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Paul Kollsman (February 22, 1900, in Germany – September 26, 1982, in Beverly Hills, California) was a German-American inventor. He invented the first sensitive barometer, a key enabler of instrument flight in airplanes.
The United States Patent Office cites him as the inventor on 124 patents.
Biography
Kollsman studied engineering and science in Stuttgart and Munich. In 1923 he emigrated from Germany to the United States, following his younger brother Ernest Otto Kollsman, who had emigrated earlier.
He worked as a truck driver or truck driver's assistant until he found a position at Pioneer Instruments Co. in Brooklyn, New York, where he learned to make various aircraft instruments.
He left Pioneer in 1928 and with $500 saved while working, Paul and his brother Otto founded Kollsman Instruments Co. in Brooklyn NY.
In 1929 US Army Lt. James H. Doolittle was leading the development of equipment and methods for instrument flying, under the sponsorship of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. He learned of a new altimeter design submitted to the Bureau of Standards by Paul Kollsman, and arranged a meeting.
On August 30, 1929, Doolittle and Kollsman took the altimeter on a test flight in a Vought O2U, a two seat biplane, with Kollsman holding the altimeter in his lap. Doolittle said the altimeter "performed perfectly", with accuracy an order of magnitude better than other altimeters of the day. Harry Guggenheim stated the accuracy as 10 feet. [GUGG]
Doolittle had a Kollsman altimeter installed in a Consolidated NY-2 biplane, and on September 24, 1929, flew two instrument flights of 10 to 15 minutes duration at Mitchel Field on Long Island, the first flight in fog, the second using a hood after the fog lifted.
A short time later the Kollsman company received an order from the U.S. Navy for 300 altimeters, their first commercial success. Subsequent models were modified to allow the pilot to easily set a local altimeter setting, shown in the "Kollsman window". By the mid-1930s Kollsman altimeters dominated the aircraft market.
In 1940 the Kollsman Instrument Company was sold to Square D Company of Detroit for over $4,000,000. Paul became a Square D vice president in charge of the Kollsman Instrument division. Otto, who had been the company treasurer and controller, retired after the sale, and died on August 12, 1942.
After the merger Paul Kollsman and Square D president F. W. Magin gave $50,000 to the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences in New York to establish the Paul Kollsman Library. The Institute, an ancestor of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), claimed that this was the most complete private aeronautical library in the United States. They offered to loan books by mail for the price of postage to anyone requesting them.
In 1951 Square D sold the Kollsman division to Standard Coil Products Co. of Chicago, a maker of TV tuners, for over $5,000,000. Standard Coil named long-time Kollsman general manager Victor Carbonara as vice-president of the division, implying that Paul Kollsman left the company after this sale.
In 1940 Kollsman purchased of land outside Manchester, Vermont from International Paper Company, and founded Snow Valley, which formally opened in January 1942, and was one of the earliest ski areas in the United States. Snow Valley operated continuously until 1984, and in 1983 hosted the first U.S. Open Snowboarding Championships — now held annually at Stratton Vermont. Snow Valley is being redeveloped as a private sporting community.
In 1944 Kollsman married Baroness Julie "Luli" Dorothea Baronin von Bodenhausen, an actress and author, in New York City; she died in 1951. In 1952 he married his second wife, Eva F. Kollsman, who survived him. Paul Kollsman died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California in 1982.
Estate
In 1945 Kollsman purchased The Enchanted Hill, a fabulous estate in Beverly Hills, California, which contained a Mediterranean Revival main house of 10,000 square feet with of formal gardens, which Mr. Kollsman eventually augmented to , designed by acclaimed architect Wallace Neff. The estate, which was described by architectural historian Sam Watters as "fantastical", had been built in 1925 at the top of Angelo Drive by MGM screenwriter Frances Marion and her cowboy-star husband, Frederick Clifton Thomson. Among other features, the estate included a mahogany-floored stable for Thomson's horse "Silver King". It was considered one of the finest estates in all of Los Angeles, was called a "poetic hilltop paradise, a timeless homage to the natural beauty that was once Los Angeles." Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen acquired the estate from Kollsman's widow, Eva, in 1997 for $20 million and razed the landmark house in 2000, with plans to build two mansions in its place. the site remains undeveloped, overgrown with brush and weeds.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Website of Elbit Systems, successor of Kollsman Inc.
Emigrants from the Weimar Republic to the United States
1900 births
1982 deaths
Engineers from Baden-Württemberg
Technical University of Munich alumni
20th-century American inventors
People from Freudenstadt
20th-century American engineers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kollsman |
Mackintosh's Toffee is a sweet created by Mackintosh Company.
John Mackintosh opened up his sweets shop in Halifax, Yorkshire, England in 1890, and the idea for Mackintosh's Toffee ("not too hard and not too soft"), came soon after. In 1969, Mackintosh's merged with rival Rowntree to form Rowntree Mackintosh, which merged with Nestlé in 1988.
The product is often credited with being over 100 years old.
The toffee is sold in bags containing a random assortment of individual wrapped flavoured toffees. The flavours are (followed by wrapping colour): Malt (Blue), Harrogate (Yellow), Mint (Green), Egg & Cream (Orange), Coconut (Pink), and Toffee (Maroon). The maroon-wrapped toffees do not display a flavour on the wrapper. The product's subtitle is "Toffee De Luxe" and its motto is "a tradition worth sharing".
The flavour Harrogate was originally developed by confectioners in the spa town of Harrogate in Yorkshire to remove the pungent taste of the town's spa waters.
Availability
Canada had its own version of Mackintosh's Toffee. Unlike the British versions, it was a hard candy which, for most of its history, was sold as a single rectangular bar in a tartan box. More recently (circa 2008) the Canadian product is individually wrapped and manufactured in Switzerland by Nestlé, and licensed for sale in Canada by Nestlé Canada. However, the wrapped version is soft and more akin to a caramel. Recently (2013) Nestlé Canada has been distributing an apparent recreation of the hard Mack bar, though thinner and wrapped in foil. It contains sweetened condensed milk as a main flavouring and has less of the creamy butter flavour of the original Canadian Mack. Nestlé does not distribute the toffees in the US, but it may be ordered online for delivery or found in specialty candy shops.
They were also manufactured and sold in New Zealand by Nestlé New Zealand Limited under the "Allen's" Confectionery range, but are now manufactured by RJ's of Levin after Nestlé sold off its NZ confectionery brands in 2018. The New Zealand-manufactured RJ's product is also distributed in Australia.
References
External links
Products introduced in 1890
Brand name confectionery
Nestlé brands
Yorkshire cuisine
Toffee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackintosh%27s%20Toffee |
is a 1997 Japanese side-scrolling shooter video game developed by Technosoft for the Sega Saturn. It is the fifth game in the Thunder Force series. Unlike previous games in the series, Thunder Force V uses polygons to model the larger enemy ships and some of the scenery, in addition to sprites. In 1998, Thunder Force V was ported to the PlayStation as .
Gameplay
Thunder Force V is a horizontal-scrolling shooter video game. It is presented from a 2.5D perspective, with environments rendered in 3D and gameplay taking place on a 2D plane. The player controls a starship named the Gauntlet in its mission to destroy the Guardian, a supercomputer that became rogue after deciphering the code of a space vessel. There are seven levels total, and the first three can be selected in any order. Levels scroll automatically, and the player is given free movement. Its gameplay is similar to its predecessor, Thunder Force IV; players must destroy constantly-moving formations of enemies and dodge their projectiles and incoming obstacles. A boss concludes the end of a stage.
As in previous Thunder Force games, the player has a special weapon named the "CRAW" that emits additional firepower and absorbs enemy shots. Thunder Force V allows for three CRAWs to be used instead of two like its predecessors, and will remain on the screen for a finite period of time that allows the player to recollect them. The CRAWs can also be combined with the player's currently-selected weapon to create a more powerful version of it called an "Over Weapon". Over Weapons can be used for a limited amount of time before they revert to their original state. Creating Over Weapons uses up the CRAW's energy, which is indicated by its change in color. Energy can be replenished by collecting additional CRAWs or by waiting for them to recharge.
Release
Thunder Force V was released in Japan for the Sega Saturn on July 11, 1997. There were two retail versions, the normal pack, and a special pack which contained a remix music CD of various Thunder Force music entitled Best of Thunder Force, which was later released separately. The Saturn version was never released outside Japan. Sega Europe took a preproduction version under consideration, and decided against publishing the game. Electronic Gaming Monthly urged readers to tell Sega of America to release the game in the United States, but it was never released there either.
Thunder Force V was ported to the PlayStation and released in 1998 as Thunder Force V: Perfect System. It was published in North America by Working Designs under the SPAZ label. The PlayStation version features additional levels, high-resolution artwork, CG rendered movie sequences, and a time attack mode.
Reception
The PlayStation version received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Next Generation said of the game, "If there is a saving grace here, then it is this: Thunderforce [sic] takes you back to a time when games weren't as good as they are now." In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 28 out of 40 for the Saturn version, and 31 out of 40 for the PlayStation version.
Retrospectively in 2007, Rob Fahey of Eurogamer said that while it wasn't nearly as refined or "utterly fantastic" as Einhänder or Radiant Silvergun, Thunder Force V was still a good shooter with well-implemented mechanics. Fahey particularly praised the CRAW for being the game's "hook", and also liked its level design and "perfectly-tuned" boss fights. He described it as being: "A very solid shooter, in other words, which deserved far more credit than it received - not least because any shooter with bosses called Deep Purple and Iron Maiden is alright in our book." In 2010, Hardcore Gaming 101s Paul Brownlee said that Thunder Force V had a great soundtrack and good gameplay, but was slightly hindered by visuals and 3D models that didn't age well. He argued that one of the game's strong points was its boss fights for their cool-looking designs and accompanying music tracks, some of which are based on those from previous Thunder Force games. Brownlee compared the two versions of the game, and claimed that neither of them were better than the other; he said that while the Saturn version had more detailed backdrops and the PlayStation version had better textures, neither of them had good graphics in the long run.
Notes
References
External links
1997 video games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
Sega Saturn games
Technosoft games
Thunder Force
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Working Designs
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder%20Force%20V |
Gabriel Bernal (24 March 1956-June 12, 2014) was a Mexican professional boxer. He was the WBC and Lineal Flyweight Champion for six months in 1984 and a super champion in the ring in the 1970s.
Pro career
Bernal came from Cruz Grande, Mexico. He was a top-ten Flyweight contender when he went to Tokyo to face the hometown favorite Koji Kobayashi for the WBC, The Ring and Lineal Flyweight Championships. Bernal would defeat Kobayashi by second-round knockout. Two months later, Bernal successfully defended his titles in Nîmes, France, defeating Antoine Montero by an eleventh-round knockout. This was significant because the previous six WBC Flyweight Champions had all lost their title in their first defence.
Bernal is remembered for his series of fights with Thailand's Sot Chitalada. For Bernal's second defense, he went to Bangkok to face Chitalada. He lost a twelve-round decision on 8 October 1984. Eight months later, Bernal travelled back to Bangkok in an attempt to wrest the title from Chitalada. On 22 June 1985, Bernal fought Chitalada to a draw after twelve rounds, and Chitalada kept the title. Bernal had one more shot eighteen months later, travelling again to Bangkok, where on 10 December 1986 he lost another twelve-round decision to Chitalada. It was his final attempt to win the Flyweight title.
Bernal fought for another six years, but was never the same fighter. On 11 April 1992 he lost a 12-round decision to former WBC Bantamweight Champion, Miguel Lora. He fought once more before retiring, finishing his career with a record of 43-14-3 and 28 KOs.
See also
List of flyweight boxing champions
List of WBC world champions
List of Mexican boxing world champions
References
External links
Gabriel Bernal - CBZ Profile
1956 births
2014 deaths
Boxers from Guerrero
Flyweight boxers
World boxing champions
World flyweight boxing champions
World Boxing Council champions
Mexican male boxers
Southpaw boxers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20Bernal |
A victim study (or victimization survey or victimization study) is a survey, such as the British Crime Survey, that asks a sample of people which crimes have been committed against them over a fixed period of time and whether or not they have been reported to the police. Victim studies may be carried out at a national or local level.
Victim studies are canvasses of the public which request them to report any crimes which they have experienced, whether or not they have reported them. This is one of the main ways in which the dark figure of crime is exposed particularly in cases of abuse. Such surveys usually show the level of criminal activity is at least double that which appears in the official crime statistics.
Victimisation surveys are usually of two types:
National survey - of a whole country in which people are asked to provide information on crimes which have been perpetrated against them. The British Crime Survey and the United States National Crime Victimization Survey are examples.
Area or neighbourhood surveys - in which a specific, usually inner city, neighbourhood is targeted, and criminologists or sociologists engage in a more detailed study of the same issues. These small scale victim studies have been particularly associated with Left Realist criminology. For example, victim studies have been carried out in Islington in London by Jock Young, revealing a fear of crime amongst local residents that shapes much of their behaviour.
There is a third type of survey: The International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS) is a programme of standardised sample surveys to look at householders’ experience with crime, policing, crime prevention and feelings of unsafety in a large number of countries. International comparison is the main aim for this project.
A criticism of victim surveys is that there is no way of verifying information given by respondents.
See also
Criminology
Victimization
Policing in the United Kingdom
The International Crime Victims Survey
Further reading
Van Dijk, J.J.M., van Kesteren, J.N. & Smit, P. (2008). Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective, Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS. The Hague, Boom Legal Publishers
Lawson T, Garrod J (2003) Complete A-Z Sociology Handbook, Third Edition
Moore S (1996) Investigating Crime and Deviance, Second Edition, C9
External links
the 2004/05 International Crime Victims Survey
Criminology
Law enforcement theory
Law enforcement
Law enforcement techniques
Victimology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim%20study |
Batnfjordsøra is the administrative centre of Gjemnes Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located at the end of the Batnfjorden at the mouth of the river Batnfjordelva. European Route E39 passes through the village on its way from Molde to Trondheim. The village has a population (2018) of 387 and a population density of .
The village of Gjemnes lies about to the northeast, along the north side of the fjord, and the village of Torvikbukt lies about to the northeast along the south side of the fjord. The village of Øre lies about halfway between Torvikbukt and Batnfjordsøra. Heading southwest along E39, you will get to Hjelset and Molde.
References
Gjemnes
Villages in Møre og Romsdal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batnfjords%C3%B8ra |
Shams al-Dīn () Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Makkī ibn Ḥāmid al-Nabaṭī al-ʿĀmilī al-Jizzīnī (1334–1385), better known as al-Shāhīd al-Awwal (, "The First Martyr"), was a Shi'a scholar and the author of al-Lum'ah al-Dimashqiyah () and. Although he is neither the first Muslim nor the first Shi'a to die for his religion, he became known as "Shahid al-Awwal" because he was probably the first Shia scholar of such stature to have been killed in a brutal manner.
Life
He was born in 734 AH (c. 1334) in Jabal 'Amel. His nisbah Al-Jizzeeni indicates that his family was also from Jizzeen in modern-day Lebanon. When Muhammad Al-Amili was 16 years old he went to study at the city of Hilla in modern-day Iraq. He returned home when he was 21. He used taqiyya to establish himself as one of the religious scholars of Damascus, using Sunni law to judge Sunnis, while covertly judging the Shia using Shia law.
Death
He was killed on Thursday the ninth of Jumada al-awwal, 786 A.H. (ca. 1385) during the reign of Sultan Barquq. His death was in accordance with the fatwa of a jurist from the Maliki madhab, which was endorsed by a jurisprudent of the Shaf'i madhab. Accusations against him included rafd, defamation of senior Islamic personages, the companions and family of Muhammad, Aisha, Abu Bakr and Umar, following the Nusayri faith, and permitting the drinking of wine.
These accusations were first brought against him by two of his former students from Jabal Amil, who were also former Twelver Shiites. One of them, Yusuf ibn Yahya, submitted a report (which included the signatures of 70 former Shiites from Jabal Amil) to the authorities detailing al-Amili's "vile doctrines and abominable beliefs."
However, according to Shia biographer al-Khwansari, al-Amili denied these charges in a letter to the governor of Damascus, protesting his love for "the Prophet and all who loved him, all the Companions without exception." He was imprisoned for one year, then beheaded by sword. His corpse was then crucified and stoned in Damascus whereby it was burned and the ashes were discarded into the air.
See also
The Five Martyrs
References
External links
http://www.annabaa.org/nba48/aalamshia.htm and references therein.
Lebanese Shia clerics
People from Hillah
Lebanese Shia Muslims
1334 births
1385 deaths
Muslim martyrs
14th-century Arab people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20ibn%20Makki |
Charles Wallace Adair, Jr. (26 January 1914 in Xenia, Ohio – 22 January 2006 in Falls Church, Virginia) was a career United States Foreign Service Officer, serving as Ambassador to Panama (1965-1969) and Ambassador to Uruguay (1969-1972).
Early life
Adair graduated from the University of Wisconsin, and worked for Chase Bank in Panama before joining the State Department.
Foreign service career
Adair was posted to various economic positions in US missions around Europe, particularly the American Embassy in Paris, France. Ambassador Adair also served as the US Vice-Consul in Bombay, India, in 1943. In 1961, he was also appointed deputy secretary general of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation in Paris.
He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States to Panama on 6 May 1965, presenting his credentials to President Marco Aurelio Robles Méndez on 13 May 1965. Adair assumed the ambassadorship during a period of difficult United States–Panama relations. In 1966, Panamanian student demonstrators struck Adair in the back with a milk carton filled with red paint. During his ambassadorship, Adair worked to rebuild relations and initiated talks that culminated in the Torrijos–Carter Treaties. He left the post on 6 September 1969. He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Uruguay on 15 September 1969, presented his credentials on 13 November 1969 and left the post on 28 September 1972. He retired from the Foreign Service in 1972.
Adair lived in Stuart, Florida, from his retirement until 1996, when he moved to Virginia. He died January 22, 2006, in Falls Church, Virginia, aged 91.
References
External links
Birth details
State Department Principal Officers of the Department and U.S. Chiefs of Mission
1914 births
2006 deaths
People from Xenia, Ohio
Ambassadors of the United States to Panama
Ambassadors of the United States to Uruguay
United States Foreign Service personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Wallace%20Adair |
is a Japanese actress, singer, and model. Mizuki is represented by the talent agency Vision Factory. Born in Nerima, Tokyo to Japanese-American parents, Mizuki began modelling for magazines and appearing in commercials at the age of four.
On March 21, 2015, she announced that she married Koji Aoyama, a president of a construction company.
History
She become a child model in 1980 and first appeared in television series in 1983, but made her official acting debut in 1991, in the Fuji TV drama Mō Dare mo Aisanai. In 1992, Mizuki landed her first leading role in the Fuji TV drama Hōkago. She later starred in the popular series Nurse no Oshigoto, which, after producing four seasons, was also made into a film, Nurse no Oshigoto: The Movie (2002). Mizuki won the Japan Academy Award for Best Newcomer for her performance in Chō Shōjo Reiko (1991) and later earned a Japan Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for her role in Bokunchi (2003).
In May 1991, Mizuki made her singing debut with the song "Densetsu no Shōjo," released through Nippon Columbia. The same year, she earned the Japan Record Award for Best Newcomer. In 1997, Mizuki officially changed the romanization of her first name from Arisa to Alisa. She left Nippon Columbia and signed with her current record label, the Avex Group subsidiary Avex Tune. As of 2011, Mizuki has released twenty-seven singles, six studio albums, and five compilation albums and has sold over 3 million total records. Mizuki is part of the group of artists that were majorly produced by Tetsuya Komuro, commonly known as the TK Family.
Mizuki has starred in several drama series for which she has also sung the theme songs to, such as Help!, Boy Hunt, and most recently Saitō-san. In 2010, Mizuki earned a place in the Guinness World Records book as the only actress to have starred in leading television roles for nineteen consecutive years.
Alongside Rie Miyazawa and Riho Makise, Mizuki was one of the top idols of the 1990s and due to their popularity and ubiquity, the trio were nicknamed "3M" by the media. She is also a successful runway and print model.
Mizuki was the inspiration behind Sailor Moon character Rei Hino, and her song "Kaze mo Sora mo Kitto..." would be used as the ending theme for Sailor Moon Sailor Stars.
Discography
Arisa (1991)
Arisa II: Shake Your Body for Me (1992)
Arisa III: Look (1994)
Cute (1995)
Innocence (1999)
SpeciAlisa (2011)
Filmography
Film
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" | Chōshōjo Reiko
| 1991
| Reiko Kudō
| Japan Academy Award for Newcomer of the Year
|-
! scope="row" | Shichigatsu Nanoka, Hare
| 1996
| Hinata Mochizuki
|
|-
! scope="row" | Nurse no Oshigoto: The Movie
| 2002
| Izumi Asakura
|
|-
! scope="row" | Bokunchi
| 2003
| Kanoko
| Nominated—Japan Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
|-
! scope="row" | Keep On Rockin'''
| 2003
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | Tobi ga Kururi to| 2005
| Minako Nakano
|
|-
! scope="row" | Baby Baby Baby!| 2009
| Yōko Sasaki
|
|-
! scope="row" | Human Trust| 2013
| Miyuki Takato
|
|-
! scope="row" | Doraemon: Nobita's Space Heroes| 2015
| Meba
| Voice only
|-
! scope="row" | JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I| 2017
| Tomoko Higashikata
|
|-
! scope="row" | Daughter of Lupin the Movie| 2021
| Rei Mikumo
|
|-
! scope="row" | Red Shoes| 2023
|
|
|-
|}
Television
Theatre
Dubbing Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (Ericka Van Helsing)Hotel Transylvania: Transformania'' (Ericka Van Helsing)
References
External links
1976 births
20th-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese actresses
Actresses from Tokyo
Avex Group artists
Japanese child actresses
Japanese child singers
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese film actresses
Japanese idols
Japanese people of American descent
Japanese radio personalities
Japanese television actresses
Japanese television personalities
Living people
Nippon Columbia artists
People from Nerima
Singers from Tokyo
20th-century Japanese women singers
20th-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa%20Mizuki |
George Sheehan may refer to:
George A. Sheehan (1918–1993), writer about the sport of running
George Sheehan (footballer), Irish soccer player during the 1890s and early 20th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Sheehan |
Proliferative phase can refer to:
a phase of wound healing
a phase of the menstrual cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferative%20phase |
The Institute for Workers' Control was founded in 1968 by Tony Topham and Ken Coates, the latter then a leader of the International Marxist Group and subsequently professor at the University of Nottingham and a member of the European Parliament from 1989 until 1999.
The Institute drew together shop stewards and militant workers to discuss workers' control of production. It grew out of the Workers' Control Conferences organised from 1964 by Voice of the Unions and the Centre for Socialist Education. From around 100 at the first meeting in Nottingham, the figure grew to some 1200 in 1969.
The Institute won sponsorship from a number of trade union leaders, including Hugh Scanlon. In the later opinion of the International Marxist Group's journal, the Institute over-accommodated to its sponsors and failed to organise its supporters: "only 26 people attended the AGM in 1970, and affiliation and membership fees have been maintained at a very high level."
External links
Coates and Topham Readings and Witnesses for Workers' Control
Socialist Renewal -- Institute for Workers' Control pamphlet series in PDF format
Organisations based in Nottingham
Politics of Nottingham
Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
University of Nottingham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Workers%27%20Control |
The Grande Sertão Veredas National Park () is a national park located on the border between the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil.
Location
The park is in the Cerrado biome.
It covers an area of and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.
It was created by decree nº 97.658 of 12 April 1989, revised on 21 May 2004.
It is in the municipality of Formoso, Minas Gerais.
Altitude ranges from .
Annual rainfall averages .
Temperature ranges from with average .
The park contains forests, savannah, cerrado and dense cerrado.
There are extensive streams (veredas) which can form oxbow lakes or larger rivers.
The terrain contains extensive sandstone plateaus covered in savannah vegetation with lower drainage areas holding the streams.
The park contains much of the upper basin of the Carinhanha River and of the sub-basins of its tributaries such as the Itaguari, Mato Grande, Preto and Canabrava.
Conservation
The park is classed as IUCN protected area category II (national park).
As a national park it has the basic objectives of preserving natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty, enabling scientific research, environmental education, outdoor recreation and eco-tourism.
Specifically the park aims to preserve the basin of the Carinhanha River, an important tributary of the São Francisco River, to preserve the streams and landscape described in the novel The Devil to Pay in the Backlands (in Portuguese Grande Sertão: Veredas) by João Guimarães Rosa, and also to preserve the flora and endemic fauna of the Cerrado.
Protected species in the park include the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), jaguar (Panthera onca), cougar (Puma concolor), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), colocolo (Leopardus colocolo), Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus), marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), Brazilian three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus) and Owl's spiny rat (Carterodon sulcidens),.
Notes
Sources
National parks of Brazil
Protected areas established in 1989
Protected areas of Bahia
Protected areas of Minas Gerais
Cerrado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande%20Sert%C3%A3o%20Veredas%20National%20Park |
Robert Kozluk (born 5 August 1977) is an English former footballer who played primarily as a right-back.
Born in Mansfield he came through the Derby County youth team ranks before turning professional in 1997 before joining Sheffield United in March 1999. He spent eight years with the Blades, and made close to 250 appearances for the club, helping them to the Premier League at the end of the 2005–06 season. A three-year spell at Barnsley followed after which he returned to Sheffield United for a further season although by this time was a rarely used squad player. He joined Port Vale on a short-term deal in September 2011, before signing with Bradford City for the remainder of the season in January 2012. He joined Ilkeston in January 2013, and retired in October of that year.
Kozluk has also had loan spells at Huddersfield Town in 2000, Preston North End in 2005 and seventeen days on loan at Wigan Athletic in 2001 where he failed to make a single first team appearance. He was also capped twice for the England under-21s.
Club career
Derby County
Kozluk started his career at Premier League Derby County, where he made his debut in the League Cup on 16 September 1997, playing the full ninety minutes of a 1–0 win over Southend United at Roots Hall. The following month he won a second start, helping the club to beat Tottenham Hotspur 2–1 at White Hart Lane in the next round of the competition. He made his league debut at Anfield on 25 October, in what ended as a 4–0 win for Liverpool. He played four games in November, starting with a 3–0 win over Arsenal and ending with a 4–0 defeat to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. In all he made twelve appearances in 1997–98.
He was in and out of the first team in 1998–99, and made ten appearances, seven of which were in the Premiership, before his transfer in March 1999.
Sheffield United
In March 1999 Kozluk signed for Sheffield United, as part of a swap deal that took Vassilios Borbokis to Derby and made his United debut in a 3–2 defeat to Tranmere Rovers at Prenton Park.
The following season, retaining his first team place under new manager Neil Warnock, Kozluk made 43 appearances, however at the start of the 2000–01 campaign he joined First Division rivals Huddersfield Town on a three-month loan deal. Having made fourteen appearances for the Terriers he returned to Sheffield United where he managed to win back his first team spot and played regularly until the end of the season.
In September 2001 Kozluk again left Bramall Lane on loan, though this time he would not make it onto the pitch for Second Division side Wigan Athletic. He returned to the Blades but found himself out of favour, playing just nine games during the 2001–02 season. Back in the first team in 2002–03, he played 35 league games scoring his first-ever senior goal with a strike against Grimsby Town on 4 March. United went on to have a memorable season as they pushed for promotion to the Premier League and reached the latter stages of both major cup competitions. Kozluk appeared in the play-off final at the Millennium Stadium, where United lost 3–0 to Wolves. and played in the club's FA Cup semi-final defeat to eventual winners Arsenal.
Kozluk made a total of 47 appearances in 2003–04, as the Blades recorded an eighth-place finish, during which he also scored the second goal of his career when he knocked one past Stoke City's Ed de Goey at the Britannia Stadium on 1 November. Injuries at the start of the season meant that Kozluk lost his place in the first team missed the whole first half of the 2004–05 campaign, the inaugural season of the Championship. He was allowed to join Championship rivals Preston North End on a one-month loan in January 2005 where he played in one FA Cup and one league games for the Lilywhites before returning to Bramall Lane where he played a further nine games before the end of the season.
United finally won promotion to the Premier League in the 2005–06 season, finishing runners up in the Championship, during which Kozluk played 27 league games. A further 20 first team appearances followed in the top flight the following season but the club failed to consolidate their top-flight status and were relegated in a final day show-down with Wigan Athletic. With the club looking to rebuild and cut costs Kozluk was released by United at the end of the season. At the time of his departure he was United's longest serving player, having made 236 league and cup appearances for the club.
Barnsley
In July 2007, Kozluk turned down a contract at Sheffield United and Leeds United to sign for Championship side Barnsley, after manager Simon Davey offered him the highest wages at the club. The club described the signing as a 'massive coup'. Helping the club to avoid relegation by the end of the 2007–08 season, he also played a role in the club reaching the FA Cup FA Cup semi-finals, helping the Tykes to overcome Liverpool at Anfield, and Chelsea at Oakwell, before ultimately losing 1–0 to Cardiff City in the semi-finals at Wembley.
Kozluk was used on the left side of defence in the 2008–09 campaign, and recorded a total of 38 appearances throughout the season. However he failed to hold down a first team place in 2009–10, and missed the last few months of the season with a knee injury. With his contract expiring and the club looking to reduce the wage bill he was released by Barnsley in June 2010.
Return to Sheffield United
In July 2010, Kozluk signed for Sheffield United for the second time on a one-year deal. Signed as a squad player he made little impact on the Blades first team until he was given a run of games by new manager Micky Adams in January. In his second start of the season he scored with a late volley against local rivals Doncaster Rovers to earn United a 2–2 draw. This was only his third career goal, and his first-ever goal at Bramall Lane in his two spells with the club. At the end of the campaign he was offered a new contract by Adams' replacement, Danny Wilson, however he turned down the offer in the hope of finding a new club.
Port Vale
Kozluk spent September 2011 training at Burton Albion whilst considering his options, before rejoining his former boss Micky Adams at League Two club Port Vale on 22 September, signing a short-term contract until 1 January 2012. This was the first time the 34-year-old would play outside of the top two tiers of English football and he faced competition for the right-back slot from Adam Yates. Having been limited to just seven appearances during his stay at Vale Park, Kozluk departed in search of a new club two days before Christmas.
Bradford City
On 11 January 2012, Bradford City signed Kozluk on a contract lasting until the end of the 2011–12 season, as manager Phil Parkinson looked to use Kozluk as cover for an injured Simon Ramsden. He made his debut on 14 January in a 2–2 home draw with Morecambe, but Kozluk was released from Bradford in May 2012 after being told his contract would not be renewed. Parkison told the press that he was looking for a younger full-back, though did not rule out re-signing Kozluk as emergency cover.
Ilkeston
Kozluk joined Northern Premier League side Ilkeston as a player-coach in January 2013, dropping outside of the English Football League for the first time. Manager Kevin Wilson said: "Although Rob has not been playing this season, he has been training regularly with Chesterfield and, in my opinion, he is still more than capable of doing a job for a Football League club. He has vast experience with more than 300 League games at a high level, and that's a commodity that we feel we're a bit short of at the moment. Obviously his ability to play in numerous positions will also be a big asset." The club finished 12th in 2012–13, and Kozluk retired in October 2013 to concentrate on a coaching role at the club.
International career
Kozluk gained two caps for the England under 21s in summer 1998, where he played in the Toulon Tournament alongside Frank Lampard and Emile Heskey.
Career statistics
Honours
Sheffield United
Championship second-place promotion: 2005–06
References
1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Mansfield
English men's footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Derby County F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Ilkeston F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
Association football coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Kozluk |
Universalist Herald is a publication of the Universalist Herald Publishing company. "Universalist Heritage and Spirit Today" and "The Oldest Continuously Published Liberal Religious Periodical in North America" are the subtitles of the modern edition.
Overview
Founded in 1847 as the Religious Reformer by C. F. R. Shehane of Wetumpka, Alabama. Beginning January 1, 1850 it became The Universalist Herald and was edited by John Crenshaw Buruss. For many years it was strictly a regional publication, serving the Universalist Church of America in Southeastern United States.
In 1896, John M. Bowers purchased and moved the paper to Canon, Georgia, and remained as publishing editor to 1911. From 1911 to 1991, it continued to be published in Canon, Georgia, under an arrangement with the Georgia Universalist Convention, serving as a regional oriented periodical. There was a succession of local editors, notably Nellie Mann Opdale, Argyle E. Houser, and Haynie Summers. Then it began to shift its focus away from regional interests with editor William Balkan from 1985 to 1991, followed by Vernon Chandler and then Justin Lapoint. From 2004 to 2012, the editor was Rich Koster, a retired minister and former truck driver who still writes with the pen name Raven. The most recent editor is David Damico of LeRoy, New York, a member of First Universalist Church of Rochester, New York, and a college professor of graphic design.
The Herald'''s main church connection was the Universalist Church of America, and then since 1961 with the Unitarian Universalist Association of Churches. It has a broader outlook and has subscribers from all over the U.S. and around the world. The corporate office is in Seven Springs, North Carolina, and the business office is in Dorchester, Massachusetts.The Universalist Herald'' is published quarterly, is owned by the Universalist Herald Publishing Company, and is governed by a Board of Directors: Linda Foshee, Hattiesburg, Mississippi; Joyce Gilbert, Rochester, New York; Rich Koster, Fort Thomas, Kentucky; Ann Malpass, Mount Olive, North Carolina; Peggy Rawheiser, Wilmington, North Carolina; Doug Shaheen, Dorchester, Massachusetts; Ken Vincent, Houston, Texas.
References
External links
Universalist Herald at www.Universalist-Herald.org
1847 establishments in Alabama
Religious magazines published in the United States
Biweekly magazines published in the United States
Christian magazines
Magazines established in 1847
Universalist Church of America
Magazines published in Alabama
Magazines published in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Universalist%20Herald |
Silver Lake, sometimes Silverlake, is an unincorporated community in Cowlitz County, Washington, in the southwestern portion of the state. Silver Lake is located east of Castle Rock along Washington State Route 504, which is also known as the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway. The area considered Silverlake is about east of Interstate 5 (I-5) and is approximately from Portland, Oregon, to the south and Seattle about to the north. The closest cities to the subject property are Castle Rock, six miles (10 km) to the west, and Toutle, four miles (6 km) east.
The Silver Lake community takes its name from the lake of the same name, which it lies on the northwest shore of. The Silver Lake community is part of the Toutle Lake School District, a K-12 school district of about 600 students. Silver Lake is about west of Mount St. Helens and near the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, which lies at the end of the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway. The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. The WDFW has planted grass carp in this lake. The grass carp have lived far longer than expected, and have destroyed much of the beneficial native vegetation. It is now legal to fish for or retain grass carp.
Silverlake also describes the associated marsh. It is home to a nature trail, and the visitor center for the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.
Geography
Silver Lake is located at .
Economy
Employment in the area is primarily centered on the cities of Longview, Kelso, and Castle Rock, which are all situated along the Interstate-5 freeway. The regional economy rests mainly on timber and tourism, but the latter has taken precedence since the decline of the timber industry. Local economic growth has remained stable due to the plethora of outdoor activities take place in the scenic Silverlake area, including camping, hunting, and fishing. Additionally, the Pacific Ocean is approximately 90 minutes west and skiing and other wilderness activities are all within an hour away.
Transport
Silverlake is served by one major road, Spirit Lake Memorial Highway, which joins I-5 in Castle Rock to the west and runs east to the US Forest Services’ Mount Saint Helens Observatory at Johnston Ridge. This highway is a two-directional arterial heading west and east with both residential and commercial development areas running alongside it. Major shopping, dining and commercial properties are located up and down the I-5 corridor.
Services
Silverlake is not an incorporated town, but relies primarily on Castle Rock and the town of Toutle for schools and services. Cowlitz County provides most services including police, fire, ambulance, water, sewer, and garbage. Gas service is provided by Cascade Natural Gas while CenturyLink and Frontier Communications provide telephone service. The area is composed of a mixture of uses that range from single-family and multi-family residential, commercial, retail, and agricultural uses. Traffic volume along Silver Lake remains consistent with approximately 1,000 cars passing it per day.
Lake
The lake itself is in size and camping is available at Seaquest State Park, which occupies along of the lakeshore. Camping, fishing, and boating also available at Silverlake Resort, Silver Cove RV Resort, Streeters Resort, and Mt. St. Helens RV Resort.
External links
Toutle Lake School District website
References
Unincorporated communities in Cowlitz County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)
Landforms of Cowlitz County, Washington
Wetlands of Washington (state)
Marshes of the United States
Protected areas of Cowlitz County, Washington | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Lake%2C%20Washington |
The Lee County Civic Center is a 7,800-seat multi-purpose arena in North Fort Myers, Florida, US. It opened in 1978.
It hosts local sporting events and concerts.
It has been the home of the Winternats since 1990, one of the oldest major Radio Controlled Car racing events in the world.
On November 15, 2008, WWE Raw superstar John Cena made a rare appearance/autograph signing and he scouted Florida Championship Wrestling talent.
References
External links
Official Website
1978 establishments in Florida
Indoor arenas in Florida
Music venues in Florida
Sports venues completed in 1978
Sports venues in Fort Myers, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20County%20Civic%20Center |
26th London Film Critics Circle Awards
8 February 2006
Film of the Year:
Brokeback Mountain
British Film of the Year:
The Constant Gardener
The 26th London Film Critics Circle Awards, honouring the best in film for 2005, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle on 8 February 2006.
Winners and nominees
Film of the Year
Brokeback Mountain
The Constant Gardener
Crash
A History of Violence
King Kong
British Film of the Year
The Constant Gardener
The Descent
Mrs Henderson Presents
Pride & Prejudice
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit
Foreign Language Film of the Year
Downfall • Germany
The Beat that My Heart Skipped • France
Caché • Austria/France
The Chorus • France
The Sea Inside • Spain
Director of the Year
Ang Lee – Brokeback Mountain
David Cronenberg – A History of Violence
Paul Haggis – Crash
Peter Jackson – King Kong
Fernando Meirelles – The Constant Gardener
British Director of the Year
Joe Wright – Pride & Prejudice
Stephen Frears – Mrs Henderson Presents
Terry George – Hotel Rwanda
Neil Marshall – The Descent
Christopher Nolan – Batman Begins
Screenwriter of the Year
Paul Haggis and Robert Moresco – Crash
Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana – Brokeback Mountain
Jeffrey Caine – The Constant Gardener
Bernd Eichinger – Downfall
Shane Black – Kiss Kiss Bang Bang
Actor of the Year
Bruno Ganz – Downfall
Don Cheadle- Hotel Rwanda
Johnny Depp – Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Heath Ledger – Brokeback Mountain
Viggo Mortensen – A History of Violence
Actress of the Year
Naomi Watts – King Kong
Maria Bello – A History of Violence
Juliette Binoche – Caché
Laura Linney – Kinsey
Catalina Sandino Moreno – Maria Full of Grace
British Actor of the Year
Ralph Fiennes – The Constant Gardener
Christian Bale – The Machinist
Chiwetel Ejiofor – Kinky Boots
Liam Neeson – Kinsey
Tom Wilkinson – Separate Lies
British Actress of the Year
Rachel Weisz – The Constant Gardener
Judi Dench – Mrs Henderson Presents
Keira Knightley – Pride & Prejudice
Kristin Scott Thomas – Keeping Mum
Emily Watson – Separate Lies
British Supporting Actor of the Year
Tom Hollander – Pride & Prejudice
Paddy Considine – Cinderella Man
Brendan Gleeson – Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
James McAvoy – The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Cillian Murphy – Batman Begins
British Supporting Actress of the Year
Thandie Newton – Crash
Brenda Blethyn- Pride & Prejudice
Sophie Okonedo – Hotel Rwanda
Rosamund Pike – Pride & Prejudice
Tilda Swinton – The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
British Newcomer of the Year
Kelly Reilly – Mrs Henderson Presents
Julian Fellowes – Separate Lies
Annie Griffin – Festival
Matthew Macfadyen – Pride & Prejudice
Joe Wright – Pride & Prejudice
British Producer of the Year
Simon Channing-Williams – The Constant Gardener
Marc Boothe, Ruth Caleb – Bullet Boy
Andrew Eaton, Michael Winterbottom – A Cock and Bull Story
Christian Colson – Separate Lies
Peter Lord – Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit
Dilys Powell Award
Bryan Forbes
References
2
2005 film awards
2005 in London
2005 in British cinema | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Film%20Critics%20Circle%20Awards%202005 |
Yarmaq was name for Khazar Khaganate currency. The term for silver coin was sheleg (it might have direct connection to the term sheqel). The currency was mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years as tribute money for Vyatichi and other Khazar subjects . Shelegs were probably minted in Kabir (Moxel, client state of Khazar Kaghanate) since approximately 5th c AD. The term for the gold coin might be oka, as they were minted in the same place and called oka ()
Etymology
The term meant since at least early Middle Ages, no other meanings had been attested.
Other versions
Ar- or yar- evolved from the verb "to cut longitudinally, to split", Turkish verb is also co-originating with the Old Turkic word ır- or yır- which means the same. The name is similar to Mongolian language word "yaarmag" meaning "market," especially outdoor ones that sell wide variety of goods.
Resources
Roman K. Kovalev. "What Does Historical Numismatics Suggest About the Monetary History of Khazaria in the Ninth Century? – Question Revisited." Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 13 (2004): 97–129.
Roman K. Kovalev. "Creating Khazar Identity through Coins: The Special Issue Dirhams of 837/8." East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages, ed. Florin Curta, pp. 220–253. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2005.
See also
Khazar coinage
Kabir coinage centre
References
Currencies of Europe
Currencies of Asia
Medieval currencies
Khazars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar%20coinage |
The John A. Lally Athletics Complex, formerly known as Manley Field House, is a multi-purpose academic and athletics village at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York. Located at the university's South Campus, it is home to 20 Syracuse Orange athletics teams and serves as a hub for over 600 student-athletes. Following announcement of a $150 million expansion plan, it was renamed the John A. Lally Athletics Complex in 2021.
History
1960s
Named after Dr. George L. Manley, a University trustee and graduate of the now defunct College of Medicine, Manley Field House was built to replace the old Archbold Gymnasium. While the facility was used primarily as a basketball facility, it was originally intended to be an indoor football practice facility. It was home to the Syracuse Orange men's and women's basketball teams, the indoor track team, and the women's volleyball team before the Carrier Dome opened in 1980. At one time it held 9,500 people for home games.
1980s and the opening of Carrier Dome
After 1980 season, Syracuse basketball started playing their games in the newly constructed Carrier Dome, now known as JMA Wireless Dome, and Manley field house was relegated to a secondary stadium status. On February 13, 1980, the Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team defeated No. 2 Syracuse 52-50 in the final game played in Manley. After the victory, Georgetown head coach John Thompson Jr. said that "Manley Field House is officially closed". With basketball out of Manley Field House, the arena was converted into an indoor practice facility for football and men's and women's lacrosse.
1990s
In the 1990s, Syracuse University developed a new football wing on Manley. The football world was a large complex with a Hall of Fame Gallery at its center. The facility was designed by a Syracuse alumni and architect Lawrence C. Apgar.
Due to the climate of Syracuse, the University had lost a recruiting edge to other schools with newer football facilities. The field house was retrofitted with FieldTurf and provided practice space for outdoor teams, which usually fight for space (usually only half of a field) in the Carrier Dome in late winter/early spring when the basketball court is still set up. Full glass windows were installed and seating was removed, creating room for nearly a full-sized football field.
2000s
On September 26, 2007, ground was broken for the new Carmelo K. Anthony Basketball Center, which houses practice courts, weight rooms, locker rooms and offices for both the men's and women's basketball teams. This freed up Manley Field House, which was the practice facility for the teams. For the 2007-2008 season, the women's basketball team played all of its home games in the Carrier Dome for the first time.
On January 27, 2008, a temporary AstroTurf-like "carpet" was installed to provide practice space for the outdoor teams until the permanent installation took place.
Recent developments
In 2015, nearby Ensley Athletic Center took over as the primary football practice facility.
In November 2021, Syracuse University announced a $150 million initiative to renovate and expand Manley Field House. The complex was renamed the John A. Lally Athletics Complex following a $25 million donation by former Syracuse offensive lineman and alumnus, John A. Lally and his wife Laura. The first phase of the multi-million dollar, years-long project began in the spring of 2022.
Facilities
The complex houses an indoor FieldTurf practice area, a three-lane running track, as well as athletics and administrative offices, academic support offices, study facilities, lockerrooms, the sports medicine complex, and the Stevenson Educational Center.
Tournaments hosted
Manley Field House hosted the ECAC Upstate Region tournament organized by the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC) in 1976 as well as a semifinal game of the 1977 ECAC South Region tournament.
References
External links
Manley Field House Information on SUAthletics.com
College basketball venues in the United States
Indoor track and field venues in New York (state)
Sports venues in Syracuse, New York
Syracuse Orange basketball venues
Syracuse Orange sports venues
1962 establishments in New York (state)
Sports venues completed in 1962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Lally%20Athletics%20Complex |
Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R
is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa.
Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are B, U (and thus K), F, R0 (and thus HV, H, and V), and JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T).
Origin
Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.
This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Coastal Migration out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia.
It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago. The northern route out of Africa is another possibility, where the expansion of haplogroup R may originate from South East Asia
Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia. Tribes and castes of Western and Southern India
show higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status. Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread out to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the Southeast Asian coast.
The Ust'-Ishim man fossil of Siberia, dated ca. 45,000 years old, belongs to haplogroup R* (formerly classified as U*).
Distribution
Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia, Americas, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa and Horn of Africa.
The basal R* clade is found among the Soqotri (1.2%), as well as in Northeast Africa (1.5%), the Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the Arabian peninsula (0.3%).
Haplogroup R has also been observed among Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Northern Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.
Subclade R2 was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from western Iran in Tepe Abdul Hosein.
Subclades
Haplogroup R
R0 or pre-HV
R0a or (preHV)1: Occurs commonly in the Arabian peninsula, with its highest frequency observed among the Soqotri. Moderate frequencies found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Central Asia.
HV: It is a west Eurasian haplogroup mainly found throughout the Middle East, including Iran. It is also found in North Africa, Central Asia and South Asia.
V: Found at moderately low frequencies around Europe; the highest frequency is in the Sami people 40%.
HV1: Mainly in the Middle East.
HV2: Mainly in South Asia.
HV3: Mainly in Eastern Europe.
H: In West Eurasia. It is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Europe.
R1
R1a* (3337): Found in Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh (India).
R1a1: Found in Northwest Caucasian people like Kabardins and Adygei people. Observed in eastern European populations like northwestern Russians and Poles.
R1b: Observed in an Eastern hunter gatherer from Karelia, Russia, dated to 5500 BCE.
R1b1: Observed in Bulgaria, Armenia (including an ancient specimen), and India
R1b1a: Observed in Uyghurs
R1b1b: Observed in Finland (including Finland Swedes)
R1b2
R1b2a: Observed in Yakuts
R1b2b: Observed in Uyghurs
pre-JT or R2'JT
R2: Found mainly in Balochistan (Pakistan).
(13500): Found in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (India).
(150, 303+1C): In Iran, Georgia and Turkey.
JT
J: The highest frequency is in the Near East (12%), 21% in Saudi Arabia. J declines towards Europe at 11%, Caucasus 8%, North Africa 6% and becomes practically missing in East Asia.
T: The highest frequency is in the Caspian region (Caucasus, Northern Iran, Turkmenistan). It is important in Europe (almost 10%), Middle East, Central Asia, Pakistan and North Africa. Small frequency in the Horn of Africa and India.
R3: Found in Armenia. Also observed in an ancient individual from Hungary, dating to 7000 years ago
R5: Widely spread in the Indian subcontinent. Specially in Madhya Pradesh (India) at 17%.
R5a
R5a1: Found within the Indo-European speaking populations of India.
R5a2: Specially among Dravidic groups of India and Sri Lanka.
R6'7 (16362) The most important presence is among Austroasiatic language-speakers from India (10%).
R6: Small frequencies in India and Pakistan found prominently in both Tamil and Kashmiri populations.
R7: In the Indian subcontinent . in
R7a: Mainly in East India, specially in Santals from Bihar and Jharkhand.
R7b: Specially in Dravidian tribes of East India.
R8: The highest frequency occurs towards East India, especially within Orissa (12%), and it is found among the Austroasiatic tribes (Munda and Khasi speakers). It is also present in low frequency among speakers of Dravidian, Indo-European, and Tibeto-Burman (e.g. Nyishi, Changpa, Sherpa).
R8a: Found mainly in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (India).
R8b: In Orissa, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh (India).
R9 (16304)
R9b: It appears mostly in Southeast Asia. Found all over Indonesia, in Indochina, Malaysia, in Aboriginal Malays like Semelai at 28% and Temuan 21%.
(249d)
R9c: All over the Malay Archipelago and Taiwan. Mainly in Batak (Palawan) at 58%, the Tsou of Taiwan (22.9%), and Alor (Indonesia) at 11%.
F: Fairly common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Higher frequencies occur in some areas like Nicobar at 50% and Arunachal Pradesh 31% (India), and Shors people from Siberia at 44%. There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Guangdong (China), Maluku (Indonesia), Thailand and Vietnam.
R11'B (16189)
R11: Found in China, mainly in Lahu people from Yunnan at 12.5%. Also in Japan, Korea, Chams, and Rajasthan (India).
B
B4: It is found often in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Madagascar and Indigenous peoples of the Americas.
B5: Spread in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
R24: Found in Philippines.
R12'21
R12: Found in Australia.
R21: In indigenous peoples of Malaysia like Jahai Negritos at 63% and Senoi 37% as well as in the Maniq of Southern Thailand and in a few other Thai and Malaysian individuals.
R14: Found in Papua New Guinea and in Austronesian speakers of East Timor and Lembata.
R22 or R12: Very frequent in the Shompen (10/29 = 34.5%). Elsewhere found mainly in south-central Indonesia (11.4% Mataram, 8.0% Waingapu, 7.3% Bali, 1.9% Borneo) and in Cham of Bình Thuận, Vietnam (7/168 = 4.2%), with singleton or sporadic occurrences in Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and Alor.
R23: Small clade found in Bali and Sumba (Indonesia).
R30
R30a: Found in Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh (India), in the Tharu people from Nepal and Sinhalese people from Sri Lanka.
R30b: Found in Punjab.
R30* (1598, 16189): Found in Punjab, Nepal and Japan.
R31
R31a: In Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh and Rajputs from Rajasthan (India).
R31b: In Reddys from Andhra Pradesh (India).
R32
Found in Mauritius
P: It is characteristic of Sahul. Found in Philippines and East Indonesia.
(16176)
P1: Widespread in Melanesia. Higher frequencies occur in Papua New Guinea. Also found in Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Polynesia.
P2'10
P2: In Melanesia, specially in New Guinea and New Caledonia.
P10: Found in Philippines.
P9 (or AuE): In Aboriginal Australians from the central region.
P3: In Australia and Melanesia.
P4: In Australia and Melanesia.
U
U1: It appears mostly in the Middle East and Caucasus. Found from India to the Mediterranean and to the rest of Europe.
U5: Approximately 11% of total Europeans and 10% of European-Americans. The highest frequency is in the Sami people.
U6: It is common in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, especially in the Maghreb. Highest frequencies of the subclade occur among Algerian Berbers (29%) and Egyptian Copts (27.6%). U6 has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt prehistoric site.
U2'3'4'7'8'9 (1811): Widely spread in West Eurasia and the Indian subcontinent.
