is Auto-Rickshaw. Mumbra didn't have any bus starting from Mumbra railway station and hence Auto-Rickshaws was the only possible conveyance.
But now, TMT Thane Municipal Transport runs bus service starting from Mumbra Railway Station to Bharat gears company.
State transport (MSRTC) operate regular bus service between Panvel, Bhiwandi, and Shil Phata.
Gallery
Mumbra is known for its green lavish mountains and waterfalls enhancing the beauty of the city.
References
External links
Cities and towns in Thane district
Suburbs of Mumbai | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbra |
Ranipuram (also known by its former name Madathumala) is a village and a major tourist attraction in the Kasaragod district of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located near Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala-Karnataka border. Situated at above mean sea level, Ranipuram is 48 km from the nearest city Kanhangad and 107 km from the major port city of Mangalore.
See also
Kanhangad
Kasaragod
Tourist attractions in Kasaragod
References
Villages in Kasaragod district
Hill stations in Kerala
Panathur area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranipuram |
ACSI may also refer to:
Acta Chimica Slovenica, a peer-reviewed chemical journal published by the Slovenian Chemical Society
Advanced Commerce Solutions Inc, an international sourcing and trade facilitation company
American Customer Satisfaction Index, an economic indicator that measures the satisfaction of consumers in the U.S.
Anglo-Chinese School (Independent)
Associate of the Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment (ACSI)
Association of Christian Schools International
Audax Club Sportivo Italiano
Advanced Cyclotron Systems Inc, a supplier of medical cyclotrons
Abstract communication service interface, a part of IEC 61850 Standard
Australian Council of Superannuation Investors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACSI |
CrashBurn is an Australian 13-part drama series airing on Network Ten, about surviving long-term relationships in an age where multiple partners and multiple orgasms are considered a birthright.
It starred Catherine McClements and Aaron Blabey as Rosie and Ben Harfield, a couple whose marriage troubles send them to a counsellor. Most of the episodes are shown in two parts: half 'He says' (Ben's view of the situation) and half 'She says' (Rosie's view). Most of the episodes used flashbacks to an earlier part of their relationship when the trouble started. Also appearing is the couple, Candice and Richard (played by Liz Burch and Richard Piper), who are also seeking counselling and run into Rosie and Ben's lives. There are numerous problems arising in the course of the series, not least Ben's affair with Rosie's best friend, Abby (Sacha Horler). Although the series was not a huge hit, it was noted for its fine performances (notably Sacha Horler and Catherine McClements).
Cast
Catherine McClements as Rosie Denton Harfield
Aaron Blabey as Ben Harfield
Sacha Horler as Abby
Liz Burch as Candice
Veronica Sywak as Emily
Richard Piper as Richard
Grant Piro as Adam
Bob Franklin as Theo
Carmen Duncan as Anna Denton
Wayne Hope as Phillip
Christen O'Leary as Marianne
Orpheus Pledger as Lewis Harfield
Maria Theodorakis as Liv
Simon Roborgh as Barman
Notable guest cast
Kat Stewart as Mandy
William McInnes as Colin
Pamela Rabe as Lawyer
Judi Farr as Marg
Brendan O'Connor as Garry
Andrea McEwan as Lucinda
Adam Zwar as Tat
Kym Gyngell as Abby's father
Terry Norris
External links
Australian Television Archive
CrashBurn at the Internet Movie Database
Cashburn at the National Film and Sound Archive
APRA Award winners
Network 10 original programming
2000s Australian drama television series
Australian television soap operas
2003 Australian television series debuts
2003 Australian television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrashBurn |
The law of triviality is C. Northcote Parkinson's 1957 argument that people within an organization commonly give disproportionate weight to trivial issues. Parkinson provides the example of a fictional committee whose job was to approve the plans for a nuclear power plant spending the majority of its time on discussions about relatively minor but easy-to-grasp issues, such as what materials to use for the staff bicycle shed, while neglecting the proposed design of the plant itself, which is far more important and a far more difficult and complex task.
The law has been applied to software development and other activities. The terms bicycle-shed effect, bike-shed effect, and bike-shedding were coined based on Parkinson's example; it was popularised in the Berkeley Software Distribution community by the Danish software developer Poul-Henning Kamp in 1999 and, due to that, has since become popular within the field of software development generally.
Argument
The concept was first presented as a corollary of his broader "Parkinson's law" spoof of management. He dramatizes this "law of triviality" with the example of a committee's deliberations on an atomic reactor, contrasting it to deliberations on a bicycle shed. As he put it: "The time spent on any item of the agenda will be in inverse proportion to the sum [of money] involved." A reactor is so vastly expensive and complicated that an average person cannot understand it (see ambiguity aversion), so one assumes that those who work on it understand it. However, everyone can visualize a cheap, simple bicycle shed, so planning one can result in endless discussions because everyone involved wants to implement their own proposal and demonstrate personal contribution.
After a suggestion of building something new for the community, like a bike shed, problems arise when everyone involved argues about the details. This is a metaphor indicating that it is not necessary to argue about every little feature based simply on having the knowledge to do so. Some people have commented that the amount of noise generated by a change is inversely proportional to the complexity of the change.
The law of triviality is supported by behavioural research. People tend to spend more time on small decisions than they should, and less time on big decisions than they should. A simple explanation is that during the process of making a decision, one has to assess whether enough information has been collected to make the decision. If people make mistakes about whether they have enough information, they will tend to stop too early for big decisions. The reason is that big decisions require collecting information for a long time. It leaves more time to make a mistake (and stop) before getting enough information. Conversely, for small decisions, where people should stop early, they may continue to ponder for too long by mistake.
Related principles and formulations
There are several other principles, well known in specific problem domains, which express a similar sentiment.
Wadler's law, named for computer scientist Philip Wadler, is a principle which asserts that the bulk of discussion on programming-language design centers on syntax (which, for purposes of the argument, is considered a solved problem), as opposed to semantics.
Sayre's law is a more general principle, which holds (among other formulations) that "In any dispute, the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the issues at stake"; many formulations of the principle focus on academia.
See also
Analysis paralysis
Busy work
Dunning–Kruger effect
Fredkin's paradox
Hofstadter's law
How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?
Jevons paradox
List of eponymous laws
Omission bias
Peter principle
Procrastination
Narcissism of small differences
Sayre's Law
Scope neglect
Snackwell effect
Student syndrome
Time management
Time to completion
Tyranny of small decisions
Zero-risk bias
References
Further reading
Karl Fogel, Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project, O'Reilly, 2005, , "Bikeshed Effect" pp. 135, 261–268 (also online)
Grace Budrys, Planning for the nation's health: a study of twentieth-century developments in the United States, Greenwood Press, 1986, , p. 81 (see extract at Internet Archive)
Bob Burton et al., Nuclear Power, Pollution and Politics, Routledge, 1990, , p. ix (see extract at Google Books)
Darren Chamberlain et al., Perl Template Toolkit, O'Reilly, 2004, , p. 412 (see extract at Google Books)
Donelson R. Forsyth, Group Dynamics, Brooks/Cole, 1990, , p. 289 (see extract at Internet Archive)
Henry Bosch, The Director at Risk: Accountability in the Boardroom, Allen & Unwin, 1995, , p. 92 (see extract at Google Books)
Brian Clegg, Crash Course in Personal Development, Kogan Page, 2002, , p. 3 (see extract at Google Books)
Richard M. Hodgetts, Management: Theory, Process, and Practice, Saunders, 1979, , p. 115 (see extract at Google Books)
Journal, v. 37–38 1975–1980, Chartered Institute of Transport, p. 187 (see extract at Google Books)
Russell D. Archibald, Managing High-Technology Programs and Projects, John Wiley and Sons, 2003, , p. 37 (see extract at Google Books)
Kishor Bhagwati, Managing Safety: A Guide for Executives, Wiley-VCH, 2007, , p. 54 (see extract at Google Books)
Jan Pen, Harmony and Conflict in Modern Society, (Trans. Trevor S. Preston) McGraw–Hill, 1966 p. 195 (see extract at Internet Archive)
Derek Salman Pugh et al., Great Writers on Organizations, Dartmouth, 1993, , p. 116 (see extract at Google Books)
The Federal Accountant v. 13 (September 1963 – June 1964), Association of Government Accountants, Federal Government Accountants Association, Cornell University Graduate School of Business and Public Administration, p. 16 (see extract at Google Books)
Al Kelly, How to Make Your Life Easier at Work, McGraw–Hill, 1988, , p. 127 (see extract at Google Books)
Henry Mintzberg, Power in and Around Organizations: Dynamic Techniques of Winning, Prentice–Hall, 1983, , p. 75 (see extract at Google Books)
The Building Services Engineer v.40 1972–1973, Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (Great Britain), Chartered Institution of Building Services (see extract at Google Books)
Charles Hampden-Turner, Gentlemen and Tradesmen: The Values of Economic Catastrophe, Routledge, 1983, , p. 151 (see extract at Google Books)
External links
"Why Should I Care What Color the Bikeshed Is?" (FreeBSD FAQ)
Adages
1950s neologisms
Triviality
Organizational behavior | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20triviality |
John Wilkinson (1854-1941) was an Australian politician, elected from 1889 to 1895 as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, for the electoral district of Albury.
