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Blaž Nikola Kraljević (19 September 1947 – 9 August 1992) was a Bosnian Croat paramilitary leader who commanded the Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) during the Bosnian War. An immigrant to Australia, Kraljević joined the Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (HRB) upon his arrival there in 1967. During his return to Yugoslavia in January 1992 he was appointed by Dobroslav Paraga, leader of the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP), as leader of the HOS in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
During the Bosnian War he advocated a Croat–Bosniak alliance, a view that ran counter to those of the Croatian government led by Croatian president Franjo Tuđman and his Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) party. He denounced attempts by Mate Boban, president of the self-proclaimed Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, and Radovan Karadžić, president of the self-proclaimed Republika Srpska, to divide Bosnia and Herzegovina and was appointed by Bosnian president Alija Izetbegović as a member of Staff of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH), shortly before his assassination by Croatian Defence Council (HVO) soldiers under the command of Mladen Naletilić. Just two months after his death, relations between the Croats and Bosniak would deteriorate completely, leading to the Croat-Bosniak War.
Early life
Blaž Kraljević was born on 19 September 1947 in the village of Lisice in the municipality of Ljubuški, in the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Australia
In 1967, at the age of 19, he migrated to Australia where he was recruited by Srećko Rover into the Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (HRB), a pro-Ustaše group established in Australia in 1961.
Kraljević was assigned to a select squad of HRB members who were training in Australia for an armed covert incursion into northern Yugoslavia in 1972. This squad, known as the Bugojno group, entered Yugoslavia but failed in its mission, with 18 of the 19 men involved being either killed or executed by Yugoslav forces. Kraljević, however, was arrested and detained in Melbourne for liquor offences before the Bugojno group left Australia and therefore avoided this fate.
Kraljević resided in Kambah, an outer suburb of Canberra and worked as a bricklayer, but continued to be an active proponent of Croatian nationalism. He became a leading spokesman for the Australian branch of the Croatian National Council, an organisation lobbying for the destruction of Yugoslavia through whatever means necessary. In this role, he co-wrote articles defending the aims of the Council and the ideals of the Ustaša. He was also active in public protests against Yugoslavia, being arrested in 1978 for throwing bottles of red paint at the Yugoslav embassy in Canberra.
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Kraljević remained in Australia until 1990 when he returned to Yugoslavia to help fight for Croatian independence. In 1990 and 1991, Serb militias in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, armed by and acting in concert with the well-equipped Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), seized large territories. The Croatian government began arming Croats in the Herzegovina region in 1991 and in the start of 1992, expecting that the Serbs would spread the war into Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In June 1991, the Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) was formed in Croatia by the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP). From July 1991 to January 1992, the JNA and Serb paramilitaries used Bosnian territory to wage attacks on Croatia. In November 1991, the autonomous Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia (HZ-HB) was established, it claimed that it did not aim to secede and that it would serve a "legal basis for local self-administration" within the framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but not Yugoslavia. In December, Tuđman, in a conversation with Bosnian Croat leaders, said that "from the perspective of sovereignty, Bosnia-Herzegovina has no prospects" and recommended that Croatian policy "support for the sovereignty [of Bosnia and Herzegovina] until such time as it no longer suits Croatia." That same month HOS was disbanded by the Croatian government.
On 3 January 1992, Dobroslav Paraga, leader of the HSP, appointed Kraljević as leader of the HOS in Bosnia and Herzegovina and established its main headquarters in Ljubuški. It "supported Bosnian territorial integrity much more consistently and sincerely than the HVO" which supported a partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was more accepting of Bosniaks in its ranks than the HVO and consisted of 5,000 volunteers that included Bosnian Croats, Bosniaks, and foreign volunteers.
He played an influential role and advocated a Croat–Bosniak alliance for a united Bosnia and Herzegovina. His views ran counter to those of the Croatian government and he was seen by Tuđman's Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) as an obstacle to their plans for a Croat–Bosniak War. Media in Croatia, closely associated with Croatian defense minister Gojko Šušak, claimed that HOS was in fact "MOS", the "Muslim Defence Force", and that the Bosniaks were prepared, through HOS, to backstab the Croats. Upon entrance in the war, Kraljević had declared that:
In April 1992, the siege of Sarajevo began, by which time the Bosnian Serb-formed Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) controlled 70% of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 8 April, Bosnian Croats were organized into the Croatian Defence Council (HVO). A sizable number of Bosniaks also joined. On 15 April 1992, the multi-ethnic Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) was formed, with slightly over two-thirds of troops consisting of Bosniaks and almost one-third of Croats and Serbs. In the winter Bosniaks began leaving the HVO and joining the ARBiH which also began receiving supplies from Croatia. In May, HVO Major General Ante Roso declared that the only "legal military force" in HZ-HB was the HVO and that "all orders from the TO [Territorial Defense] command [of Bosnia and Herzegovina] are invalid, and are to be considered illegal on this territory".