U8
K
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
R
R0 (formerly pre-HV)
R0a
R0a1
R0a2
HV
HV0 (formerly pre-V)
HV0a
V
H
R1
R1a
R1a1
R1a1a
R2'JT
R2
JT
J
T
R5
R5a
R5a1
R5a1a
R5a2
R5a2a
R5a2b
R5a2b1
R5a2b2
R5a2b3
R5a2b4
R6'7
R6
R6a
R6a1
R6a1a
R7
R7a
R7a1
R7a1a
R7a1b
R7a1b1
R7a1b2
R7b
R7b1
R7b1a
R8 - India
R8a - Sri Lanka
R8a1
R8a1a
R8a1a1
R8a1a2
R8a1a3 - South Africa, Norway
R8a1b
R8a2
R8b
R8b1
R8b2
(16304)
R9
R9b - Cambodia, Thailand (Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province and Roi Et Province), Guinea
R9b1 - China, Uyghur, Thailand (Mon in Central Thailand, Thai in Western Thailand), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Vietnam (La Hủ), Denmark
R9b1a
R9b1a1 - Philippines (Mamanwa)
R9b1a1a - China, Thailand (Karen and Thai Lue in Northern Thailand, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province, Thai in Central Thailand and Eastern Thailand), Cambodia (Banteay Meanchey), Malaysia (Semelai, aboriginal Malay), Singapore, Indonesia (Tengger, Palembang, Padang, Manado), Vietnam (Giarai)
R9b1a2 - Taiwan (Tsou), Thailand (Lao Isan in Loei Province, Thai in Western Thailand)
R9b1a2a - China (Han from Tai'an, etc.), Vietnam (Tay, etc.), Russia (Tubalar)
R9b1a2b - China, Taiwan (Minnan, Hakka), Vietnam (Tay), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province, Tai Khuen from Northern Thailand)
R9b1a3 - Thailand, China (Han, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Nùng, etc.), Kazakhstan
R9b1b - China, Vietnam, Cambodia (Siem Reap), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province, Tai Yuan from Central Thailand, Mon from Northern Thailand)
R9b2 - Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam
R9c - China (Barghut from Hulun Buir), Taiwan
R9c1
R9c1a - Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan (Makatao), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province)
R9c1a1 - Taiwan (Makatao, Rukai, Puyuma, etc.), Guam
R9c1a2 - Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun)
R9c1a3 - Philippines (Batak of Palawan)
R9c1b
R9c1b1 - China (Han), Vietnam (Kinh, Dao), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand, Thai Lue in Northern Thailand), Myanmar
R9c1b2 - Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province), Taiwan (Makatao, etc.), Philippines (Ifugao, Bugkalot), East Timor
F
R22
R11'B (16189)
R11
R11a
B
R24
R12'21
R12
R21
R22
R14
R23
R30
R30a
R30b
R30b1
R31
R31a
R31a1
R31b
R32
P
U
References
External links
Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree R
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
R | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20R%20%28mtDNA%29 |
The 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season was the first year of the Bowl Coalition and concluded with Alabama's first national championship in thirteen years—their first since the departure of Bear Bryant. One of Bryant's former players, Gene Stallings, was the head coach, and he used a style similar to Bryant's, a smashmouth running game combined with a tough defense.
The top-tier games of the Bowl Coalition were the Sugar Bowl, Orange Bowl, Cotton Bowl Classic, and Fiesta Bowl. Under the agreement, the Sugar Bowl, Orange Bowl, and Cotton Bowl Classic hosted the Southeastern Conference, Big 8, and Southwest Conference champions, respectively, and then a pool of at large teams was formed between the Atlantic Coast Conference champ, the Big East champ, Notre Dame, and two conference runners-up from the Big 8, SWC, ACC, Big East and Pac-10. The highest ranked host team would play the highest-ranked at-large team. If the two highest ranked teams were both at-large teams, the championship game would be hosted by the Fiesta Bowl. Three other bowls—the Blockbuster Bowl, Gator Bowl, and John Hancock Bowl—were second-tier games of the Bowl Coalition.
For this year, (host) SEC champ Alabama played (at-large) Big East Champ Miami-FL, the Orange Bowl featured (host) Big-8 champ Nebraska and (at-large) ACC champ Florida St., the Cotton Bowl Classic featured (host) SWC champ Texas A&M and (at-large) independent Notre Dame, and the Fiesta Bowl featured (at-large) Big East runner up Syracuse and (at-large) Big 8 runner up Colorado.
The 1992 season also saw the expansion of the SEC and the first conference championship game to be played in the country. Before the 1992 season, the Arkansas Razorbacks and the South Carolina Gamecocks joined the SEC, which expanded the conference to twelve teams. The conference then split into two divisions, and the winner of each division would face off in the SEC Championship Game in Birmingham's historic Legion Field (later moved to Atlanta's Georgia Dome, in 1994). In the first year of the new system, Alabama won the SEC West, Florida won the SEC East, and the Tide won the match-up 28–21 on an Antonio Langham interception return for a touchdown in the closing minutes.
In the Sugar Bowl, to decide the national champion, Miami came in a heavy favorite with even heavier swagger. The Tide defense, however, with its eleven-man fronts and zone blitzes, heavily confused Heisman Trophy winner Gino Torretta and Alabama won in a defensive rout, 34–13.
In other circles, the Big West Conference lost two members; Fresno State left for the WAC and Long Beach State stopped sponsoring football, but they also gained a member in Nevada, which made the jump from Division I-AA. Nevada went 5–1 in conference, winning the Big West championship and representing the conference in the 1992 Las Vegas Bowl (formerly the California Bowl held in Fresno, California).
Rule changes
Fumbles could now be recovered and advanced by the defense anywhere on the field (previously it only applied to fumbles beyond the line of scrimmage), except for backward passes and muffed punts/kickoffs, which could be recovered by the defense but not advanced.
Today, the defense is still not allowed to advance muffed kicks, but has been allowed to advance backward passes since 1998.
While overtime was not introduced for regular-season games until 1996 (and Division I-A bowl games in 1995), the Kansas tiebreaker procedure was permitted (but not needed) for the SEC Championship Game beginning in 1992. Both teams would be allowed a chance to score by beginning their drive at the opponent's 25-yard-line.
Conference and program changes
Florida State played its first season of ACC football in 1992 after many years as an independent. The Seminoles had joined the ACC in all other sports in 1991.
Arkansas and the South Carolina joined the SEC, expanding the conference to twelve teams. Both the Razorbacks and the Gamecocks had joined the SEC in all other sports in 1991.
Akron joined the Mid-American Conference.
Fresno State departed the Big West for the WAC and were replaced by Nevada, formerly of Division I-AA.
Long Beach State dropped its football program, which had been a member of the Big West.
Regular season
September
Miami and Washington, the co-champions of the 1991 season, were again ranked No. 1 and No. 2 in the preseason poll for 1992. They were followed by No. 3 Notre Dame, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Florida State. None of the top five teams had started their schedule by the time the second poll was taken, but the AP voters dropped Florida to No. 6 behind No. 4 Florida State and No. 5 Michigan.
September 5: No. 1 Miami won 24-7 at No. 23 Iowa, No. 2 Washington visited Arizona State for a 31-7 win, and No. 3 Notre Dame beat Northwestern 42-7 in Chicago. No. 4 Florida State, playing their first year in the ACC after having previously been an independent, defeated Duke 48-21. Neither No. 5 Michigan nor No. 6 Florida had started their schedules, but the voters shuffled them again in the next poll: No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Washington, No. 3 Notre Dame, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Florida State, with Michigan dropping to sixth.
September 12: No. 1 Miami was idle. No. 2 Washington defeated Wisconsin 27-10. No. 3 Notre Dame played No. 6 Michigan to a 17-17 tie; the Irish came back from a 10-point fourth-quarter deficit but ran out of time on their final drive. No. 4 Florida started their season with a 35-19 win over Kentucky, and No. 5 Florida State edged No. 15 Clemson 24-20. No. 7 Texas A&M beat Tulsa 19-9 and moved into the top five in the next poll: No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Washington, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Texas A&M.
September 19: No. 1 Miami shut out Florida A&M 38-0, No. 2 Washington beat No. 12 Nebraska 29-14, and No. 3 Florida State won 34-13 at No. 16 North Carolina State. No. 4 Florida fell 31-14 at No. 14 Tennessee, while No. 5 Texas A&M visited Missouri for a 26-13 victory and No. 6 Michigan defeated Oklahoma State 35-3. The top five in the next poll were No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Washington, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Michigan, and No. 5 Texas A&M.
September 26: No. 1 Miami barely escaped Arizona, coming away with an 8-7 victory only when the Wildcats missed a field goal with time running out. No. 2 Washington and No. 5 Texas A&M were idle. No. 3 Florida State defeated Wake Forest 35-7, and No. 4 Michigan overwhelmed Houston 61-7. Miami’s close call led the AP voters to drop them out of first place in the next poll: No. 1 Washington, No. 2 Miami, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Michigan, and No. 5 Texas A&M.
October
October 3: No. 1 Washington beat No. 20 USC 17-10, with the key play being a late-game interception in the end zone. The game between No. 2 Miami and No. 3 Florida State was remarkably similar to their matchup from the previous year. Despite being held without an offensive touchdown, the Seminoles led 16-10 in the fourth quarter (they had returned the opening kickoff for a TD and kicked three field goals), but the Hurricanes drove for a touchdown and later increased their lead to 19-16 by forcing a safety. Florida State got the ball back with 95 seconds left and drove to the Miami 22-yard line, but for the second year in a row their kicker’s field goal attempt went wide right as time ran out. No. 4 Michigan defeated Iowa 52-28. No. 5 Texas A&M’s game also came down to a last-second field goal, but this time the kick was successful in delivering the Aggies a 19-17 win over Texas Tech. No. 7 Tennessee shut out LSU 20-0 and moved up in the next poll: No. 1 Washington, No. 2 Miami, No. 3 Michigan, No. 4 Tennessee, and No. 5 Texas A&M.
October 10: No. 1 Washington defeated No. 24 California 35-16, No. 2 Miami survived a third straight close game with a 17-14 win at No. 7 Penn State, and No. 3 Michigan beat Michigan State 35-10. No. 4 Tennessee held a commanding lead over Arkansas with a few minutes left, but the Razorbacks (playing their first season in the SEC after moving from their longtime home in the SWC) scored a touchdown, recovered an onside kick, and converted a game-ending field goal for a 25-24 victory. No. 5 Texas A&M was idle, while No. 6 Alabama shut out Tulane 37-0. For the third time in four weeks, Texas A&M was jumped by a lower-ranked team which had pulled off an impressive win: No. 1 Washington, No. 2 Miami, No. 3 Michigan, No. 4 Alabama, and No. 5 Texas A&M.
October 17: No. 1 Washington won 24-3 at Oregon. No. 2 Miami finally had an easy victory, 45-10 over TCU. No. 3 Michigan beat Indiana 31-3, No. 4 Alabama defeated No. 13 Tennessee 17-10 thanks to a late-game interception, and No. 5 Texas A&M won 35-9 over Rice. Washington and Miami tied for No. 1 in the next poll, with the following three teams remaining the same.
October 24: No. 1 Washington beat Pacific 31-7, while fellow No. 1 Miami won 43-23 at Virginia Tech. No. 3 Michigan defeated Minnesota 63-13, No. 4 Alabama won 31-10 over Mississippi, and No. 5 Texas A&M had a controversial 19-13 win over Baylor (a first-quarter Baylor touchdown was nullified on a disputed call, and the Bears later lost the opportunity to kick a field goal when the operator failed to stop the clock after an incomplete pass). Miami was elevated to the sole No. 1 spot in the next poll, with Washington falling to No. 2 and the other teams remaining the same.
October 31: No. 1 Miami defeated West Virginia 35-23, No. 2 Washington beat No. 15 Stanford 41-7, and No. 3 Michigan won 24-17 at Purdue. No. 4 Alabama was idle, and No. 5 Texas A&M was a 41-7 victor at SMU. The AP voters shuffled the order of the top teams in the next poll: No. 1 Washington, No. 2 Miami, No. 3 Alabama, No. 4 Michigan, and No. 5 Texas A&M.
November–December
November 7: No. 1 Washington visited No. 12 Arizona, the same team which had nearly upset Miami six weeks earlier. The Huskies were not so fortunate, falling 16-3. No. 2 Miami was idle. No. 3 Alabama won 31-11 at LSU, No. 4 Michigan went to Northwestern for a 40-7 win, No. 5 Texas A&M beat Louisville 40-18, and No. 6 Florida State moved back into the top five with a 69-21 defeat of Maryland: No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Alabama, No. 3 Michigan, No. 4 Texas A&M, and No. 5 Florida State.
November 12–14: No. 1 Miami shut out Temple 48-0. No. 2 Alabama won 30-21 at No. 16 Mississippi State, clinching the SEC Western Division title and a berth in the conference’s first-ever championship game. Having already tied Notre Dame in their first game of the season, No. 3 Michigan repeated the process with a 22-22 deadlock against Illinois. Nevertheless, the Wolverines were far enough ahead in the Big Ten standings to clinch the conference title and a Rose Bowl berth. No. 4 Texas A&M beat Houston 38-30, and No. 5 Florida State overwhelmed Tulane 70-7. No. 6 Washington beat Oregon State 45-16, earning the Pac-10 crown and a bowl matchup with Michigan. The next poll featured No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Alabama, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Texas A&M, and No. 5 Washington.
November 21: No. 1 Miami held No. 8 Syracuse to negative-one offensive yards in the first half. The Orangemen mounted a comeback, but the Hurricanes came away with a 16-10 win when a Syracuse receiver was tackled at the Miami 3-yard line as time ran out. No. 2 Alabama and No. 3 Florida State were idle. No. 4 Texas A&M clinched the SWC title and a Cotton Bowl berth with a 37-10 victory over TCU, but No. 5 Washington finished their season with a 42-23 loss at Washington State. No. 6 Michigan closed their year with yet another tie (13-13 at No. 17 Ohio State), giving idle No. 7 Notre Dame the opportunity to move up in the next poll: No. 1 Miami, No. 2 Alabama, No. 3 Florida State, No. 4 Texas A&M, and No. 5 Notre Dame.
November 26–28: No. 1 Miami wrapped up an undefeated regular season with a 63-17 win at San Diego State, No. 2 Alabama shut out Auburn 17-0, No. 3 Florida State beat No. 6 Florida 45-24, No. 4 Texas A&M won 34-13 at Texas, and No. 5 Notre Dame visited No. 19 USC for a 31-23 victory. The top five remained the same in the next poll.
College football’s first-ever conference championship game was played on December 5, when No. 2 Alabama met No. 12 Florida for the SEC title and a Sugar Bowl berth. The Gators came back from a 14-point deficit to tie the game in the fourth quarter, but an interception return for a touchdown sealed a 28-21 Alabama victory. Thus, the Crimson Tide would face No. 1 Miami for the national championship. No. 3 Florida State would play in the Orange Bowl against No. 11 Nebraska, the Big 8 champion. No. 4 Texas A&M was undefeated and untied, but their relatively light schedule took them out of championship contention; they would face No. 5 Notre Dame in the Cotton Bowl. The major postseason matchups were rounded out by No. 6 Syracuse against No. 10 Colorado in the Fiesta Bowl and No. 7 Michigan against No. 9 Washington in the Rose Bowl.
Conference standings
No. 1 and No. 2 progress
Until the November 10, 1992, poll, No. 1 and No. 2 shifted between Miami and Seattle, as the Miami Hurricanes and the Washington Huskies were only points apart at the top. In the preseason poll, Miami had 40 of the 62 first place votes cast, and Washington 12. After both teams went 5–0, they each got first place votes from 31 electors, split 31½ each, and on October 13, the Huskies were ahead by a single point 1,517½ to 1,516½. The following week, there was a tie for first place for the first time in the history of the AP poll, with Miami and Washington each collecting 1,517 points (Miami had more first place votes, 31 to 30, as another writer went with 7–0–0 Alabama). The next week, Miami was ahead 1,517 to 1,516, and the week after, Washington was on top again. On November 7, the Huskies lost at Arizona, 16–3 to fall to 8–1–0. In the remaining polls, Miami was the clear cut favorite for No. 1, with 61 of the 62 votes, and Alabama was everyone's favorite No. 2. Both finished the regular season unbeaten. Since Miami was an "at-large" school, and Alabama was the highest ranked of the "host schools" (qualifying for the Sugar Bowl as the Southeastern Conference champion), the No. 1 vs. No. 2 matchup would take place in New Orleans.
Bowl games
Final rankings
Final AP Poll
Alabama
Florida State
Miami (FL)
Notre Dame
Michigan
Syracuse
Texas A&M
Georgia
Stanford
Florida
Washington
Tennessee
Colorado
Nebraska
Washington State
Mississippi
N.C. State
Ohio State
North Carolina
Hawaii
Boston College
Kansas
Mississippi State
Fresno State
Wake Forest
Final Coaches Poll
Alabama
Florida State
Miami (FL)
Notre Dame
Michigan
Texas A&M
Syracuse
Georgia
Stanford
Washington
Florida
Tennessee
Colorado
Nebraska
N.C. State
Mississippi
Washington State
North Carolina
Ohio State
Hawaii
Boston College
Fresno State
Kansas
Penn State
Wake Forest
Awards and honors
Heisman Trophy voting
The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player
Other major awards
Maxwell Award (College Player of the Year) - Gino Torretta, Miami-FL
Walter Camp Award (Back) - Gino Torretta
Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) - Gino Torretta
Doak Walker Award (Running Back) - Garrison Hearst, Georgia
Dick Butkus Award (Linebacker) - Marvin Jones, Florida State
Lombardi Award (Lineman or Linebacker) - Marvin Jones, Florida State
Outland Trophy (Interior Lineman) - Will Shields, Nebraska
Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive Back) - Deon Figures, Colorado
AFCA Coach of the Year - Gene Stallings, Alabama
Paul "Bear" Bryant Coach of the Year - Gene Stallings, Alabama
Coaching changes
In-season
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20NCAA%20Division%20I-A%20football%20season |
Sir Robert Henry Woods (27 April 1865 – 8 September 1938) was an Irish surgeon and otorhinolaryngologist and also an Independent Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom Parliament.
Personal life
He was born at Tullamore, King's County (now County Offaly), the son of Christopher Woods and Dorothea Lowe.
He attended Wesley College, Dublin and Trinity College Dublin as well as studying in Vienna, before graduating in medicine in 1889.
In August 1894, he married Margaret Shaw, daughter of county court judge James Johnston Shaw; they raised five children.
He became President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland 1910–11. He was Professor of Laryngology and Otology at Trinity College. He was knighted in 1913.
Political career
He was MP for Dublin University between 1918 and 1922, having previously been defeated in a 1917 by-election for the same constituency.
Woods left the House of Commons at the dissolution of 1922 when his constituency ceased to be represented in the House of Commons.
Death
Robert Henry Woods died in Ballybrack, Dublin on 8 September 1938, aged 73.
References
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Vol. III 1919-1945, edited by M. Stenton & S. Lees (The Harvester Press 1979)
External links
1865 births
1938 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Independent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Irish knights
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
UK MPs 1918–1922
Politicians from County Offaly
Academics of Trinity College Dublin
Teachtaí Dála for Dublin University
People from Tullamore, County Offaly
Irish surgeons
Otolaryngologists
People educated at Wesley College, Dublin
People from Howth
Medical doctors from County Offaly
Members of the 1st Dáil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Woods%20%28surgeon%29 |
In aviation, the Cook–Craigie plan is an approach to the development process of civil and military aircraft, designed to reduce the time needed to bring a new design into service. In the late 1940s, US Air Force Major Generals Laurence C. Craigie, deputy chief of staff for development, and Orval R. Cook, deputy chief of staff for materiel, proposed that new designs should move directly into the production phase without the construction of prototypes. Since then, this approach has been used in an increasing number of aviation projects.
Method
In traditional aircraft design, after the design drawings (or "blueprints") are prepared, a small series of prototype aircraft are constructed in order to test the concept. Data from the flight tests influences the revisions that are made to the design. If these changes are wide-ranging and/or significant, more prototypes have to be built. Once the prototype cycle is complete, the development can enter the "pre-production" stage and further evaluation. Once this stage is completed satisfactorily, series production can begin.
The Cook–Craigie plan promoted the elimination of the entire prototype cycle and entering straight into the pre-production stage. If these examples flew as expected, production could start immediately. The plan required considerable confidence in the design from the outset; if the design had an inherent flaw, the jigs used during pre-production would have to be replaced. The plan seems inherently more dangerous than the traditional prototype cycle, but Cook and Craigie argued that for the advanced designs that were entering service in the late 1940s, any prototype was likely to be so different from the production variant that any data collected could be entirely misleading. Moreover, since several aircraft designs are typically ordered for competitive testing, the chance that all of the designs would fail is extremely low, and if even one design passes testing, it can immediately enter production.
One of the first designs to use the plan was the F-102 Delta Dagger. Although this design had a number of new features, it was based to a large degree on the earlier XF-92 prototype, and thus considered to be a fairly well understood design. This confidence proved to be misplaced, as the F-102 underwent a lengthy series of upgrades, and was eventually replaced in service by a redesigned version, the F-106 Delta Dart. Another example of the Cook–Craigie method is the development of the Avro CF-105 Arrow, which passed through the testing phase with few required changes.
As the potential of computer-aided design has increased since the 1950s, aircraft designs have generally performed much closer to their original goals. For example, the production specification of the Boeing 777 was within 20 lb of its predicted weight. Today the Cook–Craigie approach is used as standard, and no longer known as such.
References
Aircraft components
Industrial processes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%E2%80%93Craigie%20plan |
In cellular biology, P-bodies, or processing bodies, are distinct foci formed by phase separation within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consisting of many enzymes involved in mRNA turnover. P-bodies are highly conserved structures and have been observed in somatic cells originating from vertebrates and invertebrates, plants and yeast. To date, P-bodies have been demonstrated to play fundamental roles in general mRNA decay, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, adenylate-uridylate-rich element mediated mRNA decay, and microRNA (miRNA) induced mRNA silencing. Not all mRNAs which enter P-bodies are degraded, as it has been demonstrated that some mRNAs can exit P-bodies and re-initiate translation. Purification and sequencing of the mRNA from purified processing bodies showed that these mRNAs are largely translationally repressed upstream of translation initiation and are protected from 5' mRNA decay.
P-bodies were originally proposed to be the sites of mRNA degradation in the cell and involved in decapping and digestion of mRNAs earmarked for destruction. Later work called this into question suggesting P bodies store mRNA until needed for translation.
In neurons, P-bodies are moved by motor proteins in response to stimulation. This is likely tied to local translation in dendrites.
History
P-bodies were first described in the scientific literature by Bashkirov et al. in 1997, in which they describe "small granules… discrete, prominent foci" as the cytoplasmic location of the mouse exoribonuclease mXrn1p. It wasn’t until 2002 that a glimpse into the nature and importance of these cytoplasmic foci was published., when researchers demonstrated that multiple proteins involved with mRNA degradation localize to the foci. Their importance was recognized after experimental evidence was obtained pointing to P-bodies as the sites of mRNA degradation in the cell. The researchers named these structures processing bodies or "P bodies". During this time, many descriptive names were used also to identify the processing bodies, including "GW-bodies" and "decapping-bodies"; however "P-bodies" was the term chosen and is now widely used and accepted in the scientific literature. Recently evidence has been presented suggesting that GW-bodies and P-bodies may in fact be different cellular components. The evidence being that GW182 and Ago2, both associated with miRNA gene silencing, are found exclusively in multivesicular bodies or GW-bodies and are not localized to P-bodies. Also of note, P-bodies are not equivalent to stress granules and they contain largely non-overlapping proteins. The two structures support overlapping cellular functions but generally occur under different stimuli. Hoyle et al. suggests a novel site termed EGP bodies, or stress granules, may be responsible for mRNA storage as these sites lack the decapping enzyme.
Associations with microRNA
microRNA mediated repression occurs in two ways, either by translational repression or stimulating mRNA decay. miRNA recruit the RISC complex to the mRNA to which they are bound. The link to P-bodies comes by the fact that many, if not most, of the proteins necessary for miRNA gene silencing are localized to P-bodies, as reviewed by Kulkarni et al. (2010). These proteins include, but are not limited to, the scaffold protein GW182, Argonaute (Ago), decapping enzymes and RNA helicases.
The current evidence points toward P-bodies as being scaffolding centers of miRNA function, especially due to the evidence that a knock down of GW182 disrupts P-body formation. However, there remain many unanswered questions about P-bodies and their relationship to miRNA activity. Specifically, it is unknown whether there is a context dependent (stress state versus normal) specificity to the P-body's mechanism of action. Based on the evidence that P-bodies sometimes are the site of mRNA decay and sometimes the mRNA can exit the P-bodies and re-initiate translation, the question remains of what controls this switch. Another ambiguous point to be addressed is whether the proteins that localize to P-bodies are actively functioning in the miRNA gene silencing process or whether they are merely on standby.
Protein composition
In 2017, a new method to purify processing bodies was published. Hubstenberger et al. used fluorescence-activated particle sorting (a method based on the ideas of fluorescence-activated cell sorting) to purify processing bodies from human epithelial cells. From these purified processing bodies they were able to use mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing to determine which proteins and RNAs are found in processing bodies, respectively. This study identified 125 proteins that are significantly associated with processing bodies. Notably this work provided the most compelling evidence up to this date that P-bodies might not be the sites of degradation in the cell and instead used for storage of translationally repressed mRNA. This observation was further supported by single molecule imaging of mRNA by the Chao group in 2017.
In 2018, Youn et al. took a proximity labeling approach called BioID to identify and predict the processing body proteome. They engineered cells to express several processing body-localized proteins as fusion proteins with the BirA* enzyme. When the cells are incubated with biotin, BirA* will biotinylate proteins that are nearby, thus tagging the proteins within processing bodies with a biotin tag. Streptavidin was then used to isolate the tagged proteins and mass spectrometry to identify them. Using this approach, Youn et al. identified 42 proteins that localize to processing bodies.
References
Further reading
Molecular biology
Biochemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-bodies |
Jamie A. Korab, ONL (born November 28, 1979 in Harbour Grace, Newfoundland) is a Canadian curler and politician. Korab was the lead for the gold medal-winning Canadian men's team at the 2006 Winter Olympics skipped by Brad Gushue. In the 2017 Newfoundland and Labrador municipal elections, Korab was elected to St. John's City Council representing Ward 3.
Career
Korab played in two Canadian Junior Curling Championships and three Briers before playing at the Olympics.
At the 1997 Canadian Juniors, he played as a third for Randy Turpin. At the 2000 Canadian Juniors, he joined up Gushue as his second and they went all the way to the junior finals that year, losing to British Columbia's Brad Kuhn in the final. It was his last year as juniors, so he had to leave the team, but rejoined them for the 2003 Nokia Brier. He would play as Gushue's second once again at the 2004 Nokia Brier and moved back to his lead at the 2005 Tim Hortons Brier. In 2005, the team added two-time world champion Russ Howard at second, which gave them a victory at the Canadian Olympic trials and a berth to the 2006 Olympic Games, where they won the gold medal, defeating Finland's Markku Uusipaavalniemi 10–4 in the final.
On April 5, 2007, it was officially announced that Korab was cut from the Gushue rink during a team meeting the night before. The move was said to be due to a team chemistry issue and not reflective of his curling ability. According to an interview aired on NTV news on April 5, 2007, there is speculation on Korab's part that the move may have been at least somewhat motivated by a verbal exchange between Korab and skip Brad Gushue some time before. It is also possible there was an issue between Korab and Chris Schille, the team's new second as of the beginning of the 2006–07 season.
For the 2007–08 curling season, Korab played second on a team consisting of Olympic teammate Mike Adam, Ryan LeDrew and Mark Noseworthy.
In April 2008, Brad Gushue announced that Korab would once again be a part of his team for the 2008–09 curling season. In 2010, after two seasons with Gushue, winning a Grand Slam of Curling and finishing a disappointing 4th at the 2009 & 2010 Briers, Korab decided to take some time off from curling. He helped to coach Heather Strong's rink from St. John's from the 2010–13 season. The team won the NL provincials and participated in the 2012 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Red Deer. Korab's wife (Stephanie) was also on that team.
Korab was brought on to be Gushue's alternate at the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier and the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier.
Politics
In 2013, Korab ran for the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador's nomination in the riding of Carbonear-Harbour Grace for a by-election held there. Before the by-election was held, Korab withdrew from the race.
In 2017, Korab announced his intention to run in the St. John's municipal election to represent Ward 3 of the city on the St. John's City Council. He was easily elected, winning 63% of the vote. He was re-elected in 2021, with 47% of the vote.
Personal life
Korab attended St. Francis High School. He is currently a Real Estate Agent with RE/MAX in St. John's.
Korab is married to Stephanie Korab, and the couple had their first child in 2013. It was the birth of his child that motivated Korab to step back from full-time professional curling in order to spend more time with family.
Korab is involved with many charities and currently sits on the board of directors for Kids Eat Smart.
Awards
Brier: Second Team All-Star, Second – 2004
References
External links
Curlers from Newfoundland and Labrador
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
Members of the Order of Newfoundland and Labrador
1979 births
People from Harbour Grace
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic curlers for Canada
Olympic medalists in curling
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Canadian sportsperson-politicians
Canadian male curlers
Continental Cup of Curling participants
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador city councillors
Sportspeople from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Canada Cup (curling) participants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Korab |
In criminology and sociology, the dark figure of crime, or hidden figure of crime, is the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime.
Methodology
This gap between reported and unreported crimes calls the reliability of official crime statistics into question, but all measures of crime have a dark figure to some degree. The gap in official statistics is largest for less serious crimes.
Comparisons between official statistics, such as the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Incident-Based Reporting System, and victim studies, such as the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), attempt to provide an insight into the amount of unreported crime.
Self-report studies are also used in comparison with official statistics and organized datasets to assess the dark of crime.
See also
There are known knowns
Under-reporting
References
Further reading
Moore, S. (1996). Investigating Crime and Deviance. Harpers Collins. , pages 211–220.
Coleman, C., & Moynihan, J. (1996). Understanding crime data: haunted by the dark figure. Open University Press. .
Crime statistics
Law enforcement theory
Criminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20figure%20of%20crime |
In the United States and Canada, certified funds are a form of payment that is guaranteed to clear or settle by the company certifying the funds.
When making certain types of transactions, such as purchasing real property, motor vehicles and other items that require title, the seller usually requires a guarantee that the payment method used will satisfy the obligations. To do this, the seller will require certified funds, usually in the form of:
Certified check
Cashier's check (known as a bank draft in Canada)
Money order
Manager's check
Wire transfer
Specifically, personal checks are not allowed, as the account may not have sufficient funds, and credit cards are not allowed, as the transaction may later be disputed or reversed.
Checks sent by a bank bill payment service can fall into an ambiguous state, since the funds are typically removed from the sender's account before the check is mailed, received and deposited into the recipient's account, resulting in the possibility of the check being lost.
Sometimes steps may be taken to ensure that certified funds cannot easily be forged. These steps can include various unique stamps, inks and hole punchers, as well as the assistance of a machine such as a protectograph. Unfortunately, these steps cannot prevent someone from erasing the payee's name and writing in their own name. Fraud is specifically not reimbursed by many issuers of money orders (e.g. Western Union), and so has to go through local police. The perpetrator can then claim "identity theft" to the investigating detective. Such money orders can be obtained from places like rent-drop boxes.
References
Payment systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified%20funds |
(English: The Absinthe Drinker or Glass of Absinthe) is a painting by Edgar Degas, painted between 1875 and 1876. Its original title was , a name often used today.
Other early titles were A sketch of a French Café and Figures at Café. Then, when exhibited in London in 1893, the title was changed to , the name by which the painting is now commonly known. It is in the permanent collection of the Musée d'Orsay in Paris.
Description
Painted in 1875–76, the work portrays a woman and man sitting side-by-side, drinking a glass of absinthe. They appear lethargic and lonely. The man, wearing a hat, looks to the right off the edge of the canvas, while the woman, dressed more formally in fashionable dress and hat, stares vacantly downward. A glass filled with absinthe is on the table in front of her. The models used in the painting are Ellen Andrée, an actress who also appeared in Édouard Manet's paintings Chez le père Lathuille and Plum Brandy, and Marcellin Desboutin, a painter and etcher. The café where they are taking their refreshment is the Café de la Nouvelle-Athènes in Paris.
Reception
At its first showing in 1876, the picture was panned by critics, who called it ugly and disgusting. It was put into storage until being exhibited again in 1892, but was again treated with derision. The painting was shown again at the Grafton Gallery in England in 1893, this time entitled , where it sparked even greater controversy. The people and the absinthe represented in the painting were considered by English critics to be shockingly degraded and uncouth. Many regarded the painting as a blow to morality; this was the general view of such Victorians as Sir William Blake Richmond and Walter Crane when shown the painting in London. That reaction was typical of the age, revealing the deep suspicion with which Victorian England had regarded art in France since the early days of the Barbizon School, and the desire to find a morally uplifting lesson in works of art. Many English critics viewed the picture as a warning lesson against absinthe, and the French in general. The comment by George Moore on the woman depicted was: "What a whore!" He added, "the tale is not a pleasant one, but it is a lesson". However, in his book Modern Painting, Moore regretted assigning a moral lesson to the work, claiming that "the picture is merely a work of art, and has nothing to do with drink or sociology."
See also
Cultural references to absinthe
Automat, similar subject
The Plum, similar subject
References
Further reading
External links
Green Fairy: The symbol of liberté — Examines as a fitting example of the "nervous fear that the decadent ways of the Continent might reach the shores of the British Isles".
Musée d'Orsay discussion of the painting
Degas: The Artist's Mind, exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art fully available online as PDF, which contains material on (see index)
1876 paintings
Absinthe
Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay
Paintings by Edgar Degas
Food and drink paintings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Absinthe |
Sanary-sur-Mer (, literally Sanary on Sea; ), popularly known as Sanary, is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, Southeastern France. In 2018, it had a population of 16,696. Sanary-sur-Mer is located in coastal Provence on the Mediterranean Sea, west of Toulon and southeast of Marseille. It can be reached from Paris by TGV in less than four hours. In high season there are direct flights to nearby Toulon–Hyères Airport from London, Oslo, Brussels and Rotterdam.
History
The seafront location was part of the commune of Ollioules. In the 16th century the seigneur established a fishing village here, clustered around the medieval watchtower, under the protection of "Sanct Nazari" of Lérins Abbey. The port was constructed and the harbour deepened in the mid-16th century. The little fishing port known in the Provençal dialect of Occitan (or in Provençal if considered as a distinct language) as Sant Nazari, later Sant Nàri, contracted later on as Sanàri, was finally granted its independence from Ollioules by Louis XIV of France on 10 July 1688. On 12 November 1890 it officially received its Francised name, Sanary, which was formalised and distinguished as "sur-Mer" ("on Sea") on 27 July 1923.
As a tourist rendezvous, the village underwent a strong decade of growth in the 1980s. Sanary-sur-Mer's coastline has a number of small beaches; it is an active village all year round, unlike most small towns on the Mediterranean coast. Sanary-sur-Mer is one of the sunniest places in France, with an average of only 61 days of rain, mostly in winter, as well as major solar radiation (6,156 MJ/m2/yr), comparable to Sicily. It is regularly swept by the Mistral, a strong wind coming from the Rhône Valley, which brings low humidity around 20%, gusts up to , cool temperatures, sun and deep blue skies. Wind is near gale force or higher on average 115 days per year (storm force eight days per year), making Sanary a favourite destination for windsurfers.
Population
Main sights
Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Pitié: From this chapel built in 1560 on a headland west of the town, the visitor sees a broad view over the bay of Sanary. It has a large number of ex-voto votive offerings.
Église Saint Nazaire: A Gothic Revival church of the late 19th century, Michel Pacha, architect.
Tour romane: A medieval construction, circa 1300.
Port: Sanary has a large collection of traditional wooden fishing boats, mainly the local "pointus". It also has a small fleet of artisan fishermen, who sell their catch every morning.
Portissol: The nicest beach in Sanary.
Market: Every morning there is a Provençal market under the plane trees, with much fresh produce.
Jacques Cousteau had a house in Sanary, the Villa Baobab. He was a pioneer of deep sea diving equipment, which he invented and developed around Sanary. The Frédéric Dumas International Diving Museum (Musée Frédéric-Dumas) is in a 13th-century Romanesque tower made available by the municipality; it bills itself as an historical city of diving. Frédéric Dumas was a co-inventor with Cousteau of the aqua-lung.
Sanary was the birthplace of Ernest Blanc (1923–2010), a distinguished operatic baritone who enjoyed a long international career.
Sanary hosts every year during the month of May the prestigious international photography festival PHOTOMED, now also held in parallel in Beirut.
Literary Sanary
With the rise of Nazism in the early 1930s, a great number of German writers and intellectuals left Germany and settled here: the playwright Bertold Brecht, Egon Erwin Kisch, Thomas Mann, Ludwig Marcuse, Joseph Roth, Franz Werfel and his wife Alma Mahler widow of Gustav Mahler at Le Moulin Gris (near the Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Pitié), Lion Feuchtwanger at Villa Lazare then at Villa Valmer, and Arnold Zweig. Patronised by Jean Cocteau and his coterie, Sanary had already drawn Aldous Huxley, who wrote Brave New World at Villa Huley, and his wife, Maria; they attracted other English visitors, such as D. H. Lawrence and his wife, Frieda; Julian Huxley and his wife, Juliette; and others. The German expatriates clustered around Thomas Mann and his large family, his brother Heinrich and his wife (the model for Blue Angel), the writers Stefan Zweig and Arnold Zweig, the art critic Julius Meier-Graefe, and the artist René Schickele. Sybille von Schoenebeck (later, as Sybille Bedford, the author of A Legacy) lived here with her mother. Ludwig Marcuse in his book "Mein Zwanzigstes Jahrhundert" (p. 160) wrote about Sanary: "Wir wohnten im Paradies – notgedrungen", meaning "We lived in paradise – against our will".
"If one lives in exile," wrote Hermann Kesten, "The café becomes at once the family home, the nation, church and parliament, a desert and a place of pilgrimage, cradle of illusions and their cemetery... In exile, the café is the one place where life goes on."
With the declaration of war in 1939, the French government treated these exiles as enemy aliens and interned some of them in camps like the concentration Camp des Milles near Aix-en-Provence, and eventually some were sent to Auschwitz. After the liberation of France, the whole episode went ignored until the 1990s when, perhaps thanks to the increasing number of tourists from Germany, a commemorative plaque was unveiled, and literary itineraries were signposted.
International relations
Sanary-sur-Mer is twinned with:
Luino, Italy, since 2001
Bad Säckingen, Germany, since 1973
Purkersdorf, Austria, since 1973
Hongcheon, South Korea, since 1986
Kościerzyna, Poland, since 1990
Noginsk, Russia, since 2010
See also
Communes of the Var department
Bibliography
German Writers in French Exile, 1933–1940, by Martin Mauthner (London: 2007), .
References
External links
Official site
2000 pictures, history, agenda
Independent site
Info site
The Independent obituary of Sybille Bedford, February 20, 2006
Independent site
Pointu boats in Sanary
Communes of Var (department)
French Riviera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanary-sur-Mer |
Nashoba Valley Ski Area is a ski area in Westford, Massachusetts, United States, located at 79 Powers Road. It borders on Littleton, Massachusetts. Operating each winter since its opening in 1964, it has 17 trails, including a terrain park considered one of the best in Massachusetts, and in the area. The area also features a tubing park with 16 runs served by two Poma handle tows and a Sun-Kid Conveyor; this is on the same property, but has a separate entrance on Route 119 in Littleton, Massachusetts.
Lifts
The area is served by 4 chairlifts, 4 conveyor lifts, and 3 rope tows. Currently the top is only accessible by the chairlifts, but used to be served by a rope tow powered by an old school bus and a T-Bar. All intermediate and advanced terrain is accessible from any chairlift.
The beginner area, which has the easiest trails, goes only about a quarter of the way up the hill. It is served by 3 rope tows and four Sun-Kid conveyor belt lifts. The longest trail is 1400 feet.
Chairlifts
Chief Triple is a Borvig triple chair.
Wardance Triple is a CTEC triple chair, this was built to replace the original rope tow to the top, although the two co-existed for a number of years. Note that the rope-tow was a much faster way to get to the top.
Snowdance Double is a Savio double chair.
Sundance Triple is a CTEC triple chair.
Surface Lifts
Papoose is a Sun-Kid conveyor belt lift which replaces a Gasoline powered rope tow of the same name, which ran about 6 feet to the east of the present lift.
Totem is a Sun-Kid conveyor belt lift located adjacent to Papoose.
Pow Wow is a rope tow, built out of an old dump truck, the rope runs between the double tires, and over old car wheel rims mounted on old telephone poles. The lift was originally powered by the truck's diesel engine, but was later converted to run on an electric motor. This lift has two ropes that run parallel over both truck wheels, and is considered as two separate lifts, however both ropes are powered by the same motor, so they start and stop at the same times.
Peace Pipe is a rope tow built in a similar fashion to the Pow Wow tow, except that it has only one rope.
Lil'Hawk is a Sun-Kid conveyor belt lift, which was originally built at the base of the lift line for the "Tomahawk T-Bar", but was later moved to a location between the bottom terminals of the Snowdance Double and the Sundance Triple.
Tahu is a Sun-Kid conveyor belt lift, this conveyor was brand new for the 2014-2015 season, operating between the beginner area and Nashoba Slope.
Trails
Black Diamonds:
Lobo,
Warrior,
Chief,
Bull Run,
Wardance
Blue Squares:
Tomahawk,
Big Bow,
Dog Leg,
Nashoba Slope,
Nashoba Glades,
Sundance (Usually freestyle terrain),
Indian Run,
Nashoba Trail
Green Circles:(accessible only by tow rope or magic carpet)
Papoose,
Pow-Wow,
Peacepipe,
Tahu
Tubing Park
The tubing park is located at a separate entrance at 179 Great Rd, Littleton, MA 01460. The tubing park has 18 lanes serviced by a conveyor and 2 rope tows. The tubing park also has its own lodge and restaurant.
Restaurants
The Outlook Restaurant and Lounge
The Sunset Tiki Bar and Grill
See also
List of ski areas and resorts in the United States
References
External links
Nashoba Valley Ski Area - Official site
www.skiresorts-test.com - Nashoba Valley Ski Area on skiresorts-test.com
http://dineoutlook.com/ - The Outlook Restaurant
http://sunset-tiki.com/ - The Sunset Tiki Bar and Grill
Buildings and structures in Westford, Massachusetts
Ski areas and resorts in Massachusetts
Sports venues in Middlesex County, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashoba%20Valley%20Ski%20Area |
This is a list of Roman triumphal arches. Triumphal arches were constructed across the Roman Empire and are an archetypal example of Roman architecture. Most surviving Roman arches date from the Imperial period (1st century BC onwards). They were preceded by honorific arches set up under the Roman Republic.
Existing arches
Destroyed arches
Note: MUR stands for the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae
See also
List of post-Roman triumphal arches
Victory column
Rostral column
Roman architecture
Roman engineering
Roman technology
Sources
Triumphal arches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Roman%20triumphal%20arches |
Whisky (Scottish English; otherwise whiskey) is an alcoholic beverage.
Whisky or whiskey may refer to:
Art, entertainment, and media
Music
Way Down Yonder (re-released in 1997 as Whiskey), an album by Charlie Daniels
Songs
"Whiskey" (Jana Kramer song), 2012
"Whiskey" (Maroon 5 song), 2017
"Whiskey", by Inspiral Carpets from Dung 4 (1989)
"Whiskey", by Loggins and Messina's from Loggins and Messina (1972)
"Whiskey", by New Riders of the Purple Sage from Gypsy Cowboy (1972)
Other media
Whisky (film), a 2004 Argentine-German-Spanish-Uruguayan film
Whiskey (play), a 1973 one-act play by Terrence McNally
Whiskey, a character from the TV series Dollhouse
Whiskey, a character from Kingsman: The Golden Circle
Other uses
One-horse shay or whisk(e)y, a light, covered, two-wheeled carriage for two persons
Whisky, the letter W in the NATO phonetic alphabet
Whisky a Go Go or The Whisky, a nightclub in West Hollywood, California, U.S.
Whiskey-class submarine, a class of Soviet naval submarines
See also
Whiskey Creek (disambiguation)
Whiskey Gap, Alberta, a ghost town in southern Alberta, Canada
Whisky Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky%20%28disambiguation%29 |
YMCA Camp Lawrence Cory, better known as "YMCA Camp Cory" or simply "Camp Cory," is a resident-style summer camp in the Finger Lakes region of upstate New York. It was founded in 1892 and established at its current location in 1921. The name comes from Lt. H. Lawrence Cory, an American World War I soldier who was killed in action.
Camp Cory is run by the YMCA and is certified by the American Camp Association (ACA). The 27-acre property is south of the village of Penn Yan, in the town of Milo, New York. It is about an hour south of Rochester, New York and about an hour and a half southwest of Syracuse, New York. The camp occupies a significant amount of waterfront property.
Background
YMCA Camp Cory is one of the oldest camps in the State of New York; however, its predecessor was a Rochester YMCA camp called Camp Iola. Since Camp Iola was founded in 1892, including this as a part of Camp Cory's history places it among the oldest continually running resident camps in the nation. At current, it would appear that Camp Cory is the seventh-oldest camp in the world.
Camp Cory's sailing program utilizes mainly donated RS Quests, which have all but replaced the older JY15s and the much older Wright-built K-Boats acquired by the camp in the 1950s. K-Boats, named after the famous Kohinoor Diamond, are no longer manufactured. Although its fleet has been significantly reduced in recent years, Camp Cory once had – and possibly continues to have – the largest fleet of K-Boats in the world. In 2008, the camp received a donation of two J-24 boats.
The camp draws its attendance predominantly from Rochester and its suburbs, although campers often come from Syracuse, Buffalo and other towns in New York. Campers have also come from such places as Missouri, Connecticut, California, Massachusetts, Virginia, Florida, Columbia, Sweden, Brazil, Spain, and Japan.
Camp Cory uses a significant amount of new media and social media in its advertising and in keeping in contact with parents and alumni. For example, photos of all-camp games and evening programs are sent out via Twitter, as they occur.
Summer camp
Villages
Each session is 1 week long, each with a special theme. Campers are both male and female, and may be anywhere between 7 and 15 years of age. In some occasions, ages 6-7 will be in Keuka Lodge, which sleeps 32 as it is one of the smaller villages. 7-10-year-olds are predominantly assigned to Craig Village, 11-13-year-olds to Wells Village, and 13-14-15-year-olds to Walmsley Village. 11-15-year-olds who wish to participate in an intensive sailing program live in Maijgren Village, on the waterfront. Maijgren Village offers three 2-week sessions that conclude with the Periods regatta, where the winning skipper and crew are invited to participate in the Cups race during the final week of the summer. All of the villages are named after persons who once attended or who significantly affected the camp. In addition to the resident camp program, Camp Cory recently added a Day Camp for children ages 5 – Freshman year of highschool, drawn from the local community and from families vacationing on Keuka Lake.
Leadership program
16- to 17-year-olds can participate in a 3-week Counselor-in-Training (CIT) program. CITs live for 3 weeks in the leadership village. During that time, CITs shadow counselors, learn valuable leadership and childcare skills, and participate in a team-building work project. For the second two weeks of the CIT session, the CITs are placed in cabins or in Day Camp, essentially acting as apprentice counselors. Exceptional CITs are sometimes invited to remain at camp for the summer as unpaid Interns.
Capacity and facilities
Camp Cory has a capacity of over 220 beds. In recent summers, there have been around 1300 camper-weeks registered per summer (this means that one camper registering for three weeks is counted three times).
Camp Cory's facilities are expansive, including three waterfronts (one for swimming, one for sailing, and one for canoeing & kayaking), a three faced climbing wall with a zip-line, an archery range, an outdoor amphitheatre, tennis courts, open fields for athletics, and outdoor basketball courts. Camp Cory also owns a sizable amount of land in Guyanoga, a hamlet north of Branchport, New York, and purchased additional land at the site in 2010. A parcel of land, directly to the south and adjacent to the camp, was added in 2014.
Renovations
The summer of 2008 saw renovations of the Leroy Health Lodge as well as the addition of a high ropes course. In 2009 the camp built additional staff housing along the northern edge of the camp, as well as an alumni-overnight cabin in Junior Village (named "Craig Village"). In 2009 and 2010, the camp office – one of the oldest buildings on the property, dating back to the early 1920s – was renovated extensively.
In the summer of 2018, the Farmstead was developed with some property towards the south, with the goal to expand upon the day camp program and ultimately increase connection with the local community. This included building a barn, a pavilion known as the Treehouse, a garden, and a new archery range.
In 2020, the Mangurian dining hall was expanded to serve the growing camp population and improve accessibility.
Notable alumni
Teddy Geiger – Musician
A.J. Kitt – Olympic downhill skier
Harry T. Mangurian, Jr. – Former owner of the Boston Celtics
Julia Nunes – Singer/songwriter
External links
A History of Camp Cory, a book published by the Camp Historian
Camp Cory's homepage
A Very Short History of Camp Cory
Rochester YMCA's homepage
List of the Oldest Camps in the U.S.
Wright-built K-Boats
References
Cory
Cory
Buildings and structures in Yates County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA%20Camp%20Cory |
Scots Parliament can refer to:
Parliament of Scotland, the pre-1707 legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland
Scottish Parliament, the post-1999 unicameral devolved legislature of Scotland
See also
Scots (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots%20Parliament |
Duncan Hamilton KC (born 1973 in Troon) is a Scottish lawyer and Scottish National Party politician. He was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Highlands and Islands region from 1999 to 2003.
He previously wrote a column for The Scotsman newspaper.
Education
Hamilton attended the University of Glasgow, obtaining a first class MA in modern History, before going on to the University of Edinburgh, where he received an LL.B. He also attended the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
In 1994, he and Manus Blessing won the World Universities Debating Championship.
Career
He worked briefly for Procter & Gamble before becoming Assistant to SNP Leader, Alex Salmond and then to the SNP Chief Executive, Michael Russell.
In the 1999 election he stood as a constituency candidate in Argyll and Bute, where he finished second and in Highlands and Islands where he was elected.
Upon his election in 1999 he was, at the age of 25 years old, the youngest Member of the Scottish Parliament. In Holyrood he was the SNP Deputy Party Spokesperson on Enterprise (27 June 2001 – 30 May 2003), then Deputy Party Spokesperson on Lifelong Learning (27 June 2001 – 30 May 2003).
In February 2002, he wrote an open letter to his Argyll and Bute constituency party explaining his decided not to stand for election in 2003 in which he said he believed it was best for elected representatives to have "real life experience" outside politics. He had been tipped to be one of the rising stars of the Scottish Parliament and was regarded as one of the SNP's most able politicians.
He has since pursued a career in law, having been admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 2006. He has criticised the quality of the legislation passed by the Scottish Parliament.
In 2007 Hamilton was appointed as a political advisor to First Minister Alex Salmond.
On 8 September 2021, it was announced that Hamilton was one of twelve Scottish lawyers to be nominated for appointment as a Queen's Counsel in Scotland.
In 2022 Hamilton became a Part-time Sheriff
References
External links
Duncan Hamilton, advocate
Duncan Hamilton, The Scotsman articles
Public Whip Voting Record
1973 births
Living people
Scottish National Party MSPs
Scottish columnists
Members of the Faculty of Advocates
People from Troon
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Scottish special advisers
Harvard Kennedy School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%20Hamilton%20%28politician%29 |
Steve Arneil (29 August 1934 – 2 July 2021) was a South African-British master of Kyokushin karate. He learned directly from Masutatsu Oyama and was a senior instructor in Oyama's International Karate Organization (IKO) until 1991, when he resigned from the IKO. Arneil was the founder and President of the International Federation of Karate (IFK), held the rank of 10th dan, and held the title Hanshi. He and his wife settled in the United Kingdom in 1965.
Early life
Arneil was born on 29 August 1934 in Krugersdorp, Transvaal, South Africa. When he was 10 years old, his family moved to Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), and he began training in kung fu, judo and boxing there. At age 16, he was selected to represent Northern Rhodesia in rugby. By the age of 17, Arneil had earned black belt status in judo, and he had also practised kenpo and karate. He moved to Durban, South Africa, for tertiary studies in mechanical engineering.
In Durban, Arneil trained at a judo dojo (training hall) that also offered karate training. He made a practice of going down to the harbour and asking arriving Japanese people if they practised karate; if they did, he would invite them to training at the dojo. In 1959, Arneil left South Africa, bound for Southeast Asia.
Japan
Arneil travelled to China, South Korea, and Hong Kong before arriving in Japan. He trained in a few karate styles, including Shotokan, Wado-ryu, and Goju-ryu (under Gogen Yamaguchi). In the course of these studies, the name "Oyama" was mentioned to him by several people, including Yamaguchi, and this aroused his curiosity. In January 1961, through Donn Draeger, Arneil began to study Kyokushin karate under Masutatsu Oyama. He recalled that, unlike the other karate schools he had visited in Japan (who had welcomed him with minimal reservation), Oyama's Kyokushin school was selective; on their first meeting, Oyama told Arneil, "Remember, you asked me to train, I didn't ask you. You don't follow the rules, you out. Understand?"
Arneil was promoted to the rank of 1st dan in Kyokushin karate on 15 May 1962, and attained 2nd dan on 16 April 1963. He was later 'adopted' by Oyama, to allow him to marry a Japanese woman in 1964. Of his wife, Tsuyuko Arneil, he has said, "She worked in a bank, and she supported both of us when I was training. I didn't have time for work." Arneil estimated that he trained an average of six hours each day during his time in Japan, with training normally commencing at 10:00 AM and concluding between 10:30 PM to 1:00 AM the next morning.
On 22 May 1965, Arneil became the first person to complete the 100-man kumite after Oyama himself. The 100-man kumite took him around 2 hours and 45 minutes to complete, with each round scheduled to take 1 minute and 30 seconds (but a round ended if he managed to knock down his opponent). In an interview in 2005, Arneil said, "I did not have to beat everyone I fought, that would have been ridiculous! I just had to keep going, I had to have the spirit not to give up, no matter what they threw at me." On 10 July 1965, Arneil was promoted to 3rd dan.
