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Ridley Creek State Park is a Pennsylvania state park in Edgmont, Middletown, and Upper Providence Townships, Delaware County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park, about north of the county seat of Media, offers many recreational activities, such as hiking, biking, fishing, and picnicking. Ridley Creek passes through the park. Highlights include a paved multi-use trail, a formal garden designed by the Olmsted Brothers, and Colonial Pennsylvania Plantation, which recreates daily life on a pre-Revolutionary farm. The park is adjacent to the John J. Tyler Arboretum. Ridley Creek State Park is just over from downtown, Philadelphia between Pennsylvania Route 352 and Pennsylvania Route 252 on Gradyville Road.
History
The bulk of the property was acquired in the late 1960s from the estate of well known horse breeder Walter M. Jeffords Sr. and his wife Sarah, a niece of Samuel D. Riddle. The Jeffords had acquired the land starting about 1912 in small parcels, until they had over , which was the largest private undeveloped property in the Philadelphia area by the 1960s. By 1918 they had built a large mansion, now the park office, around a stone colonial farmhouse. Twenty-four other historic properties were located on the grounds, many farmsteads that had retained family ownership since the seventeenth century. In 1976 these properties were registered on the National Register of Historic Places as a national historic district.
The area was originally settled by English Quakers and remained agrarian into the twentieth century. The oldest property is the 1683 Worrel House. In 1718 a water mill, then known as Providence Mill, began to grind corn. In the late 18th century a plaster mill was established next to the grist mill. A rolling and slitting mill replaced the plaster mill by 1812, and became known as Bishop's Mills. Workers cottages, a dam, and several outbuildings complete the mill complex, now known as Sycamore Mills. The mills operated until 1901, when they were damaged by fire.
Colonial Pennsylvania Plantation
The Colonial Pennsylvania Plantation is a living museum on the farm where the Pratt family lived from 1720 to 1820. Admission is charged and it is open to the general public on weekends from April through November.
Recreation
The location of Ridley Creek State Park, just from downtown Philadelphia, has led to its popularity. Ridley Creek is very popular with fishermen. It is stocked with trout by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. A portion of the creek is a designated catch and release area for fly fishing only. There is a wheelchair accessible fishing platform on a multi-use trail. The of hiking trails at Ridley Creek State Park are popular with dog owners. These trails pass through a variety of habitats. A multi use trail is open to jogging, bicycling and walking. The park also features a equestrian trail.
Nearby state parks
The following state parks are within of Ridley Creek State Park:
Alapocas Run State Park (Delaware)
Auburn Valley State Park (Delaware)
Bellevue State Park (Delaware)
Benjamin Rush State Park (Philadelphia County)
Brandywine Creek State Park (Delaware)
Delaware Canal State Park (Bucks and Northampton Counties)
Evansburg State Park (Montgomery County)
Fort Delaware State Park (Delaware)
Fort DuPont State Park (Delaware)
Fort Mott State Park (New Jersey)
Fort Washington State Park (Montgomery County)
Fox Point State Park (Delaware)
French Creek State Park (Berks and Chester Counties)
Lums Pond State Park (Delaware)
Marsh Creek State Park (Chester County)
Neshaminy State Park (Bucks County)
Norristown Farm Park (Montgomery County)
Wilmington State Parks (Delaware)
White Clay Creek Preserve (Chester County)
White Clay Creek State Park (Delaware)
References
Sources
[ National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form] Jeffords' Estate
External links
Ridley Creek State Park Official Website
Colonial Pennsylvania Plantation
State parks of Pennsylvania
Protected areas established in 1972
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Parks in Delaware County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Delaware County, Pennsylvania
1972 establishments in Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Middletown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley%20Creek%20State%20Park |
Not Alone is a compilation album of five CDs, released in February 2006. It was curated by Mark Logan, founder of Busted Flat records and David Tibet. Proceeds from the sale of Not Alone are donated to Médecins Sans Frontières, specifically towards their work on the AIDS epidemic in Africa. As of November 2014, the project has generated $35,500 CAD in donations to M.S.F.
Track listing
CD 1
irr.app.ext - "Fly Away and Then What?"
Damon and Naomi - "A Song For You"
John Contreras - "Brian"
Mirror - "Forgotten Language of Light"
Fursaxa - "In Lieu Of"
Baby Dee - "When You Found Me"
Howie B - "Yesterday I Was a Cow"
Tom Recchion - "Sea World"
Matmos - "A Song for the Appeal"
Blue Eyed Black - "Sweet Shadow Heart"
Eric Lanzilotta - "An Exploration of a Spacious Yet Enclosed Domain (excerpt)"
Little Annie - "Freddy And Me"
Colin Potter - "It's Coming"
Keiji Haino - "Fleeting Panic-Stricken Shriveled Equal Temperament"
Allen Ginsberg - "On Another's Sorrow"
Devendra Banhart - "A Sight to Behold"
Surkamp - "With Out Borders"
CD 2
Jarboe - "Mantra"
L - "The First Flower People"
Richard Buckner - "Do You Want to Go Somewhere"
Cyclobe - "Indulge Yourselves With Our Delightful Monster"
Six Organs of Admittance - "You Will Be The Sun"
Dolly Collins - "Poor Sally Sits a Weeping"
William Basinski - "Because"
Edward Ka-Spel - "Sticks and Stones"
Larsen - "Il Sogno Di Momi"
Vashti Bunyan - "The Same But Different"
Angels of Light - "Song For My Father"
Thighpaulsandra - "Star Malloy"
Suishou no Fune - "In the Clouds"
Pantaleimon - "Change My World (Alternative Mix)"
Aube - "Movement"
Mr Durt - "Denial"
Michael Yonkers - "Somebody"
CD 3
Bevis Frond - "Someone Always Talks"
Sarah Hallman - "Snowballin'"
Faun Fables - "The Transit Rider"
Luke Doucet - "Unbelievable"
Jad Fair - "Right on the Line"
Unveiled - "Endless"
Antony - "Hole In My Soul"
Charlemagne Palestine - "Espoir Geurison"
Alex Neilson & Richard Youngs - "House of Constant Song"
Anonoanon - "Hit the Road"
James William Hindle - "Back Home Again"
Isobel Campbell - "The Beat Goes On"
The Bricoleur - "Prah Pip Ta"
Sorrow - "Long Dark Shadow"
Teenage Fanclub - "I Need Direction (Alternative Version)
Mary 5E - "Therapy"
Sundial - "Crazy Horses"
CD 4
Jeremy Reed - "Helioqabalus"
NQ Arbuckle - "Huntsville Affair"
Shannon Lyon - "No Thing"
The Hafler Trio - "The Work of Washing"
Marissa Nadler - "Judgement Day"
Max Richter - "Flower For Yulia"
Bill Fay - "It's the Small Things Now"
Bonnie 'Prince' Billy - "Song for Doctors Without Borders"
Lynn Jackson - "Waiting for the Sky to Fall"
Nurse With Wound - "Ubu Noir"
Clodagh Somonds - "The Glacial Lake"
Shirley Collins - "Come My Love"
7 Year Rabbit Cycle - "Pirates"
John Terrill - "Stoney Mansion"
Brett Smiley - "Our Lady of the Barren Tree"
Linda Perhacs - "Parallelograms"
Current 93 - "Sunset"
Pearls Before Swine - "Our Lady"
Thurston Moore - "Sex Addiction"
CD 5
Marc Almond - "Our Love My Madness"
Simon Finn - "Crow Flies"
Stephanie Volkmar - "The Gate of Polished Horn"
Small Creatures - "City of Dreams"
Thee Majesty - "Thee Seeding Ship"
Jim O'Rourke - "Naoru"
Scott Stapleton - "Shadow Makes a Snow Angel"
John Maslen - "Everything Was Handed Down"
Jooel - "Over the Sea"
Ghostigital - "Bump"
Amy Curl - "The Robin's Tiny Throat"
srmeixner - "Wild Spaces (excerpt)
Mount Vernon Arts Lab -
Coil - "Broccoli" (Taken from 2004 July 25 live performance.)
Shock Headed Peters - "Aaron's Rod"
Ghost - "Daggma"
External links
Not Alone page at Jnana Records
Charity albums
2006 compilation albums
Rock compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not%20Alone%20%28album%29 |
Arthur Edwards (November 23, 1834 – March 20, 1901) was an American cleric and editor.
Early life
Edwards was born in Norwalk, Ohio. When he was 7 years old, he was adopted by his uncle, and moved to Michigan.
Professional life
He graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1858 and entered the ministry in that same year. In the American Civil War, he served as chaplain of the First Michigan Infantry until after the Battle of Gettysburg. He participated in 18 battles all together and was offered a brevet rank of colonel. However, he resigned from the army and in 1864, he became assistant editor of the Northwestern Christian Advocate of Chicago, Illinois. From 1872 until his death, he was the editor.
He married Caroline Maria Whitehead on January 24, 1868, and they had three children.
He died at his home in Detroit on March 20, 1901. He was buried at Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago.
References
1834 births
1901 deaths
American religious writers
Union Army chaplains
People from Norwalk, Ohio
Ohio Wesleyan University alumni
19th-century American clergy
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Edwards%20%28cleric%29 |
"Life Got Cold" is a song by British girl group Girls Aloud, taken from their debut album Sound of the Underground (2003). The song was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, and produced by Higgins and Xenomania. Noel Gallagher of Oasis received a writing credit due to similarities with Oasis' "Wonderwall".
Released as their third single in August 2003, "Life Got Cold" became Girls Aloud's third consecutive top-three hit on the UK Singles Chart. The song peaked at number two in Ireland and Scotland, and peaked at number 14 in Belgium.
Set in an abandoned city, the music video suggests coldness and darkness with its blue hue. It portrays Girls Aloud moving in stunted movement. "Life Got Cold" was promoted through various live performances and has since been performed on three of Girls Aloud's concert tours. Described as "surprisingly poignant", the melancholic ballad received favourable reviews from contemporary music critics; however, it was criticised for its similarities with Oasis.
Background and composition
"Life Got Cold" is a ballad written in D minor. The chord progressions vary throughout the song but the different chords include B, C, Dm, Gm, and Am. Following typical verse-chorus form, the song consists of a verse followed by a bridge and chorus. The verses are "talk-sung", while the bridge and chorus are sung over guitar strumming. The middle 8 is a slower version of the bridge. The song tells the tale of young love that ended "when summer slipped away". "Life Got Cold" was a late addition to Sound of the Underground, completed by Xenomania shortly before the album's release. Producer Brian Higgins did not take the idea of a Girls Aloud version of the song seriously until he heard the group sing it, because a track working "has always got to be based on an artist's performance, not the music itself. But they sang it, and they really nailed the melancholic aspect of it, and it sounded beautiful." The lyrics focus on "the directionlessness of modern life."
The song received attention because of similarities between the guitar riff of "Life Got Cold" and that of the 1995 Oasis hit "Wonderwall". A BBC review stated "part of the chorus sounds like it is going to turn into Wonderwall by Oasis." Warner/Chappell Music later credited Oasis songwriter Noel Gallagher. Girls Aloud later made a cameo appearance in Oasis' 2007 rockumentary Lord Don't Slow Me Down.
Release
"Life Got Cold" was not originally the choice for Girls Aloud's third single. Polydor Records had originally chosen "Some Kind of Miracle" to be released, but the plan was dropped after an overwhelming fan response to "Life Got Cold". The single was released on 18 August 2003 in the UK, available as two different CD singles and a cassette single. The first CD featured a cover of the Duran Duran song "Girls on Film" as the B-side, which would later become the title for a Girls Aloud DVD, as well as a remix of "No Good Advice". The disc's enhanced section features the "Life Got Cold" music video and a photo gallery. The second disc included both the radio edit and album version of "Life Got Cold", as well as the 29 Palms Remix Edit and the Stella Browne Edit. It also came with a free fold-out poster. The cassette also featured an exclusive B-side, an original track entitled "Lights, Music, Camera, Action". The photos featured on the single's artwork were reshot at the last minute, following the group's request. In Australia, a CD single was issued on 29 September 2003.
Reception
Critical response
"Life Got Cold" received positive reviews from music critics, although it did receive criticism due to the similarities with the song "Wonderwall" by Oasis, to which the songwriters denied claims of plagiarism. BBC called the song a "charming ballad" that was "a sweet but slightly sad pop song." RTÉ.ie thought "Life Got Cold" was "surprisingly poignant". AllMusic referred to it as "a solid ballad, suggesting a less intellectual Dido."
Chart performance
The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number three, behind Blu Cantrell's "Breathe" and Lemar's "Dance (With U)". It spent a second week in the top ten, slipping to number eight. The song spent a total of nine weeks in the top 75 overall, a far cry from the fourteen weeks "No Good Advice" or the twenty-one weeks that "Sound of the Underground" spent in the chart. "Life Got Cold" also debuted at number three on the Irish Singles Chart, but managed to rise to number two the following week. It spent two further weeks in the top ten, then two weeks in the top twenty. The single barely missed the top ten of the Netherlands Top 40, instead peaking at number eleven. It has since become the group's 16th best selling single domestically.
Music video
The music video for "Life Got Cold" was directed by Phil Griffin, who previously directed the videos for "Sound of the Underground" and "No Good Advice". The band members are seen in stunted movement, wandering around an abandoned city setting. Both group and individual shots are shown in various scenes. Nadine Coyle is seen in front of an abandoned building, while Sarah Harding is next to a car and a phone booth. Nicola Roberts is alone in a kitchen as pouring rain can be seen on the window. Cheryl Cole is shown in an alleyway, while Kimberley Walsh is alone on a street curb. The group are shown together on an abandoned bus, in an alley at night, and sat in front of the abandoned building. The video has a slightly blue hue to it, suggesting coldness and darkness. It also makes use of lens flares.
The video can be found on two of Girls Aloud's official DVD releases, Girls on Film (2005) and Style (2007).
Live performances
"Life Got Cold" was first performed live by Girls Aloud at two summer festivals in 2003, Pop Beach and Live & Loud. The first televised performance occurred on CD:UK on 19 July 2003. The group performed in black-and-white business casual attire, as seen in the music video and on the single's artwork. They performed on CD:UK once more the following month, although Cheryl was absent due to illness. Girls Aloud also appeared on Diggin' It, Popworld, Top of the Pops and Top of the Pops Saturday (twice).
Girls Aloud performed "Life Got Cold" on three of their concert tours. For 2005's What Will the Neighbours Say...? Tour, Girls Aloud were positioned at the top of a staircase as they sang the song in colourful, simple evening gowns. The song was given a reggae reworking for 2007's The Greatest Hits Tour. The song was also included on the band's reunion tour, Ten: The Hits Tour.
Track listings and formats
UK CD1 (Polydor; 9810656)
"Life Got Cold" (album version) – 3:29
"Girls on Film" (Duran Duran) – 3:41
"No Good Advice" (Doublefunk clean vocal mix) – 7:30
"Life Got Cold" (video) – 3:29
"Life Got Cold" (photo gallery)
UK CD2 (Polydor; 9810657)
"Life Got Cold" (album version) – 3:29
"Life Got Cold" (radio edit) – 3:57
"Life Got Cold" (29 Palms Remix edit) – 6:54
"Life Got Cold" (Stella Browne edit) – 5:26
UK cassette single (Polydor; 9810658)
"Life Got Cold" (album version) – 3:29
"Life Got Cold" (radio version) – 3:57
"Lights, Music, Camera, Action" (Steve Lee, Nigel Lowis, Paul Meehan) – 3:09
The Singles Boxset (CD3) "Life Got Cold" (album version) – 3:32
"Girls on Film" – 3:43
"No Good Advice" (Doublefunk clean vocal mix) – 7:30
"Life Got Cold" (radio edit) – 3:29
"Life Got Cold" (29 Palms Remix edit) – 6:55
"Life Got Cold" (Stella Browne edit) – 5:27
"Life Got Cold" (Stella Browne original mix) – 7:02
"Lights, Music, Camera, Action" – 3:09
"Life Got Cold" (29 Palms Club Remix) – 8:46
"Life Got Cold" (Stella Browne Dub) – 7:34
"Life Got Cold" (video)
"Life Got Cold" (photo gallery)Life Got Cold Digital EP
"Life Got Cold" – 3:55
"Girls On Film" – 3:40
"Lights, Music, Camera, Action" – 3:08
"Life Got Cold" (Stella Browne edit) – 5:25
"Life Got Cold" (29 Palms remix edit) – 6:52
"Life Got Cold" (edit) – 3:29
"Life Got Cold" (Stella Browne vocal mix) – 7:00
"Life Got Cold" (29 Palms Remix) – 8:44
"Life Got Cold" (Stella Browne dub) – 7:34
Personnel
Nadine Coyle – co-lead vocals
Cheryl Tweedy – co-lead vocals
Sarah Harding – co-lead vocals
Nicola Roberts – co-lead vocals
Kimberley Walsh – co-lead vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2000s ballads
2003 singles
2003 songs
Girls Aloud songs
Polydor Records singles
Pop ballads
Song recordings produced by Xenomania
Songs written by Brian Higgins (producer)
Songs written by Lisa Cowling
Songs written by Miranda Cooper
Songs written by Nick Coler
Songs written by Noel Gallagher | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%20Got%20Cold |
Gilbert Jesse Brown (born February 22, 1971) is an American former professional football nose tackle who played for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (1993–99, 2001–03), Brown played 125 Packers games (103 starts) recording 292 tackles (186 solo) and seven sacks. Nicknamed "The Gravedigger," in honor of his celebratory dance following a thunderous tackle, Brown played in 15 Packers playoff games. He was a major contributor on strong defenses during the mid-1990s. His most successful season was in 1996, when he started all 16 games and Green Bay won Super Bowl XXXI. He was also part of the Kansas team that won the 1992 Aloha Bowl, and was selected for the All-Academic Big Eight team in 1991.
Early years
Brown grew up in Detroit, Michigan with parents Leroy and Ann Brown, older brother Leroy, and younger siblings, Carla, Carlos and JoAnn (all of whom went to college and became athletes).
During his career at Mackenzie High School, Brown recorded 189 tackles and 19 sacks. His senior year culminated in all-state honors. He also lettered in track, competing in the shot put. He graduated from high school in 1989.
College career
Brown chose to attend the University of Kansas, and majored in human development. With the Jayhawks, Brown helped build a winning program, along with Dana Stubblefield. He started all but 2 games in four seasons at the University of Kansas (1989–92), and was tied for sixth in school history in tackles by a defensive lineman with 168, fifth in career tackles for loss with 30, and had career sacks. He finished second on the team in sacks, tackles for loss and fumbles recovered in 1991 while helping the Jayhawks hold opponents to an average of 150.9 yards per game on the ground, which was the best run defense at Kansas since 1968 at the time. A year earlier, as a sophomore, was named as the Jayhawks' 'Co-Defensive Most Valuable Player' and earned second-team All-Big Eight Conference recognition. Brown started nine games at nose guard as a freshman...An All-Academic Big Eight selection in 1991.
He came up with the "Gravedigger" move at Kansas—after a big defensive hit, he would dig an imaginary grave, which became his trademark and nickname.
Professional career
Brown was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the third round of the 1993 NFL Draft (79th overall pick), but was waived during the final roster cutdowns on August 30, 1993 in his first training camp due to his weight. He was listed at 315 in college, but showed up to Vikings camp at a hefty 355. But the Packers, desperate then for defensive linemen, picked him up on August 31. Brown played in just two games that season while he worked off some of his weight in practice. In 1994, he played but his season was cut short with a torn Anterior cruciate ligament. Again in 1995, he played, but an elbow injury cut that season short. In 1996, he started all 16 games next to Santana Dotson, Sean Jones and Reggie White, a defensive unit that allowed a league record low 19 touchdowns. Brown had a career-high 51 tackles, and his first complete 16 game season. Brown became a fan favorite, partly because of his eccentric gravedigger dance, and partly because of the "Gilbertburger" — a Double Whopper with extra everything, cut in half with extra cheese, no pickles — always obtained from the Oneida Street Burger King in Green Bay. Burger King even made it available for a short time as a promotion in Wisconsin Burger King restaurants.
Brown was a highly sought after free agent after the 1996 season, but he elected to take a pay cut to stay with the Packers. On February 18, 1997, he signed a three-year, $8.25 million contract, which was 10 times his 1996 salary, but was about $1 million less than the offer he received from Jacksonville. Despite his weight, he posted three sacks during the 1997 season, which tied his career high from 1994.
After playing all 16 games during the 1998 and 1999 seasons, he spent the 2000 season out of football after his contract with the Packers was not renewed. Before the 2001 training camp, he worked out and lived for a time with Fred Roll, his former strength and conditioning coach at the University of Kansas, and subsequently returned to Green Bay for training camp in July at 339 pounds.
Brown had two good years after his return to football. However, he ruptured a biceps during the 2003 pre-season, but played on without having surgery. He recorded 14 tackles, one fumble recovery (the first of his career) and one pass defensed. In a victory over Chicago (Dec. 7), Brown posted a season-high four stops, along with a pass breakup.
On March 2, 2004, the Packers released Brown. He had played 125 Packers games (103 starts) with 292 tackles (186 solo) and seven sacks. He also played in 15 Packers playoff games. In franchise history, only Brett Favre (22), Mason Crosby (18) and Aaron Rodgers (16) have more.
In 2014, Brown made the NFL Top 10 list of "Big Guys" at #2.
Life after football
Brown started the Gilbert Brown Foundation, which helps inner-city kids, and many other causes such as Breast Cancer and Make A Wish. In 2002, he combined his love for cars with his desire to give back when he organized a car show, Gilbert Brown and Friends, in Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin, which benefited the Make-a-Wish Foundation.
On October 23, 2007, the Milwaukee Bonecrushers of the Continental Indoor Football League announced that Brown had signed a three-year contract to be the team's new head coach. The Bonecrushers began their season in March. However On Tuesday, April 8, 2008, Gilbert Brown resigned as head coach of the Milwaukee Bonecrushers citing irreconcilable differences with ownership.
On December 11, 2007, the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame, Inc., Tuesday announced Brown would be inducted into the Hall at the 38th Hall of Fame Induction Banquet, to be held the evening of July 19, 2008, in the Lambeau Field Atrium.
On August 6, 2009, it was announced that Brown would return to coaching as the first head coach of the expansion La Crosse Spartans of the Indoor Football League.
On April 1, 2011, Brown announced he was taking a leave of absence from the La Crosse Spartans.
From 2011 until 2014, Brown was the head coach of the Green Bay Chill of the Lingerie Football League, which was later renamed as the Legends Football League.
On March 12, 2014 Gilbert Brown and his project partner, the Vistelar Group, launched an IndieGoGo project to raise money for the production/development/distribution of curriculum to counteract bullying, called the Bully-Proofing Playbook for Parents, Teachers & Kids.
References
1971 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Kansas Jayhawks football players
Green Bay Packers players
Players of American football from Detroit
Indoor Football League coaches
People from Farmington, Michigan
Players of American football from Oakland County, Michigan
Mackenzie High School (Michigan) alumni
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20Brown |
AND 1 Streetball is a streetball video game for PlayStation 2 and Xbox, developed by Black Ops Entertainment and published by Ubisoft. The game was released on June 6, 2006, in conjunction with the AND1 Mixtape Tour. A scaled-down, mobile version of the game, developed by Gameloft, called "And1 Street Basketball" was also released.
While not the first game to feature AND 1 players, AND 1 Streetball is officially licensed by the company, and includes the 2005 AND1 roster as well as Duke Tango, AND1's MC for its annual Mix Tape Tours.
The game features a story mode mirroring the "And1 Streetball" series on ESPN, where players are able to create their own basketball player and enter him in the AND1 Mix Tape Tour in order to get a contract with the AND1 team. Along the way, players are able to create their own stylized trick moves and pull them off with a two-analog stick system called "I BALL."
The PlayStation 2 version supports multiplayer via multitap and GameSpy, while the Xbox version includes Xbox Live support.
Reception
The PlayStation 2 version received "mixed" reviews, while the Xbox version received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
References
External links
Official site
Interview with Black Ops Entertainment VP Jose Villeta on the game
2006 video games
AND1
Mobile games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games scored by Tommy Tallarico
Video games developed in the United States
Gameloft games
Black Ops Entertainment games
Ubisoft games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND1%20Streetball |
Agency debt, also known as an Agency bond or Agency Security, is a security, usually a bond, issued by a United States government-sponsored agency or federal budget agency. The offerings of these agencies are backed but not guaranteed by the US government. Some prominent issuers of these securities are the Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBanks), Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac).
See also
Mortgage-backed security
References
Securities (finance)
Bonds (finance) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency%20debt |
Kevin Lamont Hardy (born July 24, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Jacksonville Jaguars, Dallas Cowboys, and Cincinnati Bengals. He played college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini.
Early years
Hardy attended William Henry Harrison High School, where he received numerous awards and accolades as a high school football player.
As a senior, he posted 127 tackles (47 solo), 2 interceptions, 32 receptions for 610 yards and 13 touchdowns, 55 carries for 410 yards, returned 6 punts for 42 yards and 15 kickoffs for 344 yards. He received All-Evansville, City Player of the Year, All-Southern Indiana and Conference and Region Player of the Year honors.
He also was a cum laude honor roll student, competed in basketball and ran track. His teammates included future NBA players Calbert Cheaney, Walter McCarty and also future college coach Chris Lowery.
College career
Hardy accepted a football scholarship from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. As a redshirt freshman, he had 67 tackles (third on the team), 4 sacks and 7 tackles for loss.
As a sophomore, he started all 11 games at "drop" linebacker. He totaled 78 tackles (fourth on the team), 2 sacks, 8 tackles for loss, 2 passes defensed and one forced fumble.
As a junior, he registered 80 tackles (8 for loss), one sack, 2 interceptions and one pass defensed. During his time at Illinois, the Fighting Illini had a number of outstanding linebackers. In the 1994 season, the four linebackers in coach Lou Tepper's 3–4 defense were Hardy, fellow Butkus Award winner Dana Howard, Simeon Rice and John Holecek. Because of this, Hardy was often overlooked, as he was not prolific in accumulating tackles like Howard, or in quarterback sacks as was Rice, who as a "rush linebacker" played on the line of scrimmage like a defensive end.
As a senior, he was recognized as being among the very best linebackers in college football, winning the Dick Butkus Award and receiving consensus first-team All-American honors. He started every game at "drop" linebacker, finishing with 105 tackles (second on the team), 11 sacks, 15 tackles for loss, 5 forced fumbles, 3 interceptions (tied for the team lead) and 3 passes defensed. He had 18 tackles (13 solo) against Michigan State University. He made 3 sacks against Indiana University.
Hardy finished his career ranked ninth on the Illinois All-time list with 330 tackles, fourth in sacks with 18, and fourth in tackles for loss with 38. He was a business major and was initiated as a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.
Professional football
Jacksonville Jaguars
Hardy was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the first round with the second overall choice in the 1996 NFL Draft, signing a six-year $14.8 million contract with a six million dollar signing bonus. Hardy's fellow linebacker at Illinois, Rice, was selected with the third overall choice.
Hardy became the first defensive rookie in franchise history to start on opening day, going on to start 15 games at strongside linebacker. He recorded 130 tackles (second on the team), 5.5 sacks (third in the NFL among rookies), 7 quarterback hurries, 2 interceptions (tied for the team lead), 7 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles, one fumble recovery and was named to the NFL All-Rookie team.
In 1997, he was limited with injuries, starting 11 out of 13 games at strongside linebacker. He tallied 73 tackles (3 for loss), 2.5 sacks, 5 quarterback hurries and one pass defensed. He suffered a sprained left medial collateral ligament against the Dallas Cowboys, missing 3 contests and seeing limited action in several games the remainder of the season because of the injury. He was able to start the wild card playoff game against the Denver Broncos, collecting 8 tackles.
In 1998, with the signing of free agent Bryce Paup, he was moved to weakside linebacker and started all 16 games. He had a franchise record 186 tackles, while also making 1.5 sacks, 10 quarterback hurries, 2 interceptions, 7 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles and one fumble recovery. He set a franchise record (for postseason or regular season) with 23 tackles in the Divisional playoff game against the New York Jets, while also having a sack and a forced fumble.
In 1999, Hardy led all AFC linebackers with 10.5 sacks and led the team with 153 tackles. He also had 7 tackles for loss, 24 quarterback hurries, 2 forced fumbles and one fumble recovery, helping the Jaguars achieve a 14-win season. He was named to the AP All-Pro first-team. He joined Carnell Lake ad Tony Brackens as the first Jaguars defensive players named to the Pro Bowl. He had 16 tackles against the Cleveland Browns. He made 13 tackles, 4 quarterback hurries and one forced fumble against the Cincinnati Bengals.
In 2000, he registered 149 tackles (led the team), 3 sacks, 16 quarterback pressures, 6 tackles for loss, one interception, 16 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles and 2 fumble recoveries. He had 11 tackles and one sack against the New York Giants.
In 2001, he was moved back to strongside linebacker, but injured his knee in the ninth game of the season. At the time he had 98 tackles (second on the team), 5 1/2 sacks (tied for third on the team), 9 quarterback pressures, 4 passes defensed and one fumble recovery. It would be his last game with the Jaguars, who eventually moved him to the injured reserve list, due to needing a microfracture surgery which was thought to be career threatening, because in those days not many players fully recovered from this medical procedure. He left as the franchise's All-time tackles leader, after playing six seasons, which included four trips to the NFL playoffs.
Dallas Cowboys
On April 14, 2002, the Dallas Cowboys gambled that he could return from the complex surgery and signed him as an unrestricted free agent, counting $2.5 million in his first year and structuring the rest of the $23 million contract with a $5.025 million option in the second year.
Hardy recovered from his injury and played for the Cowboys in the 2002 NFL season, finishing the season ranked third on the team in both total (114) and solo tackles (73), while making 2 sacks, 18 quarterback pressures, 8 tackles for loss, 10 passes defensed and 3 forced fumbles. He played outside linebacker, lining up as a defensive end in some passing downs. Because of salary cap issues, he was released on February 27, 2003, in order to avoid a $5.025 million option bonus.
Cincinnati Bengals
On March 6, 2003, he signed a four-year, $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Bengals as an unrestricted free agent, to be the Bengals new middle linebacker, after playing outside linebacker in his previous seasons. Hardy was an integral part of the Bengals' defense, starting all 16 games, leading the team in defensive snaps played (1,030 of 1,038 for 99.2%) and was second on the team in tackles (91).
In 2004, he was moved to strongside linebacker after the signing of free agent Nate Webster, starting 14 games and making 84 tackles. The Bengals terminated Hardy's contract in a salary-cap move on May 3, 2005.
Hardy finished his career with 742 tackles (563 solo), 36 sacks, 43.5 tackles for loss, 11 forced fumbles, seven fumble recoveries, 45 pass deflections, five interceptions for 59 yards, and one touchdown in 134 games.
NFL statistics
Regular season
Postseason
Personal life
Hardy currently resides in Jacksonville, Florida. In August 2007, he built his South Beach club venture, Dream Nightclub, centered around a motto that "reality is overrated." "I've been around and entertained people all my life, so I made a business out of it" said Hardy. In 2019, Hardy listed his 7 bedroom, 8.5 bath, 10,000 square foot Jacksonville mansion for sale at a price of $3,175,000.
References
External links
ESPN.com player card
1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Evansville, Indiana
Players of American football from Indiana
All-American college football players
American football linebackers
Illinois Fighting Illini football players
Jacksonville Jaguars draft picks
Jacksonville Jaguars players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Dallas Cowboys players
Cincinnati Bengals players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Hardy%20%28linebacker%29 |
David Anthony Higgins (born December 9, 1961) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as Craig Feldspar on Malcolm in the Middle, Joe on Ellen, and Reginald Bitters on Big Time Rush. He also had a recurring role as Harry on the television series Mike & Molly.
Early life and education
Higgins was born on December 9, 1961, in Des Moines, Iowa, one of five children (including brothers Steve and Alan) of Marian Higgins (née Coppola; 1932–2011) and Harold Higgins, the latter of whom was a janitor at West Des Moines schools. After receiving encouragement from a fourth-grade teacher, he won a scholarship to the Des Moines Playhouse and performed in several summer operettas. He was raised in Des Moines and graduated from Theodore Roosevelt High School in 1980. He attended the University of Iowa, where he studied liberal arts until he realized he wanted to pursue a career in entertainment.
Career
Higgins, along with his brother Steve and Dave Gruber Allen, performed in a comedy troupe, Don't Quit Your Day Job, and performed at notable places, including Des Moines' Hotel Kirkwood. Eventually they toured in other states, including California, and were so well received that they were offered their own show, The Higgins Boys and Gruber, on HBO's The Comedy Channel in 1989. After the show ended in 1991, they each pursued separate careers in comedy.
Higgins received his big break when cast as outspoken barista Joe in the sitcom Ellen in 1994. In 1997, he appeared in the Dave Foley film The Wrong Guy, which he also co-wrote with Foley and The Simpsons writer Jay Kogen.
Higgins is perhaps most well recognized for his roles as Craig Feldspar in Malcolm in the Middle and Mr. Bitters in Big Time Rush. He also guest starred on Nickelodeon's True Jackson, VP as Dave. He later appeared in three episodes of American Horror Story: Murder House as minor character Stan. He began a recurring role as Harry in season two of the CBS series Mike & Molly, and was eventually upgraded to a series regular in season three.
Personal life
In 2000, he married his wife Julia, and they have two children. They live in Studio City, California. In 2004, Higgins was featured in a Hollywood edition of the Discovery Channel series Body Challenge, where he worked with a personal trainer. He is a fan of Laurel and Hardy and Buster Keaton.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1961 births
21st-century American comedians
American male comedians
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American television writers
Comedians from California
Living people
Male actors from Des Moines, Iowa
American male television writers
People from Studio City, Los Angeles
Screenwriters from Iowa
Screenwriters from California
University of Iowa alumni
Writers from Des Moines, Iowa
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers
Theodore Roosevelt High School (Iowa) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Anthony%20Higgins |
Anthony or Anthonij Colve (Veere, 1644 – Veere, 29 June 1693) was a Dutch captain of Marines and the Governor-General of New Netherland during a brief restoration of Dutch rule in New Netherland during the Third Anglo-Dutch War.
Personal life
Colve was the son of Jacob Colve, a scion of an old Veere family, and Maria de Margenault. His widowed mother bought an annuity for him in 1653, which would pay out until his death in 1693.
Colve married Margarethe "Griton" de Quade. Two daughters and a son are known of this marriage. His son Jacob Lambert Colve (died 1723) was mayor of Veere and a member of the States of Zeeland from 1717 to 1722.
Career
Of Colve's early life is little known, except that he made his profession as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church in Veere in 1664.
Early military career
Colve was involved in the recapture of Suriname from the English by a Zeeland squadron led by Abraham Crijnssen in March 1667 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Crijnssen made him an ensign, and he remained behind in the fortress that the Dutch had captured, after Crijnssen left. After the Peace of Breda an English fleet, that did not know the peace had been signed, invaded Suriname and retook the colony. Colve was made a prisoner of war and interned on Barbados. He was eventually brought to London, and released, a year after the peace.
Upon his return in 1668, he was posted as an ensign in until 1670, when he became a captain at Fort Lillo. During this time Colve was court-martialled for the loss of his flag during the recapture of Suriname by the English. He was eventually exonerated on the exact day prince William III of Orange was inaugurated as "First Noble"in the States of Zeeland in 1668, in defiance of the Perpetual Edict.
In 1672, he moved with his troops to Veere.