Wilkinson was born on the Isle of Sheppey, Kent, England and arrived in Sydney as a boy in a ship of which father was a doctor. His father practised in Bathurst, Lambing Flat, Albury and Sale where he died in 1865. His family returned to Albury and he attended school there. He was articled to Joseph Dwyer and admitted as a solicitor in New South Wales and Victoria in 1881. He practiced as a solicitor in Sydney and then practised in Albury. Wilkinson was mayor of Albury in 1896. He was the member for Albury from 1889 to 1895.
Notes
1853 births
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
People from the Isle of Sheppey
Year of death unknown
English emigrants to colonial Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wilkinson%20%28Australian%20politician%29 |
Yasawa Nawaka Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It comprised the Yasawa Islands and a western portion of the main island of Viti Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasawa%20Nawaka%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
The following is a timeline of the Kashmir conflict, a territorial conflict between India, Pakistan and, to a lesser degree, China. India and Pakistan have been involved in four wars and several border skirmishes over the issue.
1846–1945: Princely state
Kashmir Valley was a Muslim-majority region speaking the Kashmiri language and had a distinct culture called Kashmiriyat.
The Maharaja accepted these recommendations but delayed implementation, leading to protests in 1934. The Maharaja granted a constitution providing a legislative assembly for the people, but it was powerless.
Soon afterwards, the younger leaders of the Muslim Conference pleaded for broadening the party to include all the people of the state.
Two independent candidates that won were said to have joined the Muslim Conference afterwards.
At the same time, the National Conference joined the All India States Peoples Conference, a Congress-allied group of movements in princely states.
1946–1947: Kashmir unrest and accession
1946
Early 1947
April 1947
The exodus increased in June and continued until August.
May 1947
June 1947
July 1947
August 1947
According to Major General Henry Lawrence Scott, the Chief of Staff of State Forces, they had been incited by 30 Muslims from West Punjab that entered the State a few days earlier.
September 1947
Henry Lawrence Scott, the Chief of Staff of the State Forces left his position. About 100,000 Muslims from East Punjab and an equal number of non-Muslims from West Punjab were safely escorted through Jammu by the State Forces.
October 1947
, stated to be the beginning of the 1947 Jammu violence.
This stalled due to the impending invasion.
Thousands of Pashtuns from Pakistan's North West Frontier Province, recruited covertly by the Pakistani Army, invaded Kashmir along with the Poonch rebels, allegedly incensed by atrocities against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engaged in looting and killing along the way. Pro-Pakistan members of the Maharaja's army rebelled at Domel (Muzaffarabad) and took control of the Jhelum river bridge.
Batra carried a message from the Maharaja which requested military assistance and proposed accession to India.
until such time as the will of the people could be ascertained.
Tribesmen again poured into Kashmir.
November 1947
6 November became a remembrance day in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir.
The day is remembered as the "Mirpur day" in Indian-administered Jammu.
However, the agreement was vetoed by Jinnah: "No commitments should be made without my approval of terms of settlement. Mr. Liaquat has agreed and promised to abide by this understanding," read his note to the ministers. The next day, India's Defence Committee was informed that Pakistan was reinforcing the tribesmen.
December 1947
1948: War and diplomacy
January 1948
February–April 1948
No reinforcements were possible due to closure of the Zoji La pass by winter snows. The Ladakhis appealed to Nehru for help.
May 1948
July 1948
August–December 1948
1949–1962: Plebiscite conundrum
1949
As per the 1948 and 1949 UNCIP Resolutions, both countries accepted the principle that Pakistan would secure the withdrawal of Pakistani intruders followed by withdrawal of Pakistani and Indian forces, as a basis for the formulation of a truce agreement, the details of which were to be determined, followed by a plebiscite. However, the countries failed to arrive at a truce agreement due to differences in interpretation of the procedure for and extent of demilitarisation, one of them being whether the Azad Kashmiri army was to be disbanded during the truce stage or the plebiscite stage.
1950
1951
Liaquat Ali Khan displayed a clenched fist in defiance.
The UN Security Council passed Resolution 91 to the effect that such elections did not substitute a plebiscite.
1952
, which provided for the autonomy of the State within India and the autonomy for regions within the State.
1953
Large protests were held in Delhi and other parts of the country.
1954
He stated his concerns about the cold-war alignments and that such an alliance affects the Kashmir issue. India resisted plebiscite efforts from this point.
1955–1957
India's Home Minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, during his visit to Srinagar, declared that the State of Jammu and Kashmir was an integral part of India and there can be no question of a plebiscite to determine its status afresh. India continued to resist plebiscite efforts.
1959–1962
1963–1987: Rise of Kashmiri nationalism
1963–1969
Sheikh Abdullah was released after 11 years.
1970–1979
The Plebiscite Front was dissolved and renamed the National Conference. Sheikh Abdullah assumed the position of Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir after an 11-year gap.
Amanullah Khan was elected as its General Secretary the following year.
The Mujahideen so recruited would, in the late 1980s, take on their own agenda of establishing Islamic rule in Kashmir.
1980–1986
1987–present: Kashmir Insurgency
1987–1989
The MUF candidate, Mohammad Yousuf Shah, a victim of the rigging and state's mistreatment, took the name Syed Salahuddin and would become chief of the militant outfit Hizb-ul-Mujahideen. His election aides called the HAJY group - Abdul Hamid Shaikh, Ashfaq Majid Wani, Javed Ahmed Mir and Mohammed Yasin Malik - would join the JKLF.
1990–1999
2001–2009
2010–2018
Indian authorities claimed that this was a vote of the Kashmiri people in favour of democracy of India.
2019–present
According to a 6 September 2019 report of the Indian government, nearly 4,000 people have been arrested and many were tortured. The report also claimed children were detained, which was later found to be false in December 2019. More than 200 politicians, including two former chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), along with more than 100 leaders and activists from All Parties Hurriyat Conference were detained in the disputed region.