United Kingdom
Originally, Arneil had planned to return to South Africa, but Oyama asked him to go to the United Kingdom to help establish Kyokushin karate there; accordingly, he and his wife travelled to London in 1965. The move was not an easy one. Arneil recalled: "We were greeted by stares, the same stares we had faced in Japan, only this time they were directed at my wife. The war was still on, you see, and the Japanese were seen as the enemy. We had travelled half way round the world and we still faced the same prejudice that we had faced in Japan. That was very hard for both of us." The couple tried to move to Australia, but this failed; Arneil said that "it is purely by chance that we ended up staying in England."
In late 1965, Arneil and Bob Boulton founded the British Karate Kyokushinkai (BKK) organisation. The BKK's first full-time dojo was opened in Stratford, east London. In May 1966, Arneil received promotion to the rank of 4th dan. From 1968 to 1976, he was the Team Manager and Coach for the All Styles English and British Karate team which, in 1975/76, became the first non-Japanese team to win the karate World Championship. Arneil was promoted to 5th dan on 15 January 1968, and to 6th dan on 7 October 1974. In 1975, the French Karate Federation awarded him the title of "World's Best Coach." On 6 August 1977, Arneil was promoted to the rank of 7th dan in Kyokushin karate.
Later life
Kyokushin's 5th World Tournament, in 1991, was a significant point in the history of the IKO. Arneil stated simply, "It was a fixed tournament." He claimed that political and financial pressures contributed to the situation, but that "the decider was when Sosai [Oyama] was supposed to meet me in Switzerland, and he didn't come. I didn't want to be involved in the politics anymore. I left the IKO, not Kyokushin." That same year, Arneil and the BKK resigned from the IKO, and Arneil then founded his own karate organisation, the IFK.
On 30 May 1992, the British karate community awarded Arneil the rank of 8th dan for his services to karate in the UK. On 26 May 2001, IFK country representatives awarded him the rank of 9th dan at their meeting in Berlin. On 23 July 2011, Arneil was awarded 10th Dan at the 3rd IFK U-18 World Tournament by the IFK as recognition for his commitment to Kyokushin Karate.
Arneil was life President of the BKK and President of the IFK until January 2021 when he handed the IFK presidency to Shihan David Pickthall.
Arneil passed away on 2 July 2021, at the age of 86.
Arneil wrote several books on karate, including Karate: A guide to unarmed combat (1975, co-authored), Modern Karate (1975, co-authored), Better Karate (1976, co-authored), and Teach yourself: Karate (1993, co-authored).
References
1934 births
2021 deaths
British male karateka
South African male karateka
South African people of British descent
South African expatriates in Japan
South African expatriates in Hong Kong
South African expatriates in China
South African expatriates in South Korea
Karate coaches
Martial arts school founders
Martial arts writers
Sportspeople from London
People from Krugersdorp
Kyokushin kaikan practitioners
Wadō-ryū practitioners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Arneil |
Lonnie Thompson (born July 1, 1948), is an American paleoclimatologist and university professor in the School of Earth Sciences at Ohio State University. He has achieved global recognition for his drilling and analysis of ice cores from ice caps and mountain glaciers in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. He and his wife, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, run the ice core paleoclimatology research group at the Byrd Polar Research Center.
Early life and education
Thompson was born July 1, 1948, in Gassaway, West Virginia, and was raised there on a farm. He obtained an undergraduate degree from Marshall University, majoring in geology. He subsequently attended Ohio State University where he received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in geology.
Career and impact
Thompson is one of the world’s foremost authorities on paleoclimatology and glaciology. For over 40 years, he has led 60 expeditions where they conduct ice-core drilling programs in the Polar Regions as well as on tropical and subtropical ice fields in 16 countries including China, Peru, Russia, Tanzania and Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea). He and his team from the Ohio State University have developed light-weight solar-powered drilling equipment for acquisition of histories from ice fields in the tropical South American Andes, the Himalayas, and on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. The results from these paleoclimate histories were published in more than 230 articles and have contributed toward improved understanding of Earth’s climate system, both past and present.
In the 1970s, he was the first scientist "to retrieve ice samples from a remote tropical ice cap, such as the Quelccaya Ice Cap in the Andes of Peru, and analyze them for ancient climate signals." He created the ice core research program at Ohio State while still a graduate student there. In regards to the dedication required to attain this ice, one author writes:
For comparison, the Everest lower base camp is at 5,380 m (17,700 ft) and the upper base camp is at 6,500 m (21,300 ft). (The mountain itself is 8,848 m (29,029 ft).) Rolling Stone magazine says that there is no person in the world who has spent more time above 18,000 feet than Lonnie Thompson.
His observations of glacier retreat (1970s–2000s) "confirm that glaciers around the world are melting and provide clear evidence that the warming of the last 50 years is now outside the range of climate variability for several millennia, if not longer." In 2001, he incorrectly predicted that the famed snows of Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro would melt within the next 20 years, a victim of climate change across the tropics. Return expeditions to the mountain have shown that changes in the mountain's ice fields may signal an even quicker melting of its snow fields, which Thompson documented had existed for thousands of years. Thompson and his wife both served as advisers for the Academy Award-winning 2006 documentary An Inconvenient Truth, by Al Gore, Jr., and some of their work was referenced in the movie.
Personal life
Lonnie Thompson has been married to Ellen Mosley-Thompson for more than 40 years. They met in the 1970s in the Marshall University while he was studying geology and she was pursuing a degree in physics. After their graduation, they both pursued graduate degrees in geology at the Ohio State University. They are now research partners who are both interested in examining the effects of climate change on the world's glacial regions and in developing the technology to drill deep in the ice.
On May 1, 2012, he underwent a successful heart transplant.
Honors and awards
2001: Thompson was featured among eighteen scientists and researchers as "America's Best" by CNN and Time Magazine.
2002: Thompson was awarded the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
2002: Thompson was awarded the Vega Medal by the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography.
2005: Thompson was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
November, 2005: Thompson was featured in a "Rolling Stone" article, "The Ice Hunter".
2005: Thompson was awarded the prestigious Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, an honor often regarded as the environmental science equivalent to the Nobel Prize.
2006: Thompson was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
February, 2007: Mosley-Thompson and Thompson were jointly awarded the Roy Chapman Andrews Society Distinguished Explorer Award at Beloit College, Beloit, WI.
May, 2007: Thompson is named to receive the National Medal of Science. This honor is the highest the United States can bestow upon an American scientist. It was presented to Thompson by President Bush in July 2007 (Award year 2005).
2007: Thompson was awarded Seligman Crystal by the International Glaciological Society. The Crystal is considered to be one of the highest awards in glaciology.
2008: Mosley-Thompson and Thompson share the $1 million Dan David Prize (Future category) with British researcher Geoffrey Eglinton.
2008: Thompson was listed as one of Time Magazine's Heroes of the Environment.
2012: Mosley-Thompson and Thompson were jointly awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth and Environmental Science from the Franklin Institute.
2013: International Science and Technology Cooperation Award, China
2021: BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the category "Climate Change".
Publications
Lonnie Thompson has been awarded 53 research grants from the NSF, NASA, NOAA and NGS and has published 165 papers. An abbreviated list of expeditions, grants, and publications can be found in his Ohio State curriculum vitae (PDF).
Some notable publications include:
References
External links
Ice Core Paleoclimatology Research Group , the Thompson's research group at OSU.
Lonnie Thompson's web page at Byrd Polar
Ellen Mosley-Thompson's web page at Byrd Polar
Lonnie Thompson's Department of Geological Sciences faculty home page
Ellen Mosley-Thompson's Department of Geography faculty home page
"Rapid Climate Change in the Earth System: Past,Present,Future" 2002 Heineken Prize lecture by Prof. Thompson
Lonnie Thompson, biography from the Encyclopedia of World Biography
"Deciphering the ice: scientist drills into tropical glaciers for clues to Earth's climate changes" from CNN/Time.
"Science Goes to New Heights", article about Thompson's research in The Antarctic Sun. June 27, 2008
The Habitable Planet video
Dan David Prize laureate 2008
WOSU Public Media profiled the Thompson's polar research in 2008 in a two video segments distributed nationally.
Ohio State University faculty
Ohio State University Graduate School alumni
20th-century American geologists
Living people
National Medal of Science laureates
American climatologists
Paleoclimatologists
1948 births
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
People from Gassaway, West Virginia
Scientists from West Virginia
Marshall University alumni
Winners of the Heineken Prize
American Antarctic scientists
Members of the American Philosophical Society
21st-century American geologists
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie%20Thompson |
Theistic Satanism, otherwise referred to as religious Satanism, spiritual Satanism, or traditional Satanism, is an umbrella term for religious groups that consider Satan, the Devil, to objectively exist as a deity, supernatural entity, or spiritual being worthy of worship or reverence, whom individuals may contact and convene with, in contrast to the atheistic archetype, metaphor, or symbol found in LaVeyan Satanism. Organizations who uphold theistic Satanist beliefs most often have few adherents, are loosely affiliated or constitute themselves as independent groups and cabals, which have largely self-marginalized. Another prominent characteristic of theistic Satanism is the use of various types of magic. Most theistic Satanist groups exist in relatively new models and ideologies, many of which are independent of the Abrahamic religions.
Overview
Since the first half of the 1990s, the internet has increased the visibility, communication, and spread of different currents and beliefs among Satanists and has led to more conflicting and diverse groups, but Satanism has always been a heterogeneous, pluralistic, decentralized religious movement and "cultic milieu". Religion academics, scholars of new religious movements, and sociologists of religion focused on Satanism have sought to study it by categorizing its currents according to whether they are esoteric/theistic or rationalist/atheistic, and they referred to the practice of working with a literal Satan as theistic or "traditional" Satanism. It is generally a prerequisite to being considered a theistic Satanist that the believer accepts a theological and metaphysical canon which involves one or more gods that are either considered to be Satan in the strictest, Abrahamic sense (the Judeo-Christian-Islamic conception of the Devil), or a conception of Satan that incorporates "adversarial" gods from other religions (usually pre-Christian polytheistic religions), such as Ahriman or Enki. Despite the number of self-professed theistic Satanists constantly increasing since the 1990s, they are considered by most scholars of religion to be a minority group within Satanism.
Many theistic Satanists believe that their own individualized concepts are based on pieces of all of these diverse conceptions of Satan, according to their inclinations and sources of spiritual guidance, rather than only believing in one suggested interpretation. Some may choose to live out the myths and stereotypes, but Christianity is not always the primary frame of reference for theistic Satanists. Their religion may be based on Gnosticism, Hermeticism, Neo-Paganism, left-hand path, black magic, ceremonial magic, Crowleyan magick, Western esotericism, and occult traditions. Theistic Satanists who base their faith on Christian ideas about Satan are referred to as Diabolists, although they are also referred to as "reverse Christians" by other Satanists, often in a pejorative fashion. However, those labelled by some as "reverse Christians" may see their concept of Satan as undiluted or unsanitized. They worship a stricter interpretation of Satan: that of the Satan featured in the Christian Bible. Peter H. Gilmore, current leader of the atheistic Church of Satan, considers "Devil-worship" to be a Christian heresy, that is, a divergent form of Christianity. The diversity of individual beliefs within theistic Satanism, while being a cause for intense debates within the religion, is also often seen as a reflection of Satan, who encourages individualism. A survey found most self-identified Satanists were located in the United States and Denmark.
Recent and contemporary theistic Satanism
Currents
The diversity of beliefs amongst Satanists, and the theistic nature of some Satanists, was seen in a survey in 1995. Some spoke of seeing Satan not as someone dangerous to those who seek or worship him, but as someone that could be approached as a friend. Some refer to him as Father, though some other theistic Satanists consider that to be confused or excessively subservient. Satan is also portrayed as a father to his daughter, Sin, by the 17th-century English poet John Milton in Paradise Lost.
Our Lady of Endor Coven
The first recognized esoteric, non-LaVeyan Satanist organization was the Ophite Cultus Satanas, which claimed to have been founded in 1948 by Herbert Arthur Sloane and therefore to allegedly precede the foundation of Anton LaVey's Church of Satan. Their doctrine relies on a Gnostic conception of Satan as the liberating serpent and bestower of knowledge to humankind opposed to the malevolent demiurge or creator god, mainly inspired by the Gnostic dualistic cosmology of the Ophites, Hans Jonas' study on the history of Gnosticism, and the writings of Margaret Murray on the witch-cult hypothesis. "Our Lady of Endor" seems to have been the only existing coven of this Satanist organization, which was disbanded shortly after the death of its founder during the 1980s.
Temple of Set and Setianism
Some scholars equate the veneration of the Egyptian god Set by the Temple of Set to theistic Satanism. However, other scholars do not consider them as theistic Satanists, and the affiliates to the Temple of Set themselves do not identify as such. The doctrine of the Temple of Set, an occult initiatory order founded in 1975 by Michael Aquino as a splinter group from LaVey's Church of Satan, heavily relies on the writings of Aleister Crowley with elements borrowed from ceremonial magic, the left-hand path, Western esotericism, and mysticism. They believe that the Egyptian deity Set is the real Prince of Darkness behind the name "Satan", of whom the Judeo-Christian-Islamic conception of the Devil is just a caricature. Their practices primarily center on self-development. Within the Temple of Set, the Black Flame of Set is the individual's god-like core which is a kindred spirit to Set, and which they seek to develop. In theistic Satanism, the Black Flame is knowledge which was given to humanity by Satan, who is a being independent of the Satanist himself, and which he can dispense to the Satanist who seeks knowledge. Religion scholar Kennet Granholm regards the Temple of Set as an occult organization that should not be labelled "Satanist" anymore, since it has cut all ties with the Satanic milieu and today entirely belongs to the left-hand path tradition.
First Church of Satan
The First Church of Satan (FCoS), another splinter group that separated from LaVey's Church of Satan during the 1970s, attempts to rediscover the teachings of Aleister Crowley and believe that Anton LaVey actually was a magus in the early days of the Church of Satan but gradually renounced his powers, became isolated and embittered. Furthermore, the First Church of Satan strongly criticizes the current Church of Satan as a pale shadow of its former self, and they strive to "maintain a Satanic organization that is not hostile or manipulative toward its own members".
Order of Nine Angles
The Order of Nine Angles (ONA) originally was a Wiccan organization founded during the 1960s, and became a theistic Satanist organization once the leadership was taken over in 1974 by David Myatt (previously known under the pseudonym of Anton Long), a former bodyguard and supporter of the British Neo-Nazi leader Colin Jordan. In 1998, Myatt converted to radical Islam while continuing to lead the Order of Nine Angles; later on, he repudiated the Islamic religion in 2010 and publicly declared to have renounced all forms of extremism. The Order of Nine Angles identify as theistic Satanists and affirm to practice "traditional Satanism". However, the doctrine of the Order of Nine Angles is complex and multifaceted. Sociologist of religion Massimo Introvigne defined it as "a synthesis of three different currents: hermetic, pagan, and Satanist", whereas the medievalist and professor of Religious studies Connell Monette dismissed the Satanic features of the ONA as "cosmetic" and contended that "its core mythos and cosmology are genuinely hermetic". According to the scholar of Western esotericism Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, "the ONA celebrated the dark, destructive side of life through anti-Christian, elitist, and Social Darwinist doctrines", together with the organization's implicit ties to Neo-Nazism and the appraisal of National Socialism. The Order of Nine Angles believe that the seven planets and their satellites are connected to the "Dark Gods", while Satan is considered to be one of two "actual entities", the other one being Baphomet, with the former conceived as male and the latter as female. The organization became controversial and was mentioned in the press and books because of their promotion of human sacrifice. Since the 2010s, the political ideology and religious worldview of the Order of Nine Angles have increasingly influenced militant neo-fascist and Neo-Nazi insurgent groups associated with right-wing extremist and White supremacist international networks, most notably the Iron March forum.
Michael W. Ford
In Luciferianism, Michael W. Ford, author and black metal musician, abandoned the Order of Nine Angles in 1998, criticizing it for its Neo-Nazi ideology, and founded his own autonomous Satanist organizations in the same year: the Order of Phosphorus and the Black Order of the Dragon; in the following years, he founded the Church of Adversarial Light in 2007, and the Greater Church of Lucifer (GCOL) in 2013. In 2015, Ford announced that the Order of Phosphorus would be integrated into the Greater Church of Lucifer, which welcomes both theistic and rationalistic Satanists, as well as Neo-Pagans and various followers of diverse occult spiritualities. Ford presents both a theistic and atheistic approach to Luciferianism, and his ideas are enunciated in a wide compendium of publications, although they are difficult to situate into a single, cohesive belief system; the Wisdom of Eosphoros (2015) is considered the Greater Church of Lucifer's official statement and the core of its Luciferian philosophy. Theistic Luciferianism is considered an individualistic, personal spirituality which is established via initiation and validation of the Adversarial philosophy. Luciferians, if theistic, do not accept the submission of 'worship' yet rather a unique and subjective type of Apotheosis via the energies of perceived deities, spirits and demons.
Joy of Satan
Joy of Satan Ministries (JoS), a website founded in the early 2000s by Maxine Dietrich (pseudonym of Andrea Herrington), wife of the American National Socialist Movement's co-founder and former leader Clifford Herrington, combines theistic Satanism with Neo-Nazism, racial anti-Semitism, anti-Judaic, anti-Christian sentiment and Gnostic Paganism, as well as Nordic aliens, UFO conspiracy theories and anti-Semitic conspiracy theories. Joy of Satan advocates "spiritual Satanism" and believes Satan to be a sentient and powerful extraterrestrial being, although not a supernatural god. The Satanic practices promoted by Joy of Satan involve meditation, telepathic contacts with demons, rituals, and sex magic. In 2004, following the exposure of Andrea Herrington among Joy of Satan's members as the wife of Neo-Nazi leader Clifford Herrington and her ties with the National Socialist Movement, many adherents abandoned Joy of Satan and formed their own autonomous Satanist or Neo-Pagan organizations, such as the House of Enlightenment, Enki's Black Temple, the Siaion, the Knowledge of Satan Group, and the Temple of The Ancients. According to Introvigne (2016), "most are by now defunct, while Joy of Satan continues its existence, although with a reduced number of members". In July 2006, after the exposure of Herrington's wife's Satanic website within the National Socialist Movement, Andrea and Clifford Herrington were both kicked out of the National Socialist Movement; following the Herrington scandal, Bill White, the then-National Socialist Movement's spokesman, also quit alongside many others. According to Introvigne (2016), "its ideas on extraterrestrials, meditation, and telepathic contacts with demons became, however, popular in a larger milieu of non-LaVeyan "spiritual" or "theistic" Satanism". According to the scholar of Religious studies and researcher of New religious movements Jesper Aagaard Petersen's survey on the Satanic milieu'''s proliferation on the internet (2014), "the only sites with some popularity are the Church of Satan and (somewhat paradoxically) Joy of Satan's page base on the angelfire network, and they are still very far from Scientology or YouTube. Most of these sites are decidedly fringe."
Satanic Reds
A group with a totally different ideology to the previous ones is the Satanic Reds, an occult organization with a Marxist-Communist political orientation founded by Tani Jantsang in 1997. Their doctrine is largely based on the writings of H. P. Lovecraft mixed with elements of Central Asian folklore and the advocacy of social welfare; the group became notable mainly for their online activism and usage of communist symbols merged with Satanist ones. However, the Satanic Reds claim to belong to the left-hand path but do not identify as theistic Satanists in the manner of believing in Satan as a god with a personality, since they conceive it as Sat and Tan, "Being and Becoming", similarly to the fictional deity of chaos Nyarlathotep from Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. The religious practices of the Satanic Reds comprise occult rituals and a form of baptism, and the organization advocates a "renewed New Deal", a moderate social program of reforms inspired by Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Misanthropic Luciferian Order
One other group is the Temple of the Black Light, formerly known as the Misanthropic Luciferian Order prior to 2007. The group espouses a philosophy known as "Chaosophy". Chaosophy asserts that the world that mankind lives in, and the universe that it lives in, all exist within the realm known as Cosmos. Cosmos is made of three spatial dimensions and one linear time dimension. Cosmos rarely ever changes and is a materialistic realm. Another realm that exists is known as Chaos. Chaos exists outside of the Cosmos and is made of infinite dimensions and unlike the Cosmos, it is always changing. Members of the TotBL believe that the realm of Chaos is ruled over by 11 dark gods, the highest of them being Satan, and all of said gods are considered manifestations of a higher being. This higher being is known as Azerate, the Dragon Mother, and is all of the 11 gods united as one. The TotBL believes that Azerate will resurrect one day and destroy the Cosmos and let Chaos consume everything. The group has been connected to the Swedish black/death metal band Dissection, particularly its front man Jon Nödtveidt. Nödtveidt was introduced to the group "at an early stage". The lyrics on the band's third album, Reinkaos, are all about beliefs of the Temple of the Black Light. Nödtveidt committed suicide in 2006.
Other groups and currents
Some groups are mistaken by scholars for theistic Satanists, such as the First Church of Satan. However, the founder of the FCoS, John Allee, considers what he calls "devil-worship" to often be a symptom of psychosis. Other groups such as the 600 Club, are accepting of all types of Satanists, as are the Synagogue of Satan, which aims for the ultimate destruction of religions, paradoxically including itself, and encourages not self-indulgence, but self-expression balanced by social responsibility.
Relation to other theologies
Theistic Luciferian groups are particularly inspired by Lucifer (from the Latin for ‘bearer of light’), who they may or may not equate with Satan. While some theologians believe the Son of the Dawn, Lucifer, and other names were actually used to refer to contemporary political figures, such as a Babylonian King, rather than a single spiritual entity (although on the surface the Bible explicitly refers to the King of Tyrus), those that believe it refers to Satan infer that by implication it also applies to the fall of Satan. Satan is also identified by the Joy of Satan with the Sumerian god Enki and the Yazidi angel Melek Taus; however, Introvigne (2016) himself remarks that their theistic Satanist interpretation of Enki derives from the writings of Zecharia Sitchin while the one about Melek Taus partially derives from the writings of Anton LaVey.
Values in theistic Satanism
Seeking knowledge is seen by some theistic Satanists as being important to Satan, due to Satan being equated with the serpent in Genesis, which encouraged humans to partake of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. Some perceive Satan as Éliphas Lévi's conception of Baphomet – a half-human and half-animal hermaphroditic bestower of knowledge (gnosis). Some Satanic groups, such as Luciferians, also seek to gain greater gnosis. Some of such Satanists, such as the former Ophite Cultus Satanas, equate Yahweh with the demiurge of Gnosticism, and Satan with the transcendent being beyond.
Self-development is important to theistic Satanists. This is due to the Satanists' idea of Satan, who is seen to encourage individuality and freedom of thought, and the quest to raise one's self up despite resistance, through means such as magic and initiative. They believe Satan wants a more equal relationship with his followers than the Abrahamic god does with his. From a theistic Satanist perspective, the Abrahamic religions (chiefly Christianity) do not define "good" or "evil" in terms of benefit or harm to humanity, but rather on the submission to or rebellion against God. Some Satanists seek to remove any means by which they are controlled or repressed by others and forced to follow the herd, and reject non-governmental authoritarianism.
As Satan in the Old Testament tests people, theistic Satanists may believe that Satan sends them tests in life to develop them as individuals. They value taking responsibility for oneself. Despite the emphasis on self-development, some theistic Satanists believe that there is a will of Satan for the world and for their own lives. They may promise to help bring about the will of Satan, and seek to gain insight about it through prayer, study, or magic. In the Bible, a being called "the god of this world" is mentioned in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians , which Christians typically equate with Satan. Some Satanists therefore think that Satan can help them meet their worldly needs and desires if they pray or work magic. They would also have to do what they could in everyday life to achieve their goals, however.
Theistic Satanists may try not to project an image that reflects negatively on their religion as a whole and reinforces stereotypes, such as promoting Nazism, abuse, or crime. However, some groups, such as the Order of Nine Angles, criticize the emphasis on promoting a good image for Satanism; the ONA described LaVeyan Satanism as "weak, deluded and American form of 'sham-Satanic groups, the poseurs'", and ONA member Stephen Brown claimed that "the Temple of Set seems intent only on creating a 'good public impression', with promoting an 'image'". The order emphasises that its way "is and is meant to be dangerous" and "[g]enuine Satanists are dangerous people to know; associating with them is a risk". Similarly, the Temple of the Black Light has criticized the Church of Satan, and has stated that the Temple of Set is "trying to make Setianism and the ruler of darkness, Set, into something accepted and harmless, this way attempting to become a 'big' religion, accepted and acknowledged by the rest of the Judaeo-Christian society". The TotBL rejects Christianity, Judaism, and Islam as "the opposite of everything that strengthens the spirit, and is only good for killing what little that is beautiful, noble, and honorable in this filthy world".
There is argument among Satanists over animal sacrifice, with most groups seeing it as both unnecessary and putting Satanism in a bad light, and distancing themselves from the few groups that practice it, such as the Temple of the Black Light.
Theistic Satanism often involves a religious commitment, rather than being simply an occult practice based on dabbling or transient enjoyment of the rituals and magic involved. Practitioners may choose to perform a self-dedication rite, although there are arguments over whether it is best to do this at the beginning of their time as a theistic Satanist, or once they have been practicing for some time.
Historical mentions of Satanism
The age of accusations
In the history of Christianity, the worship of Satan was a frequent accusation used since the Middle Ages. The first ones formally accused to be Devil-worshippers were the Albigensians, a Gnostic Christian movement considered to be heretical and persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church; the charge was formulated during the Catholic Inquisition by the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), convoked by Pope Innocent III. The charge of Devil-worship has also been made against groups or individuals regarded with suspicion, such as the Knights Templar or minority religions. In the case of the trials of the Knights Templar (1307), the Templars' writings mentioned the term Baphomet, which was an Old French corruption of the name "Mahomet" (the prophet of the people who the Templars fought against), and that Baphomet was falsely portrayed as a demon by the people who accused the Templars. During the Reformation Era, Counter-Reformation, and European wars of religion, the charge of Devil-worship was used against people charged in the witch trials in early modern Europe and other witch-hunts. The most notorious cases were those of two German Inquisitors and Dominican priests under the patronage of Pope Innocent VIII: Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, authors of the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), in the Holy Roman Empire, along with the Salem witch trials that occurred during the 17th-century Puritan colonization of North America.
It is not known to what extent accusations of groups worshiping Satan in the time of the witch trials identified people who did consider themselves Satanists, rather than being the result of religious superstition or mass hysteria, or charges made against individuals suffering from mental illness. Confessions are unreliable, particularly as they were usually obtained under torture. However, scholar Jeffrey Burton Russell, Professor Emeritus of the University of California at Santa Barbara, has made extensive arguments in his book Witchcraft in the Middle Ages that not all witch trial records can be dismissed and that there is in fact evidence linking witchcraft to Gnostic Christian heretical movements, particularly the antinomian sects. Russell comes to this conclusion after having studied the source documents themselves. Individuals involved in the Affair of the Poisons were accused of Satanism and witchcraft.
Historically, Satanist was a pejorative term for those with opinions that differed from predominant religious or moral beliefs. Paul Tuitean believes the idea of acts of "reverse Christianity" was created by the Inquisition, but George Bataille believes that inversions of Christian rituals such as the Mass may have existed prior to the descriptions of them which were obtained through the witchcraft trials.
Grimoire Satanism
In the 1700s, various kinds of popular "Satanic" literature began to be produced in France, including some well-known grimoires with instructions for making a pact with the Devil. Most notable are the Grimorium Verum and The Grand Grimoire. The Marquis de Sade describes defiling crucifixes and other holy objects, and in his novel Justine he gives a fictional account of the Black Mass, although Ronald Hayman has said Sade's need for blasphemy was an emotional reaction and rebellion from which Sade
moved on, seeking to develop a more reasoned atheistic philosophy.
In the 19th century, Éliphas Lévi published his French books of the occult, and in 1855 produced his well-known drawing of the Baphomet which continues to be used by some Satanists today. That Baphomet drawing is the basis of the sigil of Baphomet, which was first adopted by the non-theistic Satanist group called the Church of Satan.
Finally, in 1891, Joris-Karl Huysmans published his Satanic novel, Là-bas, which included a detailed description of a Black Mass which he may have known firsthand was being performed in Paris at the time, or the account may have been based on the masses carried out by Étienne Guibourg, rather than by Huysmans attending himself. Quotations from Huysmans' Black Mass are also used in some Satanic rituals to this day, since it is one of the few sources that purports to describe the words used in a Black Mass. The type of Satanism described in Là-bas suggests that prayers are said to the Devil, hosts are stolen from the Catholic Church, and sexual acts are combined with Roman Catholic altar objects and rituals, to produce a variety of Satanism which exalts Satan and degrades the god of Christianity by inverting Roman Catholic rites. George Bataille claims that Huysman's description of the Black Mass is "indisputably authentic". Not all theistic Satanists today routinely perform the Black Mass, possibly because the Mass is not a part of modern evangelical Christianity in Protestant-majority countries, and so not such an unintentional influence on Satanist practices in those countries.
Organized Satanism
The earliest verifiable theistic Satanist group was a small group called the Ophite Cultus Satanas, which was created in Ohio in 1948. The Ophite Cultus Satanas was inspired by the ancient Ophite sect of Gnosticism, and the Horned God of Wicca. The group was dependent upon its founder and leader, and therefore dissolved after his death in 1975.
Michael Aquino published a rare 1970 text of a Church of Satan Black Mass, the Missa Solemnis, in his book The Church of Satan, and Anton LaVey included a different Church of Satan Black Mass, the Messe Noire, in his 1972 book The Satanic Rituals. LaVey's books on Satanism, which began in the 1960s, were for a long time the few available which advertised themselves as being Satanic, although others detailed the history of witchcraft and Satanism, such as The Black Arts by Richard Cavendish published in 1967 and the classic French work Satanism and Witchcraft, by Jules Michelet. Anton LaVey specifically denounced "devil-worshippers" and the idea of praying to Satan.
Although non-theistic LaVeyan Satanism had been popular since the publication of The Satanic Bible in 1969, theistic Satanism did not start to gain any popularity until the emergence of the Order of Nine Angles in western England, and its publication of The Black Book of Satan in 1984. The next theistic Satanist group to be created was the Misanthropic Luciferian Order, which was created in Sweden in 1995. The MLO incorporated elements from the Order of Nine Angles, the Illuminates of Thanateros, and Qliphothic Qabalah.
The Dakhma of Angra Mainyu (Church of Ahriman), founded in 2012, is a theistic Satanist organization led by Adam Daniels. Its worship includes celebrations of a Black Mass that involve desecration of consecrated hosts that are used in Christian celebrations of Holy Communion. The Church of Ahriman performs rituals that involve the desecration of Christian statuary of the Virgin Mary using menstrual blood (which they refer to as "The Consumption of Mary"), as well as desecration of religious texts such as the Qur'an. The Dakhma of Angra Mainyu performs Satanic exorcisms, an inversion of Christian exorcisms.
Satan
Satan is a sinful entity depicted as the embodiment of evil in the Abrahamic religions. In Judaism, Satan is seen as an agent subservient to God, typically regarded as a metaphor for the yetzer hara, or "evil inclination." In Christianity and Islam, he is usually seen as a fallen angel or jinn who has rebelled against God, who nevertheless allows him temporary power over the fallen world and a host of demons.
Devil in Christianity
A large percentage of theistic Satanists worship Satan conceived as the Devil in the Christian religion. In Christianity, the Devil, also known as Satan or Lucifer, is the personification of evil and author of sin, who rebelled against God in an attempt to become equal to God himself. He is depicted as a fallen angel, who was expelled from Heaven at the beginning of time, before God created the material world, and is in constant opposition to God.
The Devil is described and depicted as being perfect in beauty. He was so enamored with his own beauty and self, that he became vain, and so prideful that he corrupted himself and began to desire the same honor and glory that belonged to God. Eventually he rebelled and tried to overthrow God, and as a result was cast out of heaven.
Symbolism
Since the 19th century, various small religious groups have emerged that identify as Satanists or use Satanic iconography. The Satanist groups that appeared after the 1960s are widely diverse, but two major trends are theistic Satanism and atheistic Satanism. Theistic Satanists venerate Satan as worthy of worship, viewing him not as omnipotent but rather as a patriarch. In contrast, atheistic Satanists regard Satan as a symbol of certain human traits.
As well as using Satan as a center symbol, Baphomet, a deity allegedly worshipped by the Knights Templar, also has its symbolism in Satanism. The symbolism of Satan and Baphomet being symbolised solitary has its usage from claims that Freemasonry worshipped both Satan and Baphomet, as well as Lucifer, in their rituals. In some depictions the devil is depicted, like Baphomet, as a goat, therefore the goat and goat's head are significant symbols throughout Satanism. The inverted pentagram is also a significant symbol used for Satanism, sometimes depicted with the goat's head of Baphomet within it, which originated from the Church of Satan. The pentagram is also used as the logo for The Satanic Temple, which also featured a goat's head and the head of Baphomet. In most recent and modern times the "inverted cross" is used and seen as an anti-Christian and satanic symbol, used similarly in the way of the inverted pentagram. Starting with the 1960s, several TV productions and movie franchises featured the Cross of Saint Peter as a symbol representing the Antichrist and Satan making it one of the most popular satanic symbols today.
Personal theistic Satanism
The American serial killer Richard Ramirez claimed that he was a (theistic) Satanist; during his 1980s killing spree he left an inverted pentagram at the scene of each murder and at his trial called out "Hail Satan!" Ramirez made various references to Satan during his legal proceedings; he notably drew a pentagram on his palm at his trial. Ramirez stated during his death row interview he believed in a "malevolent being" and that Satan's "description eludes" him. Ramirez also enjoyed frequently degrading and humiliating his victims, especially those who survived his attacks or whom he explicitly decided not to kill, by forcing them to profess that they loved Satan, or telling them to "swear on Satan" if there were no more valuables left in their homes he had broken into and burglarized.
Modern-day public image of Satanism and moral panics
As a moral panic between the 1980s and the 1990s in the United States and Canada, there were multiple allegations of sexual abuse and/or ritual sacrifice of children or non-consenting adults in the context of Satanic rituals in what has come to be known as the Satanic Panic.
Allegations included the existence of a worldwide Satanic conspiracy formed by large networks of organized Satanists involved in criminal activities such as murder, child pornography, sexual exploitation of children, and human trafficking for prostitution. In the United States, the Kern County child abuse cases, McMartin preschool trial, and the West Memphis cases were widely reported. One case took place in Jordan, Minnesota, in which children made allegations of the manufacture of child pornography, ritualistic animal sacrifice, coprophagia, urophagia, and infanticide, at which point the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was alerted. Twenty-four adults were arrested and charged with acts of sexual abuse, child pornography, and other crimes claimed to be related to Satanic ritual abuse; three went to trial, two were acquitted, and one was convicted. Supreme Court Justice Scalia noted in a discussion of the case that "[t]here is no doubt that some sexual abuse took place in Jordan; but there is no reason to believe it was as widespread as charged", and cited the repeated, coercive techniques used by the investigators as damaging to the investigation.
These notorious cases were launched after children were repeatedly and coercively interrogated by social workers, resulting in false allegations of child sexual abuse. No evidence was ever found to support any of the allegations of an organized Satanist conspiracy or Satanic ritual abuses, but in some cases the Satanic Panic resulted in wrongful prosecutions.
See also
Azazel
Chaos magic
Contemporary Religious Satanism
Aleister Crowley
Deal with the Devil
Demonology
Discordianism
Dystheism
Dualistic cosmology
Folk religion
Freemasonry
LaVeyan Satanism
Luciferianism
Misotheism
Palladists
Problem of evil
Problem of Hell
Satanic panic
Satanic ritual abuse
Taxil hoax
Thelema
Western esotericism
Wicca
Worship of angels
Joy of Satan
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Ellis, Bill, Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000)
Hertenstein, Mike; Jon Trott, Selling Satan: The Evangelical Media and the Mike Warnke Scandal (Chicago: Cornerstone Press, 1993)
Medway, Gareth J.; The Lure of the Sinister: The Unnatural History of Satanism (New York and London: New York University Press, 2001)
Michelet, Jules, A. R. Allinson. Satanism and Witchcraft: The Classic Study of Medieval Superstition (1992), Barnes & Noble, 9780806500591
Palermo, George B.; Michele C. Del Re: Satanism: Psychiatric and Legal Views (American Series in Behavioral Science and Law). Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd (November 1999)
Richardson, James T.; Joel Best; David G. Bromley, The Satanism Scare'' (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991)
Luciferianism
New religious movements
Satanism
he:כת השטן | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic%20Satanism |
Chesterfield Road is a shopping street in Sheffield, England. It leads south from the suburb of Meersbrook to Woodseats, before becoming Meadowhead at the Abbey Lane junction, next to the Abbey pub. The road starts at Toll Bar bridge on the Meers Brook, the former boundary between Yorkshire and Derbyshire. There the road changes name from London Road to Chesterfield Road.
The first building on Chesterfield Road (although bearing an Albert Road house number) is the Crown Inn.
The street is home to a variety of pubs and shops, a police station and a library.
The road forms part of the A61. Its first section forms an almost constant incline to the beginning of Woodseats. Between the old Meersbrook Quarry and Heeley Retail Park are views to the west of the Sheaf Valley.
References
Streets in Sheffield | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield%20Road%20%28Sheffield%29 |
"Let My Love Open the Door" is a song written and performed by Pete Townshend from his 1980 album Empty Glass. That year, it reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100. It peaked at number five on RPM's Top 100 singles chart.
Background
Although Townshend is a devotee to the religious guru Meher Baba, he claimed in the liner notes of his Anthology CD that "Jesus sings" on the track. Cash Box called it a "joyous, blissful tune [that] features a stirring keyboard-synthesizer melody and multi-tracked high harmonies." Record World called it a "timeless pop-rocker."
"Let My Love Open the Door" was released as the second single from Empty Glass in Britain, where it was backed with the non-album tracks "Classified" and "Greyhound Girl." The song was a minor British hit, reaching number 46. The song saw more success when it was released as the debut single from Empty Glass in America, where the song reached number nine. It was Pete Townshend's only solo top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, but the Who's song "I Can See for Miles", which was written by Townshend, reached the same position on the chart 13 years earlier.
Initially, Townshend's manager despised the track due to it "not sounding like Townshend," and wanted it to be removed from Empty Glass. However, upon the song's chart success, his manager called to apologize.
Despite the song's critical and commercial success, Pete Townshend did not consider it one of his best songs. He told Rolling Stone in an interview that "Let My Love Open the Door" was "just a ditty," also claiming that he preferred his minor U.S. hit "A Little Is Enough" from the same album.
In 1996, Townshend released a new version of the song, called "the E. Cola mix", turning the song into a ballad. This version appeared in different television shows and film soundtracks.
Personnel
Pete Townshend: vocals, guitars, synthesizers
John "Rabbit" Bundrick: keyboards
Simon Phillips: drums
Tony Butler: bass guitar
Ted Jensen: mastering engineer
Richard Evans: Cover design
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
In popular culture
The song has been used frequently in film, most notably the comedy genre, often as trailer music for Jerry Maguire and How Do You Know. It has been featured in the closing credits for Mr. Deeds, Look Who's Talking, Jersey Girl, Along Came Polly, Red Dog, Old Dogs, Put Grandma in the Freezer, Grosse Pointe Blank, and The Adam Project, respectively. In Dan in Real Life, the song is performed by Steve Carell and Dane Cook and is covered by Sondre Lerche for the film's soundtrack. In 2004, the song was used in commercials for JCPenney during the holiday season. In 2021, it was used in the "All Night Long" episode of the Apple TV+ series Acapulco during the last scene and end credits.
References
1980 songs
1980 singles
Pete Townshend songs
Songs written by Pete Townshend
Atco Records singles
Song recordings produced by Chris Thomas (record producer)
British new wave songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%20My%20Love%20Open%20the%20Door |
Barry Edmonds (July 18, 1931 - July 21, 1982) was a United States photojournalist.
The work of photographer Barry Edmonds started in the Flint Journal beginning in 1955. For 27 years, Edmonds worked at the paper. Edmonds was named the Michigan Press Photographer of the Year four times in the 1960s, more than any other photographer at the time. He was the only Flint Journal photographer to serve as president of the National Press Photographers Association. At the time of his death in July 1982 he was Director of Photography at the Flint Journal. The Barry Edmonds Award was established to recognize and honor photographers whose work best portrays the common purpose of man. The subjects may show facets of human relationships, friendship, mutual concern for the environment, a lifting hope for peace or any aspect of life appropriate to the theme of Michigan Understanding.
Trained as an artist from boyhood on, he received his degree in Art Education and was a teacher at Mt. Morris High School from 1954 to 1955. The Flint Journal hired Edmonds in May 1955. He was mentored by Bill Gallagher (Pulitzer Prize 1953)and Dante Levi of The Flint Journal and J. D. Hicks (Hicks Studios). He went on to develop his own style deeply relating to the human condition. As an educator Edmonds emphasized the need for continuing education for photojournalists and newspaper photographers. For many years he was one of the lecturers on the Traveling Short Course sponsored by National Press Photographers Association during 1960s and 1970s which was presented in the United States and Europe.
While he remained in Flint, Michigan all his life, he was offered staff positions by The National Geographic Magazine, The Washington Post, The Miami Herald and other prominent newspapers. He chose to remain close to his wife and three children rather than pursue a national career.
External links
Flintjournal.com article on and photo of Edmonds
1931 births
1982 deaths
American photojournalists
People from Flint, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Edmonds |
The Prins reaction is an organic reaction consisting of an electrophilic addition of an aldehyde or ketone to an alkene or alkyne followed by capture of a nucleophile or elimination of an H+ ion. The outcome of the reaction depends on reaction conditions. With water and a protic acid such as sulfuric acid as the reaction medium and formaldehyde the reaction product is a 1,3-diol (3). When water is absent, the cationic intermediate loses a proton to give an allylic alcohol (4). With an excess of formaldehyde and a low reaction temperature the reaction product is a dioxane (5). When water is replaced by acetic acid the corresponding esters are formed.
History
The original reactants employed by Dutch chemist in his 1919 publication were styrene (scheme 2), pinene, camphene, eugenol, isosafrole and anethole.
Hendrik Jacobus Prins discovered two new organic reactions during his doctoral research in the year of 1911–1912. The first one is the addition of polyhalogen compound to
olefins and the second reaction is the acid catalyzed addition of aldehydes to olefin compounds. The early studies on Prins reaction are exploratory in nature and did not attract much attention until 1937. The development of petroleum cracking in 1937 increased the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons. As a consequence, commercial availability of lower olefin coupled with an aldehyde produced from oxidation of low boiling paraffin increased the curiosity to study the olefin-aldehyde condensation. Later on, Prins reaction emerged as a powerful C-O and C-C bond forming technique in the synthesis of various molecules in organic synthesis.
In 1937 the reaction was investigated as part of a quest for di-olefins to be used in synthetic rubber.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism for this reaction is depicted in scheme 5. The carbonyl reactant (2) is protonated by a protic acid and for the resulting oxonium ion 3 two resonance structures can be drawn. This electrophile engages in an electrophilic addition with the alkene to the carbocationic intermediate 4. Exactly how much positive charge is present on the secondary carbon atom in this intermediate should be determined for each reaction set. Evidence exists for neighbouring group participation of the hydroxyl oxygen or its neighboring carbon atom. When the overall reaction has a high degree of concertedness, the charge built-up will be modest.
The three reaction modes open to this oxo-carbenium intermediate are:
in blue: capture of the carbocation by water or any suitable nucleophile through 5 to the 1,3-adduct 6.
in black: proton abstraction in an elimination reaction to unsaturated compound 7. When the alkene carries a methylene group, elimination and addition can be concerted with transfer of an allyl proton to the carbonyl group which in effect is an ene reaction in scheme 6.
in green: capture of the carbocation by additional carbonyl reactant. In this mode the positive charge is dispersed over oxygen and carbon in the resonance structures 8a and 8b. Ring closure leads through intermediate 9 to the dioxane 10. An example is the conversion of styrene to 4-phenyl-m-dioxane.
in gray: only in specific reactions and when the carbocation is very stable the reaction takes a shortcut to the oxetane 12. The photochemical Paternò–Büchi reaction between alkenes and aldehydes to oxetanes is more straightforward.
Variations
Many variations of the Prins reaction exist because it lends itself easily to cyclization reactions and because it is possible to capture the oxo-carbenium ion with a large array of nucleophiles.
The halo-Prins reaction is one such modification with replacement of protic acids and water by lewis acids such as stannic chloride and boron tribromide. The halogen is now the nucleophile recombining with the carbocation. The cyclization of certain allyl pulegones in scheme 7 with titanium tetrachloride in dichloromethane at −78 °C gives access to the decalin skeleton with the hydroxyl group and chlorine group predominantly in cis configuration (91% cis). This observed cis diastereoselectivity is due to the intermediate formation of a trichlorotitanium alkoxide making possible an easy delivery of chlorine to the carbocation ion from the same face. The trans isomer is preferred (98% cis) when the switch is made to a tin tetrachloride reaction at room temperature.
The Prins-pinacol reaction is a cascade reaction of a Prins reaction and a pinacol rearrangement. The carbonyl group in the reactant in scheme 8 is masked as a dimethyl acetal and the hydroxyl group is masked as a triisopropylsilyl ether (TIPS). With lewis acid stannic chloride the oxonium ion is activated and the pinacol rearrangement of the resulting Prins intermediate results in ring contraction and referral of the positive charge to the TIPS ether which eventually forms an aldehyde group in the final product as a mixture of cis and trans isomers with modest diastereoselectivity.
The key oxo-carbenium intermediate can be formed by other routes than simple protonation of a carbonyl. In a key step of the synthesis of exiguolide, it was formed by protonation of a vinylogous ester:
See also
Heteropoly acid
References
External links
Prins reaction in Alkaloid total synthesis Link
Prins reaction @ organic-chemistry.org
Addition reactions
Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Name reactions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins%20reaction |
The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. It was developed in the 1990s as a way of comparing the overall health and life expectancy of different countries.
The DALY has become more common in the field of public health and health impact assessment (HIA). It not only includes the potential years of life lost due to premature death, but also includes equivalent years of 'healthy' life lost by virtue of being in states of poor health or disability. In so doing, mortality and morbidity are combined into a single, common metric.
Calculation
The disability-adjusted life year is a societal measure of the disease or disability burden in populations. DALYs are calculated by combining measures of life expectancy as well as the adjusted quality of life during a burdensome disease or disability for a population. DALYs are related to the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) measure; however, QALYs only measure the benefit with and without medical intervention and therefore do not measure the total burden. Also, QALYs tend to be an individual measure, and not a societal measure.
Traditionally, health liabilities were expressed using one measure, the years of life lost (YLL) due to dying early. A medical condition that did not result in dying younger than expected was not counted. The burden of living with a disease or disability is measured by the years lost due to disability (YLD) component, sometimes also known as years lost due to disease or years lived with disability/disease.
DALYs are calculated by taking the sum of these two components:
DALY = YLL + YLD
The DALY relies on an acceptance that the most appropriate measure of the effects of chronic illness is time, both time lost due to premature death and time spent disabled by disease. One DALY, therefore, is equal to one year of healthy life lost.
How much a medical condition affects a person is called the disability weight (DW). This is determined by disease or disability and does not vary with age. Tables have been created of thousands of diseases and disabilities, ranging from Alzheimer's disease to loss of finger, with the disability weight meant to indicate the level of disability that results from the specific condition.
Examples of the disability weight are shown on the right. Some of these are "short term", and the long-term weights may be different.
The most noticeable change between the 2004 and 2010 figures for disability weights above are for blindness as it was considered the weights are a measure of health rather than well-being (or welfare) and a blind person is not considered to be ill. "In the terminology, the term disability is used broadly to refer to departures from optimal health in any of the important domains of health."
At the population level, the disease burden as measured by DALYs is calculated by adding YLL to YLD. YLL uses the life expectancy at the time of death. YLD is determined by the number of years disabled weighted by level of disability caused by a disability or disease using the formula:
YLD = I × DW × L
In this formula, I = number of incident cases in the population, DW = disability weight of specific condition, and L = average duration of the case until remission or death (years). There is also a prevalence (as opposed to incidence) based calculation for YLD. Number of years lost due to premature death is calculated by
YLL = N × L
where N = number of deaths due to condition, L = standard life expectancy at age of death.
Life expectancies are not the same at different ages. For example, in Paleolithic era, life expectancy at birth was 33 years, but life expectancy at the age of 15 was an additional 39 years (total 54).
Historically Japanese life expectancy statistics have been used as the standard for measuring premature death, as the Japanese have the longest life expectancies. Other approaches have since emerged, include using national life tables for YLL calculations, or using the reference life table derived by the GBD study.
Age weighting
The World Health Organization (WHO) used age weighting and time discounting at 3 percent in DALYs prior to 2010 but discontinued using them starting in 2010.
There are two components to this differential accounting of time: age-weighting and time-discounting. Age-weighting is based on the theory of human capital. Commonly, years lived as a young adult are valued more highly than years spent as a young child or older adult, as these are years of peak productivity. Age-weighting receives considerable criticism for valuing young adults at the expense of children and the old. Some criticize, while others rationalize, this as reflecting society's interest in productivity and receiving a return on its investment in raising children. This age-weighting system means that somebody disabled at 30 years of age, for ten years, would be measured as having a higher loss of DALYs (a greater burden of disease), than somebody disabled by the same disease or injury at the age of 70 for ten years.
This age-weighting function is by no means a universal methodology in studies, but is common when using DALYs. Cost-effectiveness studies using , for example, do not discount time at different ages differently. This age-weighting function applies only to the calculation of DALYs lost due to disability. Years lost to premature death are determined from the age at death and life expectancy.
The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2001–2002 counted disability adjusted life years equally for all ages, but the GBD 1990 and GBD 2004 studies used the formula
where is the age at which the year is lived and is the value assigned to it relative to an average value of 1.
In these studies, future years were also discounted at a 3% rate to account for future health care losses. Time discounting, which is separate from the age-weighting function, describes preferences in time as used in economic models.
The effects of the interplay between life expectancy and years lost, discounting, and social weighting are complex, depending on the severity and duration of illness. For example, the parameters used in the GBD 1990 study generally give greater weight to deaths at any year prior to age 39 than afterward, with the death of a newborn weighted at 33 DALYs and the death of someone aged 5–20 weighted at approximately 36 DALYs.
As a result of numerous discussions, by 2010 the World Health Organization had abandoned the ideas of age weighting and time discounting. They had also substituted the idea of prevalence for incidence (when a condition started) because this is what surveys measure.
Economic applications
The methodology is not an economic measure. It measures how much healthy life is lost. It does not assign a monetary value to any person or condition, and it does not measure how much productive work or money is lost as a result of death and disease.
However, HALYs, including DALYs and QALYs, are especially useful in guiding the allocation of health resources as they provide a common numerator, allowing for the expression of utility in terms of dollar/DALY, or dollar/QALY. For example, in Gambia, provision of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine costs $670 per DALY saved. This number can then be compared to other treatments for other diseases, to determine whether investing resources in preventing or treating a different disease would be more efficient in terms of overall health.
Examples
Schizophrenia has a 0.53 weighting and a broken femur a 0.37 weighting in the latest WHO weightings.
Australia
Cancer (25.1/1,000), cardiovascular (23.8/1,000), mental problems (17.6/1,000), neurological (15.7/1,000), chronic respiratory (9.4/1,000) and diabetes (7.2/1,000) are the main causes of good years of expected life lost to disease or premature death. Despite this, Australia has one of the longest life expectancies in the world.
Africa
These illustrate the problematic diseases and outbreaks occurring in 2013 in Zimbabwe, shown to have the greatest impact on health disability were typhoid, anthrax, malaria, common diarrhea, and dysentery.
PTSD rates
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) DALY estimates from 2004 for the world's 25 most populous countries give Asian/Pacific countries and the United States as the places where PTSD impact is most concentrated (as shown here).
Noise-induced hearing loss
The disability-adjusted life years attributable to hearing impairment for noise-exposed U.S. workers across all industries was calculated to be 2.53 healthy years lost annually per 1,000 noise-exposed workers. Workers in the mining and construction sectors lost 3.45 and 3.09 healthy years per 1,000 workers, respectively. Overall, 66% of the sample worked in the manufacturing sector and represented 70% of healthy years lost by all workers.
History and usage
Originally developed by Harvard University for the World Bank in 1990, the World Health Organization subsequently adopted the method in 1996 as part of the Ad hoc Committee on Health Research "Investing in Health Research & Development" report. The DALY was first conceptualized by Christopher J. L. Murray and Lopez in work carried out with the World Health Organization and the World Bank known as the Global Burden of Disease Study, which was undertaken in 1990. It is now a key measure employed by the United Nations World Health Organization in such publications as its Global Burden of Disease.