Recapture of New Netherland
After the beginning of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, which was part of the Franco-Dutch War, in 1672, the Zeeland authorities in deepest secret planned a naval expedition to do their enemies harm and earn appreciable sums from prizes that might be captured in the course of it. The leadership of the expedition was entrusted to admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest. Colve, now a captain, was made the officer commanding the 64 marines aboard the flagship of the squadron commanded by Evertsen, the Swaenenburgh. The squadron marauded along the coast of present-day Suriname and the [[Dutch colonisation of the Guianas|Wild Coast]], and other parts of the Caribbean, before starting up the coast of the English colonies in North-America. In Virginia Evertsen and Jacob Binckes, the commander of another Dutch squadron, from the Admiralty of Amsterdam, that had joined the Zeeland squadron in the Caribbean, learned that governor Lovelace of colonial New York, which only recently had been New Netherland, before the English had captured it in 1664, was absent in Hartford, Connecticut, conferring with the governor of that colony, John Winthrop the Younger. They therefore decided to recapture the colony, and invaded it on Wednesday 30 July 1673. Colve led the landing party of about 600 marines that took the former New Amsterdam. Colve landed to the north of the city and then marched down Broadway street (formerly Heeren straat). The Dutch colonists cheered along the way and joined the force. Arriving before Fort James, which had been severely bombarded by the Dutch squadron (now 19 ships, including prizes) he demanded its surrender. The garrison commander, captain John Manning, agreed to capitulate, after he was granted the honours of war. So the English troops marched out, flags flying and drums beating, and then laid down their arms. They were made prisoners of war and housed for the night in the Dutch Reformed Church within the wall of the fort.The next day they were brought aboard the ships.De Waard, p. 43
Governor-general of New Orange
After the city was thus taken over, Evertsen and Binckes formed a krijgsraad (council of war) in which Colve also took a seat, that provisionally governed the colony. Colve was appointed "Governor-General" by the krijgsraad on 12 August 1673.Shomette and Haslach, p. 179 The territory he was to administer ran from Cape Henlopen to North river. This encompassed the area that had been formerly the Dutch colony of New Netherland as it existed up to 1664. Colve was to be assisted by a council consisting of Cornelius Steenwyk, as main advisor in legal matters; Nicholas Bayard as clerk of the council; and Cornelis Eewoutsen as superintendent of fortifications and gunnery. Evertsen and Binckes, realizing that Dutch control of the colony was still precarious sent out commissioners to demand submission from outlying townships in Delaware, New Jersey and Long Island (all previously part of New Netherland). At the same time they ordered those communities to reform their local governments on the Dutch model of burgomasters, schout, and schepenen, which colleges were to be appointed by the Dutch krijgsraad that temporarily administered "New Orange" (as New York was re-christened). The communities were to this end to elect commissions that would nominate dubbeltallen (double lists of nominees) for the krijgsraad to select from. Most communities, intimidated by the Dutch military presence at New Orange, at least promised compliance, though in some cases with evident misgivings. The krijgsraad also received delegations of Mohawks and Hackensack people, who expressed a desire to have peaceful relations with the new administration. Evertsen and Binckes started a program of reinforcement of both the Manhattan fortress (now re-christend fort Willem Hendrick) and the fort near Albany/Beverwyck which had been re-christened Fort Nassau (Albany became Willemstad). At the end of August Evertsen and Binckes started to make preparations to leave with the greater part of the fleet, to continue their naval expedition, to the distress of the Dutch colonists, who were afraid they would be left to the mercy of their English neighbors without the protection of the fleet. To alleviate that distress Evertsen decided to leave the warships Zeehond and Suriname behind. The remainder of the fleet left on 18 September 1673.
Colve began his administration on 19 September 1673. He ostensibly restored the laws as they had been under the regime of the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but in reality he assumed more powers than previous Directors had done. Colve put the colony under military discipline with harsh punishments for transgressions of the Dutch Articles of War as promulgated for the Dutch States Army. He repeatedly threatened English settlements on Long Island to make them submit to Dutch rule. He met resistance in especially the eastern part of Long Island, an area that was also of interest to governor Winthrop of the Connecticut Colony. There ensued a "tug-of-war" between Colve's commissioners, and the Connecticut commissioners, led by Fitz-John Winthrop, the son of the governor, for the favor of the Long Island colonists, which ended in a victory for Connecticut.O'Callaghan and Fernow, pp. 654-658
The Dutch settlements in the South of New Netherland were also threatened. The proprietor of the Maryland Colony, lord Baltinore had even in 1672, while the area was in English hands, claimed the Delaware part of the proprietorship of New Jersey. When the area swore allegiance to the regime in New Orange, his son Charles Calvert, the acting governor of Maryland, sent troops to the Dutch settlement of Whorekill (Hoerenkil in Dutch) who burned it down in December 1673, and left the inhabitants destitute and homeless in mid-Winter. Colve was unable to do anything about it, but he saw to it that the refugees received shelter in New Orange.
Initially the English colonists in New England had adopted a wait-and-see attitude toward the new regime in New Netherland. This changed, however, after an English privateer took the buss Expectation, a prize that Colve had sent to the Netherlands with important correspondence, in November 1673. Colve sent the snauw, called Zeehond, on a privateering mission on the Long Island Sound, which captured four Massachusetts ketches in retaliation. This motivated the Massachusetts government to get serious about mobilizing troops and warships to deal with the Dutch. As it was clear that the Dutch in New Netherland stood little chance against the combined might of the New Englanders if the conflict got serious, Colve embarked on a policy of improving the defenses of New Netherland. The militia companies of the outlying Dutch settlements on the East River and further east on Long Island were mobilized; a new company of foot was raised under the command of councillor Steenwyck; and serious measures were taken to improve the defenses of Fort Willem Hendrick.
The worsened relations with New England also engendered fears of spies and agitators. There was an incident with one Francis Beano, who was apprehended after making threats in the village of Fordham. He readily confessed and was sentenced to branding and banishment as an example. But the incident motivated Colve to put strict controls on the communication with the English settlements. Travelers were enjoined to surrender letters they brought with them to the authorities on entering the colony on pain of a fine, payable in beaver skins at the Wampum exchange rate.
Aware that the outlying villages in the East of the colony would be indefensible in case of an invasion by the New Englanders, Colve made an inspection tour of the area and left strict instructions on how to act in case of such an invasion. The plan was to evacuate the civilian population in that case to New Orange. To prepare for that eventuality Colve ordered that dwellings in the town would be made available, as had earlier been done for the refugees from Hoerenkil.
Meanwhile, relations with the East Riding of Long Island, and its protectors in Connecticut remained tense, with posturing on both sides. All of this added to the siege mentality of the Dutch in New Orange in the Spring of 1674. The Fort was now at full readiness. The garrison had grown to 800 men and the wall was bristling with 180 great guns, while the warship Suriname, anchored before the fort, added its own fire power. Colve ordered the people of the outlying settlements to retreat to the fort fully armed in case of an invasion. Those who shirked that duty were threatened with execution as "tratitors", as were people who would leave the town without authorization during an emergency. To make sure that a sufficient number of boats would be available for the evacuation, Colve ordered that small craft would be concentrated behind a defensive float outside the harbor, under the protection of the guns of the warship and the roundel of the fort.
Transfer of power
However, while all this was going on, events in Europe changed the situation dramatically. Under pressure from Spain, which was ready to come to the aid of the Dutch Republic in its war with France, but refused to do this as long as the war with England was going on, the States General of the Netherlands concluded the Peace of Westminster with king Charles in February 1674. One of the provisions was an exchange of New Netherland for Suriname. Consequently, the States General in April 1674 ordered the Amsterdam and Zeeland admiralties to make preparations for the peaceful transfer of power in New Orange to the English. Formal orders to that effect reached Colve only on 9 October 1674, but the news had already percolated through in early May 1674. The Dutch colonists reacted with rage to the news at the time, because they felt betrayed by the States General and threatened to take out their anger on Colve. But he remained in command and started to make preparations for the transfer. In June the confiscated English possessions were returned to their former owners. The Zeehond and Suriname were sent home to the Netherlands. Colve formally proclaimed the Peace on 1 July 1674, the same day that the Duke of York appointed Edmund Andros the new governor of New York, in England. When that worthy finally arrived at the roadstead of Manhattan, the city was transferred by Colve on 10 November 1674 N.S. (30 October 1674 O.S.). He left Andros his carriage and horses as a courtesy.
Colve afterwards went to Suriname, which was now under Dutch rule, on the basis of the Treaty of Westminster, but little is known about his sojourn there.
Later military career
Upon his return to the Dutch Republic he was made a sergeant-major in the Dutch States Army regiment on the Zeeland repartitie under Caspar de Mauregnault in 1679, and lieutenant-colonel under Jacques-Louis Comte de Noyelles on 22 March 1683. He was last reported as a commandeur of Veere in 1693 during the Nine Years' War.
Colve died on 29 June 1693 in Veere, where he was buried in the Grote Kerk''.
See also
New Netherland
Director of New Netherland
List of colonial governors of New York
List of colonial governors of New Jersey
Notes
References
Sources
1644 births
1693 deaths
17th-century Dutch people
Dutch naval personnel of the Anglo-Dutch Wars
Governors of the Province of New York
Colonial governors of New Jersey
Directors of New Netherland
People from Veere | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Colve |
WPBF (channel 25) is a television station licensed to Tequesta, Florida, United States, serving the West Palm Beach area as an affiliate of ABC. Owned by Hearst Television, the station maintains studios on RCA Boulevard in the Monet section of Palm Beach Gardens and a transmitter in Palm City southwest of I-95.
Intended originally as an independent station, an affiliation shuffle in the Miami and West Palm Beach markets led to its owners successfully pursuing the ABC affiliation in the market, which WPBF has had since its first day on air. WPBF set television precedent as the first station to pay a network to affiliate. However, it debuted at third in the local news ratings and struggled economically for several years. Channel 25 was owned in the mid-1990s by Florida-based Paxson Communications Corporation, though Paxson soon focused on developing its own national network and decided to sell WPBF, its only major network affiliate. Hearst acquired channel 25 in 1997 and lifted the station from third to second place in local news audience.
History
Start-up
In 1985, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated 13 applications for a new television station on channel 25 in Tequesta for comparative hearing. The field thinned to six before an administrative law judge gave the initial nod to Martin Telecommunications in July 1986, citing its ownership by a Hispanic woman, Betty Heisler, and its proposal to air closed captioning on all of its news programs. Martin Telecommunications's entirely Hispanic ownership beat out a bid from Triple J Properties, a group of three women and Tequesta residents. Several of the competing applicants appealed the award to Martin Telecommunications, and during that time, another firm, Tequesta Television secured additional investors and paid Martin and the other groups, anxious to avoid years of legal challenges, to drop their bids, clearing the way for Tequesta to be awarded the construction permit. The two additional investors that would own 98 percent of the company were John C. Phipps, who had built WPTV-TV in West Palm Beach in 1956 and owned Tallahassee-area CBS affiliate WCTV, and Alan Potamkin, an owner of car dealerships in Miami.
By the summer of 1988, negotiations were nearly being concluded on the former RCA site in Palm Beach Gardens, but no programming plans had been made public, nor had the tower been constructed. This caught the attention of local broadcasters because of impending turmoil in the Miami area. In 1987, NBC had bought WTVJ, the CBS affiliate in Miami; its existing contract with WSVN (channel 7) did not end until the end of 1988. CBS, in shopping for a new station in Miami, acquired WCIX, which broadcast on channel 6. Because channel 6 was also assigned in the Orlando area, WCIX's antenna had to be located further south than the other Miami stations, with the result being that key areas of Broward County were poorly served without translator stations or cable. CBS's existing affiliate for Palm Beach County and points north, WTVX in Fort Pierce, had only added significant coverage in Palm Beach County in 1980, when it made a major facility upgrade, and it was a UHF station. Rumors began to emerge that WPBF would be involved in a swap that could affect up to six stations. However, Phipps and Potamkin began buying programming with an eye to making the new WPBF the second independent station in the West Palm Beach market.
CBS rectified its Broward County problem by poaching WPEC (channel 12) in West Palm Beach from ABC. That put ABC on the hunt for a new affiliate and started a three-way battle. The contenders were WTVX, the outgoing CBS affiliate with an existing news department; WFLX (channel 29), a successful Fox affiliate and independent station; and WPBF, a station that was not even on the air. In September, officials from these three stations made presentations to ABC executives in New York. WTVX was seen as being in the lead, with its established operation, but it was not based in West Palm Beach, the largest city in the media market; WFLX had solid ratings and viewership even into Broward County, though it had no news department; but WPBF was cited by media as a "dark horse" and by WPTV's general manager as a "sleeper" because of its proposed technical facilities and the track record of Phipps in running WCTV, one of the most successful television stations in the country.
ABC announced its choice on October 18, 1988: in a move that stunned broadcasters and the other two contenders vying for the affiliation, it selected WPBF. George Newi, the head of affiliate relations for ABC, noted the track record of Phipps in Tallahassee as a decision. It also helped that Phipps was willing to pay for the affiliation, forking over an estimated $1 million at a time when networks typically compensated stations for carrying their programs; it was the first time a station had ever paid for a network affiliation, known in the industry as reverse compensation. In addition, WPBF agreed to cover most of its startup promotional costs. The decision drew fire from the competitors. Murray Green, general manager of WFLX, called the decision "ludicrous" for awarding the affiliation to a station that was not even broadcasting yet. Bob Morford, the news director for WTVX, felt that "ABC is apparently under the impression that it's better to sign on a new station in Palm Beach" than align with an outlet in Fort Pierce. The precedent-setting reverse compensation deal, which was said to make affiliates of ABC "very nervous", was so unusual that it spurred an editorial in Electronic Media calling the idea of selling affiliations to the highest bidder a "dangerously short-sighted move" with the potential to destabilize the industry.
The decision put Phipps and Potamkin on the clock to finish construction of WPBF. As late as November 10, the studio building was an empty warehouse; equipment had to be ordered and installed and a staff assembled. The transmitter was turned on with days to go, and WPBF made it to air on January 1, 1989—a half-hour later than planned, because an engineer overslept. However, the station struggled in its early years with signal issues in southern Palm Beach County, channel slot issues on some cable systems, and difficulty establishing viewer loyalty. This was particularly acute because WPLG, the Miami ABC affiliate, was widely available on cable. These issues and the early 1990s recession, which softened the local advertising market, led to deep cuts. Between July and October 1991, WPBF dismissed more than 30 percent of its staff, and Capital Cities/ABC forgave $500,000 in affiliation fees that the station had pledged to pay its network.
Paxson and Hearst ownership
While Phipps and Potamkin never placed WPBF up for sale, they received an unexpected offer in late 1993 and accepted it at the start of 1994. The buyer was Clearwater-based Paxson Communications Corporation, which at the time owned radio stations in several major cities across the state but no television properties. Founder Lowell Paxson vowed that WPBF would not be its last Florida TV station. He also deepened his involvement in the West Palm Beach area, buying the former Woolworth Donahue estate in Palm Beach for $12 million to live there and a West Palm Beach office building to serve as his corporate headquarters. Paxson also supported the purchase of WTVX out of bankruptcy court by Whitehead Media in 1995, providing financing and assuming control over operations via a local marketing agreement.
Paxson's increasing business interests focusing on infomercial programming—the seeds for what became Ion Television—and radio in Florida led the company to sell the West Palm Beach station. In 1996, Paxson hired an investment firm to consult it on a sale of WPBF and its LMA with WTVX or a trade with another station. Several buyers were rumored, including the ABC network itself, but Paxson took the stations off the market for the short-term, even though he still desired to sell WPBF, his only network affiliate. WTVX was ultimately sold to the Paramount Stations Group, the owner of the UPN network it broadcast; the LMA structure made it easier to separate the two stations at sale.
In March 1997, Paxson reached a deal to sell WPBF to the Hearst Corporation for $85 million, more than double what he had paid for it and for a cash flow multiple higher than the industry average.
News operation
The same haste with which WPBF was built extended to the news department. Newscasts started on the station's second day of broadcasting, but the news came from a room intended for use as a prop closet until the actual newsroom could be finished. Founding news director Lee Polowczuk started on November 14, and within 50 days and after receiving hundreds of unsolicited audition tapes from around the country, the news department was up and running. Most of the original news talent had worked in other Florida markets, including ex-WTVJ anchors Jim Brosemer and Marc Goldberg and Sheila O'Connor, who had worked in Orlando.
The local newscasts from WPBF debuted in third place in the ratings behind the two other West Palm Beach stations; the newly independent WTVX shuttered its news department in the summer of 1989. Phipps and Potamkin made another expansion of the news staff in 1990, bringing it to 67 people, in an effort to lift the station out of third. Closed captioning on the local newscasts—the promise that had once earned Heisler a favorable opinion at the FCC—was instituted in 1990; with all three local newsrooms doing so within a span of several months, West Palm Beach became one of just two markets nationally in which all local newscasts were captioned. However, the station's cuts meant that, by 1991, there were fewer full-time reporters than at WPTV or WPEC; even weekend newscasts were briefly suspended. Under Paxson ownership, WPBF received a new news set. It also briefly produced a 10 p.m. newscast for WTVX. However, ratings did not improve.
Third-place continued to be WPBF's finish in the early years under Hearst, but ratings began to improve in 2000, attributed to improvements made by the new ownership. This included the 1999 launch of a morning newscast, years after WPTV and WPEC. However, ratings continued to be an issue. In 2003, the station dropped separate sports segments in its newscasts. In one shake-up, the 11 p.m. newscast was retooled with a three-anchor format.
In the mid-2000s, the station finally found a formula that improved its ratings, one centered around weather: forecasts were moved to the lead story in each WPBF newscast. After seeing ratings increases, channel 25 added 4 p.m. and 5:30 a.m. newscasts in 2006. Weekend morning and weekday 5 a.m. newscasts were added in 2008. The steady climb made WPBF a solid contender for second alongside WPEC by 2014, though both stations still trailed longtime market leader WPTV. After The Ellen DeGeneres Show ended its run in 2022, WPBF added a 4 p.m. news hour.
Notable former on-air talent
Victor Blackwell, anchor, later of CNN
Stefan Holt, reporter and anchor, now at WMAQ-TV in Chicago; son of NBC Nightly News anchor Lester Holt
Glenn Schwartz, meteorologist
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Estrella TV was added as a subchannel in 2009, replacing a weather subchannel. The Rewind TV subchannel of WWHB-CD moved to the WPBF multiplex in March 2022, when that station became the first West Palm Beach market transmitter for ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV). In exchange, WPBF is hosted in that format on the WWHB-CD multiplex.
Analog-to-digital conversion
WPBF discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 25, at 11:59 p.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 16.
As part of the SAFER Act, WPBF kept its analog signal on the air until July 12 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.
References
External links
PBF
ABC network affiliates
Estrella TV affiliates
True Crime Network affiliates
Story Television affiliates
MeTV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1989
Hearst Television
1989 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPBF |
Non-Corporate Credit is a catch-all term used to include types of bonds that are forms of credit, but not issued by private corporations -— and therefore cannot be considered corporate debt. Non-Corporate Credit generally includes sovereign debt, regional governments and government agencies in a currency other than that of the issuer, and bonds issued by supranational entities.
Bonds (finance) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-corporate%20credit |
Marjorie Celeste Champion ( Belcher; September 2, 1919October 21, 2020) was an American dancer and actress. At fourteen, she was hired as a dance model for Walt Disney Studios animated films. Later, she performed as an actress and dancer in film musicals, and in 1957 had a television show based on song and dance. She also did creative choreography for liturgy, and served as a dialogue and movement coach for the 1978 TV miniseries, The Awakening Land, set in the late 18th century in the Ohio Valley.
Early life
Champion was born in Los Angeles, California, on September 2, 1919. Her father, Ernest, was a Hollywood dance director who taught Shirley Temple, Betty Grable, Ramon Novarro, Cyd Charisse, Fay Wray and Joan Crawford, as well as Champion's future husband Gower Champion; her mother was Gladys Lee Baskette (née Rosenberg). Champion had an older half sister, Lina Basquette, who began acting in 1916 in silent films. Lina was the daughter of her mother's first husband, Frank Baskette, who died by suicide. Champion and Basquette's maternal grandfather, Lazarus Rosenberg, was Jewish.
Marjorie began dancing at an early age as her sister had done. She started as a child under the instruction of her father. She studied exclusively with her father from age five until she left for New York. She credited her good health and long career to her father's teaching principles: careful, strict progression of activity, emphasis on correct alignment, precise placement of body, attention to detail and to the totality of dynamics and phrasing. Her first dance partner was Louis Hightower. In 1930, she made her debut in the Hollywood Bowl at age 11 in the ballet "Carnival in Venice". By age twelve, she became a ballet instructor at her father's studio. Marge played Tina in the Hollywood High School operetta The Red Mill. She also sang in the Hollywood High School Girls' Senior Glee Club and graduated in 1936.
She was hired by The Walt Disney Studio as a dance model for their animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). Her movements were copied to enhance the realism of the animated Snow White figure. For one scene Belcher served as model while wrapped in a baggy overcoat for two dwarfs at once, when for the "Silly Song" dance, Dopey gets on Sneezy's shoulder to dance with Snow White. Belcher later modeled for characters in other animated films: the Blue Fairy in Pinocchio (1940) and Hyacinth Hippo in the Dance of the Hours segment of Fantasia, a ballet parody that she also helped choreograph. She even recalled doing some modeling for Mr. Stork in Dumbo. When working with Disney on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Champion recalled, "the animators couldn't take a young girl out of themselves, they couldn't take the prince out of themselves".
Career
The first picture Belcher remembered being in was The Castles with Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. This gave her a feeling that she would really like to do movies but what she really wanted to do was go to New York and be in New York shows. Sadly, Belcher wasn't tall enough for ballet, which is what she trained all her life for.
Together as a dance team, the Champions performed in MGM musicals of the 1940s and 50s, including their first MGM musical Till the Clouds Roll By (1946), Show Boat (1951) and Everything I Have Is Yours (1952). Other films with Gower included Mr. Music (1950, with Bing Crosby), Give a Girl a Break (1953), Jupiter's Darling (1955), and Three for the Show (1955). MGM wanted the couple to remake Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers films, but only one, Lovely to Look At (1952), a remake of Roberta (1935), was completed. The couple refused to remake any of the others, the rights to which were still owned by RKO.
Gower and Marge Champion appeared as the Mystery Guests on the May 15, 1955, airing of What's My Line. Mary Healy guessed who they were. They appeared again on the February 8, 1959, airing of the show, with panelist Martin Gabel guessing who they were.
During the summer of 1957, the Champions had their own TV series, The Marge and Gower Champion Show, a situation comedy with song and dance numbers. Marge played a dancer and Gower a choreographer. Real-life drummer Buddy Rich was featured as a fictional drummer named Cozy.
In the 1970s, Champion, actress Marilee Zdenek, and choreographer John West were part of a team at Bel Aire Presbyterian Church that created a number of creative worship services featuring dance and music. They later offered workshops and related liturgical arts programs throughout the country. She and Zdenek co-authored two books, Catch the New Wind and God Is a Verb, related to this work.
Champion served as a dialogue and movement coach for the TV miniseries, The Awakening Land (1978), adapted from Conrad Richter's trilogy of the same name. It was set in the late 18th-century Ohio Valley. She has also worked as a dance instructor and choreographer in New York City. She made a rare television acting appearance in 1982 on the dramatic TV series Fame, playing a ballet teacher with a racial bias against African-American students.
Stage
Champion appeared in several stage musicals and plays on Broadway as a performer. She made her New York debut in What's Up (1943). She also performed in the Dark of the Moon (1945) as the Fair Witch, and Beggar's Holiday (1946) having multiple roles. She made her last Broadway appearance in 3 for Tonight in 1955. She also worked as a choreographer or Assistant, including Lend an Ear in 1948 as assistant to the Choreographer; Make a Wish in 1951, as assistant to Gower Champion; Hello, Dolly! in 1964 as special assistant; and Stepping Out (1987) as choreographic associate. She appeared as Emily Whitman in the 2001 Broadway stage revival of Follies. She stated how "as a dancer, by the time you're 40 you're done. If I ever come back, I want to be an actress – it lasts long. But I was 81 when I was in "Follies".
Personal life
Champion married Art Babbitt, an animator at Disney and creator of Goofy, in 1937. They divorced three years later. She married dancer Gower Champion in 1947, and they had two sons (Blake and Gregg). They divorced in January 1973. Belcher met Gower when she was 12 years old in the ninth grade at Bancroft Junior High, and that was when their romance started. Although performances often took them away from California, Los Angeles remained their home base.
Champion married director Boris Sagal in 1977. He died four years later on May 22, 1981 in a helicopter accident during the production of the miniseries World War III. She became stepmother to Boris' five children including Katey, Jean, Liz, and Joey. Her son Blake died at the age of 25 in a car accident in 1987.
Death
Champion turned 100 on September 2, 2019. She died one year later on October 21, 2020, at her son's home in Los Angeles. She was 101.
Legacy and honors
Champion choreographed Whose Life Is It Anyway?, The Day of the Locust, and Queen of the Stardust Ballroom, for which she received an Emmy Award. She was honored with the Disney Legends Award in 2007. Two years later, she was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame In 2013, Champion received The Douglas Watt Lifetime Achievement Award at the Fred and Adele Astaire Awards ceremonies.
Champion was interviewed in numerous documentaries, including for the behind-the-scenes documentary directed by Oscar-winner Chris Innis, The Story of the Swimmer, which was featured on the 2014 Grindhouse Releasing/Box Office Spectaculars Blu-ray/DVD restoration of The Swimmer. She was also interviewed at a Hollywood film festival screening of The Swimmer by filmmaker Allison Anders for the same release. Champion and Donald Saddler, who met while performing together in the Follies in 2001, are the subjects of a short film about the two dancers leading meaningful lives at age 90. She still danced twice a week with choreographer, actor, and an original member of American Ballet Theatre, Donald Saddler, who first performed at Jacob's Pillow in 1941. The still-spry dance partners were making a documentary "Still Dancing," which chronicles their biweekly dance sessions.
Selected filmography
Sources: Rotten Tomatoes, TV Guide, and British Film Institute, unless otherwise stated.
References
External links
http://www.valyermodancers.org/DanceCompany.html
Marge Champion performing Dancing in 1986 at Jacob's Pillow
Archival footage from Jacob's Pillow PillowTalk: Hippo in a Tutu featuring Marge Champion, 8/28/2010
Marge Champion remembered on 100th birthday in Mansfield News Journal, accessed September 3, 2019
1919 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
American centenarians
American choreographers
American female dancers
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Dancers from California
Dance teachers
Disney people
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Women centenarians
American people of Jewish descent
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marge%20Champion |
The featherweight class in the boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics competition was the third-lightest class. Featherweights were limited to those boxers weighing less than 57 kilograms. The competition was held from October 13, 1964 to October 23, 1964. 32 boxers from 32 nations competed.
Medallists
Results
Spanish boxer Valentín Loren punched a Hungarian referee in the face after being disqualified; he was banned for life from international competition.
References
Sources
Featherweight | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing%20at%20the%201964%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Featherweight |
Imiglucerase is a medication used in the treatment of Gaucher's disease.
It is a recombinant DNA-produced analogue of the human enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase.
Cerezyme is a freeze-dried medicine containing imiglucerase, manufactured by Genzyme Corporation. It is given intravenously after reconstitution as a treatment for Type 1 and Type 3 Gaucher's disease. It is available in formulations containing 200 or 400 units per vial. The specific activity of highly purified human enzyme is 890,000 units/mg, meanwhile the enzyme activity produced by recombinant DNA technology is approximately 40 units/mg. A typical dose is 2.5U/kg every two weeks, up to a maximum of 60 U/kg once every two weeks, and safety has been established from ages 2 and up. It is one of more expensive medications, with an annual cost of $200,000 per person in the United States. Imiglucerase has been granted orphan drug status in the United States, Australia, and Japan.
Cerezyme was one of the drugs manufactured at Genzyme's Allston, Massachusetts plant, for which production was disrupted in 2009 after contamination with Vesivirus 2017.
Side effects
The most common side effect is hypersensitivity, which occurs in about 3% of patients. It is associated with symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, rashes, itching, and angiooedema. Less common side effects include dizziness, headache, nausea, diarrhoea, and reactions at the injection site; they are found in less than 1% of patients.
Interactions
No clinical interaction studies have been conducted. Miglustat appears to increase the clearance of imiglucerase by 70%, resulting in decreased enzyme activity.
See also
Other drugs for the treatment of Gaucher's disease
Afegostat (development terminated)
Eliglustat
Miglustat
Velaglucerase alfa
taliglucerase alfa
References
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal system and metabolism
Orphan drugs
Recombinant proteins
Sanofi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imiglucerase |
Blaine Elwood Bishop III (born July 24, 1970) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL), most notably for the Tennessee Titans. He was selected by the Houston Oilers in the 1993 NFL Draft.
Early life
Bishop attended and played at Cathedral High School in Indianapolis - class of 1988. He then attended St. Joseph's College and played football there before transferring to play college football at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. At Ball State University, Bishop earned All-Mid-American Conference Second-team choice in 1992 as a senior and 1990 as a sophomore. Named team captain his senior year. Bishop made 243 total tackles, 13 pass breakups, 15 tackles for loss, 12 sacks, one interception, and one blocked kick.
Professional career
Bishop was drafted in the eighth round (214th overall) of the 1993 NFL Draft by the Houston Oilers. Bishop went on to have a successful NFL career, earning Pro Bowl status four times in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 2000. He was also a three-time All-Pro selection, in 1995, 1996, and 2000. Bishop was widely recognized as the NFL's premier hitting safety during his tenure with the Oilers/Tennessee Titans. In 1999, the Titans made it to Super Bowl XXXIV in which Bishop started, however they lost to the Kurt Warner-led St. Louis Rams. In 2002, he replaced Damon Moore as the starting strong-side safety with the Philadelphia Eagles, forming a tandem with free safety Brian Dawkins.
Personal life
Shortly after retiring from his playing career, Bishop worked briefly at WTVF "NewsChannel 5" in Nashville, Tennessee providing sports commentary, usually as part of Titans post-game coverage. He currently co-hosts a radio show in Nashville called "Blaine and Mickey” with Mickey Ryan on WGFX "104.5 the Zone" from 1 pm to 3 pm central each weekday. He also coaches the defense at Davidson Academy, a Nashville-area private high school. On Tennessee Titans game days, Bishop can be heard as part of the Titans Radio pre-game and post-game broadcast team on WGFX "104.5 the Zone", affiliates of the Titans Radio Network, and at www.titansradio.com. He is represented by KMG Sports Management. Bishop has also been an announcer for the Tennessee high school football state championship games along with former Titans teammate Kevin Dyson.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Players of American football from Indianapolis
African-American players of American football
American football safeties
Houston Oilers players
Tennessee Oilers players
Tennessee Titans players
Philadelphia Eagles players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Ball State Cardinals football players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Cathedral High School (Indianapolis) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine%20Bishop |
The term lepton from the Greek λεπτός (meaning "small") may refer to:
Lepton, one of the two classes of fermionic (matter) particles
Greek lepton, a small denomination of currency in Greece
Lepton, West Yorkshire, England
Lepton (album), a composition by Charles Wuorinen
Lepton image compression format, a computer file signature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepton%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Carlo Lurago (also spelled Luraghi) (1615 – 22 October 1684) was an Italian architect, who was most active in Prague.
He was born in Pellio Superiore in the Val d'Intelvi, near Como. At the age of 23, as an already an accomplished plasterer, he moved to Prague. He would build several different Jesuit churches and cloisters there, including some at the Clementinum, in the early baroque style. His first commission was the stucco decoration on the gothic St. Saviour Church in Prague. He also worked on the Saint Eligius Chapel there in 1654, before his work was redone by Domenico Orsi.
Lurago was also successful outside of Bohemia. He developed the plans for the Passau Cathedral. It is notable because the main altar has a series of flat elliptical domes. This arch design foreshadows many other buildings of the baroque style. Another notable example of his work is the pilgrimage church of Maria Taferl, which had to be completed by Jakob Prandtauer after Lurago died in Passau.
Works
1637–1659: Baroque town hall, Náchod
1638–1648: St. Saviour, Prague
1640–1642: Jesuit Church and College House, Březnice
1650–1659: Modifications and enlargement of Náchod Castle
c. 1650: Modification of the Church of St. Mary-under-the-Chain, Malá Strana, Prague
1651: Modification of the Lobkowicz Palace, Prague
1653–1660: The Clementinum, Old Town, Prague
1653–1658: Modification and baroquification of the castle annex for the Counts of Herberstein, Gorzanów, Silesia
1654–1666: Jesuit Church of the Assumption, Hradec Králové
1654–1679: Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary and of Saint Ignatius, Klatovy
1655–1661: Modification of the Castle in Nové Město nad Metují
1657–1739: Church of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, Svatý Jan pod Skalou
1658: "Stone Birdhouses", Prague
1659–1674: Cloister of the pilgrimage church of Svatá Hora in Příbram
1578–1653: Clementinum, St. Salvator, Old Town, Prague
1654–1690: Jesuit College Kłodzko, Silesia
1663–1668: Cloister "im Waldl", Kladno
1664: New Inn, Tursko
1665–1670: St. Ignatius Church, Prague
1665–1670: Church of the Holy Trinity, Klášterec nad Ohří
1666–1668: Hunting lodges for Humprecht Jan Czernin, Sobotka
1668: St. Stephen's Cathedral, Passau
1670: Pilgrimage church in Maria Taferl
1673: Jesuit college by the Church of St. Nicholas, Malá Strana, Prague
1688: Remodeling of St. Ignatius Church in Chomutov
References
The information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent.
1615 births
1684 deaths
People from the Province of Como
Italian Baroque architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo%20Lurago |
Paul Williams (born July 27, 1981) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 2000 to 2012. He held the WBO welterweight title twice between 2007 and 2008, the WBO interim junior middleweight title in 2008, and challenged once for the unified middleweight title in 2010. Nicknamed "The Punisher", and standing at a height of 6 feet 2 inches, Williams was unusually tall for the three divisions in which he competed. His career was cut short in 2012 after a motorcycle accident left him paralyzed from the waist down.
Professional career
Early years at welterweight
His debut was in the year 2000. He is promoted by the Goossens. In 2005 he outpointed former Olympic bronze medalist Terrence Cauthen and, later that year, he knocked out Alfonso Sanchez in 5 rounds.
His ESPN debut was a second-round knockout of Sergio Rios on Wednesday Night Fights. Williams made his HBO debut against then-undefeated Walter Matthysse, winning by a tenth-round technical knockout. That was followed by a victory over former junior welterweight world champion Sharmba Mitchell. He knocked Mitchell down three times en route to a fourth-round TKO.
WBO Welterweight Championship
Williams became the mandatory challenger for WBO Welterweight Champion Antonio Margarito. The match took place July 14, 2007, in Carson, California, at the Home Depot Center with Williams winning a unanimous decision in which turned out to be a close fight where Williams' seemingly stronger finish seemed to seal him the decision victory in the eyes of boxing experts and fans alike.
Williams fought Carlos Quintana on February 9, 2008, in his first defense of his title. Williams lost to Quintana by decision in what many considered a minor upset.
Williams and Quintana had a rematch at the Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville, Connecticut on June 7, 2008, for the WBO Welterweight title, at Williams' request. Williams got off to a quick start when a left hand sent Quintana into a daze as several follow-up barrages put Quintana down. He got up, but Williams opened up with dozens of unanswered punches as the referee jumped in to stop the fight while Quintana was going down again.
Williams was rumored to be moving up two weight classes to fight Kelly Pavlik for the WBC Middleweight title but instead Pavlik himself decided to move up two weight classes himself to fight Bernard Hopkins. Williams fought Andy Kolle on September 25. Williams dominated the fight from the start and recorded a first-round knockout in 1:37 seconds.
Light Middleweight
After failing to secure another meaningful contest at welterweight, Williams vacated his WBO welterweight title in order to fight Verno Phillips for the WBO Interim Light Middleweight title.
On November 29, 2008, Williams defeated Phillips by way of TKO after 8 rounds after the Doctor stopped the fight. In doing so he secured the WBO Interim Light Middleweight title.
Middleweight
Winky Wright
Williams fought Winky Wright on April 11, 2009, in a 12-round middleweight bout featured on HBO. Williams defeated Wright in a unanimous decision which was not close on the scorecards – two of the three judges gave Williams all but one round while the third scored all 12 rounds for Williams.
Williams was then preparing to fight Middleweight Champion Kelly Pavlik in a bout scheduled to take place on October 3, 2009, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The bout was postponed when it was discovered Pavlik had a staph infection in his knuckle and had been rescheduled for December 5. However, the bout was called off for a second time six weeks prior to the fight because Pavlik's infection had not completely healed.
Sergio Martínez
On December 5, 2009, Paul Williams fought Sergio Martínez in a war of a twelve-round main event. In the first round Martinez was knocked down due to bad balance and a grazing left hand that landed just below the ear. In the final seconds of the 1st round though Martinez scored a knockdown of his own over Williams. The next two rounds were heavily in Martinez's favor as he hit Williams with barrages of counter punches. After Martinez was seemingly won the first 3 rounds, rounds 4-7 showed Williams coming back effectively landing hard lefts to the head of Martinez. In rounds 8-10 Martinez again confused Williams with using different varieties of punches, including straight lead lefts to the body followed by right hooks to the head and straight lefts to the face. The final 2 rounds showed much fatigue in Martinez and Williams but both warriors fought through to the end, although Williams seemed to win both of the last 2 rounds by being the far more active boxer (while the punching exchanges were very closely contested during those final 2 rounds as well), which would ultimately prove to be the difference and as a result of having far superior activity during those final 2 rounds, Williams won a close majority decision over Martinez. The judges scored the fight 114–114, 115–113 for Williams and 119–110 for Williams, thus making Williams emerge as the majority decision winner.
Kermit Cintron
After his close win over Sergio Martínez, Paul Williams moved on to face Puerto Rican prospect Kermit Cintrón. The two met on May 8, 2010, Live on Saturday Night HBO Boxing. In the fourth round, Kermit Cintron fell out of the ring unintentionally and was not allowed to continue fighting due to hitting the arena floor. Williams was ahead on two of the three judges' scorecards at the time of the stoppage and was declared the winner by split technical decision. Cintron, who believed he should have been ahead on the scorecards, filed a complaint to have the ruling changed to a no-contest, claiming he was not given the five-minute recovery time allowed under California rules.