See also
Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir
Rape during the Kashmir conflict
Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir
Stone Pelting in Kashmir
Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
Politics of Jammu and Kashmir
Elections in Jammu and Kashmir
History of Kashmir
Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
Kashmir conflict
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
Sino-Indian War
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Kargil War
2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff
Siachen conflict
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
India–Pakistan military confrontation (2016–present)
2016–17 Kashmir unrest
Timeline of the Kashmir conflict (1846–1946)
List of topics on the land and the people of "Jammu and Kashmir"
List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir
References
Bibliography
External links
Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA; University of California at Berkeley Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list
Kashmir Historical Timeline
A peep into Kashmir History and timeline
History of Kashmir
Kashmir conflict
Kashmir
Kashmir conflict
Kashmir conflict
Kashmir conflict | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%20Kashmir%20conflict |
Mark Jan Hendrik Tuitert (; born 4 April 1980) is a retired Dutch speed skater. He won gold at the 1500 m at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Personal life
Tuitert married fellow Dutch speed skater Helen van Goozen in 2009. Ten years before, they both won gold medals at the World Junior Speed Skating Championships.
Speed skating career
2006 Olympic Games in Turin
Tuitert participated in the team pursuit event at the 2006 Winter Olympics, with teammates Sven Kramer, Carl Verheijen, Erben Wennemars and Rintje Ritsma. The Dutch team was a favourite and was leading Italy by nearly a full second in their semifinal matchup, but Sven Kramer stepped on a block and fell, taking Carl Verheijen with him. In the race for bronze they defeated Norway, giving Tuitert his first Olympic medal.
2010 Olympic Games in Vancouver
At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia he won the gold medal in the 1500 m. In the 17th pair against Håvard Bøkko he set a new track record time (1:45.57), which had been in the hands of Shani Davis (1:46.19). In the last heat, Davis failed by 0.13 seconds to improve on Tuitert's time and finished second.
Until then, the only other Dutch Olympic gold medal winners in the 1500 meters speed skating were Kees Verkerk at the 1968 Winter Olympics and Ard Schenk at the 1972 Winter Olympics.
2014 Olympic Games in Sochi
At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi Tuitert finished 10th in the 1000 m and 5th in the 1500 m.
Other
Tuitert highest ranking on the adelskalender. was the 6th position between 30 December 2000 and 2 March 2001.
Life after skating
After his speed skating career Tuitert co-founded First Energy Gum, a company which produces caffeinated Energy Gum for athletes. Tuitert is also a pundit in speed skating for Dutch broadcaster NOS and an online fitness coach for FitChannel.com. Further, he has a podcast called "Drive", in which he interviews a large variety of professionals (i.e. athletes, scientists, entrepreneurs) with a drive. In 2021 his book " Drive: train your stoic mindset" was published in the Netherlands (Drive: train je stoicijnse mindset).
Records
World records
** Together with Carl Verheijen and Erben Wennemars
Personal records
To put his personal records in perspective, the column Notes lists the official world records on the dates that Tuitert skated his personal records.
Source: marktuitert.nl
Tuitert has a score of 149.198 points on the Adelskalender
Tournament overview
Source:
World Cup overview
Source:
NC = No classification
DSQ = Disqualified
DNF = Did not finish
DNQ = Did not qualify
* = 10000 meter
Medals won
References
External links
Official website Mark Tuitert
1980 births
Dutch male speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for the Netherlands
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands
People from Holten
Living people
World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Overijssel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Tuitert |
Binoy-Badal-Dinesh Bagh, shortened as B. B. D. Bagh, formerly called Tank Square and then Dalhousie Square (1847 to 1856), is the administrative, financial and commercial region and one of the central business districts of Kolkata, capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the seat of Government of West Bengal and houses all three branches of it. The area consists Writers' Building, the official state secretariat building, Raj Bhavan, the residence of Governor of West Bengal, Vidhansabha Bhavan, the building housing the West Bengal Legislative Assembly and also the Calcutta High Court.
Origin of name
B. B. D. stands for three young Indian independence activists — Benoy Basu, Badal Gupta and Dinesh Gupta — who on 8 December 1930 assassinated the Inspector General of Prisons, N.S. Simpson, in the balconies of the Writers' Building of the then Dalhousie Square. The square had been named after Lord Dalhousie, Governor General of India from 1847 to 1856. At different times it has been called ‘The Green before the Fort’ and the Tank Square.
Geography
The B.B.D. Bagh area is near the Hooghly River in the western part of Central Kolkata and is a square built around the old Lal Dighi tank. The old fort built by the British was near where the General Post Office now is. The area was in the heart of Kalikata or the White Town in old Calcutta.
History
B.B.D. Bagh (or Dalhousie Square as it was formerly known) was created as the center of the British East India Company's trading post along the banks of the Hooghly River. Between the river and the tank (now known as Lal Dighi), lay the original Fort William. In the summer of 1756, Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa launched an attack on the British town for the company's decision to strengthen the fortifications around it. The survivors of the attack were sent to a garrison within the fort which spurred an incident infamously known as the Black Hole of Calcutta. The British soon retook the city after the Nawab retreated from the forces of Robert Clive. Within a year, the British East India Company's forces had taken all of Bengal and Calcutta, along with the square, was established as the commercial and political center of British India.
Over the next one and a half centuries, the square grew in importance and influence. It was named after Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India. After the fall of company rule in India, Writers' Building became the secretariat of the Viceroy of India. A number of corporations and institutions opened offices and headquarters in and around the square, giving it its role as the central business district of the city. In 1912, the capital of the British Raj was officially moved to New Delhi, but the majority of the financial and political institutions in the area remained until the late 1920s.
During the first half of the 20th century, the Indian Independence Movement began to reach its peak and took a violent turn in Bengal. On the eighth of December 1930, three revolutionaries, Benoy, Badal and Dinesh, stormed the building and fatally shot the Inspector General of Prisons, N.S. Simpson. The three committed suicide and the square was renamed B.B.D. Bagh in their honor after Indian independence. In 1947, the political establishments were officially handed over to the government of India and the government of the newly formed state of West Bengal. Over the next few decades, Kolkata would go through rapid economic decline, but B.B.D. Bagh would remain the heart of East India.
Modern significance
B.B.D. Bagh is still the commercial and political center of all of East India and many of the business and political institutions from the colonial era still exist. The centerpiece is the Writers' Building which is the secretariat of the Government of the State of West Bengal and houses the office of the Chief Minister of West Bengal. To the west lie the General Post Office, the Royal Insurance Building, the eastern office of the Reserve Bank of India, the headquarters of the Eastern Railway, head office of the Kolkata Port Trust and a number of other government offices. The native name of the area is 'Office Para'. To the north lie the Royal Exchange Building which houses the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Calcutta Stock Exchange, the Standard Chartered Building and many financial establishments. The eastern end also houses a number of offices till Chittaranjan Avenue. The south area of the square is home to the Raj Bhavan, which is now the residence of the governor and the former residence of the viceroy and governor-general of India. A number of former British colonial administrative offices, including the former foreign and military secretariats, the Treasury Office, the Telegraph Office and Kolkata Town Hall can be found here. This area is also a major commercial district with the offices of HSBC at Hong Kong House and the Great Eastern Hotel.
B.B.D. Bagh can still be considered one of the best remnants and concentrated zones of British colonial architecture in the world. The square is also characterized by other historical landmarks including St. John's Church, which was one of the first buildings in Kolkata and is modeled on St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London's Trafalgar Square. The church is home to beautiful stained glass windows and paintings as well as the mausoleum of Job Charnock, the man who founded modern Kolkata. B.B.D. Bagh also has a statue of famous philanthropist Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh of Darbhanga (1858–1898), sculpted by Edward Onslow Ford.
Overall, the square sees thousands of people arriving from all over the Kolkata metropolitan area to the offices and businesses that have characterized the area for the last three centuries since the establishment of Kolkata.