The DALY was also used in the 1993 World Development Report.
Criticism
Both DALYs and QALYs are forms of HALYs, health-adjusted life years.
Some critics have alleged that DALYs are essentially an economic measure of human productive capacity for the affected individual. In response, defenders of DALYs have argued that while DALYs have an age-weighting function that has been rationalized based on the economic productivity of persons at that age, health-related quality of life measures are used to determine the disability weights, which range from 0 to 1 (no disability to 100% disabled) for all disease. These defenders emphasize that disability weights are based not on a person's ability to work, but rather on the effects of the disability on the person's life in general. Hence, mental illness is one of the leading diseases as measured by global burden of disease studies, with depression accounting for 51.84 million DALYs. Perinatal conditions, which affect infants with a very low age-weight function, are the leading cause of lost DALYs at 90.48 million. Measles is fifteenth at 23.11 million.
Some commentators have expressed doubt over whether the disease burden surveys (such as EQ-5D) fully capture the impacts of mental illness, due to factors including ceiling effects.
According to Pliskin et al., the QALY model requires utility independent, risk neutral, and constant proportional tradeoff behaviour. Because of these theoretical assumptions, the meaning and usefulness of the QALY is debated. Perfect health is difficult, if not impossible, to define. Some argue that there are health states worse than being dead, and that therefore there should be negative values possible on the health spectrum (indeed, some health economists have incorporated negative values into calculations). Determining the level of health depends on measures that some argue place disproportionate importance on physical pain or disability over mental health.
The method of ranking interventions on grounds of their cost per QALY gained ratio (or ICER) is controversial because it implies a quasi-utilitarian calculus to determine who will or will not receive treatment. However, its supporters argue that since health care resources are inevitably limited, this method enables them to be allocated in the way that is approximately optimal for society, including most patients. Another concern is that it does not take into account equity issues such as the overall distribution of health states – particularly since younger, healthier cohorts have many times more QALYs than older or sicker individuals. As a result, QALY analysis may undervalue treatments which benefit
the elderly or others with a lower life expectancy. Also, many would argue that all else being equal, patients with more severe illness should be prioritised over patients with less severe illness if both would get the same absolute increase in utility.
As early as 1989, Loomes and McKenzie recommended that research be conducted concerning the validity of QALYs. In 2010, with funding from the European Commission, the European Consortium in Healthcare Outcomes and Cost-Benefit Research (ECHOUTCOME) began a major study on QALYs as used in health technology assessment. Ariel Beresniak, the study's lead author, was quoted as saying that it was the "largest-ever study specifically dedicated to testing the assumptions of the QALY". In January 2013, at its final conference, ECHOUTCOME released preliminary results of its study which surveyed 1361 people "from academia" in Belgium, France, Italy and the UK. The researchers asked the subjects to respond to 14 questions concerning their preferences for various health states and durations of those states (e.g., 15 years limping versus 5 years in a wheelchair). They concluded that "preferences expressed by the respondents were not consistent with the QALY theoretical assumptions" that quality of life can be measured in consistent intervals, that life-years and quality of life are independent of each other, that people are neutral about risk, and that willingness to gain or lose life-years is constant over time. ECHOUTCOME also released "European Guidelines for Cost-Effectiveness Assessments of Health Technologies", which recommended not using QALYs in healthcare decision making. Instead, the guidelines recommended that cost-effectiveness analyses focus on "costs per relevant clinical outcome".
In response to the ECHOUTCOME study, representatives of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, the Scottish Medicines Consortium, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development made the following points. First, QALYs are better than alternative measures. Second, the study was "limited". Third, problems with QALYs were already widely acknowledged. Fourth, the researchers did not take budgetary constraints into consideration. Fifth, the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence uses QALYs that are based on 3395 interviews with residents of the UK, as opposed to residents of several European countries. Finally, people who call for the elimination of QALYs may have "vested interests".
See also
Bhutan GNH Index
Broad measures of economic progress
Disease burden
Economics
Full cost accounting
Green national product
Green gross domestic product (Green GDP)
Gender-related Development Index
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)
Global burden of disease
Global Peace Index
Gross National Happiness
Gross National Well-being (GNW)
Happiness economics
Happy Planet Index (HPI)
Human Development Index (HDI)
ISEW (Index of sustainable economic welfare)
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)
Progress (history)
Progressive utilization theory
Legatum Prosperity Index
Leisure satisfaction
Living planet index
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Money-rich, time-poor
Post-materialism
Psychometrics
Subjective life satisfaction
Where-to-be-born Index
Wikiprogress
World Values Survey (WVS)
World Happiness Report
Quality-adjusted life year (QALY)
Pharmacoeconomics
Healthy Life Years
Seven Ages of Man
References
External links
WHO Definition
Global health
Health economics
World Health Organization
Pejorative terms for people with disabilities
Life expectancy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability-adjusted%20life%20year |
Flush: A Biography, an imaginative biography of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's cocker spaniel, is a cross-genre blend of fiction and nonfiction by Virginia Woolf published in 1933. Written after the completion of her emotionally draining The Waves, the work returned Woolf to the imaginative consideration of English history that she had begun in Orlando: A Biography, and to which she would return in Between the Acts.
Themes
Commonly read as a modernist consideration of city life seen through the eyes of a dog, Flush serves as a harsh criticism of the supposedly unnatural ways of living in the city. The figure of Elizabeth Barrett Browning in the text is often read as an analogue for other female intellectuals, like Woolf herself, who suffered from illness, feigned or real, as a part of their status as female writers. Most insightful and experimental are Woolf's emotional and philosophical views verbalised in Flush's thoughts. As he spends more time with Barrett Browning, Flush becomes emotionally and spiritually connected to the poet and both begin to understand each other despite their language barriers. For Flush smell is poetry, but for Barrett Browning, poetry is impossible without words. In Flush Woolf examines the barriers that exist between woman and animal created by language yet overcome through symbolic actions.
The book, due to its subject matter, has often been considered one of her less serious artistic endeavours; however, she uses her distinctive stream of consciousness style to experiment with a non-human perspective. In places the novella plays with realism by allowing Flush an improbable amount of perception for a canine (Flush seems to grasp some idea of social class in humans, a concept recurrently criticized in the story as he becomes more "democratic" later in life), and can "talk" to other dogs on the street. At other times the reader is forced to interpret events from the dog's limited knowledge (Flush sees her owner agitated over markings on a paper and cannot understand that she is in love).
For material, Woolf drew primarily on Barrett Browning's two poems on dogs ("To Flush, My Dog" and "Flush or Faunus") and on the published correspondence of the poet and her husband, Robert Browning. From this material, Woolf creates a biography that works on three levels. It is overtly a biography of a dog's life. Since this dog is of interest primarily for its owner, the work is also an impressionistic biography of Elizabeth Barrett during the most dramatic years of her life. At this level, Flush mostly recapitulates the romantic legend of Barrett Browning's life: early confinement by a mysterious illness and a doting but tyrannical father; a passionate romance with an equally talented poet; an elopement that permanently estranges the father, but which allows Barrett Browning to find happiness and health in Italy. On a third level, the book gives Woolf an opportunity to return to some of her most frequent topics: the glory and misery of London; the Victorian mindset; class differences; and the ways in which women oppressed by "fathers and tyrants" may find freedom.
Woolf ostensibly uses the life of a dog as pointed social criticism, ranging across topics from feminism and environmentalism to class conflict.
Synopsis
This unusual biography traces the life of Flush from his carefree existence in the country, to his adoption by Ms. Browning and his travails in London, leading up to his final days in a bucolic Italy. The story begins by alluding to Flush's pedigree and birth in the household of Barrett Browning's impecunious friend Mary Russell Mitford. Woolf emphasises the dog's conformity to the guidelines of The Kennel Club, using those guidelines as a symbol of class difference that recurs throughout the work. Declining an offer from the brother of Edward Bouverie Pusey for the puppy, Mitford gave Flush to Elizabeth, then convalescent in a back room of the family house on Wimpole Street in London.
Flush leads a restrained but happy life with the poet until she meets Robert Browning; the introduction of love into Barrett Browning's life improves her health tremendously, but leaves the forgotten dog heartbroken. Woolf draws on passages from the letters to depict Flush's attempted mutinies: that is, he attempts to bite Browning, who remains unharmed.
The drama of the courtship is interrupted by Flush's dognapping. While accompanying Barrett Browning shopping, he is snatched by a thief and taken to the nearby rookery St Giles. This episode, a conflation of three real times on which Flush was stolen, ends when the poet, over her family's objections, pays the robbers six guineas (£6.30) to have the dog returned. It provides Woolf the opportunity for an extended meditation on the poverty of mid-century London, and on the blinkered indifference of many of the city's wealthy residents.
After his rescue, Flush is reconciled to his owner's future husband, and he accompanies them to Pisa and Florence. In these chapters, his own experiences are described equally with Barrett Browning's, as Woolf warms to the theme of the former invalid rejuvenated by her escape from paternal control. Barrett Browning's first pregnancy and the marriage of her maid, Lily Wilson, are described; Flush himself is represented as becoming more egalitarian in the presence of the mongrel dogs of Italy.
In the last chapters, Woolf describes a return to London after the death of Barrett Browning's father; she also touches on husband and wife's enthusiasm for the Risorgimento and for spiritualism. Flush's death, indeed, is described in terms of the strange Victorian interest in knocking tables: "He had been alive; he was now dead. That was all. The drawing-room table, strangely enough, stood perfectly still."
References
External links
E-text of Flush
Flush at Persephone Books
Virginia Woolf Society Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain – Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain
International Virginia Woolf Society International Virginia Woolf Society - Home
Reseña sobre la novela Flush en español
1933 British novels
Novels by Virginia Woolf
Hogarth Press books
Novels about dogs
Novels about writers
Novels set in London
Novels set in the 1840s
Flush | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flush%3A%20A%20Biography |
St. Stephen's Abbey, Augsburg (, formerly Stift St. Stephan) is a Benedictine monastery, formerly a house of Augustinian canonesses, in Augsburg in Bavaria, Germany.
First foundation
The monastery, dedicated to Saint Stephen, was founded in 968 by Saint Ulrich, Bishop of Augsburg, and used by Augustinian canonesses. It was dissolved in the secularisation of Bavaria in 1803, and the premises passed into the possession of the town. The army used the site for a few years as a quartermaster's store.
Second foundation
In 1828 King Ludwig I of Bavaria founded a grammar school here, as a successor to the former Jesuit college of St. Salvator (1582–1807). In 1835 he established the Benedictine monastery and entrusted it with the running of the school. Barnabas Huber, who had been staying with Prince Fugger of Babenhusen since the closing of Ottobeuren Abbey was selected as the first abbot. In company with Ignatius Albert von Riegg, Bishop of Augsburg (1824–36), he traveled to Benedictine monasteries in Austria and Switzerland, and returned with about twenty monks to make up the new community. As the house began to grow, many of them returned to their respective abbeys. Huber's installation as abbot took place in November 1835. The monks took up teaching at the Royal Lyceum, the Catholic Gymnasium, and the seminary.
The buildings were entirely destroyed in 1944 but have been re-built.
The monks continue to run the school and boarding house, and are engaged in pastoral and youth work.
The abbey belongs to the Bavarian Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation.
References
External links
St. Stephen's Abbey website
Klöster in Bayern
969 establishments
1803 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1835 establishments in Bavaria
Religious organizations disestablished in 1803
Religious organizations established in 1835
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries of Canonesses Regular
Monasteries in Bavaria
Christian monasteries established in the 10th century
Christian monasteries disestablished in the 19th century
19th-century Christian monasteries
10th-century establishments in Germany
10th-century churches in Germany
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Stephen%27s%20Abbey%2C%20Augsburg |
REMBRANDT-1 is a Submarine communications cable system linking the United Kingdom and the Netherlands across the southern North Sea. It is no longer in use.
It has landing points in:
Pakefield, England, UK
Bakkum, Netherlands
References
External links
KIS-ORCA.eu — Kingfisher Information Service - Offshore Renewals & Cables Awareness
Submarine communications cables in the North Sea
Netherlands–United Kingdom relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REMBRANDT-1 |
Sosnovka () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.
Modern localities
Altai Krai
As of 2012, six rural localities in Altai Krai bear this name:
Sosnovka, Charyshsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Mayaksky Selsoviet of Charyshsky District;
Sosnovka, Krasnogorsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Ust-Kazhinsky Selsoviet of Krasnogorsky District;
Sosnovka, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Bobrovsky Selsoviet of Pervomaysky District;
Sosnovka, Sovetsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Shulginsky Selsoviet of Sovetsky District;
Sosnovka, Tyumentsevsky District, Altai Krai, a settlement in Berezovsky Selsoviet of Tyumentsevsky District;
Sosnovka, Zarinsky District, Altai Krai, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Zarinsky District;
Amur Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Amur Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Amur Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Rural Settlement of Seryshevsky District
Arkhangelsk Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Arkhangelsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Konoshsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a settlement in Glubokovsky Selsoviet of Konoshsky District
Sosnovka, Pinezhsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a settlement in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Pinezhsky District
Sosnovka, Plesetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a settlement in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Plesetsky District
Republic of Bashkortostan
As of 2012, ten rural localities in the Republic of Bashkortostan bear this name:
Sosnovka, Aurgazinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Meselinsky Selsoviet of Aurgazinsky District
Sosnovka, Bakalinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Bakalinsky Selsoviet of Bakalinsky District
Sosnovka, Baymaksky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Zilairsky Selsoviet of Baymaksky District
Sosnovka, Belokataysky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Atarshinsky Selsoviet of Belokataysky District
Sosnovka, Beloretsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Beloretsky District
Sosnovka, Bizhbulyaksky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Kosh-Yelginsky Selsoviet of Bizhbulyaksky District
Sosnovka, Kaltasinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a selo in Novokilbakhtinsky Selsoviet of Kaltasinsky District
Sosnovka, Mechetlinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Alegazovsky Selsoviet of Mechetlinsky District
Sosnovka, Mishkinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Bolshesukhoyazovsky Selsoviet of Mishkinsky District
Sosnovka, Zilairsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Berdyashsky Selsoviet of Zilairsky District
Bryansk Oblast
As of 2012, five rural localities in Bryansk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Dubrovsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a village in Seshchinsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Dubrovsky District;
Sosnovka, Dyatkovsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a village in Bolshezhukovsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Dyatkovsky District;
Sosnovka, Klintsovsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a selo in Korzhovogolubovsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Klintsovsky District;
Sosnovka, Trubchevsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a village in Seletsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Trubchevsky District;
Sosnovka, Vygonichsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Vygonichsky District;
Republic of Buryatia
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Republic of Buryatia bears this name:
Sosnovka, Republic of Buryatia, a selo in Selendumsky Selsoviet of Selenginsky District
Chelyabinsk Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Chelyabinsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Bredinsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a selo in Rymniksky Selsoviet of Bredinsky District
Sosnovka, Kunashaksky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a village in Burinsky Selsoviet of Kunashaksky District
Sosnovka, Uvelsky District, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a village in Polovinsky Selsoviet of Uvelsky District
Sosnovka, Central District of Chelyabinsk, a village
Chuvash Republic
As of 2012, three inhabited localities in the Chuvash Republic bear this name:
Urban localities
Sosnovka, Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, an urban-type settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the city of republic significance of Cheboksary
Rural localities
Sosnovka, Ibresinsky District, Chuvash Republic, a village in Shirtanskoye Rural Settlement of Ibresinsky District
Sosnovka, Morgaushsky District, Chuvash Republic, a village in Alexandrovskoye Rural Settlement of Morgaushsky District
Irkutsk Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Irkutsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Chunsky District, Irkutsk Oblast, a settlement in Chunsky District
Sosnovka, Usolsky District, Irkutsk Oblast, a selo in Usolsky District
Ivanovo Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Ivanovo Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Ivanovo Oblast, a village in Lezhnevsky District
Kaliningrad Oblast
As of 2012, seven rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Bagrationovsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Pogranichny Rural Okrug of Bagrationovsky District
Sosnovka, Khrabrovsky Rural Okrug, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Khrabrovsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District
Sosnovka, Lugovskoy Rural Okrug, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Lugovskoy Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District
Sosnovka, Chistoprudnensky Rural Okrug, Nesterovsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Chistoprudnensky Rural Okrug of Nesterovsky District
Sosnovka, Ilyushinsky Rural Okrug, Nesterovsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Ilyushinsky Rural Okrug of Nesterovsky District
Sosnovka, Polessky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Saransky Rural Okrug of Polessky District
Sosnovka, Pravdinsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Domnovsky Rural Okrug of Pravdinsky District
Kaluga Oblast
As of 2012, five rural localities in Kaluga Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Babyninsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Babyninsky District
Sosnovka, Meshchovsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Meshchovsky District
Sosnovka, Sukhinichsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Sukhinichsky District
Sosnovka, Yukhnovsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Yukhnovsky District
Sosnovka, Zhizdrinsky District, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Zhizdrinsky District
Kamchatka Krai
As of 2012, one rural locality in Kamchatka Krai bears this name:
Sosnovka, Kamchatka Krai, a selo in Yelizovsky District
Republic of Karelia
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Republic of Karelia bears this name:
Sosnovka, Republic of Karelia, a selo in Medvezhyegorsky District
Kemerovo Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Kemerovo Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Guryevsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Sosnovskaya Rural Territory of Guryevsky District;
Sosnovka, Kemerovsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Arsentyevskaya Rural Territory of Kemerovsky District;
Sosnovka, Novokuznetsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a selo in Sosnovskaya Rural Territory of Novokuznetsky District;
Khabarovsk Krai
As of 2012, one rural locality in Khabarovsk Krai bears this name:
Sosnovka, Khabarovsk Krai, a selo in Khabarovsky District
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
As of 2012, one rural locality in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug bears this name:
Sosnovka, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a settlement in Beloyarsky District
Kirov Oblast
As of 2012, seven inhabited localities in Kirov Oblast bear this name:
Urban localities
Sosnovka, Vyatskopolyansky District, Kirov Oblast, a town in Vyatskopolyansky District;
Rural localities
Sosnovka, Nagorsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Nagorsky Rural Okrug of Nagorsky District;
Sosnovka, Sovetsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Zashizhemsky Rural Okrug of Sovetsky District;
Sosnovka, Svechinsky District, Kirov Oblast, a settlement in Yumsky Rural Okrug of Svechinsky District;
Sosnovka, Uninsky District, Kirov Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Rural Okrug of Uninsky District;
Sosnovka, Urzhumsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Bolsheroysky Rural Okrug of Urzhumsky District;
Sosnovka, Yaransky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Znamensky Rural Okrug of Yaransky District;
Kostroma Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Kostroma Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Makaryevsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Ust-Neyskoye Settlement of Makaryevsky District;
Sosnovka, Mezhevskoy District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Georgiyevskoye Settlement of Mezhevskoy District;
Sosnovka, Oktyabrsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Pokrovskoye Settlement of Oktyabrsky District;
Sosnovka, Vokhomsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Belkovskoye Settlement of Vokhomsky District;
Krasnoyarsk Krai
As of 2012, four rural localities in Krasnoyarsk Krai bear this name:
Sosnovka, Birilyussky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a village in Matalassky Selsoviet of Birilyussky District
Sosnovka, Mansky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a village in Shalinsky Selsoviet of Mansky District
Sosnovka, Nizhneingashsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Pokanayevka Work Settlement in Nizhneingashsky District
Sosnovka, Uzhursky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a village in Kulunsky Selsoviet of Uzhursky District
Kurgan Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Kurgan Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Kargapolsky District, Kurgan Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Kargapolsky District;
Sosnovka, Kurtamyshsky District, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Kamyshinsky Selsoviet of Kurtamyshsky District;
Sosnovka, Vargashinsky District, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Verkhnesuyersky Selsoviet of Vargashinsky District;
Kursk Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Kursk Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Kursk Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Gorshechensky District
Leningrad Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Leningrad Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Slantsevsky District, Leningrad Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Slantsevskoye Settlement Municipal Formation in Slantsevsky District;
Sosnovka, Tikhvinsky District, Leningrad Oblast, a village in Gankovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Tikhvinsky District;
Mari El Republic
As of 2012, three rural localities in the Mari El Republic bear this name:
Sosnovka, Gornomariysky District, Mari El Republic, a village in Mikryakovsky Rural Okrug of Gornomariysky District
Sosnovka, Novotoryalsky District, Mari El Republic, a village in Pektubayevsky Rural Okrug of Novotoryalsky District
Sosnovka, Zvenigovsky District, Mari El Republic, a village in Krasnoyarsky Rural Okrug of Zvenigovsky District
Republic of Mordovia
As of 2012, four rural localities in the Republic of Mordovia bear this name:
Sosnovka, Atyuryevsky District, Republic of Mordovia, a village in Mordovsko-Kozlovsky Selsoviet of Atyuryevsky District
Sosnovka, Ichalkovsky District, Republic of Mordovia, a settlement in Tarkhanovsky Selsoviet of Ichalkovsky District
Sosnovka, Temnikovsky District, Republic of Mordovia, a village in Russko-Karayevsky Selsoviet of Temnikovsky District
Sosnovka, Zubovo-Polyansky District, Republic of Mordovia, a settlement in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Zubovo-Polyansky District
Moscow Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Moscow Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Lyuberetsky District, Moscow Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Kraskovo Suburban Settlement in Lyuberetsky District
Sosnovka, Ozyorsky District, Moscow Oblast, a selo in Klishinskoye Rural Settlement of Ozyorsky District
Murmansk Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Murmansk Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Murmansk Oblast, a selo in Lovozersky District
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
As of 2012, sixteen rural localities in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Bor, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Redkinsky Selsoviet under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of oblast significance of Bor
Sosnovka, Shakhunya, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Luzhaysky Selsoviet under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of oblast significance of Shakhunya
Sosnovka, Steksovsky Selsoviet, Ardatovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo in Steksovsky Selsoviet of Ardatovsky District
Sosnovka, Ardatov, Ardatovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo under the administrative jurisdiction of Ardatov Work Settlement in Ardatovsky District
Sosnovka, Bolshemurashkinsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Grigorovsky Selsoviet of Bolshemurashkinsky District
Sosnovka, Gorodetsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Smirkinsky Selsoviet of Gorodetsky District
Sosnovka, Solovyevsky Selsoviet, Knyagininsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Solovyevsky Selsoviet of Knyagininsky District
Sosnovka, Vozrozhdensky Selsoviet, Knyagininsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Vozrozhdensky Selsoviet of Knyagininsky District
Sosnovka, Pavlovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of district significance of Gorbatov in Pavlovsky District
Sosnovka, Sergachsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo in Andreyevsky Selsoviet of Sergachsky District
Sosnovka, Sharangsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a settlement in Rozhentsovsky Selsoviet of Sharangsky District
Sosnovka, Spassky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Vazyansky Selsoviet of Spassky District
Sosnovka, Urensky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of district significance of Uren in Urensky District
Sosnovka, Vadsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Lopatinsky Selsoviet of Vadsky District
Sosnovka, Vetluzhsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Turansky Selsoviet of Vetluzhsky District
Sosnovka, Voskresensky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Bogorodsky Selsoviet of Voskresensky District
Novgorod Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Novgorod Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Novgorodsky District, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Novoselitskoye Settlement of Novgorodsky District
Sosnovka, Soletsky District, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Dubrovskoye Settlement of Soletsky District
Novosibirsk Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Novosibirsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Iskitimsky District, Novosibirsk Oblast, a selo in Iskitimsky District
Sosnovka, Novosibirsky District, Novosibirsk Oblast, a settlement in Novosibirsky District
Omsk Oblast
As of 2012, five rural localities in Omsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Azovsky Nemetsky natsionalny District, Omsk Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Rural Okrug of Azovsky Nemetsky National District
Sosnovka, Gorkovsky District, Omsk Oblast, a village in Georgiyevsky Rural Okrug of Gorkovsky District
Sosnovka, Isilkulsky District, Omsk Oblast, a village in Pervotarovsky Rural Okrug of Isilkulsky District
Sosnovka, Kormilovsky District, Omsk Oblast, a village in Nekrasovsky Rural Okrug of Kormilovsky District
Sosnovka, Tavrichesky District, Omsk Oblast, a village in Priirtyshsky Rural Okrug of Tavrichesky District
Orenburg Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Orenburg Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Asekeyevsky District, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Chkalovsky Selsoviet of Asekeyevsky District
Sosnovka, Kvarkensky District, Orenburg Oblast, a selo in Urtazymsky Selsoviet of Kvarkensky District
Oryol Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Oryol Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Oryol Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Livensky District
Penza Oblast
As of 2012, eight rural localities in Penza Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Bashmakovsky District, Penza Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Bashmakovsky District
Sosnovka, Bekovsky District, Penza Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Bekovsky District
Sosnovka, Bessonovsky District, Penza Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Bessonovsky District
Sosnovka, Kuznetsky District, Penza Oblast, a selo in Komarovsky Selsoviet of Kuznetsky District
Sosnovka, Lopatinsky District, Penza Oblast, a selo in Chardymsky Selsoviet of Lopatinsky District
Sosnovka, Narovchatsky District, Penza Oblast, a village in Bolshekirdyashevsky Selsoviet of Narovchatsky District
Sosnovka, Penzensky District, Penza Oblast, a village in Krasnopolsky Selsoviet of Penzensky District
Sosnovka, Sosnovoborsky District, Penza Oblast, a village in Shugurovsky Selsoviet of Sosnovoborsky District
Perm Krai
As of 2012, eight rural localities in Perm Krai bear this name:
Sosnovka, Asovskoye Rural Settlement, Beryozovsky District, Perm Krai, a village in Beryozovsky District
Sosnovka, Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement, Beryozovsky District, Perm Krai, a selo in Beryozovsky District
Sosnovka, Karagaysky District, Perm Krai, a village in Karagaysky District
Sosnovka, Kosinsky District, Perm Krai, a settlement in Kosinsky District
Sosnovka, Oktyabrsky District, Perm Krai, a village in Oktyabrsky District
Sosnovka, Ordinsky District, Perm Krai, a selo in Ordinsky District
Sosnovka, Uinsky District, Perm Krai, a village in Uinsky District
Sosnovka, Yelovsky District, Perm Krai, a village in Yelovsky District
Primorsky Krai
As of 2012, one rural locality in Primorsky Krai bears this name:
Sosnovka, Primorsky Krai, a selo in Spassky District
Pskov Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Pskov Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Loknyansky District, Pskov Oblast, a village in Loknyansky District
Sosnovka, Opochetsky District, Pskov Oblast, a village in Opochetsky District
Sosnovka, Strugo-Krasnensky District, Pskov Oblast, a village in Strugo-Krasnensky District
Sosnovka, Velikoluksky District, Pskov Oblast, a village in Velikoluksky District
Ryazan Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Ryazan Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Kasimovsky District, Ryazan Oblast, a settlement in Novoderevensky Rural Okrug of Kasimovsky District
Sosnovka, Korablinsky District, Ryazan Oblast, a village in Kipchakovsky Rural Okrug of Korablinsky District
Sakha Republic
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Sakha Republic bears this name:
Sosnovka, Sakha Republic, a selo under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Vilyuysk in Vilyuysky District
Sakhalin Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Sakhalin Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Sakhalin Oblast, a selo in Dolinsky District
Samara Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Samara Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Bezenchuksky District, Samara Oblast, a settlement in Bezenchuksky District
Sosnovka, Pokhvistnevsky District, Samara Oblast, a selo in Pokhvistnevsky District
Sosnovka, Stavropolsky District, Samara Oblast, a selo in Stavropolsky District
Sosnovka, Yelkhovsky District, Samara Oblast, a village in Yelkhovsky District
Saratov Oblast
As of 2012, five rural localities in Saratov Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Atkarsky District, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Atkarsky District
Sosnovka, Baltaysky District, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Baltaysky District
Sosnovka, Krasnoarmeysky District, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Krasnoarmeysky District
Sosnovka, Marksovsky District, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Marksovsky District
Sosnovka, Saratovsky District, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Saratovsky District
Smolensk Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Smolensk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Desnogorsk Urban Okrug, Smolensk Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Desnogorsk Urban Okrug
Sosnovka, Vyazemsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Tumanovskoye Rural Settlement of Vyazemsky District
Sosnovka, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Mazovskoye Rural Settlement of Yelninsky District
Sverdlovsk Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Sverdlovsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Karpinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Karpinsk
Sosnovka, Irbitsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a village in Irbitsky District
Sosnovka, Nevyansky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a village in Nevyansky District
Sosnovka, Talitsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement in Talitsky District
Tambov Oblast
As of 2012, three inhabited localities in Tambov Oblast bear this name:
Urban localities
Sosnovka, Sosnovsky District, Tambov Oblast, a work settlement in Sosnovsky Settlement Council in Sosnovsky District
Rural localities
Sosnovka, Kirsanovsky District, Tambov Oblast, a settlement in Maryinsky Selsoviet of Kirsanovsky District
Sosnovka, Mordovsky District, Tambov Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Mordovsky District
Republic of Tatarstan
As of 2012, eight rural localities in the Republic of Tatarstan bear this name:
Sosnovka, Aksubayevsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a settlement in Aksubayevsky District
Sosnovka, Aksubayevsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Aksubayevsky District
Sosnovka, Almetyevsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a settlement in Almetyevsky District
Sosnovka, Bugulminsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Bugulminsky District
Sosnovka, Cheremshansky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Cheremshansky District
Sosnovka, Kaybitsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Kaybitsky District
Sosnovka, Nurlatsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Nurlatsky District
Sosnovka, Vysokogorsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a selo in Vysokogorsky District
Tomsk Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Tomsk Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Tomsk Oblast, a selo in Kargasoksky District
Tula Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Tula Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Aleksinsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Bunyrevsky Rural Okrug of Aleksinsky District
Sosnovka, Chernsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Krestovskaya Rural Administration of Chernsky District
Sosnovka, Venyovsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Mordvessky Rural Okrug of Venyovsky District
Tuva Republic
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Tuva Republic bears this name:
Sosnovka, Tuva Republic, a selo in Durgen Sumon (rural settlement) of Tandinsky District
Tver Oblast
As of 2012, eight rural localities in Tver Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Firovsky District, Tver Oblast, a settlement in Velikooktyabrskoye Rural Settlement of Firovsky District
Sosnovka, Kalyazinsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Starobislovskoye Rural Settlement of Kalyazinsky District
Sosnovka, Likhoslavlsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Tolmachevskoye Rural Settlement of Likhoslavlsky District
Sosnovka, Maksatikhinsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Zarechenskoye Rural Settlement of Maksatikhinsky District
Sosnovka, Rzhevsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Khoroshevo Rural Settlement of Rzhevsky District
Sosnovka, Selizharovsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Dmitrovskoye Rural Settlement of Selizharovsky District
Sosnovka, Sonkovsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Gorskoye Rural Settlement of Sonkovsky District
Sosnovka, Torzhoksky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Sukromlenskoye Rural Settlement of Torzhoksky District
Tyumen Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Tyumen Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Nizhnetavdinsky District, Tyumen Oblast, a village in Cherepanovsky Rural Okrug of Nizhnetavdinsky District
Sosnovka, Uporovsky District, Tyumen Oblast, a village in Nizhnemanaysky Rural Okrug of Uporovsky District
Sosnovka, Yalutorovsky District, Tyumen Oblast, a village in Pamyatninsky Rural Okrug of Yalutorovsky District
Sosnovka, Zavodoukovsky District, Tyumen Oblast, a selo in Zavodoukovsky District
Udmurt Republic
As of 2012, five rural localities in the Udmurt Republic bear this name:
Sosnovka, Alnashsky District, Udmurt Republic, a village in Azamatovsky Selsoviet of Alnashsky District
Sosnovka, Balezinsky District, Udmurt Republic, a village in Kirshonsky Selsoviet of Balezinsky District
Sosnovka, Malopurginsky District, Udmurt Republic, a village in Ilyinsky Selsoviet of Malopurginsky District
Sosnovka, Sharkansky District, Udmurt Republic, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Sharkansky District
Sosnovka, Yarsky District, Udmurt Republic, a village in Yelovsky Selsoviet of Yarsky District
Ulyanovsk Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Ulyanovsk Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Karsunsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Rural Okrug of Karsunsky District
Sosnovka, Maynsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a selo under the administrative jurisdiction of Ignatovsky Settlement Okrug in Maynsky District
Sosnovka, Nikolayevsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a village in Dubrovsky Rural Okrug of Nikolayevsky District
Sosnovka, Terengulsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a selo in Belogorsky Rural Okrug of Terengulsky District
Vladimir Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Vladimir Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Kameshkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Kameshkovsky District
Sosnovka, Vyaznikovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Vyaznikovsky District
Volgograd Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Volgograd Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Kotovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, a selo in Burluksky Selsoviet of Kotovsky District
Sosnovka, Rudnyansky District, Volgograd Oblast, a selo in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Rudnyansky District
Vologda Oblast
As of 2012, six rural localities in Vologda Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Babushkinsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Podbolotny Selsoviet of Babushkinsky District
Sosnovka, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, a settlement in Korotovsky Selsoviet of Cherepovetsky District
Sosnovka, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, a settlement in Baranovsky Selsoviet of Kaduysky District
Sosnovka, Kharovsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Kharovsky Selsoviet of Kharovsky District
Sosnovka, Sheksninsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Yershovsky Selsoviet of Sheksninsky District
Sosnovka, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, a settlement in Sosnovsky Selsoviet of Vologodsky District
Voronezh Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Voronezh Oblast bears this name:
Sosnovka, Voronezh Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Ertil Urban Settlement in Ertilsky District
Yaroslavl Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Yaroslavl Oblast bear this name:
Sosnovka, Borisoglebsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Vysokovsky Rural Okrug of Borisoglebsky District
Sosnovka, Danilovsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Danilovsky Rural Okrug of Danilovsky District
Sosnovka, Kolkinsky Rural Okrug, Pervomaysky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Kolkinsky Rural Okrug of Pervomaysky District
Sosnovka, Kozsky Rural Okrug, Pervomaysky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Kozsky Rural Okrug of Pervomaysky District
Zabaykalsky Krai
As of 2012, one rural locality in Zabaykalsky Krai bears this name:
Sosnovka, Zabaykalsky Krai, a selo in Khiloksky District
Alternative names
Sosnovka, alternative name of Zelenaya Roshcha, a village in Maslinsky Selsoviet of Mishkinsky District in Kurgan Oblast;
Sosnovka, alternative name of Sosnovo, a village in Izvarskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Volosovsky District in Leningrad Oblast;
Sosnovka, alternative name of Lesnoy, a settlement in Panovsky Selsoviet of Rebrikhinsky District in Altai Krai;
See also
Sosnówka (disambiguation)
Sosnivka (Sosnovka) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosnovka |
A very-high-density cable interconnect (VHDCI) is a 68-pin connector that was introduced in the SPI-2 document of SCSI-3. The VHDCI connector is a very small connector that allows placement of four wide SCSI connectors on the back of a single PCI card slot. Physically, it looks like a miniature Centronics type connector. It uses the regular 68-contact pin assignment. The male connector (plug) is used on the cable and the female connector ("receptacle") on the device.
Other uses
Apart from the standardized use with the SCSI interface, several vendors have also used VHDCI connectors for other types of interfaces:
Nvidia: for an external PCI Express 8-lane interconnect, and used in Quadro Plex VCS and in Quadro NVS 420 as a display port connector
ATI Technologies: on the FireMV 2400 to convey two DVI and two VGA signals on a single connector, and ganging two of these connectors side by side in order to allow the FireMV 2400 to be a low-profile quad display card. The Radeon X1950 XTX Crossfire Edition also used a pair of the connectors to grant more inter-card bandwidth than the PCI Express bus allowed at the time for Crossfire.
AMD: Some Visiontek variants of the Radeon HD 7750 use a VHDCI connector alongside a Mini DisplayPort to allow a 5 (breakout to 4 HDMI+1 mDP) display Eyefinity array on a low profile card. VisionTek also released a similar Radeon HD 5570, though it lacked a Mini DisplayPort.
Juniper Networks: for their 12- and 48-port 100BASE-TX PICs (physical interface cards). The cable connects to the VHDCI connector on the PIC on one end, via an RJ-21 connector on the other end, to an RJ-45 patch panel.
Cisco: 3750 StackWise stacking cables
National Instruments: on their high-speed digital I/O cards.
AudioScience uses VHDCI to carry multiple analog balanced audio and digital AES/EBU audio streams, and clock and GPIO signals.
See also
SCSI connector
References
Electrical signal connectors
Analog video connectors
Digital display connectors
Networking hardware
SCSI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-high-density%20cable%20interconnect |
An independence referendum was held in Montenegro on 21 May 2006. It was approved by 55.5% of voters, narrowly passing the 55% threshold. By 23 May preliminary referendum results were recognized by all five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, suggesting widespread international recognition if Montenegro were to become formally independent. On 31 May the referendum commission officially confirmed the results of the referendum, verifying that 55.5% of the population of Montenegrin voters had voted in favor of independence. Because voters met the controversial threshold requirement of 55% approval, the referendum was incorporated into a declaration of independence during a special parliamentary session on 31 May. The Assembly of the Republic of Montenegro made a formal Declaration of Independence on Saturday 3 June.
In response to the announcement, the government of Serbia declared itself the legal and political successor of Serbia and Montenegro, and that the government and parliament of Serbia itself would soon adopt a new constitution. The United States, China, Russia, and the institutions of the European Union all expressed their intentions to respect the referendum's results.
Constitutional background
The process of secession was regulated by the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro adopted on 4 February 2003 by both Councils of the Federal Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in accordance to the 2002 Belgrade Agreement between the governments of the two constitutive republics of the state then known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Montenegro and Serbia. Article 60 of the constitution required that a minimum of three years pass after its ratification before one of the member states could declare independence. The same article specified the referendum as necessary for this move. However, this constitution allowed member states to define their own referendum laws.
It is also specified that the member state which secedes forfeits any rights to political and legal continuity of the federation. This means that the seceding state (in this case the Republic of Montenegro) had to apply for membership to all major international institutions, such as the United Nations and be recognized by the international community, and that the remaining state (in this case the Republic of Serbia) became the full successor to the state union. No state objected to recognizing a newly formed state prior to the referendum. If Serbia had declared independence instead of Montenegro, Montenegro would have been the legal successor state.
Legal procedure
According to the Montenegrin Constitution, state status could not be changed without a referendum proposed by the President to the Parliament. The Law on the Referendum on State Legal Status was first submitted by President Filip Vujanović, and it was unanimously passed by the Montenegrin Parliament on 2 March 2006. In addition to formulating the official question to be printed on the referendum ballot, the law also included a three-year moratorium on a repeat referendum, such that if the referendum results had rejected independence, another one could have been legally held in 2009.
The Referendum Bill obliged the Parliament, which introduced the referendum, to respect its outcome. It had to declare the official results within 15 days following the voting day, and act upon them within 60 days. The dissolution of Parliament was required upon the passage of any bill proposing constitutional changes to the status of the state, and a new Parliament was required to convene within ninety days. For such changes to be enacted, the new Parliament was required to support the bill with a two-thirds majority.
The newly independent country of Serbia, which is the successor state to the state union of Serbia and Montenegro, while favoring a loose federation, stated publicly that it would respect the outcome of the referendum, and not interfere with Montenegrin sovereignty.
Controversies
There was considerable controversy over suffrage and needed result threshold for independence. The Montenegrin government, which supported independence, initially advocated a simple majority, but the opposition insisted on a certain threshold below which the referendum, if a "yes" option won, would have been moot.
European Union envoy Miroslav Lajčák proposed independence if a 55% supermajority of votes are cast in favor with a minimum turnout of 50%, a determination that prompted some protests from pro-independence forces. The Council of the European Union unanimously agreed to Lajčák's proposal, and the Đukanović government ultimately backed down in its opposition. Milo Đukanović, Prime Minister of Montenegro, however, promised that he would declare independence if the votes passed 50%, regardless of whether the census was passed or not. On the other hand, he also announced that if less than 50% voted for the independence option, he would resign from all political positions. The original pursuit of Milo Đukanović and the DPS-SDP was that 40% voting in favour of statehood be a sufficient percentage to declare independence, but this caused severe international outrage before the Independentists proposed 50%.
Another controversial issue was the referendum law, based on the constitution of Serbia and Montenegro, which stated that Montenegrins living within Serbia registered to vote within Serbia should be prohibited from voting in the referendum because that would give them two votes in the union and make them superior to other citizens. Also, the agreement threshold between the two blocs for 55% was somewhat criticized as overriding the traditional practice of requiring a two-thirds supermajority, as practiced in all ex Yugoslav countries before (including the previous referendum in Montenegro).
Positions
Pro-independence
Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS)
Social Democratic Party (SDP)
Civic Party of Montenegro (GP)
Liberal Party of Montenegro (LP)
People's Concord of Montenegro (NSCG)
Democratic Union of Albanians (DUA)
Bosniak Party (BS)
Croatian Civic Initiative (HGI)
Movement for Independent European Montenegro
Civic Forum Nikšić
Democratic Community of Muslims Bosniaks in Montenegro.
The pro-independence camp mainly concentrated on history and national minority rights. Montenegro was recognized an independent country in the 1878 Congress of Berlin. Its independence was extinguished in 1918 when its assembly declared union with Serbia. The minor ethnic groups are promised full rights in an independent Montenegro, with their languages being included into the new Constitution.
The camp's leader was Prime Minister of Montenegro Milo Đukanović.
Pro-union
Socialist People's Party (SNP)
People's Party (NS)
Democratic Serb Party (DSS)
Serb People's Party (SNS)
People's Socialist Party (NSS)
Party of Serb Radicals (SSR)
The Unionists' campaign slogans were Montenegro is Not for Sale! and For Love - Love Connects, Heart says no!.
The Unionist Camp or "Bloc for Love", Together for Change political alliance's campaign relied mostly on the assertion and support of the European Union, and pointing out essential present and historical links with Serbia. They criticized that the ruling coalition was trying to turn Montenegro into a private state and a crime haven. Its campaign concentrated on pointing out "love" for union with Serbia. 73% of Montenegrin citizens had close cousins in Serbia and 78% of Montenegrin citizens had close friends in Serbia. According to TNS Medium GALLUP's research, 56.9% of the Montenegrin population believed if union with Serbia was broken, the health care system would fall apart. 56.8% believed they would not be able to go to schools in Serbia anymore and 65.3% thought it would not be able to find a job in Serbia as it intends to.
They used European Union flags, Slavic tricolors (which were also the official flag of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro) and Serb Orthodox tricolors.
The key camp's leader was opposition leader Predrag Bulatović.
Neutral
Movement for Changes (PzP)
Democratic League in Montenegro (DS)
New Democratic Force (FORCA)
The Movement for Changes, although de facto supporting independence, decided not to join the pro-independence coalition, on the arguments that they considered the independentists as largely made of 'DPS criminals', and that the bloc is an "Unholy Alliance" gathered around a controversial Prime Minister Milo Đukanović, seen by these party officials as an obstacle to complete democracy in Montenegro.
A similar stance was taken by the ethnic Albanian Democratic League in Montenegro, which called the Albanians of Montenegro to boycott the referendum. Regardless, most ethnic Albanians voted for independence.
Conduct and international influence
Irregularities
On 24 March 2006, a nine-minute video clip was aired that shows two local Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro activists from Zeta region, Ranko Vučinić and Ivan Ivanović, along with a former member of secret police, Vasilije Mijović, attempting to bribe a citizen, Mašan Bušković, into casting a pro-independence vote at the upcoming referendum. In the video clip they are seen and heard persuading Bušković to vote for the independence, promising to pay off his electric bill of €1,580 in return.
When the video was publicized, two DPS activists claimed they were victims of manipulation and that Vasilije Mijović talked them into doing so. Mijović denied those claims saying the video had been authentic. DPS spokesperson Predrag Sekulić claimed the video was "a montage" and "a cheap political setup." Mašan Bušković, the target of the alleged attempted bribe, on the other hand said the video is authentic and that it portrays events exactly as they occurred.
Public workers, such as teachers and police officers, were subject to pressure from their employers to vote for independence. The DPS chief whip, Miodrag Vuković, alluded to this in May 2006 when he said one "cannot work for the state and vote against it."
In 2007, Jovan Markuš with the help of unionist parties published a 1,290-page document called Bijela Knjiga ("White Book"), recording irregularities from the referendum.
International lobby
According to an investigation supported by the Puffin Foundation Investigative Fund in 2008, The Nation reported that Milan Roćen authorized a contract with Davis Manafort Inc, a consulting firm founded by Rick Davis, and that the firm was paid several million dollars to help organize the independence campaign. Election finance documents did not record any exchanges with Davis Manafort, although the claims of the payments were backed by multiple American diplomats and Montenegrin government officials on the condition of anonymity.
In early May 2006, Davis invited Nathaniel Rothschild to participate in the campaign after the unionist bloc suggested Montenegrin students studying in Serbia would lose scholarship benefits if Montenegro were to secede. Rothschild promised to commit $1 million to Montenegrin students studying in Serbia if they were to lose their scholarship benefits in the event of Montenegrin secession.
Almost a decade later, Paul Manafort revealed during his trials that he had been hired by Oleg Deripaska to support the referendum in Montenegro. In a discussion with Radio Free Europe in 2017, Branko Lukovac, a former campaign chief for the independence bloc, claimed that he was not aware of a contract with Manafort, but acknowledged the following:
Dole had been paid a sum of $1.38 million by the Montenegrin government for lobbying between 2001 and 2008. Lukovac denied any contract with either Manafort or Deripaska, claiming that Russian President Vladimir Putin told his campaign that "he'd prefer to for us to stay in the state union Serbia and Montenegro rather than separate, but if that is what is democratically defined by the majority of Montenegrin citizens, that they [Russia] would support that."
In June 2019, an audio recording from mid-2005 surfaced, that shows then ambassador of the Serbia and Montenegro to the Russian Federation Milan Roćen, express concern over the EU pressure on the authorities of the Republic of Montenegro, asking Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska, on behalf of then-Prime Minister of Montenegro Đukanović, to lobby for the 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, through his connections with Canadian billionaire Peter Munk in the United States.
Opinion polls
Polling throughout the campaign was sporadic, with most polls showing pro-independence forces leading but not surpassing the 55% threshold. Only in the later weeks did polls begin to indicate the threshold would be passed.
Results
Two organisations that were conducting a quick count, Montenegrin CDT and Serbian CeSID, had different projections of the referendum results. CeSID's initial projections were giving the "yes" option significant advantage, but as the evening progressed, they changed their projection and lowered the advantage of the "yes" option. This caused serious confusion among general public and sparked journalists to challenge CeSID projections. After CeSID's announcement, thousands of people began to celebrate in the streets of every major city. However, after the CDT announcement, the public began to realize how close the result was.
CDT stated that the results were too close to call. This was later confirmed with the official results, since only about 2,000 votes were over the required threshold (the votes of some 2 or 3 polling stations). They urged the public to remain calm and give time to the referendum commission to finish their job.
Montenegrin prime minister Milo Đukanović first delayed his appearance in public, after learning how close the result was. He finally appeared on Montenegrin television at about 01:40 CEST and said that after 99.85% of the votes had been counted, the percentage of votes for independence was 55.5%, and the remaining votes (6,236) could not change the outcome of the referendum.
On the other side, de facto leader of the unionist bloc Predrag Bulatović said at a press conference around 00:15 CEST that "his sources" informed him that 54% had voted "yes", a figure below the 55% threshold. Predrag Bulatović had announced earlier that he would resign as opposition leader if the referendum was won by those favouring independence.
František Lipka, the referendum commission president or Chairman of the Electoral Commission announced on Monday the 22 May 2006 that the preliminary results were 55.4% in favor of independence. Prime Minister of the Republic of Montenegro Milo Đukanović held a press conference later that day. The press conference took place at 14:30, at the Congress Hall of the Government of the Republic of Montenegro.
Because about 19,000 votes were still disputed, the Electoral Commission delayed the announcement of final results. The opposition demanded a full recount of the votes but this was rejected by the Commission and European observers, who stated that they were satisfied and they were sure that the vote had been free and fair.
By municipality
The distribution of votes was as follows: majority (around 60%-up to around 70%) were against independence in regions bordering Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The highest No vote was in Serb-majority Plužine municipality with 75.70%. In the authentic Montenegrin regions (former Principality of Montenegro), there was a light majority (around 50-60%) for independence, with the Cetinje municipality, traditional centre of old Montenegro, having a huge percentage in favour of independence (over 86.38%). At the coastal regions, Herceg Novi municipality, which has a Serb majority had voted 61.34% against independence, the middle southern region (Tivat, Kotor, Budva and Bar) being in favour of independence, and the south, Ulcinj municipality, an ethnic Albanian centre, voted strongly in favour of independence (88.50%). The regions bordering Albania and Kosovo that have mostly Bosniak, ethnic Muslim and Albanian population, were heavily in favour of independence (78.92% in Plav, 91.33% in Rožaje). Municipalities in Montenegro that voted for the Union were Andrijevica, Berane, Kolašin, Mojkovac, Plužine, Pljevlja, Herceg-Novi, Šavnik, and Žabljak. The municipalities that voted for independence were Bar, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Kotor, Nikšić, Plav, Podgorica, Rožaje, Tivat, and Ulcinj. The Independentist Bloc won thanks to the high votes of Albanians and to an extent Bosniaks. The highest pro-independence percentages were in Albanian-populated Ulcinj, Bosniak-populated Rožaje and Montenegrin Old Royal Capital Cetinje.
International reactions
On 22 May Croatian President Stipe Mesić sent a message of congratulations to Montenegro on its vote for independence. Mesić was the first foreign head of state to react officially to the vote.
The EU's foreign policy chief, Javier Solana, congratulated Montenegro on a "successful referendum" and said the turnout of over 86 percent "confirms the legitimacy of the process." The European Union would, he said, "fully respect" the final result. The EU's commissioner for enlargement, Olli Rehn, said the European Union would put forward proposals for fresh talks with both Montenegro and Serbia. "All sides should respect the result and work together in order to build consensus on the basis of the acceptance of European values and standards. I now expect Belgrade and Podgorica to engage in direct talks on the practical implementation of the results."
In a statement of 23 May the United States affirmed the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)/ODIHR assessment of the referendum, which stated that "the referendum was conducted in line with OSCE and Council of Europe commitments and other international standards for democratic electoral processes." The United States said "We urge Montenegro and Serbia to work together to resolve the practical issues necessary to implement the will of the people of Montenegro as expressed in the referendum."
The Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement on 23 May stating "It is of fundamental importance for Montenegro and Serbia to enter into constructive, friendly and comprehensive dialogue with the aim of producing mutually acceptable political solutions regarding their future relations."
The UK's Europe Minister Geoff Hoon said he was pleased that the referendum had complied with international standards, pointing out that "the people of Montenegro have expressed a clear desire for an independent state."
A spokesperson for the Chinese foreign ministry indicated that "China respects the choice of people of Montenegro and the final result of the referendum" in a regularly scheduled news conference on 23 May.
The unanimous recognition of the referendum result by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council indicated that widespread international recognition of Montenegro would likely be swift once independence was formally declared.
Serbian reactions
Serbian president Boris Tadić accepted the results of the referendum in favor of independence, while Serbian prime minister Vojislav Koštunica, a firm opponent of Montenegrin independence, resolved to wait until the end of the week, so that the pro-union Montenegrin opposition would have time to challenge the final verdict.
The prime minister of Kosovo, Agim Çeku, announced that Kosovo would follow Montenegro in the quest for independence, saying "This is the last act of the historic liquidation of Yugoslavia /.../ this year Kosovo will follow in Montenegro's footsteps." Kosovo declared its state's own independence on 17 February 2008, but is still seen in Serbian nationalism as the historical and spiritual heart of Serbia.
Ethnic Serb groups in neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina planned to demand a referendum on the independence of the Republika Srpska, according to the Croatian daily Večernji list, citing Branislav Dukić, leader of Spona, a regional Serb organisation. Since such a move could start another war in Bosnia, it provoked widespread condemnation from the United States, European Union, and other nations. Milorad Dodik, the prime minister of Republika Srpska, subsequently withdrew his calls for a referendum, citing international opposition and the fact that such a referendum would violate the Dayton peace agreement.
References
External links
Unionist Bloc video: Vote for Love!
Unionist Bloc theme: Love connects
BBC: Page on the subject
BBC: Post-election coverage
Referendum Law (PDF)
The Njegoskij Fund Public Project >> 21 May 2006 Referendum on Independence
Independence
Montenegro
Referendums in Montenegro
Montenegro
Montenegro
Montenegro
Montenegro–Serbia relations
Politics of Serbia and Montenegro
Montenegro | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Montenegrin%20independence%20referendum |
ABC 45 may refer to:
WXLV-TV, a television station licensed to Winston-Salem, North Carolina
WKDH, a television station licensed to Houston, Mississippi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC45 |
A self-report study is a type of survey, questionnaire, or poll in which respondents read the question and select a response by themselves without any outside interference. A self-report is any method which involves asking a participant about their feelings, attitudes, beliefs and so on. Examples of self-reports are questionnaires and interviews; self-reports are often used as a way of gaining participants' responses in observational studies and experiments.