Williams vs Martinez II
A highly anticipated rematch with Sergio Martinez eventually materialized at Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey on November 20, 2010. Upon the Williams camp's insistence, the fight was contested at the catchweight limit of 158 pounds instead of the middleweight limit of 160, with Martinez's WBC Middleweight title on the line. The fight was billed as a potential "fight-of-the-year," however the fight ended abruptly and dramatically when Sergio Martínez delivered a knockout blow with 2:02 left in the 2nd round. The punch was a short left cross that caught Williams right on the chin as he attempted to deliver a left-hand of his own. Williams' right hand was at his waist when the punch landed, rendering Paul Williams unconscious upon contact.
Erislandy Lara
On July 9, 2011, Paul Williams fought in a light middleweight contest in Atlantic City against former Cuban amateur sensation Erislandy Lara. Throughout the fight, Lara repeatedly hit Williams with hard left hands and appeared to have won the fight convincingly in the eyes of the HBO crew and those sitting at ringside. However, the judges awarded Williams with a narrow majority decision, a highly controversial verdict that ultimately led to the suspension of the three judges by the New Jersey Athletic Control Board.
Motorcycle accident and paralysis
On May 27, 2012, Williams was severely injured when he crashed his motorcycle in Georgia. He swerved to avoid hitting a car while traveling at about 75 mph on the motorcycle and was launched sixty feet. Witnesses say he landed on his head and his body "folded like a suitcase." The accident left him with part of his spinal cord severely bruised, paralyzing him from the waist down. Since it was bruised and not severed, it gives him a chance to regain sensation. The doctors told Williams the swelling could go down in a year or two, potentially giving him a chance of walking again. The accident came as Williams was preparing for his PPV main event against Canelo Álvarez on September 15. "I'm just chilling in a wheelchair because I got tired of walking," Williams said in an interview with Jim Gray on Showtime Championship Boxing on the day he was supposed to fight. "Whether I am walking or not walking, my game ain't over until the Lord takes my life."
Professional boxing record
References
Video references
External links
1981 births
Boxers from South Carolina
Living people
Southpaw boxers
World Boxing Organization champions
Light-middleweight boxers
Middleweight boxers
Boxers from Augusta, Georgia (U.S. state)
American male boxers
People with paraplegia
World welterweight boxing champions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Williams%20%28boxer%29 |
Tim or Timothy O'Connor may refer to:
Tim O'Connor (actor) (1927–2018), actor, appeared in Peyton Place and General Hospital
Tim O'Connor (theatre director) (born 1981), Australian playwright, theatre director and producer
Tim O'Connor (American football) (born 1967), American college football coach
Tim O'Connor (high jumper), American high jumper and winner at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
Tim O'Connor (skateboarder), skateboarder part of CKY Crew
Tim O'Connor, blues musician whose songs appear in the film Dead Calm, see Billy Zane
Timothy O'Connor (rugby union) (1860–1936), New Zealand rugby player and shot putter
Tim O'Connor, headmaster of Auckland Grammar School, former rector of Palmerston North Boys' High School
Timothy O'Connor (Irish politician) (1906–1986), Irish Fianna Fáil politician
Joe O'Connor (referee) (Timothy Joseph O'Connor, 1892–1961), American boxing referee and Boston fire commissioner
Timothy J. O'Connor Jr. (1936–2018), American politician in the Vermont House of Representatives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20O%27Connor |
Bride's Hill, known also as Sunnybrook, is a historic plantation house near Wheeler, Alabama. It is significant as an example of a Tidewater-type cottage. It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on April 16, 1985, and to the National Register of Historic Places on July 9, 1986.
History
A member of the Dandridge family, cousins of America's first First Lady (Martha Washington), is believed to have built Bride's Hill. Its deep cellar, lighted by oblong ground-level windows, houses a basement kitchen-dining room. On the main floor a broad central hall, with a graceful reverse-flight stairway rising to the low half-story above, separates two large rooms. Allegedly a separate brick kitchen structure once stood to the rear. When absorbed into the vast Joseph Wheeler estate in 1907, the house and surrounding farm became known as Sunnybrook. Located in rural Lawrence County, the house has been unoccupied since the 1980s and is in a state of disrepair.
Architecture
Brought to the early Alabama plantation frontier by settlers from the Tidewater and Piedmont regions of Virginia, this vernacular house-type is usually a story-and-a-half in height, and characterized by prominent end chimneys flanking a steeply pitched roof often pierced by dormer windows.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lawrence County, Alabama
References
External links
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Houses completed in 1830
National Register of Historic Places in Lawrence County, Alabama
Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage
Tidewater-type cottage architecture in Alabama
Houses in Lawrence County, Alabama
1830 establishments in Alabama
Historic American Buildings Survey in Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride%27s%20Hill |
The Pare Mountains (Milima ya Upare in Swahili) are a mountain range in northeastern Tanzania, located north of the Usambara Mountains. The mountains are administratively located in the Kilimanjaro Region, specifically in the Mwanga District and Same District. The North and South Pare mountain ranges reach a height of 2,463 meters at Shengena Peak. They are separated into North Pare Mountains and South Pare Mountains and are part of the Eastern Arc of mountains. The mountains are named after the indigenous Pare people who reside there.
Bird species in the Pare mountains include the endemic South Pare white-eye (Zosterops winifredae), the mountain buzzard (Buteo oreophilus), olive woodpecker (Mesopicos griseocephalus), moustached tinkerbird (Pogoniulus leucomystax), and the African hill babbler (Pseudoalcippe abyssinica).
References
Eastern Arc forests
Eastern Arc Mountains
Mountain ranges of Tanzania
Geography of Kilimanjaro Region
Mountains of Tanzania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pare%20Mountains |
The Udzungwa Mountains are a mountain range in south-central Tanzania. The mountains are mostly within Iringa Region, south of Tanzania's capital Dodoma. The Udzungwa Mountains are part of the Eastern Arc Mountains, and are home to a biodiverse community of flora and fauna with large numbers of endemic species.
The mountains are home to the Hehe people, and the name Udzungwa comes from the Kihehe word “Wadzungwa", which means the people who live on mountainsides. Iringa is the largest settlement in the mountains, and the regional headquarters.
Geography
The Undzungwa Mountains cover an area of 16,131.40 km², the largest of the Eastern Arc ranges. The highest peak in the range is Luhombero at . The mountain range extends generally northeast-southwest. The Usangu Plain lies to the northwest, drained by the Great Ruaha River and its tributaries. The Great Ruaha River separates the Udzungwa Mountains from the Rubeho Mountains and Uvidunda Mountains to the northeast. The Kilombero River valley lies to the south and southeast. To the southwest the Makambako Gap separates the Udzungwa Mountains from the Kipengere Range.
Both the Great Ruaha and Kilombero rivers are tributaries of the Rufiji River, which empties into the Indian Ocean. The Lukosi River originates in the central part of the range, and empties eastwards into the Great Ruaha. The Little Ruaha River and its tributaries drain much of the western portion of the range, emptying northwards into the Great Ruaha.
Climate
The Udzungwa Mountains intercept moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean, and receive more rainfall than the surrounding lowlands. Most of the rainfall occurs in the November-to-May wet season, although mist and light rain occur at higher elevations during the dry season months. Rainfall is higher on the southern and southeastern slopes facing the Indian Ocean, and lower in the mountains' rain shadow to the north and west. Temperatures are cooler at higher elevations.
Geology
The Udzungwa Mountains, along with the others in the Eastern Arc, are made up of ancient crystalline Precambrian rocks that were uplifted over millions of years along fault lines. The most recent period of uplift started 30 million years ago, but the fault system and uplift process may be far older. Soils derived from these ancient rocks are not as fertile as the younger volcanic soils of mountains to the north and west.
Flora and fauna
About thirty million years ago, the area was covered by extensive rainforest. During a cooler and drier period some ten million years ago, the lowland forests were converted to savanna, leaving the mountain ranges as "islands" where the tropical forests continued to flourish. The long-term persistence of a humid climate and the isolation of each mountain range has led to a great deal of endemism, and a very diverse flora and fauna. The Udzungwa and other Eastern Arc mountains has extremely high biodiversity with numerous endemic species (more than 25 percent of the vertebrate species). 10 percent of them are protected by the Udzungwa Mountains National Park and the Udzungwa Scarp Nature Forest Reserve.
The Udzungwa Mountains are covered with lowland rainforest, montane rainforest, miombo woodland, grassland, and heathland. Forests extend from 300 to 2579 meters elevation, and vary in composition and species type with elevation and rainfall. The wetter eastern and southeastern slopes receive more rain from the Indian Ocean and support evergreen forests on the lower slopes; the drier western and northwestern slopes have deciduous miombo forests and woodlands at lower elevations and evergreen forests only at higher elevations.
Broad areas of forest on the central plateau have been cleared for agriculture and pasture. An analysis of satellite images taken between 1999 and 2003 found 1353 km² of the mountains were still covered in evergreen forest.
The mountains are home to many mammals, including Abbott's duiker (Cephalophus spadix), Kipunji (Rungwecebus kipunji), and Udzungwa red colobus (Cercocebus galeritus). Elephants (Loxodonta africana) are found in the forests along the southern escarpment.
The grey-faced sengi (Rhynchocyon udzungwensis) is a species of elephant shrew endemic to the mountains. The Udzungwa forest partridge (Xenoperdix udzungwensis) is also endemic, and its closest relatives appear to be the hill partridges of Asia.
Although the two mountain groups are ecologically distinct, the Eastern Arc Mountains share many species and plant communities with the Southern Highlands which lie to the southwest across the Makambako Gap. Both are Afromontane regions, home to characteristic montane species and ecologically distinct from the adjacent lowlands. The Southern Highlands' climate is more influenced by Lake Malawi than by the Indian Ocean. Some limited-range montane species, including the Kipunji and Kipengere seedeater (Crithagra melanochrous), inhabit both the Udzungwa Mountains and the Kipengere Range.
The Kihansi spray toad (Nectophrynoides asperginis), which was found only around a waterfall on the Kihansi River, became extinct in the wild in 2009 when an upstream dam altered its habitat. The toads have since been reintroduced after a successful captive breeding program.
Protected areas and conservation
Protected areas include Udzungwa Mountains National Park (2088.69 km²), and Udzungwa Scarp (20,220 ha), Kisinga-Rugaro (14,164 ha) and West Kilombero (c.55,000 ha outside the national park) forest reserves
It is possible to visit the Udzungwa Mountains National Park and go hiking and trekking. The park has no roads passable by vehicle and is accessible only by foot. The trekking routes vary, from the short and easy one-hour Sonjo Waterfall hike to the extremely difficult 6 day trek the Lumemo Trail. The most popular route is the Sanje Waterfalls trail, taking about four hours to complete.
The World Wide Fund for Nature is working with local communities to protect the park and provide conservation and management support, monitoring, research and ecotourism initiatives. The help of the local communities is encouraged by giving them access to resources such as the collection of firewood, harvesting medicinal plants and gathering grass for thatching.
Transport
Tanzania's A104 highway runs from northeast to southwest through the central plateau of the mountains, extending northeastwards to Dodoma and southwestwards to Makambako, Mbeya, and the border with Zambia. The A7 highway meets the A104 at Iringa, and extends eastwards through the mountains to Morogoro and Dar es Salaam.
The Tazara Railway passes along the southern escarpment of the Udzungwa Mountains, passing through Kidatu (where it meets the Misuku branch of Tanzania's Central Line at a break of gauge), Katulukilla, Mang’ula, Kiberege, Siginali, Ifakara, Idete, Ruipa, Mbinga, Mngeta, Ikule, Chita, Chisano, Mlimba, Lumumwe, Mpanga, Kitete, Kimbwe, Uchindile, Mgololo, Kiyowela, Kitandililo, and Mahongole.
References
External links
TANAPA - Udzungwa Mountains National Park
Udzungwa Mountains NP
Hondo Hondo Udzungwa Forest Camp
Eastern Arc forests
Eastern Arc Mountains
Geography of Iringa Region
Mountain ranges of Tanzania
Important Bird Areas of Tanzania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udzungwa%20Mountains |
Legs is a 1975 novel by William Kennedy. It is the first book in Kennedy's Albany Cycle.
Plot summary
The book chronicles the life of the gangster Jack 'Legs' Diamond. It is told from the perspective of Jack's lawyer, Marcus Gorman. Marcus becomes involved with "Legs" Diamond to add excitement to his otherwise boring life, and the best way to do this was by immortalizing a highly popular gangster. Through Gorman's eyes, Kennedy is able to elicit sympathy for the criminal, transposing this sympathy into the context of America during the 1920s and 30s: excess, collapse, destitution, and analysis of right and wrong, good and evil.
Adaptations
In 2009, Audible.com produced an audio version of Legs, narrated by Joe Barrett, as part of its Modern Vanguard line of audiobooks.
External links
Legs (1975)
1975 American novels
Biographical novels
Novels set in the United States
Novels set in the 1920s
Novels set in the 1930s
Novels by William Kennedy
Cultural depictions of Legs Diamond
Coward-McCann books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legs%20%28novel%29 |
Mario Doniel Bates (born January 16, 1973) is a former American football running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the New Orleans Saints, Arizona Cardinals, and the Detroit Lions. His brother, Michael, also played in the NFL.
Playing for the 1993 Arizona State Sun Devils, he carried the ball 246 times for 1,162 yards with 8 TD in just 11 games. He was selected in the second round of the 1994 NFL Draft.
NFL career statistics
References
1973 births
Living people
American football running backs
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
New Orleans Saints players
Arizona Cardinals players
Detroit Lions players
Players of American football from Victoria, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Bates |
Dr. Shrinker was a segment during the first season of the ABC network's The Krofft Supershow in 1976.
Plot
Dr. Shrinker (Jay Robinson) is a mad scientist who creates a shrinking ray that can miniaturize anything. Three teenagers — Brad Fulton (Ted Eccles), B.J. Masterson (Susan Lawrence) and her brother Gordie Masterson (Jeff MacKay) — crash land their airplane on an island. As they make their way to the only house on the island, they meet Dr. Shrinker and his assistant, Hugo (Billy Barty). Dr. Shrinker, in an effort to prove that his shrinking ray works, shrinks the three people down to tall. The remainder of the series was different efforts by the 'Shrinkies' to return to normal size, while Dr. Shrinker and Hugo want to catch the trio so that they will have physical proof that the ray works for whatever world power wants to buy it. Dr. Shrinker also implied that he would give the unnamed buyer the Shrinkies as a free bonus. However, in one episode, Dr. Shrinker's plan was to sell the shrinking ray to the highest bidder, and the second highest bidder would receive the Shrinkies.
Each episode was basically the same. As Dr. Shrinker himself said in one episode..."I chase the Shrinkies. I catch the Shrinkies. The Shrinkies escape. It's a vicious cycle, and it's driving me mad!"
The concept may have been inspired by the 1940 film Dr. Cyclops in which a scientist working in the South American jungle uses his radiation experiments to shrink a group of fellow scientists to prevent them from discovering his secret work.
Dr. Shrinker lasted only one season on The Krofft Supershow. During the second season, it was dropped (as was the superhero segment Electra Woman and Dyna Girl). One episode, "Slowly I Turn", is available on DVD with the Krofft Box Set. In 2005, Marty Krofft said that he and his brother would be recording commentary for a DVD release of Dr. Shrinker.
Cast
Jay Robinson as Dr. Shrinker
Billy Barty as Hugo, Dr. Shrinker's assistant
Ted Eccles as Brad Fulton
Susan Lawrence as B.J. Masterson
Jeff MacKay as Gordie Masterson
Episodes
Notes
External links
American children's fantasy television series
American children's science fiction television series
Shrinker, Dr.
Shrinker, Dr.
1970s American children's comedy television series
1970s American comic science fiction television series
1976 American television series debuts
1977 American television series endings
Television series about size change
Television series about teenagers
Television series by Sid and Marty Krofft Television Productions
The Krofft Supershow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.%20Shrinker |
Larry Travis Chester (born October 17, 1975) is a former American football defensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL).
After playing college football at Temple, Chester signed with the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 1998, and stayed with the Colts organization until 2000. He was picked up by Carolina Panthers for a season, then played with the Miami Dolphins for another three seasons.
References
1975 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Players of American football from Louisiana
Sportspeople from Hammond, Louisiana
Hammond High School (Louisiana) alumni
Southwest Mississippi Bears football players
Temple Owls football players
Indianapolis Colts players
Carolina Panthers players
Miami Dolphins players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Chester |
In the UK, a Pupil Referral Unit (PRU) (previously known as Pupil Re-integration Unit by some Local Education Authorities) is an alternative education provision which is specifically organised to provide education for children who are not able to attend for a number of reasons. These include:
Neurodiverse learning styles which make it challenging for the pupil to engage in mainstream school;
A pupil having a short- or long-term illness, including mental health illness;
Anxiety or school phobias (which may have been triggered by bullying) preventing the pupil from comfortably attending school;
Behavioural issues that have led to other pupils being disrupted in school;
A child waiting for a mainstream school placement to become available.
Each LEA has a duty under section 19 of the Education Act 1996 to provide suitable education for children of compulsory school age who cannot attend school. Placing pupils in PRUs is just one of the ways in which local authorities can ensure that they can comply with this duty. PRUs are a mixture of public units and privately managed companies.
There are currently over 421 PRUs in England. Between 2002 and 2003, 17,523 pupils attended PRUs at some point. Although PRUs do not have to provide a full National Curriculum, they should offer a basic curriculum which includes English, mathematics, the sciences, PSHE and ICT.
A PRU is treated the same as any other type of school, subject to the same inspections from Ofsted. Since September 2010, some PRUs are referred to as "Short Stay Schools", although the government still broadly refer to them as PRUs or Alternative Provision (APs).
References
External links
A summary of the Green Paper - Every child matters from The National Archives
Pupil Referral Units from The National Archives
PRU Conversion to Academies from Department for Education
Education in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil%20Referral%20Unit |
Carolyn "Bunty" Avieson is an Australian journalist, feature writer, novelist and academic.
Career
Avieson has a PhD and a Master of Philosophy from Macquarie University, as well as an Associate Diploma of Journalism from RMIT University. In 2008–2009 she worked as a media consultant to newspaper Bhutan Observer, partly funded by the United Nations Development Program and was a consultant to Journalists Without Borders, Asia Pacific Desk.
Avieson has published three novels, a novella and travel memoir; and been translated into Japanese, German and Thai. She is the recipient of two Ned Kelly Awards. In the 1990s she was editorial director of mass market women's magazines Woman's Day and New Idea. She is a senior lecturer in journalism and media at the University of Sydney.
Awards
2002 – Ned Kelly Awards – winner of the Best First Novel and Reader's Vote, for Apartment 255
2003 – shortlisted for Ned Kelly Crime Writing Awards – Best Novel for The Affair
2004 – shortlisted for Ned Kelly Crime Writing Awards – Best Novel for The Wrong Door
2011 – Dean's HDR Award
2013 – Vice Chancellor's Commendation for PhD thesis
Bibliography
Novels
Apartment 255 (2002)
The Affair (2003) Review
The Wrong Door (2004) Review
Once You Know (2005)
Travel writing
Baby in a Backpack Through Bhutan (2004) Review
The Dragon Finds Its Voice (2013)
Documentary writing
A Story from Bhutan: The Making of "Travellers & Magicians" (2004)
Personal life
Avieson's partner is the film producer Mal Watson, who made The Cup and Travellers & Magicians, with writer/director Khyentse Norbu. Avieson and Watson have a daughter, Kathryn, who was the baby in the travel book Baby in a Backpack to Bhutan. They live in Sydney. Avieson's father was the late Associate Professor John Avieson, one of Australia's first journalism academics, who authored several books, including Applied Journalism in Australia and Editing Australian Newspapers.
References
External links
Bunty Avieson website
Ned Kelly Awards
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian journalists
Australian women novelists
Australian travel writers
Australian crime fiction writers
Women travel writers
Ned Kelly Award winners
20th-century Australian novelists
20th-century Australian women writers
Women mystery writers
Macquarie University alumni
RMIT University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunty%20Avieson |
Frankford Candy & Chocolate Company is an American candy manufacturer, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, founded in 1947 by Sam Himmelstein. The current CEO is Stuart Selarnick.
History
In the 2000s, Frankford Candy & Chocolate Company became a very successful manufacturer. It is one of the largest producers of chocolate rabbits in the United States, making over 100 varieties. In 2000, it started licensing popular children's TV characters, such as SpongeBob SquarePants. Frankford produces their candy in China, Pennsylvania and Italy.
Frankford purchased Cap Candy, a division of Hasbro, and the Wonder Ball from Nestlé in the 2000s. The Wonder Ball has been reintroduced to the confectionery market in recent years.
References
Sources
Frankford Candy sweet on a license to thrill – Philadelphia Business Journal
Candy company acquires Wonderball brand – Philadelphia Business Journal
A sweetheart chocolate deal – Philadelphia Business Journal
External links
Chocolate companies based in Pennsylvania
Confectionery companies of the United States
Food and drink companies established in 1947
1947 establishments in Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies based in Philadelphia
Food and drink companies based in Philadelphia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankford%20Candy%20%26%20Chocolate%20Company |
Adrian Matthew Burk (December 14, 1927 – July 28, 2003) was an American football quarterback and punter who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Baltimore Colts and the Philadelphia Eagles. After his playing career, he served as an official.
Playing career
Burk played college football at Baylor University and was drafted in the first round of the 1950 NFL Draft. Burk is one of eight NFL quarterbacks (Sid Luckman, George Blanda, Joe Kapp, Y. A. Tittle, Peyton Manning, Nick Foles, and Drew Brees) who share the record of seven touchdown passes in one regular season game. He threw seven touchdown passes on October 17, 1954, when the Eagles won 49–21 over the Washington Redskins. Three of his touchdown passes were to Eagles end Pete Pihos.
Burk graduated from Baylor Law School and became general counsel to the Houston Oilers.
Officiating career
Burk later worked as an NFL official as a back judge (now field judge), wearing uniform number 63. He worked the game that saw Joe Kapp of the Minnesota Vikings tie his record for seven touchdown passes in one game in 1969 vs. the Baltimore Colts. Burk was also the back judge in the famous 1972 playoff game between the Oakland Raiders and the Pittsburgh Steelers. That game, played in Pittsburgh, featured the play that came to be called the "Immaculate Reception". From his position as back judge, Burk was the first of the officials to signal a touchdown.
During a 1973 game between the Chicago Bears and Denver Broncos, Bears coach Abe Gibron can be heard chewing out Burk throughout the contest. Gibron was miked for the game by NFL Films, and the footage was released by NFL Films Executive Director Steve Sabol in 2001.
Notes
References
1927 births
2003 deaths
American football quarterbacks
American football punters
Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players
Baylor Bears football players
Houston Oilers executives
Kilgore Rangers football players
National Football League officials
Philadelphia Eagles players
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Baylor Law School alumni
People from Limestone County, Texas
Players of American football from Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Burk |
The Mahale Mountains are a mountain range in Uvinza District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. The mountains are on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. They rise to to Mount Nkungwe, Uvinza's highest point.
The range was once the ancestral home of the Holoholo people. Currently the area is a protected wildlife sanctuary, the Mahale Mountains National Park, which harbors chimpanzees and lions.
Holoholo
They were the traditional homeland of the Holoholo people, before being relocated in the 1970s for the creation of Mahale Mountains National Park.
See also
Mountain ranges of Tanzania
Lake Tanganyika
Holoholo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahale%20Mountains |
Cohoes Falls [Kahón:ios Kanien'ké:ha (Kanyenkeha or Mohawk language) for "a boat is in the water / is actively submerged"] is a waterfall on the Mohawk River shared by the city of Cohoes and the town of Waterford, New York.
Cohoes historian Arthur Masten incorrectly wrote in his 1880 history that the phrase might mean "Potholes in the River," referring to the potholes that appear in the riverbed when it is dry. However, Kanatsio'harè:ke (Kanatsiohareke) and Kanatsio'háre (Canojahare) bear names with reference to this meaning in Kanien'ké:ha (Kanyenkeha).
In the oral and written tradition of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), Kahón:ios is where The Great Peacemaker performed a feat of supernatural strength, convincing the Kanyenkehaka (Mohawks) to become the founding nation of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Some historians believe the Kanyenkehaka (Mohawks) launched the Confederacy as early as 1142 CE, though other experts report dates ranging from 1450–1650.
Celebrated by 18th-century travelers in letters and journals, Cohoes Falls, also called The Great Falls of the Mohawk, were regarded as the second-most beautiful cataract in New York State after Niagara Falls. In 1804, the national poet of Ireland, Thomas Moore, visited Cohoes and wrote a paean to the waterfall's beauty: "Lines Written at the Cohos, or Falls of the Mohawk River."
In 1831, town leaders built a dam across the Mohawk River to harness the power of the falls to fuel the turbines of the city's burgeoning textile industry. Over the next several decades, the predominant company, Harmony Mills, became the largest manufacturer of cotton in the United States, thanks to its control of local water rights. When all the mills closed in the wake of the Great Depression, city leaders leased the flow rights to a series of power companies, including Niagara Mohawk and Orion Power.
The Erie Canal was planned to overcome the navigational barrier of the Cohoes Falls. The original "Clinton's Ditch", the Erie Canal of 1825, was built through the city of Cohoes. The later Enlarged Canal was realigned, yet still went through the City of Cohoes. The Barge Canal, which opened in 1918, bypasses Cohoes and runs through the Village of Waterford via the Waterford Flight of Locks.
The Cohoes Falls is 90 feet (28 m) high and 1,000 feet (305 m) wide. Its flow is greatest in springtime, sometimes running at of water per second. The flow varies with seasonal variation of Mohawk River flow as well as with diversions for the Barge Canal locks, power generation, and the Cohoes water supply. During the summer, the falls are virtually dry, revealing shale rock formations that have their own distinctive beauty. The 87-year average flow of the Mohawk River at Cohoes is 34,638 cubic feet per second, but this includes water diverted to the power plant and Erie Canal locks.
__toc__
Cohoes Falls compared to Niagara Falls
The width of Cohoes Falls is roughly , while Niagara Falls' width is for American Falls and for Horseshoe Falls
The height of Cohoes Falls ranges from on the north side to on the south end. Niagara Falls' height is 70 to for American Falls and for Horseshoe Falls.
Water flow over Cohoes Falls ranges from zero to 90,000 cubic feet per second. (During Hurricane Irene in August 2011, the flow was estimated to be over 100,000 cubic feet per second with a total river flow of 117,000.) Water flow over Niagara Falls ranges from 5,000 to 21,000 cubic feet per second for American Falls and 45,000 to 190,000 cubic feet per second for Horseshoe Falls.
Cohoes Falls generates about 190,000 megawatt hours (i.e. 190 gigawatt hours) of electricity a year. Niagara Falls produces about 2.4 gigawatts in New York and 2.0 gigawatts in Canada.
At Niagara Falls, the annual rate of tourism tops 28 million people. There is no tourist industry at Cohoes Falls.
Gallery
References
External links
Webcam of the Cohoes Falls
Cohoes, New York
Erie Canal
Waterfalls of New York (state)
Landforms of Saratoga County, New York
Landforms of Albany County, New York
Tourist attractions in Albany County, New York
Tourist attractions in Saratoga County, New York
Block waterfalls | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohoes%20Falls |
The Usambara Mountains of northeastern Tanzania in tropical East Africa, comprise the easternmost ranges of the Eastern Arc Mountains. The ranges of approximately long and about half that wide, are situated in the Lushoto District of the Tanga Region. They were formed nearly two million years ago by faulting and uplifting, and are composed of Precambrian metamorphic rocks. They are split into two sub-ranges; the West Usambaras being higher than the East Usambaras, which are nearer the coast and receive more rainfall.
The mountains are clad in virgin tropical rainforest which has been isolated for a long period and they are a centre of endemism. Historically they were inhabited by Bantu, Shambaa, and Maasai people but in the eighteenth century, a Shambaa kingdom was founded by Mbegha. The kingdom eventually fell apart after a succession struggle in 1862. German colonists settled in the area which was to become German East Africa, and after World War I it became part of the British mandated territory of Tanganyika.
Geography
The Usambaras are approximately long and ranging from in width. They form part of the Eastern Arc Mountains, which stretch from Kenya through Tanzania. The range is one of the world's Biodiversity hotspots. The highest point being Chambolo peak at 2,289 meters above sea level.
The range is accessible from the towns of Lushoto in the west, and Amani in the east. The Usambaras are commonly split into two sub-ranges, the West Usambara Mountains and the East Usambara Mountains. The East Usambara are closer to the coast, receive more rainfall, and are significantly smaller than the West Usambara.
Geology
The mountain range was formed nearly two million years ago. Due to a lack of glaciations and a relatively consistent climate, the rainforest has gone through a long term and unique evolution resulting in an impressive amount of endemism and an old-growth cloud rainforests.
The West and East Usambaras are large ranges of Precambrian metamorphic geologic formations of acid-gneisses, pyroxenes, and amphiboles. These mountains were formed by faulting and uplifting creating the drainage system of troughs that form many watersheds, which provide water to a majority of the population of northeast Tanzania.
Ecology
The Usambara Mountains are fairly unusual in East Africa with their natural regions still covered in tropical forests, which otherwise continentally remain primarily in Western Africa. Considered tremendously significant ecologically and a Biodiversity hotspot. There are many protected zones throughout the range, which are being expanded and contributed to by the Tanzanian government, associated NGO's and research teams, and donor countries such as Norway.
Several species are endemic to the Usambara forests, including the Usambara eagle-owl (Bubo vosseleri), the Usambara akalat (Sheppardia montana), the Usambara weaver (Ploceus nicolli), the African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha), the tree species Calodendrum eickii.
Human history
Historically the Usambara Mountains have been inhabited by the Bantu, Shambaa, and Maasai people who were a mix of agriculturalists and pastoralists.
A Shambaa kingdom based on Vugu was founded by Mbegha in the first half of the 18th century. His grandson Kinyashi Muanga Ike gave the kingdom a stronger political and military structure. Under Kinyashi's son Kimweri ye Nyumbai the kingdom grew to cover both the west and east Usambaras, extending down to the coast and into the Pangani River valley to the south. After Kimweri died in 1862 the kingdom fell apart in a succession struggle.
In the late 19th century when within the Usambara District of German East Africa, German colonialists came into the area bringing with them a mix of cash crops like lumber trees, coffee, tea, and quinine, and also designated forests as reserves for either water conservation or timber use. They also brought many new Western concepts, which often were diametrically opposed to traditional beliefs, such as coexistence with the forest versus forest as a "separate wilderness". The result of colonialism was a massive change in the way forests were perceived in the community, and conversion of traditional agriculture to cultivating cash crops such as quinine, pine trees, bananas, maize, tea, and coffee.
In 1882 Adalbert Emil Walter Redliffe le Tanneux von St. Paul-Ilaire (known as Baron Walter), the Governor of the Usambara District of German East Africa, collected seed and plants of a small herb which were sent to Hermann Wendland, Director of the Berlin Royal Botanic Garden. Wendland cultivated the plants and recognized them as representing a new species in a new genus, Saintpaulia ionantha, with the English common name African violet. In the generic name. Saintpaulia he recognized von St. Paul-Ilaire; the specific name he assigned means violet (Gr. ion) flower (Gr. anthos). In their native Usambara Mountains cloudforests, the plants are threatened with extinction.
Following World War I, it became part of the British mandate territory of Tanganyika. The British administration continued to reserve and exploit forests.
Development and tourism
Today, the population of the Usambara Mountains region has one of the highest growth rates (about 4% compared to the Tanzanian national average of 2.1%), a staggering amount of poverty, and highest densities of people in all of Tanzania. Most of the inhabitants are subsistence farmers who rely heavily on the forests around them for timber, medicinal plants, clearing for agriculture, and fuelwood.
70% of the original forest cover of the West and East Usambaras has been lost. Its ecosystems were significantly disrupted by foreign-controlled logging companies that carried out large-scale deforestation from the 1950s onwards. A sawmill at Tanga processed East Usambara timber, and its output was increased in the 1970s with Finnish development funding. Major land and forest degradation remains a pressing issue.
There are still many places that attract visitors looking for experiences beyond developed tourist resorts. These include the trade town of Lushoto (German colonial era Wilhelmsthal), the once-popular German resort Amani Nature Reserve and farm, and the Mazumbai University Forest, which is considered the last example of pristine tropical forest in the East Usambaras.
See also
Amani Research Institute
Citations
Sources
Further reading
External links
UsambaraMountains.com: Usambara Mountains website
Bird watching in the Usambara Mountains
Tropical-biology.org: Introduction and fieldguide for the Amani Nature Reserve
Kew.org: The Botanical Research Institute at Amani Nature Reserve
Biosphere reserves of Tanzania
Eastern Arc forests
Eastern Arc Mountains
Geography of Tanga Region
Important Bird Areas of Tanzania
Mountain ranges of Tanzania
Tourist attractions in the Tanga Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usambara%20Mountains |
The New York Peace Society was the first peace society to be established in the United States. It has had several different incarnations, as it has merged into other organizations or dissolved and then been re-created.
First incarnation (1815–1828)
David Low Dodge founded the society in 1815, soon after the end of the War of 1812. It became an active organization, holding regular weekly meetings, and producing literature which was spread as far as Gibraltar and Malta, describing the horrors of war and advocating pacificism on Christian grounds.
In 1828, the society merged with others in New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts to form the American Peace Society.
Second and third incarnations (1837–1844)
The society was re-formed as an independent organization in 1837. Until 1844, it sought to prevent war against Mexico by advocating negotiation. It then dissolved. An attempt was made to re-create it, but this was short-lived.
Fourth incarnation (1906–1940)
The society was founded anew for the final time in 1906, in the context of the Philippine–American War, the rapid expansion of American influence and military usage abroad and the rise of the Anti-Imperialist League. It was organized by Oscar Straus and Charles Levermore with the support of steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
The society was involved in a "National Arbitration and Peace Conference" in 1907. During the First World War, the society helped to organize the League to Enforce Peace in opposition to American involvement.
In 1940, the society merged into the Quaker World Alliance for International Friendship through Religion.
See also
List of anti-war organizations
Society of Peace
The Castle of Peace
Pacifism in the United States
References
Further reading
Thomson Gale Entry
External links
Swarthmore College. New York Peace Society Records, 1818-1940
Peace organizations based in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Peace%20Society |
The Wali Khan faction of the National Awami Party was formed after the 1967 split in the original NAP between Maulana Bhashani and Abdul Wali Khan. The Wali Khan faction was later named National Awami Party (NAP) after the independence of Bangladesh (former East Pakistan).
The NAP was banned twice during its eight-year-long existence, the first time under Yahya Khans government in 1971 and the second time in 1975 by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's government. It was then resurrected under the name National Democratic Party, from which in turn was formed the Awami National Party.
The Party represented left wing views in Pakistan and its core politics was based on the disbanding of the One Unit, restoration of adult franchise (1967–1970), land reforms, protection of tenants' rights, redistribution of wealth through nationalisation, Pakistan becoming a confederacy as well as the holding of fair elections, protection of an independent judiciary and freedom of the press. It contested the 1970 election, winning the second largest number of seats in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the largest in Baluchistan, and a handful of seats in East Pakistan's provincial assembly. It failed to win any seats in Punjab and Sindh.
After the division of Pakistan in 1971, NAP formed coalition governments in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan on the basis of winning majority of seats in the two provinces. Arbab Sikandar Khan was appointed Governor of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Ghaus Bux Bizenjo Governor of Balochistan. Sardar Akhtar Mengal was elected the first Chief Minister of Balochistan and the NAP supported Mufti Mahmud of the JUI as Chief Minister of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The party was disbanded in 1975 amidst a government crackdown. It was resurrected in 1976 under the National Democratic Party under Sherbaz Mazari but split in 1979 following disagreements amongst the left wing of the party against the leadership.
A brief attempt was made to resurrect the Party by Ajmal Khattak under the name National Awami Party of Pakistan in 2000, however the party was routed in the 2002 election and much of its leadership merged back with the ANP.
Party formation
On 30 November 1967 the NAP split between Maulana Bhashani and Abdul Wali Khan, ostensibly because Bhashani sided with China while Professor Muzaffar Ahmed, along with Abdul Wali Khan, sided with the USSR in the Sino-Soviet split.
Following the split, the leftist members of the NAP, many of whom were active in a Kissan (peasant) Committee, decided to follow the Wali Khan faction. Soon after, the leadership of the Wali Khan faction, being landlords, decided not to allow members of the NAP to also be members of the Kissan Committee. The leftists, led by Afzal Bangash and Sher Ali Bacha, then decided to leave the NAP and establish the Mazdoor Kisan Party (MKP).