Preservation
Dalhousie Square was included in the 2004 and 2006 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund due to "decades of neglect". After this listing the international financial services company American Express provided funding through WMF for the square's preservation. A number of buildings in the area have also been listed as heritage buildings and have gone through extensive restorations to bring back the charm of the square. The centerpiece, Writers' Building, has been temporarily vacated to give way for a massive restoration of the building, which has fallen into disrepair in many areas.
Gallery
References
External links
Neighbourhoods in Kolkata
Tourist attractions in Kolkata
Central business districts in India
Road junctions in India
Squares in India
Financial districts in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.%20B.%20D.%20Bagh |
Valiyaparamba (Malayalam: വലിയപറമ്പ) is a coastal island in Hosdurg taluk, Kasaragod district, Kerala state, India.
Location
Valiyaparamba is separated from the mainland by Kavvayi Backwater. It is located southwest of Cheruvathur and about from Bekal, Kasaragod, north Kerala. The island is approximately in size, and had a population of 11,917 in 1991. The island's main source of income is from agriculture and fishing. The island has 13 wards ruling by each ward member to leading the Valiyaparamba Panchayat.
Geography
Valiyaparamba is fed by four rivers and dotted with numerous little islands. Valiyaparamba, a hinterland separated from the mainland, is a noted fishing centre in the district. A Bekal Fort stands on a headland that runs into the sea. A National Waterway passes through the island.
Education
The island has seven primary schools, one higher secondary school.
Transportation
The island is separated from the mainland and accessible by transport boat service or by crossing the Mavila Kadappuram Bridge.
Nearest railway station: Cheruvathur, on the Kozhikode-Mangalore route, about from Valiyaparamba.
National Highway (NH 17) passes through Cheruvathur.
Nearest airports: Mangalore in Karnataka State, about ; Karipur International Airport Kozhikode, about from Valiyaparamba.
See also
Payyannur
Peringome 20 km from Payyanur
Ezhimala 12 km from Payyanur Town
Kunhimangalam village 8 km from Payyanur town
Kavvayi Island 3 km from Payyanur
Ramanthali 7 km from Payyanur
Karivellur 10 km from Payyanur
Trikarpur 6 km from Payyanur
Padne
Cheruvathur
References
about Valiyaparamba
Villages in Kasaragod district
Panchayats in Kasaragod district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiyaparamba |
is a Japanese manga artist who has created several works with a lesbian theme. These include Indigo Blue, the story of a young author discovering her sexuality, Free Soul, and Love My Life.
Career
Her debut work was the short story "Sankakukei no dessert", published in Monthly LaLa in November 1984.
Several of her works were serialized in the josei magazines Feel Young (published by Shodensha) and the now defunct Young You. Although some of her works have been published in France and in Italy, none of them have been officially released in English. A live-action version of her manga Love My Life, which she serialized in Feel Young from 2000 until 2001, was released in Japan in January 2007.
In the 2010s, she started publishing in the seinen manga magazine Comic Beam. Her manga Onnanoko ga Iru Basho wa, released in the magazine between 2021 and 2022, is nominated for the 2023 Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize.
Works
References
External links
Shodensha's profile for Ebine Yamaji
Interview with manga writer Ebine Yamaji in Tokyo Wrestling
Japanese female comics artists
Living people
Manga artists
Winner of Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize (Short Story Award)
Women manga artists
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebine%20Yamaji |
Veeramala Hills is a small mountain in the Kasargode district of Kerala state, south India. It is situated at Cheruvathur. On the Hill top are the ruins of a Dutch fort built in the 18th century. There is a picnic spot from where the Kariangode river and surroundings can be viewed.
References
Tourism in Kerala
Mountains of India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeramala%20Hills |
Isaac ben Judah Rapoport HaKohen (יצחק רפפורט הכהן) was an 18th-century rabbi who lived in Ottoman Empire; born and died at Jerusalem, a pupil of rabbi Hezekiah da Silva.
After a journey to Europe in behalf of the halukka fund, he was elected rabbi of Smyrna, where he remained forty years. At an advanced age he returned to Jerusalem, where he was appointed to a rabbinate.
He was the author of a work entitled Batei Kehunah (Hebrew: בתי כהונה, "Houses of the priesthood"). The first part contains responsa and treatises on the poskim (Smyrna, 1741); the second part consists of sermons, together with studies on the Talmud (Salonica, 1744).
See also
Rappaport
Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
Fürst, Bibliotheca Judaica, iii. 130-131.
References
Kohanim writers of Rabbinic literature
18th-century rabbis in Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20HaKohen%20Rapoport |
Curtis Staples (born July 14, 1976) is a former American basketball player who played from 1994 to 1998 for the University of Virginia. He was a sophomore starter on Virginia Group AAA champion Patrick Henry High School in 1992. He played at, and is a 1994 graduate of Oak Hill Academy in Mouth of Wilson, Virginia. He is best known for holding the all-time NCAA record for career three-point field goals, at 413. His record stood for nearly eight years after his career ended until JJ Redick of Duke University broke it on February 14, 2006. Staples had actually conducted a basketball clinic in Virginia which Redick attended as a pre-teen; Redick's rare shooting ability caught Staples's eye even then. Redick told The Roanoke Times, "I was a big Curtis Staples fan."
Staples attended the record-breaking game and remarked, "I've always said, like the old saying goes, records are meant to be broken. J.J. has been a hard worker and deserves everything that he gets. I'm glad to see somebody like J.J. breaking it. He's a very significant player that we will never forget." Staples played eight seasons of professional basketball overseas. He is now a basketball head coach for Virginia Episcopal School in Lynchburg, Virginia.
Staples broke the three point shooting record of Radford University's Doug Day, a native of Blacksburg, Virginia.
The University of Virginia retired Staples' jersey (#5) on November 12, 2006 during halftime of Virginia's first game in its new John Paul Jones Arena. Staples ranks ninth on Virginia's career scoring list with 1,757 points.
See also
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season 3-point field goal leaders
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career 3-point scoring leaders
References
External links
D-League stats
1976 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Virginia
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Huntsville Flight players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Roanoke Dazzle players
Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball players
Scafati Basket players
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Roanoke, Virginia
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States
Universiade medalists in basketball
Medalists at the 1997 Summer Universiade
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis%20Staples |
Leo is an open-source text editor/outliner that features clones (virtual copies of outline nodes) as a central tool of organization, navigation, customization and scripting.
Languages
Leo can manipulate text or code in any human or computer programming language (e.g., Python, C, C++, Java), as Leo is a language-independent or "adaptable LPE" (literate programming environment). Syntax highlighting is provided for many different programming languages. Leo is written in Python and can be extended with plugins written in Python. The GUI uses the Qt toolkit; the syntax-aware editor is based on Scintilla. Leo outlines are stored as XML files.
Trees, clones and views
Leo's foremost functionality, in addition to text editing, is that of an outliner, with a "vast range of convenience features for structuring and managing outlines" both by drag-and-drop via GUI and by keyboard commands. Leo's outline pane shows a tree of data nodes. Nodes contain headlines, body text, and other information. Headlines naturally serve as descriptions of the body text. For example, @file nodes are nodes whose headline starts with @file. Leo trees are in fact directed acyclic graphs; nodes may have more than one parent. Leo calls such nodes clones. Clones appear in several places in the outline pane. Views are simply nodes whose children contain clones. A single outline may contain arbitrarily many views of the nodes contained therein.
External files
@file nodes represent external files, files on the computer's file system other than the outline file. When saving an outline Leo automatically writes all changed @file trees back to the external files. Comments, called sentinel lines, in external files represent the outline structure. When Leo reads an outline, these comments allow Leo to recreate @file trees using only the data in the external file. @auto nodes and @clean nodes represent external files without using sentinel comments. When reading @auto nodes, Leo uses the program structure of the external file to create the @auto tree. When reading @clean nodes, Leo uses the structure of the outline to create the @clean tree.