Self-report studies have validity problems. Patients may exaggerate symptoms in order to make their situation seem worse, or they may under-report the severity or frequency of symptoms in order to minimize their problems. Patients might also simply be mistaken or misremember the material covered by the survey.
Questionnaires and interviews
Questionnaires are a type of self-report method which consist of a set of questions usually in a highly structured written form.
Questionnaires can contain both open questions and closed questions and participants record their own answers.
Interviews are a type of spoken questionnaire where the interviewer records the responses. Interviews can be structured whereby there is a predetermined set of questions or unstructured whereby no questions are decided in advance.
The main strength of self-report methods are that they are allowing participants to describe their own experiences rather than inferring this from observing participants.
Questionnaires and interviews are often able to study large samples of people fairly easy and quickly. They are able to examine a large number of variables and can ask people to reveal behaviour and feelings which have been experienced in real situations.
However participants may not respond truthfully, either because they cannot remember or because they wish to present themselves in a socially acceptable manner. Social desirability bias can be a big problem with self-report measures as participants often answer in a way to portray themselves in a good light.
Questions are not always clear and we do not know if the respondent has really understood the question we would not be collecting valid data.
If questionnaires are sent out, say via email or through tutor groups, response rate can be very low.
Questions can often be leading. That is, they may be unwittingly forcing the respondent to give a particular reply.
Unstructured interviews can be very time consuming and difficult to carry out whereas structured interviews can restrict the respondents’ replies.
Therefore psychologists often carry out semi-structured interviews which consist of some pre-determined questions and followed up with further questions which allow the respondent to develop their answers.
Open and closed questions
Questionnaires and interviews can use open or closed questions or both.
Closed questions are questions that provide a limited choice (for example, a participant's age or their favorite type of football team), especially if the answer must be taken from a predetermined list. Such questions provide quantitative data, which is easy to analyze. However, these questions do not allow the participant to give in-depth insights.
Open questions are those questions that invite the respondent to provide answers in their own words and provide qualitative data. Although these types of questions are more difficult to analyze, they can produce more in-depth responses and tell the researcher what the participant actually thinks, rather than being restricted by categories.
Rating scales
One of the most common rating scales is the Likert scale. A statement is used and the participant decides how strongly they agree or disagree with the statements. For example the participant decides whether Mozzarella cheese is great with the options of "strongly agree", "agree", "undecided", "disagree", and "strongly disagree". One strength of Likert scales is that they can give an idea about how strongly a participant feels about something. This therefore gives more detail than a simple yes no answer. Another strength is that the data are quantitative, which are easy to analyse statistically. However, there is a tendency with Likert scales for people to respond towards the middle of the scale, perhaps to make them look less extreme. As with any questionnaire, participants may provide the answers that they feel they should. Moreover, because the data is quantitative, it does not provide in-depth replies.
Fixed-choice questions
Fixed-choice questions are phrased so that the respondent has to make a fixed-choice answer, usually 'yes' or 'no'.
This type of questionnaire is easy to measure and quantify. It also prevents a participant from choosing an option that is not in the list. Respondents may not feel that their desired response is available. For example, a person who dislikes all alcoholic beverages may feel that it is inaccurate to choose a favorite alcoholic beverage from a list that includes beer, wine, and liquor, but does not include none of the above as an option. Answers to fixed-choice questions are not in-depth.
Reliability
Reliability refers to how consistent a measuring device is. A measurement is said to be reliable or consistent if the measurement can produce similar results if used again in similar circumstances. For example, if a speedometer gave the same readings at the same speed it would be reliable. If it didn't it would be pretty useless and unreliable.
Importantly reliability of self-report measures, such as psychometric tests and questionnaires can be assessed using the split half method. This involves splitting a test into two and having the same participant doing both halves of the test.
Validity
Validity refers to whether a study measures or examines what it claims to measure or examine. Questionnaires are said to often lack validity for a number of reasons. Participants may lie; give answers that are desired and so on.
A way of assessing the validity of self-report measures is to compare the results of the self-report with another self-report on the same topic. (This is called concurrent validity). For example if an interview is used to investigate sixth grade students' attitudes toward smoking, the scores could be compared with a questionnaire of former sixth graders' attitudes toward smoking.
Results of self-report studies have been confirmed by other methods. For example, results of prior self-reported outcomes were confirmed by studies involving smaller participant population using direct observation strategies.
The overarching question asked regarding this strategy is, "Why would the researcher trust what people say about themselves?" In case, however, when there is a challenge to the validity of collected data, there are research tools that can be used to address the problem of respondent bias in self-report studies. These include the construction of some inventories to minimize respondent distortions such as the use of scales to assess the attitude of the participant, measure personal bias, as well as identify the level of resistance, confusion, and insufficiency of self-reporting time, among others. Leading questions could also be avoided, open questions could be added to allow respondents to expand upon their replies and confidentiality could be reinforced to allow respondents to give more truthful responses.
Disadvantages
Self-report studies have many advantages, but they also suffer from specific disadvantages due to the way that subjects generally behave. Self-reported answers may be exaggerated; respondents may be too embarrassed to reveal private details; various biases may affect the results, like social desirability bias. There are also cases when respondents guess the hypothesis of the study and provide biased responses that 1) confirm the researcher's conjecture; 2) make them look good; or, 3) make them appear more distressed to receive promised services.
Subjects may also forget pertinent details. Self-report studies are inherently biased by the person's feelings at the time they filled out the questionnaire. If a person feels bad at the time they fill out the questionnaire, for example, their answers will be more negative. If the person feels good at the time, then the answers will be more positive.
As with all studies relying on voluntary participation, results can be biased by a lack of respondents, if there are systematic differences between people who respond and people who do not. Care must be taken to avoid biases due to interviewers and their demand characteristics.
See also
Questionnaire
Self-report inventory
References
Survey methodology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-report%20study |
was a one-off Hello! Project unit formed in 2004. The members were Maki Goto, Aya Matsuura and Natsumi Abe.
The group was composed of soloists, similar to Gomattou, and released their only single, , on October 6, 2004. It reached 4th place on TBS's Top 100 weekly countdown show Count Down TV. Like Gomattou, the name of the group is a portmanteau of the members' names: , an alternate reading of the first character in Maki Goto's surname (後藤), , the last character in Aya Matsuura's surname (松浦), and , Abe's first name.
The trio was scheduled to perform together on NHK's 55th Kōhaku Uta Gassen, but Abe was suspended from Hello! Project for plagiarism in December 2004, so Goto and Matsuura had to perform without her. The trio reunited for the "Triangle Energy" concert tour in spring 2005. Both the song itself and in particular the music video for "Ren'ai Sentai Shitsuranger" pay homage to the Japanese Super Sentai franchise. All three members later participated in the similarly themed group Def.Diva.
Discography
DVDs
Concert tour
The group had their spring tour starting on April 10, 2005 and ended on May 8, 2005 under the title "Nochiura Natsumi Concert Tour 2005 Haru 'Triangle Energy'". The recording of the May 1 concert on Nakano Sunplaza will be released on DVD on August 3, 2005.
References
External links
Official Hello! Project profile
Up-Front Works official discography
Japanese musical trios
Japanese idol groups
Japanese girl groups
Japanese pop music groups
Hello! Project groups
Musical groups from Tokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nochiura%20Natsumi |
Nuclear power in the United Kingdom generated 16.1% of the country's electricity in 2020. , the UK has 9 operational nuclear reactors at five locations (8 advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR) and one pressurised water reactor (PWR)), producing 5.9GWe.
It also has nuclear reprocessing plants at Sellafield and the Tails Management Facility (TMF) operated by Urenco in Capenhurst.
The United Kingdom established the world's first civil nuclear programme, opening a nuclear power station, Calder Hall at Windscale, England, in 1956. The British installed base of nuclear reactors used to be dominated by domestically developed Magnox and their successor AGR reactors with graphite moderator and coolant but the last of those are nearing the end of their useful life and will be replaced with "international" pressurised water reactors. At the peak in 1997, 26% of the nation's electricity was generated from nuclear power. Since then several reactors have closed and by 2012 the share had declined to 19%. The older AGR reactors have been life-extended, but they are now towards the end of their life.
In October 2010, the Cameron–Clegg coalition took forward the previous Labour government's plans for private suppliers to construct up to eight new nuclear power plants. The Scottish Government, with the backing of the Scottish Parliament, has stated that no new nuclear power stations will be constructed in Scotland. E.ON UK, RWE npower and Horizon Nuclear Power have been pulling out of their initial plans for developing new nuclear power plants, placing the future of nuclear power in the UK in some doubt. Despite this, EDF Energy is still planning to build four new reactors at two sites, with construction ongoing at Hinkley Point in Somerset. In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the government of Boris Johnson announced a renewed commitment to nuclear power, using the EPR and potentially other PWR designs as well as yet-to-be-developed small modular reactors in a push towards energy independence and decarbonisation while replacing the ageing AGR reactors and phasing out gas and coal for electricity generation. While there is a de facto nuclear power phaseout underway in Scotland and there are plans to replace existing reactors with newly-built ones in England and Wales (sometimes using existing sites for the new reactors), no nuclear power plant has ever been built or planned in Northern Ireland.
EDF Energy owns and manages the five currently operating and two de-fuelling reactor sites. Four new plants are proposed to be built in the next few decades. All nuclear installations in the UK are overseen by the Office for Nuclear Regulation.
History
20th century
The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) was established in 1954 as a statutory corporation to oversee and pioneer the development of nuclear energy within the United Kingdom.
The first station to be connected to the grid, on 27 August 1956, was Calder Hall, although the production of weapons-grade plutonium was the main reason behind this power station. Calder Hall was the world's first nuclear power station to deliver electricity in commercial quantities (although the 5 MW "semi-experimental" reactor at Obninsk in the Soviet Union was connected to the public supply in 1954).
In February 1966, it was announced that the first prototype fast breeder reactor in the United Kingdom would be constructed in Dounreay, Scotland, at a cost of £30million.
British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL) was established in February 1971 from the demerger of the production division of the UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). In 1984 BNFL became a public limited company, British Nuclear Fuels plc, wholly owned by the UK government.
In December 1979, in the wake of the industrial disputes of the Winter of Discontent and the 1979 oil crisis, the new Thatcher government announced a new long-term nuclear power programme. The existing state National Nuclear Corporation would complete its existing planned second generation AGR builds, and would develop a new programme of building one Westinghouse designed Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) per year for at least a decade from 1982 (about 15GWe in total). However, in 1981 the Select Committee on Energy and the Monopolies and Mergers Commission produced reports criticising the CEGB and government's demand forecasting and investment assessment justifying the programme. From 1982, after Nigel Lawson replaced David Howell as Secretary of State for Energy, the government began rowing back from this large proposal, in part because the government were beginning to consider privatising the electricity industry. The Electricity Act 1989 provided for the privatisation of the electricity industry, introducing the Fossil Fuel Levy to support the nuclear power industry which was exempted from privatisation and vested in Nuclear Electric.
In the end, only the Sizewell B nuclear power plant from the PWR programme was built, between 1987 and 1995. It began producing power for the national grid in February 1995. Its construction followed a four-year, 16million-word public inquiry. As of 2019 it is the most recent nuclear plant to be constructed in the United Kingdom. Sizewell B was intended to be the first of a smaller series of four new identical power stations, but the rest were dropped as uneconomic in the early 1990s when it was decided to privatise the electric power industry so low interest rate government finance would no longer be available.
A Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant (THORP) was opened at Sellafield in 1994. Construction had begun in the 1970s and cost £2.4billion.
In 1996 the UK's eight most advanced nuclear plants, seven advanced gas-cooled reactors and one pressurized water reactor, were privatised as British Energy, raising £2.1billion. The remaining Magnox reactors remained in public ownership as Magnox Electric. On 30 January 1998 Magnox Electric was merged into BNFL as BNFL Magnox Generation.
21st century
2002 Energy review
Margaret Beckett as Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs rejected demands for an expansion of nuclear power from a lobby including energy minister Brian Wilson and Downing Street staff. She argued there was no need for new nuclear for at least 15 years given current energy prices and generation capacity.
In relation to nuclear power, the conclusion of the Government's 2002 energy review was that:
The immediate priorities of energy policy are likely to be most cost-effectively served by promoting energy efficiency and expanding the role of renewables. However, the options of new investment in nuclear power and in clean coal (through carbon sequestration) need to be kept open, and practical measures taken to do this.
The practical measures identified were: continuing to participate in international research; ensuring that the nuclear skill-base is maintained, and that the regulators are adequately staffed to assess any new investment proposals; shortening the lead-time to commissioning, should new nuclear power be chosen in future; permitting nuclear power to benefit from the development of carbon taxes and similar market mechanisms; and addressing the problems of long-term nuclear waste disposal. It went on to state that "Because nuclear is a mature technology within a well-established global industry, there is no current case for further government support" and that "the decision whether to bring forward proposals for new nuclear build is a matter for the private sector".
2003 Energy White Paper
The Government's Energy White Paper, published in 2003 and titled "Our Energy Future – Creating a Low Carbon Economy" concluded that:
Nuclear power is currently an important source of carbon-free electricity. However, its current economics make it an unattractive option for new, carbon-free generating capacity and there are also important issues of nuclear waste to be resolved. These issues include our legacy waste and continued waste arising from other sources. This white paper does not contain specific proposals for building new nuclear power stations. However we do not rule out the possibility that at some point in the future new nuclear build might be necessary if we are to meet our carbon targets.
2006 Energy review
In April 2005, advisers to British Prime Minister Tony Blair were suggesting that constructing new nuclear power stations would be the best way to meet the country's targets on reducing emissions of gases responsible for global warming. The energy policy of the United Kingdom has a near-term target of cutting emissions below 1997 levels by 20%, and a more ambitious target of an 80% cut by 2050. In November 2005 the Government announced an energy review, subsequently launched in January 2006, to "review the UK's progress against the medium and long-term Energy White Paper goals and the options for further steps to achieve them".
Following the 2006 review the Office for Nuclear Regulation, an agency of Health and Safety Executive, developed the Generic Design Assessment process (GDA) to assess new nuclear reactor designs ahead of site-specific proposals. The GDA started assessing four designs: Westinghouse AP1000; Areva EPR; AECL ACR-1000; and GE-Hitachi ESBWR. However the ACR-1000 and ESBWR were subsequently withdrawn from the assessment for commercial reasons, leaving the EPR and AP1000 as contenders for new nuclear builds.
2007 High Court ruling
On 15 February 2007, environmental group Greenpeace won a High Court ruling that threw out the government's 2006 Energy Review. Mr Justice Sullivan presiding held that the government's review was 'seriously flawed', in particular in that key details of the economics of the argument were only published after the review was completed. Justice Sullivan held that the review's wording on nuclear waste disposal was "not merely inadequate but also misleading", and held the decision to proceed to be "unlawful".
Responding to the news, Trade and Industry Secretary Alistair Darling said that there would be a fresh consultation, but that a decision was required before the end of 2007. He stated that the government remains convinced that new nuclear power plants are needed to help combat climate change and over-reliance on imported oil and gas. Attention was drawn in the media to numerous connections to nuclear industry lobbyists within the Labour Party.
2007 Consultation
The 2007 Energy White Paper: Meeting the Energy Challenge was published on 23 May 2007. It contained a 'preliminary view is that it is in the public interest to give the private sector the option of investing in new nuclear power stations'. Alongside the White Paper the Government published a consultation document, The Future of Nuclear Power together with a number of supporting documents. One of these, a report by Jackson Consulting, suggested that it would be preferable to site new power stations on existing nuclear power stations sites that are owned by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority or British Energy.
Greenpeace responded to the release of the consultation document by repeating its position that replacing the nuclear fleet rather than decommissioning would only reduce the UK's total carbon emissions by four per cent.
On 7 September 2007 several anti-nuclear groups including Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, CND and the WWF announced that they had pulled out of the consultation process. They stated that it appeared as if the Government had already made up its mind regarding the future of nuclear power. The business and enterprise secretary, John Hutton, responded in a Radio 4 interview "It is not the government that has got a closed view on these issues, I think it is organisations like Greenpeace that have got a closed mind. There is only one outcome that Greenpeace and other organisations want from this consultation."
2008 go-ahead given
In January 2008, the UK government gave the go-ahead for a new generation of nuclear power stations to be built. The Scottish Government has made clear that it opposes new nuclear power stations being built in Scotland and has the final say on planning matters in Scotland. Liberal Democrat spokesman Steve Webb MP said on 29 January 2008 "There is a real risk that focusing on new nuclear plants will undermine attempts to find a cleaner, greener, more sustainable and secure solution. We should be concentrating our efforts on renewables and greater energy conservation." On 10 January 2008, Alan Duncan MP issued a response to the Government's announcement on nuclear power, welcoming it and suggesting that the Conservatives supported a level economic playing field for different types of energy generation rather than a preference for one over another.
Two consortia (EDF-Centrica and RWE-E.ON) had announced outline plans to build a total of 12.5GW of new nuclear capacity, slightly more than the total capacity of British Energy's currently operating plants.
In 2009 government officials believed a carbon price floor would be needed to encourage companies to commit funds to nuclear build projects.
2009 to 2011
In 2009 Électricité de France (EDF), the state-owned French energy company, took over British Energy, paying £12.5 billion.
In August, 2009, the energy company Centrica purchased a 20% share from EDF. A subsidiary of EDF was formed called EDF Energy.
In November 2009, the Government identified ten nuclear sites which could accommodate future reactors: Bradwell in Essex; Braystones in Cumbria; Kirksanton in Cumbria; Sellafield in Cumbria; Hartlepool in County Durham; Heysham in Lancashire; Hinkley Point in Somerset; Oldbury in Gloucestershire; Sizewell in Suffolk; and Wylfa in North Wales Most of these sites already have a nuclear power station; the only new sites are Braystones and Kirksanton.
In October 2010, sites at Braystones, Kirksanton and Dungeness were ruled out by Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Chris Huhne with the former government's list of eleven potential sites reduced to eight.
In 2010 the Nuclear Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre was created in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, led by the University of Sheffield with Rolls-Royce, anticipating involvement in any forthcoming new nuclear builds in the UK. It was funded with £15million from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and £10million from the regional development agency Yorkshire Forward.
2011 to 2016
Following the 2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents Chris Huhne, Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, wrote to Dr Mike Weightman, head of the HSE's Nuclear Directorate, on 12 March, asking for a report 'on the implications of the situation and the lessons to be learned for the UK nuclear industry. The report was to be delivered within 6 months, with an interim report by mid-May, 'prepared in close cooperation with the International nuclear community and other nuclear safety regulators'. On 15 March, Huhne expressed regret that some European politicians were 'rushing to judgement' before assessments had been carried out, and said that it was too early to determine whether the willingness of the private sector to invest in new nuclear plants would be affected. In the wake of the accident the Government was criticised for having colluded with EDF Energy, Areva and Westinghouse in order to manage communications and maintain public support for nuclear power.
In January 2012, the campaign group Energy Fair, supported by a number of other organisations and environmentalists, filed a formal complaint with the European Commission over alleged unlawful State aid in the form of subsidies for nuclear power industry, in breach of European Union competition law. It claims that the subsidies arise from underwriting commercial risk and decommissioning costs, protection against terrorist attacks, the disposal of nuclear waste, and by providing 'institutional support' in the form of various government funded or subsidised bodies such as the National Nuclear Laboratory, the Nuclear Institute, and Nuclear Decommissioning Authority without providing corresponding levels of support for renewable technologies, without which nuclear power would not be commercially viable, so distorting the energy market. The group claims that the subsidies divert resources from renewable technologies that would 'cut emissions more deeply, more quickly, more cheaply, and with none of the risks and other problems with nuclear power'.
In March 2012, two of the big six power companies announced they would be pulling out of developing new nuclear power plants. The decision by RWE npower and E.ON followed uncertainty over nuclear energy following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, which had occurred the year before. Their decision followed a similar announcement by Scottish and Southern Electricity the previous year. Hitachi purchased the Horizon joint-venture, intending to build two or three 1,350MWe Advanced boiling water reactors (ABWR) at Oldbury and Wylfa.
French-owned EDF, one of the two remaining consortia planning to build new nuclear plants in the UK, has indicated that the election victory of François Hollande will not change its plans in the UK, despite François Hollande having proposed to cut France's reliance on nuclear power generation from 75% to 50%, and despite speculation to the contrary in the UK.
In 2012 Russian firm Rosatom stated that in the future it intended to certify the VVER-1200 with the British and U.S. regulatory authorities, though was unlikely to apply for a British licence before 2015, after having seen what agreements EDF finally reaches. In September 2013 Rosatom, in conjunction with Fortum and Rolls-Royce, signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the UK government to prepare for a VVER Generic Design Assessment.
In 2013, Tim Yeo, chairman of the Commons Energy and Climate Change Committee, stated that the government reaching an agreement over nuclear power expansion was a "matter of great urgency", and warned that Britain could run out of energy if negotiations were not concluded quickly.
In the same year, a cross-party committee inquiry concluded that the UK "will not be able to meet its climate change targets without new nuclear build". A report published by the committee found that unless planned nuclear power plants are built on time, it will be "extremely challenging, if not impossible" for the country to meet its legally binding carbon reduction targets. Such a failure to build the new nuclear capacity by 2025 would also force a greater reliance on imported gas, and would affect energy security.
On 26 March 2013, the government published a Nuclear Industrial Strategy which in part stated that the nuclear industry had plans for about 16GWe of new nuclear power stations by 2030, which is at least 12 new nuclear reactors at five sites. A Nuclear Industry Council will be established, and a Nuclear Innovation and Research Advisory Board will be created "to ensure that public R&D programmes are aligned to support industrial and energy policy." Public civil nuclear R&D funding for 2010–11 was £66million, which is low compared to some international competitors. The government will join the European Jules Horowitz Reactor research project.
In April 2013, EDF's negotiations with the government over the strike price for nuclear produced electricity stalled. EDF's chief executive stated EDF was "in no hurry" to agree the strike price, and was unconcerned if the negotiations failed. Commentators believed it would take several months to reach a conclusion.
The Office for National Statistics assessed that in 2015 the UK nuclear industry directly employed about 12,400 staff, though about 9,400 of those worked at Sellafield mostly on nuclear waste handling.
In 2016 EDF and the UK government finalised the £92.5/MWh contract for difference for the building of two EPR reactors at Hinkley Point C.
Small modular reactor development
Rolls-Royce is preparing a small modular reactor (SMR) design called the Rolls-Royce SMR, a close-coupled four-loop PWR design. Power output is 470MWe which is above the usual range considered to be a SMR. It sought UK government finance to support further development.
In December 2017 The UK government provided funding of up to £56million over three years to support research and development into advanced and small nuclear reactors.
In 2018 the UK SMR industry sought billions of pounds of government support to finance their putative First of a Kind projects. The Expert Finance Working Group on Small Reactors produced a report stating that there was "a current market failure in supporting nuclear projects generally" and identifying options for government to support SMR development in the UK.
The UK government, through UKRI, awarded £18million in ISCF funding to a UK-based consortium led by Rolls-Royce, with matched funding of £18million from industry. This first phase was formally concluded on 30 June 2021 and successfully developed a concept design. In November 2021, the UK government provided £210million, match funded by industry, in the second phase of development for the Rolls-Royce SMR.
In 2023, the UK government formed Great British Nuclear to oversee its policy, operating through British Nuclear Fuels Ltd in the Greater Manchester area, which includes a competitive choice of SMR suppliers for the UK. GE-Hitachi’s BWRX-300 was announced in April 2023 as one of the competitors to the Rolls-Royce SMR. However the full remit of Great British Nuclear, which was announced by the Boris Johnson government in 2022, still needs to be decided by the Rishi Sunak government including its budget and if eventually it will be a nuclear plant operator.
In July 2023, Energy Secretary Grant Shapps said he was launching an international competition to select up to four different SMR technologies "to go through to the final design stage", supported by up to £157 million of funding. He said the final investment decision will be taken by the next parliament, and UK SMRs might start operating by the 2030s.
Brexit negotiations to 2021
On 26 January 2017, the UK notified the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) of its intention to withdraw, following on from its decision to withdraw from the European Union. Leaving will have wide-ranging implications for Britain's nuclear industry, including regulation and research, access to nuclear materials and impacts about twenty nuclear co-operation agreements with non-EU countries.
The UK withdrawal might raise the question of nuclear fuel availability after 2019 in the UK, and the need for the UK to enter into new treaties relating to the transportation of nuclear materials.
In 2018, the National College for Nuclear was opened at two hubs at Bridgwater and Taunton College and Lakes College largely funded by £22.5million from the Department for Education, intended to service the building and operation of new build nuclear power plants.
In November 2018, the UK ratified the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) framework international collaboration agreement for research and development of Generation IV nuclear reactors.
In 2019, Wood sold its nuclear business, mostly decommissioning work at Sellafield, for £250million to the US Jacobs Engineering Group, which has a global nuclear business.
In 2020, Energy Systems Catapult analysis suggested new 10GW nuclear power in order to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.
In June 2020, Zion Lights, former spokesperson of Extinction Rebellion UK, declared her support for nuclear energy as a critical part of the energy mix along with renewable energy sources and called fellow environmentalists to accept that nuclear power is part of the "scientifically assessed solutions for addressing climate change".
In 2020, nuclear power generated 46terawatt hours (TWh) of UK electricity, just over 15% of gross electricity generation, and about half its 1998 peak of 91TWh.
In June 2021, EDF announced that Dungeness B would move into the defuelling phase with immediate effect, citing "station-specific risks within some key components, including parts within the fuel assemblies" identified since September 2018.
As of 2021, the British government's attitude to the involvement of China in British nuclear power had changed following worsening of China–United Kingdom relations, and it was exploring ways to block Chinese involvement, finance and their Bradwell B new nuclear development.
Regulated Asset Base financing model
Following the abandonment of three large new nuclear developments at Moorside in 2018, and Wylfa Newydd and Oldbury B in 2020, primarily because the developers were unable to raise finance for the developments, the Nuclear Energy (Financing) Bill was introduced in the House of Commons in October 2021. It enabled the Regulated Asset Base (RAB) financing model to be used for new nuclear, whereby consumers finance most of the capital costs during the construction period rather than the developers. Consumers would not receive a financial return from their contributions, but would benefit later by having access to the electricity provided by the plant.
The Nuclear Energy (Financing) Act 2022 came into force on 31 March 2022. The power and utilities executive at Barclays bank described the RAB model as providing "a high level of certainty and confidence and predictability for investors" and "structured to produce attractive, stable, low-risk and inflation-linked returns at scale".
As part of the 2022 British energy security strategy policy paper, it was announced that nuclear-generating capacity would increase from 7GW to 24GW by 2050 and the establishment of a new nuclear development agency named Great British Nuclear. Security concerns about China also caused the government to buy China General Nuclear Power Group out of the proposed Sizewell C nuclear power station development for just over £100 million in late 2022, leaving it co-owned by EDF and the UK government.
On 7 January 2022, Hunterston B was closed and moved into defuelling earlier than planned due to cracks in the graphite bricks in the reactors.
In 2023, the civil nuclear sector in the UK employed about 77,400 people, of which 9,500 were involved with the Hinkley Point C new build. In March 2023, EDF announced that the operational life of Heysham 1 and Hartlepool power stations would be extended a further two years until March 2026.
Power stations
Operating
Since 2006, Hinkley Point B and Hunterston B have been restricted to about 70% of normal MWe output because of boiler-related problems requiring that they operate at reduced boiler temperatures. In 2013, these two stations' power increased to about 80% of normal output following some plant modifications.
In 2010, EDF announced a five-year life extension for both Heysham 1 and Hartlepool to enable further generation until 2024. As of 2012, EDF expected seven-year life extensions on average across all AGRs, including the recently life-extended Heysham 1 and Hartlepool. A 20-year life extension is the strategic target for the Sizewell B PWR. These life extensions are subject to detailed review and approval, and are not included in the table above. Hinkley Point B and Hunterston B were given seven-year life extensions in December 2012, from 2016 to 2023.
Hartlepool had a five-year life extension in November 2013, from 2019 to 2024.
In November 2020, EDF announced that Hinkley Point B will stop generating electricity and move into the defuelling phase no later than 15 June 2022.
In December 2021, EDF announced that the closure dates for Heysham 2 and Torness were to be brought forward from 2030 to March 2028.
In March 2023, EDF announced that the closure dates for Heysham 1 and Hartlepool would be extended until March 2026.
Retired
A number of research and development reactors also produced some power for the grid, including two Winfrith reactors, two Dounreay fast reactors, and the prototype Windscale Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor.
Economics
History
The history of nuclear energy economics in the UK is complex. The first Magnox reactors were not built for purely commercial purposes, and later reactors faced delays which inflated costs (culminating in Sizewell B taking seven years from start of construction to entering service, after a lengthy public inquiry). Costs have also been complicated by the lack of national strategy or policy for spent nuclear fuel, so that a mixed use of reprocessing and short-term storage have been employed, with little regard for long-term considerations (although a national repository has been proposed).
There is a lack of consensus in the UK about the cost/benefit nature of nuclear energy, as well as ideological influence (for instance, those favouring 'energy security' generally arguing pro, while those worried about the 'environmental impact' against). Because of this, and a lack of a consistent energy policy in the UK since the mid-1990s, no new reactors have been built since Sizewell B in 1995. Costs have been a major influence to this, while the long lead-time between proposal and operation (at ten years or more) has put off many investors, especially with long-term considerations such as energy market regulation and nuclear waste remaining unresolved. Sizewell B was in 1995 expected to generate electricity at 3.5p/kWh (2000 prices, which is equivalent to £/MWh in ), however a post-startup evaluation estimated generating cost was about 6p/kWh (2000 prices, equivalent to £/MWh in ), excluding first-of-kind costs and using an 8% discount rate for the cost of capital.
Future power stations
From 2010 until 2015, it was UK Government policy that the construction of any new nuclear power stations in the UK would be led and financed by the private sector. This transfers the running and immediate concerns to the operator, while reducing (although not eliminating) government participation and long-term involvement/liability (nuclear waste, as involving government policy, will likely remain a liability, even if only a limited one). In 2010 The Daily Telegraph reported that additional incentives, such as capacity payments and supplier nuclear obligations, would be needed to persuade companies to build nuclear plants in the UK. The government decided to subsidize nuclear power again in 2015.
When the rest of the UK generating industry was privatised, the Government introduced the Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation, initially as a means of supporting the nuclear generators, which remained under state ownership until the formation of British Energy. British Energy, the private sector company that operated the UK's more modern nuclear plants, came close to bankruptcy and in 2004 was restructured with UK government investment of over £3billion, although this has since been paid back in full. In January 2009, British Energy was bought for approximately £12billion by EDF Energy (a subsidiary of Électricité de France (EDF)) and Centrica (a major operator of CCGT power stations and renewable sources in the UK and parent company of British Gas) in an 80/20 split.
In January 2008, the UK government indicated that it would take steps to encourage private operators to build new nuclear power plants in the following years to meet projected energy needs. The government stated that there would be no subsidies for nuclear power. The Government hoped that the first station would be operational before 2020. However, the Welsh Government remains opposed to new nuclear plants in Wales despite the approval of Wylfa as a potential site. Scotland has decided against new nuclear power stations.
In May 2008, The Times reported that Wulf Bernotat, chairman and chief executive of E.ON, had stated that the cost of each new nuclear power plant in the UK could be as high as €6billion (£4.8billion), much higher than the Government's estimate of £2.8billion. The cost of replacing Britain's ten nuclear power stations could therefore reach £48billion, excluding the cost of decommissioning ageing reactors or dealing with nuclear waste.
On 29 March 2012, E.ON and RWE npower, which had formed the joint venture Horizon to build NPPs in the United Kingdom, announced that they would not develop new nuclear power projects in the UK, focusing instead on shorter term investments, and were looking to find another company to take over Horizon.
On 29 October 2012 it was announced that Hitachi would buy Horizon for about £700million. Hitachi intend to build two or three 1,350MWe Advanced boiling water reactors (ABWR) at Oldbury and Wylfa, but will first require a Generic Design Assessment for the ABWR design by the Office for Nuclear Regulation, which will take about four years.
In June 2012, in research commissioned by EDF, the Institute for Public Policy Research suggested that building 18GW of new nuclear energy capacity in the UK, with more than 10 new reactors, could create between 16,250 and 21,250 additional jobs, and enable the UK to compete in the international market for nuclear energy. The Institute of Directors also published a report stating that nuclear energy is a "clean, cheap and safe" way of generating electricity, with 84% of its members in favour of new nuclear power in Britain. However, The Times reported the cost of building each EPR had increased to £7billion, which Citigroup analysts did not regard as commercially viable, projecting a generation cost of 16.6p/kWh for private-sector financed reactors.
On 21 October 2013, EDF Energy announced that an agreement had been reached regarding new nuclear plants to be built on the site of Hinkley Point C. EDF Group and the UK Government agreed on the key commercial terms of the investment contract. The final investment decision was still conditional on completion of the remaining key steps, including the agreement of the EU Commission.
In 2015, the UK government proposed to provide large subsidies to the Hinkley Point C plant, paying twice the market rate for electricity.
A 2015 model-based study compares renewables plus storage, nuclear, and fossil fuels with and without carbon capture and storage. The study finds that, for the scenarios considered, costs were similar at about at up to 50% renewables and rose for renewables above an 80% share as grid-scale storage, imports, and tidal range generation were applied.
Rolls-Royce is preparing a small modular reactor (SMR) design called the Rolls-Royce SMR, a close-coupled four-loop PWR design. Power output is 440MWe which is above the usual range considered to be a SMR. As of 2017 Rolls-Royce was seeking UK government finance to support further development. In 2018, the UK government announced £56million of spending to fund initial SMR research and development for eight companies.
In 2017, a consensus of government and industry developed that the Contract for Difference financing model used for Hinkley Point C nuclear power station, involving fully private sector financing, may not used for subsequent nuclear plants, and discussions with government are under way about alternative finance mechanisms for the following possible development at Wylfa by Horizon Nuclear Power for parent Hitachi. However, on 17 January 2019, Horizon announced that it was suspending its UK nuclear development programme. The UK government had been willing to take a one-third equity stake in the project, to consider providing all the required debt financing, and to provide a Contract for Difference for the electricity generated at up to £75/MWh for 35 years. Greg Clark, minister for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, stated this was a "generous package of potential support that goes beyond what any government has been willing to consider in the past". However this did not provide an adequate "economic rationality as a private enterprise" for Hitachi to proceed.
In April 2020, a director of Horizon Nuclear Power stated that the future of next two nuclear builds, Wylfa and Oldbury, depended on the government accepting the Regulated Asset Base (RAB) financial assistance model rather than the existing Contract for Difference support mechanism, which would allow developers to need less upfront private finance with some finance backed through end consumer bills.
On 2 June 2020, EDF Energy announced that it had submitted a development consent order to the UK government prior to starting construction on the Sizewell C site in Suffolk. However EDF have yet to organise financing, and cannot take on more construction risk in the UK. EDF is looking to the UK government to assist on financing either by offering a Regulated Asset Base model, though that puts an immediate cost burden on end consumers, or through other approaches such as a government equity stake in the development. On 30 June, EDF announced that it had applied to the Office for Nuclear Regulation for a licence to build and operate Sizewell C.
On 24 September 2020, when Prime Minister Boris Johnson was asked about new technology in the UK's fight against climate change, he reaffirmed support for nuclear power in the UK, by saying to the BBC, "I do think nuclear has to be part of the mix", whilst also saying that the UK can be the "Saudi Arabia of wind power".
List
Proposed nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom, with currently shelved proposals in italics, are:
Two other sites, Heysham and Hartlepool, were identified as possible locations in 2010 but no commercial proposals were made for these sites.
Moorside clean energy hub
Following the cancellation of the Moorside project by Toshiba, on 30 June 2020 EDF announced proposals to construct an EPR on the site. This would be a near replica of Hinkley Point C and Sizewell C in order to reduce the overall costs of the project. The plans come as a part of a proposed clean energy hub for the area which is backed by 14 other companies and trade unions including the UK construction firm Balfour Beatty and the union Unite. The consortium claims that 25,000 jobs will be created with the construction of the hub. The hub is also aiming to use existing nuclear supply chains within the area and also be the site of SMRs and AMRs in the future.
Sizewell C
The project has completed its stage 4 consultation, which is allowing EDF to submit its planning application which is expected to be at the start of 2020, before a decision is made on the plant's future in 2020. After this, construction is expected to start around 2021, with an accelerated timeline due to the replication of the Hinkley point C power plant on the site. On 27 May 2020, EDF energy put in a development consent order application, prior to the start of construction at the site.
Waste management and disposal
The UK has a large variety of different intermediate- and high-level radioactive wastes, coming from national programmes to develop nuclear weapons and nuclear power. It is a national responsibility to pay for the management of these. In addition, new nuclear power stations could be built, the waste management from which would be the private sector's financial responsibility, although all would be stored in a single facility. Most of the UK's higher-activity radioactive waste is currently held in temporary storage at Sellafield. , the 60-years long nuclear programme produced of high-level waste.
The UK has approximately 70,000tonnes of irradiated graphite, mainly as moderator in Magnox and AGR reactors. Most of its radioactivity will have decayed away 60–70 years after reactor closure, but its carbon-14 content is a long-term radiological hazard which can be released in gaseous form making it a large volume intermediate-level waste. Research on how to handle this waste is ongoing, which will lead to an informed decision on management.
On 31 July 2006, the Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM), published its final report on long-term waste management. Its main recommendation was that geological disposal should be adopted. This would involve burial of high-level waste at deep in a purpose-built facility with no intention to retrieve the waste in the future. It was concluded that this could not be implemented for several decades, and that there were "social and ethical concerns within UK society about the disposal option that would need to be resolved as part of the implementation process". Such a repository should start to be closed as soon as practicable rather than being left open for future generations. Fourteen additional recommendations were also made.
On 12 June 2008, a white paper, Managing Radioactive Waste Safely, A Framework for Implementing Geological Disposal was published confirming CoRWM's conclusion of geologic disposal of higher-activity wastes. The policy announcement confirmed that there would be one geologic disposal site, for both national legacy waste as well as potential wastes from future programmes. It announced that a process of volunteerism would be used in selecting a suitable site and invited communities from the UK to express interest. They would be rewarded by the infrastructure investment for the facility, jobs for the long term and a tailored package of benefits.
In January 2014, the building of the first dry spent PWR nuclear fuel store in the UK began at Sizewell B, where the existing spent fuel pool, which stores spent fuel under water, was expected to reach full capacity in 2015. It is intended to enable spent nuclear fuel produced from 2016 until at least 2035 to be stored at Sizewell B until a deep geological repository is available. In March 2017, the first cask containing spent nuclear fuel was installed.
In 2023, UK Nuclear Waste Services (NWS), launched in January 2022, began studies to evaluate sites that could be suitable for a geological disposal facility in locally-agreed community partnerships areas in Allerdale and Copeland in Cumbria near the Sellafield plant, and in Theddlethorpe in Lincolnshire. After any site is selected, it would take 10-15 years for further detailed investigative work.
Decommissioning
Responsibility
The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), formed in April 2005 under the Energy Act 2004, oversees and manages the decommissioning and clean-up of the UK's older Magnox power plants and the reprocessing facilities at Sellafield, which were transferred to its ownership from BNFL, and the former nuclear research and development facilities previously run by the UKAEA.
Sites
In August 2005, the following sites were listed for decommissioning:
Berkeley, Gloucestershire
Bradwell, Essex
Calder Hall, Cumbria
Capenhurst, Cheshire
Chapelcross, Dumfriesshire
Culham, Oxfordshire
Dounreay, Caithness
Drigg, Cumbria
Dungeness, Kent
Harwell, Oxfordshire
Hinkley Point, Somerset
Hunterston, Ayrshire
Oldbury, Gloucestershire
Sellafield / Windscale, Cumbria
Sizewell, Suffolk
Springfields, Lancashire
Trawsfynydd, Gwynedd
Winfrith, Dorset
Wylfa, Isle of Anglesey
Costs
Prior to the 2002 white paper Managing the Nuclear Legacy, the cost of decommissioning these facilities had been estimated at around £42billion. The white paper estimated the costs at £48billion at March 2002 prices, an increase of £6bn, with the cost of decommissioning Sellafield accounting for over 65% of the total. This figure included a rise in BNFL's estimated decommissioning liabilities from £35billion to £40.5billion, with an estimate of £7.4billion for UKAEA.
In June 2003, the Department of Trade and Industry estimated that decommissioning costs, including the cost of running the facilities still in operation for their remaining life, were approximately £56billion at 2003 prices, although the figure was 'almost certainly' expected to rise. This estimate was revised in subsequent years; to £57billion in September 2004; £63billion in September 2005; £65billion in March 2006; and to £73billion in March 2007. Around £46billion of the £73billion is for the decommissioning and clean-up of the Sellafield site.
In May 2008 a senior director at the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority indicated that the figure of £73billion might increase by several billion pounds. In 2019, the cost was given as £129billion.
In addition to The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority's costs, British Energy's liabilities in relation to spent nuclear fuels have risen. In February 2006, it was reported that these had increased to £5.3billion, an increase of almost £1billion. The costs of handling these is to be met by the Nuclear Liabilities Fund (NLF), the successor to the Nuclear Generation Decommissioning Fund. Although British Energy contributes to the NLF, the fund is underwritten by the Government. The House of Commons Public Accounts Committee noted in 2007 that British Energy may lack an incentive to reduce the eventual liabilities falling to the Nuclear Liabilities Fund.
Safety
Seismicity
Until the expansion of nuclear power in the 1980s, seismic activity in the UK had not received a great deal of attention. As a result of the new interest in the topic, in 1994 the British Geological Survey published a catalogue of earthquakes.
Although earthquakes are relatively frequent, they rarely cause damage to well-constructed structures. Two of the largest, estimated at 5.75 (moderate) on the Richter scale occurred in 1382 and 1580. Evaluation of past earthquakes indicates that the UK is unlikely to be subject to earthquakes larger than a magnitude of approximately 6.5.
The occurrence of tsunamis impacting the UK is rare, with only two (possibly three) having been identified; a high wave as a result of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, and a high tsunami in 6100 BC which occurred under very different geological conditions (Storegga Slide). In recent years there has been an accumulation of evidence indicating that the 1607 Bristol Channel floods may also have resulted from a tsunami that rose from a height of to over as it passed up the channel.
A 2005 report for DEFRA, conducted following the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami, found that, discounting 'exotic events such as meteorite impacts', 'in most plausible circumstances it is likely that such an event would be contained by current defences, designed to resist storm surges, for all major developed areas', however the joint occurrence of events, such as a tsunami coinciding with a storm surge, was discounted. The report did, however call for additional more detailed modelling to be carried out, recommended that the Met Office should provide a tsunami warning service, and that detection devices should be upgraded. A follow-up report indicated that, of the three likely scenarios modelled, a Lisbon-type event would pose the greatest danger, potentially resulting in a tsunami wave exceeding the 1:100-year extreme sea level at the Cornish peninsula by up to , but being within the range elsewhere. This conclusion is markedly different from the greater heights calculated by Bryant and Haslett as having been encountered in the Bristol Channel during the 1607 Bristol Channel floods.
Speaking before the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee on 15 March 2011, about the Fukushima I nuclear accidents, Energy and Climate Change Minister Chris Huhne expressed concern over extreme weather events in the UK, but stated that 'we are lucky that we do not have to suffer from tsunamis'.
Accidents
Security
The Civil Nuclear Constabulary is responsible for security at civil nuclear sites, within of site boundaries, and for nuclear materials in transit. The UK is involved in the Nuclear Security Summit series of world summits held since 2010. During 2016 the UK and the US staged a training exercise simulating a cyber-attack on a nuclear power station.
Public opinion and protests
In the early 1990s, concern was raised in the United Kingdom about the effect of nuclear power plants on unborn children, when clusters of leukaemia cases were discovered nearby to some of these plants. The effect was speculative because clusters were also found where no nuclear plants were present, and not all plants had clusters around them. Detailed studies carried out by the Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (COMARE) in 2003 found no evidence of raised childhood cancer around nuclear power plants, but did find an excess of leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) near other nuclear installations including Sellafield, AWE Burghfield and UKAEA Dounreay. COMARE's opinion is that "the excesses around Sellafield and Dounreay are unlikely to be due to chance, although there is not at present a convincing explanation for them".
An opinion poll in Britain in 2002 by MORI on behalf of Greenpeace showed large support for wind power and a majority for putting an end to nuclear energy if the costs were the same. In November 2005, a YouGov poll conducted by business advisory firm Deloitte found that 36% of the UK population supported the use of nuclear power, though 62% would support an energy policy that combines nuclear along with renewable technologies. The same survey also revealed high public expectations for the future rate of renewables development – with 35% expecting the majority of electricity to come from renewables in only 15 years, which is more than double the government's expectation.
In the early 2000s, there was a heated discussion about nuclear waste, leading to the creation of the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (see above).
A large nationally representative 2010 British survey about energy issues found that public opinion is divided on the issue of nuclear power. The majority of people are concerned about nuclear power and public trust in the government and nuclear industry remains relatively low. The survey showed that there is a clear preference for renewable energy sources over nuclear power.
According to a national opinion poll, support for nuclear power in the UK dropped by twelve per cent following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. However, support recovered within a few months.
In October 2011, more than 200 protesters blockaded the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station site. Members of several anti-nuclear groups that are part of the Stop New Nuclear alliance barred access to the site in protest at EDF Energy's plans to renew the site with two new reactors.
In January 2012, three hundred anti-nuclear protesters took to the streets of Llangefni, against plans to build a new nuclear power station at Wylfa. The march was organised by a number of organisations, including Pobl Atal Wylfa B, Greenpeace and Cymdeithas yr Iaith, which are supporting farmer Richard Jones who is in dispute with Horizon.
In July 2012, a YouGov poll reported that 63% of UK respondents agreed that nuclear generation should be part of the country's energy mix, up from 61% in 2010. Opposition fell to 11%.
In February 2013, a YouGov poll published in the Sunday Times found that nuclear was the most popular choice to provide for Britain's future energy needs.
In February 2013, a poll published by Ipsos MORI which queried 1046 British individuals determined that support for new nuclear generation capacity was at 42%, with the proportion opposed to new nuclear generation being reported as unchanged at 20%, close to the lowest recorded proportion, by the agency in 2010, of 19% opposed. The results also report that the proportion that was undecided or neutral had increased, and it stood at 38%.
In 2013, a survey by Harris Interactive of more than 2,000 UK respondents found that 'one in four people (24%) considered nuclear power to offer the greatest potential' alongside solar (23%) and ahead of wind power (18%). Immediately following the announcement of the agreement between EDF and the UK government, 35% considered it to be a positive step, 21% felt it was a negative development and 28% were indifferent.
The Green Party programme postulates that "nuclear power, coal and incineration of waste will be phased out" (EN014), although this position is debated within the party, as a significant group of members called for review of the policy, which they consider anti-scientific and "irrational" and consider introduction of zero-emission nuclear power, along with renewable energy sources, to be a critical instrument for mitigation of climate change.
In a 2021 YouGov poll, 65% of those surveyed said nuclear power should play a role in the country's climate policy and 12% expressed strong anti-nuclear sentiment, while 46% were aware that nuclear power is a low-carbon energy source.
Nuclear power in Scotland
Though the UK Government has recently given the go-ahead for a new generation of nuclear power stations to be built, the Scottish Government has made clear that no new nuclear power stations will be built in Scotland and is aiming instead for a non-nuclear future. This was made clear when First Minister Alex Salmond said there was 'no chance' of any new nuclear power stations being built in Scotland.
In 2008, the Scottish Government's stance was backed by the Scottish Parliament that voted 63–58 to support the Scottish Government's policy of opposing new nuclear power stations.
See also
Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom
Nuclear energy in Ireland
Nuclear energy policy
Nuclear or Not?
Politics of the United Kingdom
References
Further reading
Hogg, Jonathan, and Kate Brown. "Social and cultural histories of British nuclear mobilisation since 1945." Contemporary British History 33.2 (2019): 161–169.
Peoples, Columba. "New nuclear, new security? Framing security in the policy case for new nuclear power in the United Kingdom." Security Dialogue 45.2 (2014): 156–173.
Taylor, Simon. The Fall and Rise of Nuclear Power in Britain: A History (2016)
External links
Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom – World Nuclear Association (Updated 14 July 2016)
Estimated closure dates of the existing nuclear power stations, House of Lords Hansard column WA232, 24 February 2005
Committee on Radioactive Waste Management
BBC News Special – Nuclear Power in the UK
Nuclear Power in the UK – Past, Present & Future, Robert Hawley – former CEO of Nuclear Electric and British Energy, World Nuclear Association Annual Symosium 2006
Histories and memories, Ray Hall – former CEO of Magnox Electric, Nuclear Energy, April 2002, pages 107–120
Going Critical: An Unofficial History of British Nuclear Power, Walter C. Patterson, Paladin, 1985,
Nuclear in the UK – where did it go wrong?, Steve Kidd, Nuclear Engineering International, 26 August 2009
Electric power generation in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom |
In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R.
The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.
Distribution
Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man.
Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia, as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages and Austronesian languages.
A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.
Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia via Beringia, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian tribes of northeastern Siberia. However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans, Altays, Shors, Khakassians, Yakuts, Buryats, Mongols, Negidals, and Evenks. This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Korea, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%). However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar), Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%), South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%), Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan), and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
B'R11'R24
B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines (Ivatan)
B4
B4-T16217C* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan
B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T)
B4-C16261T* – Thailand (Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province), Cambodia (Takeo), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han, Uyghur), Korea
B4a – Korea, Han Chinese (Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (Bidayuh)
B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400] ybp)
B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500] ybp)
B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 6,600 <-> 7,500] ybp) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville) the Polynesian motif, or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900] ybp) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona)
B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo)
B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka)
B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands
B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu
B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa
B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people)
B4a1a1c – Cook Islands
B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa
B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa
B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu
B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela)
B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
B4a1a1r – Cook Islands
B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands
B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, etc.)
B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis)
B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami)
B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis)
B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis)
B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 [95% CI 15,300 <-> 25,700] ybp)
B4a1b'e* – China (Naxi, Nyingchi, etc.)
B4a1b – Korea, Japan
B4a1b1 – Korea, Japan
B4a1b1a – Korea, Japan
B4a1e – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Vietnam (Thái), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province, Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand)
B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 [95% CI 15,600 <-> 25,700] ybp) – India, China (Uyghur), Vietnam (Tay), Korea, Japan
B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 [95% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600] ybp) – Japan
B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea
B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 [95% CI 11,800 <-> 23,900] ybp) – Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar
B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 [95% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300] ybp) – China (Mongol in Hulun Buir, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Hà Nhì, Si La, Kinh, Nùng), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province)
B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 [95% CI 10,100 <-> 24,500] ybp)
B4a1c3a (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,650 <-> 6,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, Kazakh (Zhan Aul of Altai Republic), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)
B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,500 [95% CI 5,600 <-> 21,200] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
B4a1d – Vietnam
B4a2 – Japan
B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
B4a2b1a – Japan
B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Japan
B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Korea, Russia, Germany
B4a4a - Yakut, Yukaghir
B4a4b - China
B4a4c - Thailand
B4a4c1 - Naxi, Uyghur
B4a4d - China
B4a4e - China
B4a4e1 - China, Taiwan
B4a4f - Japan
B4a4f1 - China
B4a5 – China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (H'Mông, Dao, Cờ Lao)
B4g
B4g1 – Thailand
B4g1a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Rai, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province), Vietnam (Thái, Nùng, etc.), China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.)
B4g1b – Han Chinese (Beijing, Denver)
B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Dao, Si La), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province, Htin in Phayao Province)
B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand (Phuan in Sukhothai Province)
B4h1 – China (Fujian, etc.), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province), Japan
B4i – China
B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
B4k – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
B4b – Canada
B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua)
B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
B2a4
B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo)
B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
B2b3 – Yanomama
B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada
B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
B2f – USA (Mexican)
B2g
B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
B2g2
B2h – Ache
B2i
B2i1 – Kayapo
B2i2 – Chile
B2i2a – Mapuche
B2i2a1 – Chile
B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
B2i2a1b – Chile
B2i2b – Chile
B2i2b1 – Chile
B2j
B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
B2m
B2n
B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
B2p – USA (Mexican)
B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
B2s – USA (Mexican)
B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
B2u
B2v
B2w
B2x
B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
B2y1 – USA
B4b1
B4b1* – Thailand (Phuan in Phrae Province), Korea, Japan
B4b1a
B4b1a* – China, Tubalar, Philippines, Indonesia
B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 11,200 <-> 19,400] ybp) – Japan
B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200] ybp) – Japan
B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
B4b1a1b – Japan
B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 [95% CI 10,300 <-> 13,600] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Indonesia, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), India
B4b1a2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan
B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami)
B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa)
B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon)
B4b1a2e – China (She people, etc.)