The NAP party leadership struggling with a rivalry between Mahmud Ali Kasuri and Mahmudul Haq Usmani for the Presidency. Ultimately the leadership backed Abdul Wali Khan as a compromise candidate. The National Council of the Party met on 30 June and 1 July 1968 at Royal Hotel, Peshawar, with Professor Muzaffar Ahmed, President of East Pakistan NAP chairing the first session. Abdul Wali Khan was unanimously elected as President of the party.
Office bearers
Political ideology
The National Awami Party was a socialist political party that advocated greater provincial autonomy and the Theory of Four Nationalities. The theory advocated by senior NAP leader Bizenjo stated Pakistan was composed of four distinct "nations", the Pukhtun, Baloch, Sindhi and Western Punjabi.
1970 elections and aftermath
The party contested the 1970 elections from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (K-P), Balochistan, Sindh and East Pakistan. It did not field any candidates in the Punjab, Nationally it fielded 16 candidates from K-P, three of whom got elected, securing 18.4% of the vote, in Balochistan three out of four candidates were elected but it failed to win any seats from Sindh.
In 1971, in an attempt to avert a possible showdown between the Military and the people of East Pakistan, on March 23, 1971, Khan, along with other Pakistani politicians, jointly met Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. They offered support to Mujeeb in the formation of a government, but it was already too late to break the impasse as Yahya Khan had already decided on a full scale military crackdown. Pakistan's increasing vulnerability and widespread international outrage against the military crackdown eventually created a situation that led to war between Pakistan and India. This war proved disastrous and culminated in Pakistan's armed forces being defeated in East Pakistan and the creation of the new state of Bangladesh. Shocked by the defeat, Yahya Khan resigned from office and the military. Under General Gul Hassan Khan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was brought back from America and appointed President.
During the martial law crackdown against East Pakistan, the National Awami Party under Wali Khan was one of a handful of parties that protested the military operation. In one case, Khan helped a senior East Pakistani diplomat's son escape to Afghanistan from possible internment in West Pakistan. The military government, in retaliation against the protests, banned the party and launched mass arrests of party activists.
Tripartite Agreement
In 1972, as the opposition leader, Wali Khan was contacted by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who wanted to lift martial law and set up a new constitution. Wali Khan's negotiations with Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto led to the NAP signing of an agreement with the government in 1972, called the Tripartite Agreement. The agreement led to the lifting of martial law and removal of the ban on the National Awami Party. This led to the formation of National Awami Party coalition provincial governments in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan. Despite the initial positive start, the agreement rapidly began to unravel due to the growing animosity between Khan and Bhutto.
National Opposition Party
In 1972, Wali Khan was elected as Parliamentary leader of the opposition, the NAP made several initiatives to broaden its support across the country. It dropped its demand to rename the then North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) as Pakhtunistan, declared Urdu as the provincial language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan and espoused federalism with greater autonomy for the provinces. Senior party leader Ghaus Bux Bizenjo advocated that Pakistan consisted of four nationalities and their empowerment equally would prevent the breakup of Pakistan.
Peasant attacks
The party's provincial governments faced attacks from leftists and Maoists who advocated armed conflict to take land from landlords and feudals. These attacks were allegedly on the behest of leftists within the Pakistan People's Party.
Liaqat Bagh massacre
On March 23, 1973, the Federal Security Force, a paramilitary force under the alleged orders of Bhutto, attacked a public opposition rally at the Liaquat Bagh in the town of Rawalpindi and killed a dozen people; many more were wounded by their automatic gunfire. Wali Khan narrowly escaped a bullet during the attack. Public anger amongst ethnic Pashtuns ran high, as almost all the dead and most of the wounded were from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and were mostly members of the National Awami Party. The enraged party workers and followers wanted to parade the dead bodies on the streets in Peshawar and other cities of the province, and provoke a full scale confrontation. Wali Khan rejected this notion and held back his infuriated party cadres, escorting the dead bodies to Peshawar; he had them buried quietly with their bereaved families.
Following the massacre the Federal Security Force launched a crackdown against the party that led to many senior leaders including Ajmal Khattak to flee into exile to Kabul.
Balochistan crisis
The Balochistan government immediately faced multiple crisis the first of which was when the Balochistan police department, mostly officered by people from Punjab or Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. As there was a provision that employees in the federating provinces would return to their province of origin after the dissolution of the One Unit. Most of the officers insisted on leaving. Despite this fact, Sardar Ataullah Mengal as chief minister, moved a resolution in the Balochistan Assembly to do away with the domicile as a qualification and suggested that those who had spent several generations in the province should be treated as locals. It was later on alleged that the officers were incited to leave through the efforts of PPP supporters and the then Chief Minister of Punjab Ghulam Mustafa Khar.
Unable to exercise any effective authority Ataullah Mengal turned to the Baloch Student Organization to assist in security.
The policing crisis also gave way to a subsequent intra-tribal conflict. The Baloch nationalists declared that it was fomented by the then Interior Minister Abdul Qayyum Khan but without evidence to prove the statements issued.
London conspiracy
However, the final straw was the discovery of arms in the Iraqi embassy in Islamabad and Nawab Akbar Bugti's declaration of the London Plan, that alleged that NAP-led governments in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was seceding to gain independence from Pakistan. Hence, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's government, fresh from the humiliation of 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War used the pretext of arms shipment from Iraq to dismember Pakistan and dismissed the Balochistan provincial government in 1973, in protest against the decision the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa government resigned in protest. Ataullah Mengal and his colleagues, including Ghaus Bux Bizenjo and Khair Bakhsh Marri were arrested along with other NAP leaders.
Hyderabad tribunal
In the face of an increasingly strong national campaign led by the NAP against the government, Bhutto banned NAP on February 8, 1975 after the murder of his close colleague Hayat Khan Sherpao, throwing thousands of its workers and much of its leadership, including party president Abdul Wali Khan, in jail for alleged anti-state activities.
Invoking the 1st amendment of the 1973 constitution the government charged Wali Khan and his colleagues under the Hyderabad Conspiracy Case in 1976, although they were acquitted of the charge of the murder of PPP stalwart Hayat Khan Sherpao, the decision to ban the NAP was upheld by the courts. In addition to Abdul Wali Khan, the case also implicated two governors, two chief ministers, scores of national and provincial parliamentarians, Khan Amirzadah Khan, Syed Kaswar Gardezi, Habib Jalib (Urdu revolutionary poet) and Mir Gul Khan Nasir (Balochi Revolutionary Poet/Leader) and even some of Bhutto’s former colleagues, many of whom were later re-elected and became federal or provincial ministers.
National Democratic Party formed
With the NAP leadership largely imprisoned, a new political party was formed on the wreckage of the NAP in 1976 by Sherbaz Khan Mazari. Named National Democratic Party (NDP), it was headed by Sherbaz Khan Mazari. The Hyderabad case was withdrawn after General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law in July 1977 and Afghan President Daoud Khan offered to settle all issues with Pakistan if the ban on NAP was lifted and greater autonomy for Pashtuns was introduced. Wali Khan left party affairs to Sher Baz Mazari after his release from jail in 1979. The party faced a split at that time between far left elements led by Khair Bakhsh Marri advocating outright separation and armed struggle and those advocating political struggle led by Sherbaz Khan Mazari. The split ended the alliance between Pashtun Nationalists and Baloch Nationalists that Wali Khan had formed in 1969 and led to the formation of the Pakistan National Party.
Sherbaz Khan Mazari led the NDP into joining the Movement for Restoration of Democracy. The alliance with former rivals the PPP did not go down well with Ghaffar Khan who encouraged by Governor Fazle Haq warned Ghaffar Khan of what would happen if the PPP returned to power.
This move led to a split between Mazari and Wali Khan which were aggravated after Wali Khan in a statement rejected the 1973 constitution and Wali Khan's election as NDP President.
The NDP was merged with other nationalist parties from Balochistan and Sindh in 1986 in Karachi to launch a new political party named Awami National Party with Wali Khan as its president and Rasul Bux Palejo as its general-secretary.
See also
Ajmal Khattak
Abdul Wali Khan
Sherbaz Khan Mazari
Sardar Attaullah Mengal
Mian Ghulam Jilani
Jennifer Musa
Habib Jalib
Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo
Mir Gul Khan Naseer
Awami National Party
References
Political parties established in 1967
Awami National Party
Defunct political parties in Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Awami%20Party%20%28Wali%29 |
Robert Barry Burnett (born August 27, 1967) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end for 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Syracuse Orange.
High school and college
Burnett attended Newfield High School located on Long Island, New York. He played college football at Syracuse University, where he was a four-year letterman, and was a semifinalist for the Lombardi Award in 1989, his senior year.
NFL career
Rob Burnett was drafted in the fifth round with the 129th pick in the 1990 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Browns, with whom Burnett made his only Pro Bowl. He played there until the Browns moved to Baltimore, when he became a member of the Ravens. Playing for the Baltimore Ravens into 2001, Burnett earned a Super Bowl Ring when the Ravens defeated the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV. Due to salary cap issues, Burnett was not brought back by the Ravens after 2001. After playing two more seasons with the Miami Dolphins, Burnett retired.
After football
In 2006, Rob Burnett became a commentator for WBAL-AM, specifically covering Baltimore Ravens games. Burnett was present during the Ravens' Super Bowl XXXV reunion, in 2010.
Burnett was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Football Category with the Class of 2001.
References
1967 births
Living people
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football defensive ends
Baltimore Ravens announcers
Baltimore Ravens players
Cleveland Browns players
Miami Dolphins players
National Football League announcers
Sportspeople from East Orange, New Jersey
Players of American football from Essex County, New Jersey
Syracuse Orange football players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Burnett%20%28American%20football%29 |
Vouliagmenis Avenue () is one of the longest avenues in the Greater Athens area, stretching from central Athens to the seaside resort of Vouliagmeni. The total length is 21 km. The avenue begins at Athanasios Diakos Street and Michalakopoulou Street and the southbound portion of the avenue runs with three lanes to the southern portion of municipality of Athens and eastern Dafni. Seven Athens Metro subway stations lie underneath or next to the avenue: Agios Ioannis, Dafni, Agios Dimitrios, Ilioupoli station, Alimos station, Argyroupoli station and Elliniko station, all part of the southern section of the Red Line. It has an intersection with the road linking with the Hymettus Ring of the Attiki Odos motorway and Katechaki Avenue. It also has several intersections in Glyfada and with the Vari-Koropi Avenue.
Places
southern Athens (Municipality)
eastern Dafni
Agios Dimitrios
near Ilioupoli
eastern Alimos
Elliniko
Glyfada
Voula
Vouliagmeni
Attractions
Nana Cinemax
Athens Metro Mall
Major intersections
Alimos Avenue
External links
Streets in Athens
Elliniko-Argyroupoli
Glyfada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vouliagmenis%20Avenue |
The TalkOrigins Archive is a website that presents mainstream science perspectives on the antievolution claims of young-earth, old-earth, and "intelligent design" creationists. With sections on evolution, creationism, geology, astronomy and hominid evolution, the web site provides broad coverage of evolutionary biology and the socio-political antievolution movement.
Origins and history
The TalkOrigins Archive began in 1994 when Brett J. Vickers collected several separately posted FAQs from the talk.origins newsgroup and made them available from a single anonymous FTP site. In 1995, Vickers, then a computer science graduate student at the University of California at Irvine, created the TalkOrigins Archive web site. In 2001, Vickers transferred the TalkOrigins Archive to Wesley R. Elsberry, who organized a group of volunteers to handle the maintenance of the Archive.
In 2004, Kenneth Fair incorporated the TalkOrigins Foundation as a Texas 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. The Foundation's purposes include funding and maintaining the TalkOrigins Archive and holding copyrights to Archive articles, thereby simplifying the process of reprinting and updating those articles. The copyright issue has posed a particular problem since the FAQs started off as a small collection with little thought given to copyright but have since mushroomed. In 2005, the Foundation was granted tax-exempt status by the IRS.
Features
The FAQs and FRAs (Frequently Rebutted Assertions) on the TalkOrigins Archive cover a wide range of topics associated with evolutionary biology and creationism. These include Mark Isaak's Index to Creationist Claims, a list of creationist positions on various issues, rebuttals, and links to primary source material. The TalkDesign site fulfills a similar role with the Intelligent Design movement. Also hosted is Jim Foley's Fossil Hominids sub-site which studies the evidence for human evolution and has an extensive list of links to websites on both evolutionary biology and creationism. Lastly, the Quote Mine Project examines the use of Quote miningtaking quotes out of contextby creationists. The feedback system collects reader comments and posts a compilation, along with responses, each month. The archive maintains a sister site which addresses Intelligent Design arguments.
Awards and recognition
Talkorigins.org has gained awards and recognition over the years:
In 1999, The New York Times called TalkOrigins a "good antidote" to the plethora of creationist websites that had sprung up.
The webpages of the National Academy of Sciences, Smithsonian Institution, Leakey Foundation, the National Center for Science Education and other organizations recommend Talkorigins.org.
In August 2002, Scientific American recognized Talkorigins.org for its "detailed discussions (some of which may be too sophisticated for casual readers) and bibliographies relating to virtually any objection to evolution that creationists might raise."
In October 2006, The Dallas Morning News awarded it Web Site of the Week.
The Archive is also referenced in college-level textbooks and has had material from the archive incorporated into over 20 college or university courses.
See also
The Panda's Thumb
References
External links
Internet properties established in 1994
Biology websites
Evolutionary biology literature
Online archives of the United States
Criticism of creationism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkOrigins%20Archive |
SATC may refer to:
Inmarsat-C, a satellite communications system sometimes called SATC or SAT-C
Reserve Officers' Training Corps, US military training academy, formerly Student Army Training Corps (during World War I)
Salina Area Technical College, a technical college in Salina, Kansas, US.
Sabena Airline Training Center, airline transport pilot school located in Mesa, Arizona, US
Sex and the City (book), by Candace Bushnell.
Sex and the City, a TV series that was shown on HBO from 1998 until 2004, based on the book.
Sex and the City (film), based on the TV show
Sex and the City: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, soundtrack to the film
Software Assurance Technology Center
South Atlantic tropical cyclone
South Australian Tourism Commission
State Theatre Company of South Australia, formerly South Australian Theatre Company or SATC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATC |
Tony Lynn Brackens, Jr. (born December 26, 1974) is an American former professional football player who spent his entire nine-year career as a defensive end for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Texas Longhorns, earning consensus All-American honors. A second-round pick in the 1996 NFL Draft, Brackens was named a second-team All-Pro and selected to the Pro Bowl with Jacksonville in 1999.
Early years
Brackens was born and raised in Fairfield, Texas. He attended Fairfield High School, and played for the Fairfield Eagles high school football team.
College career
Brackens attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he played for the Texas Longhorns football team from 1992 to 1995. He developed a reputation as a ferocious hitter as a defensive end. As senior in 1995, he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American and was also a first-team All-Southwest Conference selection. He finished his career ranked eighth on the Longhorns' all-time list with 24 sacks. He was also a key contributor to the 1995 Longhorns team that went 10-1 and won the Southwest Conference and gained a berth in the 1996 Sugar Bowl against the Virginia Tech Hokies.
Professional career
He was taken in the second round of the 1996 NFL Draft by the Jacksonville Jaguars, for whom he played his entire professional career. His lone Pro Bowl appearance came in 2000, after the 1999 season in which he had 12 sacks and 8 forced fumbles. As of 2011, he held the all-time Jacksonville Jaguars records for several categories: sacks (55), fumble recoveries (13) and forced fumbles (28). He is also the leading tackler (all-time) among Jaguars defensive ends.
He was released in 2004, after a series of troubling leg injuries and operations. He ultimately decided to retire, saying that recent rule changes had made it impossible for him to play his style of football. He said, "Mentally and physically, I thought I could probably still do it, but I didn’t want to put up with all the rule changes. All the stuff they’re doing to players takes the fun out of the game." The moment in which he was let go was captured by NFL Films in "Jacksonville Jaguars: Inside the Training Camp", an unofficial version of the Hard Knocks TV series.
NFL statistics
Regular season
Postseason
External links
1974 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American football defensive ends
Texas Longhorns football players
Jacksonville Jaguars draft picks
Jacksonville Jaguars players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Fairfield, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Brackens |
Radio Classics is a US old time radio network owned by RSPT LLC. It provides the programming content for Sirius XM Radio's 24-hour satellite radio channel of the same name. Radio Classics also syndicates the Radio Spirits-branded program When Radio Was to over 200 terrestrial radio stations. In addition, Radio Classics has a monthly online subscription service, providing subscribers with unlimited streaming and twenty hours per month of downloads of old time radio shows that have appeared on past When Radio Was, Radio Super Heroes, Radio Movie Classics, or Radio Hall of Fame (special edition of When Radio Was that focuses on National Radio Hall of Fame inductees) installments.
Shows broadcast by Radio Classics include The Jack Benny Program, Abbott & Costello, Gunsmoke, The Mysterious Traveler, and The Shadow. Hard-boiled noir detectives such as Philip Marlowe, Richard Diamond, and Johnny Dollar are also featured.
The Sirius XM channel, carried on channel 148 on XM (where it was on channel 164) and Sirius (where it was on channel 118), is hosted by Greg Bell, who had previous radio experience as a program director, news director, sports director, anchor, and reporter. Shows are played in two-hour blocks of programming which are rotated in different time slots during the week. This allows the audience in various time zones to be able to hear a show at convenient times. Commercials and Sirius XM promos are played before, after and during the old radio shows, though the amount of advertising time does not exceed eight minutes per hour. Occasionally, the original vintage commercials are broadcast, though the majority of the spots are modern commercials provided by Sirius XM and/or their sponsors.
Prior to February 1, 2009 XM and Sirius had separate Radio Classics channels, with different programming on each. They were combined as part of the larger merger between the two satellite radio services.
Notes
External links
Radio Classics
Old Time Radio Blog maintained by Sirius XM programmer Greg Bell
Weekly Schedule for Sirius XM's Radio Classics channel
American radio networks
XM Satellite Radio channels
Sirius Satellite Radio channels
Radio stations established in 2002
Sirius XM Radio channels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Classics |
The Bhagavad Guitars were an indie-rock band which formed in 1985 as Inner Circle in Canberra by Jeremy Butterworth on guitar and vocals, Kynan Hughes on bass guitar and Matt Kerr on drums and John Kilbey (under the pseudonym, John Underwood, for their first three releases to distance himself from brother Steve Kilbey and his band, the Church) on guitar and vocals. Hughes was replaced successively by Adrian Workman and then by Tony Locke. They recorded three 12 inch extended plays for Red Eye before recording a studio album, Introversion, in 1991 which was shelved due to record company disputes until July 1996. Meanwhile, they issued their first album, Hypnotised, in May 1992 via Karmic Hit/Shock, and disbanded in 1998. The group reformed in 2008 to record a new album, Unfamiliar Places, released in May 2011.
History
The Bhagavad Guitars were formed in 1985 as Inner Circle in Canberra by Jeremy Butterworth on guitar, vocals and flute, John Underwood (a.k.a. John Kilbey) on guitar and vocals, Kynan Hughes on bass guitar and Matt Kerr on drums. As teenagers they had played together in a band while students at Dickson College. In 1987 they relocated to Sydney and renamed themselves, the new name, "was derived from a pun on the title of the Hindu book Bhagavad Gita." Butterworth later reflected, "We started off seriously interested in Eastern thinking, different philosophies, meditation... etc but now we're more cynical."
In July 1988 they released their debut five-track extended play, Foreverglades, which was produced by the Church's Steve Kilbey (Underwood's older brother) for Red Eye Records. Its "featured track, 'Just to Be Sure' became a radio hit in Sydney." They followed in October with a six-track EP, Headland, where Hughes had been replaced on bass guitar by Adrian Workman.
Red Eye compiled the two EPs, leaving off "Shrine" from Headland, into a full-length album, also titled, Foreverglades, in July 1990. They followed with a third EP, Party, with six tracks, in October of that year. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, observed, "The band's brand of spacious, chiming guitar-based pop called to mind the likes of The Crystal Set, The Church and UK band Simple Minds."
The group's album, Introversion, was recorded in 1991 but did not appear until July 1996 on Karmic Hit/Shock Records. It included, "a bonus 14-minute CD EP Extraversion." The album was engineered and co-produced with legendary Australian, Tony Cohen (Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds). In 1992 Kilbey formed a record label, Karmic Hit, which issued the group's single, "Hypnotise Me" in February. They followed with their first studio album, Hypnotised, in May 1992 with Tony Locke on bass guitar and lead vocals for two tracks, "Romeo Error" and "Accident".
After the Bhagavad Guitars separated, Kilbey released three solo albums, Nothing More Than Something to Wear (February 2003) as John Kilbey, Catching Some Z's (2004) as J.L.K. and Good Fortunes (March 1999) by the Penny Drops. Kilbey was part of a band, Warp Factor 9, which released an album, 5 Days in a Photon Belt, in 1993.
The Bhagavad Guitars reformed in 2008 and released another album, Unfamiliar Places, in May 2011.
Discography
Albums
Foreverglades (compilation album, July 1990) – Red Eye/Polydor (RED LP 10, RED CD 10)
Hypnotised (May 1992) – Karmic Hit
Introversion (July 1996) – Karmic Hit/Shock Records (KH004/005)
Unfamiliar Places (May 2011) – Karmic Hit
Extended plays
Foreverglades (1988) – Red Eye/Polydor
Headland (1988) – Red Eye
Party (1990) – Red Eye
Singles
"Hypnotise Me" (February 1992) – Karmic Hit
References
General
Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.
Specific
New South Wales musical groups
Musical groups established in 1987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bhagavad%20Guitars |
The Salomon Broad Investment Grade Index (known as the Salomon BIG or Citigroup BIG) is a common American Bond index, akin to the S&P 500 for stocks, originally owned by Salomon Brothers, run by its successor, Citigroup and now by FTSE Russell. The BIG is generally used for managing broad debt portfolios from short to long-dated maturities, similar to the Barclays Capital Aggregate Bond Index ("Agg") or the Merrill Lynch Domestic Master.
The BIG includes treasuries, agency debt, corporates, non-corporate credit, mortgage-backed securities, and asset-backed securities (ABS). Unlike the Agg, it includes 144As, but unlike the Agg, it does not include municipals or commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS). Like the Agg, the BIG does not include any inflation-indexed bonds, and is limited to investment grade securities, including no high-yield debt or emerging market debt.
See also
Bond market index
External links
Official factsheet
FTSE Announcement
Bond market indices
Bonds (finance)
Citigroup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon%20BIG |
Stoa Basileios (), meaning Royal Stoa, was a Doric stoa in the northwestern corner of the Athenian Agora, which was built in the 6th century BC, substantially altered in the 5th century BC, and then carefully preserved until the mid-second century AD. It is among the smallest known Greek stoas, but had great symbolic significance as the seat of the Athenian King Archon, repository of Athens' laws, and site of "the stone" on which incoming magistrates swore their oath of office.
Description
The stoa was in the northwest corner of the Athenian Agora, an area known in ancient times as "the Herms" because of the great number of herms set up there (fragments of 19 of these herms have been found). It sat just south of the point where the Panathenaic Way and another street enter the Agora and exactly one metre north of the Stoa of Zeus. The identification of the archaeological remains with the Stoa Basileios known from literary sources is clear from descriptions of it in literary sources, especally the 2nd-century AD travel-writer Pausanias.
The Stoa was built in the Doric order, with solid walls on the north, west, and east sides and a colonnade of eight columns along the eastern side, facing towards the open space of the Agora. It measures 17.72 metres long from north to south and 7.18 metres wide from east to west, making it one of the smallest known Greek stoas. The roof was tiled with terracotta. The façade carried a plain Doric frieze with poros triglyphs and metopes which were probably made of marble. The columns were made of soft yellow poros covered in stucco. The drums had a diameter of 0.58 metres and the distance from the centre of one column to the next was 1.9205 metres. On top of the steps, between the second and fourth columns from the northern end of the Stoa is a large block of tan limestone, which is probably "the Stone" (ho lithos) used for oaths. Inside, there were initially two columns on the building's internal axis, which supported the ridge pole of the roof. A low stone platform ran along the interior north, west, and south walls. There may have been further benches inside the colonnade. The north wall was made of ashlar blocks and is preserved to a height of 1.20 metres. The west (back) wall was made of polygonal masonry and survives only as foundations. The south wall was inadvertently destroyed during the construction of the Athens-Piraeus railroad in the 19th century. The walls and colonnade stood on a two-step crepidoma, but the internal floor was just packed clay.
History
Several features of the stoa indicate that it was originally built in the Archaic period: its small scale, the use of poros instead of marble, the presence of a Z-shaped metal clamp in the walls, and the polygonal masonry. The style of the column capitals is similar to those of the Hekatompedon temple on the Acropolis and the Temple of Apollo at Corinth, suggesting a date in the mid-6th century BC. Ceramic finds in the foundation indicate a date after 575-550 BC.
In the 440s BC, the stoa was renovated. The roof was retiled and the two internal columns were replaced with a row of four Doric columns, located 3.2 metres apart, each with a diameter of 0.42 metres. A set of terracotta acroteria were added at this time, fragments of which have been found (inv. T 1261 and T 3987). Pausanias says that they depicted Theseus throwing Sciron into the sea and Hemera (Day) abducting Cephalus. At the end of the fifth century, two small porches were added to the front side at either end, each supported by five unfluted columns (three in front and one on each side). The two porches were not symmetrical, the roof of the southern porch was higher than the northern and it may have had Ionic columns rather than the Doric ones used in the rest of the structure. Broad stelae were set up between the columns of the south porch and in parallel inside the north porch. Fragments of these stelae survive; they bear a copy of the Athenian law on homicide (OR 183A) and two versions of a calendar of Athens' public sacrifices (AIO 1185 and 1189).
Statue bases and decrees continued to be erected around the stoa in the fourth century BC, beginning with statues of Conon, Timotheus, and King Euagoras of Cyprus. A letter attributed to Aeschines reports that there was a statue of Pindar as well. A conglomerate base for a very large statue is located directly in front of the Stoa and aligned with it. It measures 2.75 x 2.03 metres and ceramic evidence indicates a fourth century BC date. This may have been for a colossal female statue (S 2370) of Pentelic marble that was found nearby, built into a Byzantine house. This statue is missing its head, legs, and arms, but is still 1.54 metres high; originally it would have been nearly three metres tall. It wears a chiton, girdle, and himation and originally held a long metal object in its left arm, probably a sceptre, spear, key, or measuring stick. Stylistic analysis suggests a date around 335-330 BC, It may depict Themis (the personification of justice and good order) or Agathe Tyche ("Good Luck"); an alternative identification as Democratia (Democracy) has been ruled out. Copies of this statue are known from elsewhere in Athens, Pamphylia, Roman Egypt, and Leptis Magna. The statue of Themis at Rhamnous was probably based in part on this statue.
In the Hellenistic period, the ground level in the Agora slowly rose, so the area in front of the stoa was enclosed by a low wall, creating a small precinct around the building where the original ground level was preserved. The Stoa was severely burnt by Roman soldiers during the Sullan Sack of Athens in 86 BC. After this, the building was carefully repaired and the walls were covered with stucco to hide the fire damage. It probably remained in use until the Herulian Sack in 267 AD. Much of the stone was subsequently spoliated for use in other construction.
Function
The Stoa Basileios was the headquarters of the King Archon (basileus), who was responsible for organising various festivals, conducting some sacrifices on behalf of the city, and hearing the initial indictments for some types of lawsuit. In the 5th century BC, the Areopagos council (in charge of religious affairs and murder trials) sometimes met in the Stoa as well and a rope would be set up to keep people from interrupting its proceedings.
The building was closely associated with law and justice. The laws of Draco and Solon written on wooden pillars called axones and kyrbeis were probably moved to the Stoa by Ephialtes in the 460s BC, perhaps on the low platforms on the inside walls. When the laws were revised at the end of the fifth century BC, inscribed copies of them were erected in the porches at the ends of the Stoa. The limestone block located on the steps of the Stoa is probably to be identified with "the stone" (ho lithos) mentioned by Aristotle, Plutarch, and Julius Pollux, who explain that Athens' nine annual archons (the eponymous archon, King Archon, Polemarch, and Thesmothetai) swore their oaths of office on it, as did official arbitrators, and witnesses in trials.
After the suppression of a revolt in Chalcis in 446 BC, the Athenians confiscated the Chalcideans' land and leased it out. The contracts were inscribed on stelae in the Stoa.
In the Classical and Hellenistic periods, the King Archons often dedicated herms in and around the Stoa. Several bases have survived, three of which are inscribed with the names of their dedicators (IG II3 4 41, 95, and 113).
Since the King Archon was responsible for trials on religious matters, it was at the Stoa Basileios that Socrates was formally charged with impiety by Meletus. Plato's Euthyphro, a dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro about the nature of piety, is set in front of the Stoa.
According to Philostratus, an overturned statue near the Stoa was knocked over by an evil spirit in the late first century AD, when it was exorcised by the holy man Apollonius of Tyana.
Excavation
The stoa was outside the area of the original excavations of the Athenian Agora by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, being north of the Athens-Piraeus Electric Railway. In 1969, the Greek government expropriated the houses in the area and added them to the American concession. The Americans uncovered the stoa in 1970, under the supervision of Stella Grobel Miller, with funding from the Ford Foundation. The results were published by the overall head of excavations, .
References
Bibliography
External links
Sculptures
Fragments from the rooftop acroteria:
Fragment of the statue of Themis:
Inscriptions
Buildings and structures completed in the 6th century BC
Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens
Former buildings and structures in Greece
Ancient Agora of Athens
Basileios
Ancient Greek law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa%20Basileios |
Shutterstock, Inc. is an American provider of stock photography, stock footage, stock music, and editing tools; it is headquartered in New York. Founded in 2003 by programmer and photographer Jon Oringer, Shutterstock maintains a library of around 200 million royalty-free stock photos, vector graphics, and illustrations, with around 10 million video clips and music tracks available for licensing. Originally a subscription site only, Shutterstock expanded beyond subscriptions into a la carte pricing in 2008. It has been publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange since 2012.
History
Founding and early years (2003–2011)
Shutterstock was founded in 2003 by American entrepreneur and computer programmer Jon Oringer. Creating his own online marketplace, Oringer initially uploaded 30,000 of his own stock photos and made them available via subscription, with unlimited downloads and a monthly starting fee of US$49. When demand exceeded his photo supply, he began hiring additional contributors. In 2006, the firm claimed that it was the "largest subscription-based stock photo agency in the world" with 570,000 images in its collection. The firm branched into film in 2006 with the launch of Shutterstock Footage. By 2007, the company had 1.8 million photos. Insight Venture Partners invested in the company that year. Shutterstock expanded beyond subscriptions into a la carte pricing in August 2008, with its "On Demand" service removing daily download limits.
On September 23, 2009, Shutterstock announced that it had purchased Bigstock, a rival credit-based microstock photography agency. Fast Company argued the deal put "Shutterstock on a competitive playing field with Getty, whose iStock Photo is also credit-based." Shutterstock had 11 million royalty-free stock images by early 2010. In February 2011, it announced a two-year partnership with the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA).
Acquisitions and IPO (2012–2013)
By April 2012 the company had 18 million royalty-free stock images. The firm announced the Shutterstock Instant tool in May 2012, which displayed images in an interlocking mosaic to increase viewing speed. The product was launched by the newly formed Shutterstock Labs, which develops tools and interfaces for Shutterstock, among other projects. In May 2012, Shutterstock filed for an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange, which it completed on October 17, 2012, under the ticker SSTK.
Shutterstock, Inc. announced Spectrum, a new "image discovery tool," in March 2013. At the time, the firm had 24 million licensable photos, vectors and illustrations in its portfolio. In August 2013, Shutterstock and Facebook announced a partnership to integrate Shutterstock's library within Facebook's Ad Creator, allowing advertisers to select from Shutterstock's images when creating ads. At the time, Shutterstock was available in 20 languages including Thai, Korean, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, German, Russian, Chinese, and Japanese.
Offset and new partnerships (2013–2014)
In September 2013, Shutterstock launched Offset, marketplace prioritizing high end curated photos from established artists. In October 2013, the firm stated it served 750,000 customers, with 30 percent of those customers in Europe. Shutterstock's shares had reached a $2.5 billion market value by the fall of 2013, while revenue for 2013 was US$235 million.
In March 2014, Shutterstock acquired Webdam, a provider of online digital asset management software. In May 2014, the firm partnered with Salesforce to integrate Shutterstock's image library into Salesforce's Social Studio. Shutterstock debuted its Palette tool in July 2014, a "multi-color image discovery tool." The firm announced it had surpassed 2 million video clips on September 2, 2014. Shortly afterwards it revealed a new app meant to help contributors with uploading and categorizing photos. Shutterstock's revenue was $328 million in 2014, an increase of 39 percent from 2013. In 2014, Shutterstock paid "over $83 million to its roughly 80,000 contributors."
Recent developments (2015–present)
In January 2015, Shutterstock acquired both Rex Features, Europe's largest independent photo press agency for $33 million, and PremiumBeat, a stock music and sound effects service, for $32 million. Penske Media Corporation formed a partnership with Shutterstock in June 2015 to create and license entertainment and fashion images. According to the terms of the deal, by 2016 Shutterstock would have an exclusive right and license to PMC's archive, which included magazines such as Variety, Women's Wear Daily, and Deadline. Crain's wrote that with the partnership, "Shutterstock, a provider of stock imagery and music tracks, is stepping into the world of red carpets and fashion runways—and taking a key provider of fashion and entertainment photos and video away from archrival Getty Images.".
The company also acquired BEImages, another largest independent photo press agency.
By March 2016, the company had "over 100,000 contributors," with around 70 million images and 4 million video clips available for licensing and sale. That month Shutterstock announced it would be distributing material from the Associated Press in the United States, with the deal to last 3 years and cover 30 million photos and around 2 million videos. The photos were expected to go live in April. According to Entrepreneur, Shutterstock also had an "active customer base of 1.4 million people in 150 countries."
In July 2016, Shutterstock revealed a partnership with Google advertising products including AdSense, AdWords, and AdMob. The integration allows marketers creating Google ads to directly access Shutterstock images and track ad performance via the Shutterstock API. In October 2016, the firm announced a distribution deal with the European Pressphoto Agency.
In February 2018, Shutterstock invested $15 million into China based ZCool, building on the operational relationship the two firms have had since 2014 when ZCool first became the exclusive distributor of Shutterstock creative content in China. Webdam, which Shutterstock itself acquired back in 2014, was sold to Amsterdam-based Bynder for $49.1 million to move Shutterstock's strategy away from digital asset management. Shutterstock later entered into a partnership with Tencent Social Ads, the online advertising subsidiary of Tencent.
In May 2018, IBM's Watson Content Hub, a content management system (CMS) for marketers to create content using the IBM Watson AI search tool, announced its partnership with Shutterstock, beginning July, 2018.
In May 2020, the company announced that it will update its contributor earnings structure as of June 1, from a minimum flat-rate to a percentage-based model. Contributor income may be reduced from the previous minimum payment per downloaded image of 25 cents to 10 cents, or 15 percent of sales, at the entry level, with author ratings reset to zero at the beginning of each year. Many photographers voiced their opposition to the new changes.
In May 2022, the company acquired Pond5, an online marketplace for royalty-free and editorial video, consisting of over 30 million video clips, 1.6 million music tracks, and 1.7 million sound effect assets at the time for $210M. Also in May 2022, the company acquir Splash News, an entertainment news network for newsrooms and media companies.
Shutterstock announced it would buy Giphy from Meta Platforms for $53 million in cash in May 2023, after Meta was ordered by UK's Competition and Markets Authority to divest it.
In July 2023, Shutterstock announced a six-year partnership with OpenAI in which it would provide access to its audio, video and image libraries as training data for DALL-E. In turn, OpenAI would provide generative AI capabilities to Shutterstock's mobile users through Giphy database.
Facilities and staff
Shutterstock is headquartered in New York. In October 2013 Shutterstock opened its new European headquarters in Berlin, Germany and by March 2014, Shutterstock had additional offices in Amsterdam, Chicago, Denver, London, Montréal, Paris and San Francisco. After maintaining its New York headquarters for years in a Wall Street office, in March 2014 Shutterstock relocated into the Empire State Building. According to Inc., the office was selected with the goal of decreasing commute times for New York employees. The new location was built with no private offices, instead with 23 "pop-in rooms" for private meetings and conferences when needed.
After its founding in 2003 with CEO Jon Oringer as the sole employee, by 2007 Shutterstock had grown to 30 people. In 2010 Oringer hired Thilo Semmelbauer as COO, who had previously worked with TheLadders.com and Weight Watchers. With 295 employees as of October 2013, the firm had grown to 700 employees as of 2016. In 2014, Fast Company published an article featuring Shutterstock as an example of a successful "intrapreneur"-reliant company, touting the company's "hackathons" for fostering staff creativity.