Scripting
Leo's outline or hierarchical structure is distinct from the web of interleaved program and documentation "chunks" associated with classic literate programming tools. The body text of any Leo node may contain a Leo script, a Python script executed in the context of a Leo outline. A simple API gives Leo scripts full access to all data in loaded outlines, as well as full access to Leo's own source code. The API includes Python iterators that allow scripts to traverse outlines easily. Scripts may be composed of any tree of nodes. A markup language similar to noweb tells Leo how to create scripts from (parts of) an outline. Headlines control and guide scripts. For example, @button nodes create user-defined commands. Leo executes the script of an @button node in the context of any other outline node.
References
External links
Outliners
Literate programming
Free software programmed in Python
Free text editors
Code navigation tools
Software that uses Qt
Software that uses Scintilla
Software using the MIT license | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20%28text%20editor%29 |
Plan Totality was a disinformation ploy established by US General Dwight D. Eisenhower in August 1945 by order of US President Harry S. Truman after the Potsdam Conference.
The plan was for a nuclear attack on the USSR with 20 to 30 atomic bombs. It named 20 Soviet cities for obliteration by a nuclear first strike: Moscow, Gorky, Kuybyshev, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Saratov, Kazan, Leningrad, Baku, Tashkent, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Molotov, Tbilisi, Stalinsk, Grozny, Irkutsk, and Yaroslavl. However, this plan was actually a disinformation ploy. After the two atomic bombings of Japan during August of 1945, the United States government did not have any nuclear weapons ready for use. It had depleted all its fissile uranium in the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and a large amount of its plutonium. There was enough plutonium to build one more atomic bomb in August of 1945. They were expecting it to take until some time in October to get six more bombs built.
By 1946, the United States still had only nine atomic bombs in its inventory, along with twenty-seven B-29 bombers capable of delivering them. Plan Totality was part of Truman's "giant atomic bluff" intended primarily to misinform the government of the USSR.
See also
Operation Dropshot
Operation Unthinkable
Truman Doctrine
Seven Days to the River Rhine
Feint
509th Composite Group
Fat Man (Post-war development)
Little Boy (Post-war development)
Mark 4 nuclear bomb
SAC (Establishment and Transfer to USAF)
RDS-1
References
Cold War history of the United States
Nuclear strategy
United States Department of Defense plans
Military deception
Disinformation operations
Soviet Union–United States relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%20Totality |
An ox-wagon or bullock wagon is a four-wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen (draught cattle). It was a traditional form of transport, especially in Southern Africa but also in New Zealand and Australia. Ox-wagons were also used in the United States. The first recorded use of an ox-wagon was around 1670, but they continue to be used in some areas up to modern times.
Design
Ox-wagons are typically drawn by teams of oxen, harnessed in pairs. This gave them a very wide turning circle, the legacy of which are the broad, pleasant boulevards of cities such as Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, which are wide, and Grahamstown, South Africa, which are "wide enough to turn an ox-wagon".
The wagon itself is made of various kinds of wood, with the rims of the wheels being covered with tyres of iron, and since the middle of the 19th century the axles have also been made of iron. The back wheels are usually substantially larger than the front ones and rigidly connected to the tray of the vehicle. The front wheels are usually greater in diameter than the clearance under the tray of the vehicle so that the steering axle could not turn far under the tray. This makes little difference to the turning circle of the wagon because of the oxen drawing it (see above) and it makes the front of the wagon much more stable because the track is never much less than the width of the tray. It also allowed a much more robust connection between the hauling traces of the oxen and the rear axle of the wagon (usually iron chain or rods) that is necessary for heavy haulage.
Most of the load-carrying area was covered in canvas supported by wooden arches; the driver sat in the open on a wooden chest (Afrikaans: ).
Australia
Bullock wagons were important in the colonial history of Australia. Olaf Ruhen, in his book Bullock Teams remarks on how bullock teams "shaped and built the colony. They carved the roads and built the rail; their tractive power made populating the interior possible; their contributions to the harvesting of timber opened the bush; they offered a start in life to the enterprising youngster". Bullocks were preferred by many explorers and teamsters because they were cheaper, quieter, tougher and more easily maintained than horses therefore making them more popular for draught work. Frequently comprising long trains of bullocks, yoked in pairs, they were used for hauling drays, wagon or jinker loads of goods and lumber prior to the construction of railways and the formation of roads. In early days the flexible two-wheeled dray, with a centre pole and narrow iron tyres was commonly used. The four-wheeled dray or box wagon came into use after about 1860 for loads of and was drawn by 16 to 18 bullocks. A bullock team was led by a pair of well trained leaders who responded to verbal commands as they did not have reins or a bridle. The bullock team driver was called a bullocky, bullock puncher or teamster.
Many Australian country towns owe their origin to the bullock teams, having grown from a store or shanty where teams rested or crossed a stream. These shanties were spaced at about intervals, which was the usual distance for a team to travel in a day.
South Africa
The Voortrekkers used ox-wagons () during the Great Trek north and north-east from the Cape Colony in the 1830s and 1840s. An ox-wagon traditionally made with the sides rising toward the rear of the wagon to resemble the lower jaw-bone of an animal is also known as a kakebeenwa (jaw-bone wagon). South Africa has 800 varieties of wood of which 17 varieties were used for wagon building. South African wood varieties are regarded as the best for wagon building. Wood varieties used for wagon making ranged from hard yellowwood to Boekenhout, is a softer wood and was used as a shock absorber but still stayed firmly in place. The iron rim around the wheel was burnt onto the wheel, the charcoal would protect the iron rim from rust and rot, making it easy to cross rivers. The ox-wagon could be pulled by 12-16 oxen.
The ox-wagon could also be disassembled in five minutes by hitting out four pegs on the wheels, then lifting the top of the wagon in seven pieces and carried by four people over rough terrain or across rivers. The ox-wagon could also twist 40 degrees which made it ideal for traversing difficult surface areas. The wheels of the ox-wagon were painted in red lead paint which acted as an excellent water repellant. Various flower and ornament designs were also painted on the wagons and the chests the wagons carried, making them look very colourful.
Often the wagons where employed as a mobile fortification called a laager, such as was the case at the Battle of Blood River.
After the discovery of gold in the Barberton area in 1881, ox-wagons were used to bring in supplies from former Lourenço Marques. James Percy FitzPatrick worked on those ox-wagons and described them in his famous 1907 book Jock of the Bushveld.
Afrikaner symbolism
In South Africa, the ox-wagon was adopted as an Afrikaner cultural icon. The ossewa is mentioned in the first verse of "Die Stem", the Afrikaans poem which became South Africa's national anthem from 1957 to 1994. When a pro-German Afrikaner nationalist organisation formed in 1939, to oppose South Africa's entry into World War II on the British side, it called itself the Ossewabrandwag (Ox-wagon Sentinel).
Gallery
See also
Bullock cart (ox-cart)
Bullocky
Carriage
Chuckwagon
Conestoga wagon
Oxbow
Wagon
References
Cattle
Wagons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox-wagon |
Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel (, German and ; 19 December 1744 – 17 August 1836) was a cadet member of the house of Hesse-Kassel and a Danish general field marshal. Brought up with relatives at the Danish court, he spent most of his life in Denmark, serving as royal governor of the twin duchies of Schleswig-Holstein from 1769 to 1836 and commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army from 1772 to 1814.
Early life
Charles was born in Kassel on 19 December 1744 as the second surviving son of Hesse-Kassel's then hereditary prince, the future Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and his first wife Princess Mary of Great Britain. His mother was a daughter of King George II of Great Britain and Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach and a sister of Queen Louise of Denmark.