B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun)
B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun)
B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami)
B4b1a2i
B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (Banjarmasin)
B4b1a2i1
B4b1a2i1*
B4b1a2i1a
B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu
B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 4,600 <-> 11,000] ybp) – Han Chinese (Denver)
B4b1a3* – Hazara (Pakistan)
B4b1a3a (TMRCA 3,300 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,900] ybp)
B4b1a3a* – Turk, Altai Kizhi, Shor, Uyghur, Yakut
B4b1a3a1 – Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut
B4b1a3a2 – Khamnigan
B4b1a3a3 – Chuvash
B4b1a3b
B4b1a3b* – Buryat
B4b1a3b1 – Uyghur
B4b1b'c
B4b1b – Japan, Korean, China (Lanzhou), Vietnam
B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,800 <-> 21,700] ybp)
B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 [95% CI 4,500 <-> 10.800] ybp)
B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 20,100] ybp)
B4d
B4d1'2'3
B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat), China (Oroqen, Tibetan from Tingri, etc.), Korea
B4d1 – China (Miao, Daur from Qiqihar, Korean from Antu County, Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou, Jiangsu, etc.), Taiwan, Japan (Chiba), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)
B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)
B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao)
B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 [95% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500] ybp)
B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, etc.), Korea
B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, etc.)
B4e – Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces, Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Vietnam (La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
B4j – Buryat, Khamnigan
B4c – Thailand, Indonesia
B4c1
B4c1a'b
B4c1a – China (Shandong, Lanzhou, Deng people, Sarikoli in Tashkurgan), Vietnam (La Hủ) (TMRCA 18,000 [95% CI 12,600 <-> 25,000] ybp)
B4c1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi), Korea (South Jeolla) (TMRCA 12,000 [95% CI 8,300 <-> 16,700] ybp)
B4c1a1a – Japan (Chiba, Aichi), Korea
B4c1a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo), Korea
B4c1a1a1a – Japan (Aichi, etc.)
B4c1a1a2 – Japan (Aichi)
B4c1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
B4c1a1c – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
B4c1a2 – Barghut, Buryat, Yakut (TMRCA 11,700 [95% CI 6,000 <-> 20,600] ybp)
B4c1a2a – Barghut (Hulun Buir), Khamnigan, Kyrgyz (Artux) (TMRCA 3,200 [95% CI 700 <-> 9,300] ybp)
B4c1b - Japan (Aichi), Vietnam (Kinh), Thailand
B4c1b1
B4c1b1* – Japan (Tokyo), Korea, USA
B4c1b1a – Japan (Tokyo)
B4c1b-A16335G
B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A
B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A* – Vietnam (Tay, Kinh)
B4c1b-C2380T
B4c1b-C2380T* – Japan (Chiba)
B4c1b-A200G/G16145A/C16189TC – Uyghur
B4c1b2 - Poland
B4c1b2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), China (Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou, etc.), Kazakh (Altai)
B4c1b2a1 – China (Zhejiang, etc.), Uyghur, Japan
B4c1b2a2 – Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Philippines (Ivatan), South Africa, China
B4c1b2a2a – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
B4c1b2a2b – Philippines (Ivatan)
B4c1b2b – Taiwan (Minnan), Han Chinese (Denver)
B4c1b2c – China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Vietnam (Phù Lá, Tay), Cambodia (Siem Reap), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Hazara (Pakistan)
B4c1b2c1 – China (Han from Beijing), Taiwan (Minnan), Japan
B4c1b2c2 – China, Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Vietnam (Kinh, La Hủ), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province)
B4c1b3
B4c1b3* – Japan (Aichi)
B4c1b3a – Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province)
B4c1c
B4c1c* – China, Korea, Japan
B4c1c-T16311C!
B4c1c-T16311C!* – China, Japan
B4c1c1 – Japan, Korea, Singapore, Kyrgyzstan
B4c1c1a – Japan, Korea
B4c1c1b - Japan
B4c2
B4c2* – Thailand (Tai Lü in Northern Thailand, Thai in Western Thailand, Phuan in Phichit, Lopburi, and Sukhothai provinces, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Saek in Nakhon Phanom Province, Soa in Sakon Nakhon Province), Laos (Lao in Luang Prabang), Indonesia (Banjar of Banjarmasin, Besemah of Sumatra, Jawa Timur), USA ("Caucasian"), Vietnam (La Hủ, Hà Nhì), Cambodia (Siem Reap, Battambang, Banteay Meanchey)
B4c2a
B4c2a* – Thai
B4c2a1 – Uzbek, Uyghur, China
B4c2b – Vietnam (Cham), Cambodia (Kampong Thom), Malaysia (Seletar), Indonesia (Banjar from Banjarmasin), Netherlands
B4c2c – Thailand (Thai in Eastern Thailand, Tai Khün in Northern Thailand, Tai Lü in Northern Thailand), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang), Cambodia (Kampong Thom), Vietnam (Tày, Nùng, Dao), Taiwan (Minnan), China (Tu, etc.)
B4c2d – Cambodia (Kampong Thom, Kratié)
B4c2e – Vietnam (La Hu)
B4c2f – Vietnam (Kinh), Thailand (Phuan)
B4c2g – Thailand (Phuan)
B4c3
B4c3* – China
B4c3a
B4c3a* – Vietnam (La Chí)
B4c3a1 – Vietnam (La Chí)
B4c3b – Vietnam (Lô Lô)
B4c3c – Vietnam (La Hủ)
B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early Kofun period) Yokohama)
B4f* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan (Aichi)
B4f1 - Barghut, Korea
B4f1* – Japan (Tokyo)
B4f1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
B5
B5* – China
B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran
B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane), China, Korea
B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province), Guyana
B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang)
B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, etc.)
B5a1c2 – China (Han)
B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan)
B5a2a
B5a2a1
B5a2a1a – China
B5a2a1b – Korea, Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
B5a2a2
B5a2a2* – China
B5a2a2a
B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
B5a2a2b
B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan)
B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun)
B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao)
B5b – Korea, China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand (Suay from Surin Province), Cambodia (Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
B5b1a – China, Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province)
B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo)
B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen
B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic, Ulchi, Altaian Kazakh), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut), Japan, Philippines
B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan
B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, etc.), China (Han from Wuhan)
B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea, China (Tianjin), Buryat, Hezhen
B5b2a2a
B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
B5b2a2a2 – Malaysia (Bidayuh of Sarawak), Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
B5b2b – Yakut
B5b2-C204T! - China (Han), Korea, Vietnam (Kinh)
B5b2c – Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao)
B5b2c1 – China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
B5b3
B5b3a – Japan (Aichi, early 11th century AD (Heian period) Yokohama, etc.), Korea, China
B5b3b – Japan
B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi
B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver)
R11'B6
R11 – China (Han from Beijing)
R11a – Japan, China
R11b – China (Han from Qingdao, etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Korea, Japan
R11b1 – China (Han from Hunan)
R11b1c - Altai Kizhi
R11b2 - China, Xibo
R11b2a - China, Thailand (Khmer from Surin Province), Vietnam (Kinh)
R11b3 - China (Taihang area in Henan province)
R11b4 - China (Han from Chongqing)
B6
B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand (Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province)
B6a1 – China, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Blang in Chiang Rai Province), Philippines
B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand (Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province), Malaysia (Temuan)
R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa)
R24a – Philippines
Popular culture
In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Indigenous Amerindian genetics
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup B
Spread of Haplogroup B, from National Geographic
Ina
Tianyuan, mtDNA B and the formation of Far Eastern peoples
B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20B%20%28mtDNA%29 |
KMIZ (channel 17) is a television station licensed to Columbia, Missouri, United States, serving the Columbia–Jefferson City market as an affiliate of ABC and MyNetworkTV. It is owned by the News-Press & Gazette Company (NPG) alongside low-power Fox affiliate KQFX-LD (channel 22, also licensed to Columbia). The two stations share studios on the East Business Loop 70 in Columbia; KMIZ's transmitter is located west of Jamestown near the Moniteau–Cooper county line.
History
KMIZ went on the air for the first time on December 5, 1971, as ABC affiliate KCBJ-TV. Before then, ABC had been relegated in the Central Missouri market to secondary clearances on NBC affiliate KOMU-TV (channel 8) and CBS affiliate KRCG (channel 13). KCBJ was originally owned by the brothers Richard & Robert Koenig, under the name Channel 17 Inc. The station's original studios were located on South 7th Street in Columbia.
On August 8, 1982, KCBJ and KOMU swapped affiliations. ABC had become the nation's highest-rated network and had been looking to get its programming on higher-rated stations. It found the chance to align with long-dominant KOMU too much to resist. The Koenigs sold the station to Stauffer Communications in 1984. By 1985, however, KOMU was one of several ABC affiliates across the country that were disappointed with the network's weak programming offerings, particularly in daytime. Meanwhile, NBC regained the ratings lead, and the two stations returned to their original networks on New Year's Day 1986. Along with the switch, channel 17 changed its call letters to the current KMIZ. Stauffer merged with Morris Communications in 1995, but Morris was not allowed to keep the former Stauffer television stations. As a result, most of the former Stauffer television holdings, including KMIZ, were sold to Benedek Broadcasting in 1996. In the late 1990s, Benedek launched two low-powered stations, K02NQ in Columbia and K11TB in Jefferson City, to bring Fox to Mid-Missouri. It also operated the cable-only WB 100+ affiliate "KJWB" (known on-air as "WB 5" from its cable channel location) from its launch in 1998 until 2002. Benedek went bankrupt later in 2002, and most of its stations, including KMIZ, were sold to Gray Television. "KJWB" transferred ownership to the University of Missouri (owners of KOMU), and KMIZ was divested to Chelsey Broadcasting. Chesley in turn sold the station to JW Broadcasting in May 2003.
In late 2003, JW Broadcasting moved the Fox affiliation for the Columbia–Jefferson City market to a new low-power station, K38II. The company also launched "KZOU" as a cable-only UPN affiliate in Mid-Missouri. Additionally, the station launched the country's first 24-hour local weather channel, known as Show-Me Weather.
In 2006, UPN merged with The WB to form The CW Television Network, while at the same time Fox established MyNetworkTV for displaced affiliates. When "KJWB", the WB 100+ station owned by KOMU-TV, took the CW affiliation through The CW Plus, KZOU was quick to grab the MyNetworkTV affiliation. The next year, Show-Me Weather was rebranded as ABC 17 Stormtrack 24/7, taking on an increased focus on local weather.
On July 26, 2012, JW Broadcasting announced the sale of KMIZ and KQFX-LD to News-Press & Gazette Company for $16 million. The sale made the two stations the second and third in Missouri to be owned by News-Press & Gazette Company (which owns Fox affiliate and television flagship KNPN-LD in Saint Joseph). NPG CEO David Bradley currently serves as chairman of the board of curators that runs the University of Missouri. This has led to questions whether Bradley's roles at NPG and MU might result in the deal violating FCC rules that prohibit common ownership of two of the four highest-rated stations in a single media market. In the FCC purchase filing, News-Press & Gazette argues that Bradley has had no personal involvement in KOMU's operations. The sale was consummated on November 1.
News operation
Historically, KMIZ's newscasts have ranked a distant third in the market behind KOMU and KRCG. Not only is it the market's youngest station, but it also suffered from being a UHF station in a market where its competitors are on VHF. Many viewers weren't able to get a clear picture from the station until cable gained penetration in Mid-Missouri in the early 1980s.
On October 10, 2011, KMIZ launched the market's first prime access newscast at 6:30 p.m., and became the second station in the Columbia–Jefferson City market to offer all local newscasts, syndicated programming and commercials in high definition.
With the debut of its high definition newscasts and the market's only 6:30 p.m. newscast, KMIZ now offers five hours of local news every weekday. It also broadcasts a nightly 9 p.m. newscast on its sister station, KQFX-LD, for a full hour on weeknights and a half-hour on weekends. On September 2, 2013, KMIZ added weekday newscasts at 9 a.m. and noon.
Notable former on-air staff
Savannah Guthrie – anchor/reporter (now anchor for Today)
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Before KQFX-LD was aired from its own transmitter in Mid-Missouri, it was found on digital channel 17-2 via PSIP at standard definition of 480i. It has since been replaced by MeTV.
Stormtrack 24/7 was found on 17-4 via PSIP. On January 9, 2012, KMIZ discontinued the Stormtrack 24/7 weather channel on digital subchannel 17.2 and replaced it with MeTV.
A simulcast of KQFX-LD was added to the KMIZ multicast on 17.4 on or around March 29, 2015. This provides viewers, especially in Audrain, Macon, and Randolph counties access to Fox programming via traditional OTA antennas.
Analog-to-digital conversion
KMIZ shut down its analog signal over UHF channel 17, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 22 to channel 17 for post-transition operations. JW Broadcasting LLC was also awarded a new low-power digital license for its Fox affiliate on UHF channel 22 (under the callsign KQFX-LD).
MyZou TV
KMIZ and its two formerly-operating low-power sibling stations, K11TB and K02NQ, have a fairly complex history. K02NQ was founded in 1990, with K11TB signing on in 1991. K11TB would gradually share a Fox affiliation with K02NQ from 1997 to 2003. K11TB would end up becoming K38II in 2004, when another co-owned station (K11SN) signed on (K11SN was an affiliate of the American Independent Network before it went dark due to AIN going dark and was sold to JW Broadcasting), and adopted those call-letters, with the original KZOU-LP becoming KQFX-LD. With the sign-on of the digital simulcasts on KMIZ's subchannels, K02NQ and KZOU-LP ended analog over-the-air transmissions and had their licenses voluntarily canceled by the FCC, with only KQFX-LD remaining over-the-air as a separate station. KMIZ, KQFX, and MyZou TV were branded together as "The Network of Mid-Missouri."
KMIZ 17.3 is identified through PSIP as KZOU-TV. An HD feed of MyZou TV is available on Dish Network, DirecTV, Mediacom (Jefferson City and most of Columbia), and Suddenlink (Boonville and St. Martins) but is not available over-the-air or via Charter Spectrum (Lake of the Ozarks, Columbia outlying areas, and other Mid-Missouri communities).
References
External links
ABC network affiliates
MeTV affiliates
MyNetworkTV affiliates
Bounce TV affiliates
News-Press & Gazette Company
Television channels and stations established in 1971
1971 establishments in Missouri
MIZ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMIZ |
La Ferté Abbey (; ) was a Cistercian monastery founded in 1113 in La Ferté-sur-Grosne in the present commune of Saint-Ambreuil, Saône-et-Loire, France, the first of the four great daughter-houses of Cîteaux Abbey. It was dissolved in 1791.
History
The abbey was founded in 1113 by Stephen Harding as the first daughter house of Cîteaux Abbey, the mother house of the Cistercian reform. Along with Morimond Abbey, Clairvaux Abbey and Pontigny Abbey it was one of the four primary abbeys of the Cistercian order to which all other Cistercian houses were affiliated. It stood on a wild site located between the forest of Bragny and the swampy land of the Grosne.
It benefitted greatly from the generosity of the entourage of the Dukes of Burgundy and of the local nobility, especially the family of Gros de Brancion, and rapidly gained wealth and importance.
In 1165-66 it was caught up in the conflicts between Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy, and Counts Gerard of Mâcon and William of Chalon.
The conventual buildings were reconstructed in the 13th century.
In 1362 the abbey was occupied by the roaming brigands known as the Tard-Venus. It was fortified in 1415, but this did not prevent it from being looted in 1562 und 1567. In 1570 it was set on fire by the Protestant troops of Gaspard de Coligny; the only buildings to survive were the church, the sacristy, the chapter house and an adjoining room. The abbot François de Beugre obtained permission in 1574 to sell lands in order to fund the rebuilding. The final works - the construction of the dormitory and the redecoration of the church - were completed in the early 17th century under his successor, Yves Sauvageot.
In 1682 the abbot Claude Petit refurbished the abbot's lodgings and the cloister, while the fortification wall was demolished and the defensive ditch filled in. Further works were undertaken by the abbot François Filzjean de Chemilly in about 1760, principally to the frontage of the abbot's residence, which bears his arms.
The last abbot, Antoine-Louis Desvignes de la Cerve, commissioned a scheme of interior redecoration from the local architect Rameau, for which he granted him a pension.
The abbey was dissolved in 1791 during the French Revolution, by which time the community numbered only 14 monks, and some of the outbuildings were occupied by the workers, some of them women, from the cotton factory which had been established elsewhere on the site. The buildings were sold as national assets and largely destroyed, including the abbey church.
Present
The only substantial survival of the premises is the 18th century abbot's house, now known as the Château de la Ferté, built on a slight elevation, with a two-storey central block of three bays, wings of four bays with mansard roofs and corner blocks of two bays. This building contains the original monastic refectory. It was listed as a monument historique in 1993.
Daughter houses
La Ferté was the direct founder of five daughter houses:
Maizières Abbey in France (with its daughter house Sturzelbronn Abbey)
Tiglieto Abbey in Italy (with its daughter houses Staffarda Abbey and Casanova Abbey)
Lucedio Abbey in Italy (with its daughter houses Rivalta Scrivia Abbey, Chortaiton Abbey in Greece and the Abbey of St George, Jubin near Antioch in Turkey)
Barona Abbey in Italy
St Sergius's Abbey in the Lebanon
List of abbots
1113–1117 : Philibert
1117–1123 : Obizon
1123–1132 : Pierre I
1132–1171 : Barthélémy I
1171–1178 : Guillaume I
1178–1194 : Hervé de Faverney
1194–1199 : Bruno I
1198–1199 : Guillaume II
1199–1201 : Nicolas
1203–1205 : Eudes
1205–1206 : Pierre II
1206–1229 : Simon
1230–1232 : Boniface
1232–1233 : Vincent
1233–1234 : Guillaume III
1234–1239 : Robert
1239–1266 : Barthélémy II
1266–1276 : Jean I
1276–1285 : Gérard
1285–1297 : Rufin
1287–1317 : Pierre III de Montcalier
1317–1321 : Huges
1321–1341 : Jean II de Marcilly
1341–1346 : Bruno II
1346–1357 : Durand de Marcilly
1357–1371 : Claude I
1371–1385 : Pierre IV de Marcilly
1385–1392 : Guy de Saint-Romain
1392–1412 : Etienne I de La Chèze
1412–1416 : Guillaume IV
1416–1419 : Etienne II de Marcilly
1419–1439 : Jean III de Beaune
1439–1470 : Jean IV de Saint-Pierre
1470–1506 : Claude II de Dinteville
1506–1549 : Antoine I de Vienne
1549–1567 : René Dantoncour
1567–1569 : Elzéar de Rastel
1569–1574 : Louis de Breschard
1574–1600 : François I de Beugre
1600–1655 : Yves Sauvageot
1655–1677 : Pierre V Bouchu
1677–1710 : Claude III Petit
1710–1725 : Jean-Marie Vernois de Montjournal
1725–1733 : Jean-Charles Descriveux
1733–1761 : François II Filzjean de Chemilly
1761–1783 : François III Claude-Gaspard de Cannablin
1783–1791 : Antoine II Louis Desvignes de La Cerve
Notes
Sources and external links
Abbaye de la Ferté
Certosa di Firenze: La Ferté
Cistercium: La Ferté
Auberger, Jean-Baptiste, 2000: La Ferté, in: André Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. James Clarke & Co: Cambridge
Peugniez, Bernard, nd: Routier cistercien (2nd edn), pp. 61–62. Editions Gaud: Moisenay
Ferte
1113 establishments in Europe
1110s establishments in France
Religious organizations established in the 1110s
1791 disestablishments in France
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Buildings and structures in Saône-et-Loire
Monuments historiques of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Fert%C3%A9%20Abbey |
Aura’s House is an online grassroots project, which raises funds for needy children and their families. Specifically, Aura’s House raises funds for housing, health, income generation, and education projects for needy children in developing countries.
Aura’s House was originally created to raise $4,500 to build a safe, sturdy brick home for the founder's sponsored child, Aura Hernandez and her family in Guatemala. Since that goal was met in November 2004, Aura’s House began to launch other small projects in an effort to help bring big changes to the lives of families in developing countries.
Aura's House has been working in conjunction with Children International since February 2003. 100% of donations go toward their projects and are 100% US Tax Deductible. All persons working at Aura’s House are volunteers who receive no form of monetary payment for their efforts.
History
Aura's House originally began in February 2003 when Kristen Palana, a Professor of Digital Media at William Paterson University in New Jersey was learning PHP programming and adding dynamic content to websites. Kristen wanted to originally use the site to raise $4500 to build a sturdy brick home for her sponsored child, Aura in Guatemala with the help of Children International. After waiting over a year for all the required permissions from Children International, finally on June 30, 2004 the site was ready to launch.
Aura's House has raised money for children and their families in the following countries: Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Ecuador, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, Ghana, Zambia, Kenya, India, the Philippines, and the United States.
Types of projects
Housing: Aura’s House originally started with a housing project and has continued to raise funds for those in need of shelter or repairs to their homes.
Food, Supplies and Repairs: Aura’s House has raised funds to help provide families with a variety of household needs items such as beds, mattresses, blankets, furniture, clothing, and food supplies.
Education: Aura’s House has raised money on behalf of several schools and sponsored individual children so that they may attend school or continue their education. In addition, they have helped raise funds for school supplies such as books, desks, uniforms, and laboratory equipment for science courses.
Health: Some examples of these types of projects include the construction of a water well for a village in India as well as projects that raise funds for medicine and food supplies for individual families.
Income Generating Projects: These projects provide families with the means to generate income on their own.
Affiliates
Aura's House is affiliated with Children International, a Kansas City, Missouri based 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to bettering the lives of impoverished children which connects individual sponsors with children living in poverty. Aura’s House started working with Children International in 2003. Officials from Children International oversee the implementation of all projects once the money is raised, as well as choose recipients for certain projects. Today they continue to work together with Aura's House raising funds that are then distributed via Children International to the specified projects. Children International also provides Aura’s House with photos and updates to Aura’s House projects both past and present.
In addition to Children International, Aura’s House has also worked with Kenya Kids in Need, a California 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to the Galilee School as well as Child Focus Fund, an Illinois 501(c)(3) organization that helped with the Ghana Project.
Fundraising
Aura’s House relies on grassroots methods for raising money. It is an organization that is run exclusively by volunteers and because of this, 100% of donations go directly to their projects. All donations are 100% US Tax Deductible and go directly to Children International.
References
External links
Aura's House
Children International
Kenya Kids in Need/Plant-a-Book International
Child Focus Fund
Children's charities based in the United States
Community building
Development charities based in the United States
Educational charities based in the United States
Internet-based activism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura%27s%20House |
Julius Cherry Powell (January 23, 1926 – 1988) was an American academic teacher and the seventh president of Eastern Kentucky University.
Early life and education
Julius Cherry Powell was born January 23, 1926, in Harriman, Tennessee, to Julius K. and Lucille C. Powell. He graduated from Harrodsburg High School in 1944 and then attended the University of Kentucky after two years in the military. He received his Master of Education Degree from the University of Louisville in 1952 and later received his Doctor of Education degree from the University of Kentucky in 1970.
Secondary education work
Powell served as a high school mathematics teacher at Atherton High School in Louisville, Kentucky, from 1950 until 1953. From 1953 to 1957 he held a variety of positions including Assistant Director of Curriculum, Director of Instructional Services, and Assistant to Superintendent of the Louisville Public Schools.
University work
From 1957 to 1960 he was a divisional director for the Kentucky Department of Education and joined the staff of Eastern Kentucky University in 1960 as an Executive Assistant to the President.
Powell held a variety of positions at Eastern Kentucky University including Dean of Business Affairs, Executive Dean, and Vice-President for Administration.
Powell became the 7th president of Eastern Kentucky University following Robert R. Martin's retirement in 1976. He served as president until 1984 and was succeeded by Dr. Hanley Funderburk.
Death
Powell died in 1988 and was survived by his wife of 38 years, Elizabeth D. Case, and his two daughters Karen and Julia.
Legacy
Built in 1971 the $5.4 million J.C. Powell Building (Eastern's Student Center) houses meeting and conference rooms, a food court, the campus cafeteria, student lounges, a bowling alley, and an arcade. (The bowling alley and arcade are now closed) The Powell Student Center recently underwent an extensive renovation and reopened in 2019. It houses the Student Government Association offices, along with the offices of other student affairs-related organizations
References
1926 births
1988 deaths
People from Harriman, Tennessee
Academics from Kentucky
University of Kentucky alumni
University of Louisville alumni
Presidents of Eastern Kentucky University
20th-century American academics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20C.%20Powell |
Dired (for Directory Editor) is a computer program for editing file system directories. It typically runs inside the Emacs text editor as a specialized mode, though standalone versions have been written. Dired was the file manager, or visual editor of file system information. The first version of Dired was written as a stand-alone program independently in 1972 by Dave Lebling at Project MAC, and circa 1974 by Stan Kugell at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL). It was incorporated into GNU Emacs from the earliest versions, and re-implemented in C and C++ on other operating systems.
When run in Emacs, dired displays an ls-like file listing in an Emacs buffer. The list can be navigated using standard navigation commands. Several Emacs Lisp scripts have been developed to extend Dired in Emacs. In combination with Tramp it is able to access remote file systems for editing files by means of SSH, FTP, telnet and many other protocols, as well as the capability of accessing local files as another user in the same session. There are also functions that make it possible to rename multiple files via Emacs search and replace capabilities or apply regular expressions for marking (selecting) multiple files. Once marked, files can be operated on in various ways from deleting, to renaming, to executing an external shell command or elisp function on them. By means of the Lisp package dired-x it is also possible to handle existing ls-like directory listings in a virtual Dired mode. These can also be saved again, often using the filename extension dired.
References
External links
Dired manual at GNU.org
Entry at the Emacs wiki; focuses mostly on the many scripts and tweaks that can modify the default Dired's behavior.
Free file managers
Emacs modes
Unix file system-related software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dired |
Whisky is a Uruguayan tragicomedy film directed by Juan Pablo Rebella and Pablo Stoll and released in 2004. The film stars Andrés Pazos, Mirella Pascual, Jorge Bolani, Ana Katz, and Daniel Hendler. It has sparse dialogue and the three principal actors play very rigid roles depicting little emotion. It was premiered at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival where it won the Un Certain Regard and FIPRESCI Awards. It was Juan Pablo Rebella's last film as he died in 2006, two years after the release of the film.
Plot
Jacobo, the owner of a sock factory, lives his life with routine and isolation. When his brother, Herman, comes to visit him for a wedding, Jacobo turns to the head-supervisor of his factory, Marta, for help. Jacobo asks Marta to pretend to be his wife to impress and convince his brother that he is part of a loving, healthy marriage. In the days before Herman's arrival, Jacobo and Marta re-decorate and clean Jacobo's apartment, have their picture taken together to place in the living room, and put on a facade of a happy marriage. Marta and Jacobo's relationship grows, but it's clear the two have very little in common. There is an awkward gap between the two characters, and it seems as though there is a barrier dividing them.
Jacobo is aware that his brother has become more successful since moving away while he devoted his time to nursing their dying mother, rather than establishing the success of his own business. Jacobo greets Herman at the airport and they exchange socks from their respective factories. Herman's visit is initially quiet and uneasy as the brothers clearly have little in common. The relationship between the two brothers felt awkward and uncomfortable because they acted as if they were two strangers, not two biological brothers. Shortly before he is due to return home, Herman asks Jacobo and Marta to accompany him on a visit to a resort in Piriápolis where he and Jacobo spent time as children with their parents. Marta is keen to go and Jacobo reluctantly agrees. During their visit to Piriápolis, Marta and Herman become closer, potentially developing feelings for one another. There is suspicion of a secret relationship, to which Jacobo catches on. Furthermore, Jacobo hints at possibly having deeper feelings for Marta. However, Herman's outgoing and charismatic personality seems to sway Marta, reducing any chance Jacobo has with her. Through the duration of this trip, Jacobo remains cold and unemotional towards both the other characters and seems anxious for the trip to end.
Herman hands Jacobo a stack of money just before he is to return home as recompense for the time he spent caring for their mother. Jacobo first refuses to accept the money, but after hearing Herman perform a love song to Marta which she is seen listening to earlier in a Karaoke restaurant where the three of them dine, he accepts it. Jacobo has even more resentment towards his brother for developing a relationship with Marta. Herman is married and has children while Jacobo is alone but Herman also now has Marta in his life. Jacobo feels resentful and jealous of his brother Herman. This is another defeat for Jacobo.
Later that night Jacobo goes alone to a casino, placing all the money on Black 24 in a game of roulette, and to his surprise wins. He keeps some of the money but wraps the larger part up as a present for Marta. As they say goodbye to Herman, Marta presses a note into his hand, telling him to read it on the plane. When they get back home, Jacobo calls a taxi for Marta and gives her the cash, which she is last seen holding in the back of the cab. Routinely, Marta says "See you tomorrow," but does not turn up for work the following morning. Jacobo goes through the same routine as always, continuing on with his dull life without Marta.
Cast
Exhibition
The film was first presented at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival on May 19.
The picture was screened at various film festivals, including: the La Rochelle Film Festival, France; the Karlovy Vary Film Festival, Czech Republic; the Brussels Cinédécouvertes Film Festival, Belgium; the Copenhagen International Film Festival, Denmark; the Toronto International Film Festival, Canada; Films from the South, Norway; and others. It was awarded the Colón de Oro at the Festival de Cine Iberoamericano de Huelva. It was also awarded the grand prize at the 17th Tokyo International Film Festival.
Reception
The film was well received by film critics and film festivals.
On Rotten Tomatoes it has a 100% rating based on reviews from 16 critics. On Metacritic it has a 66% score based on reviews from 9 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Critic Manohla Dargis, of The New York Times said, "the film is a model of both fiscal and narrative economy, and the kind of work – gleaned from the mysteries of consciousness, telling quotidian details and a sense of aesthetic proportion – that is too often missing from American independent cinema."
Whisky, as described on RogersMovieNation, "captures the lonely ache of a loveless life"
References
External links
Whisky at the cinenacional.com .
"Whisky(2004) Synopsis and Analysis" at the [JottedLines.com]
2004 films
Argentine comedy-drama films
2004 comedy-drama films
Tragicomedy films
Uruguayan independent films
2000s Italian-language films
2000s Spanish-language films
Films shot in Uruguay
Films set in Uruguay
Films directed by Juan Pablo Rebella
Films directed by Pablo Stoll
Piriápolis
Italian independent films
Spanish independent films
German independent films
Uruguayan comedy-drama films
2004 independent films
2000s Argentine films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky%20%28film%29 |
is a series of free-roaming scrolling shooter type video games developed by the Japanese software company Technosoft and published by Sega. The franchise is recognized for its distinctive gameplay, graphics, and synthesizer-based chiptune music soundtracks.
There are six games in the series in total. The first appeared on the personal computers. The majority of installments in the series appeared on the Mega Drive console. The most recent entry was released on PlayStation 2.
History
The series' first game, Thunder Force, appeared in 1983 on a variety of Japanese computers, such as the X1, PC-8801 mkII, and FM-7. Since Thunder Force II, the majority of installments in the series appeared on the Mega Drive console, where the series gained much of its popularity. The most recent entry was released on PlayStation 2.
The original Thunder Force video game was created by Kotori Yoshimura in 1983. She later left Technosoft and founded Arsys Software in 1985, where herself and Osamu Nagano worked on notable titles such as Star Cruiser. In 1984, Technosoft released a level editor, or game creation system, titled Thunder Force Construction, created by Yoshimura for the FM-7 computer.
In September 2016, Sega announced at the Tokyo Game Show that they own the rights to the Thunder Force franchise and all other Technosoft intellectual properties.
Games
Thunder Force (X1) (1983)
Thunder Force II (X68000) (1988)
Thunder Force II MD (Mega Drive/Genesis) (1989) (port of Thunder Force II)
Thunder Force III (Mega Drive/Genesis) (1990)
Thunder Force AC (Arcade) (1990) (port of Thunder Force III retooled into an arcade game)
Thunder Spirits (Super NES) (1991) (port of Thunder Force AC)
Thunder Force IV (Mega Drive/Genesis) (1992) (a.k.a. Lightening Force: Quest for the Darkstar)
Thunder Force Gold Pack 1 (Sega Saturn) (1996), contains Thunder Force II and Thunder Force III).
Thunder Force Gold Pack 2 (Sega Saturn) (1996), contains Thunder Force IV and Thunder Force AC.
Thunder Force V (Sega Saturn) (1997)
Thunder Force V: Perfect System (PlayStation) (1998) (port of Thunder Force V)
Thunder Force VI (PlayStation 2) (2008)
References
horizontally scrolling shooters
Sega Games franchises
video game franchises introduced in 1983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder%20Force |
Patrick Johnston is a Canadian administrator, policy analyst and former politician. He was recruited by Liberal Party leader John Turner to contest the 1988 election for the party, but unexpectedly lost his nomination to a rival candidate supported by anti-abortion activists.
A teacher and social worker from Toronto, Johnston served for six years as leader of the National Anti-Poverty Organization. Originally a member of the New Democratic Party, he joined the Liberals in 1984 after charging the NDP with lacking a coherent economic policy. He served as senior advisor to Ontario Premier David Peterson's Social Assistance Review Committee, and was co-chair of the federal Liberal Party's election committee in 1988.
Despite strong support from the party establishment, he lost the Liberal nomination in Scarborough West to a little-known Toronto lawyer named Tom Wappel, 523 votes to 372. Wappel, a staunch social conservative, was supported by members of the pro-life group Campaign Life. Johnston, who was thirty-nine years old in 1988, remained a senior policy advisor to John Turner after this defeat.
Johnston was hired as a senior policy advisor to Ontario Premier David Peterson in 1989, and held this position until Peterson's defeat in 1990. He later served as executive director of the Canadian Council on Social Development. In the latter capacity, he promoted economic intervention to address poverty issues and spoke out against workfare programs.
In 1994, Johnston chaired a task-force convened by cabinet minister Lloyd Axworthy on reforms to Canada's welfare state. He later served as president and CEO of the Canadian Centre for Philanthropy, an umbrella group covering a variety of charitable groups. During this period, he served as co-chair of the Joint Coordinating Committee of the Voluntary Sector Initiative, an attempt to strengthen the relationship between the federal government and Canada's voluntary, non-profit sector. He was also elected to Chair the Board of Directors of the Johannesburg-based NGO, Civicus: World Alliance for Citizen Participation.
In October, 2002 he was appointed president and CEO of the Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation a private charitable foundation established by former federal Liberal finance Minister, Walter Gordon. During this period, Johnston served on the Board of Directors of Philanthropic Foundations Canada and the Council on Foundations based in Washington. In 2010, he oversaw a foundation-led project to reimagine Canadian foreign aid that resulted in the publication of four papers. He was also a visiting Fellow at Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation at the University of Toronto's School of Public Policy and Governance.
In 2011, Johnston launched Borealis Advisors, a consultancy supporting leaders of charitable and philanthropic organizations. He serves as volunteer on a number of non-profit boards and advisory committees, including Canada Helps, the Ontario Nonprofit Network and the Canadian Centre for International Justice.
References
Living people
Ontario Liberal Party politicians
Canadian anti-poverty activists
Canadian political consultants
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Johnston%20%28Canadian%20politician%29 |
Patrick Johnston may refer to:
Patrick Johnston (Canadian politician), Canadian administrator and former politician
Patrick Johnston (American politician) (born 1946), former Democratic state legislator in the State of California
Patrick Johnston (medieval courtier), Scottish courtier and producer of plays
Patrick G. Johnston, Northern Irish academic; vice-chancellor of Queens University Belfast, 2014-2017
Sir Patrick Johnston (Scottish politician), Scottish merchant and politician
See also
Patrick Johnson (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Johnston |
REMBRANDT-2 is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the United Kingdom and the Netherlands across the southern North Sea. It is no longer in use.
It has landing points in:
Joss Bay, England, UK
Domburg, Netherlands
References
External links
KIS-ORCA.eu — Kingfisher Information Service - Offshore Renewals & Cables Awareness
Submarine communications cables in the North Sea
Netherlands–United Kingdom relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REMBRANDT-2 |
The St. Bernard Unified School was the K-12 public school in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, United States, for the 2005-2006 school year after Hurricane Katrina hit the Parish directly on August 29, 2005. The school opened in mid-November 2005, less than three months after the devastating floods hit the parish, becoming the first school to open in the flood zone. The school was disbanded after spring 2006. The school was operated by St. Bernard Parish Public Schools.
After Hurricane Katrina left the entire parish and all of its schools devastated, the St. Bernard Parish School Board led by Doris Voitier created the school at the site of former Chalmette High School. The quick response made it possible for many residents to return and begin rebuilding their homes without having to send their children away to school. Because of the great number of students, some classrooms were within the school building and some were in trailers set up in the parking lot of Bobby Nuss Stadium.
The school was attended by the students of the previous public schools:
Andrew Jackson Fundamental Magnet High School
Arabi Elementary School
Chalmette High School
Chalmette Middle School
J.F. Gauthier Elementary School
Joseph Davies Elementary School
Lacoste Elementary School
P.G.T. Beauregard Middle School
NOVA Academy
Rowley Elementary School
Trist Middle School
Sebastian Roy Elementary School
St. Bernard High School
W. Smith Elementary School
The school was also attended by a minority of students from private Catholic Pre-K–8 schools in the surrounding Chalmette/Arabi area:
Our Lady of Prompt Succor School
St. Mark School (Lacoste Elementary School c. Fall 2012)
St. Louise de Marillac School (closed)
St. Robert Bellarmine School (closed)
In August 2006, the St. Bernard Parish School Board re-opened Chalmette High School under its own name, with students from grades 7–12; and Andrew Jackson Magnet High School was re-opened as an elementary school for grades K–6 as well as pre-school classes.
External links
Chalmette Owls Forever, a fan news page
Schools in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
Public high schools in Louisiana
Public elementary schools in Louisiana
Public middle schools in Louisiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Bernard%20Unified%20School |
The Austria women's national football team represents Austria in international women's football competition. The team is controlled by the Austrian Football Association.
The national team is made up mainly of players from the Austrian and German Women's Bundesligas. In 2016, the team qualified for its first-ever major tournament: UEFA Women's Euro 2017.
History
Beginnings
The Austrian team started playing on July 6, 1970, against Mexico in Bari, Italy, competing in the Women's World Cup 1970, unofficial competition held in that country from July 6 to July 15, 1970. The result was a 9–0 crushing defeat, which remains one of its worst results in its history, with this result Austria was quickly out of the competition, playing after months against Switzerland, repeating itself again the defeat against Mexico, 9–0.
It played two recognized friendlies against Switzerland before the first Women's World Cup in 1978 and 1990, losing both by 6–2 and 5–1. The Austrian team did not participate in the inaugural Women's World Cup 1991 in China and also the 1995 edition in Sweden, but during that time played international friendlies. Austria played Women's Euro 1997 Qualifiers, held in Norway and Sweden. It was placed in Class B, in Group 7 with Switzerland, Yugoslavia and Greece, winning three games in a single chance against their three opponents, tying a game against Greece and losing two against Switzerland and Yugoslavia, finishing third in the group and eliminated from both tournaments. Thus, Austria did not enter the 1999 World Cup Qualifiers, held in the United States. Austria ended 1999 with three games of qualifying for the Euro 2001.
2000s and 2010s
The team started 2000 with a 3–0 defeat against Belgium, four days later they lost again, with Poland by 3–2 but won 1–0 against Wales, finishing third and returning to be eliminated from a tournament. The Austrians played their first game of the 2003 World Cup Qualification against Scotland losing 2–1 with goal from Stallinger in the 21st minute, then played against Wales and won 2–0 with another goal from Stallinger and one from Schalkhammer-Hufnagl. Their third match against Belgium was a 3–1 defeat, with a goal by Spieler in the 59th minute. Austria lost their second match against Belgium 4–2, with goals from Szankovich and Fuhrmann, after a month, the team played against Scotland, with a crushing defeat for 5–0 and finally a 1–1 draw with Wales with Austria's only goal coming from Spieler in the 45th minute, ending with 4 points from one win, one tie and four losses, and thus eliminated. The latest and best performing competition of Austria was the qualification for the Women's World Cup in 2011, where they started out poorly but reached third place with 10 points, the product of three wins, one draw and four defeats. They played the 2015 Women's World Cup Qualification, but failed to qualify.
Austria qualified for the first time in its history for a European Championship finals at Euro 2017 in the Netherlands. Reversed in group C with France, Switzerland and Iceland, it thwarted the predictions by finishing in 1st place in the group with two wins (1–0 against Switzerland and 3–0 against Iceland) and a draw (1–1 against France). In the quarter-finals, the Austrians faced the Spanish, 2nd in Group D, and won the penalty shoot-out (0–0, 5–3 on penalties). Their journey ended in the semi-final against Denmark, where unlike the quarter-final win against Spain, this time they failed in the penalty shootout without making a single attempt (0–0, 0–3 pt). The turning point of the game was the missed penalty by Sarah Puntigam in the 13th minute of play which could have given Austria a decisive advantage. Nevertheless, Dominik Thalhammer's team leaves the competition with a more than honorable record, without having lost a single game and with only one goal conceded (against France in the group matches), for their first participation in a major competition.
They qualified for their 2nd consecutive Euro at the 2022 edition where they again passed the first round. Austria finished second in Group A, behind England, the host country of the competition and eventual champions, against whom they lost by a narrow margin (0–1), but ahead of Norway and Northern Ireland, whom they beat 1–0 and 2–0 respectively. In the quarter-finals, they faced Germany, leader of group B, for a German-speaking derby against the most successful team of the competition. In spite of a good performance in which they obtained several goal opportunities (including 3 goalposts touched), they were beaten 0–2 by the eight-time winners who were more realistic and took advantage of two Austrian defensive errors to make the difference.
Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.
Legend
2022
2023
Coaching staff
Current coaching staff
Manager history
Ernst Weber (1999–2011)
Dominik Thalhammer (2011–2020)
Irene Fuhrmann (2020–)
Players
Current squad
The following players were called up for the UEFA Women's Nations League matches against on 27 October and on 31 October.
Caps and goals are current as of 31 October 2023, after the second match against .
Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up to a squad in the past 12 months.
INJ
Notes:
: Withdrew due to injury
: Player retired from international football
: On stand-by
Records
after the match against .
Players in bold are still active in the national team.
Most capped players
Top goalscorers
Competitive record
FIFA Women's World Cup
*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
UEFA Women's Championship
*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
Invitational trophies
Cyprus Women's Cup: Winner 2016
See also
Sport in Austria
Football in Austria
Women's football in Austria
Austria women's national under-20 football team
Austria women's national under-17 football team
Austria national football team
References
External links
Official website
FIFA profile
Ladies Austria results and statistic
European women's national association football teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%20women%27s%20national%20football%20team |
The Bavarian Congregation is a congregation of the Benedictine Confederation consisting (with one exception) of monasteries in Bavaria, Germany.
It was founded on 26 August 1684 by Pope Innocent XI (1676-1689).
First Congregation
Until the secularisation of Bavaria in 1803 the following abbeys belonged to the congregation:
Andechs Abbey
Attel Abbey
Benediktbeuern Abbey
Ensdorf Abbey
Frauenzell Abbey
Mallersdorf Abbey
Michelfeld Abbey
Oberaltaich Abbey
Prüfening Abbey
St. Emmeram's Abbey
Reichenbach Abbey
Rott Abbey
Scheyern Abbey
Tegernsee Abbey
Thierhaupten Abbey
Weihenstephan Abbey
Weissenohe Abbey
Weltenburg Abbey
Wessobrunn Abbey
All these monasteries were dissolved in 1803, however, and the congregation lapsed at that point.
Second Congregation
The congregation was re-established by Pope Pius IX on 5 February 1858, comprising to begin with three monasteries re-founded by Ludwig I of Bavaria: Metten; St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich, with Andechs Priory; and Weltenburg.
the members of the congregation, with the dates when they joined the congregation where known, were:
Andechs Priory, dependent on St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich (1858)
St. Stephen's Abbey, Augsburg
Braunau in Rohr Abbey (1984)
Ettal Abbey (1900), with a dependent student house in Munich
Metten Abbey (1858)
St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich (1858)
Niederaltaich Abbey (1918)
Ottobeuren Abbey (1893)
Plankstetten Abbey (1904)
Scheyern Abbey
Schäftlarn Abbey (1866)
Wechselburg Priory (in Saxony, a dependent house of Ettal) (1993)
Weltenburg Abbey (1858)
External links
Bavarian Congregation webpage
The Confederation of Benedictine Congregations
1684 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
17th-century establishments in Bavaria
Benedictine congregations
Religious organizations established in 1684
Catholic religious institutes established in the 17th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian%20Congregation |
The 1979 Challenge Cup was a series of international ice hockey games between the Soviet Union national ice hockey team and a team of All-Stars from the National Hockey League. The games were played on February 8, 10, and 11 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. It replaced the NHL's all-star festivities for the 1978–79 NHL season. The Soviets defeated the NHL All-Stars two games to one.
The team of All-Stars from the National Hockey League included 23 Canadians and three Swedish players. Bobby Orr commenting in the post-game interviews after game two, accidentally called the NHL All-Stars "Team Canada" (because of the number of Canadians on the roster). The Challenge Cup, unlike its predecessor, the Summit Series, included non-Canadian born players in the NHL rosters.
The NHL All-Stars team was coached by Scotty Bowman, and the Soviet Union national team was coached by Viktor Tikhonov.
NHL All-Stars roster
Soviet Union roster
Uniforms
The NHL vastly simplified their white All-Star uniforms, removing most of the striping and stars. The NHL shield on the front was enlarged, while the logos on the shoulders remained the same. The striping was reduced to two thin stripes, orange over black, separated by a thin white stripe. The names on the back remained in black with orange trim, and the numerals remained orange with black trim.
The Soviet team used their standard red national uniforms, which they also used when touring against the teams of the World Hockey Association (while billed as the "Soviet All-Stars"). The jerseys featured two white stripes at the waistline - one thin stripe over a wider stripe studded with red diamonds. The sleeve stripes followed a similar pattern, but without the diamonds on the wide stripes, and an additional white stripe below the wide band. While the Soviet team normally used Cyrillic script on its uniforms, the names on the back of the jerseys for the Challenge Cup were romanized for the event. The front of the jerseys retained the Cyrillic СССР initials.
Game log
Game 1
Date: Thursday February 8, 1979
Location: New York City: Madison Square Garden
Attendance: 17,438
Score
NHL All-Stars 4 - Soviet Union 2
Officials
Referee- Bob Myers
Linesman- Ray Scapinello
Linesman- John D'Amico
Game 2
Date: Saturday February 10, 1979
Location: New York City: Madison Square Garden
Attendance: 17,438
Score
NHL All-Stars 4 - Soviet Union 5
Officials
Referee- Viktor Dombrovski
Linesman- Matt Pavelich
Linesman- Ron Finn
Game 3
Date: Sunday February 11, 1979
Location: New York City: Madison Square Garden
Attendance: 17,545
Score
NHL All-Stars 0 - Soviet Union 6
Officials
Referee- Andy Van Hellemond
Linesman- Leon Stickle
Linesman- Claude Bechard
Broadcasters
In the United States, Game 2, which was held on a Saturday afternoon, was shown on CBS as part of CBS Sports Spectacular. The network refused to expand CBS Sports Spectacular to carry the game in full so instead, the show came on during the second intermission, showed taped highlights of the first two periods, and then showed the final period live. The lead-in to Sports Spectacular was The World's Strongest Man. The then-CBS affiliate in Boston, the old WNAC-TV, broadcast a local college hockey game that led into Sports Spectacular.
The network, the show and their sponsors had a problem with the rink board advertising that the NHL sold at Madison Square Garden, and refused to allow them to be shown on television. As a result, CBS viewers were unable to see the far boards above the yellow kickplate, and could only see players' skates when the play moved to that side of the ice. Games 1 and 3 were shown on the NHL Network, where the advertising was no problem.
Dan Kelly and Lou Nanne called the game for CBS while Dick Stockton served as the host.
References
External links
Challenge Cup 1979 on legendsofhockey.net
Challenge Cup 1979 rosters and stats
International ice hockey competitions hosted by the United States
Challenge Cup
Challenge Cup
Soviet Union national ice hockey team games
Challenge Cup
February 1979 sports events in the United States
Challenge Cup
Ice hockey competitions in New York City
1970s in Manhattan
Madison Square Garden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%20Challenge%20Cup%20%28ice%20hockey%29 |
Chaim Zanvl Abramowitz (, , born 1902 – died 18 October 1995) was known as the Ribnitzer Rebbe (), and considered a great Hasidic tzadik from Rybnitsa (present-day Transnistria, Moldova). Others, including singer Mordechai Ben David, who was one of the rabbi's close disciples, maintain that he was born in 1893, making him 102 at the time of his passing.
Abramowitz was a prominent follower of Rabbi Avrohom Matisyohu of Shtefanesht.
He managed to live a fully Jewish religious life even under Stalin's rule. He served as mohel and shochet. He often fasted and immersed himself many times daily in water that was sometimes only accessible by chopping away very thick ice. His Tikkun Chatzos (midnight prayer service) in sackcloth and ashes regularly lasted 6–7 hours, sometimes stretching as long as 12. He cried so much during Tikkun Chatzos that when he was done, the tears and ashes mingled so that he was sitting in mud.
Abramowitz left the Soviet Union in 1970 and moved to the Mattersdorf section of Jerusalem, where he lived for a few years before moving to the United States. He lived in Miami, Los Angeles, and Sea Gate, Brooklyn, before he finally settled in Monsey, New York, where he died on Isru Chag (Succos). He was believed to be 92 or 93 years old. He is buried in the Vizhnitzer Cemetery. Nearly 30,000 people visited his gravesite on his 23rd yahrtzeit.
References
External links
Profile,; accessed 22 June 2017.
Video of The Ribnitzer saying sheva brachos, mahnishmah.com; accessed 22 June 2017.
Jungreis, Esther. "There Are No Accidents ... "A story is told about the Ribnitzer Rebbe...", hineni.org; accessed 22 June 2017.
A message from MBD, the3ms.co.uk; accessed 22 June 2017.
1902 births
1995 deaths
People with acquired American citizenship
People from Monsey, New York
Hasidic rebbes
Romanian Orthodox rabbis
American Hasidic rabbis
Hasidic rabbis in Europe
Moldovan Orthodox rabbis
Ukrainian Hasidic rabbis
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Israeli Hasidic rabbis
People from Botoșani
Transnistrian people
People from Sea Gate, Brooklyn
Mohalim | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim%20Zanvl%20Abramowitz |
The General Dental Council (GDC) is an organisation which regulates dental professionals in the United Kingdom. It keeps an up-to-date register of all qualified dentists and other dental care professionals such as: dental hygienists, dental therapists, dental nurses, dental technicians and clinical dental technicians. It was established in 1956 to set and maintain standards in UK dentistry, with the aims of protecting the general public from unqualified dental professionals.
Its headquarters are in Wimpole Street, Marylebone, London.
The General Dental Council has also stated that it aims to promote confidence in dental professionals and to be at the forefront of health care regulation. The GDC is tasked with ensuring that all dental professionals maintain up to date knowledge, controlling the quality of dental education in the country, ensuring a proper quality of care is given to the patients, and helping any patient who has questions or complaints. It is meant to act as a bridge of communication between the government, public and the dental professionals.
The General Dental Council is entirely funded by the profession it regulates.
Registration of dental care professionals
The professions that the GDC include in the dental care professionals group are: dental nurse, dental technician, dental therapist, dental hygienist, orthodontic therapist and clinical dental technician.
On 31 July 2006 it became possible for dental nurses to voluntarily join the GDC register and in July 2008 it became a mandatory requirement.
Overseas Registration Exam
The Overseas Registration Exam (ORE) is administered by the GDC, and is designed to test the knowledge, skills and professionalism of candidates against the standard expected of graduate dentists on first registration with the General Dental Council (GDC). This means that UK graduates and overseas dentists are expected to have the same basic level of knowledge and skills.
The ORE has two parts which must be taken – and passed – in order. The purpose of Part 1 is to test the candidates' application of knowledge to clinical practice and Part 2 is designed for candidates to demonstrate practical clinical skills.
Council
From 1 October 2013 the Council has consisted of 12 members who are all appointed: 6 registrants and 6 lay members. The changes were specified in the General Dental Council (Constitution) (Amendment) Order 2012 that was made in July 2012. The new Council took office on 1 October 2013, supported by other new governance arrangements.
History
It was established in 1956 by an amendment to the Dentists Act 1948, now updated in the Dentists Act 1984.
The Council was originally set up in 1956 with 50 members but has been restructured, with the number of members decreasing each time. On 1 October 2009, a smaller fully appointed Council took office with 24 members and a balance of 12 lay and 12 professional. The last Chair of the GDC to be elected was qualified dentist Kevin O'Brien who was in post from 21 September 2011 to 30 September 2013. In October 2013 further restructuring occurred.