In an attempt to penetrate the Chinese market, Shutterstock implemented compliance with Chinese law by censoring results for Chinese users. Over 180 Shutterstock employees signed a petition against the decision.
Business model
Shutterstock licenses media for online download on behalf of photographers, designers, illustrators, videographers and musicians, maintaining a library of almost 200 million royalty-free stock photos, vector graphics, and illustrations. Shutterstock also has 10 million video clips and music clips in its portfolio. While Shutterstock currently has several payment models, The Atlantic wrote in 2012 that Shutterstock "pioneered the subscription approach to stock photo sales, allowing customers to download images in bulk rather than à la carte." The Atlantic further wrote that Shutterstock is "a web community in the manner of a Facebook or a Twitter or a Pinterest, with its value relying almost entirely on the enthusiasms of its contributors."
With potential contributors able to apply to the site for free, Shutterstock has a team of reviewers "charged with ensuring editorial consistency and quality." As of 2016, if one of ten of a photographer's pictures are accepted, then they become a Shutterstock contributor. As of 2011, only around 20 percent of applicants were approved, and "less than 60 percent of all the images uploaded by those approved contributors were ultimately put up on the site." Once approved, contributors can begin uploading their work through the website. They supply keywords, categorize the images, and submit them to the "inspection queue", where images are examined for quality, usefulness and copyright and trademark laws. Each time an image is downloaded, the photographer receives a flat rate. Explains VICE, "photographers retain copyright over their images, but Shutterstock is given full permission to market, display, and license the image to the customers on their site without final approval from the photographer." As of March 2015, contributors added around 50,000 new images daily, and Shutterstock had paid around $250 million to contributors since its founding. In 2014, it paid $80 million to contributors.
Censorship of results in China
In September 2019, at the request of the Chinese government, engineers at Shutterstock began designing a regional application to comply with government censorship in China, and implemented it in October 2019. The system is designed to return no results to users with IP addresses in China in response to six queries for forbidden keywords or phrases: "Xi Jinping", "Mao Zedong", "Taiwan flag", "dictator", "Chinese flag", "yellow umbrella", or variations.
Copyright theft
In July 2020, Users at Wikimedia Commons reported widespread copyright theft at Shutterstock. Images from many Wikimedia contributors were hosted on the site. Shutterstock were first made aware of the problem in April 2020, but no action has been taken to remove the images nor any compensation offered. The copyright theft has continued into 2022.
Products
Shutterstock film and music
Shutterstock began licensing stock video in February 2006. Shutterstock Footage operates similarly to their image library, offering video clips by subscription or on a per-clip basis. As of 2014, Shutterstock Footage contained around 2 million royalty-free video clips. Shutterstock Music debuted later, with new content submittable by contributors.
Shutterstock apps
Shutterstock for iPad was launched in November 2011, and in May 2012 the app received a Webby Award for People's Voice in the tablet app category for utilities and services. Shutterstock for iPad was followed in 2012 by a universal iOS app, which by 2013 had been downloaded 650,000 times. The iOS app originally lacked the ability to download images, with that functionality added later. The universal iOS app also included new features for Shutterstock, including the ability to filter image searches by color. Shutterstock debuted an Android App in 2013, and in September 2014, Shutterstock launched an app dedicated to its contributors, both available for iOS and Android. The app allows contributors to upload, keyword and categorize new images.
Shutterstock Labs
In 2012, Shutterstock launched Shutterstock Labs, a lab for "exploratory tools and products." In May 2012, Shutterstock Images LLC announced the Shutterstock Instant tool, which according to the company was inspired by Shutterstock for iPad. The interface displays images in an interlocking mosaic view, allowing users to view more photos in less time. Shutterstock Instant was made available on the Shutterstock Labs website. The prototype for the search tool Spectrum was launched on March 21, 2013. With development in-house by Shutterstock Labs, the tool "indexes hexagram data to yield search results by color." In July 2014, Shutterstock launched Palette, which allows users to add colors to the terms of the search, in addition to keywords.
Computer vision
Shutterstock has developed a number of tools utilizing a "convolutional neural network" that it created to help with reverse image search technology. The network is "essentially a computer system that is trained to recognize images – there are millions of specific items such as cats, bicycles, the night sky – and pull up the most relevant photos." It "breaks down the key components of a photo numerically, drawing from its pixel data instead of metadata that is pulled from those tags and keywords."
In March 2016, Shutterstock debuted its Reverse Image Search tool. According to Entrepreneur, with the tool "users can upload an image, either from Shutterstock or another source, and the tool will call up images that look like and have a similar feel to the original photo." The reverse image search allows users to not just search by keywords, but to also find images based on "color schemes, mood, or shapes." Later that month, the firm debuted its Similar Search and Discovery tools, with the "similar search" option provided beneath photos on its website.
AI Image Generator
Shutterstock also offers an online service for generating images, based on Dall-E 2.
See also
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (S)
List of companies based in New York City
List of stock footage libraries
List of online image archives
Silicon Alley
Stock photography / microstock photography
References
External links
Shutterstock
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Stock photography
Photo archives in the United States
American companies established in 2003
Publicly traded companies based in New York City
2003 establishments in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutterstock |
WWE Cyber Sunday (originally known as WWE Taboo Tuesday) was an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut. Established in 2004, the event was originally called Taboo Tuesday as it was held on Tuesdays. In 2006, the event was moved to the more traditional Sunday night for PPVs and was renamed to Cyber Sunday. The theme of the event was the ability for fans to vote on certain aspects of every match, using their personal computers and text messaging via mobile phones. The voting typically began in the middle of an episode of Raw a few weeks beforehand and ended during the pay-per-view, often moments before the match was slated to begin. Because of this, the event was billed as an "interactive pay-per-view."
During the event's first two years as Taboo Tuesday, it was held exclusively for wrestlers from the Raw brand. The 2006 event, which was the first held as Cyber Sunday, was also Raw-exclusive. Following WrestleMania 23 in 2007, however, brand-exclusive PPVs were discontinued, thus the events in 2007 and 2008 featured the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. The event was discontinued and replaced by Bragging Rights in 2009. The event was revived as an NXT television special in 2022, but not branded as Taboo Tuesday.
History
In 2004, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) established a new pay-per-view (PPV) event titled Taboo Tuesday. The inaugural event was held on October 19 that year, and as its name implies, it was held on a Tuesday. It was the first regularly-scheduled pay-per-view held by the company on a Tuesday since 1991's This Tuesday in Texas, the first regularly-scheduled non-Sunday pay-per-view since the 1994 Survivor Series, and the first non-Sunday pay-per-view of any kind since In Your House 8: Beware of Dog 2 in 1996.
To coincide with the brand extension, in which the promotion divided its roster into brands where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform, the inaugural event was held exclusively for the Raw brand. Taboo Tuesday returned in 2005, but was pushed back to early November and was also Raw-exclusive. In 2006, which was again Raw-exclusive and held in November, the show was moved to a more traditional Sunday night slot—alleviating problems with the taping schedule of SmackDown!, usually held on Tuesdays. As a result, the event was renamed to Cyber Sunday. Following WrestleMania 23 in April 2007, WWE discontinued brand-exclusive PPVs, thus the 2007 and 2008 events, which were both held in October, featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. In 2009, the event's pay-per-view slot was replaced by Annihilation then later renamed to Bragging Rights.
Almost a decade after the discontinuation of the PPV, elements of this event were incorporated into NXT's television program for its NXT 2.0 one-year anniversary special but the event is not called Taboo Tuesday.
Concept
The most distinctive feature of the event was the ability for fans to vote on certain aspects of every match, using their personal computers and text messaging via mobile phones. The voting typically began in the middle of an episode of Raw a few weeks beforehand and ended during the pay-per-view, often moments before the match was slated to begin. Because of this, the event was billed as an "interactive pay-per-view." For the first four events, voting was made online through WWE.com, with the official tagline for the PPV being "Log On. Take Over." In 2008, however, this was replaced by votes through text messaging, but this was only available to United States mobile carriers. However, the match between The Undertaker and Big Show was made universal, as fans were allowed to vote for the match stipulation on WWE.com. After Cyber Sunday was discontinued, the fan interaction aspects of the pay-per-view were incorporated into Raw as WWEActive (originally RawActive) for some Raw episodes, which was eventually dropped altogether.
Events
References
External links
Official Website
Recurring events established in 2004
Recurring events disestablished in 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE%20Cyber%20Sunday |
Anne-Marie Hurst is a singer from Keighley, West Yorkshire.
She was the backing vocalist for the gothic rock groups the Elements (until 1982) and became lead vocalist with the Skeletal Family and Ghost Dance. In December 1982, she helped form Skeletal Family. After departing from Skeletal Family in 1985, she co-founded Ghost Dance with Gary Marx (formerly of the Sisters of Mercy).
Hurst released her first solo album, Day of All Days, in 2011 on Jungle Records.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English women singers
Gothic rock musicians
Women punk rock singers
People from Keighley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Marie%20Hurst |
The Poughkeepsie Galleria is a shopping center on U.S. 9 in the Town of Poughkeepsie, New York, located just north of Wappingers Falls, and is the largest shopping center in Dutchess County. The mall features the traditional retailers Macy's, Dick's Sporting Goods, Best Buy, and Target while featuring prominent specialty retailers such as American Eagle, Build-A-Bear, PacSun, Sephora, H&M, Hollister, and Windsor. The Galleria has an area of with two floors containing 123 shops and restaurants as well as a 16-screen, stadium-seating Regal Cinemas theater.
The Galleria is owned and managed by The Pyramid Companies, a group who also owns and manages regional sister mall the Palisades Center in West Nyack, NY.
History
Expansion & Policies
In the early 1980s, a proposal for a two-story indoor mall in Poughkeepsie, New York was submitted. Despite much conflict and many protests, the proposal was submitted, and the mall opened on August 1, 1987 as the Poughkeepsie Galleria Mall.
Upon opening, the mall had five anchor stores: G. Fox & Co., Jordan Marsh, Lechmere, Filene's, and JCPenney. Due to underperformance, the Filene's store closed in 1989 and was replaced with Steinbach, which relocated from South Hills Mall next door. Sears also announced plans to relocate from South Hills Plaza at the same time. Steinbach closed in 1995 and became Dick's Sporting Goods and DSW Shoe Warehouse the same year. Filene's returned to the mall in 1993 by taking over the defunct G. Fox chain, while Sears ultimately opened at the mall after Jordan Marsh was vacated. Montgomery Ward also moved into the mall in the early 1990s, becoming the sixth anchor and replacing an existing store in Poughkeepsie.
In 2004, both DSW and Dick's moved to new locations vacated by Montgomery Ward, while the former Filene's and Lechmere building was converted to Best Buy and Target.
During January 2005, the mall announced it would enact and begin enforcing the Pyramid Companies' "MB-18" teenage curfew policy beginning in September 2005, following a large fight involving young teenagers in front of then-Filene's. Due to the size of the incident, local police were called, and several arrests were made. Filene's was converted to Macy's in 2006.
The dawn of the 2020's saw several storied traditional department store retailers update its brick-and-mortar formats after being encroached upon to a degree by several digital retailers in recent years.
On February 8, 2020, It was announced Sears would shutter as part of an ongoing decision to eliminate their traditional brick-and-mortar format.
On June 23, 2020, JCPenney announced that as part of modernizing their traditional brick-and-mortar base that they'll no longer continue to position an outpost in this retail environment.
Several potential replacement tenants for each space are each reportedly in the midst of early on discussions.
By October 2022, since the government lockdown, Poughkeepsie Galleria has announced newest additions 110 Grill, The Village Pancake Factory, and Windsor.
COVID-19 Pandemic in the film industry
On October 5, 2020, Cineworld announced it would close all Regal, Cineworld, and Picturehouse Cinemas locations in the US, UK, and Ireland indefinitely, beginning October 8. CEO Mooky Greidinger specifically cited that the continued reluctance of New York to allow cinemas to open was the main factor, as well as the lack of tentpole Hollywood films (referring to the delay of No Time to Die from November to April 2021 as being the "last straw") due to the high cost of operating a cinema without new releases. Mooky argued that the studios were holding off on new releases until New York cinemas reopen (accusing Governor Andrew Cuomo of being inflexible, despite having allowed other forms of indoor businesses to resume operations), and that the company only planned to reopen its cinemas once it is confident there is a "clear" and "solid" lineup of new releases.
References
External links
Poughkeepsie Galleria homepage
Pyramid profile of Poughkeepsie Galleria
Shopping malls established in 1987
Shopping malls in New York (state)
The Pyramid Companies
Buildings and structures in Poughkeepsie, New York
U.S. Route 9
Tourist attractions in Poughkeepsie, New York
Shopping malls in the New York metropolitan area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie%20Galleria |
Mirko Marjanović (, ; 27 July 1937 – 21 February 2006) was a Serbian politician who served as the prime minister of Serbia from 1994 to 2000.
Biography
Marjanović was born on 27 July 1937 in Knin into a large working-class family with 7 children, where he finished gymnasium. He had four brothers and 2 sisters and his father Dušan worked in a local factory, while his mother Marija was a homemaker.
During the season of 1955/56 he played as a winger for the football club HNK Dinara that is based in Knin. Marjanović later then moved to Zagreb where he attended musical academy which he ended up not finishing because he moved to live in Belgrade. In 1960, he graduated at University of Belgrade's Faculty of Economics, more specifically at the department for microeconomics. Upon graduation, Marjanović came back to Knin since he found employment there as the supervisor in the Tvik factory. From there, he advanced to the position of financial director, and eventually moving on to a metallurgical factory in Zenica. In 1973, he transferred to the Moscow outpost of Progres. By 1976, he quickly advanced up the ranks to become one of the directors at Progres. He handled the company's steel division in Russia quite successfully while developing an impressive network of influential friends and business partners such as Viktor Chernomyrdin (later to become Prime Minister of Russia), and Yuri Brezhnev, son of Leonid Brezhnev. Later in 1979, he was named as Progres' general director, a role he would hold until his death. From 1989 until 1994, he was the president of FK Partizan's executive board. One of his more notable moves while at the post was bringing Predrag Mijatović to the club in December 1989. Mijatović, at the time a young promising player from Titograd's FK Budućnost, was very close to signing with Hajduk Split when Marjanović stepped in and convinced him to come to Belgrade. Upon leaving the club, Marjanović was named Partizan's honorary president.
Political career
Marjanović was previously a member of the ruling party of SFR Yugoslavia until its dissolution in 1990 and shortly after that he became a member of the Socialist Party of Serbia. He quickly rose up through the ranks and after the 1993 parliamentary election he was chosen by Milošević as his prime minister. Some of the laws that were passed during his tenure allowed for the repression of professors, students and journalists who did not support Milošević's regime.
Marjanović continued to be seen as a mere extension of Slobodan Milošević who at this time held the post of President of Yugoslavia. Sources from the top levels of Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia described Marjanović's government modus operandi in the Evropljanin magazine: "Prime Minister Marjanović suggests something – ministers do not vote – and then Marjanović simply concludes the matter as agreed on. Of course Marjanović neither suggests nor concludes anything without first consulting Milošević". Deputy Prime Minister Vojislav Šešelj indirectly confirmed this operating procedure when he said the government meetings are always well prepared, never lasting longer than 15–20 minutes. This two-year period is widely seen as the most brutal whilst Serbia was led by Milošević. Marjanović's government (with Šešelj as its deputy PM), passed two of what critics consider to be the most draconian pieces of legislation in Serbian political history: the University Law that stripped the University of Belgrade of its autonomy, opening the way for the government to install professors, deans and rectors, as well as the Information Law, which aimed to restrict the activities of media financed by political enemies; despite this, the media played a prominent role in the 5 October 2000 coup d'état. Similarly to his first term in office, Marjanović again took a back seat, leaving the limelight to more aggressive members of his cabinet like deputy PM Šešelj and Minister of Information Aleksandar Vučić.
Following the Bulldozer Revolution, he resigned on 21 October 2000 and was replaced by the transitional government led by Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), and the Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO). The transitional government existed until early January 2001, when a new government was elected after the 2000 parliamentary election.
Death
He died on 21 February 2006, in Belgrade, aged 68, from undisclosed causes.
References
1937 births
2006 deaths
People from Knin
Serbs of Croatia
Socialist Party of Serbia politicians
Serbian economists
University of Belgrade Faculty of Economics alumni
Interior ministers of Serbia
Prime Ministers of Serbia
20th-century Serbian politicians
21st-century Serbian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirko%20Marjanovi%C4%87 |
Jessica Schultz (born January 2, 1985) is a former American curler. She is a two-time Olympian and three-time U.S. Champion. She is currently the Director of the Women’s National Team & Juniors programs at the United States Curling Association.
Curling career
Schultz was a member of the United States women's curling team at the 2006 Winter Olympics. For the 2006 U.S. World Team Trials in March, Schultz was named skip, or captain, of Team USA (the team's regular skip, Cassie Johnson, did not play in the tournament), and the team finished fourth under her direction.
She joined the Erika Brown rink in 2011. Brown and her team won the 2013 United States Women's Curling Championship and went on to represent the United States at the 2013 World Women's Curling Championship, finishing in fourth after losing the bronze medal game to Canada's Rachel Homan. They also qualified to participate at the 2014 United States Olympic Curling Trials. They finished first in the round robin standings and defeated Allison Pottinger in a best-of-three series final to clinch the berth to the Olympics.
After retiring from competitive curling, Schultz moved back to Alaska and has been involved in growing the sport of curling in that state, starting a nonprofit called curlAK towards that purpose. In May 2020 the United States Curling Association announced Schultz would be the new Director of the Women’s National Team & Juniors programs.
Personal life
She lived in Duluth, Minnesota. While attending Lake Superior College, she studied physical therapy.
Teams
Women's
Mixed doubles
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
American female curlers
Olympic curlers for the United States
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Anchorage, Alaska
Curlers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
People from Richfield, Minnesota
Sportspeople from Hennepin County, Minnesota
People from Duluth, Minnesota
American curling champions
Continental Cup of Curling participants
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Schultz |
Robert Raymond Kingsbury (born August 30, 1980) is an American baseball player.
He went to school at Fordham where he set an NCAA record for stolen bases in a game (8), and was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 8th round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft, but his excellent glove, a quick bat, an intelligent hitting approach, and his work ethic "could have given him a third or fourth-round pick if he'd gone to a warm-weather college".
He is a two-time Atlantic 10 Conference Player of the Year award winner and went on to play in the Pittsburg Pirates minor-league organization. Kingsbury was the first baseball player to consecutively earn Atlantic 10 Player of the Year Awards, in 2001 and 2002.
During the 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens, Greece, Kingsbury, who has a Greek grandmother, was given the chance to play for the host nation, Greece. Most of the players on the Greek baseball team were Americans with Greek heritage, including North Florida coach Dusty Rhodes, and White Sox scout John Kazanas, Clay Bellinger of the Orioles, outfielders Nick Markakis the Orioles and Nick Theodorou of the Dodgers, and catchers Mike Tonis of Royals and George Kottaras of the Padres.
Kingsbury, an alumnus and 2008 Hall of Fame inductee of Fordham University and current member of the Pittsburgh Pirates organization, picked up one of the biggest hits of the tournament for Greece, an RBI triple, in their lone win, which came against Italy in the preliminary round.
In the spring of 2006, Kingsbury was invited to the Pirates major-league camp in Bradenton, Florida, as a non-roster invitee. During the seventh inning of the first game against the Philadelphia Phillies, Kingsbury dove for a ball in right field and upon hitting the ground dislocated his left throwing shoulder. He ended his 2006 campaign after suffering a full rotator cuff tear and a tear in his labrum.
References
External links
Fordham Rams baseball players
1980 births
21st-century American people
Baseball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
American people of Greek descent
Living people
Olympic baseball players for Greece
Greek baseball players
Baseball players from Cleveland
Williamsport Crosscutters players
Hickory Crawdads players
Lynchburg Hillcats players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Kingsbury |
Joe Friel is an endurance sports coach best known as an elite triathlon and cycling coach as well as an author.
Friel holds a master's degree in exercise science, is a USA Triathlon and USA Cycling certified elite-level coach. He is a founder and past Chairman of the USA Triathlon National Coaching Commission. He has also been active in business as the founder of TrainingPeaks, a web-based software company, and TrainingBible Coaching. His views on matters related to training for endurance sports have been featured in such publications as VeloNews, Outside, Runner’s World, and The New York Times.
Friel coached Ryan Bolton, an Olympic athlete and the winner of the 2002 Ironman Triathlon at Lake Placid. Friel uses the training philosophy of periodization developed by Tudor Bompa.
Published works
The Cyclist's Training Bible, Joe Friel (2018, previous editions 2012)
Triathlon Science, Joe Friel & Jim Vance (2018)
The Triathlete's Training Bible, Joe Friel (2016; previous English-language editions 2004, 2009, 2012; Spanish-language editions 2016, 2018)
Fast after 50: How to race strong for the rest of your life, Joe Friel (2015)
Going Long: Training for Triathlon's Ultimate Challenge, Joe Friel & Gordon Byrn (2013)
The Power Meter Handbook: A User's Guide for Cyclists and Triathletes, Joe Friel (2012)
The Paleo Diet for Athletes, Loren Cordain & Joe Friel (2012)
Total Heart Rate Training, Joe Friel (2009)
The Mountain Biker's Training Bible, Joe Frel and Ned Overend (2009)
Your First Triathlon (2006)
Going Long: Training for Ironman-Distance Triathlons (2003)
References
External links
Joe Friel Blog
Triathlon coaches
Living people
Sports scientists
1943 births
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Friel |
Creía yo ("I Believed") is a short poem in Spanish written by Macedonio Fernández, first published in 1953, which has much to say on the power struggle of the trinity of life occurrences, Life, Love, and Death. In the poetry of Macedonio, these three characters play a large role as important aspects of every person’s life.
Text and translation
Commentary
Throughout the seven lined poem, Macedonio maintains a constant rhythm and beat by writing each verse, except for the third, with eleven syllables, taking into account synalephas. At the same time, Macedonio retains a soft, calm sound in his words with many uses of alliteration. In the listening to Creía yo being read out loud, it is obvious that this poem was written with euphony in mind. This style adds to the concept that Love, though subtle and delicate, is much stronger than Death. Another form of alliteration that is utilized can be found in the vocals of the poem as well. “Mas poco Muerte puede, pues no puede” In this one verse alone, the sounds of “m,” “ue,” and “p” are used often. Yet these three sounds are also consistently used throughout the poem to maintain the steady pattern of sound. The rhyme scheme for the poem is ABAAACA.
Spanish-language poems
1953 poems
Argentine poems
Poems about death | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%C3%ADa%20yo |
The Dominique is an American breed of chicken, characterized by black-and-white barred plumage and a rose comb. It is considered to be the oldest American chicken breed, and is thought to derive from birds brought to America by colonists from southern England. It was well known by about 1750, and by the mid-nineteenth century was widely distributed in the eastern United States. It is a dual-purpose breed, but is kept principally for its brown eggs. It became an endangered breed in the twentieth century, but numbers have since recovered.
History
The origins of the Dominique are unknown. It is considered to be the oldest American chicken breed, and is thought to derive from birds – probably similar to the modern Dorking or Sussex breeds – brought to America by colonists from southern England. Chickens with barred plumage, with either a single or a rose comb, were well known by about 1750, and by the mid-nineteenth century were widely distributed in the eastern United States. They were known by many names – among them Blue Spotted Hen, Dominic, Dominicker, Dominico, Old Grey Hen and Pilgrim Fowl – but were commonly known as Dominique. Some of the earliest books on poultry include these as a valuable American breed. Some were exhibited at the first American poultry show, held in Boston in 1849.
In the 1860s the Plymouth Rock was created by cross-breeding Black Java with large single-combed Dominiques; it was first exhibited in 1869. It was rather larger than the Dominique, but otherwise fairly similar. At a poultry show in New York in 1870, the organisers ruled that only rose-combed barred birds could be exhibited as Dominiques; those with single combs were to be entered as Plymouth Rocks. In 1871 this ruling was confirmed in a Standard of Excellence for the Dominique. In 1874 the Dominique was included in the first edition of the American Standard of Perfection of the new American Poultry Association; the Dominique bantam was added in 1960.
Breed numbers declined during the twentieth century, and by the 1970s the Dominique was close to disappearing. A recovery initiative was launched, and from 1983 numbers began to rise again. Until about 2003 its conservation status was listed as "critical" by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy (now the Livestock Conservancy), with fewer than 500 breeding birds in North America. In 2021 it was listed as "watch" by the Livestock Conservancy, and was reported to DAD-IS as "not at risk".
Characteristics
The Dominique is of medium size, mature birds usually weighing some . The only recognized plumage coloration is cuckoo, sometimes known as "hawk" coloration, a regular pattern of light and dark – but not black and white – barring.
The head is carried high, and has a rose-comb with a single backwards-pointing spike; the earlobes and wattles are red, and the beak yellow. The legs and feet are also yellow.
The plumage is held fairly tight to the body; because of this and the rose comb, it has better resistance to frostbite than some other breeds.
Use
The Dominique is a dual-purpose breed, but is kept principally for its brown eggs, of which hens lay about 200 per year, with an average weight of .
References
Further reading
Tamara Staples, Ira Glass, Christa Velbel (2001). The Fairest Fowl: Portraits of Championship Chickens. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. .
Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy
Chicken breeds originating in the United States
Animal breeds on the GEH Red List
Chicken breeds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique%20chicken |
Big Train or The Big Train may refer to:
People
Carl Willis, American baseball player
Walter Johnson (1887–1946), American baseball player
Lionel Conacher (1900–1954), Canadian sportsman and politician
Culture
Big Train, a British television comedy
Music
"Big Train", a single from Mike Watt's first solo album Ball-Hog or Tugboat?
"Big Train", a track from David Lee Roth's album Your Filthy Little Mouth
See also
Bethesda Big Train, an American amateur minor league baseball team
Big Big Train, British progressive rock group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Train%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Frank Mitchell Winters (born January 23, 1964) is a former American football center in the National Football League for the Cleveland Browns, New York Giants, Kansas City Chiefs, and the Green Bay Packers.
Early life
Frank Mitchell Winters was born in Hoboken, New Jersey. He lived in Union City, and played football at Emerson High School.
Career
Winters played American football at Western Illinois University and was drafted in the tenth round of the 1987 NFL Draft.
Winters was the Packers' starting center serving for eight straight seasons (1993–2000). He played in the Pro Bowl and also earned USA Today All-Pro honors in 1999. His nickname was "Frankie Baggadonuts" or "Old Bag of Donuts".
On July 18, 2008, Winters was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame. His ceremony was marked by heightened media interest because quarterback Brett Favre gave the induction speech amidst the developing saga regarding Favre's status with the Packers.
On May 20, 2009, Winters got an internship with the Indianapolis Colts.
He has part ownership in a popular Missouri bar and grill, Frankie & Johnny's.
References
1964 births
Living people
Emerson High School (Union City, New Jersey) alumni
Sportspeople from Hoboken, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Union City, New Jersey
Players of American football from Hudson County, New Jersey
American football centers
American football offensive guards
Western Illinois Leathernecks football players
Cleveland Browns players
New York Giants players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Green Bay Packers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Winters |
Te Hoiere / Pelorus River is a river at the northern end of South Island of New Zealand in the region of Marlborough. It flows from the Richmond Range into Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere. This area is fantastic for camping and is renowned for its magnificent river swimming where the Pelorus River runs through a gorge at Pelorus Bridge.
At Pelorus Bridge Scenic Reserve, the river was used as a film locations for the barrel rider scene in The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, which increased the area's popularity for river rafting.
In August 2014, the river's name was officially altered to Te Hoiere / Pelorus River.
History
The Pelorus River was originally known as Te Hoeire by local Māori after the first canoe to travel to the South Island. The river flows east until it enters Pelorus Sound at Havelock. The valley was the site of a massacre of Ngāti Kuia and Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō by Te Rauparaha. European exploration and exploitation was begun by Lieutenant Chetwode of in 1838, who named both the river and the sound after his vessel. Brownlee Tramway transported timber from the Carluke Sawmill through the river valley to the shipping port and mill of Blackball, Havelock, from c.1881 through to 1915.
References
Rivers of the Marlborough Region
Rivers of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelorus%20River |
Richmond Jewel Webb (born January 11, 1967) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) with the Miami Dolphins and the Cincinnati Bengals. Webb played college football for the Texas A&M Aggies. He was selected by the Dolphins as the ninth overall pick in the 1990 NFL Draft.
Professional career
He played for the Dolphins for 11 seasons and set team records for 118 consecutive starts and seven consecutive Pro Bowls. After playing for the Dolphins, Webb played two seasons for the Bengals. His career declined due to injuries, and though he tried out for the Dolphins in 2003, Webb wasn't signed and he decided to retire in the fall of 2004. On July 9, 2005, Webb signed a one-day contract to retire as a member of the Dolphins.
On December 25, 2006, Webb was inducted into the Dolphins Honor Roll. He was the second Miami player to be inducted in 2006, following Dick Anderson, and the 16th overall.
Webb attended Dallas Independent School District's Roosevelt High School, where his teammates included future NFL players Aaron Wallace and Kevin Williams.
References
1967 births
Living people
American football offensive tackles
Texas A&M Aggies football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Miami Dolphins players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Franklin D. Roosevelt High School (Dallas) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond%20Webb |
Stephen Jackson (born 16 January 1969) is a Scottish musician and songwriter. He plays lead guitar and sings in the Glasgow-based indie band Belle and Sebastian.
Career
Jackson's early musical influences include Madness, ABBA, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), Depeche Mode and ABC, with his first album purchase being The Police's Reggatta de Blanc (1979). Prior to joining Belle & Sebastian, he was a member of the Moondials, a band that released a single on Electric Honey, a label that would later issue Belle & Sebastian's first album, Tigermilk. The Moondials experience was a pleasant one for Jackson, and it took a great deal of work for nominal Belle & Sebastian frontman Stuart Murdoch to convince him to join his group. At the time, Murdoch was playing the open mic circuit in Glasgow as a solo act, and it was at one of these performances, at The Halt Bar, that Jackson first saw Murdoch play.
In the beginning, Belle & Sebastian existed mostly as an outlet for Murdoch's songwriting. Since the band's third album, The Boy With The Arab Strap, other members have begun to contribute, Jackson chief amongst them. All of the band's subsequent full-lengths have featured compositions by Jackson, and he wrote the band's 2001 single "Jonathan David" as well as "To Be Myself Completely" for 2006's The Life Pursuit.
In 2012 Jackson, accompanied by members of the Glasgow band The Wellgreen, recorded a version of George McCrae's "Rock Your Baby" for a fundraising cd titled "Super Hits Of The Seventies" for US radio station WFMU. Jackson has undertaken several collaborative works with Roy Moller.
Works
Belle & Sebastian songs written by Jackson
"Seymour Stein" (from The Boy with the Arab Strap)
"Chickfactor" (from The Boy with the Arab Strap)
"Legal Man" (from "Legal Man" single)
"The Wrong Girl" (from Fold Your Hands Child, You Walk Like a Peasant)
"Jonathan David" (from "Jonathan David" single)
"Wandering Alone" (from Storytelling)
"Step Into My Office, Baby" (from Dear Catastrophe Waitress) (co-writer with Stuart Murdoch)
"Roy Walker" (from Dear Catastrophe Waitress)
"I Believe in Travellin' Light" (from "I'm a Cuckoo" single)
"Song for Sunshine" (from The Life Pursuit) (co-writer with Chris Geddes)
"To Be Myself Completely" (from The Life Pursuit)
"I Took a Long Hard Look" (from "Funny Little Frog" single)
"Mr Richard" (from "The Blues are Still Blue" single)
"Long Black Scarf" (from "White Collar Boy" single)
"I'm Not Living in the Real World" (from Write About Love)
"Last Trip" (Write About Love bonus track)
"Perfect Couples" (from Girls in Peacetime Want to Dance) (co-writer with Geddes)
"Sweet Dew Lee" (from How to Solve Our Human Problems - Part 1)
"Cornflakes" (from How to Solve Our Human Problems - Part 2)
"Deathbed of My Dreams" (from A Bit of Previous)
"So in the Moment" (from Late Developers)
Solo discography
(I can't get no) Stevie Jackson (October 2011)
Other projects
contributed the song "Good Time" to the compilation Caroline Now!: The Songs of Brian Wilson and the Beach Boys
played harmonica on "Song for the Troubadour" by the German band the Happy Couple
played harmonica on "Thank You Baby" by V-Twin
played lead guitar for the Vaselines for some tours
co-wrote the song "Stoop Sale" on the I Blame You album by Michael Shelley
plays guitar and sings on a few songs on the Too Many Movies album by Michael Shelley
References
External links
Official site
Belle and Sebastian members
Scottish rock guitarists
Scottish male guitarists
British indie pop musicians
Living people
1969 births
Musicians from Glasgow
Scottish male songwriters
The Vaselines members
People from Erskine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie%20Jackson |
Christopher B. Galvin (born March 21, 1950) is an American businessman. He served as the chairman and chief executive officer of Motorola from 1997 to 2003.
Early life
Christopher Galvin is the grandson of Paul Galvin, the founder of Motorola, and the son of Robert Galvin, who served as CEO of Motorola from 1959 to 1990. He received his BS in political science from Northwestern University and his M.B.A. from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.
Career
From 1967 to 1973, during college, Galvin held part-time summer assignments at Motorola. From 1973 to 1983, he served full-time positions in sales, sales management, marketing management and mobile two-way radio product management, taking leave 1975–77 to attend graduate business school full-time. From 1983 to 1985, he became marketing director then general manager of the Tegal semiconductor equipment unit owned by Motorola Inc. In 1985, he became vice-president and director of Motorola's radio paging Division, where he sponsored the team that created one of the first virtually completely automated manufacturing operations in the US, called Project Bandit. Galvin was promoted to corporate vice-president and general manager of paging. In 1988, he was named chief corporate staff officer of the corporation, later senior vice president and appointed to the Policy and Operating Committees of Motorola Inc. In 1990, he was promoted to assistant chief operating officer and joined as the third member of the office of the CEO of Motorola Inc. In 1993, he was elevated to president and chief operating officer. In 1997, he became CEO. In 1999, he added the role of chairman of the board to that of CEO.
Following the dot-com crash in 2000, he led a massive three-year restructuring of Motorola that included large lay-offs, closure of manufacturing facilities and reducing break-even costs. Simultaneously, Galvin led the renewal of Six Sigma Quality through Digital Six Sigma and introduced Motorola's MOTO language advertising campaign in 2002. The RAZR cellular phone was designed by Galvin's innovators in new product development methodologies created during the 2001–2003 timeframe. RAZR was introduced July 27, 2004. The innovations behind the RAZR was so cutting edge that even Galvin's eventual successor, Ed Zander, stated “There was a small team developing the RAZR before I got there. When I saw the technology, it blew me away.”
On September 19, 2003, the board of directors announced publicly it would seek another CEO. Galvin stated his objection to the board's view of Galvin's turnaround efforts, and stated, "The Board and I do not share the same view of the pace, strategy and progress at this stage of the turnaround.” Galvin resigned on January 4, 2004.
After departing Motorola, Galvin served as chairman of the board of Navteq Inc. (2004–2008), and then of Cleversafe Inc.
References
1950 births
Living people
Kellogg School of Management alumni
American chief executives
American Enterprise Institute | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Galvin |
Earl of Bellomont, in the Kingdom of Ireland, was a title that was created three times in the Peerage of Ireland. The first creation came on 9 December 1680 when Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Baron Wotton, was made Earl of Bellomont. He had already been created Baron Wotton, of Wotton in the County of Kent, in the Peerage of England on 31 August 1650. He was childless and both titles became extinct on his death in 1683.
The second creation came on 2 November 1689 Richard Coote, 2nd Baron Coote, later Governor of New York, was made Earl of Bellomont. He was the son of Richard Coote, who had been created Lord Coote, Baron of Coloony, in the County of Sligo, in the Peerage of Ireland on 6 September 1660. Lord Coote was a younger son of Sir Charles Coote, 1st Baronet, and the younger brother of Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Mountrath (see Coote baronets for more information on this branch of the family). Lord Bellomont was succeeded by his elder son, Nanfan, the second Earl, who in his turn was succeeded by his younger brother, Richard, the third Earl. The earldom became extinct when the latter died without surviving male issue in 1766.
The late Earl was succeeded in the barony of Coote by his first cousin once removed, Charles Coote, who became the fifth Baron. Charles was the son of Charles Coote (1695–1750), Member of Parliament for County Cavan, son of Thomas Coote, a Justice of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland), younger son of the first Baron. On 4 September 1767 the earldom of Bellomont was created for the third time when Charles was made Earl of Bellomont (although the title was probably erroneously spelt "Bellamont" in the letters patent). On 18 May 1774 Lord Bellomont was created a Baronet, of Donnybrooke in the County of Dublin, in the Baronetage of Ireland, with remainder to his illegitimate son Charles Coote. On his death in 1800 the barony and earldom became extinct as he left no surviving legitimate male issue. He was succeeded in the baronetcy according to the special remainder by his illegitimate son, Charles, the second Baronet (see Coote baronets for further history of this title).