His father, the future landgrave (who reigned from 1760 and died in 1785), left the family in 1747 and converted to Catholicism in 1749. In 1755 he formally ended the marriage with Mary. The grandfather, William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse, granted the county of Hanau and its revenues to Mary and her sons.
The young Prince Charles and his two brothers, William and Frederick, were raised by their mother and fostered by Protestant relatives since 1747.
In 1756, Mary moved to Denmark to look after her sister, Queen Louise of Denmark's children. She took her own children with her and they were raised at the royal court at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen. The Hessian princes later remained in Denmark, becoming important lords and royal functionaries. Only the eldest brother William returned to Hesse, in 1785, upon ascending the landgraviate.
Early career
Charles began a military career in Denmark. In 1758 he was appointed colonel, at the age of 20 major general and in 1765 was put in charge of the artillery. After his cousin, King Christian VII, acceded to the throne in 1766, he was appointed lieutenant general, commander of the Royal Guard, knight of the Order of the Elephant and member of the Privy Council.
In 1766, he was appointed Governor-General of Norway as successor to Jacob Benzon (1688–1775). He held the position until 1770 but which remained mostly titular, as he never went to Norway during this period.
In 1763, his elder brother William married their first cousin, Danish Princess Caroline. Charles followed suit on 30 August 1766 at Christiansborg Palace — his wife was Louise of Denmark, and Charles thus became brother-in-law to his cousin, King Christian VII of Denmark. The marriage took place despite advice given against it, due to many accusations of debauchery by Prince Charles and the poor influence he had on the King.
Shortly after, Charles fell into disfavour at court, and in early 1767 he and Louise left Copenhagen to live with his mother in the county of Hanau. They would have their first child, Marie Sophie, there in 1767 and then their second child, William, in 1769.
In 1768, Charles purchased the landed property and village of Offenbach-Rumpenheim from the Edelsheim family. In 1771 he had the manor expanded into a castle and princely seat. His mother Mary lived in the palace until her death in 1772. In 1781, Charles sold the Rumpenheim Castle to his younger brother, Frederick.
Governor of Schleswig-Holstein
In 1769, Prince Charles of Hesse was appointed royal Governor of the twin duchies of Schleswig and Holstein (initially only the royal share, so-called Holstein-Glückstadt before in 1773 the king also acquired the ducal share in Holstein) on behalf of the government of his brother-in-law, King Christian VII of Denmark and Norway. Charles took up residence at Gottorp Castle in Schleswig with his family. They would have their third child Frederick there in 1771.
In 1770, King Christian VII gave his sister the estate of Tegelhof in Güby between the City of Schleswig and Eckernförde. From 1772 to 1776, Charles had a summer residence constructed on the site which he named Louisenlund in honour of his wife.
Commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army
In September 1772, Charles was appointed commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army and he and Louise moved to Christiana. The assignment was a consequence of the coup d'état of King Gustav III of Sweden on 19 August 1772 and the subsequent prospect of war with Sweden. While in Norway, Princess Louise gave birth to their fourth child Juliane in 1773. Even though Charles returned to Schleswig-Holstein in 1774, he continued to function as commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army until 1814. At the time of his return from Norway, he was appointed field marshal.
During the War of the Bavarian Succession in 1778-79, he acted as a volunteer in the army of Frederick the Great and gained the trust of the Prussian king. Once, when Frederick was speaking against Christianity, he noticed a lack of sympathy of Charles' part. In response to an inquiry from the king, Charles said, "Sire, I am not more sure of having the honour of seeing you, than I am that Jesus Christ existed and died for us as our Saviour on the cross." After a moment of surprised silence, Frederick declared, "You are the first man who has ever declared such a belief in my hearing."
In 1788, the Swedish attack on Russia during the Russo Swedish War forced Denmark-Norway to declare war on Sweden in accordance with its 1773 treaty obligations to Russia. Prince Charles was put in command of a Norwegian army which briefly invaded Sweden through Bohuslän and won the Battle of Kvistrum Bridge. The army was closing in on Gothenburg, when peace was signed on 9 July 1789 following the diplomatic intervention of Great Britain and Prussia, bringing this so-called Lingonberry War to an end. On 12 November, the Norwegian army retreated back to Norway. During the retreat, the Danish-Norwegian army lost 1,500-3,000 men to hunger, disease, poor sanitary conditions, and exposure to continual autumn rainfall. Prince Charles was later criticised for his direction of the campaign and although he continued to function as commander-in-chief, he had lost his popularity in Norway.
When the crown prince and regent of Denmark-Norway, the future Frederick VI married Charles's eldest daughter Marie Sophie in 1790, he made several unsuccessful attempts at substantially influencing decisions of the government and the regent.
Later life
Charles was a remarkable patron of theater and opera. He had his own court theater in Schleswig, and he involved himself extensively in its operations.
During the Napoleonic Wars, he was in command of the army which briefly occupied Hamburg and Lübeck in 1801.
On 25 January 1805, Charles was granted the title "Landgrave of Hesse" by his elder brother, who had assumed the higher dignity and title of Imperial Prince-Elector.
In 1807, the manor and village of Gereby by the Schlei near Kappeln in Schwansen was renamed Carlsburg in honour of Prince Charles. Charles had purchased the property of Gereby in 1785, where he abolished serfdom in 1790.
Following the death of his father's first cousin, prince Friedrich Wilhelm von Hessenstein, he inherited the estate of Panker in Holstein in 1808.
In 1814, ather the dissolution of Denmark-Norway, he lost the position of commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army, but was appointed general field marshal of the Danish army. In 1816 he became Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog.
Prince Charles died on 17 August 1836 in the castle of Louisenlund in Güby, Schleswig.
Marriage and issue
On 30 August 1766 at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen, Charles married Princess Louise of Denmark, his first cousin, the youngest daughter of his aunt, Princess Louise of Great Britain, and King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway, who died the same year. The couple had the following children:
Marie Sophie, Princess of Hesse (20 October 1767 – 21 March 1852), married on 31 July 1790 her first cousin the future King Frederick VI of Denmark and Norway
Wilhelm, Prince of Hesse (15 January 1769 – 14 July 1772)
Prince Frederik of Hesse (24 May 1771 – 24 February 1845), Governor-general of Norway, married only morganatically Clarelia Dorothea (Klara) von Brockdorff (1778-1836), daughter of Ditlev von Brockdorff (1708-1790) and his second wife, Henriette Friederike von Blome (b.1745). Frederik was a general and royal governor.
Juliane, Princess of Hesse (19 January 1773 – 11 March 1860), Protestant Abbess of Itzehoe
Prince Christian of Hesse (14 August 1776 – 14 November 1814)
Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel (28 September 1789 – 13 March 1867), married on 28 January 1810 Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Princess Louise died at Gottorp Castle on 12 January 1831.
Ancestry
References
External links
Biography in Dansk Biografisk Leksikon 1. ed.
working lodge found by Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel
1744 births
1836 deaths
Charles
Governors-general of Norway
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
People of the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
Norwegian military personnel
Danish military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Norwegian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Children of Frederick V of Denmark
Sons of monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Charles%20of%20Hesse-Kassel |
David Lindsay, 1st Duke of Montrose (144025 December 1495) was a Scottish nobleman.
He was the son of Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford, and inherited the Earldom of Crawford on his father's death in 1453. During his political career, he held the posts of Lord High Admiral of Scotland, Master of the Royal Household, Great Chamberlain , and Justiciar. He went frequently as an ambassador to England.
In 1488, he was created Duke of Montrose, the first Scotsman not of royal blood to be granted a Dukedom. Lindsay had won the favour of James III by remaining loyal to the king during the rebellion of his son Prince James. Lindsay was deprived of his dukedom by James IV when he acceded to the throne later that year, but it was restored in 1489 for life only. On his death in 1495, the title became extinct, although the Earldom continues to this day.