Oversight of health and social care regulators
The Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care (PSA), is an independent body accountable to the UK Parliament, which promotes the health and wellbeing of the public and oversees the nine UK healthcare regulators, including the General Dental Council.
The PSA review the performance of all regulators on an annual basis, identifying where things are being done well and where improvements can be made. The PSA review all final decisions made by fitness to practise committees. The PSA audit the initial stages of fitness to practise processes to examine whether the regulator is using effective decision-making processes.
Criticism
Concerns about cost-effectiveness, levels of confidence in the GDC and cost-effectiveness of fitness to practise procedures were put to the CEO Evlynne Gilvarry by the British Dental Association (BDA) in an interview that was published in September 2014.
Annual Retention Fees
The GDC ran a consultation on the Annual Retention Fee (ARF) policy, which was open from 16 April until 4 June 2014. The GDC had received over 4000 responses to the consultation on the proposed 64% rise in the Annual Retention, fee, and 97% of responses were critical of the rise. The BDA took the step of appointing Forensic Accountants to analyse the figures presented by the GDC as justification for the rise. The subsequent report was quoted as being 'Damning' and resulted in the GDC having to engage KPMG to assess the figures which had been presented as evidence. In September 2014 the GDC's proposed increase in Annual Retention Fees led to threats of legal action from the BDA, the trade union and representative body of UK dentists.
The Professional Standards Authority assessed the GDC’s performance against its Standards of Good Regulation and judged that the GDC met 23 out of 24 of the Standards in 2016-17.
Fitness to practise process
The initial stages of the GDC's fitness to practise process were audited by the PSA with the findings published in December 2013. Dental Protection Limited have been highly critical of the way in which the GDC approach the Fitness to Practise Proceedings that are the disciplinary hearings Dentists have to undergo. The PSA announced in May 2014 that it would be undertaking an investigation of the management and support processes of the General Dental Council's Investigating Committee.
Arms
References
External links
Dental complaints Service website
Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care
1956 establishments in the United Kingdom
Dental organisations based in the United Kingdom
Medical and health regulators
Medical regulation in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in the City of Westminster
Organizations established in 1956
Regulators of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Dental%20Council |
Mary Lorraine Ward (6 March 1915 – 19 July 2021), also known as Mary Ward Breheny, was an Australian actress of stage, television, and film. Her career spanned seven decades. Ward trained in England and Australia, and worked in both countries.
Ward during the outbreak of World War II, was in high demand as a stage actress in England, before returning to Australia where she worked in local theatre, and became one of the first female radio announcers at the ABC in Australia, billed as the Forces Sweetheart on Radio Australia.
At ABC Television, she appeared in a number of filmed stage plays, as well as featuring in Australian films, both made-for-television and theatrical, including the film Amy.
She is perhaps best known—both locally and internationally—as an actress portraying elderly characters in television soap opera roles, including Prisoner, as one of the original characters, "Mum" Jeanette Brookes in which she appeared sporadically from 1979 and 1981,
Ward featured briefly in soap opera Sons and Daughters in 1983 as Dee Morrell, in which she was classified as a recurring guest role (season 2 - Episodes 305–337).
Ward also had small guest roles in The Young Doctors, Neighbours and Blue Heelers. Ward retired in 2000, and in 2020, residing in Melbourne, turned 105 years old, and was at the time was said to be the "oldest living actress in Australia".
Biography
Early life and career in Britain
Ward was born in Fremantle, Western Australia on 6 March 1915, to a pearler-turned-publican.
Ward attended boarding school and began acting professionally shortly after leaving high school, and later studied at the Perth drama school, where she befriended mining magnate Lang Hancock. She also studied in Britain, and worked as a teacher of elocution and meeting Lionel Logue who was a speech therapist who helped King George VI, overcome his stutter. Ward travelled to England in 1938, where she worked in England repertory, with contemporaries Trevor Howard and John McCallum and also in television and film, before returning to Australia in 1940, working at the Minerva Theatre and became alongside Dorothy Crawford (the sister of television impresario Hector Crawford) one of the first female radio announcers for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (then Commission) during the war, where she was billed as "The Forces Sweetheart", whilst also appearing radio play productions
She returned to England in 1948, to pursue work in radio, stage, television and film, and appeared in the first televised serial production at ITV and featured in television commercials doing sewing demonstrations, sponsored by Vogue, while also performing parts for the British Broadcasting Corporation, and appeared in a cameo role in the 1949 film, Eureka Stockade.
Ward made her first television appearance as a minor character in detective series The Vise - originally titled Saber of London - in 1954, and in the television movie The High-Flying Head the following year. She had starring roles in the television movies Marriage Lines and The Tower.
Career: television, stage and film
She began working in television full-time in Australia after having returned in 1956, firstly working at the ABC, whilst continuing a successful media career, and being the first woman to present fashions on the field, in the 1960s at the annual Melbourne Cup spring racing carnival.
Ward featured at commercial stations, in serials from 1970s with Andrew McFarlane, Robert Bettles and Tom Farley (actor) in 1977. Harness Fever would later appear as a two-part episode, Born to Ride, on Wonderful World of Disney in 1979. She continued her stage work in the 1970s with the Melbourne Theatre Company, remaining with the company until 1983, and performing in a David Williamson stage production.
Prisoner and Sons and Daughters
In 1979, Ward first appeared in one of her best known roles, "Mum" (Jeanette) Brooks, on the popular soap opera Prisoner. She portrayed an elderly institutionalised inmate, serving an eighteen-year prison sentence for the euthanisation of her terminally-ill husband Jim Brooks. When the filming schedule for the series increased from one to two hours per week in 1979, she and co-star Carol Burns decided to leave the series. However, her character remained a popular one during the show's early years, and she reprised her role occasionally until her character died off-screen in 1983. She starred with a number of her fellow Prisoner co-stars in the 1981 television movie I Can Jump Puddles as a character called Mrs. Birdsworth.
She was given the prominent role as scheming Dee Morrell in Sons and Daughters during 1983.
The Hendersons
Ward starred in the 1985 television series The Henderson Kids and its 1987 follow-up series The Henderson Kids II.
Later film and TV
During the late-1980s, she had supporting roles in films Jenny Kissed Me and Backstage as well as appearing in more soap guest roles including G.P. and Neighbours in 1989. After starring in the 1989 television movie Darlings of the Gods, she returned again to the theatre, with the exception of an appearance in the television series The Damnation of Harvey McHugh in 1994, and appearing in the film Amy in 1997. In 1991, she appeared in the play Alive and Kicking.
Between 1999 and 2000, she played the recurring character Betty Withers in the police drama Blue Heelers. She retired from the industry in 2000.
Death
Ward died on 19 July 2021, aged 106, in Melbourne, Victoria.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1915 births
2021 deaths
Actresses from Western Australia
Australian soap opera actresses
Australian stage actresses
Australian radio personalities
Australian women radio presenters
People from Fremantle
Australian film actresses
20th-century Australian actresses
Australian centenarians
21st-century Australian actresses
Women centenarians
Australian expatriate actresses in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Ward%20%28actress%29 |
Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It has not been found among Native Americans.
It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.
Distribution
The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%). There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.
Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%).
It is also found at low frequencies on The Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup F
Subclades
F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.
F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.
F1d is the second most frequent sub-clade in Newar (Nepal). Haplogroup F1d reaches the greatest proportion in Newar (11.97%) of Nepal and Kshatriya (16%) of North India.
F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan. F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.
F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.
F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
F
F* – China, Korea
F1
F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province), China, Korea, Kazakhstan
F1a – China, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand
F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province), China (Ma'an site, Wuxi, Majiabang culture)
F1a1 – Japan, Korea, China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Uyghur
F1a1b – Japan, Korea
F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan
F1a1c1 – Moken
F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai)
F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines
F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island)
F1a4
F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
F1a4a1 – Taiwan (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province), South Africa
F1a4b – China
F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou)
F1a2a – Thailand (Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Mon in Lopburi Province), China (Han in Zhanjiang, Dong, etc.)
F1a3 – Thailand, Uyghur
F1a3a – Filipino (Lipa City), Indonesia
F1a3a1 – Japan
F1a3a1a – Japan, Korea
F1a3a2 – Philippines (Ivatan)
F1a3a3 – Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Makatao, Thao), Philippines (Ivatan)
F1c – Japan
F1c1 – Japan
F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province)
F1c1a1 – Russia, China (Qingdao, etc.), Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Oroqen, Zhuang (Bama), Taiwan (Minnan)
F1c1a1a – Tibet (Shannan, Sherpa, etc.), Yi
F1c1a1b – China
F1c1a2 – Tibet, Thailand, China (Chongqing), India
F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong)
F1b - Korea
F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)
F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
F1b1a1a1a – Japan
F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea
F1b1a1a3 – Japan
F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea
F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea
F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat
F1b1d – Japan, Korea
F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
F1b1e1 – Yakut
F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars)
F1d – China (Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing, Liaoning, Korean from Antu County, Hezhen), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), Tibet (Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province), South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux, Ak-Say), ancient Scythian
F1d1 – Tibet, Nepal (Tharu), Newar of Nepal (12%), Myanmar, Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province), China, Japan, South Africa
F1e – Thailand
F1e1 – China (Han from Hunan)
F1e1a – Japan
F1e2 – China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
F1e3 – China (Shantou, etc.), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province and Phichit Province), Sumatra
F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
F1g1 – China (Yunnan, etc.), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao), Nepal (Newar, 2.4%)
F2
F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux)
F2a'b'g
F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan
F2a1 – China (Han from Shandong), Naxi, Bai, Nu, Tu (Monguor), Yi, Tibetan
F2a2 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Miao (Guizhou), Kinh (Guangxi), Dai and Lisu (Yunnan)
F2a3 – China (Han from Xinjiang, Yunnan, Qinghai, and Shandong), Tu, Hui, Mongols in Inner Mongolia
F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka)
F2b1 – Thailand (Lao Isan in Roi Et Province and Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Yakut, Even (NE Sakha Republic), Yukaghir (NE Sakha Republic), Nepal (Newar, 1.1%)
F2g – China, Ladakh
F2c – China
F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan
F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz)
F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan
F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province), Vietnam (Dao)
F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir)
F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Azerbaijan (Astara), Bashkortostan (Bashkir), Poland
F2h'i – China
F2h – China, Tibet (Lhasa), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province)
F2i – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Korea
F3 (formerly R9a)
F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, Lanzhou, etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
F3b – Thailand, Japan, Korea, China (Han from Qijiang), Yi
F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia
F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island)
F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark
F4
F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan, Korea
F4a1
F4a1a – Japan, China (Han from Lanzhou, She), Taiwan
F4a1b – China, Japan
F4a2 – China, Laos (Lao in Vientiane and Luang Prabang), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Nyah Kur in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province)
F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province)
F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup F
Spread of Haplogroup F, from National Geographic
F | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20F%20%28mtDNA%29 |
A collegium is a French form of schooling that is both a secondary school and a college.
Information
They are uncommon today. Most collegiums in the United States were built by Roman Catholic religious institutes. One example is the College of the Immaculate Conception in New Orleans, established by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1847.
References
School types | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium%20%28school%29 |
or Sugar² Rune is a Japanese magical girl manga series written and illustrated by Moyoco Anno and serialized in the shōjo manga magazine Nakayoshi from September 2003 to May 2007. The series was collected into eight volumes published by Kodansha from September 2003 to May 2007. Sugar Sugar Rune was adapted into an anime television series produced by Studio Pierrot, which aired on TV Tokyo from July 2, 2005 to June 24, 2006. Sugar Sugar Rune won the 29th Kodansha Manga Awards in the children's manga category.
Plot
In the Magical World, the future queen is chosen by selecting two young witches and sending them to the Human World, where they'll compete to capture the hearts of boys. Whoever has collected the most by the end of the competition is crowned queen.
This generation's Queen Candidates are best friends and polar opposites Vanilla Mieux and Chocolat Meilleure, the daughters of the current queen and her former competitor (respectively). They're aided by their assigned mentor and guardian, pop idol witch Rockin' Robin, and their two animal familiars, Blanca the mouse and Duke the frog.
But the girls have more to deal with than just competing for hearts at school. There's something weird about the cool, mysterious middle school boy Pierre, who resembles the evil king Glace—and he seems to be after Chocolat. Now, both trapped within their own new goals, the two witches must fight their way and retain a friendship which no magic can defeat.
Characters
Chocolat is a beautiful and very energetic girl with a forceful personality. She is best friends with Vanilla and is the daughter of the so called, late witch Cinnamon. She has long orange hair, large emerald green eyes, and pointy ears. In the human world, she is not as popular as Vanilla since her temper makes most boys wary, but she is able to make friends with them instead. Her energetic and cheerful personality makes her very popular in the Magical World, and at the beginning of the series she finds the switch between her and Vanilla's popularity in the human world harrowing. She is very caring and a loyal friend, but she can be very aggressive and prideful. She is secretly in love with Pierre. Her familiar is a lazy but powerful frog named Duke. In her world, she lives with her grandfather, Corne, a powerful wizard who, like Chocolat, has a certain dislike for Blanca. As the series progresses, Chocolat and Pierre develop feelings for each other and (in the anime) end up exchanging hearts and sharing their first kisses. In the anime, she loses the queen contest but Vanilla gives up the throne (making Chocolat Queen). In the manga, Chocolat and Pierre went missing and lost their memories which made them return a few years later, for Vanilla's coronation. Her Theme Color is pink.
Vanilla is a beautiful, shy and gentle girl. Best friends with Chocolat, she is the daughter of Queen Candy. Blanca is her familiar. She has short blond curly hair, purple eyes, and pointy ears. Because of her compassion, empathy, and cuteness, she is more popular than Chocolat with human boys, which leads Chocolat to believe that the Human World and the Magic World are opposites. Vanilla was less popular in the Magical World than Chocolat, due to her shy personality. Vanilla is also more conscientious, and more dutiful than Chocolat. However, in the third volume Chocolat is able to beat her in getting hearts sometimes. About midway through the series, Vanilla feels insecure and inferior to Chocolat and becomes Ogre Princess due to Pierre's trickery. Chocolat is able to save her. In the anime, Vanilla wins the crown but gives it to Chocolat. In the last volume of the manga, Vanilla wins the right to be Queen, but refuses to take the crown. She finally accepts the crown because Chocolat is missing. After Chocolat is found, she still retains her position as Queen upon Chocolat's wish. She ends up with Houx. Her Theme Color is purple.
Rockin' Robin is the mentor of Vanilla and Chocolat. He also records their progress in stealing hearts. He is a popular rock star in the Human World ("Rockin' Robin" and "Rock'n Lovin'" have the same spelling in katakana). Although he may seem a bit rude, he has a caring heart, although he rarely displays it. According to Blanca, Robin is actually 6800 years old and uses facial masks to retain a youthful appearance. He seems to be particularly afraid of sharp objects. In the manga, he sacrifices himself for Chocola in the final battle.
Duke is a red and black striped frog who is the Chocolat's familiar. He helps her steal hearts, but isn't much help at the beginning. He has a rivalry with Blanca. Mostly, he is quite lazy and rude, and has an extensive knowledge about hearts, which proves useful later. Duke is actually Chocolat's uncle, the little brother of Cinnamon, who was transformed into a frog. He tells Queen Candy that he turned himself into a frog to pose as a familiar, as he was wanted by the authorities after he concealed Cinnamon when she was on the run. However, his transformation worked too well, and his magical power as a familiar became too weak to allow him to transform back. At the end of Volume 6 he is returned to his human form via a white heart.
Blanca is a magical mouse and the familiar of Vanilla. In the story, she helps Vanilla win at first. She enjoys teasing Chocolat, Duke, and almost anyone who annoys her. She also likes tea parties with her mice friends. Chocolat calls her "Rat". Even though she has a very bitter relationship with Chocolat, there are times when she can show her soft side towards her. In the manga, she was originally a witch named Libbie who ran a salon in the Magical World, but was turned into a familiar when she fell in love with a human and lost her heart. She is turned back into her original form with the power of Pierre's (now white) heart.
Pierre is a popular and handsome boy at Chocolat's school, but he has a cold heart, and is not as innocent as he looks. He's the captain of the fencing and tennis teams of the school and has a fan club of beautiful but cruel and cold junior-high student girls known as 'The Members', who dislike Chocolat being near their Prince. His magical ability is high, as well as his physical strength and capability. Almost nobody can resist his charisma and charm, and many human girls in Chocolat's school are in love with him. He has white blonde hair and ice blue eyes, and is taller than most people in his class.
It is discovered in Volume 2, that Pierre is also from the magical world when he almost takes Chocolat's heart. When he was a little boy the ogres kidnapped him and made him the Ogre Prince, so he didn't choose becoming that and wasn't born as an Ogre. As the story goes on, Pierre begins to fall in love with Chocolat, as does she. He has huge feelings for her and claims that he doesn't know why he can not leave her alone and "involuntarily" risks his life to save her many times. Pierre's noir heart conflicts with a pink heart. In the anime, they exchange hearts. In the manga, Pierre and Chocolat go missing for years after the last battle, with severe amnesia. Once they regain their memories, they manage to be in time for Vanilla's coronation and reunite with her, as well as their other friends. They depart to the humans' world to start a new life, and Pierre's heart is shown to be red for Chocolat.
and
Twin brothers who are close childhood friends with Chocolat and Vanilla from the Magical World. They both have quite brash personalities that can sometimes land them into trouble. They both come to the Human World as new students in Chocolat and Vanilla's school to protect them. Both of them have a strong liking towards Chocolat, arguing about who will be Chocolat's King when she gets the crown. Turns out that Houx fell in love with Vanilla.
The Queen of the Magical World and Vanilla's mother. Even though Vanilla's mother is a queen, she kept a careful eye on the Queen Candidate and the Queen Candidacy so that the ogres could not interfere again. In the anime, she loses the Queen Candidacy, but after the sacrifice made by Cinnamon for the Magical World, the throne was given to her after replacing Cinnamon's place. In the manga, she sacrifices herself at the end to help Chocola defeat Glacé, acknowledging Chocolat as the Magical World's Queen.
Chocolat's mother and a famous witch. She was a previous Queen Candidate along with Candy Mieux, she won the candidacy, however she sacrificed the throne for the freedom to save the Magic World. Under circumstances not clearly explained in the manga, Cinnamon went to visit Glacé, the grand duke of darkness, while Candy took over as queen. In Volume 7, it is revealed that Cinnamon had Chocolat around this time, and that Chocolat's father is the King of the Ogres himself. Cinnamon was actually Pierre's familiar who had her voice taken away. Cinnamon fights against Glacé at the end of Volume 8, but stays behind with him as he fades away. She is disguised as a black cat that Pierre is sometimes seen with. In the last episode, when the queen is decided, she asks Robin and Glacier to help her take care of Chocolat. It is said that Cinnamon and Candy were friends during the Queen candidacy. Candy never collected hearts no matter how popular she was. Some say she intentionally did that, feeling that Cinnamon would make the better Queen.
Waffle's an anime only character, an immature but kind young witch girl that's always trying to get Houx's affection. In the series, she always caused trouble during the adventures of Chocolat and others. At the start, she has a certain dislike for Chocolat, for that reason she'll steal Houx from her. She's always accompanied by her devoted nanny and travels around in a huge squirrel-looking flying animal.
Media
Manga
The eight-volume manga was written and illustrated by Moyoco Anno. In comparison to the anime, which ended before its serialization in Nakayoshi, the manga more strongly emphasizes the struggle between the witches and the ogres. It was initially published in English by Del Rey Manga, but Udon Entertainment currently has the rights.
Anime
In 2005, Sugar Sugar Rune was adapted into an anime television series produced by Studio Pierrot under the direction of Matsushita Yukihiro. Consisting of fifty-one episodes with scripts composed by Reiko Yoshida and music by Yasufumi Fukuda, Yutaka Minobe, Tomoko Sasaki and Yasuharu Konishi (only the latter is credited in the opening and staff list of the anime, however), the series was broadcast on TV Tokyo in Japan between July 2, 2005 and June 24, 2006.
Three pieces of theme music are used—one opening theme and two closing themes. The opening theme is by Karia Nomoto. The closing theme for the first twenty-nine episodes is by Karia Nomoto and the last twenty episodes is by the series starring voice actresses Marika Matsumoto and Juri Ibata.
Reception
Sugar Sugar Rune won the 29th Kodansha Manga Awards in the children's manga category. It was called "the greatest fantasy comic of the last five years" by an Anime News Network reviewer, who praised its stylish art and epic conclusion.
References
External links
Official anime website
2003 manga
2005 anime television series debuts
2006 Japanese television series endings
2007 comics endings
Anime series based on manga
Del Rey Manga
Kodansha manga
Japanese children's animated fantasy television series
Magical girl anime and manga
Moyoco Anno
Odex
Pierrot (company)
Shōjo manga
Television series about witchcraft
TVB
TV Tokyo original programming
Winner of Kodansha Manga Award (Children)
Witchcraft in anime and manga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20Sugar%20Rune |
Timeless is a collaborative album, recorded and released by Brazilian artist Sérgio Mendes, and produced by American rapper, songwriter and producer will.i.am. The album was released in the UK on February 13, 2006 and in the US on February 14.
Background
The album features many neo soul and alternative hip hop guest artists, including John Legend, Q-Tip and Justin Timberlake. The album was produced entirely by will.i.am, and was released via Concord Records and the will.i.am Music Group. The album's lead single, "Mas que Nada", was featured on commercials for both Joga Bonito and Nike Football, as well EA Sports' NBA Live 07 and 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany video games. Two further singles were released from the album: "That Heat", and "Yes Yes Y'all". The album reaches across styles, combining neo soul, bossa nova, samba, hip hop, and even flavors of reggaeton.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2006 albums
Albums produced by will.i.am
Albums produced by Sérgio Mendes
Sérgio Mendes albums
Latin Grammy Award for Best Portuguese Language Contemporary Pop Album | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless%20%28S%C3%A9rgio%20Mendes%20album%29 |
Delay 1968, or just Delay (as the SACD version is titled), is an archival compilation album by German experimental rock band Can during its work with singer Malcolm Mooney comprising previously unissued early recordings of the band's rejected debut album, Prepared to Meet Thy PNOOM. The song "Thief" had previously been released officially (in a longer edit) on the United Artists compilation album Electric Rock in 1970; it was later covered live by Radiohead.
Holger Czukay has said that Delay 1968 was originally intended to be the band's first album, Prepared to Meet Thy PNOOM ("Pnoom" being the name of the album's second track—a 27-second saxophone instrumental, recorded as part of their Ethnological Forgery Series). When no record company would release the record, Can set out to make a somewhat more accessible album, which became their 1969 debut Monster Movie. Parts of Delay 1968 circulated in bootleg form for several years under the title Unopened, and included other tracks recorded during the same sessions that would later surface in various forms on other albums.
Track listing
Personnel
Holger Czukay – bass
Michael Karoli – guitar
Jaki Liebezeit – drums, percussion, saxophone
Irmin Schmidt – keyboards
Malcolm Mooney – vocals
References
Can (band) albums
1981 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay%201968 |
Snow is the first solo album by Curt Kirkwood of the alternative rock band Meat Puppets, released in 2005. In his solo career, short though it was, he has pursued a more countrified aspect of his music. "Golden Lies" was originally written as the title track for the previous Meat Puppets album, however, it was ironically excluded. The album was recorded in only 20 days.
The album's title track was incorporated into the Meat Puppets' setlist upon their reunion tour in 2006.
Track listing
All songs composed by Curt Kirkwood, except where noted.
"Golden Lies" - 4:20
"Snow" - 2:44
"Beautiful Weapon" - 2:57
"Box of Limes" - 4:07
"Gold" - 4:10
"Here Comes Forever" - 3:30
"Lightbulb" - 4:01
"Movin' On" - 3:08
"In Bone" - 5:01
"Circles" - 3:57
Personnel
Pete Anderson - producer, acoustic guitar, mandolin, twelve-string electric guitar, bass guitar, percussion, ambient electric guitar, Weissemborn
Bob Bernstein - pedal steel
Jonathon Clark - harmony vocals
Josh Day - drums on "Golden Lies", "Beautiful Weapon" and "Lightbulb"
Rob Douglas - bass guitar on "Golden Lies" and "Beautiful Weapon"
Dominic Genova - upright bass
Curt Kirkwood - vocals, acoustic and electric guitars, baritone electric guitar, bass guitar on "Snow", "Movin' On", "In Bone" and "Circles"
Michael Murphy - Hammond B-3, clavinet, piano, chamberlin, mellotron
Kevin Sepriano - electric guitar on "Lightbulb"
Lee Thornburg - trumpet
2005 debut albums
Albums produced by Pete Anderson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow%20%28Curt%20Kirkwood%20album%29 |
RIOJA-1 was a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the United Kingdom and Spain across the North Atlantic Ocean.
It had landing points in:
Porthcurno, Cornwall, United Kingdom
Virgen del Mar Beach, Santander, Spain
It was withdrawn from service on October 13, 2006.
References
Sources
Submarine communications cables in the North Atlantic Ocean
Cantabria
Spain–United Kingdom relations
2006 disestablishments in England
2006 disestablishments in Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIOJA-1 |
Irene McGugan (born 1952) is a Scottish politician. She was a Scottish National Party (SNP) Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for North East Scotland region from 1999 to 2003.
In the 1999 election she stood as a constituency candidate in Aberdeen South, finishing fourth. However her number four position on the SNP North East Scotland list was enough to take her to Holyrood. She was the SNP's deputy party spokesperson on Education and Young People from June 2001, replacing John Swinney who became party leader.
She contested the seat of Dundee West in the 2003 election, where she narrowly lost to the Labour incumbent Kate Maclean.
References
External links
1952 births
Living people
People from Angus, Scotland
Scottish National Party MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
20th-century Scottish women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene%20McGugan |
Arne Novák, born as Arnošt Novák, (2 March 1880, Litomyšl, Bohemia – 26 November 1939, Polička) was a Czech literary historian and critic, specialist in German and Czech studies.
Life
He was born as a son of the high school teacher Josef Novák and the novelist Teréza Nováková.
He was active in the magazines Volné směry, Lumír, Rozhledy, etc.
See also
List of Czech writers
References
Biography
Arne Novak Digital Library - free scanned books
External links
1880 births
1939 deaths
People from Litomyšl
Czech male writers
Czechoslovak writers
Czech literary critics
Charles University alumni
Academic staff of Masaryk University
Czech literary historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne%20Nov%C3%A1k |
Knowledge integration is the process of synthesizing multiple knowledge models (or representations) into a common model (representation).
Compared to information integration, which involves merging information having different schemas and representation models, knowledge integration focuses more on synthesizing the understanding of a given subject from different perspectives.
For example, multiple interpretations are possible of a set of student grades, typically each from a certain perspective. An overall, integrated view and understanding of this information can be achieved if these interpretations can be put under a common model, say, a student performance index.
The Web-based Inquiry Science Environment (WISE), from the University of California at Berkeley has been developed along the lines of knowledge integration theory.
Knowledge integration has also been studied as the process of incorporating new information into a body of existing knowledge with an interdisciplinary approach. This process involves determining how the new information and the existing knowledge interact, how existing knowledge should be modified to accommodate the new information, and how the new information should be modified in light of the existing knowledge.
A learning agent that actively investigates the consequences of new information can detect and exploit a variety of learning opportunities; e.g., to resolve knowledge conflicts and to fill knowledge gaps. By exploiting these learning opportunities the learning agent is able to learn beyond the explicit content of the new information.
The machine learning program KI, developed by Murray and Porter at the University of Texas at Austin, was created to study the use of automated and semi-automated knowledge integration to assist knowledge engineers constructing a large knowledge base.
A possible technique which can be used is semantic matching. More recently, a technique useful to minimize the effort in mapping validation and visualization has been presented which is based on Minimal Mappings. Minimal mappings are high quality mappings such that i) all the other mappings can be computed from them in time linear in the size of the input graphs, and ii) none of them can be dropped without losing property i).
The University of Waterloo operates a Bachelor of Knowledge Integration undergraduate degree program as an academic major or minor. The program started in 2008.
See also
Data integration
Knowledge value chain
References
Further reading
Linn, M. C. (2006) The Knowledge Integration Perspective on Learning and Instruction. R. Sawyer (Ed.). In The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences. Cambridge, MA. Cambridge University Press
Murray, K. S. (1996) KI: A tool for Knowledge Integration. Proceedings of the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Murray, K. S. (1995) Learning as Knowledge Integration, Technical Report TR-95-41, The University of Texas at Austin
Murray, K. S. (1990) Improving Explanatory Competence, Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society
Murray, K. S., Porter, B. W. (1990) Developing a Tool for Knowledge Integration: Initial Results. International Journal for Man-Machine Studies, volume 33
Murray, K. S., Porter, B. W. (1989) Controlling Search for the Consequences of New Information during Knowledge Integration. Proceedings of the Sixth International Machine Learning Conference
Shen, J., Sung, S., & Zhang, D.M. (2016) Toward an analytic framework of interdisciplinary reasoning and communication (IRC) processes in science. International Journal of Science Education, 37 (17), 2809-2835.
Shen, J., Liu, O., & Sung, S. (2014). Designing interdisciplinary assessments in science for college students: An example on osmosis. International Journal of Science Education, 36 (11), 1773-1793.
Knowledge representation
Learning
Machine learning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge%20integration |
Julia Blake (born 1936) is an English–born Australian actress.
Blake won the 1989 AFI (AACTA) Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries for Eden's Lost, and the 1990 AFI (AACTA) Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role opposite Max von Sydow in the film Father. She also received AFI nominations for Travelling North (1987), Innocence (2000) and The Boys are Back (2009).
On the small screen she is known for her role as Nancy McCormick on the TV series Prisoner, (known internationally as Prisoner Cell Block H) for which she appeared during the final season in 1986, she previously appeared in two smaller roles earlier as Evelyn Randall and Alice Dodds
Personal life
Blake was born in Bristol, England, and studied drama at Bristol University. While working in repertory theatre in Yorkshire she met the Australian actor Terry Norris. They married in 1962 and both moved to Australia.
In 2018, she and Norris jointly received the Equity Lifetime Achievement Award. Their daughters are the actresses Sarah and Jane Norris.
Filmography
Film
Television
Honours and awards
References
External links
1936 births
Date of birth uncertain
Living people
Actresses from Bristol
Australian expatriates in England
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
Australian stage actresses
Best Supporting Actress AACTA Award winners
English expatriates in Australia
English film actresses
English soap opera actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Blake |
Rahimullah Yusufzai (رحیم اللہ یوسُفزئی) (10 September 1954 – 9 September 2021) was a Pakistani journalist, political and security analyst, best known for having interviewed Osama bin Laden, and Afghan Taliban leader Mullah Omar.
He was also a war correspondent.
Early life and education
Yusufzai was born on 10 September 1954, in Pakistan in Shamozai village of Mardan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. He received his early education at his village primary school and then in public schools in Peshawar and Jhelum. Rahimullah also studied at the D.J. Sindh College and the University of Karachi.
Career
Yusufzai was among the first journalists to report on the Taliban and visited Kandahar, Afghanistan in 1995. He was one of the few bona fide experts on Afghanistan, having reported on the country since the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan by the former Soviet Union. In 2016, he also frequently appeared on Geo News TV channel as a news analyst. He was the editor of the Jang Group's The News International at the Peshawar Bureau and was an op-ed writer for the monthly Newsline. Rahimullah is especially noted for holding the last interview with Osama bin Laden. He also served as a correspondent in Pakistan for Time magazine. Rahimullah was also a correspondent of BBC's Pashto and Urdu services in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Awards and recognition
Yusufzai was considered an authority on Afghan affairs and on the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. Acknowledging his achievements in journalism, the government of Pakistan first awarded him the Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (Medal of Excellence) in 2005. Then he received Sitara-i-Imtiaz Award (Star of Excellence) from the President of Pakistan for his achievements in the field of journalism on 23 March 2010.
Death
Yusufzai died from cancer on 9 September 2021 after battling his deadly cancer for 15 long months. Among his survivors are four sons and two daughters. His funeral prayer was offered in his hometown Inzargi, Katlang, Mardan District and laid to rest on 10 September 2021. Prime Minister Imran Khan, Chief of Army Staff General Qamar Javed Bajwa, Awami National Party leader Asfandyar Wali Khan, Qaumi Watan Party chief Aftab Ahmad Khan Sherpao, Federal Minister Chaudhry Fawad Hussain, Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists and others offered condolences upon his death.
References
External links
Sharif tells committee to initiate talks with Taliban Zee News India website
Osama bin Laden is alive, says Pak journalist Rediff.com website, Published 3 April 2010
Face to face with Osama The Guardian (newspaper), Published 25 September 2001
1954 births
2021 deaths
Pashtun journalists
Pakistani male journalists
People from Mardan District
Recipients of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
University of Karachi alumni
People from Peshawar
Pakistani television journalists
Pakistani war correspondents
D. J. Sindh Government Science College alumni
BBC people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahimullah%20Yusufzai |
Leigh David Bromby (born 2 June 1980) is an English retired footballer who played as a defender.
Bromby primarily played for Sheffield Wednesday and Sheffield United, and is the only player to have played 100 league games for both teams.
Career
Sheffield Wednesday
Born in Dewsbury, Bromby started his footballing career when he was spotted by Daniel Firth at Whitchapel Middle school before joining Liversedge then being spotted by Sheffield Wednesday. He then progressed through the Sheffield Wednesday youth academy, and in September 1999 joined Mansfield Town on loan for three months. He made his Football League debut on 12 December 1999 in a 0–0 draw at Barnet. He scored his first career goal in a 3–1 home win over Southend United in January 2000.
Bromby made his Wednesday debut the following season; on 23 December 2000 as substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers. He went on to make 20 appearances that season.
He spent part of the 2002–03 season on loan at Norwich City before returning to Wednesday. After making 112 appearances for the club he moved to local rivals Sheffield United in a free transfer on 24 May 2004.
Sheffield United
Bromby made his début for Sheffield United against Burnley at Turf Moor on 7 August 2004 in a 1–1 draw. He played in all 46 league matches that season and scored his first senior goal for the club in the same game a diving header at the far post.
On 15 August 2006, he signed a new three-year contract with United, with an option for a further year.
Bromby spent much of the 2007–08 season on the sidelines, making only 15 appearances. His longest spell in the side was in January 2008, when he played 6 games in which United lost only once.
Watford
On 31 January 2008 he moved to Watford signing a three and a half year contract, for a fee of £600,000 rising to £850,000 based on appearances. His final appearance for United had been in a league fixture against his new club, two days previously. His former manager, Bryan Robson, admitted that he did not want to sell Bromby, but he had wanted regular football and Watford's offer had been reasonable. On 2 February 2008, Bromby made his debut for Watford at home against Wolverhampton Wanderers. Within the first minute his long throw set up Steve Kabba to score in an eventual 3–0 victory. After only a year at Vicarage Road Bromby returned to Sheffield United on a six-month loan with a view to a permanent deal. He scored once in the league for Watford, in a 1–1 draw with West Bromwich Albion on 11 April 2008.
Sheffield United
Ironically, having returned to Bramall Lane, just as his first spell at the club ended with an appearance against Watford, his first game back with the Blades also saw him appear as a second-half substitute against The Hornets despite them still being his current employers. Bromby played the remainder of the season as defensive cover, completing thirteen appearances and one goal during his loan period. Following the end of the season he signed a new two-year deal with United, returning to his former club on a free transfer.
Leeds United
Only a few weeks after re-signing for Sheffield United, and after failing to make a league appearance under manager Kevin Blackwell, Bromby moved to Leeds United for an undisclosed fee at the end of the August 2009 transfer window. As a child Bromby was brought up as a Leeds United fan, so the move helped fulfill a dream of playing for his boyhood heroes.
2009–10 season
He made his Leeds debut in the 2–0 league victory over Stockport County. Bromby gave away a penalty in his second start for Leeds, however Leeds goalkeeper Shane Higgs saved Southend United striker Lee Barnard's penalty. Since joining Leeds Bromby has played in the centre back and right back roles. Bromby scored his first goal for Leeds in another match against Stockport County, with a strike in the closing stages to put Leeds 3–2 ahead. Bromby received his 5th booking of the season in the same game against Stockport and missed the next match – an FA Cup 3rd round tie against Manchester United. With Bromby being a Leeds fan, the suspension was especially tough to take. Leeds ended up pulling off a famous victory against Manchester United with Bromby's replacement Jason Crowe putting in a fantastic performance. Crowe's performance earned him a start ahead of Bromby in the following game against Wycombe Wanderers with Bromby having to settle for a place on the bench. With captain Richard Naylor out injured for the FA Cup 4th round match against Tottenham Hotspur, Bromby played at the heart of Leeds' defence and helped Leeds earn a 2–2 draw and a replay against their Premier League opposition. Bromby started Leeds' last game of the season, replacing the injured captain Richard Naylor. Leeds won the game 2–1 and thus sealed promotion to The Championship.
2010–11 season
Bromby started the Championship season as Leeds' fourth choice defender, with Naylor, Collins and new signing Alex Bruce ahead of him in the starting lineup. Bromby made his first league appearance of the season on 16 October for Leeds when he came on as a second-half substitute against Middlesbrough. He made only his second appearance of the season on 18 December against Queens Park Rangers when he came on as an early first-half substitute for Alex Bruce in Leeds 2–0 win over the league leaders. Bromby made his third appearance of the season as a substitute against Arsenal on 8 January. Leeds were 1–0 up when Robert Snodgrass scored a second half penalty, Arsenal equalised in the 90th minute when Cesc Fàbregas scored a penalty.
Bromby came on as a second-half substitute against Arsenal after Andy O'Brien came off injured. He then made his first start of the season in the following game against Portsmouth. After several months out of the team, Bromby regained his starting lineup spot on a regular basis displacing Alex Bruce.
2011–12 season
Bromby started the first two games of the season for Leeds on the bench against Southampton and Bradford City but he came into the starting lineup for Leeds' first league home game of the season against Middlesbrough. After missing games through injury, Bromby came back into Leeds' starting lineup replacing the suspended Patrick Kisnorbo on 20 September, coming into the side for a League Cup tie against fierce rivals Manchester United. Bromby kept his place for Leeds in a 3–3 draw against Brighton & Hove Albion, during which he conceded a penalty.
After getting a run of games under his former Blades manager Neil Warnock, Bromby picked up a serious injury against Cardiff City on 21 April when he snapped the Patella tendon in his knee cap. Leeds confirmed the injury was very severe and that Bromby would require surgery on the injury, which could rule him out of action for a year.
On 3 May, it was revealed that Bromby had undergone surgery on the ruptured Patella knee tendon, Manager Neil Warnock
proclaimed the injury to be very 'rare' and refused to put an exact timescale on Bromby's possible return.
However Bromby's injury was so severe it was announced by the club that he will miss the entire 2012/13 season with the injury.
2012–13 season
At the club's annual 2012/2013 end of season awards, despite missing the whole season through injury, Bromby won the club's Community Award for all his work within the community.
Having missed the whole of the 2012–13 season due to injury, Bromby was released from his playing contract, but would carry on a role as a coach in Leeds' academy.
At the start of the 2013/14 season on 25 July 2013, Bromby announced his retirement as a footballer due to his knee injury, and he officially joined the Leeds academy full-time as the club's Under 16's coach.
Coaching career
Bromby joined the Leeds United coaching set up on 3 April 2013, after taking his coaching badges whilst injured, after the sacking of Neil Warnock, Bromby became a coach of Leeds' Under 18 side to assist Chris Coates who was covering for Richard Naylor.
On 3 May, it was announced that Bromby would join Leeds academy coaching team full-time. On 11 July 2014, Bromby and Under 18's manager Richard Naylor were made redundant by owner Massimo Cellino.
On 4 August 2014, Bromby joined Huddersfield Town as Professional Development Coach. He served a time as Academy Manager and was appointed as the club's new Head of Football Operations at the completion of the 2019/20 season. He left the club on 13 June 2023.
Honours
Leeds United
League One Runners Up (Promoted): 2009–10
Sheffield United
Championship Runners Up (Promoted): 2005–06
Personal
* Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2009–10
* Leeds United Contribution To The Community Award 2012–13
Career statistics
References
External links
Club profile at sufc.co.uk
Leigh Bromby profile at watfordfc.co.uk
Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk
1980 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
English Football League players
English men's footballers
Footballers from Dewsbury
Leeds United F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Premier League players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. non-playing staff
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. non-playing staff
Association football coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh%20Bromby |
RIOJA-2 was a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the United Kingdom and Belgium across the North Atlantic Ocean/English Channel.
It had landing points in:
Porthcurno, Cornwall, United Kingdom
De Panne, West Flanders, Belgium
It was withdrawn from service on 13 October 2006.
References
Kingfisher information site
FreeLibrary article
Submarine communications cables in the English Channel
Belgium–United Kingdom relations
De Panne
2006 disestablishments in England
2006 disestablishments in Belgium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIOJA-2 |
Longisquama is a genus of extinct reptile. There is only one species, Longisquama insignis, known from a poorly preserved skeleton and several incomplete fossil impressions from the Middle to Late Triassic Madygen Formation in Kyrgyzstan. It is known from the type fossil specimen, slab and counterslab (PIN 2548/4 and PIN 2584/5) and five referred specimens of possible integumentary appendages (PIN 2584/7 through 9). All specimens are in the collection of the Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow.
Longisquama means "long scales"; the specific name insignis refers to its small size. The Longisquama holotype is notable for a number of long structures that appear to grow from its skin. The current opinion is that Longisquama is an ambiguous diapsid and has no bearing on the origin of birds.
History
Interpretation
Researchers Haubold and Buffetaut believed that the structures were long, modified scales attached in pairs to the lateral walls of the body, like paired gliding membranes. They published a reconstruction of Longisquama with plumes in a pattern akin to gliding lizards like Draco species and Kuehneosaurus latus, allowing it to glide, or at least parachute. Though the reconstruction is now thought to have been inaccurate, versions of it are still often portrayed in modern paleoart.
Other researchers place the scales differently. Unwin and Benton interpreted them as a single, unpaired row of modified scales that run along the dorsal midline. Jones et al. interpreted them as two paired rows of structures that are anatomically very much like feathers, and which are in positions like those of birds' spinal feather tracts. Feather-development expert Richard Prum (and also Reisz and Sues) see the structures as anatomically very different from feathers, and thinks they are elongate, ribbonlike scales.
Still other observers (e.g. Fraser in 2006) believe that the structures are not part of Longisquama at all, that they are simply plant fronds that were preserved along with the reptile and were misinterpreted. Buchwitz & Voigt (2012) argue that the structures of Longisquama are not plant remains, because all of the structures except for the last in the holotype PIN 2584/4 are arranged regularly, and that they are not preserved as carbon films, the usual mode of preservation for plants in the Madygen Formation. The only plant from Madygen with similarities to the Longisquama structures is Mesenteriophyllum kotschnevii, but its leaves do not have the distinct hockey-stick shape of the structures attributed to Longisquama.
Description
Integumentary structures
Longisquama is characterized by distinctive integumentary structures along its back. The holotype (specimen PIN 2584/4) is the only known fossil preserving these appendages projecting from the back of an associated skeleton. It has seven appendages radiating in a fan-like pattern, but the tips are not preserved. PIN 2584/9 preserves five complete appendages spaced close together. PIN 2584/6 preserves two long, curved appendage running side by side. Other specimens, such as PIN 2585/7 and FG 596/V/1, preserve only one appendage. These structures are long and narrow throughout most of their lengths, and angle backward near the tip to give the appearance of a hockey stick. The proximal straight section is divided into three longitudinal lobes: a smooth lobe on either side and a transversely ridged lobe running between them. The middle ridged lobe is made up of raised "rugae" and deep "interstices", which Sharov compared to rosary beads. The distal section is thought to be an extension of the middle and anterior lobes of the proximal section. While the anterior lobe widens in the distal section, the posterior lobe of the proximal section narrows until it ends at the base of the distal section. In addition, an "anterior flange" appears about two-thirds the way up the proximal section and continues to the tip of the distal section. Both lobes in the distal section are ridged and separated by a grooved axis. In some specimens, the rugae of either lobe in the distal section line up with each other, while in other specimens they do not. Some specimens have straight rugae projecting perpendicular to the axis, while others have rugae that curve in an S-shape. One specimen of Longisquama, PIN 2584/5, has small spines projecting from the axis of the distal section.
The holotype skeleton shows each structure attaching to a vertebral spine. These anchorage points are visible as raised knobs. The base of each appendage is slightly convex, unlike the flattened shape of the rest of the structure. The convex shape may be evidence that the base of each structure was tubular in life, anchoring like other integumentary structures such as mammalian hair or avian feathers into a follicle. Moreover, the proximity of each structure to its corresponding vertebra suggests that a thick layer of soft tissue, possibly including a follicle, surrounded each base.
Classification
Like the 'long scales', the skeletal features of Longisquama are equally difficult to diagnose. As a result, Longisquama has been related by scientists to many different sauropsid groups.
Sharov determined that it was a "pseudosuchian" (a "primitive" archosaur, but as an archosaur a relatively derived reptile) on the basis of two features: a mandibular fenestra and an antorbital fenestra.
Sharov's original description also includes an elongate scapula.
Jones et al. see Longisquama as an archosaur, adding to Sharov's two characters a furcula.
Olshevsky believes that Longisquama is an archosaur and, moreover, an early dinosaur.
Unwin & Benton did not think it was possible to diagnose the crucial fenestrae; the holes could simply be damage to the fossil.
They agreed with Sharov that Longisquama has acrodont teeth and an interclavicle, but instead of a furcula, they saw paired clavicles.
These features would be more typical of a member of Lepidosauromorpha, meaning that Longisquama is not an archosaur and thus not closely related to birds.
According to a cladistic study by Phil Senter in 2004, Longisquama would be an even more basal diapsid and a member of Avicephala, more closely related to Coelurosauravus.
A 2012 re-examination of the fossil found that the presence of fenestrae in the skull crucial to classification as an archosaur could not be confirmed; in fact, a section of the skull in one of the fossil slabs that had previously been used to justify the presence of antorbital fenestrae does not contain any actual bone. This study concluded that none of the proposed classifications of Longisquama could be confirmed or refuted using the available evidence. The authors of the study tentatively placed Longisquama among the Archosauromorpha as a result of their hypothesis of developmental "deep homology" between its plumes, bird feathers, crocodile scales and pterosaur pycnofibres.
Debate over bird origins
The questions relating to the reptilian classification of Longisquama and to the exact function of the 'long scales' relate to a wider debate about the origin of birds, and whether they are descended from dinosaurs.
Background
A consensus of paleontologists agrees that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs. The scenario for this hypothesis is that early theropod dinosaurs were endothermic, and evolved simple filamentous feathers for insulation. These feathers later increased in size and complexity and then adapted to aerodynamic uses. Ample evidence for this hypothesis has been found in the fossil record, specifically for such dinosaurs as Kulindadromeus, Sinosauropteryx, Caudipteryx, Microraptor and many others. Longisquama is thus regarded as a diapsid with strange scales, ambiguous skeletal features and no real significance to bird evolution.
A minority of scientists prefer the hypothesis that birds evolved from small, arboreal archosaurs like Longisquama. They see these as ectothermic animals that adapted to gliding by developing elongated scales and then pennaceous feathers. This hypothesis, however, is not supported by cladistic analysis.
References
Further reading
External links
A critique of Martin 2004 by Mickey Mortimer
A critique of Feduccia et al. 2005 by Mickey Mortimer
A newspaper article on Longisquama plumes discovered by Kurochkin and Martin
Photographs of the type specimen, from Jones et al. 2000
Photograph of the type specimen, from the twitter account of Nickolay Gnezdilov
Photograph of the type specimen, from the twitter account of Christian Kammerer
Middle Triassic reptiles of Asia
Triassic diapsids
Prehistoric neodiapsids
Carnian genera
Fossils of Kyrgyzstan
Madygen Formation
Fossil taxa described in 1970
Prehistoric reptile genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longisquama |
William Morgan Jellett, QC (19 May 1857 – 27 October 1936) was an Irish Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Irish Unionists were the Irish wing of the Conservative Party. He was born in Dublin, the son of Rev. John Hewitt Jellett, Provost of Trinity College, Dublin and his wife and cousin Dorothea Morris Morgan. His sister Eva Jellett was a pioneering woman doctor.
He attended Trinity College Dublin, before being called to the Irish Bar in 1882. He became a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1899. He was private secretary to Lord Ashbourne, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland 1885–1886, 1886–1892 and 1895–1905.
Jellett stood for election in the Dublin University constituency at the 1918 general election. On 28 July 1919, he was elected in a by-election, being the last United Kingdom MP elected in the twenty-six counties which became the Irish Free State in December 1922. Jellett ceased to be an MP on 26 October 1922 on the dissolution of parliament, and his constituency ceased to be represented in the United Kingdom Parliament.
He married Janet McKenzie Stokes, a talented musician, and was the father of four daughters, including the celebrated artist Mainie Jellett, and Dorothea (Bay) Jellett, who for many years conducted the orchestra at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin.
References
External links
1857 births
1936 deaths
Irish Queen's Counsel
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Politicians from County Dublin
Irish Unionist Party MPs
Irish Conservative Party MPs
UK MPs 1918–1922
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
Teachtaí Dála for Dublin University
Members of the 1st Dáil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Jellett |
"Maroon & Gold" is the official fight song of Arizona State University. It was composed by former Director of Sun Devil Marching Band, Felix E. McKernan, in 1948.
Alma mater
"Alma Mater" was composed by former Music Professor and Director of Bulldog Marching Band, Miles A. Dresskell, in 1937. Current version of the Alma Mater was composed by Hazel Quaid, Dixie Gammage, and Ernest Jerome Hopkins.
See also
Sun Devil Marching Band
References
External links
Arizona State University Athletic Bands
MP3 of "Maroon and Gold" from http://www.fightmusic.com
Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band recordings of "Maroon & Gold"
American college songs
College fight songs in the United States
Pac-12 Conference fight songs
Arizona State Sun Devils | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon%20%26%20Gold |
Shiplap is a type of wooden board used commonly as exterior siding in the construction of residences, barns, sheds, and outbuildings.
Exterior walls
Shiplap is either rough-sawn or milled pine or similarly inexpensive wood between wide with a rabbet on opposite sides of each edge. The rabbet allows the boards to overlap in this area. The profile of each board partially overlaps that of the board next to it creating a channel that gives shadow line effects, provides excellent weather protection and allows for dimensional movement.
Useful for its strength as a supporting member, and its ability to form a relatively tight seal when lapped, shiplap is usually used as a type of siding for buildings that do not require extensive maintenance and must withstand cold and aggressive climates. Rough-sawn shiplap is attached vertically in post and beam construction, usually with 51–65 mm (6d–8d) common nails, while milled versions, providing a tighter seal, are more commonly placed horizontally, more suited to two-by-four frame construction.
Small doors and shutters such as those found in barns and sheds are often constructed of shiplap cut directly from the walls, with only thin members framing or crossing the back for support. Shiplap is also used indoors for the rough or rustic look that it creates when used as paneling or a covering for a wall or ceiling. Shiplap is often used to describe any rabbeted siding material that overlaps in a similar fashion.
Interior design
In interior design, shiplap is a style of wooden wall siding characterized by long planks, normally painted white, that are mounted horizontally with a slight gap between them in a manner that evokes exterior shiplap walls. A disadvantage of the style is that the gaps are prone to accumulating dust.
Installing shiplap horizontally in a room can help carry the eye around the space, making it feel larger. Installing it vertically helps emphasize the height of the room, making it feel taller. Rectangular shiplap pieces can be placed in a staggered zig-zag layout to add texture and enhance the size of the room. Shiplap can also be installed on the ceiling, to draw the eye upwards.
References
Wood products
Building engineering
Building materials
Timber framing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiplap |
The Somali Warlord Alliance, officially called the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (abbreviated ARPCT; ) was a Somali alliance created by various Somali warlords and businessmen to challenge the emerging influence of the Islamic Courts Union during the Somali Civil War.
The Warlord Alliance included Botan Ise Alin, Mohammed Dheere, Mohamed Qanyare, Musa Sudi Yalahow, Nuur Daqle, Abdi Hasan Awale Qeybdiid, Omar Muhamoud Finnish and others. Some of them were ministers in the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia.
The International Crisis Group, which had direct contacts with the warlords, said in June 2006 that the CIA was funnelling $100,000 to $150,000 a month to the ARPCT.
The Warlord Alliance were involved in the 2006 Battle of Mogadishu.
Abdi Hasan Awale Qeybdiid defected from the alliance in June 2006, saying that "Since the formation of ARPCT, Mogadishu has been a centre of a military crisis that has led to the needless death of hundreds of people, therefore I decide to quit the alliance to build on the gains of the Islamic tribunals and give peace a chance,".