Properties
The family seat was located at Bellamont House in County Cavan and at 15 Temple Street in Dublin. The Dublin townhouse was later to become Temple Street Children's Hospital from 1879.
Earls of Bellomont; First creation (1680)
Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Earl of Bellomont (died 1683)
Barons Coote (1660)
Richard Coote, 1st Baron Coote (1620–1683)
Richard Coote, 2nd Baron Coote (1636–1701) (created Earl of Bellomont in 1689)
Earls of Bellomont; Second creation (1689)
Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont (1636–1701)
Nanfan Coote, 2nd Earl of Bellomont (1681–1708), who married Lucia Anna de Nassau, daughter of Henry de Nassau, Count of Nassau, and Frances van Aersen, on 17 February 1705/6 (died September 1744).
Richard Coote, 3rd Earl of Bellomont (1682–1766)
Richard Coote, Viscount Coote (died 1740)
Thomas Coote, Viscount Coote (1710–1765)
Barons Coote (1660; Reverted)
Charles Coote, 5th Baron Coote (1738–1800) (created Earl of Bellomont in 1767)
Earls of Bellomont; Third creation (1767)
Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont (1738–1800), who married Emily FitzGerald, daughter of the first Duke and Duchess of Leinster
Charles Coote, Viscount Coote (1778–1786)
See also
Coote baronets
Viscount Bellomont
References
Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland
Earl
Noble titles created in 1680
Noble titles created in 1689
Noble titles created in 1767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20of%20Bellomont |
Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit #21 (CLIU), located in Schnecksville, Pennsylvania, is one of twenty nine Intermediate Unit Educational Service Agencies created by an Act of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania in 1971. CLIU provides services to 14 public school districts, non-public schools in its service region, and two vocational-technical schools (located in Carbon County and Lehigh County).
The agency has no taxing power. Its revenues come from federal grants, state grants, private grants, annual payments from each public school district in its region and charges to individuals for some services like driver's education. The agency provides many services including specialized special education services and training for teachers to meet their state mandated continuing professional education with some offered online. CLIU21 also operates a Librarians' Consortium for librarians from public libraries, private libraries, school libraries and higher education librarians.
The CLIU serves as a coordinating agency for the purpose of bringing together several school districts, vocational schools, businesses, higher education and community groups. The agency is governed by a board made up of one member from each participating public school districts. The members are appointed from the sending school board's elected members. Each local school board reviews and must approve the intermediate unit's annual budget in the spring of each school year.
The agency serves the following school districts:
Allentown School District
Catasauqua Area School District
East Penn School District
Jim Thorpe Area School District
Lehighton Area School District
Northern Lehigh School District
Northwestern Lehigh School District
Palmerton Area School District
Panther Valley School District
Parkland School District
Salisbury Township School District
Southern Lehigh School District
Weatherly Area School District
Whitehall-Coplay School District
It also services the following schools:
Al Ahad Islamic School
Allentown Central Catholic High School
Arts Academy Charter School
Blue Mountain Christian Day School
CAI Learning Academy Computer Aid Inc. Learning Academy (K-3)
Cambridge Day School
Carbon Career and Technical Institute
Children First Community Academy
Circle of Seasons Charter School
Devine School
Emmaus Baptist Academy
Goddard School
Innovative Arts Academy Charter School
Jewish Day School of the Lehigh Valley
Lehigh Career and Technical Institute
Lehigh Childrens Academy
Lincoln Leadership Academy Charter School
Manarah Islamic Academy
Medical Academy Charter School
Packer Ridge Academy
Resurrected Life Childrens Academy
Roberto Clemente Charter School
Sacred Heart of Jesus School
Salem Christian School
Seven Generations Charter School
St Ann School
St Elizabeth Regional School
St John Neumann Regional School
St John Vianney Regional School
St Joseph Regional Academy
St. Michael the Archangel School
Swain School
CLIU Business Office
The CLIU Business Office is the fiscal agent for all revenue and expenditures made by the CLIU. The Business Office oversees approximately 50 different budgets totaling in excess of $80 million. In addition, the Business Office is also responsible for all the external reporting to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the federal government for various programs and budgets of the CLIU.
References
External links
CLIU official website
Pennsylvania Intermediate Unit website
Education in Carbon County, Pennsylvania
Education in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Intermediate Units in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20Lehigh%20Intermediate%20Unit |
The Central University of Finance and Economics (CUFE; ) is a national public finance and economics university located in Beijing, China. Affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China, the university is co-sponsored by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance, and the Beijing Municipal People's Government.
Central University of Finance and Economics is the first economics and management university which was founded by the China Central Government and now under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education of China. The university emphasizes the disciplines of economics, management, law, literature, philosophy, science, engineering, pedagogy and art.
Central University of Finance and Economics is a Double First Class University Plan university, also a member of former Project 211 and the 985 Innovative Platforms for Key Disciplines Project, which receives support from the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance and the Beijing Government.
Central University of Finance and Economics has been regarded as one of the prominent universities in finance, economics, business and management of China, which is known as "the Cradle of Giants in the Fields of Finance and Management". In The Report of Chinese Universities and Courses evaluation of 2017–2018 (released by Research Center for China Science Evaluation), Central University of Finance and Economics was ranked No.1 among 67 finance and economics universities in mainland China. According to 2018 China College Rankings By Salary, the average salaries of CUFE graduates is ranked No.9 in China. In the Assessments of Ministry of Education, the Applied Economics of CUFE is ranked as No. 1 in China, accompanying with the Peking University and the Renmin University of China.
History
In 1949, shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, CUFE (then called Central School of Taxation), the first university of finance and economics in the Republic, was created by the China Central Government.
In 1952, the faculties and staffs of economics of the Peking University, the Tsinghua University, the Yenching University, the Fu Jen Catholic University are merged into CUFE.
The former name of CUFE was Central School of Taxation. Later, it went through several stages of development, from Central Institute of Finance, Central Institute of Finance and Economics, to Central Institute of Finance and Banking.
In 1996, the institute was officially renamed as Central University of Finance and Economics (CUFE) under the direct leadership of the Ministry of Education. CUFE upholds "loyalty, unity, truth and innovation" as its motto, adhering to the philosophy of "pursuing truth and excellence". With over 125,000 graduates, CUFE is known as "the Cradle of Giants in the Field of Finance and Management ".
In 1999, the Communist Party former general secretary, Jiang Zemin, gave CUFE his autograph to celebrate the 50th birthday of the university.
Key disciplinary areas
World-class Discipline honored by the Ministry of Education: Applied Economics, which includes National Economics, Regional Economics, Public Finance, Finance, Industrial Economics, International Trade, Labor Economics, Statistics, Quantitative Economics, Defense Economics, Governmental Economics and Management, Investment, Media Economics, Insurance, Actuarial Science, Security Investment, International Finance, Financial Engineering, Taxation.
National Key Disciplines honored by the Ministry of Education: Applied Economics, National Economics, Regional Economics, Public Finance, Finance, Industrial Economics, International Trade, Labor Economics, Statistics, Quantitative Economics, Defense Economics, Accounting.
Municipal Key Disciplines honored by the Beijing Government: Business Administration, Statistics, Political Economics, World Economics, Chinese Marxism, Economic Information Management, Management of Multinational Company
Key Research Base of the Ministry of Education: China Institute of Actuarial Science
Organization
Central University of Finance and Economics has four campuses in Beijing (Civil Campus, Shahe Campus, Qinghe Campus and Xishan Campus) and operates 38 correspondence centers in 18 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions across China. The schools, centers, institutes and academies of CUFE are listed below.
Schools
School of Public Finance and Tax
School of Finance
School of Accountancy
School of Insurance
School of Statistics and Mathematics
School of International Trade and Economics
School of Economics
Business School
School of Management Science and Engineering
School of Government
School of Sport Economics and Management
Law School
School of Sociology and Psychology
School of Marxism
School of Culture and Communication
School of Foreign Studies
School of Information
Institutes
Institute for Finance and Economics Research
Institute of Defense Economics and Management
International Institute of Green Finance
Centers
Center for China Fiscal Development
China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research
Academies
China Economics and Management Academy
Chinese Academy of Finance and Development
China Academy of Public Finance and Public Policy
Faculty and staff
As of September 2017, Central University of Finance and Economics has 1,759 faculty and staff (1178 full-time teachers). Among full-time teachers, there are 293 professors, 451 associate professors and 434 assistant professors and lecturers.
In the recent three years (2015–2017), the newly hired faculty members of CUFE are mainly graduated from world-renowned universities, such as
North America: UCLA, UC Riverside, UC Davis, Wharton School, Cornell University, Brown University, UIUC, University of Virginia, Boston University, Georgetown University, Emory University, University of Lowa, Queen's University, University of Alberta, University of Waterloo
Europe: Leiden University, University of Rome La Sapienza, University of Rome Tor Vergata, University of London, University of Edinburgh, University of Nottingham, University of Hamburg, University of Bonn, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Asia: National University of Singapore, Singapore Management University
China: University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Peking University, Tsinghua University, Renmin University of China, Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Students
Currently there are 16,258 students registered at Central University of Finance and Economics, including 10,123 undergraduates, 5,358 masters, 777 PhD candidates.
CUFE has trained more than 125,000 experts in economics and management who have made, and continue to make, significant contributions to the development of China. Many CUFE alumni hold key positions in government, such as the vice premier of the Central Government, the minister of finance, the central bank governor.
In the recent three years (2015–2017), more than 50% of the undergraduate students of CUFE will pursuit a master's or doctoral degree after graduation. They mainly go to the universities listed below.
North America: MIT, Stanford University, Yale University, University of Chicago, Columbia University, University of California Berkeley, University of Pennsylvania, Johns Hopkins University, New York University, UIUC, Duke University, Washington University in St Louis, Cornell University, Carnegie Mellon University, UC San Diego, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Northwestern University, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, University of California-Los Angeles, University of Texas at Austin, Georgia Institute of Technology, UC Santa Barbara, University of Toronto, University of Waterloo
Europe: University of Oxford, Imperial College London, London School of Economics and Political Science, University College London, London Business School, University of Edinburgh, King's College London, University of Manchester, HEC Paris
Asia and Oceania: National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Management University, University of Melbourne, Australian National University, University of Tokyo, Seoul National University
China: University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Central University of Finance and Economics, Renmin University of China, Peking University, Tsinghua University, Fudan University, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, University of Science and Technology of China, Zhejiang University, Nanjing University.
Rankings and reputation
Central University of Finance and Economics has been regarded as the best university in finance, economics, business and management of China, which is known as "the Cradle of Giants in the Fields of Finance and Management". In The Report of Chinese Universities and Courses evaluation of 2017–2018 (released by Research Center for China Science Evaluation), Central University of Finance and Economics was ranked No.1 among 67 finance and economics universities in mainland China. According to 2018 China College Rankings By Salary, the average salaries of CUFE graduates is ranked No.9 in China. In the Assessments of Ministry of Education, the Applied Economics of CUFE is ranked as No. 1 in China, accompanying with the Peking University and the Renmin University of China.
As of 2022, Central University of Finance and Economics ranked the best in Beijing and 2nd nationwide among universities specialized in finance, business, and economics in the recognized Best Chinese Universities Ranking. CUFE ranks in the global top # 76 in "Finance", top # 201 in "Economics", top # 301 in "Business Administration", and top # 401 in "Management" by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) by Subjects. The U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking ranked CUFE at #201 globally and 25th in Asia in "Economics and Business" subject.
Notable alumni
International cooperation
As of 2017, Central University of Finance and Economics has cooperation with 126 universities, governments, international organizations and companies abroad.
Started in 2006, asked to help the China's Central Government, CUFE has trained thousands of senior administration officials from 91 developing countries.
CUFE has cooperation with many universities all over the world, such as University of Waterloo, University of Birmingham, Tilburg University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Victoria University, Academy of Finance of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg State Economic University, Ukraine Kiev National University of Economics, Chung-Ang University, Tunghai University, Ming Chuan University, Kyungnam University, Soochow University, University of Pernambuco.
CUFE has cooperation with international organizations as well, such as the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (IFoA), the Chartered Insurance Institute, the Australian and New Zealand Institute of Insurance and Finance.
CUFE also has many cooperations with some international companies, such as Zurich Financial Services Group, AXA, National Union Life and Limb Insurance Company.
In 2013, CUFE has launched a Confucius Institute in the University of Pernambuco, Brazil.
Courses
Grades
References
External links
Central University of Finance and Economics Official Website
Research for China Science Evaluation Official Website
Business schools in China
Universities and colleges established in 1949
Universities and colleges in Beijing
1949 establishments in China
Plan 111
Universities and colleges in Haidian District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20University%20of%20Finance%20and%20Economics |
Chestnut is a genus of deciduous trees and shrubs, and the name of the edible nut they produce.
Chestnut may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Chestnut (dance), an English country dance
Chestnut (film), a 2023 American drama
Chestnut (joke), British slang for an old or stale joke, or a piece of music that has gone stale
"Chestnut" (Westworld), a 2016 TV episode
Chestnut: Hero of Central Park, a 2004 family film
Places in the United States
Chestnut, Illinois
Chestnut, Louisiana
Chestnut Creek, Virginia
Chestnut Township, Knox County, Illinois
Other uses
Chestnut (color), reddish brown
Chestnut hair, reddish brown hair
Chestnut (horse color)
Chestnut (horse anatomy), a natural callus on the legs of horses
Chestnut (surname), including a list of people with the name
Chestnut Canoe Company, a Canadian company that closed in 1979
Operation Chestnut, a failed British Second World War raid
, a World War II ship
Chestnut or Conistra vaccinii, a moth
See also
Chesnut, a surname
Chesnutt, a surname
Chess-Nuts, a 1932 animated short film
American chestnut, a deciduous tree
Chestnut dunnart, a marsupial
Chestnut Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., formerly the Pennsylvania Hotel
Chestnut Hill (disambiguation)
Chestnut Lodge, a historic building in Rockville, Maryland, U.S.
Chestnut Mountain (disambiguation)
Chestnut mushroom, a fungus
Chestnut oak, Quercus montana
Chestnut Residence, at University of Toronto, Canada
Chestnut Ridge (disambiguation)
Chestnut sparrow, a bird
Chestnut Street (disambiguation)
Chestnut teal, a duck
Chestnut woodpecker, a bird
Chinese chestnut (disambiguation)
Horse chestnut, genus Aesculus
Japanese chestnut, Castanea crenata
Pachira aquatica, or Malabar chestnut, Guiana chestnut
Swamp chestnut oak, Quercus michauxii
Sweet chestnut or Spanish chestnut, Castanea sativa
Water chestnut (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Manu'ula Asovalu Tuiasosopo (born August 30, 1957) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the UCLA Bruins and was selected by the Seattle Seahawks with the 18th overall pick of the 1979 NFL Draft. After five years in Seattle, he played the final three seasons of his career with the San Francisco 49ers, who won Super Bowl XIX in January 1985.
Post-football
Tuiasosopo was last employed by the Alaska Airlines cargo department in Seattle. He currently coaches the defensive line for Monroe High School in Monroe, Washington.
Personal life
Tuiasosopo is the father of former NFL quarterback, Marques, and running back, Zach. His son Matt was a utility player in Major League Baseball and is now the manager of the minor league Gwinnett Stripers (the Triple-A affiliate of the Atlanta Braves). He also has two daughters, Leslie, who is the University of Washington volleyball coach, and Ashley.
References
1957 births
Living people
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
San Francisco 49ers players
Seattle Seahawks players
UCLA Bruins football players
High school football coaches in Washington (state)
Players of American football from Los Angeles
Players of American football from Long Beach, California
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
Sports coaches from Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu%20Tuiasosopo |
The Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, also known as the FFG Act, is an act of the Victorian Parliament designed to protect species, genetic material and habitats, to prevent extinction and allow maximum genetic diversity within the Australian state of Victoria for perpetuity. It was the first Australian legislation to deal with such issues. It enables the listing of threatened species and communities and threats to native species, and the declaration of critical habitat necessary for the survival of native plants and animals.
After an extensive review of the Act in 2019, the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Amendment Act 2019 modernised and strengthened the provisions of the Act on 1 June 2020. Enforcement of the FFG Act is overseen by the Office of the Conservation Regulator (OCR).
Description
The Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 helps protect and manage the biodiversity of the state of Victoria. It aims to conserve all of Victoria’s native plants and animals. In order to achieve this, the Act enables a number of mechanisms, such as listing threatened species, communities and threats to native species; the establishment of a statewide biodiversity management strategy; declaring certain areas as critical habitat; requiring public authorities to take the Act into account in their operations; and requiring permits for certain activities which may affect native plants and animals.
Criticisms
Lawyers for Forests (LFF) published a review of the act in 2002, and found a lack of resources to enforce the act, a lack of government transparency and accountability, that the act may be and is ignored in government decisionmaking, and that the act is generally unenforceable. The review identified the following factors:
Lack of political will for the implementation of the FFG Act.
Lack of funding and resources to allow the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) to effectively implement the Act.
Objectives of the FFG Act being overridden by objectives and interests of bodies with conflicting agendas, such as the forestry industry.
As well as a general review, the review considers the impact of the Act on the Leadbeater's possum, the powerful owl and the tiger quoll, as well as on a threatened community and a threatening process. For example, it considers the concern of environmentalists for the small and poorly placed Special Protection and Management Zones for the tiger quoll, the continuing clear-fell logging followed by slash burns in their management zones, and the failure to stop the use of 1080 poison, which is a threat to the species.
LFF recommended that the NRE should receive appropriate funding to fully implement the FFG Act, and the government commit to NRE fulfilling its obligations under the Act. The group further recommended that the Act should be enforceable, and NRE should be accountable in its efforts to fulfil its obligations under the Act.
Other environmental groups have echoed the review; for example, the "delays or lack of implementation of key documents required under the FFG Act" was noted by the Victorian Rainforest Network in 2003.
2019 review and amendment
A major review was undertaken in 2019, resulting in the enactment of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Amendment Act 2019, by which amendments to the FFG Act took effect from 1 June 2020. The amendments modernised and strengthened some of the provisions of the Act, such as action preventing species from becoming threatened; adopting the Common Assessment Method, consistent with the national method for assessment and listing of threatened species (as per the EPBC Act); setting up a reporting requirement on the implementation of the statewide Biodiversity Strategy. It also improved powers for enforcement and increased penalties for breaches of the legislation.
Other significant reforms included the introduction of a set of principles to guide decision making (including consultation with traditional owners and the public); a new definition of "critical habitat" to replace the previous one which was too hard to prove and thus implement; the introduction of habitat conservation orders; setting up a new register; and an obligation for the Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability to report on achievement of targets in the Biodiversity Strategy every five years.
Enforcement of the FFG ACT would now be overseen by the Office of the Conservation Regulator (OCR), established in 2019.
Related acts
Related acts include:
Conservation, Forests and Lands Act 1987
Sustainable Forest (Timber) Act 2004
Forests Act 1958
See also
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
References
External links
- Full text of the act.
Victoria (state) legislation
1988 establishments in Australia
Nature conservation in Australia
Environmental law in Australia
1988 in Australian law
1988 in the environment
Environment of Victoria (state)
1980s in Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20and%20Fauna%20Guarantee%20Act%201988 |
Cap and Gown Club, founded in 1890, is an eating club at Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Colloquially known as "Cap", the club is one of the "Big Four" eating clubs at Princeton (the others are The Ivy Club, University Cottage Club, and Tiger Inn). Members are selected through a selective process called bicker. Sometimes known as "the Illustrious Cap and Gown Club," it was the first of the currently selective eating clubs to accept women. Though personalities of eating clubs certainly change throughout the years, Cap and Gown is described in F. Scott Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise as "anti-alcoholic, faintly religious and politically powerful."
Cap was the most bickered eating club in 2011, 2013, 2014, and 2015. It has been the most selective club since 2013, with 287 students bickering in Spring 2019, thirty-five percent of whom were offered membership.
History
Cap is located at 61 Prospect Avenue between Cloister Inn and the University Cottage Club. It is the only Princeton eating club to have stayed in the same geographic location for its entire existence. Three Cap clubhouses have occupied this location. The first was completed in 1892. In 1895 when the club outgrew this clubhouse, the structure was moved across the street, and William Ralph Emerson was commissioned to design the second clubhouse (completed in 1896). Ten years later, Cap was ready to expand again. The Emerson building was moved away, and Raleigh Gildersleeve designed the clubhouse that Cap still occupies today. A major renovation and expansion of the clubhouse to increase the size of the clubhouse in step with its growing membership was completed in February 2011.
On December 9, 2020, the Cap and Gown Club Board of Trustees unanimously approved a new financial aid policy that provides a grant to every member of Princeton University financial aid, guaranteeing that no member on full financial aid pays any out-of-pocket costs for club membership.
Notable Cap and Gown alumni include Dean Cain '88, Brooke Shields '87, and Donald Rumsfeld '54. Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield, who pioneered the concept of the brain homunculus, was also a member of Cap and Gown.
References
External links
Official Website
Eating clubs at Princeton University
Historic district contributing properties in Mercer County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap%20and%20Gown%20Club |
São José (Portuguese for Saint Joseph) is a village in the western part of São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 98 (2012 census). It lies 2.5 km south of Diogo Vaz, 4 km northeast of Santa Catarina and 9 km southwest of Neves.
Population history
References
Populated places in Lembá District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o%20Jos%C3%A9%2C%20S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C3%ADncipe |
The Michigan Civil Rights Initiative (MCRI), or Proposal 2 (Michigan 06–2), was a ballot initiative in the U.S. state of Michigan that passed into Michigan Constitutional law by a 58% to 42% margin on November 7, 2006, according to results officially certified by the Michigan Secretary of State. By Michigan law, the Proposal became law on December 22, 2006. MCRI was a citizen initiative aimed at banning consideration of race, color, sex, or religion in admission to colleges, jobs, and other publicly funded institutions – effectively prohibiting some affirmative action by public institutions based on those factors. The Proposal's constitutionality was challenged in federal court, but its constitutionality was ultimately upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States.
Summary of Court challenges
On 21 March 2008, Judge David M. Lawson of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan dismissed a case filed by plaintiffs challenging the constitutionality of Proposal 2. Judge Lawson held that Proposal 2 does not violate the United States Constitution.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit overturned MCRI on July 1, 2011. Judges R. Guy Cole Jr. and Martha Craig Daughtrey said that "Proposal 2 reorders the political process in Michigan to place special burdens on minority interests." Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette said he would appeal the court ruling.
Bill Schuette, Attorney General for the State of Michigan announced his appeal of the Sixth Circuit's decision on July 28, 2011. The MCRI stood in effect until this appeal was complete.
On November 16, 2012, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting en banc, upheld the earlier ruling that the MCRI was unconstitutional. Schuette then announced his intention to appeal to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari in Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action on March 25, 2013. The Court heard arguments in the case on October 15, 2013, and the Court ruled on April 22, 2014 "that there is no authority ... for the judiciary to set aside Michigan laws that commit to the voters the determination whether racial preferences may be considered in governmental decisions, in particular with respect to school decisions." Thereby upholding the Constitutionality of the amendment.
Text of the Amendment
The ballot initiative amended the Michigan Constitution to include a new section (Section 26 of Article I):
Background
The subject of the proposal has been hotly debated, with the very definition of what it encompasses at the center of the controversy. Proponents argue that it bans programs in public hiring, public employment, and public education that "give preferential treatment to" or "discriminate against" individuals on the basis of race, gender, ethnicity, or national origin. Opponents argue that Proposal 2 bans all affirmative action programs in the operation of public employment, education, or contracting.
Proponents cite the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the "Equal Protection" clause of the 14th Amendment that forbids the United States or any state from denying "equal protection of the law" to any citizen as models for the proposal. It is a near copy of similar initiatives passed in California (Proposition 209) and Washington (Initiative 200).
In 2004, When the first attempt was made to place the measure on the ballot, Gregory Creswell was MCRI spokesperson, volunteer coordinator, and an organizer. In a pre-kick-off announcement, he articulated some reasons he was working for the amendment: "I believe it is wrong for the government and politicians to dictate to an employer who they must or must not hire, just as I believe Jim Crow is immoral and just as I believe apartheid in South Africa was immoral," said Creswell.
At the petition kick-off meeting affirmative action advocate Rev. Horace Sheffield III clashed with Creswell after being denied entry to the event. Creswell's rivalry with Sheffield dated back to 2000 when Creswell criticized a protest outside the Detroit Police headquarters, following a couple shootings of suspects by police.
After some early court challenges, a state appeals court permitted MCRI petitioners to continue gathering signatures, but the effort was postponed till the 2006 cycle due to time constraints.
During the early debate about the proposal shortly following the collection of signatures (508,282 submitted January 6, 2005), the Michigan Civil Rights Commission, a governmental body charged with investigating civil rights violations in the state of Michigan, concluded an investigation of MCRI and asserted that supporters of the MCRI had committed widespread and systematic racially targeted fraud in their petition campaign to secure ballot access. The proponents of the initiative issued a multi-page refutation of the report, including a notation that it was never signed by the commission and alleging misconduct by the Commission itself.
In September 2006, after opponents filed a federal lawsuit against the MCRI alleging fraud in the collection of petition signatures, a federal judge in Detroit found that some voter fraud had in fact taken place but denied an injunction to have the initiative barred.
First federal lawsuit against MCRI
Oral arguments in a federal lawsuit charging MCRI and the State of Michigan with violating the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were heard on August 17, 2006, with attorneys presenting their closing arguments on the morning of August 18, 2006. The case was heard by U.S. District Court Judge Arthur Tarnow, who promised to rule on the matter by September 8, 2006, to give officials enough time to print up the ballot. During the first day of the hearing, hundreds of protesters picketed outside the courthouse chanting among other things, "Racist fraud, hell no! MCRI has got to go!" The lawsuit was filed by Operation King's Dream, Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, Detroit City Council, American-Arab Anti Discrimination Committee, Michigan Legislative Black Caucus, Keep the Vote No Takeover, AFSCME Locals 207, 312, and 2920, and UAW 2200 as well as several individual voters. Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm submitted an amicus brief in support of the plaintiffs.
On August 29, 2006, the case was decided with Judge Tarnow, a Democratic judicial appointee, refusing to remove the initiative from the ballot. However, Judge Tarnow declared that "MCRI engaged in systematic voter fraud by telling voters that were signing a petition supporting affirmative action." However, because the case was not decided on these grounds, this statement is legally characterized as "dicta"—judicial commentary that is not relevant to the outcome of a case. Tarnow also found the testimony of Jennifer Gratz (MCRI's executive director) in the court to be evasive and misleading. His stated reason for refusing an injunction to remove the MCRI from the ballot was the MCRI "targeted all Michigan voters for deception without regard to race." He ruled that the Voting Rights Act was not violated because it "is not a general anti-voter fraud statute, but rather prohibits practices which result in unequal access to the political process because of race."
Luke Massie, national co-chair of the Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration, and Immigrant Rights & Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary (BAMN) announced that the plaintiffs would appeal Tarnow's decision to the U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals, saying "It makes no sense to conclude there was fraud and allow the vote to go forward." The 6th Circuit rejected the appeal in mid-September.
Voting and poll results
On November 27, 2006, Proposal 2 was certified officially by the Michigan Secretary of State to have passed by a margin of 58% to 42% (2,141,010 "Yes" votes to 1,555,691 "No" votes). The last reported poll of October 15, by The Detroit News, showed MCRI to have up to a 50–41% lead. In another Free Press—Local 4 Michigan poll conducted by Selzer & Co. Inc. of Des Moines between October 8 to October 11 of 643 likely voters, it was shown that 41% were in favor of the MCRI, while 44% opposed the measure, and 15% of the voter poll were undecided. The poll had a margin of error of 3.9% making the poll a statistical dead-heat. Another poll, from mid-September 2006, showed MCRI was up 48–37 with 15% undecided, with the pollster admitting that his previous polls had not used the exact language of the proposal until the Sept. poll. The entire polling process highlighted an ongoing debate about the scientific value of modern phone polling on questions of race or controversial social issues where the polled members of the public may be "embarrassed" by social desirability bias to give a truthful response about their intended vote for fear that the interviewer will judge them.
Board of Canvassers meeting
In July 2005, the Michigan State Board of Canvassers declined to certify the MCRI proposal for Michigan's November 2006 ballot after hearing allegations that a significant number of signatures were obtained by telling supporters of affirmative action that the petition was likewise, in support of affirmative action. Counter-allegations were made by MCRI supporters that the allegations were fabricated and that the Board of Canvassers' decision-process itself was being improperly influenced by politics because Michigan Democratic Party Chairman Mark Brewer was "giving orders" to the two members of the Board appointed by Democrats, and backed up by the linked videotape shot by MCRI Treasurer and publisher Chetly Zarko. Despite the deadlocked vote by the Canvassers and their inability to certify the petition as a result, in October of the same year the Michigan Court of Appeals ordered the board to certify the petitions.
On December 14, 2005, in Lansing, Michigan, while attempting to comply with that court order to certify the petitions, the board's four members were scheduled to make the final vote to certify the petitions for the November ballot. However, the meeting attended by hundreds of Detroit high school students. The crowd began to shout "No voter fraud," until they became so loud that the members left the room adjourning until 2pm. Chanting, "They say Jim Crow! We say hell no!," the emotion-surged crowd of students continued until a table was overturned in the commotion and the Lansing police came in to control the situation. Opponents of MCRI labeled their own conduct civil disobedience while proponents argued it crossed the line into outright violence and intentional intimidation. Video of the situation can be seen here.
After the protest, the election panel again failed to certify the petitions with a vote of 2–1, falling short of the required three votes. Republican board members Katherine Degrow and Lyn Banks voted in favor with Democrats Paul Mitchell voting no and Doyle O'Connor not voting.
The meeting received considerable media attention because of the protest. In the months following the controversial board meeting, Mitchell resigned from the board and O'Connor was charged with contempt of court; however the charges were dismissed after O'Connor sought disclosure of improper communications between the chief judge and the Republican leadership of the Legislature. O'Connor later testified against the MCRI at the August 17 federal court hearing, relaying how he had witnessed two African-American women circulating the anti-affirmative action petition in Detroit telling signers that it was in support of affirmative action.
"Preferential Treatment"
Proponents of the MCRI claim that the initiative will make illegal only those programs and policies, affecting university admissions, public employment, and contracting, that grant "preferential treatment" based on gender, race, or ethnicity. These claims were disputed by some opponents who cite California's Proposition 209, alleging that the language of that proposal outlawed "all affirmative action policies" and programs, and MCRI's language is nearly identical. Proponents counter this argument by arguing that while MCRI is nearly identical to California's amendment, neither MCRI or 209 outlawed "all" or any "affirmative action." They point to programs such as California's use of socio-economic indicators, outreach targeted at the 150 lowest scoring high schools, and traditional anti-discrimination enforcement as some among many race-neutral types of "affirmative action". On March 7, 2007, however, the Michigan Civil Rights Commission, which had previously fought against Proposal 2, issued a report at the behest of the Governor, taking the position that Proposal 2 did not eliminate "all" affirmative action. In their summary of a 63-page report, Linda Parker, chair of the commission, now agreed with Proposal 2 advocates, "With this Report, the Commission and Department confirm that Proposal 2 does not mean the end of equal opportunity or diversity in Michigan,". The Report explicitly cites the difference between "preferential treatment" and "affirmative action". Proponent of Proposal 2, Chetly Zarko, argued that this "flip-flop" by the Commission not only proved MCRI was correct all along about the legal issues and difference, but that it disproved the commission's report alleging "fraud" in signature-collection since the commission had previously alleged in its June 2006 fraud-allegation report that petitioners should have used the words "affirmative action" in their presentation..
Post-election
Several groups have challenged the constitutional amendment since its passage.
On November 8, 2006, BAMN called a press conference announcing that they had launched a second lawsuit against Proposal 2 in conjunction with United for Equality and Affirmative Action and Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, claiming that it violates both the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the First Amendment as affirmed by the Supreme Court decision, Grutter v. Bollinger.
That same day, about 2,000 students gathered on the diag at the University of Michigan where University President Mary Sue Coleman gave a speech in which she promised U-M would go to court to defend its efforts to promote diversity, even though the people of Michigan had voted against affirmative action. Two weeks later, on November 21, Grand Rapids Mayor George Heartwell said he was considering having the city file a federal lawsuit to overturn Proposal 2.
On December 19, U.S. District Court Judge David Lawson ruled that the state's three largest public universities—the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Wayne State University—could delay implementation of Proposal until July 1, 2007. The universities had filed a lawsuit seeking the delay, charging fairness in admissions, in response to BAMN's lawsuit in which all three universities were named as defendants. The Center for Individual Rights has asked the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals to overturn Judge Lawson's ruling and force the universities to adhere to this amendment, to the Michigan Constitution, immediately.
On December 29, a 3-judge panel of the 6th US Circuit Court of Appeals lifted Judge Lawson's injunction granting the 3 universities the July 1 implementation delay and ordered them to implement Proposal 2 immediately.
The city of Lansing has also filed a lawsuit to delay implementation of Prop 2 until July 2007. In Detroit, Matt Allen, a spokesman for Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick said the city illegally "will continue doing business as it has been" in spite of the passage of the statewide initiative.
Another lawsuit has been filed in federal court by the NAACP and the ACLU to block the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative.
On January 4, 2007, the Center for Individual Rights filed a lawsuit in Washtenaw Circuit Court, asking a judge to order the University of Michigan to immediately comply with Proposal 2, and abandon their affirmative action programs. The case was resolved on January 29 when Eric Russell, whom the Center for Individual Rights was representing voluntarily withdrew the lawsuit.
Jan. 9–10: BAMN held a press conference at Cass Tech High School in Detroit announcing that their appeal of the Federal Appeals Court decision overturning the delay of the ban on affirmative action. The next day, after placing holds on admissions, the University of Michigan announced that they will comply with the ban on affirmative action. Hours later, Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens responded to BAMN's appeal of the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decision overturning the delay of Proposal 2's implementation and ordered all briefs due by January 17. U-M, Wayne State, MSU, and Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm all filed briefs in support. Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox urged Stevens to deny the injunction. On January 19, the Supreme Court denied BAMN's appeal without comment.
On Thursday, February 15, BAMN submitted 2,000 petitions to the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan demanding that there be no drop in minority enrollment. The following Tuesday, on February 20, the Michigan Student Assembly, the elected student government of U-M passed a resolution demanding that there be no drop in underrepresented minority student enrollment.
On Friday, July 1, 2011, the Federal Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals held the amendment unconstitutional on the grounds that it "reorders the political process in Michigan to place special burdens on minority interests," and thus violates the 14th Amendment. Attorney General Bill Schuette then announced that he would appeal the ruling and ask to have the case re-heard "en banc," by all active judges rather than a panel of three.
On Thursday, November 3, 2011, the Equal Justice Society and more than a dozen other organizations announced that they had filed an amicus brief in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, urging the court to strike down Michigan's Proposal 2 as unconstitutional. The brief authors argue that Proposal 2 violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution by creating procedural barriers for people of color.
On 16 November 2012, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals sitting en banc upheld the earlier ruling that the Initiative is unconstitutional. Supporters announced their intention to appeal to the Supreme Court.
On March 25, 2013, the Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari, agreeing to hear the case. Arguments were heard during the Supreme Court term beginning in October 2013.
On April 22, 2014, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative as Constitutional.
Effects
On Friday, February 16, 2007, the University of Michigan released admissions data showing that, in a period that includes the time after Proposal 2 was implemented, minority admissions of primarily lower test scores declined 25% from the same period a year before. The data also show that in the period immediately before Proposal 2 was implemented, minority admissions was up 55% from the same period in 2006. A spokeswoman for the university, Julie Peterson, has said that since the numbers aren't final and since so many minority students applied early, the drop cannot necessarily be attributed to the amendment itself.
Notable endorsers
Notable endorsers of the MCRI include:
Michigan Association of Scholars
National Association of Scholars
Ward Connerly: California businessman who led a similar campaign in California with Proposition 209
Jennifer Gratz: executive director of the MCRI, plaintiff in the Supreme Court case Gratz v. Bollinger
Barbara Grutter: plaintiff in Grutter v. Bollinger, co-chair of Towards a Fair Michigan
Michigan Attorney General Michael (Mike) Cox
Bill Schuette, Mike Cox's successor as Michigan Attorney General
Michigan State Representative Leon Drolet: steering committee chair of MCRI
William B. Allen: Michigan State University political science professor, co-chair of Towards a Fair Michigan
Dr. Carl Cohen: University of Michigan philosophy professor
Chetly Zarko : former Treasurer/Director of Media, MCRI, political consultant
Doug Tietz: MCRI campaign manager, former U-M YAF Chair
Greg Creswell: Libertarian Candidate for Governor of Michigan
Scotty Boman: Libertarian Candidate for Lt. Governor of Michigan
Reverend Jerry Zandstra: Republican primary candidate for US Senate, Michigan
Howard Schwartz: Professor, Oakland University
Arthur White: Professor, Western Michigan University
Council of Conservative Citizens
Libertarian Party of Michigan
Opposition
Notable opponents of the MCRI include:
One United Michigan
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Former Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm
Former Michigan gubernatorial candidate Dick DeVos
Former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick
Oakland County sheriff and 2006 Republican U.S. Senate candidate Mike Bouchard.