Family
He married Elizabeth Hamilton, daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton in 1459. They had three children before divorcing in the 1480s.
Alexander Lindsay, Master of Crawford (148516 September 1489)
Elizabeth Lindsay (born 1495)
John Lindsay, 6th Earl of Crawford (c. 1495–1513)
Arms
,References
thepeerage.com
|-
1440 births
1495 deaths
101
Lord High Chamberlains of Scotland
David
Lord High Admirals of Scotland
5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Lindsay%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Montrose |
Port Vincent may refer to:
Port Vincent, Louisiana, a village in Livingston Parish, United States
Port Vincent, South Australia, a small town on the east coast of Yorke Peninsula, Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Vincent |
Rekeying a lock is replacing the old lock pins with new lock pins.
History
Rekeying was first invented in 1836 by Solomon Andrews, a New Jersey locksmith. His lock had adjustable tumblers and keys, allowing the owner to rekey it at any time. Later in the 1850s, inventors Andrews and Newell patented removable tumblers which could be taken apart and scrambled. The keys had bits that were interchangeable, matching varying tumbler configurations. This arrangement later became the basis for combination locks.
Why is rekeying needed
Locks are usually re keyed to build master-key systems, make a set of locks share a common key, or to eliminate compromised keys. Sometimes worn pins are replaced with new pins if the old pins become too short to reach the shear-line. The shear-line is the thin line shared by the lock plug and its cylindrical housing. If a pin sits flush with the circumference of the plug it will allow lock rotation. Lock cylinders use different length pins in different combinations to create relatively unique key bitting. Most keys have 5 cuts from bow to tip. If a key has 5 cuts, the lock has 5 pins. Different brand locks each vary in many small ways, this is most true when servicing them. Many manufacturers offer product-specific manuals. Information disclosed in manufacturer manuals is often otherwise difficult to find, as is locksmith material in general.
Pin sets and sizes
Pins are manufactured and numbered in the thousandths of an inch, based on the length of the pin. Typical sizes are .0025" (two and a half thousandths), .003" (three thousandths), .005" (five thousandths), or 0.010" (ten thousandths). A ten thousandths pin kit is rarely sold. Lock manufacturers each use specific depth and spacing allowing organized master-key systems to be complex, large, and manageable. A standard pin kit offers the exact size variety needed. Using manufacturer depths permits easy keying, but often you must deviate slightly for optimum accuracy. Pin kits provide master- wafers, top- pins, and springs for a thorough cylinder rebuild. Replace any worn parts, rekey, lubricate, and reassemble. Check to see that the keys work well, check remaining customer keys if any and reinstall.
Rekeying process
To rekey a lock you have to first remove the lock cylinder from any housing it rests in. The lock cylinder must be disassembled, and the plug removed. Use a plug follower to avoid dropping master-wafers, top pins and springs. The plug has cylindrical chambers spaced according to manufacturer specifications. Pins are contained in these chambers where they are pushed down by springs or raised by a key. Each cut sits under a chamber of its own, each pin sits on a cut of its own. Place the correct pins in each chamber, bringing the top of each new pin flush with the shear-line. Check the upper chambers using a master-follower for old unused master wafers and remove any. If any springs are noticeably weak or the lock was especially dirty replace the springs. If the old pins are rounded from use or otherwise show excessive wear replace springs. Reinsert the plug taking care not to drop top pins into any unused chamber. Test key, make slight adjustments if needed and reassemble.
Alternatives
There are some systems, like InstaKey, that allow locks to be rekeyed by inserting and turning a specially designed key without removing cores or lock hardware.
References
External links
Kwikset Rekeying Manual
Locksmithing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekeying |
Moonta may refer to:
Places
Moonta, South Australia, a locality in the Copper Coast Council including:
East Moonta
Moonta Bay
Moonta Cemetery
Moonta Mines
North Moonta
Corporate Town of Moonta, a former local government area
New Moonta, a suburb in Bundaberg, Queensland
Ships
MV Moonta, a cruise ship now used as a casino
SS Moonta (refer Moonta Herald and Northern Territory Gazette) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonta |
Kadina may refer to:
Australia
New South Wales
Kadina, New South Wales, a locality
Kadina High School
South Australia
Kadina, South Australia, a town and locality
Kadina Cemetery
Kadina Town Hall, a town hall in South Australia
Corporate Town of Kadina, a former local government area
District Council of Kadina, a former local government area
Hundred of Kadina, a cadastral unit in South Australia
North Macedonia
Kadina River a water course in the Republic of North Macedonia
See also
Kadena | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadina |
CBOSS Corporation (Convergent Business Operation Support System) is a telecom company primarily based in Russia and with offices located in Finland, UAE and Vietnam. CBOSS Corporation, also known as CBOSS Group, develops IT solutions for the automation of telecommunications enterprises.
One of the three biggest Russian mobile operators, MTS used the CBOSS billing solution from 1998 until 2004, when it switched to FORIS
OSS-IN from STROM Telecom company Mikhail Severov, Пробил час большого Билла. Петербургские операторы меняют счетные системы // SpbIT.su, 2005-04-05: " «Мобильные ТелеСистемы». До последнего времени ее корпоративным стандартом было использование биллинговой системы разработки московской CBOSS, которую она эксплуатирует с 1998 года. Однако в прошлом году эта ситуация изменилась, в частности, в Москве была запущена система Foris от чешской компании STROM Telecom"
In 2004, CBOSS was rated as the 11th biggest IT company in Russia by CNews.ru. In 2006, CBOSS Corporation was recognized as the #1 IT-provider of integrated solutions for telecommunications in EMEA by Informa Telecoms Group
In February 2004, CBOSS acquired the online billing solutions subsidiary of Fujitsu Services Oy and its product - rtBilling (CBOSSrtb) prepaid billing system. This system was used by several mobile operators: Britain O2, Australian Optus, Canadian Rogers, Austrian One GmbH and Columbian Colombia Movil.
In 2008 CBOSS was selected by German MVNECO GmbH to provide IT infrastructure and IT solutions to implement mobile virtual network activities.
References
External links
Company website
Telecommunications companies of Russia
Software companies of Russia
Telecommunications companies established in 1996
Russian brands
Telecommunications Billing Systems
Business software companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBOSS%20Corporation |
The tradition of folklore—folktales, jokes, legends, and the like—in the Turkish language is very rich, and is incorporated into everyday life and events.
Turkish folklore
Nasreddin Hoca
Perhaps the most popular figure in the tradition is Nasreddin, (known as Nasreddin Hoca, or "teacher Nasreddin", in Turkish), who is the central character of thousands of jokes. He generally appears as a person who, though seeming somewhat stupid to those who must deal with him, actually proves to have a special wisdom all his own:
One day, Nasreddin's neighbor asked him, "Teacher, do you have any forty-year-old vinegar?"
—"Yes, I do," answered Nasreddin.—"Can I have some?" asked the neighbor. "I need some to make an ointment with."—"No, you can't have any," answered Nasreddin. "If I gave my forty-year-old vinegar to whoever wanted some, I wouldn't have had it for forty years, would I?"
Similar to the Nasreddin jokes, and arising from a similar religious milieu, are the Bektashi jokes, in which the members of the Bektashi religious order—represented through a character simply named Bektaşi—are depicted as having an unusual and unorthodox wisdom, one that often challenges the values of Islam and of society.
Karagöz and Hacivat
Another popular element of Turkish folklore is the shadow theater centered on the two characters of Karagöz and Hacivat, who both represent stock characters: Karagöz—who hails from a small village—is something of a country bumpkin, while Hacivat is a more sophisticated city-dweller. Popular legend has it that the two characters are actually based on two real persons who worked for Orhan I—the son of founder of the Ottoman dynasty—in the construction of a mosque at Bursa in the early 14th century CE. The two workers supposedly spent much of their time entertaining the other workers, and were so funny and popular that they interfered with work on the palace, and were subsequently put to death.