Africa News described the Alliance as disappearing when their regions were over-run by the Islamic Courts Union in 2006.
Controversies
Michael Zorick (the U.S. State Department's political officer for Somalia), who had been stationed in Nairobi, was reassigned to Chad after he sent a cable to Washington criticizing Washington's policy of paying Somali warlords. The New York Times stated, "The American activities in Somalia have been approved by top officials in Washington and were reaffirmed during a National Security Council meeting about Somalia in March."
On 7 June 2006, the Republic of the Congo's president and current African Union head, Denis Sassou-Nguesso, criticized the United States for its involvement in fighting in Mogadishu following his meeting with President George W. Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.
References
Factions in the Somali Civil War
2006 in Somalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance%20for%20the%20Restoration%20of%20Peace%20and%20Counter-Terrorism |
Hold to a Dream is an album by the progressive bluegrass band New Grass Revival, released in 1987. The lead single "Unconditional Love" reached number 44 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. In 1988, "Can't Stop Now" reached number 45. The band supported the album by playing shows with Nanci Griffith. Pat Flynn wrote three of the album's songs. "How About You" is a cover of the Jesse Winchester song.
Hold to a Dream was remastered and reissued in 2001 on the Southern Music label.
Critical reception
The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that "the bluegrass flavor comes through in the understated songwriting, and the vocals are attractive, if rather pallid." USA Today noted that "these four world-class musicians remain technically dazzling even though they've turned to more catchy material with lots of hooks."
Track listing
"Hold to a Dream" (Tim O'Brien) – 3:38
"One Way Street" (O'Brien) – 2:50
"Can't Stop Now" (Gary Nicholson, Wendy Waldman) – 4:01
"I'll Take Tomorrow" (Pat Flynn) – 2:56
"Before the Heartache Rolls In" (Radney Foster, Bill Lloyd) – 5:23
"Looking Past You" (Flynn) – 2:57
"How About You" (Jesse Winchester) – 4:26
"Metric Lips" (Béla Fleck) – 4:37
"I Can Talk to You" (Flynn) – 3:22
"Unconditional Love" (Don Cook, Nicholson) – 3:21
Personnel
Sam Bush - guitar, mandolin, fiddle, vocals
Pat Flynn - guitar, vocals
Béla Fleck - banjo, vocals
John Cowan - vocals, bass
Additional musicians:
Eddie Bayers – drums
Bob Mater – drums
Tom Roady – percussion
Production notes
Garth Fundis – producer
Denny Purcell – mastering
Bil VornDick – engineer
Caroline Greyshock – photography
Henry Marquez – art direction
References
New Grass Revival albums
1987 albums
Capitol Records albums
Albums produced by Garth Fundis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold%20to%20a%20Dream |
Garry Mauro (born February 21, 1948) is an American politician. He was the four-term commissioner of the Texas General Land Office from 1983 to 1999 during the administrations of Governors Mark White, Bill Clements, Ann Richards, and George W. Bush. He is also known for losing the 1998 Texas gubernatorial election to Bush, who at that time was the incumbent governor seeking re-election. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
Life and career
Mauro, a native of Bryan, Texas, attended Waco, Texas Reicher Catholic High School. He attended college at Texas A&M University in College Station. He subsequently attended the University of Texas Law School.
Mauro went to work for United States Senator Ralph Yarborough after graduation from law school. He became Executive Director of the Texas Democratic Party by the time he was 30.
At 34 in 1982, he was elected to the statewide office of Texas Land Commissioner. Despite being targeted for defeat by the state Republican Party, he was re-elected three times.
Mauro became the second longest-serving Land Commissioner in Texas history serving a total of 16 years in office. He is credited by many for bringing new relevance to the office and taking the lead on important issues, including many environmental initiatives.
As chairman of the Veteran's Land Board, Mauro pushed legislation passed in 1983 that expanded the investment authority of the board and provided for increased loan ceiling for land and housing. The program was expanded to include certain National Guard personnel. He moved for exceptionally low interest rates, which led to a record number of housing loans for Texas veterans. In 1993, Mauro campaigned to gain voter approval of an additional $500 million in bonds for veterans housing loans and $250 million in bonds for land loans.
In 1989, the Texas Legislature approved a Mauro initiative to reduce air pollution and to sell more natural gas. The bill requires fleet operators in larger cities to convert to clean-burning fuels, including compressed natural gas. Mauro was appointed by Speaker Jim Wright to a Task Force that put similar measures in the re-authorization of the Clean Air Act. In 1993, President Bill Clinton appointed Mauro to be the Chairman of the Federal Fleet Conversion Task Force for Alternative Fuels which further implemented those measures.
Also in 1989, the Legislature passed a bill pushed by Mauro to facilitate the recycling of plastics. The bill requires manufacturers to code their plastic items according to resins used.
Mauro convinced the U.S. Senate to ratify the Annex V provision of the MARPOL Treaty, which outlaws the dumping of plastic items in the world's oceans. His main objective was to help clean up the Gulf of Mexico and reduce beach litter. His efforts also have resulted in the International Maritime Organization designating the Gulf and the
"Wider Caribbean" as a "special area" to prohibit ships from dumping anything in the Gulf, with the exception of finely-ground food scraps.
In 1991, Mauro played a key role in gaining passage of the Oil Spill Prevention & Response Act which makes the land office the lead state agency for spills in state waters, and coastal management legislation which gives the Land Office a strong hand in matters of environmental consequence along the coast.
The 1991 omnibus recycling bill backed by Mauro requires state purchasers to give preference to goods made of recycled materials, set a state goal of recycling 40 percent of the garbage stream, provided for development of standards for collection of household hazardous wastes, and for the recycling of old tires, batteries, and used motor oil. The Land Office made a statewide marketing study to facilitate the development of recycling businesses in the state.
In 1992, he served as the Texas State Chairman for Bill Clinton's presidential campaign. He took on the same role in 1996 for Clinton-Gore, in 2000 for Al Gore (as a co-chairman) and in 2004 for Dick Gephardt. In 2008 and again in 2016, he served as the Texas State Director for Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign.
After leaving office in 1999, he was appointed to the Fannie Mae Board of Directors by President Bill Clinton.
He is referenced in Bill Clinton's 2004 memoir My Life. Mauro met the future President and First Lady in 1972 while working on George McGovern's presidential campaign in Austin.
Mauro is the author of the memoir Beaches, Bureaucrats & Big Oil: One Man's Fight for Texas. The book was published in 1997.
Mauro is a member of the Bar in Texas and the District of Columbia. He serves as Chairman of the Board for LifeVantage Corporation. He holds a Series 6 & 7 Securities license and is a Managing Director for EntrustGlobal. He is also a Partner of Mauro Archer and Associates LLC, a law firm in Washington, DC.
Mauro lives in Austin, Texas and has 5 children.
References
|-
1948 births
Commissioners of the General Land Office of Texas
Living people
Politicians from Austin, Texas
People from Bryan, Texas
Texas A&M University alumni
Texas Democrats
Texas lawyers
Writers from Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry%20Mauro |
South Picene (also known as Paleo-Sabellic, Mid-Adriatic or Eastern Italic) is an extinct Italic language belonging to the Sabellic subfamily. It is apparently unrelated to the North Picene language, which is not understood and therefore unclassified. South Picene texts were at first relatively inscrutable even though some words were clearly Indo-European. The discovery in 1983 that two of the apparently redundant punctuation marks were in reality simplified letters led to an incremental improvement in their understanding and a first translation in 1985. Difficulties remain. It may represent a third branch of Sabellic, along with Oscan and Umbrian (and their dialects), or the whole Sabellic linguistic area may be best regarded as a linguistic continuum. The paucity of evidence from most of the 'minor dialects' contributes to these difficulties.
Corpus
The corpus of South Picene inscriptions consists of 23 inscriptions on stone or bronze dating from as early as the 6th century BC to as late as the 4th century BC. The dating is estimated according to the features of the letters and in some cases the archaeological context. As the known history of the Picentes does not begin until their subjugation by Rome in the 3rd century, the inscriptions open an earlier window onto their culture as far back as the late Roman Kingdom. Most are stelai or cippi of sandstone or limestone in whole or fragmentary condition sculpted for funerary contexts, but some are monumental statues.
On a typical gravestone is the representation of the face or figure of the deceased with the inscription in a spiral around it or under it reading in a clockwise direction, or boustrophedon, or vertically. Stones have been found at Ascoli Piceno, Chieti, Teramo, Fano, Loro Piceno, Cures, the Abruzzi between the Tronto and the Aterno-Pescara, and Castel di Ieri and Crecchio south of the Aterno-Pescara. To them are added inscriptions on a bronze bracelet in central Abruzzi and two 4th-century BC helmets from Bologna in the Po Valley and Bari on the southeastern coast.
A complete inventory is as follows:
the Cippus of Castignano (6th-century BC sandstone pyramid)
three stelai of Penna Sant'Andrea at Teramo (a whole and two fragmentary limestone obelisks of the 1st half of the 5th century BC)
the cover of the Campovalano pyxis (7th to 6th centuries BC)
spiral bracelet of Chietino in Valle del Pescara (5th century BC)
the Cippus of Cures (limestone)
the Stele of Loro Piceno (sandstone)
the Stele of Mogliano (sandstone)
the Stele of Acquaviva
the Stele of Belmonte (jointed sandstone)
the Cippus of Falerone
the Stele of Servigliano (sandstone)
a fragment of inscribed sandstone at Belmonte
the Cippus of Sant'Omero (sandstone)
two stelai of Bellante (sandstone)
the Stele of Crecchio (sandstone)
two cippi of Castel di Ieri (limestone, whole and fragmentary)
the Statue of Capestrano (limestone, life-size representation of king Nevio Pompuledio, 2nd half of the 7th, 1st half of the 6th centuries BC)
the Helmet of Bologna (bronze)
the Helmet of Apulia
Alphabet
The south Picene alphabet, known from the 6th century BC, is most like the southern Etruscan alphabet in that it uses q for /k/ and k for /g/. It is:
is a reduced and is a reduced , used for .
Phonetics
For consonants South Picene had:
In cases where there is a choice of grapheme the context determines which one applies. For the glides, and were used for word-initial /w/ and for intervocalic /w/ or in other special contexts. The list above omits special contexts.
Language sample
Inscription Sp TE 2 on a gravestone from Bellante was studied by a linguist of Indo-European studies, Calvert Watkins, as an example of the earliest Italic poetry and as possibly a reflex of a Proto-Indo-European poetic form. In the inscription given below colons are used to separate words; in the original inscription, three vertical dots are used ("the triple interpunct").
postin : viam : videtas : tetis : tokam : alies : esmen : vepses : vepeten
"Along the road you see the 'toga' of Titus Alius? buried? in this tomb."
The translation of the questioned items is unclear. For toga Fortson suggests "covering."
Note the alliteration: viam and videtas; tetis and tokam; alies and esmen; vepses and vepeten. The possibility of this and the other inscriptions being stanzas of verse (strophes) was considered from the time of their discovery. Watkins called them "the South Picene strophe," which he defines as three lines of seven syllables each, comparing them to a strophe of the Rig Veda containing three lines of eight syllables each. Moreover, each line ends "in a trisyllable." The lines of this inscription are:
postin viam videtas
tetis tokam alies
esmen vepses vepeten
The first line would be syllabified and read:
po-stin vi-am vi-de-tas
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Adiego, Ignacio. "Ancora sul sostrato sudpiceno nei dialetti oschi settentrionali". In: Percorsi linguistici e interlinguistici: studi in onore di Vincenzo Orioles / a cura di Raffaella Bombi, Francesco Costantini. Udine: Forum, 2018, pp. 279–290. 2018.
de Vaan, Michiel. 2008. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Martzloff, Vincent. "Questions d’exégèse picénienne". In: Autour de Michel Lejeune. Actes des journées d'études organisées à l'Université Lumière Lyon 2 – Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 2-3 février 2006. (Collection de la Maison de l'Orient méditerranéen ancien. Série philologique, 43) Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux, 2009. pp. 359–378. [www.persee.fr/doc/mom_0184-1785_2009_act_43_1_2672]
Poultney, James. 1951. "Volscians and Umbrians." American Journal of Philology 72: 113–27.
Wallace, Rex E. 2007. The Sabellic languages of ancient Italy. Languages of the World: Materials 371. Munich: LINCOM.
Watkins, Calvert. 1995. How to kill a dragon: Aspects of Indo-European poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Languages attested from the 6th century BC
Languages extinct in the 4th century BC
Languages of ancient Italy
Picene, South | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Picene%20language |
Banner - University Medical Center Tucson (BUMCT), formerly University Medical Center and the University of Arizona Medical Center, is a private, non-profit, 649-bed acute-care teaching hospital located on the campus of the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. BUMCT is the clinical partner of the University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson and is Southern Arizona's only trauma center for both adult and pediatric patients. BUMCT is one of two University of Arizona affiliated academic medical centers in Tucson with Banner - University Medical Center South (formerly Kino Community Hospital, University Physicians Healthcare Hospital, and University of Arizona Medical Center - South Campus) being the other such institution. The area's only dedicated children's hospital, Banner Children's at Diamond Children's Medical Center, is located within and adjacent to BUMCT, providing care to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21.
History
The 8 story hospital was designed by the Tucson architecture firm of Friedman & Jobusch. The $18.2 Million construction contract was awarded to the Del E. Webb Corporation of Phoenix in March 1968. The adjacent School of Medicine completed a year prior was designed and built by the same firms. The 300 bed hospital was completed in late 1971.
When founded in 1971, the hospital was part of the University of Arizona. In the 1980s, it became a separate entity but, in 2010, was reintegrated into the University of Arizona under the name UA Health Network (UAHN).
In July 2009, the Banner - University Medical Center Tucson was designated a Level 1 Trauma Center by the American College of Surgeons.
The 2011 name change to the University of Arizona Medical Center (UAMC) reflected the need to combine all University of Arizona affiliated medical services: University Medical Center, University Physicians Healthcare, and the College of Medicine. In 2015, Banner Health based in Phoenix, Arizona, merged with UAHN and began a 30-year affiliation with the University of Arizona in which the facility was renamed to its present designation.
Campus
As part of the merger between UAHN and Banner Health, the latter committed $500 million towards the construction of a new hospital and nearby outpatient clinic building. Designed by Shepley Bulfinch and built as a joint venture between Sundt and DPR Construction, groundbreaking occurred in early 2016. The $306 million, nine-story hospital tower contains over 200 new patient rooms and 19 new operating rooms. The tower was topped out February 2017 and was completed in the spring of 2019. It is the 5th tallest building in Tucson.
Notable events
On January 8, 2011, Congresswoman Gabby Giffords was shot in an assassination attempt. Having been critically wounded after suffering a single gunshot wound to the head, she and many of the other 18 wounded individuals were promptly evacuated by helicopter to this facility. Giffords underwent emergency surgery by doctor Peter M. Rhee to save her life and many attribute her survival to the swift actions of the university's doctors. After her condition improved, doctors deemed her safe to travel so that she could begin speech, physical, and occupational therapy. Giffords was flown by plane to Houston's Memorial Hermann Medical Center on January 21, 2011, to continue therapy. In total, 6 people died in the shooting, including federal District Court Chief Judge John Roll; Gabe Zimmerman, one of Rep. Giffords' staffers; and a nine-year-old girl, Christina-Taylor Green.
Graduate medical education
Through the University of Arizona College of Medicine, BUMCT hosts nearly 50 residency and fellowship programs across almost every speciality in medicine. Over 600 residents and fellows train at BUMCT and Banner - University Medical Center South (BUMCS) and all physicians who practice at these facilities have University of Arizona faculty appointments.
Residency programs
Fellowship programs
Associated centers and institutes
Banner - University Medical Center Tucson serves as the primary clinical partner for the University of Arizona Health Sciences' (UAHS) numerous multidisciplinary institutes and centers for excellence. These programs are a collaboration between the five colleges that comprise the UAHS: the University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, College of Medicine - Phoenix, College of Nursing, College of Pharmacy, and the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health.
The University of Arizona Arthritis Center
The University of Arizona Cancer Center
Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics
Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine
Arizona Center on Aging
University of Arizona Liver Research Institute
Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center
Arizona Respiratory Center
The University of Arizona Steele Children's Research Center
The University of Arizona Sarver Heart Center
Valley Fever Center for Excellence
VIPER Institute
Adjacent and interrelated to BUMCT is the Arizona Cancer Center, an NCI cancer research and treatment facility. The medical center serves as the site of the programs' numerous clinical trials. Besides the hospital, Banner Health, via its University Medicine division, operates two hospital-based physician offices in Tucson, one hospital-based physician office in Green Valley, Arizona, and one medical transplant physician office in Phoenix (for pre- and post-transplant patients).
Accreditation and recognition
BUMCT is accredited by Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) and the Council of Teaching Hospitals.
BUMCT is an American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet Hospital.
For 2017, U.S. News & World Report ranked BUMCT #39 for Nephrology, #46 for Geriatrics and high-performing in five other specialties.
The hospital specializes in multidisciplinary transplant programs and its blood and marrow transplant programs are among the best in the Southwest.
Since 2005, Banner – University Medical Center Tucson has been listed as one of Solucient's Top 100 Hospitals.
BUMC Tucson has been consistently ranked among the United States' best hospitals, according to U.S. News & World Reports annual guide to "America’s Best Hospitals."
HealthGrades, a healthcare rating company, has found BUMC to be one of the best hospitals in Coronary Intervention.
References
External links
www.bannerhealth.com/tucson
Hospital buildings completed in 1971
Hospitals established in 1971
University of Arizona
Hospitals in Arizona
Buildings and structures in Tucson, Arizona
Trauma centers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner%20University%20Medical%20Center%20Tucson |
The Art of Virtue is the second CD by Nashville, Tennessee-based singer/songwriter Adrienne Young and her band, Little Sadie.
Young, a history buff, was inspired by Benjamin Franklin’s "Thirteen Virtues," a copy of which was included with the CD, and distressed by the Republican Party’s efforts to leverage “moral virtues” during the 2004 presidential election. The anthemic title track, composed with Will Kimbrough, served as a mission statement of sorts for Young, both personally and professionally, and Franklin's influence is apparent right from the opening lines: "Gonna start a revolution / made of action, not of words / Practicing the art of virtue / A Joyride on the learning curve."
Based in part on the positive response to her 2004 debut release, Plow to the End of the Row, Young was able to attract many of Nashville’s top session players including members of The Del McCoury Band to play on the CD. The result was a noticeably more polished and professional sound that Young and her band, Little Sadie, would hone live in extensive touring throughout the latter half of the year. With the new incarnation of Little Sadie (fiddler and banjoist Eric Merrill, guitarist Hans Holzen, bassist Kyle Kegerreis and percussionist Eric Platz), Young appeared at many major music festivals including the New Jersey Folk Festival, the Greyfox Bluegrass Festival, and the second annual Dead on the Creek Festival, held in Willits, California to honor Grateful Dead singer and guitarist Jerry Garcia.
Alongside the original songs and traditional tunes, The Art of Virtue featured a cover of the Grateful Dead's "Brokedown Palace". Young's AddieBelle label struck a distribution deal with Ryko Records which insured that her music got placed in more record stores. Young used the release of the CD and subsequent concert tour to call attention to her involvement with the Food Routes Network, a non-profit organization that promotes sustainable agriculture and connects consumers with local farmers who are willing to sell direct.
The Art of Virtue placed third in Amazon.com's list of the best folk recordings of the year and was placed on numerous year-end best-of lists including the Americana Music Association, Boston Herald, Cape Cod Times, and Nashville Scene. Appropriately, Young was invited to sing in Philadelphia on January 17, 2006, as part of Benjamin Franklin's 300th birthday celebration.
Track listing
"Art Of Virtue" (Adrienne Young / Will Kimbrough) – 3:06
"Bonaparte’s Retreat / My Love Is In America" (Traditional) – 2:21
"Hills & Hollers" (Adrienne Young / Mark D. Sanders) – 4:28
"Jump The Broom" (Adrienne Young / Will Kimbrough) – 3:37
"My Sin Is Pride" (Will Kimbrough / Tom Littlefield) – 2:50
"My Love Will Keep" (Adrienne Young / Mark D. Sanders) – 4:18
"Ella Arkansas" (Adrienne Young) – 5:36
"Rastus Russell" (Adrienne Young / Mark D. Sanders) – 4:12
"Wedding Ring" (Adrienne Young / Mark D. Sanders) – 3:16
"Don’t Get Weary" (Uncle Dave Macon) – 2:25
"Golden Ticket" (Eric Merrill) – 2:24
"Walls Of Jericho" (Adrienne Young) – 5:26
"It’s All The Same" (Adrienne Young / Will Kimbrough) – 4:48
"Farther Along / Bill In The Low Ground" (Traditional) – 4:09
"Brokedown Palace" (Jerry Garcia / Robert Hunter) – 5:22
Personnel
Adrienne Young - vocals, banjo, guitar
Will Kimbrough - guitar, vocals, banjo, resonator guitar
Alan Bartram – bass
David Briggs – organ
Mike Bub – bass
Clayton Campbell – fiddle
Jesse Cobb – mandolin
Flynn Cohen – guitar
John Deaderick – piano
Steve Ebe – drums
Chris Eldridge – guitar
Chris Fandolfee – banjo
Jeremy Garrett – fiddle, vocals
Tyler Grant – guitar
Meagan Gregory – fiddle
Andy Hall – dobro, vocals
Dave Jacques – bass
Derek Jones – bass
Fats Kaplan – pedal steel guitar, accordion
Rob McCoury – banjo
Eric Merrill – fiddle
Mark D. Sanders – vocals
Steven Sandifer – drums & percussion, vocals
Tim Stafford – guitar
Rob Trucks – vocals
References
Morris, Edward (2005) ‘’Adrienne Young Examines The Art of Virtue’’ CMT.com .
Naujeck, Jeanne Anne (2005) ‘’Renaissance Woman’’ The Tennessean, 26 June.
Adrienne Young albums
2005 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Art%20of%20Virtue |
Tracy Mann (born 1957) is an Australian actress and voice artist. After appearing in a number of television series, she won an Australian Film Institute award in 1980 for movie Hard Knocks . She has also won awards in her home country for her work in mini-series Sword of Honour and 2005 movie comedy Hating Alison Ashley.
Early life
Born in Adelaide, South Australia in 1957, Mann got her first big break playing Tina Harris in 1970s soap opera The Box.
Career
Television
Mann is possibly best remembered to audiences for playing deaf biker's moll Georgie Baxter in Prisoner. She also played the lead role of guitarist / singer Carol Howard in the 1984 ABC-TV series Sweet and Sour, and the lead role in police drama Skirts (1990).
Other TV appearances include The Sullivans, The Young Doctors, Arcade (she played Susie Blair - Syd Heylen and Aileen Britton's daughter), Holiday Island, Prisoner, A Country Practice, Cowra Breakout, GP, Sword of Honour, Cyclone Tracy, The Flying Doctors, Sweet and Sour, Boys from the Bush, Janus, All Saints, The Oracle, Ash Wednesday, Bellbird.
She made one-off guest appearances in shows such as Glenview High, Bluey, Matlock Police,
Cop Shop, Kingswood Country Skyways, Good Guys Bad Guys, Water Rats, and Blue Heelers.
Mann undertook voiceover work as Holophone in an episode of children's science fiction series Silversun, and Susie Sponge on the second season of popular animated series The Toothbrush Family. Her other voice acting roles include animated series Classic Tales, Kangaroo Creek Gang and Tracey McBean (both produced by Southern Star Entertainment).
Film
Mann's first starring role on the big screen was low budget drama Hard Knocks; she won an AFI award for Best Actress in a Leading Role as a young ex prisoner being hassled by the police. She played sister to the main character in New Zealand film The Scarecrow (aka Klynham Summer), which was invited to play at the Cannes Film Festival. Mann has also appeared in the Yahoo Serious movie Reckless Kelly, Hating Alison Ashley and Any Questions for Ben?.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Personal life
Mann has related her conversion to Buddhism:
"I was sort of unconsciously on a bit of a path... I was doing a show called 'Janus'... I just reached a point that my spirit, my consciousness, had said, "Tracy, enough, Now you have to get it... And I had five weeks off of filming 'Janus' and went to Nepal... to go to a monastery to study Buddhism."
References
External links
1957 births
Actresses from Adelaide
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
Australian voice actresses
Best Actress AACTA Award winners
Living people
Logie Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy%20Mann |
is a retired Japanese figure skater (men's singles and ice dance) and ice show producer. As a singles skater, he is the 2010 Olympic bronze medalist, the 2010 World champion, the 2012–13 Grand Prix Final champion, a two-time (2008, 2011) Four Continents champion, and a five-time (2006-2008, 2010, 2012) Japanese national champion.
Takahashi represented Japan at the 2006 Winter Olympics, 2010 Winter Olympics, and 2014 Winter Olympics. His bronze medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics was the first Olympic medal for Japan in the men's singles event. He was also the first Asian man to win a World title at the 2010 World Championships. At the 2012–13 Grand Prix Final, Takahashi made history again as the first Japanese man to win a gold medal in the event, an addition to his previous accomplishment of being the first Japanese man to medal at the event in 2005.
Takahashi retired on October 14, 2014, but returned to competitive skating on July 1, 2018. After two seasons competing domestically in Japan, Takahashi began a career in ice dance partnered with Kana Muramoto beginning in the 2020–21 season. With Muramoto he is the 2022 Four Continents silver medalist, the 2022-23 Japanese national champion and the 2022 Denis Ten Memorial Challenge champion. Takahashi is the first and at present only competitor to have earned medals at the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships in two different disciplines.
He is not only a pioneer in the field of competitive skating in Japan, but has also been a key individual in innovating the Japanese ice show market by headlining Hyoen, a novel cross-genre show format (combining several genres, such as kabuki, with figure skating), which implements projection mapping and addresses underrepresented themes such as the portrayal of same-sex attraction, among others. Since January 2023, he has taken on the role of producer/director and made his debut with Ice Explosion 2023. In addition to performing in ice shows, he has also appeared as a dancer in Cheryl Burke's stage production Love on the Floor.
Career
Early career
Born in Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture, Japan, Takahashi began figure skating when he was eight years old. When a skating rink was built near his house, he went with his mother to watch the skaters at the rink and, afterward, enrolled in the figure skating club. His mother intended for him to enroll in the ice hockey club, but he did not like the protective gear of ice hockey and enrolled instead in the figure skating club.
Takahashi had a successful junior career, winning the 2002 World Junior Championships in his first and only appearance at that competition. Takahashi is the first Japanese man to have won the title.
Senior career
Senior debut
For the 2002–03 season, Takahashi turned senior. He struggled with consistency during the first few years of his senior career. In 2004, he moved to Osaka to attend university – the university built a rink for him and other elite skaters.
Takahashi won a bronze medal at the 2005 Four Continents Championships and went on to the 2005 World Championships as the second-ranked of the two Japanese men on the World team, after Takeshi Honda. However, when Honda was forced to withdraw due to injury, it fell on Takahashi to qualify spots for Japan at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Takahashi placed 15th, qualifying only one spot for the Japanese men.
2005–06 season
In the 2005–06 season, Nobunari Oda emerged as a challenger for the Olympic spot. Oda and Takahashi both had very good Grand Prix seasons. At the 2005–06 Japanese Championships, Oda was declared the winner and, thus, seemed to have qualified for the one Olympic slot, but his gold medal was quickly taken back when an error was found in the way scores were calculated in the computer system at the event; Takahashi was awarded the gold. The Japanese Skating Federation split the international assignments, giving Takahashi the Olympic berth and Oda a place at the World Championship. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Takahashi was in a good position after the short program but had a poor free skate and placed 8th overall.
2006–07 season
In the 2006–07 competitive season, Takahashi won a silver medal at 2006 Skate Canada International, then gold at the 2006 NHK Trophy. He qualified for the Grand Prix Final and won the silver medal, although he was ill. He won the Japanese Championships, taking the national title for the second year in a row, and then went on to the Winter Universiade in Turin, Italy, which he won as well.
Takahashi placed third in the short program at the 2007 World Championships. In free skating, he skated the performance of his life in his home country, placing first in that segment and ending up winning the silver medal, trailing Brian Joubert narrowly. This was the first silver medal for Japan in the men's event at Worlds.
Following that season, the ISU ranked Takahashi first in the world. However, over the summer, the ISU tweaked its scoring criteria. Takahashi had been placed on top, just ahead of Brian Joubert, partly due to Takahashi's victory at the Winter Universiade, a competition for which Brian Joubert was not eligible, as Joubert was not a university student. The ISU determined that the results of the Winter Universiade could not be used to calculate world ranking, and Takahashi's ranking fell from first to second place.
2007–08 season
In the 2007–08 season, he won gold at both his Grand Prix events and then silver at the Grand Prix Final behind Stéphane Lambiel. A few weeks later, he won his third Japanese national title and was named to the Four Continents and Worlds teams.
Takahashi won the 2008 Four Continents Championships, scoring a new record in free skating (175.84) and in the total score (264.41) under the ISU Judging System.
He was considered a favorite heading into the 2008 World Championships but finished off the podium after a disappointing free skating in which he fell on his second quad toe attempt, then stumbled on a triple Axel and triple loop, and, finally, performed an extra combination, an invalid element, which did not count towards his points total.
In May 2008, Takahashi announced that he had parted ways with Nikolai Morozov, who had been his co-coach for several years in Hackensack, New Jersey. Morozov explained the split by stating that he could no longer coach Takahashi due to problems with Takahashi's new agent. Takahashi continued training under coach Utako Nagamitsu and jump coach Takeshi Honda in Osaka, Japan.
2008–09 season
Takahashi was originally assigned to the 2008 Cup of China and the 2008 NHK Trophy for the 2008–09 Grand Prix season. He had to withdraw after suffering a torn ACL in his right knee on October 31, 2008, only a few days before his first event. It was later reported that Takahashi would undergo surgery to repair ligament damage and his right meniscus and would miss the entire 2008–09 season. A bolt was inserted into his right knee. He was able to return to the ice in April and began practicing jumps in June.
2009–10 season
After recovering from the surgery and returning to training normally, Takahashi began the Olympic season at the 2009 Finlandia Trophy, which he won. For the Grand Prix season, he was assigned to compete at the 2009 Skate Canada International and 2009 NHK Trophy for the 2009–10 season. He placed second at Skate Canada and fourth at the NHK Trophy. Those placements qualified him to compete in the Grand Prix Final. At the final, he led after the short program with a new personal best of 89.95 but was fifth in free skating and fifth overall.
He won his fourth national title at the 2009–10 Japanese Championships. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, Takahashi won the bronze medal with a score of 247.43. It is the first Olympic medal to be won by Japan in men's figure skating. He then won the gold medal at 2010 World Championships, becoming the first Asian to win a world championship in men's singles. At this competition, Takahashi attempted a quadruple flip but underrotated the jump and two-footed the landing.
2010–11 season
Takahashi's 2010–11 ISU Grand Prix events were the NHK Trophy and Skate America. At the 2010 NHK Trophy, he placed first with 234.79 points, 16.60 ahead of silver medalist Jeremy Abbott. Takahashi also won 2010 Skate America despite having a flawed short program and free skating. During a practice session at the Grand Prix Final, Takahiko Kozuka inadvertently collided with him while Takahashi was doing his run-through; Takahashi said, "it wasn't such a serious injury, just a bit of bruising. [...] It was the first time for me (to be involved in such an accident). I was surprised, but there was no malice involved." Takahashi placed third in short program. In free skating, he attempted a quad flip but landed it two-footed. Multiple problems, including low levels on two spins, resulted in a sixth-place finish in that segment, dropping him to fourth overall.
Takahashi won the bronze medal at the 2010–11 Japanese Championships. Takahashi won the 2011 Four Continents Championships. At the 2011 World Championships, he was third in the short program but finished in fifth overall. In free skating, a screw in his boot came loose on his first element, a quad toe. The Japanese team was able to get it fixed within the three minutes allowed, and he resumed his program. He said it may occur at any time regardless of inspections, which his coach does every day, and he does not blame her. On May 19, Takahashi underwent surgery to remove a bolt in his right knee stemming from surgery in late 2008. Following the surgery, he said, "It is thinner around my knee, but I feel better now that there is nothing inside my body. I might be imagining it, but it feels lighter."
2011–12 season
As part of his preparation for the 2011–12 season, Takahashi spent two weeks in August 2011 working with ice dancing specialists Muriel Boucher-Zazoui, Romain Haguenauer, and Olivier Schoenfelder in Lyon, France, to hone his skating skills. He said, "I wanted to improve my skating technique, not because I was bad in this sector, but I think Olivier is the best. I love the way he skates."
At 2011 Skate Canada International, Takahashi earned a score of 84.66 in the short program and 153.21 in free skating to win the bronze medal with a combined score of 237.87. At the 2011 NHK Trophy, he earned a new personal best score of 90.43 to take the lead in the short program, with a 10.66 point lead over teammate Takahiko Kozuka. He won the gold medal with a combined total of 259.75 points and qualified for the Grand Prix Final. He finished second at the Final. At the Japanese Championships, Takahashi was first after the short program with a score of 96.05 and placed third in free skating, scoring 158.38 points. With a total score of 254.60, he won his fifth national title, finishing ahead of Takahiko Kozuka and Yuzuru Hanyu, and was selected to compete at the 2012 World Championships, where he won the silver medal. The French crowd believed he deserved the gold medal over Patrick Chan, who had mistakes, including a fall on a double Axel, and booed the final result. Takahashi stated that he was pleased with the result, which he had not expected after his off-season surgery. Takahashi finished the season at the 2012 World Team Trophy. He set new personal best scores in the short program, free skating, and overall, and finished first in the men's event. His short program score, 94.00, set a new record as the highest ever under the ISU Judging System. It was Takahashi's first win over Patrick Chan since the 2010 World Championships.
On June 15, 2012, Takahashi confirmed that he would resume working with Morozov – Nagamitsu remained his primary coach, and Morozov became his advisory coach.
2012–13 season
Takahashi presented his new free skating for the season at the 2012 Japan Open. It was the first time since his injury that he performed two quad jumps in his free skating. He placed first in the men's event, and Japan took the team gold medal. He switched to new skating boots just after returning from training in the U.S. in October. This affected his practice schedule leading up to his Grand Prix events. Takahashi said: "The shoes happened to be uncomfortable beyond my expectations, which attributed to difficulty in blade adjustments. As a result, I was not able to practice as I had scheduled." At the 2012 Cup of China, his first Grand Prix event of the season, he won the silver medal behind Tatsuki Machida. Takahashi won the silver medal at his next Grand Prix event, the 2012 NHK Trophy, and qualified for his seventh Grand Prix Final. The 2012 Grand Prix Final took place in Sochi, Russia at the planned 2014 Winter Olympics rink. Takahashi placed first in the short program, third in free skating, and won his first GPF gold medal. He is also the first Japanese man ever to win a gold medal at the Grand Prix Final.
At the Japanese Championships, six strong competitors fought for three available spots on the Japanese men's world team. Takahashi came in second in the short program, nine points behind Yuzuru Hanyu. Takahashi was first in free skating but finished second overall. He was named to the Japanese team for the 2013 Four Continents Championships, held in Takahashi's current hometown, and the 2013 World Championships.
Takahashi announced he would change his short program to Moonlight Sonata. With roughly a month to prepare the new program, Takahashi said he was still trying to "feel" the music with his body. He was 4th in short program, 8th in free skating, and finished 7th overall at the Four Continents Championships. Takahashi was also 4th in the short program and 8th in free skating at the World Championships, finishing sixth.
2013–14 season
In the 2013–14 ISU Grand Prix season, Takahashi was 4th at the 2013 Skate America before winning the 2013 NHK Trophy.
At the Japanese Championships, he placed 4th in the short program and 5th in free skating to place 5th overall. He was named to the Sochi Olympic team.
At the Olympics, he finished 4th in short program and 6th in free skating to finish 6th overall, with a total score of 250.67. He was originally slated to compete at the 2014 World Championships in Saitama, Japan, but pulled out due to knee injury.
Takahashi announced his retirement from competitive skating in October 2014.
2018–19 season
Takahashi announced his intent to return to competitive skating at the start of the 2018–19 season. He placed second behind Shoma Uno at the Japanese championships but declined offers of international assignments.
2019–20 season
In September 2019, Takahashi announced that he would finish his competitive singles career that season and switch to competing in ice dance with partner Kana Muramoto. He finished twelfth at the 2019–20 Japan Championships, his final appearance in singles competition.
2020–21 season
Following the conclusion of his singles career, Takahashi began training with Muramoto in Florida under Marina Zoueva, the coach of Olympic champions Virtue/Moir and Davis/White. Takahashi's star status in Japan made his decision to switch to ice dance a point of considerable interest in the country's media and figure skating audience.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Grand Prix was assigned based primarily on geographic location. Muramoto/Takahashi nevertheless traveled from Florida to Japan to make their debut at the 2020 NHK Trophy, in a field consisting of only three Japanese dance teams. They were second in the rhythm dance, narrowly ahead of reigning national silver medalists Fukase/Cho but some six points behind the reigning national champions, Komatsubara/Koleto. In the free dance, Takahashi fell out of his second set of twizzles, which combined with missed levels of some lift elements to drop them to third place. Winning the bronze medal, he called his mistakes unusual, even in practice sessions, but a part of actually competing. Muramoto said she felt they could do better at their next competition.
Making their Japan Championships debut, Muramoto/Takahashi placed second in the rhythm dance, less than four points behind Komatsubara/Koleto. They were third in the free dance after Takahashi fell out of a lift and made several other errors, but won the silver medal overall due to Fukase/Cho also making errors. They were named as first alternates to the World team. In February, they were forced to withdraw as alternates due to a knee injury from Muramoto and were replaced by bronze medalists Fukase/Cho.
2021–22 season
Muramoto/Takahashi were again assigned to begin the season at the 2021 NHK Trophy, their lone assignment on the Grand Prix for the year. Sixth in both segments, they were sixth overall, defeating domestic rivals Komatsubara/Koleto by 7.30 points. Both expressed satisfaction with the results, but Takahashi said, "there is still a large gap we want to close to the top teams." They went on to win a silver medal at the 2021 CS Warsaw Cup.
The 2021–22 Japan Championships, the final national qualification event for the 2022 Winter Olympics, pitted Muramoto/Takahashi against Komatsubara/Koleto for the second time that season. Muramoto and Takahashi both fell in the rhythm dance, as a result placing second in that segment, five points back of their rivals. They won the free dance but took the silver medal overall for the second consecutive year and were subsequently named as alternates for the Japanese Olympic team. They were instead assigned to make their World Championship debut later in the season and were named to compete at the Four Continents Championships as well.
Muramoto/Takahashi won the silver medal at Four Continents, placing second in both segments, despite errors from Takahashi. He became the first person to win Four Continents medals in two different disciplines and said he could "hardly put my joy into words" but that he had been frustrated with his mistakes.
The team concluded the season at the 2022 World Championships, held in Montpellier with Russian dance teams absent due to the International Skating Union banning all Russian athletes due to their country's invasion of Ukraine. Qualifying to the free dance, Muramoto/Takahashi finished sixteenth.
2022–23 season
At the end of May, Muramoto/Takahashi confirmed that they would continue through the 2022–2023 season.
After a sixth-place finish at the 2022 Skate America, they went on to compete at the 2022 CS Denis Ten Memorial Challenge, where they earned their first gold medal as a team. They then finished sixth at the 2022 NHK Trophy, their second Grand Prix.
At the 2022–23 Japan Championships, Muramoto/Takahashi became national champions for the first time and were subsequently named to compete at the 2023 World Championships and at the 2023 Four Continents Championships.
The team encountered difficulties at the Four Continents Championships, beginning in the rhythm dance, where Muramoto fell in the midst of their midline step element. Takahashi fell twice in the second half of their free dance. They finished ninth at the event, behind domestic rivals Komatsubara/Koleto. At the 2023 World Championships, held on home ice in Saitama, Muramoto/Takahashi finished in eleventh place. Takahashi opined afterward that "today's performance really gave me the meaning to continue for a year. I have grown and experienced a lot in this past year."
Muramoto/Takahashi were Team Japan's dance entry at the 2023 World Team Trophy, coming fourth in the rhythm dance. They were fifth in the free dance, setting a new personal best in the segment and in total score. Muramoto said that they were undecided about continuing for another year and would discuss it while touring. Team Japan won the bronze medal.
Personal life
Takahashi was a student at Kansai University, along with Nobunari Oda. He has three elder brothers.
After initially retiring from figure skating, Takahashi moved to Long Island, New York, where he enrolled in English classes at a local university. During his stay he also studied several dance styles at the Broadway Dance Center.
He announced in January of 2023, that he changed the spelling of his name from 髙橋 大輔 to 高橋 大輔.
In June 2023, during an interview on the Japanese talk show, Matsuko Kaigi, Takahashi opened up about his struggles with alcoholism back in 2014 following his initial retirement from competitive singles skating, which he described as a "dark period" in his life.
Public life and endorsements
With the silver medal at the 2007 Worlds, Takahashi made many media appearances and performed in many ice shows in Japan. He was also invited to the French team's show Stars sur glace (Stars On Ice) in Paris. In 2008, he performed at Festa On Ice in South Korea.
In July 2007, the Japanese Olympic Committee selected Takahashi as one of the "JOC symbol athletes" (JOC paid about 20 million yen per year to the symbol athletes for the image rights. JOC partner companies can use images of JOC Symbol Athletes for free). The program provided him with funding from JOC partner companies.
After his win at 2010 Worlds, Takahashi appeared as a guest on many TV shows and as an advertising spokesperson for the "Use pesticides safely campaign" and Japan Post.
Programs
Ice Dance with Muramoto
Men's singles
Records and achievements
Takahashi is the first Asian male skater to win the World Junior Championships (2002 World Junior Figure Skating Championships in Hamar).
He is the first Asian male skater to win a GPF medal (bronze at the 2005–06 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final in Tokyo).
He is the first Asian male skater to win a World silver medal (at the 2007 World Figure Skating Championships in Tokyo).
He is the first Asian male skater to win an Olympic medal (bronze at the 2010 Olympic Games in Vancouver).
He is the first Asian male skater to win the World Championships (2010 World Figure Skating Championships in Turin).
He is the first Asian male skater to win the GPF (2012–13 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final in Sochi).
He is the first singles skater, male or female, to have represented Japan at three Olympic Winter Games.
Takahashi is the most successful male skater at the NHK Trophy with five titles to his name (2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013), in addition to earning one silver in 2012 and one bronze in 2005.
Takahashi is the only skater to medal at the Four Continents Championships in two different disciplines (men's singles and ice dance).
He is the first skater to have attempted a 4F in an ISU sanctioned event (at the 2010 World Figure Skating Championships in Turin)
Historical world record scores
Note: Because of the introduction of the new +5 / -5 GOE (Grade of Execution) system, which replaced the previous +3 / -3 GOE system, ISU has decided that all statistics start from zero from the 2018–19 season onwards. All previous records are now historical.
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
Ice dance with Muramoto
Men's singles
Detailed results
Ice dance with Muramoto
Senior men's singles
References
External links
! colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #78FF78;" |World Records Holder
1986 births
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Medalists at the 2005 Winter Universiade
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Japanese male single skaters
Japanese male ice dancers
Living people
Olympic figure skaters for Japan
People from Kurashiki
Kansai University alumni
Olympic bronze medalists for Japan
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Universiade medalists in figure skating
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Japan
Competitors at the 2005 Winter Universiade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke%20Takahashi |
Nanna's Cottage is a Christian children's television series created by husband and wife producing team Davey Porter and Karen Sponsler-Porter.
The series is about a 75-year-old grandmother Abigale "Nanna" Macaroon, a world traveler and archeologist, who gives away love and knowledge to her granddaughter and her friends about the world, and the importance of character. It featured adults, puppets and children, as well as regular guest characters. The television series was produced in Eugene, Oregon.
In 2020, Nanna's Cottage was featured in an edition of the Adult Swim webseries Bloodfeast.
Episodes
The first season of 13 episodes was broadcast between October 7, 2006 and January 13, 2007. A second season was broadcast between April 7, 2007, and November 10, 2007.
Season 1
Welcome to Cottage Hamlet
Time Well Spent
Happy Birthday, Arbuckle!
The Great Cottage Hamlet Mystery
Rushin' There and Russian Here
Tick Tock Travelers
Everyone's A Winner
Bookworms
A Clean Sweep
Music! Music! Music!
Remember When?
There's Never Enough Gus
The Ones You Like the Best
Season 2
Spring Has Sprung
Rosey's Friends
Rosey's Cartoon Carnival
Gus Fixes Everything
Heather Horsetrotter
A Lazy Day
A Really Busy Day
Monster Sunday School
Monster Sunday School is a series of shorts seen on TBN, filling the commercial breaks of Nanna's Cottage, featuring a basic Bible story lesson involving puppet monsters, a la Sesame Street. The shorts are generally two minutes in length, with three featured per episode. Nanna's Cottage's Marvin and Little Harry also appear. The shorts began airing with TBN's broadcast of Nanna's Cottage on October 7, 2006.
Cast
Rachael Rizzo as Nanna
Greg Izay as Gardener Gus (Absent: Tick Tock Travelers, A Clean Sweep and Rushin' There and Russian Here)
Lauren Stone as Aunt Trudy (Episodes: Tick Tock Travelers, Episode: Welcome to Cottage Hamlet, The Great Cottage Hamlet Mystery, Bookworms, Music! Music! Music!)
Gracie Porter as Rosey Smartidoodle (Episodes: Tick Tock Travelers, Welcome to Cottage Hamlet, A Lazy Day, A Really Busy Day, Happy Birthday, Arbuckle!, Rosey's Friends, Bookworms, Music! Music! Music!, A Clean Sweep, Rushin' There and Russian Here)
C.J. Walker as Danny (Episodes: Tick Tock Travelers, Heather Horsetrotter, Welcome to Cottage Hamlet, A Lazy Day, A Really Busy Day, Happy Birthday, Arbuckle!, The Great Cottage Hamlet Mystery, Rosey's Friends, Bookworms, Music! Music! Music!, A Clean Sweep, Rushin' There and Russian Here)
Liza Clark as Heather Horsetrotter (Episodes: Tick Tock Travelers, Heather Horsetrotter, Welcome to Cottage Hamlet, A Really Busy Day, Happy Birthday, Arbuckle!, The Great Cottage Hamlet Mystery, Rosey's Friends, Bookworms, Music! Music! Music!, A Clean Sweep, Rushin' There and Russian Here)
Lydia Hale as Fu Cheng (Episodes: Heather Horsetrotter, Welcome to Cottage Hamlet, Happy Birthday, Arbuckle!, Bookworms, Music! Music! Music!)
Spencer Hansen as Sasha Playnowski (Episodes: Heather Horsetrotter, Bookworms, Rushin' There and Russian Here)
Gaylord Walker as Larry Letterleaver (Episodes: Tick Tock Travelers, Time Well Spent) / The Moon Dudes (Episode: Welcome to Cottage Hamlet) / Gilbert Gadgetseller (Episode: Time Well Spent) / Go Go Man (Episodes: Time Well Spent & Music! Music! Music!)/ The Moon Men (Episode: Music! Music! Music!) / Franklin Ticketaker & Arlo Cartonpacker (Episode: Rushin' There and Russian Here)
Davey Porter as Mean Marvin Mister O Clock/Babylonian Boss (Episode: Tick Tock Travelers)
Jason Booth as Arbuckle (Episodes: Tick Tock Travelers, Heather Horsetrotter, Welcome to Cottage Hamlet, Time Well Spent, Happy Birthday, Arbuckle!, The Great Cottage Hamlet Mystery, Bookworms, A Clean Sweep, Rushin' There and Russian Here) / Cousin Arby (Episode: Happy Birthday, Arbuckle!)/ Chip the Sweep, Prize Patrol Guy and Puppy Arbuckle (Episode: Music! Music! Music!)
Bethany Smith as Bunny Hoppergrass (Episodes: Tick Tock Travelers, Welcome to Cottage Hamlet, A Really Busy Day, Happy Birthday, Arbuckle!, Bookworms, Music! Music! Music!, Rushin' There and Russian Here)
Austen Reeder as Andy Puddlesplash (Episodes: Welcome to Cottage Hamlet, Bookworms, Music! Music! Music!)
Carly Walker as Anna Belle Jingleheimer (Episodes: Welcome to Cottage Hamlet, A Really Busy Day, Happy Birthday, Arbuckle!, The Great Cottage Hamlet Mystery, Rosey's Friends, Bookworms, Music! Music! Music!, A Clean Sweep)
Joy Doctor as Beatrice Bookshusher (Episode: Bookworms)
Sal Collura as Babylonian Trainee (Episode: Tick Tock Travelers)
Eric A. Stillwell as The Moon King (Episode: Welcome to Cottage Hamlet)/ King of the Moon Men (Episode: Music! Music! Music!)
Dave Moppert as Little Harry (Episodes: Welcome to Cottage Hamlet, Time Well Spent, Happy Birthday, Arbuckle!, The Great Cottage Hamlet Mystery, Music! Music! Music!, A Clean Sweep, Rushin' There and Russian Here)
Evan Kossow as Little Harry (Episode: A Really Busy Day)
Don Moser as Benjamin Franklin (Episode: A Really Busy Day & Music! Music! Music!)
Ben Taube as Operissimo (Episode: Music! Music! Music!)
Ben Ballard as Christopher the Geography Boy (Episodes: Music! Music! Music!, Rushin' There and Russian Here)
Peter Noriega as Senor Cocina (Episodes: Music! Music! Music!, Rushin' There and Russian Here (Credited as Pete Noriega))
Savannah Booth as Lola Belle (Episode: Music! Music! Music!)
Cameron Booth as Jimmy (Episode: Music! Music! Music!)
Puppets by Pierre Gillette at Monsterpuppets
The Cottage Hamlet Kids (Episodes: Bookworms & A Clean Sweep)
Sora Boyd
Jake Hoffman
Zachary Hoffman
Callie Perlman
Sam Perlman
DVD releases
Some episodes of Nanna's Cottage have been released on DVD, from Digiview Entertainment.
Stations
The series has been aired on other television channels in the United States and Canada, including Trinity Broadcasting Network.
References
External links
The Next Generation of Kid TV, Oregon Daily Emerald, November 16, 2006
Child actors do their part for 'Nanna's Cottage' pilot. The Register-Guard, Eugene OR, October 1 2005
2006 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2000s American children's television series
2000s preschool education television series
American preschool education television series
American television shows featuring puppetry
Christian children's television series
Trinity Broadcasting Network original programming
Culture of Eugene, Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanna%27s%20Cottage |
John Joseph Cusack (8 August 1868 – 8 September 1956) was an Australian politician and businessman. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) for most of his career and served in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (1910–1917) and House of Representatives (1929–1931).
Early life
Cusack was born at Bellevale near Yass, New South Wales and had some schooling in Yass. He was apprenticed at 15 to a blacksmith at Berrima. He learnt about coachbuilding in Sydney and returned to Yass in 1898 to marry Minnie Cassidy and start a coachbuilding business. He was elected to Yass Municipal Council and was mayor in 1904.
Parliamentary career
Cusack established a branch of the Labor League (the predecessor of the Labor Party) in Yass in the 1890s. He represented Queanbeyan from 1910 to 1913, and Albury from 1913 to 1917 in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. He was one of only four Labor members to hold the seat of Albury. Following the ALP split of 1916, he was expelled from the party for failing to support a no-confidence motion against the new government formed by ALP defector William Holman. However, he was later readmitted.
In 1929, Cusack was elected to the House of Representatives for Eden-Monaro, surviving a petition by his defeated opponent John Perkins. He attempted to switch to Cowper at the 1931 election but was defeated by Earle Page. He stood unsuccessfully for several state elections up to 1953, when he failed, at age 80, as an Independent, to unseat the sitting Labor member for Burrinjuck, Billy Sheahan. After the election, Cusack accused Sheahan, then NSW Attorney General, of "assist[ing] a masonic vendetta" against him. In 1954, as a vigorous, though erratic, 85-year old, he contested the federal lower-house seat of Australian Capital Territory. He received around 3% of first preference votes and lost his deposit.
Later life
After his earlier electoral defeats, Cusack returned to his work as a blacksmith in Yass. He died in the old Canberra Hospital and was survived by his wife, three sons (Linton, Stan and Greg) and a daughter (Ursula). His son Stan established a successful furniture business in Canberra, following the development of the area as the Australian Capital Territory. Dymphna Cusack was his niece. His great-granddaughter Catherine Cusack was elected as a Liberal Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Council in 2003.
Notes
1868 births
1956 deaths
Coachbuilders of Australia
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Eden-Monaro
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
20th-century Australian politicians
Colony of New South Wales people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Cusack%20%28Australian%20politician%29 |
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