By Any Means Necessary (BAMN)
Grand Rapids Mayor George Heartwell
Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition
Association of Michigan Universities (AMU)
Michigan Civil Rights Commission
Al Sharpton
Detroit City Council
American-Arab Anti Discrimination Committee (ADC)
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
Detroit Federation of Teachers
Arab American Institute
Green Party of Michigan (GPMI)
Socialist Party of Michigan (SPMI)
See also
Affirmative action
Ward Connerly
Gratz v. Bollinger
Grutter v. Bollinger
References
External links
Michigan Attorney General Bill Schute's press release (Announcing his appeal of the 6th Circuit's ruling to the Supreme Court)
One United Michigan (opposed to MCRI)
MCRI proponents
Equality Talk
MichiganProposal2.org
TAFM (Towards a Fair Michigan)
BAMN
Zarko Research & Consulting (blog of former Director of Media Relations for MCRI)
Why Voters Should Approve the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative
History of affirmative action in the United States
Government of Michigan
Opposition to affirmative action | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20Civil%20Rights%20Initiative |
Attachiamenta bonorum, in ancient law books, denotes an attachment of chattels to recover a personal debt or estate.
References
Legal history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachiamenta%20bonorum |
Boulders Beach is a sheltered beach made up of inlets between granite boulders, from which the name originated. It is located on the Cape Peninsula, in Simon's Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is also commonly known as Boulders Bay. It is a popular tourist spot because of a colony of African penguins which settled there in 1982. Boulders Beach forms part of the Table Mountain National Park.
These African penguins are only found on the coastlines of Southern Africa (South Africa and Namibia). These penguins are currently endangered. As a result, the penguins are under the protection of the Cape Nature Conservation.
Although set in a residential area, it is one of the few sites where this vulnerable bird (Spheniscus demersus) can be observed at close range, wandering freely in a protected natural environment. From just two breeding pairs in 1982, the penguin colony has grown to about 3000 birds in recent years. This is partly due to the prohibition of commercial pelagic trawling in False Bay, which has increased the supply of sardines and anchovies, which form part of the penguins' diet. as well as the help from former SANDF naval officer, Van the Penguin Man
Bordered mainly by indigenous bush above the high-water mark on the one side, and the clear water of False Bay on the other, the area comprises several small sheltered bays, partially enclosed by granite boulders that are 540 million years old.
The most popular recreational spot is Boulders Beach, but the penguins are best viewed from Foxy Beach, where newly constructed boardwalks take visitors to within a few metres of the birds. It is also a famous swimming beach, although people are restricted to beaches adjacent to the penguin colony.
Gallery
References
External links
Get to know the African Penguins at Boulders Beach from
Beaches of South Africa
Geography of Cape Town
Tourist attractions in Cape Town
Table Mountain National Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulders%20Beach |
Henry Lee Thomas Jr. (born January 12, 1965) is an American former professional football player. He played as a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). His nickname was "Hardware Hank."
Early life, family and education
Thomas was born in Houston, Texas. He was a star athlete at Eisenhower High School there.
He attended Louisiana State University, where he played college football for its football team.
Professional football career
Thomas was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the third round of the 1987 NFL Draft. He played for the Minnesota Vikings for the first eight seasons of his career. Thomas twice was selected to the Pro Bowl. He joined the Detroit Lions in 1995, where he played two seasons. He subsequently played four seasons with the New England Patriots and retired from the game.
During his entire NFL career, he was responsible for 93.5 sacks and over 800 tackles.
He has been an intern coach for the Indianapolis Colts and Minnesota Vikings.
References
1965 births
Living people
Players of American football from Houston
American football defensive tackles
LSU Tigers football players
Minnesota Vikings players
Detroit Lions players
New England Patriots players
National Conference Pro Bowl players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Thomas%20%28American%20football%29 |
Conrad Baker (February 12, 1817 – April 28, 1885) was an American attorney, military officer, and politician who served as state representative, 15th lieutenant governor, and the 15th governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1867 to 1873. Baker had served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, rising to the rank of colonel, but resigned following his election as lieutenant governor, during which time he played an important role in overseeing the formation and training of states levies. He served as acting-governor for five months during the illness of Governor Oliver Morton, and was elevated to Governor following Morton's resignation from office. During Baker's full term as governor, he focused primitively on the creation and improvement of institutions to help veterans and their families that had been disaffected by the war. He also championed the post-war federal constitutional amendments, and was able to successfully advocate their acceptance.
Early life
Family and background
Conrad Baker was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, on February 12, 1817, the son of Conrad Baker, a Presbyterian minister, and Mary Winternheimer Baker. He worked on the family farm until age fifteen and attended common school. He then enrolled in Pennsylvania College in Gettysburg where he studied law, but quit before graduating. He continued to study law in the office of Thaddeus Stevens. He met Matilda Escon Sommers and the couple married in 1838. They had two children. Baker was admitted to the bar in 1839 and opened his own office in Gettysburg.
Early political career
Bakers closed his practice in 1841, and moved his family west to settle in Evansville, Indiana. He opened a new law office there, and took an interest in the city's civics. In 1845 he ran as the Whig candidate for representative of Vanderburgh County in the Indiana House of Representatives. He served one one-year term before returning to his practice. He was elected to serve on a county court in 1852 but resigned in 1854. His brother, William Baker, had also become active in the local politics, and served four terms as major of Evansville during the same time period.
Baker was outspokenly anti-slavery, and following the break-up of the Whig party, he joined the newly formed Republican Party in 1854. At the state convention in 1856, he was nominated to run as lieutenant governor on the ticket with Oliver Morton a governor. The election was one of the most divisive in state history, with both sides making scathing attacks on the other. Despite the party's merger with several other third parties, the Republicans lost the election and Baker returned to his law practice in Evansville.
American Civil War
Baker's wife, Matilda died in 1855, and Baker remarried in 1858 to Charlotte Frances Chute. The couple had two daughters and one son. He was in Evansville when the American Civil War began, and was part of a large crowd that gathered to discuss the event. He took the podium and delivered a speech calling on the crowd to take an oath of allegiance to the Union, which was administered by his brother, the Mayor. He then called on all the able-bodied men to follow him to war. Baker and his brother began actively recruiting a full regiment of men to serve in the war, and he was promoted to serve as Colonel of the 1st Regiment Indiana Cavalry.
Baker led his regiment in defensive and garrison duty across the western theater of the war, and remained in regular communication with Governor Oliver Morton, who had become governor a few months earlier. Baker was most involved in coordinating supplies, and became a valuable organizer. Morton soon promoted him to serve as provost marshal of the state, and ordered him to return to Indianapolis to oversee operations. There he oversaw the formation of dozens of state regiments, tens of thousand of men, the shipment of tons of supplies, the distributions of weapons, and the management of the state arsenal.
Governor
Acting
Baker left the army in 1864 to run again as Lieutenant Governor on the ticket with Oliver Morton and was elected with a 20,000-vote majority. Morton took a period of poor health in 1865 after suffering a paralytic stroke. He continued his duties briefly, but decided to attempt to seek a cure to the paralysis. He left the state and left Baker to serve as acting governor for five months until his health recovered. When Morton was elected to the Senate in 1866, Baker succeeded him as governor. While completing Morton's term, he began to advocate school reform. His primary goal was to improve the quality of teachers, which he sought to do by creating incentives to encourage teachers to consider their job as a permanent career. At that time, teaching was considered a temporary position by most teachers, until they could find a superior job elsewhere. The General Assembly accepted his plan and passed legislation to enact it.
Second term
In 1868, Baker was reelected to the position of governor, defeating Thomas Hendricks by 961 votes, the closest in state history. During his administration, a women's prison was built, and a soldiers' home to assist the returning veterans and the Indiana State Normal School in Terre Haute were constructed. Other school institutions were built during his term using federal funding provided by the land-grant system. Along with private donations, the money was used to start Purdue University. Baker signed the law to create the school in 1869, and it opened just after his term ended. Another of Baker's acts as governor was to establish the governor's portrait collection. The assembly agreed to spend up to $200 per portrait for the creation of the collection. Baker then hired painters and sought out the families of the former governors to procure photos and paintings from which official portraits could be created.
Baker's most difficult goal to achieve was the ratification of the post-war amendments that, among other things, banned slavery and granted blacks the right to vote. His advocacy on the issues, though, managed to secure each of their ratifications, with the fourteenth amendment being the last ratified in 1869. The Democrats had resigned office en masse when the bill was put up for a vote to deny quorum, but the Republicans went ahead to approve the amendment. When the Democrats took the legislature in the following election, they revoked the ratification of the amendments, but it was too late and the federal government, which was Republican-dominated at the time, had already added them to the constitution.
Baker also advocated for African American rights through additional school reform. In 1869 he signed legislation which addressed an 1865 school law which prevented the establishment of public schools for non-white children. The new law extended current public school funding to establish schools for African Americans and repealed all laws inconsistent herewith.
Death and legacy
After Baker's term as governor expired he retired from public office and reopened his law office. His new partner was his former political opponent, Thomas Hendricks. After Hendricks was elected governor in 1872, Baker took on state attorney general Oscar B. Hord and Chief Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court Samuel Perkins as partners. The law firm was passed on to Baker's son, and has since become one of the leading law firms in the United States, Baker & Daniels LLP.
Baker remained active in public affairs and urged the state schools to grant equal opportunities. He became fairly active in the woman's suffrage movement and delivered an address to one of their meetings. He died on April 28, 1885, and was buried in Evansville, Indiana.
See also
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
Mueller, Arnold Ernst R., "Conrad Baker, Former Governor of Indiana" (1944). Graduate Thesis Collection. 412. https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/grtheses/412.
External links
Biography and portrait from the Indiana Historical Bureau
National Association of Governors
Conrad Baker at FindAGrave
1817 births
1885 deaths
Republican Party governors of Indiana
Lieutenant Governors of Indiana
Republican Party members of the Indiana House of Representatives
Politicians from Evansville, Indiana
People from Franklin County, Pennsylvania
People of Indiana in the American Civil War
19th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad%20Baker |
In geotechnical engineering, soil compaction is the process in which stress applied to a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores between the soil grains. When stress is applied that causes densification due to water (or other liquid) being displaced from between the soil grains, then consolidation, not compaction, has occurred. Normally, compaction is the result of heavy machinery compressing the soil, but it can also occur due to the passage of, for example, animal feet.
In soil science and agronomy, soil compaction is usually a combination of both engineering compaction and consolidation, so may occur due to a lack of water in the soil, the applied stress being internal suction due to water evaporation as well as due to passage of animal feet. Affected soils become less able to absorb rainfall, thus increasing runoff and erosion. Plants have difficulty in compacted soil because the mineral grains are pressed together, leaving little space for air and water, which are essential for root growth. Burrowing animals also find it a hostile environment, because the denser soil is more difficult to penetrate. The ability of a soil to recover from this type of compaction depends on climate, mineralogy and fauna. Soils with high shrink-swell capacity, such as vertisols, recover quickly from compaction where moisture conditions are variable (dry spells shrink the soil, causing it to crack). But clays such as kaolinite, which do not crack as they dry, cannot recover from compaction on their own unless they host ground-dwelling animals such as earthworms — the Cecil soil series is an example.
Before soils can be compacted in the field, some laboratory tests are required to determine their engineering properties. Among various properties, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content are vital and specify the required density to be compacted in the field.
is here equipped with a narrow sheepsfoot roller to compact the fill over newly placed sewer pipe, forming a stable support for a new road surface.]]
In construction
Soil compaction is a vital part of the construction process. It is used for support of structural entities such as building foundations, roadways, walkways, and earth retaining structures to name a few. For a given soil type certain properties may deem it more or less desirable to perform adequately for a particular circumstance. In general, the preselected soil should have adequate strength, be relatively incompressible so that future settlement is not significant, be stable against volume change as water content or other factors vary, be durable and safe against deterioration, and possess proper permeability.
When an area is to be filled or backfilled the soil is placed in layers called lifts. The ability of the first fill layers to be properly compacted will depend on the condition of the natural material being covered. If unsuitable material is left in place and backfilled, it may compress over a long period under the weight of the earth fill, causing settlement cracks in the fill or in any structure supported by the fill. In order to determine if the natural soil will support the first fill layers, an area can be proofrolled. Proofrolling consists of utilizing a piece of heavy construction equipment to roll across the fill site and watching for deflections to be revealed. These areas will be indicated by the development of rutting, pumping, or ground weaving.
To ensure adequate soil compaction is achieved, project specifications will indicate the required soil density or degree of compaction that must be achieved. These specifications are generally recommended by a geotechnical engineer in a geotechnical engineering report.
The soil type - that is, grain-size distributions, shape of the soil grains, specific gravity of soil solids, and amount and type of clay minerals, present - has a great influence on the maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content. It also has a great influence on how the materials should be compacted in given situations. Compaction is accomplished by use of heavy equipment. In sands and gravels, the equipment usually vibrates, to cause re-orientation of the soil particles into a denser configuration. In silts and clays, a sheepsfoot roller is frequently used, to create small zones of intense shearing, which drives air out of the soil.
Determination of adequate compaction is done by determining the in-situ density of the soil and comparing it to the maximum density determined by a laboratory test. The most commonly used laboratory test is called the Proctor compaction test and there are two different methods in obtaining the maximum density. They are the standard Proctor and modified Proctor tests; the modified Proctor is more commonly used. For small dams, the standard Proctor may still be the reference.
While soil under structures and pavements needs to be compacted, it is important after construction to decompact areas to be landscaped so that vegetation can grow.
Compaction methods
There are several means of achieving compaction of a material. Some are more appropriate for soil compaction than others, while some techniques are only suitable for particular soils or soils in particular conditions. Some are more suited to compaction of non-soil materials such as asphalt. Generally, those that can apply significant amounts of shear as well as compressive stress, are most effective.
The available techniques can be classified as:
Static - a large stress is slowly applied to the soil and then released.
Impact - the stress is applied by dropping a large mass onto the surface of the soil.
Vibrating - a stress is applied repeatedly and rapidly via a mechanically driven plate or hammer. Often combined with rolling compaction (see below).
Gyrating - a static stress is applied and maintained in one direction while the soil is a subjected to a gyratory motion about the axis of static loading. Limited to laboratory applications.
Rolling - a heavy cylinder is rolled over the surface of the soil. Commonly used on sports pitches. Roller-compactors are often fitted with vibratory devices to enhance their effectiveness.
Kneading - shear is applied by alternating movement in adjacent positions. An example, combined with rolling compaction, is the 'sheepsfoot' roller used in waste compaction at landfills.
The construction plant available to achieve compaction is extremely varied and is described elsewhere.
Test methods in laboratory
Soil compactors are used to perform test methods which cover laboratory compaction methods used to determine the relationship between molding water content and dry unit weight of soils. Soil placed as engineering fill is compacted to a dense state to obtain satisfactory engineering properties such as, shear strength, compressibility, or permeability. In addition, foundation soils are often compacted to improve their engineering properties. Laboratory compaction tests provide the basis for determining the percent compaction and molding water content needed to achieve the required engineering properties, and for controlling construction to assure that the required compaction and water contents are achieved. Test methods such as EN 13286-2, EN 13286-47, ASTM D698, ASTM D1557, AASHTO T99, AASHTO T180, AASHTO T193, BS 1377:4 provide soil compaction testing procedures.
See also
Soil compaction (agriculture)
Compactor
Earthwork
Soil structure
Aeration
Shear strength (soil)
References
Soil science
Earthworks (engineering)
Soil degradation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20compaction |
Landstinget was the upper house of the Rigsdag (the parliament of Denmark), from 1849 until 1953, when the bicameral system was abolished in favour of unicameralism. Landstinget had powers equal to the Folketing, which made the two houses of parliament hard to distinguish.
Originally, membership and the electorate was restricted, and the members were largely conservatives. Membership of the house was then restricted to certain sectors of society: only males with a certain net worth could hold a seat. In 1915, these restrictions were removed, and a few new members were appointed by the existing members.
Etymology and earlier use
(old Norse: þing) means assembly. It first came into being during Viking times and was formed by the freemen of the community, and it generally numbered about a hundred men. Tings were necessary in the clan-based society of Northern Germany and Scandinavia, because they allowed for inter-clan wars to be resolved or prevented through the mediation of the ting. It also served as the place for religious rites and trade negotiations.
Landstinget is also the Danish name for the modern Parliament of Greenland.
History
Under the Constitution of 1849, the requirements for the right to vote was the same for the two houses, however the requirements for electability were stricter for Landstinget; candidates were limited to those of age 40 and above and they were required to have a substantial income. The house originally had 51 members, all elected indirectly. The voters elected a group of electors for each constituency, and the electors elected the members of the house. The members were elected for a term of eight years; however, terms were staggered so that half of the seats were up for election every four years.
With the Constitution of 1866, the electoral system was reformed. The number of seats was increased to 66 of which 12 were appointed by the king for a period of twelve years, and one by the Faroese Løgting. The remaining 53 were elected indirectly.
In Copenhagen, half the electors were elected by the voters paying the largest amount of tax, and the other half by all the voters. In the rest of the country, one elector was elected by the voters in each parish in the countryside and half as many electors were elected in the market towns by the same system as in Copenhagen. Then for each elector elected in the parishes and the market towns, one elector was found among those that paid the greatest amount of tax in the parishes. As the main direct tax of the time was based on real estate and its value as farmland, this system greatly favoured manor owners. The result was a conservative majority lasting 35 years, until the 1902 election.
The next reform of the electoral system came with the Constitution of 1915, and the first election under this system was the 1918 election. Women were given the right to vote, the number of seats was increased to 72, the number of constituencies was reduced to seven, and the system of royally appointed members was replaced by 18 members elected by the resigning Landsting for a period of eight years. The same year, Inger Gautier Schmit, along with Nina Bang, Marie Christensen, Marie Hjelmer and Olga Knudsen, were the first women elected to the Landsting.
Although a 1939 referendum that would have replaced Landstinget with another chamber—the Rigsting—and simplified the legislative process, failed due to a low voter turnout, the bicameral system and thereby Landstinget was abolished when the current constitution was approved in a 1953 referendum.
List of speakers
See also
Danish politics
Government of Denmark
Government of the Faroe Islands
Government of Greenland
List of speakers of the Folketing (1850-)
Ting
Notes
Government of Denmark
Thing (assembly)
1849 establishments in Denmark
1953 disestablishments in Denmark
Historical legislatures
Political history of Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landstinget |
Maurice Clifford Townsend (August 11, 1884 – November 11, 1954) was an American politician and the 35th governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1937 to 1941. During his term, he led relief efforts during and after the Great Flood of 1937.
Early life
Maurice Clifford Townsend, known as Clifford to his friends and family, was born on a farm in Blackford County, Indiana to David and Lydia Glancy Townsend on August 11, 1884. He had one sister, Myrtle, and the two were raised on a country farm. He was the great-great-grandson of Eber Townsend (1760-1822) who fought in the Revolutionary War as a volunteer in the New York militia. After completing high school in 1901 he worked as a teamster in the oil fields during the Indiana Gas Boom, and later in a factory. In 1907 he entered Marion College in Grant County. After working as a teacher for six years to pay for his education, he graduated in 1907. He then taught in the common schools and served as school superintendent for different counties between 1909 and 1919.
He entered politics as a representative in the Indiana House in 1923. His single term in the legislature was focused mostly on reforming the state's tax code, an issue he worked on up through his term as governor. In 1928 he ran an unsuccessful campaign for Congress but was defeated. He then returned to education, serving again as a school superintendent and on the executive committee of the Indiana's Teachers Association in 1929. Townsend's experience in education made Paul V. McNutt consider him as a candidate for Lieutenant Governor and helped him to win the nomination at the state's Democratic convention in 1932.
He was elected the 33rd Lieutenant Governor on the Democratic ticket and served from 1933 until 1937. The position of Lieutenant Governor was dramatically altered during his term. Previously, the position received only a token salary, only required active work during legislative sessions, which amounted to sixty days every two years. The position was granted significantly more power after the passage of the 1932 Executive Reorganization Act when the position was made head of the state's agricultural department and assigning him other administrative duties. The change put a large number of patronage jobs under his control.
Governor
Townsend's mother placed his name in nomination for governor at the 1936 Democratic state convention. His nomination though was a tough battle. The Democratic Party was split between three strong faction, with McNutt supporting Townsend, powerful senator Sherman Minton supporting Pleas Greenlee, and the chairman of the state party supporting Kirk McKinney. The fight at the convention was bitter, and a fist fight broke out before the final vote took place. In the end McNutt's control over the party machine determined the nomination in favor of Townsend. The popular McNutt campaigned heavily on Townsend's behalf in the general election. Republicans again made gains in the General Assembly, but Democrat kept the majority and Townsend won the election, defeating Republican Raymond Springer by over 180,000 votes.
Townsend was inaugurated on January 11, 1937. The state was immediately beset with a disaster as the Great Flood of 1937 began. Within a week, every community on the Ohio River was destroyed and hundreds of thousands were homeless. In the early stages, he coordinated evacuation efforts, routing all available trains to carry people to safety as flood waters rose. Thousand of relief workers and the national guard were called out to help rebuild. The disaster remains the second worse to have ever hit the state. Indiana was the only state affected by the flood, and there were no drownings reported. Harry L. Hopkins of the National Relief Administration said, "No state was better managed during the flood than Indiana."
Before the flood relief was completed, a large strike broke out in General Motors factories across the state. Violence broke out in Anderson and the National Guard was called out by Townsend to restore order and protect the factory. The strike prompted Townsend to request the creation of the state Division of Labor to provide voluntary mediation in union strikes. Steel workers in Gary launched a strike in 1937, and the division successfully prevented it from turning violent.
As the end of his term neared, the former state party chairman Frederick Van Nuys, who had been elected Senator again, attempted take control of the party from the McNutt-Townsend faction. The battle was primarily over who would control federal patronage jobs. President Franklin Roosevelt intervened after Van Nuys opposed his plan to stack the United States Supreme Court, and used his own influence to have Van Nuys defeated in his reelection bid. Townsend at first agreed to go along with Roosevelt's plan, but after McNutt decided it would be to harmful to the state party, Townsend changed his mind, much to Roosevelt's chagrin.
In the mid-term elections, Republican took the control of the Indiana House of Representatives, 51 to 49. The Republicans blocked Townsend's proposed new social programs and attempted to roll back many of his predecessor's programs. The Senate blocked the bills from passage, and the session ended in deadlock. Only a few pieces of legislation were passed: the driver's license examination became required by law, pensions for the state's firemen were approved, free textbooks were authorized for public schools and the state ordered school buses to be painted yellow for safety's sake—this last starting a nationwide trend.
Later life
After Townsend left office, he extricated himself from internal politics of the state party and did not involve himself in the selection of his successor. During World War II Townsend used his farm experience in government service, directing the Office of Agricultural War Relations, the Agricultural Conservation and Adjustment Administration, and the Food Production Administration. In 1943 he resigned from federal service and returned to Indiana to manage his farms in Blackford and Grant counties. Townsend was the Democratic nominee for the United States Senate in 1946, but was defeated by William E. Jenner. He died November 11, 1954, from a heart attack, and was buried at the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Hartford City, Indiana.
See also
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Indiana Historical Bureau: Biography and portrait
National Governors Association
Indiana County History - Townsend Biography
1884 births
1954 deaths
Democratic Party governors of Indiana
Methodists from Indiana
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Clifford%20Townsend |
The Fresno Chaffee Zoo is a zoo in Roeding Park in Fresno, California covering 39 acres and housing over 190 species. Its attractions include Stingray Bay, Dino Dig, Valley Farm, Sea Lion Cove, African Adventure, and Ross Laird's Winged Wonders Bird Show. The zoo is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and is a member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).
History
Early history
The zoo was formed some time around 1908. The earliest zoo record describes a collection consisting of two bears and around fifty birds of various species. According to the zoo's website, "bears, local cats, hoofstock, and birds were added to the Zoo and housed in log cabin type exhibits." The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) officially recognized the park opening in 1929 as the Roeding Park Zoo.
Only few animals were seen, but that number would later rise. The year attendance was around 2,000 and most of the visitors were from Fresno and the surrounding areas.
19401960
The zoo grew substantially in the 1940s and 1950s, with 100 animals and more birds by 1947. The zoo's first foreman, Eldon "Curly" Blocker, was hired from the San Diego Zoo. In 1949, the zoo's Asian elephant Nosey (a name determined by a citywide "Name-the-Elephant" Contest) was acquired, with help from the Fresno Rotary Club. Her arrival coincided with Fresno's "49ers Days Rodeo Parade", and Nosey's presence in that parade was popular enough to spawn the creation of the Fresno Zoological Society, which would create interest in the zoo and provide a fundraising mechanism. In the 1950s, ten large exhibits were added to the zoo grounds with monkeys, sea lions, camels, giraffes, an African bird aviary, a flamingo habitat, and on-site feed and medical compounds. The zoo became an institutional member of the AZA in 1957. In 1965 Paul S. Chaffee was hired as the zoo's first director. In the late 1960s, the animal exhibits were renovated, with climate control being added to increase the comfort of the animals. In 1967, the large bird of prey exhibit was constructed, and in 1968, a master plan for future development was drafted.
19701990
The zoo's area expanded by a third, and new exhibits featuring bison, elk, and prairie dogs were added. In 1976, in honor of the American Bicentennial Celebration, the park's grizzly bear facility was expanded. In 1978, the Park Zoo Trust Fund (distinct from the Zoo Admissions Trust Fund) was established to make sure a portion of concession sales were used to improve the zoo. This freed the zoo from having to approve a budget with the City Council. In 1979, the zoo added the Edward A. Kane Reptile House, the world's first computer-controlled reptile habitat.
In 1982, Nosey the Elephant's habitat was renovated and three new elephants were brought in. A red wolf exhibit known as Wolf Woods was added in 1984, and the Doris and Karl Falk Wildlife Education Center was completed, becoming part of the zoo's Educational Center. In 1985, the zoo's name changed from the Roeding Park Zoo to the Fresno Zoo. In 1988, the zoo's walk-through rainforest exhibit was added. 1989 saw the addition of a large classroom wing, and the implementation of the Adopt-an-Animal fundraising program. Paul S. Chaffee, the zoo's director since 1965, died in 1990, and the Fresno Zoo was renamed the Chaffee Zoological Gardens of Fresno in his honor. In 1993, Nosey the elephant died at the age of 47.
2000present
In 2004, "Measure Z" was passed by the voters (73%) in Fresno to raise money to expand the zoo, and to improve the animal exhibits. The US$150 million project was contingent upon the submission and review of an environmental impact report. The name of the zoo was shortened to Fresno Chaffee Zoo in 2006. In 2007, a traveling "Stingray Bay" exhibit visited and attracted large crowds. Several stingrays were bred while they were visiting Fresno. In 2009, a permanent Stingray Bay exhibit was opened, funded by Measure Z. In the rain forest exhibit, the former butterfly house (Maddis House) reopened as the Tropical Treasures exhibit in March 2009, with poison dart frogs and a sloth among other species.
In August 2012, a very large Sea Lion Cove, designed after the Central Coast’s Point Lobos, was opened. It contains 250,000 gallon saltwater tank with rock outcrops and islands, while preserving the redwood trees that surround the enclosures. A 35-ft viewing glass allows guest to watch the sea lions underwater. This exhibit also includes Brown pelicans. This was the first major exhibit funded by Measure Z. The old sea lion enclosure was repurposed for river otters.
In January 2014, ground was broken for the approximately 18-acre "African Adventure" expansion doubling the size of the zoo and including large animal exhibits such as lions, breeding elephants, cheetahs, rhinos, meerkats, hippos, gorillas, and penguins. Measure Z, which provided funding for capital zoo projects, was renewed by voters in November 2014.
On October 15, 2015, phase one of African Adventure opened. The 13 acre exhibit is home to over 100 animals including lions, African elephants, cheetahs, White rhinoceroses, meerkats, giraffes, ostriches, and several antelope and birds. In 2016, the zoo opened the "Roo Walkabout," an Australian walk-through exhibit which features red kangaroos, emus and kookaburras. That year set a new attendance record with just under 1 million visitors.
Attendance dropped significantly from 2016 to 2017, to 833,114 guests; 2018 saw another slight drop to 828,000 guests. While no major new exhibits opened in 2017, May 2018 saw the debut of a new children's water attraction named "Wilderness Falls." This new play area was designed to allow younger guests to "cool off and make a splash in the waterfall, follow the footprints and explore the wilderness, and discover the fire lookout tower." Work also began in late 2018 and wrapped up in late 2019 on an infrastructure project designed to enable future zoo expansion, including the forthcoming "Kingdoms of Asia" project, as well as a new warthog and tortoise exhibit. The warthog/tortoise exhibit opened in African Adventure in June 2019.
The zoo was closed for approximately three months during the spring of 2020 due to COVID-19. Despite the closure, planning and design was completed in mid-2020 for the Kingdoms of Asia exhibit, and the zoo officially broke ground on the new exhibit on September 24th of that year. This new themed area, which will repurpose and renovate existing exhibits, has been billed as an "immersive southeast Asian forest," including a large area "themed after aspects of Ta Prohm, Angkor, Cambodia." The new exhibit will include habitats for "the Malayan Tiger, Indian Rhinoceros, Orangutans, Asian small-clawed otter, and Sloth Bear, song birds, bats, and more."
References
External links
Zoos in California
San Joaquin Valley
Geography of Fresno, California
Economy of Fresno, California
Tourist attractions in Fresno County, California
Tourist attractions in Fresno, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno%20Chaffee%20Zoo |
Elisabeth of Carinthia (also known as Elisabeth of Tyrol; – 28 October 1312), was a Duchess of Austria from 1282 and Queen of the Romans from 1298 until 1308, by marriage to King Albert I of Habsburg.
Life
Born in Munich, Bavaria, Elisabeth was the eldest daughter of Count Meinhard of Gorizia-Tyrol, and Elizabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany, widow of the late Hohenstaufen King Conrad IV of Germany.
Elizabeth thus was a half-sister of Conradin, King of Jerusalem and Duke of Swabia. Elizabeth was in fact better connected to powerful German rulers than her future husband: a descendant of earlier monarchs, for example Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, she was also a niece of the Bavarian dukes, Austria's important neighbors.
Duchess and Queen
Elisabeth was married in Vienna on 20 December 1274 to Count Albert I of Habsburg, eldest son and heir of the newly elected Rudolf I, King of the Romans, thus becoming daughter-in-law of the King of the Romans and Emperor-to-be. After Rudolf had defeated his rival King Ottokar II of Bohemia in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, he invested his son Albert with the duchies of Austria and Styria at the Imperial Diet in Augsburg on 17 December 1282.
Albert initially had to share the rule with his younger brother Rudolf II, who nevertheless had to waive his rights according to the Treaty of Rheinfelden the next year. Duke Albert and Elizabeth solidified their rule in what was to become the Habsburg "hereditary lands", also with the help of Elizabeth's father Meinhard, who in his turn was created Duke of Carinthia by King Rudolf I in 1286.
Elizabeth was described as shrewd and enterprising, in possession of some commercial talents. The construction of the Saline plant in Salzkammergut goes back to her suggestion.
Upon the death of Albert's father in 1291, the princes elected Count Adolf of Nassau German king, while Duke Albert himself became entangled in internal struggles with the Austrian nobility. Not until Adolf's deposition in 1298, Elizabeth's husband was finally elected King of the Romans on 23 June 1298. Two weeks later, Adolf was defeated and killed in the Battle of Göllheim. In 1299, Elizabeth was crowned Queen of the Romans in Nuremberg.
Later life
On 1 May 1308 her husband was murdered by his nephew John "the Parricide" near Windisch, Swabia (in modern-day Switzerland). After Albert's assassination, Elizabeth had the Poor Clare monastery of Königsfelden erected at the site, where she died on 28 October 1312 and was also buried. Today her mortal remains rest at Saint Paul's Abbey in Carinthia.
Issue
Elizabeth's and Albert's children were:
Anna (1275, Vienna – 19 March 1327, Breslau).
married in Graz ca. 1295 to Margrave Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (ca. 1275 – 1308);
married in Breslau 1310 to Duke Heinrich VI of Breslau (1294-1335).
Agnes (18 May 1281 – 10 June 1364, Königsfelden)
married in Vienna on 13 February 1296 to King Andrew III of Hungary (ca. 1265-1301).
Rudolf III (ca. 1282 – 4 July 1307), married but line extinct. He predeceased his father.
married on 25 May 1300 to Duchess Blanche of France (ca. 1282 – 1305);
married in Prague on 16 October 1306 to Elizabeth Richeza of Poland (1288 – 1335).
Elisabeth (1285 – 19 May 1353).
married in 1304 to Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (1282 – 1328).
Frederick I (1289 – 13 January 1330).
married on 11 May 1315 to Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Germany (1305 – 1330) but line extinct.
Leopold I (4 August 1290 – 28 February 1326, Strassburg).
married in 1315 to Catherine of Savoy (1284 – 1336).
Catherine (1295 – 18 January 1323, Naples).
married in 1316 to Charles, Duke of Calabria (1328 – 1298).
Albert II (12 December 1298, Vienna – 20 July 1358, Vienna).
married in Vienna on 15 February 1324 to Joanna of Pfirt (ca. 1300 – 1351).
Henry the Gentle (1299 – 3 February 1327, Bruck an der Mur).
married Countess Elizabeth of Virneburg but line extinct.
Meinhard (1300 – 1301).
Otto (23 July 1301, Vienna – 26 February 1339, Vienna).
married on 15 May 1325 to Elizabeth of Bavaria, Duchess of Austria (ca. 1306 – 1330);
married on 16 February 1335 to Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Austria (1323 – 1338).
Jutta (1302 – 5 March 1329).
married in Baden 26 March 1319 to Count Ludwig VI of Öttingen.
References
Sources
1260s births
1312 deaths
Mothers of monarchs
Year of birth uncertain
13th-century German nobility
14th-century German nobility
13th-century German women
14th-century German women
13th-century House of Habsburg
14th-century House of Habsburg
Queens of the Romans
Austrian royal consorts
House of Gorizia
Burials at Königsfelden Monastery
People from the Duchy of Austria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth%20of%20Carinthia%2C%20Queen%20of%20the%20Romans |
Yancey Dirk Thigpen (born August 15, 1969) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Diego Chargers (1991), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1992–1997), and the Tennessee Oilers/Titans (1998–2000). Before his NFL career, he played for Winston-Salem State University, where he also played collegiate basketball.
National Football League years
Thigpen was drafted in the fourth round of the 1991 NFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers. Thigpen played infrequently in his first three seasons, but had a breakout year in 1994, catching 36 passes for 546 yards. Then in 1995, he made the Pro Bowl, catching 85 passes for 1,307 yards and five touchdowns, and assisting his team to Super Bowl XXX, where he recorded three catches for 19 yards and a touchdown in the Steelers 27–17 loss to the Dallas Cowboys. His tough style of play earned him the nickname "Meatball," which was later changed to "Phil" when he joined the Oilers in 1998.
Thigpen played only six games in the following season due to injuries, but made a full recovery in the 1997 season, catching 79 passes for 1,398 yards and 7 touchdowns and making his second Pro Bowl selection.
In 1998, he signed a five-year, $21 million contract with the Oilers, which at the time was the highest known contract ever signed among wide receivers. He went on to play with them for the final three seasons of his career, assisting the team (now known as the Titans) to Super Bowl XXXIV in the 1999 season. Such a large contract for a wide receiver was a signal of the role which wide receivers would begin to play in the NFL. Thigpen retired after the 2000 season with 313 career receptions for 5,081 yards and 30 touchdowns. He also rushed for four yards, returned two punts for 30 yards, and gained 188 yards on eight kickoff returns.
References
1969 births
Living people
People from Tarboro, North Carolina
American football wide receivers
Winston-Salem State Rams football players
San Diego Chargers players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Tennessee Oilers players
Tennessee Titans players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancey%20Thigpen |
Cardiovascular physiology is the study of the cardiovascular system, specifically addressing the physiology of the heart ("cardio") and blood vessels ("vascular").
These subjects are sometimes addressed separately, under the names cardiac physiology and circulatory physiology.
Although the different aspects of cardiovascular physiology are closely interrelated, the subject is still usually divided into several subtopics.