Yunus Emre
Yunus Emre was a Turkish folk poet and Sufi mystic who influenced Turkish culture.
Like the Oghuz Book of Dede Korkut, an older and anonymous Central Asian epic, the Turkish folklore that inspired Yunus Emre in his occasional use of tekerlemeler as a poetic device had been handed down orally to him and his contemporaries. This strictly oral tradition continued for a long while. As Islamic mystic literature thrived in Anatolia, Yunus Emre became one of its most distinguished poets. The poetry of Yunus Emre — despite being fairly simple on the surface — evidences his skill in describing quite abstruse mystical concepts in a clear way. He remains a popular figure in a number of countries, stretching from Azerbaijan to the Balkans, with seven different and widely dispersed localities disputing the privilege of having his tomb within their boundaries.
Köroglu
The Epic of Köroglu is a part of Turkish Folk Literature. The legend typically describes a hero who seeks to avenge a wrong. It was often put to music and played at sporting events as an inspiration to the competing athletes. Köroglu is the main hero of epic that tells about the life and heroic deeds of Köroglu as a hero of the people who struggled against unjust rulers. The epic combines the occasional romance with Robin Hood-like chivalry.
Folklore from the Black Sea Region
Vine-breaking
In Çarşıbaşı town, near Trabzon, there is a way of testing whether a marriage is propitious: when the new bride enters the house, she is asked to break a vine into three pieces, which are then planted in the ground. If they sprout, this means the marriage will be successful.
Cutting the shoelace
In the Eastern Black Sea Region (Giresun, Trabzon, Rize, Artvin), it is believed that there is an invisible lace between the feet of those children who have trouble walking when they're young. A lace is tied (usually of cotton) between the feet of the child and the lace is cut by the elder child of family. It is believed that once the invisible lace has been cut, the child will walk.
Passing beneath a bramble
In Turkish folklore, (Trabzon region, Akçaabat town), childless women, cows that don't get pregnant, and children wetting their beds are supposedly cured by passing under a blackberry bush known as "Avat" (west Trabzon). “Avat is believed to be a charm herb of paradise.”
Shown to the Moon
In Trabzon and Rize region folklore (Pontic coast of Anatolia). Desperate patients with incurable diseases are said to have been shown to the Moon on a wooden shovel “If that continues I will put you on a shovel and show you to the moon”(İkizdere town. In Çarşıbaşı district of Trabzon province, weak and scrawny babies have been shown to the Moon on a shovel and said:
“moon! moon! Take him!, or cure him”. In this tradition, which is a sequel to the paganist beliefs before the monotheist religions, the Moon cures the patient or takes his/her life. Moon worship is very common among the Caucasian Abkhaz, Svans and Mingrelians ABS 18.
Tying someone
In Black Sea coast of Turkey's folklore (Trabzon, Rize, Giresun, Ordu, Artvin, Samsun)
1. v. To ensure a bridegroom is bewitched and impotent so as to be unable to have sexual intercourse with bride. There are several ways of being tied: A person who wants to impede this marriage, blows into a knot, knots it and puts it on the bride or uses other sorceries. However, it is also deemed a way of being tied if the bride nails, knots or locks a door with a key before the marriage. “While going to the house of the bridegroom, way is always changed and the unlooked-for ways are followed to be saved from tie sorceries that could have been buried in the way”
2. n. To tie the animals such as wolves and bears that harm the flock and named monster, and swine that damages the crop. Generally, an amulet is prepared by a hodja and buried in the places where the flock grazes or in the corner of sown field.
3. n. To increase the amount and quality of meadow before the hay-making time, water is brought to the meadows in the plateaus in thin directions from rivers by the arcs. This process is called as to connect water.
Tree worship
In Trabzon folklore, the swinging of tree branches and leaves symbolized worship. It is believed that oak trees do not worship God because their leaves do not swing as much as those of other trees.
Şakir Şevket says that Akçaabat society believed in an idol and worshipped a tree called platana, and that is how the city was given this name. Although the platana (Platanus orientalis in Latin) was a plane tree he had confused this tree with the poplar.
The words of Lermioglu “today peasants love trees as their children. There were several events which people kill someone for a tree” and a story from 19th century show us that this love comes from very old days. A hunter from Mersin village cut a tree called kragen which was idol of Akcaabat society (since 1940). Then the peasants called the police and said that the hunter cut the Evliya Turkish and Arabic Evliya “Saint”). This event can only be explained with the “paganist” beliefs comes from “Caucasia”. At first the police understood that the hunter killed a man called Evliya (Saint) but later they saw that the “saint” was a tree so they let the hunter go. It was an example of Colchis culture that can be seen today which was mixed with Islam in Trabzon under the name of saint and common before one God religions that people used to believe in nature.
It is possible to see same things in Hemsheen region of Rize “the branches are praying three days before and during bairam, so we do not cut live branches during bairam, the branches are praying”.
End of winter Cemre
Cemre are three fireballs that come from the heavens to warm earth at the end of each winter. Each cemre warms one aspect of the nature. The first cemre falls to air between February 19–20. The second cemre falls to water between February 26–27. The third cemre falls to ground between 5–6 March.
Important figures in Black Sea folklore
Ahi Evren
Ahriyan
Alaturbi
Ancomah
Cazi
Germakoçi
Kolot
Beings and creatures in Turkish folklore
Al Basti
Bardi - a female jackal which can change shape and presages death by wailing
Bird of Sorrow
Dew (also called div)
Dragons
Dunganga
Giant 'Arab' or 'Dervish'
Imp
Kamer-taj, the Moon-horse
Karakoncolos
Karakura - a male night demon
Keloglan
Laughing Apple and Weeping Apple
Peris
Seven-headed Dragon
Storm Fiend
Tavara
Shahmaran, the legendary Snake King who was killed in an ambush in the baths.
Taram Baba, the night demon or nightmare which is believed to kidnap children, in some Balkanic Turks' tradition.
See also
Turkic mythology
The Horse-Devil and the Witch
The Golden-Haired Children
Religion in Turkey
References
Özhan Öztürk (2005). Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul. .
Forty-four Turkish Fairy Tales by Ignácz Kúnos (1913)
Further reading
On folktales
Accessed 23 Jan. 2023.
Accessed 23 Jan. 2023.
Anderson, Walter (1953). "Der türkische Märchenschatz". In: Hessische Blätter für Volkskunde XLIV, pp. 111-132.
Birkalan-Gedik, Hande. "The Types of Turkish Folktales". In: Angelopoulos, A. & al., eds. Cahiers de littérature orale 57-58. Paris: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales / Centre de Recherche sur L'oralité, 2005. pp. 317-329. .
Folktale collections
. Billur Köschk: 14 türkische Märchen, zum ersten mal nach den beiden Stambuler Drucken der Märchensammlung ins Deutsche übersetzt. Hannover: Lafaire, 1923 [erschienen] 1924
Jacob, Georg; Menzel, Theodor. Beiträge zur Märchenkunde des Morgenlandes. III. Band: Türkische Märchen II. Hannover: ORIENT-BUCHHANDLUNG HEINZ LAFAIRE, 1924.
External links
http://aton.ttu.edu/ the Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative at Texas Tech University
Folklore by country
Folklore by region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20folklore |
Earmark may refer to:
Earmark (agriculture), cuts or marks in the ears of animals made to show ownership
Earmark (politics), a legislative provision that directs funds to be spent on specific projects
Earmark (finance), a requirement that a source of revenue be devoted to a specific public expenditure
See also
Accountable Fundraising | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmark |
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