Heart
Cardiac output (= heart rate * stroke volume. Can also be calculated with Fick principle, palpating method.)
Stroke volume (= end-diastolic volume − end-systolic volume)
Ejection fraction (= stroke volume / end-diastolic volume)
Cardiac output is mathematically ` to systole
Inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic states
Cardiac input (= heart rate * suction volume Can be calculated by inverting terms in Fick principle)
Suction volume (= end-systolic volume + end-diastolic volume)
Injection fraction (=suction volume / end-systolic volume)
Cardiac input is mathematically ` to diastole
Electrical conduction system of the heart
Electrocardiogram
Cardiac marker
Cardiac action potential
Frank–Starling law of the heart
Wiggers diagram
Pressure volume diagram
Regulation of blood pressure
Baroreceptor
Baroreflex
Renin–angiotensin system
Renin
Angiotensin
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Aortic body and carotid body
Autoregulation
Cerebral Autoregulation
Hemodynamics
Under most circumstances, the body attempts to maintain a steady mean arterial pressure.
When there is a major and immediate decrease (such as that due to hemorrhage or standing up), the body can increase the following:
Heart rate
Total peripheral resistance (primarily due to vasoconstriction of arteries)
Inotropic state
In turn, this can have a significant impact upon several other variables:
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Pressure
Pulse pressure (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)
Mean arterial pressure (usually approximated with diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure)
Central venous pressure
Regional circulation
See also
Cardiovascular System Dynamics Society
References
External links
Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts - Comprehensive explanation of basic cardiovascular concepts, based on a textbook of the same name.
The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System - Mechanical overview of cardiovascular function. Free eBook and video resources.
Clinical Sciences - Cardiovascular An iPhone app covering detailed cardiovascular physiology and anatomy
Quantitative Cardiovascular Physiology and Clinical Applications for Engineers
Cardiology
Circulatory system
Heart
Cardiac anatomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular%20physiology |
Shriek: An Afterword is a fantasy novel by American writer Jeff VanderMeer. Published in 2006, Shriek is set in the fictional city of Ambergris, a recurring setting in VanderMeer's work. The novel was written over a period of eight years, owing in part to what the author said, "[some scenes that are] very personal."
Plot introduction
Ambergris, named for "the most secret and valued part of the whale", is a fantastical urban milieu, explicitly modern and apparently pre-industrial (despite the presence of guns, bombs, and motor vehicles). Ambergris is characterized by grocery stores, post offices, cafés, and vendors (The "Borges Bookstore" bears note). The city was built over the land (and quiet protests) of the fungally-adept "graycaps", humanoids of uncertain disposition. The inhabitants of Ambergris enjoy a fascination with squid, and celebrate an anarchic annual Festival of the Freshwater Squid.
Characters
Shriek: An Afterword deals principally with two eponymous siblings, Janice and Duncan Shriek. Janice, an ex-society figure and art critic, narrates with great and sometimes dark flamboyance. Duncan, a historian of note, entertains twin obsessions: rival historian Mary Sabon and the mysterious graycaps. The Shrieks figure rather prominently in VanderMeer's collection of Ambergris novellas and short stories City of Saints and Madmen: Duncan narrates the novella "The Early History of Ambergris", while Janice's art criticism figures into the World Fantasy Award-winning novella "The Transformation of Martin Lake".
Critical notes
Reviewer of The Believer noted "It's not clear what obsesses Jeff VanderMeer more, mushrooms or books. Both appear on almost every page of his new novel Shriek: An Afterword, in which disgraced historian Duncan Shriek seeks to uncover the mystery of a race of mushroom people with mysterious fungal plans, who lurk below the surface of the moss-covered city of Ambergris. VanderMeer's previous novels are part of a fantasy subgenre, often categorized as the New Weird. While Shriek certainly contains fantasy elements, it doesn’t fit into any strictly delineated genre. There are more ideas here than flights of fancy; VanderMeer owes more to Borges than Tolkien."
References
External links
Commentary from VanderMeer on "Forbidden Planet"
Excerpt on "SF Site Fiction"
VanderWorld: VanderMeer's personal blog
2006 American novels
American fantasy novels
English-language novels
Fictional fungi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriek%3A%20An%20Afterword |
The Drugs I Need is a satirical animated short made by The Animation Farm and the Austin Lounge Lizards and produced by the Consumers Union.
Plot
The animation parodies a regular pharmaceutical television commercial, detailing the benefits the fictional drug Progenitorivox manufactured by fictional company SquabbMerlCo whose use is not described in detail. Instead, a large number of side effects are sung to an upbeat musical jingle, which emphasizes that the consumer should buy Progenitorivox— even if the generic drug is half the cost— if only to be like a family on TV. The animation ends with a seemingly random disclaimer, also a parody of pharmaceutical or "drug" advertisements.
Reception
The video won the Public Affairs Council's Grassroots Innovation Award in 2006.
References
External links
Video on YouTube
American animated short films
Consumer Reports
Flash animated films
Parody films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs%20I%20Need |
Sideritis syriaca, commonly known as ironwort, is a plant similar to chamomile, used in the Balkans (where it is known as "mountain tea") to make a tisane. It grows on a high altitude in the mountains. It is commonly found on wet grounds, on the high pastures, above .
References
syriaca
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideritis%20syriaca |
Mountain tea may refer to:
Sideritis, also known as mountain tea or Greek mountain tea, a genus of flowering plants
Gaultheria procumbens, a plant species also known as American mountain tea
Mountain Tea State Forest - see List of Indiana state forests
Mountain Tea, and other poems, a 1984 collection of poetry by Peter van Toorn
See also
Leptospermum grandifolium, commonly known as the mountain tea-tree, a species of shrub or small tree
High-mountain tea, several varieties of Oolong tea grown in Taiwan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20tea |
Jerel Jamal Stokes (born October 6, 1972) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the UCLA Bruins, earning unanimous All-American honors in 1993. A first-round selection in the 1995 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers, he played in the NFL for the 49ers, Jacksonville Jaguars and New England Patriots. He won a Super Bowl with the Patriots in 2003.
Early years
Stokes was born in San Diego, California. He attended Point Loma High School in San Diego, where he was part of a talented high school football team that included quarterback Dan White and lineman La'Roi Glover. The team was coached throughout Stokes' four years by local legend Bennie Edens.
College career
While attending University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Stokes played for the Bruins football team from 1991 to 1994. His breakout season came in his junior year when he was named the Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year. Stokes' junior season was rewarded with a top ten finish in the balloting for that year's Heisman Trophy, being the only junior recognized. Stokes' junior season ended with unanimous All-American recognition by The Sporting News, AP, UPI, and Kodak. Stokes' senior year began as the nation's leading Heisman contender but was quickly sidetracked by a severe upper thigh contusion suffered in the season's first game. Stokes still holds UCLA school records for receiving touchdowns in a season (17 in 1993), receiving touchdowns in a career (28), receiving yards in a game (263 vs. USC in 1992) and receptions in a game (14 vs. Wisconsin, 1994 Rose Bowl), among others.
On October 9, 2009, Stokes was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame.
1991: 5 catches for 55 yards.
1992: 41 catches for 728 yards with 7 TD.
1993: 82 catches for 1181 yards with 17 TD.
1994: 26 catches for 505 yards with 4 TD.
Professional career
Stokes was selected with the first round (tenth overall pick) of the 1995 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. He played for the 49ers from to . The 49ers traded up 20 spots to the No. 10 pick in the first round of the draft to select Stokes. After a slow start to his rookie season, the former Bruin ultimately netted 38 receptions for 517 yards and four touchdowns, the last of which was tossed by Jerry Rice.
During the 1996 season, Stokes suffered a broken hand and missed most of the season, leading to the emergence of the 49ers' third round pick in the 1996 NFL Draft, wide receiver Terrell Owens.
In 1997, with Rice sidelined with a torn ACL, Stokes and Owens formed a formidable duo for quarterback Steve Young, with Stokes hauling in 58 passes for 733 yards and four touchdowns. Once Rice returned, Stokes' production did not falter as he would achieve career highs in receptions (63), yards (770) and touchdowns (eight). Stokes was also the recipient of Denver linebacker Bill Romanowski spitting in his face during a Monday Night Football game in December 1997.
Along with the rest of the team, Stokes' production dropped in 1999 as a result of Young's career-ending concussion in a Monday night game in Arizona. Football Outsiders called Stokes "the league's least valuable receiver" in 1999.
The 49ers released him in 2003 and he was initially signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars before going to New England. Stokes was rarely used by either team, only contributing 15 catches for 154 yards during the 2003 campaign. New England released him and activated fullback Larry Centers near the end of the season. However, he was re-signed by the Patriots prior to the AFC Championship Game.
NFL Career Statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
Life after football
He worked as a radio host for the ESPN radio affiliate based out of Modesto, California. Currently, he works as an analyst for Fox Sports on UCLA's football games and for high school football on the internet in Southern California. He is currently residing in the Bay Area with his wife and kids.
See also
List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders
References
1972 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American football wide receivers
Jacksonville Jaguars players
New England Patriots players
Players of American football from San Diego
Point Loma High School alumni
San Francisco 49ers players
UCLA Bruins football players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20J.%20Stokes |
In geometry, the cubohemioctahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U15. It has 10 faces (6 squares and 4 regular hexagons), 24 edges and 12 vertices. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
It is given Wythoff symbol 4 | 3, although that is a double-covering of this figure.
A nonconvex polyhedron has intersecting faces which do not represent new edges or faces. In the picture vertices are marked by golden spheres, and edges by silver cylinders.
It is a hemipolyhedron with 4 hexagonal faces passing through the model center. The hexagons intersect each other and so only triangular portions of each are visible.
Related polyhedra
It shares the vertex arrangement and edge arrangement with the cuboctahedron (having the square faces in common), and with the octahemioctahedron (having the hexagonal faces in common).
Tetrahexagonal tiling
The cubohemioctahedron can be seen as a net on the hyperbolic tetrahexagonal tiling with vertex figure 4.6.4.6.
Hexahemioctacron
The hexahemioctacron is the dual of the cubohemioctahedron, and is one of nine dual hemipolyhedra. It appears visually indistinct from the octahemioctacron.
Since the cubohemioctahedron has four hexagonal faces passing through the model center, thus it is degenerate, and can be seen as having four vertices at infinity.
In Magnus Wenninger's Dual Models, they are represented with intersecting infinite prisms passing through the model center, cut off at a certain point that is convenient for the maker.
See also
Hemi-cube - The four vertices at infinity correspond directionally to the four vertices of this abstract polyhedron.
References
(Page 101, Duals of the (nine) hemipolyhedra)
External links
Uniform polyhedra and duals
Uniform polyhedra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubohemioctahedron |
Bertha von Putelendorf (died after 1182) may have been the daughter of Count Palatine Friedrich IV von Putelendorf in Saxony and his wife Agnes of Limburg, daughter of Henry, Duke of Lower Lorraine. According to a secondary source, she was the daughter of the Count Palatine of Saxony. If this were true, from a chronological standpoint, her father would most likely be Friedrich IV von Putelendorf in Saxony. A woman named Bertha, possibly Bertha von Putelendorf, is recorded as the mother of Poppo VI, Count of Henneberg, as well as Irmgard and Liutgarde.
She married Berthold I, Count of Henneberg (died 1159?), and had three surviving children:
Poppo VI, Count of Henneberg (a son, died 14 June 1190)
Irmgard of Henneberg (a daughter, died 15 July 1197)
Liutgarde of Henneberg (a daughter, died 22 November 1220), married Adalbert von Sommerschenberg
Bertha was also the grandmother of Agnes of Hohenstaufen through her daughter Irmgard von Henneberg.
References
Countesses in Germany
12th-century German women
1190 deaths
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha%20of%20Putelendorf |
Darbandokeh (, ) is a village in Erbil Governorate in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. It is located in the Shaqlawa District.
In the village, there was a church of Mar Quryaqos.
Etymology
The name of the village is derived from "enclosed place" in Kurdish.
History
Darbandokeh was founded in 1928 by Assyrians from the refugee camp at Baqubah in the aftermath of the Assyrian genocide in the First World War, most of whom belonged to the Nochiya clan from Shemsdin in the Hakkari mountains in Turkey. By 1938, the village was inhabited by 108 Assyrians in 15 families.
In 1963, amidst the First Iraqi–Kurdish War, Darbandokeh was attacked and its Assyrian population was either killed or expelled by pro-government Kurds, who subsequently resettled the village; the church of Mar Quryaqos was also destroyed.
Notable people
Dinkha IV (1935–2015), Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East
Emanuel Kamber (b. 1949), Assyrian-American physicist
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Populated places in Erbil Governorate
Historic Assyrian communities in Iraq
Kurdish settlements in Erbil Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbandokeh |
Vinbarbital is a hypnotic drug which is a barbiturate derivative. It was developed by Sharp and Dohme in 1939.
References
Barbiturates
Sedatives
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Alkene derivatives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinbarbital |
George Baerveldt, M.B.Ch.B., was a Professor in the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of California, Irvine.
Baerveldt developed and held four patents related to the Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant, a device for the drainage of excess fluid from the eye in complex cases of glaucoma.
Professor Baerveldt was also one of the inventors of the Trabectome, a device for minimally-invasive glaucoma surgery.
Dr. Baerveldt died on April 13, 2021, while recuperating from vascular surgery.
References
External links
"George Baerveldt, M.D.". UC Irvine Department of Ophthalmology.
"Trabectome". Manufacturer's Website.
"Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant". Manufacturer's Website.
Living people
American ophthalmologists
University of California, Irvine faculty
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Baerveldt |
Palaú is a town in the Mexican state of Coahuila. It is located on the eastern boundary of the Chihuahuan Desert, in the municipality of Múzquiz. Temperatures in the summertime can easily reach 45 degrees Celsius and the winters are mild but wet. The main industry is coal mining.
When an Austrian engineer discovered these energy riches in the late 19th century, the northern portion of Coahuila quickly transformed from a sparsely populated region of cattle ranchers to an industrial powerhouse. Thousands of Japanese immigrants came seeking work; some of their descendants, with Japanese surnames, are still here. Simabuco is one of several Japanese Surnames and is traced back to Anastacio Simabuco one of the earliest settlers of Palau he is believed to have migrated from Okinawa, Japan at the turn of the 20th century.
Coahuila coal feeds steel mills in Monclova and Monterrey, the country's third-largest city. Two coal-fired electric plants near the U.S. border supply as much as 8 percent of Mexico's electricity.
Population (INEGI 2005): 16,133 (men 8,063; women 8,070)
References
Info
Populated places in Coahuila | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala%C3%BA |
In geometry, the great ditrigonal icosidodecahedron (or great ditrigonary icosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U47. It has 32 faces (20 triangles and 12 pentagons), 60 edges, and 20 vertices. It has 4 Schwarz triangle equivalent constructions, for example Wythoff symbol 3 | 3 gives Coxeter diagram = . It has extended Schläfli symbol a{,3} or c{3,}, as an altered great stellated dodecahedron or converted great icosahedron.
Its circumradius is times the length of its edge, a value it shares with the cube.
Related polyhedra
Its convex hull is a regular dodecahedron. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron (having the triangular faces in common), the ditrigonal dodecadodecahedron (having the pentagonal faces in common), and the regular compound of five cubes.
References
External links
VRML model:
MathWorld
Uniform polyhedra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20ditrigonal%20icosidodecahedron |
Dan E. Fesman (sometimes credited as Dan Fesman) is a television producer and writer. Fesman graduated from Teaneck High School in Teaneck, New Jersey.
Fesman has also been producer and writer on several recent series, including Grimm, LAX, Wonderfalls and Dead Like Me. He has written for Special Unit 2, Cover Me: Based on the True Life of an FBI Family, Now and Again, The King of Queens, Zero Stress and NCIS.
References
External links
American television producers
American television writers
American male television writers
Living people
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Teaneck High School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20E.%20Fesman |
The Dyckman Street station (pronounced ) is a station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located roughly at the intersection of Dyckman Street and Nagle Avenue in Inwood, Manhattan, it is served by the 1 train at all times.
Built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), the station opened on March 12, 1906, as part of the first subway. The northbound platform was lengthened in 1910 while the southbound platform was lengthened in 1948. The station house under the platforms was renovated in 1991. The station was renovated in 2014, during which the southbound platform was retrofitted with an elevator to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The northbound platform was made accessible in 2023.
The Dyckman Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The platforms contain stairs to the station house at Dyckman Street and Nagle Avenue. The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History
Construction and opening
Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature passed the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, the Rapid Transit Commission's chief engineer. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and legal challenges were resolved near the end of 1899.
The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, under which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.
The Dyckman Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) north of Hillside Avenue. Work on this section was conducted by E. P. Roberts and Terry & Tench Construction Company, who started building the viaduct on January 19, 1903. The West Side Branch of the first subway was extended northward to a temporary terminus of 221st Street and Broadway on March 12, 1906, with the first open station at Dyckman Street, as the stations at 168th Street, 181st Street, and 191st Street were not yet completed. This extension was served by shuttle trains operating between 157th Street and 221st Street until May 30, 1906, when express trains began running through to 221st Street. The opening of the first subway line, and particularly the Dyckman Street station, helped contribute to the development of Upper Manhattan.
After the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times. In 1918, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square–42nd Street, and the original line was divided into an "H"-shaped system. The original subway north of Times Square thus became part of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.
Station improvements
Early and mid-20th century
To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening the platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. The northbound platform at the Dyckman Street station was extended to the south, with a new retaining wall being constructed. The southbound platform was not lengthened. Six-car local trains began operating in October 1910, and ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line on January 24, 1911. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.
The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. Platforms at IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line stations between and , including those at Dyckman Street, were lengthened to between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at Dyckman Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946, with an estimated cost of $3.891 million. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension at Dyckman Street opened. At the same time, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1.
Late 20th century to present
In April 1988, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of a skip-stop service: the 9 train. When skip-stop service began on August 21, 1989, skip-stop service was implemented during rush hours and middays. Dyckman Street was served by the 1 at all times. On September 4, 1994, midday skip-stop service was discontinued. Skip-stop service ended on May 27, 2005, as a result of a decrease in the number of riders who benefited.
The control house was renovated between 1990 and 1991. The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2004.
Starting in 2010, the station was renovated as part of a $45 million project. The project included rehabilitation of the tunnel portal, realignment and rehabilitation of the platforms and installation of new cast iron lighting fixtures. Initially, no elevators were planned for the Dyckman Street station because it was not on the MTA's list of "key stations" that would receive disabled access under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The United Spinal Association subsequently filed a lawsuit to stop the project because it did not include elevators. The suit was settled in 2011, and an elevator to the southbound platform was built. The project was completed in February 2014.
Originally, no elevator was added to the northbound platform because, at the time the southbound elevator was built, the geology was determined to be too difficult to accommodate an elevator there. The unidirectional accessibility received complaints from disabled riders, who were forced to backtrack several stations if they wanted to exit or enter the station northbound. Northbound accessibility was proposed in February 2019 as part of the MTA's "Fast Forward" program. A contract for the northbound elevator was awarded in December 2020, with funding that was originally earmarked for the Penn Station Access project. The new elevator was almost complete by early 2023, and it went into service in July 2023.
Station layout
The Dyckman Street station has two side platforms and two tracks. The station is served by the 1 at all times and is between 207th Street to the north and 191st Street to the south. The station is built into the base of a steep hill known as Fort George. The southern end of the station lies at the northern portal of the Washington Heights Mine Tunnel, which takes the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through the bedrock of Manhattan. Here, the line maintains a level grade through the tunnel. The portal of the tunnel is an arch made of rusticated granite blocks, atop which is a keystone and a concrete parapet. There is a rectangular pediment with the inscription "Fort George 1776-1906", flanked by scrolls, atop the center of the arch. North of the station, the terrain of Upper Manhattan drops abruptly and the line becomes elevated to Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street.
The platforms are offset slightly: the southbound platform extends further to the north than the northbound platform. A center express track, which is currently unused in revenue service, forms just north of this station and runs nonstop to just south of 242nd Street. There used to be a spur track south of the station, but that was removed when the platforms were extended.
Station design
Both platforms have beige windscreens and red canopies with green frames at the center. The red metal roofs contain rafters and are supported by steel truss bars. Along the platform on either side of the canopy, there are waist-high cast-iron railings with lampposts. The southern end of the northbound platform is adjacent to a concrete retaining wall at the portal of the Washington Heights Mine Tunnel, which slopes down toward the north. There is a blue-and-green "DYCKMAN ST" mosaic on this retaining wall. The southern end of the southbound platform contains equipment rooms and is adjacent to Substation 17.
As with other original IRT elevated viaducts, the elevated structure north of Dyckman Street is carried on two column bents, one on each side of the road, at places where the tracks are no more than above the ground level. There is zigzag lateral bracing at intervals of every four panels.
Exit
The station's only entrance is a station house slightly above ground level at the southern corner of Nagle Avenue, Dyckman Street, and Hillside Avenue. Because of the street layout, the northern end of the station house resembles a wedge in plan. The station house is designed in the Beaux-Arts style with concrete facades that are designed to resemble ashlar. There is a ramp and stairs leading up from street level to the station house entrance, which consists of a pair of arches under the elevated viaduct. The northwestern corner of the station house contains a plinth, which supports the northern end of the southbound platform. The western facade of the station house, under the southbound platform, has seven arched windows facing Hillside Avenue.
Inside the station house, the ceiling is supported by large metal I-beams and made of concrete. The eastern side of the ceiling is below the track bed and contains an arched ceiling, which is about lower than the rest of the ceiling. The north, west, and east walls contain a buff-brick wainscoting of Roman brick at the lowest part of the walls. The upper sections of these walls are clad with white glass tiles, topped by a green mosaic band about wide. The southern wall contains a 1991 artwork called Flight by Wopo Holup. It features ceramic relief tiles depicting birds in flight. For the 2013 renovation, Holup commissioned an addition to her previous work, with a relief-tile depiction of the moon surrounded by a band of white mosaic tiles.
The space is divided roughly in half by a turnstile bank, with an accompanying station agent's booth on the eastern wall. South of the turnstile bank, within fare control, one staircase from either side of the station house leads to each platform. An elevator also leads to the southbound platform. The elevator is of a "machine room-less" design and is the first of its type to be installed in the New York City Subway system. The southern wall of the station house contains staff rooms. A second elevator ascends to the northbound platform.
References
External links
nycsubway.org – Flight Artwork by Wopo Holup (1991)
Station Reporter – 1 Train
The Subway Nut – Dyckman Street Pictures
MTA's Arts For Transit – Dyckman Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)
Dyckman Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Platforms from Google Maps Street View
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line stations
Railway and subway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
New York City Subway stations in Manhattan
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1906
1906 establishments in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyckman%20Street%20station%20%28IRT%20Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh%20Avenue%20Line%29 |
KLSE may refer to:
Bursa Malaysia, formerly known as the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange
The ICAO airport code of La Crosse Regional Airport in La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
KLSE (FM), a radio station (90.7 FM) licensed to Rochester, Minnesota, United States
KZSE, a radio station (91.7 FM) licensed to Rochester, Minnesota, which held the call sign KLSE-FM until 2011
KLSE (TV), a defunct educational television station (channel 13) in Monroe, Louisiana, United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLSE |
Shane John Acton (17 September 1946 – 25 February 2002) was an English sailor, known for circumnavigating the globe in an boat, the smallest ever, at that time, to survive the voyage. He first set sail from Britain in 1972 at the age of 25.
Acton was born and raised in Coleridge, Cambridge, England. Without any sailing experience, he departed in a used 18' 4" bilge-keel sailing boat for which he paid the modest sum of £400. The boat was a Caprice, a Robert Tucker design originally named Super Shrimp but referred to by Shane simply as Shrimpy. Later Shane was accompanied for much of the voyage by his girlfriend, Iris Derungs, a photographer from Switzerland. He sailed westabout through the Panama Canal, circling the globe and returning to England as a local celebrity eight years later. The voyage is chronicled in his book Shrimpy: A Record Round-the-World Voyage in an Eighteen Foot Yacht.
In 1984, he set off on a second voyage from England to Central America via the French canals, the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands and wrote a book of this voyage Shrimpy sails again.
He lived his later years near Golfito, Costa Rica, and died of lung cancer on February 25, 2002 in Cambridge, aged 55.
References
Sources
A Speck on the Sea, William H. Longyard. McGraw-Hill, 2003.
Cambridge News, "World Trip Record Sailor Dies." Feb 27, 2002.
Shrimpy: A Record Round-the-World Voyage in an Eighteen Foot Yacht, Shane Acton. Motorbooks International, 1993.
External links
Google Map of Shane Acton's circumnavigation
1946 births
2002 deaths
People from Cambridge
English sailors
Deaths from lung cancer in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane%20Acton |
Manek is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:
Given name
People
Manek Bedi, Bollywood actor
Manek Mathur (born 1988), Indian squash player
Manek Premchand, Indian writer and historian of film music
Fictional characters
Manek Tigelaar, character from Wicked novel series
Surname
Brady Manek (born 1998), American basketball player
Chronox Manek (died 2012), Chief Ombudsman of Papua New Guinea
Gabriel Manek (1913–1989), Indonesian Archbishop of The Roman Catholic Church
Gia Manek (born 1986), Indian television actress
Jayesh Manek (born 1956), Indian fund manager
Pabubha Manek, Indian politician
Roma Manek, Indian actress from Gujarati
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manek |
Tim Ruddy (born April 27, 1972) is an American former professional football player who was a center for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL) from 1994 to 2003. He played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish.
High school
Attended Dunmore High School in Dunmore, PA, playing football under legendary coach Jack Henzes
Named honorable mention All-America by Sporting News as a Senior
Selected as 15th best prospect in the nation by Atlanta Journal-Constitution
Won the state championship in the shot put as a senior, took third in the state in the discus that year
Earned two letters as two-way tackle, long snapper and kicker
Lettered three times in track, performing in the discus and shot put
Graduated from Dunmore High School with perfect 4.0 GPA
Nicknamed 'Big Master'
College career
Ruddy attended The University of Notre Dame from 1990 to 1994. He was a four-year letterman and two year starter during this time. As a senior, he elected as one of the team’s captains and was selected as a second-team All-America and first-team All-Independent by The Football News and the Associated Press.
Ruddy also posted a perfect 4.0 GPA his junior and senior years at Notre Dame. He graduated summa cum laude with a 3.86 GPA and holds a B.S. in mechanical engineering. He also earned post-graduate scholarships from the NCAA and the National Football Foundation. He was named as an Academic All-American during both his junior and senior years, and was named the GTE Academic All American of the Year in his senior season.
Professional career
Ruddy was the second-round draft choice (65th overall) of Miami in 1994. Ruddy started 140 games of his 156 games played, in which all 16 of those non-starts were his rookie year, but he saw time in all of them. He missed only 4 regular season games during his 10 year career. During most of his career, he was the center for Dan Marino, who has held almost every meaningful NFL passing record and is widely recognized as one of the greatest quarterbacks in football history. He also anchored the line in 2002 for Ricky Williams's NFL rushing title, which included two 200+ yard rushing games. During Ruddy's 10 years with the Dolphins(1994-2003), the team made the playoffs 7 times, and never posted a losing record for the season.
In 2001, Ruddy was named to his first and only Pro Bowl. Ruddy was the first Miami center to be selected to the Pro Bowl since Hall of Fame center Dwight Stephenson in 1987. The last year of Ruddy's career was plagued by injury and his playing time was limited. Ruddy was released by Miami following the 2003 season. It was rumored he talked to a few teams after his departure from Miami, but did not sign with any team.
Ruddy was elected team captain 3 times and was selected as one of the top 40 Miami Dolphin players of all time. He was named as a second team offensive line selection to the Pennsylvania Football News All-Century Team. In 2020, he was elected into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame
References
External links
The Pennsylvania Football News All-Century Team
Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame - Tim Ruddy
Pro-Football-Reference.com Miami Dolphins Team Page
1972 births
Living people
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football centers
Miami Dolphins players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Players of American football from Scranton, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Ruddy |
Changes to Canadian elections law in 2004 closed "Longley's Loophole". This court decision resulted in the loss of funding for the Parti Marijuana Party and other small parties. The Marijuana Party fielded twenty-three candidates in the 2006 federal election receiving a total of nine-thousand two-hundred and seventy-five votes, averaging (0.82%) across the 23 ridings fielding candidates. In Nunavut, Ed Devries won 7.9% of the vote finishing in fourth place, ahead of the Green Party candidate. Party leader Blair Longley received 332 votes (0.72%) finishing fifth out of six candidates in the Montreal riding of Hochelaga.
Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown: Andrew J Chisholm
Chisholm listed his occupation as a Call Center Tech Support in the 2006 campaign. He received 193 votes (1.01%) finishing fifth out of six candidates.
Nova Scotia
Kings-Hants: Chummy Anthony
Anthony received 436 votes (1.0%) finishing fifth out of six candidates.
Quebec
Hochelaga: Blair T Longley
Party leader Blair Longley, received 332 votes (0.72%) finishing fifth out of six candidates. He ran previously as Parti Marijuana Party leader in the 2004 general election for the BC riding of North Okanagan—Shuswap earning 492 votes (0.95%). Longley ran again in the Hochelaga riding during the 2008 federal election listing himself as unemployed, receiving 183 votes (0.4%)
Listed as a Thinker, Longley previously ran twice in the Vancouver Quadra riding during the 1984 and 1988 general elections. He received 364 votes (0.62%) as Green candidate in 1984, and received 52 votes (0.1%) as an independent in 1988.
Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie: Hugô St-Onge
St-Onge, a Gardener, was one vote shy of 420, earning 419 votes (0.8%) finishing sixth out of six candidates.
Trois-Rivières: Paul Giroux
Giroux listed his occupation as Father in 2000 and Driver in 2006. He received 371 votes (0.76%) finishing sixth out of six candidates. Giroux received 547 votes (1.17%) in the 2004 federal election, and 1020 votes (2.26%) in the 2000 federal election.
Longueuil—Pierre-Boucher: David Fiset
Fiset listed his occupation as Philosopher in 2000, Educator in 2004, and Horticulturalist in 2006. Fiset received 397 votes (0.8%) finishing sixth out of six candidates. Fiset received 401 votes (0.83%) in the 2004 federal election, and 968 votes (2.42%) in the 2000 federal election.
Laurier—Sainte-Marie: Nicky Tanguay
Tanguay listed her occupation as Paper Carrier. Tanguay received 338 votes (0.69%) finishing sixth out of nine candidates in the riding won by Bloc Quebecois leader Gilles Duceppe. Tanguay received 572 votes (1.2%) in the 2004 federal election.
Ontario
Carleton—Mississippi Mills: George Walter Kolaczynski
Kolaczysnki listed himself as a postal worker in the 2004 campaign. He was the only candidate in the riding to run a $0 campaign. He finished fifth of six candidate with 426 votes (0.61%) with the riding being won by Gordon O'Connor. Kolaczysnki ran previously in the Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington riding (won by Scott Reid) during the 2004 general election, winning 479 votes (0.85%).
Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington: Ernest Rathwell
Rathwell was born on November 26, 1958, in Carleton Place, Ontario. He later moved to Alberta to work in the oilpatch for five years, and spent five additional years working at a sour gas factory. He has a Fourth Class Stationary Engineering certificate from the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology.
He credits marijuana for helping him come to terms with post-traumatic stress syndrome, arguing that conventional treatments did not work for him (Ottawa Citizen, 10 June 1998). His wife also suffers from multiple sclerosis, and Rathwell believes that marijuana use has kept her alive by causing the condition to subside. He joined the Marijuana Party after he was denied a certificate to grow marijuana for medical purposes and sentenced to nine months in jail for illegal cultivation.
He received 501 votes (0.84%), finishing sixth against Conservative incumbent Scott Reid.
Oxford: James Bender
James Bender (born 1964) earned 771 votes (1.55%), the most of any Parti Marijuana Party candidate, finishing sixth of seven candidates. Running previously in the riding during the 2004 general election he received 794 votes (1.73%). Bender is self made, formerly operating Lady Godiva's in Woodstock, Ontario, as well as former operator of "The Ganja Tree" in Woodstock, Ontario. Bender has been involved in social protest for many years in several areas. He is a proponent of legal marijuana, regulated by the government with similar control and distribution mechanisms in place in order to stabilize the industry, removing it from the paradigm of criminality. At present he is working on a pesticide ban, the redirecting of a golf course, (in order to protect a wetland area) and is a member of the Trans National Radical Party which holds NGO in consultant status with the United Nations.
Bender regularly contributes to many national and local newspapers as an opinion writer. He operates an online newspaper known as the Woodstock Ontario Independent News. He was awarded the Community Care and Access "Heroes in the Home Award", receiving commendation from Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty, as well as many other government officials and leaders for his role in arguing a human rights case involving summer access to camp programs for disabled children against the city of Woodstock, Ontario, which he subsequently won.
Bender ran unsuccessfully for city council in Woodstock, Ontario, in the November 2006 municipal elections. He garnered 2023 votes (6.4%).
Bender also ran in the 2007 Ontario general elections as an Independent candidate, coming in fourth place ahead of the Family Coalition, a branch of the Christian Heritage Party. He won a total vote count of 632 votes, casting himself as a social liberal, fiscal conservative. Bender has organized and registered with Elections Canada, the Oxford Marijuana Party, effective February, 2007. He lives in Woodstock with his partner and two children, one of whom is autistic.
Ottawa-Centre: John Andrew Akpata
Poet, John Akpata received 387 votes (0.58%) finishing sixth out of nine candidates. He received 495 votes (0.84%) in the Ottawa-South riding in the 2004 federal election.
Peterborough: Aiden Wiechula
Aiden Wiechula was born on November 10, 1985, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and lived in Waterloo, Ontario; Saudi Arabia; and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, before moving to Peterborough to attend Trent University. He was a member of the New Democratic Party before joining the Marijuana Party and was a twenty-year-old History student at the time of the 2006 election. When he declared his candidacy, he was quoted as saying, "The cannabis issue is a great example of everything the government has mishandled and done wrong. It [voting for the Marijuana Party] is a great protest vote against bigger party mentality."
Wiechula was on the left wing of the Marijuana Party. He has said that he became interested in politics via an opposition to the American invasion of Iraq. During the 2006 campaign, he called for free community college courses and for university student tuition fees to be cut in half. He denied that this would result in a lower quality of education, pointing to the example of low tuition fees in Quebec.
Wiechula received 455 votes (0.72%) on election, finishing fifth against Conservative candidate Dean Del Mastro. He later joked that he had fulfilled his goal of receiving more votes than his father, Marek Wiechula, who received 204 votes as a Libertarian Party candidate in the 1975 Ontario provincial election.
In 2009, Wiechula wrote a piece defending the political legacy of J.S. Woodsworth, founder of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.
Parkdale—High Park: Terry Parker
Marijuana advocate, Terry Parker received 311 votes (0.58%) finishing fifth out of eight candidates. Parker also ran in this riding in the 2000 and 2004 general elections. In 2000 he received 711 votes (1.85%) and in 2004 received 384 votes for (0.82%). He ran again in the riding in 2008 earning 209 votes (0.43%).
Nickel Belt: Michel D. Ethier
Minister of the Church of the Universe Ethier received, just over 420 votes. His 421 votes (0.92%) put him sixth of seven candidates.
Thunder Bay—Rainy River: Doug Thompson
Thompson received 424 votes (1.1%) finishing fifth of five candidates. In the 2004 election he received 547 votes (1.51%) in the riding.
Thunder Bay—Superior North: Denis Carriere
Denis Carriere received 486 votes (1.25%) finishing fifth of five candidates.
Alberta
Edmonton-Strathcona: Dave Dowling
Dowling received 390 votes (0.74%) finishing sixth out of seven candidates. He received 519 votes (1.07%) in the riding during the 2004 federal election.
Calgary Southwest: Logan Marshall
Marshall finished sixth of six candidates in the riding won by Stephen Harper. He did not receive any votes, likely due to missed filing deadline.
British Columbia
Abbotsford: Tim Felger
Felger received 334 votes (0.71%) finishing fifth of seven candidates.
Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge—Mission: Dean Banov
Banov received 327 votes (0.63%) finishing fifth of seven candidates.
Vancouver Centre: Heathcliff Dionysus Campbell
Heathcliff Dionysus Campbell received 259 votes (0.45%) finishing sixth of seven candidates.
Vancouver Quadra: Marc Boyer
Boyer received 158 votes (0.27%) finishing sixth of seven candidates.
Victoria: Fred Mallach
Mallach won 311 votes (0.5%) finishing fifth of seven candidates.
Nunavut
Nunavut: Ed Devries
Devries received 724 votes (7.9%) finishing fourth out of five candidates. He received the largest percentage of votes amongst 2006 Parti Marijuana Party candidates.
See also
Marijuana Party candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election
Marijuana Party candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election
References
2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana%20Party%20candidates%20in%20the%202006%20Canadian%20federal%20election |
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