On 9 May 1992, Boban, Josip Manolić, Tuđman's aide and previously the Croatian Prime Minister, and Radovan Karadžić, president of the self-proclaimed Republika Srpska, secretly met in Graz and formed an agreement on the division of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Graz agreement. Kraljević denounced the agreement stating "we implore all citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially Croats and Bosniaks, not to take into account any statements or agreements between Mate Boban and Radovan Karadžić. Neither speaks in the name of Croats and Bosniaks. They do not represent what the Croats and Bosniaks want. ... HOS and the TO are defending, and will defend, Bosnia and Herzegovina." Kraljević commented on the internal divisions of Croats and closed stating "We will get rid of the people with a dark past and suspicious present. [...] We will send them home but need to keep an eye on them as our destiny is at stake. We have a chance, but just this one."
Since the outset of the Bosnian War, HOS and HVO competed for power and influence. HOS played an important role in the liberation of Mostar, Čapljina, Neum and Stolac. By the end of July 1992, within one day about 700 HVO members joined the ranks of HOS in Čapljina. Similar crossings occurred in Tomislavgrad, Livno and Mostar. In the summer of 1992, the HVO started to purge its Bosniak members. At the same time armed incidents started to occur among Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the HVO and the HOS. The HOS was loyal to the Bosnian government and accepted subordination to the Staff of the ARBiH of which Kraljević was appointed a member.
Assassination
On 9 August 1992, Kraljević and eight of his staff were assassinated by HVO soldiers under the command of Mladen Naletilić, who supported a split between Croats and Bosniaks, after Kraljević's HOS attacked the VRS near Trebinje. According to Manolić the order to kill Kraljević was given by Šušak and approved by Tuđman. Božidar Vučurević, the war-time mayor of Trebinje, stated he safeguarded records showing it was a "task" to be carried out by SDS and HDZ figures. The HOS's advance into eastern Herzegovina and occupation of Trebinje angered Boban who had affirmed to Karadžić that Croat forces were uninterested in the region.
The Kruševo General Staff of HVO claimed that two vehicles with HOS members refused to stop at a police checkpoint and that HOS members first opened fire, killing HVO lieutenant Živko Bodulić. Kraljević's body and those of the eight other HOS soldiers were rushed to Split for autopsies before an investigation began and the investigating judge from Mostar only came to the scene a day later.
Aftermath and legacy
After his death, Croatian media claimed Kraljević was an agent of the UDBA, Yugoslav secret police, who had returned from Australia to harm the interests of Bosnian Croats. Bosnian officials suspected that Tuđman's government was involved. The HOS was disbanded, leaving the HVO as the only Croat force. The HOS was absorbed by the HVO and the ARBiH at the beginning of the Croat-Bosniak War.
In 1996, at the insistence of Šušak, Tuđman posthumously awarded Kraljević the Order of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan.
At the time of his assassination, Kraljević was married and had two sons who were living in Canberra.
Notes
References
1947 births
1992 deaths
People from Ljubuški
Australian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina soldiers
History of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Assassinated Bosnia and Herzegovina people
People murdered in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina Roman Catholics
20th-century assassinated people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bla%C5%BE%20Kraljevi%C4%87 |
Morgan Foster Larson (June 15, 1882March 21, 1961) was an American Republican politician who served as the 40th governor of New Jersey.
Early life
Morgan Foster Larson was born on June 15, 1882, in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, to Peter and Regina (Knudson) Larson. His father was a Danish immigrant who arrived in the United States at the age of twenty-two and worked as a blacksmith.
He attended Perth Amboy public schools before studying engineering at the Cooper Union Institute in New York City. Larson took night classes and worked in Perth Amboy during the day; by the time he graduated, he had logged over 60,000 miles of commuting.
From 1907 to 1910 and again from 1923 to 1924, Larson served as Middlesex County engineer. He also served as city engineer for Perth Amboy and township engineer for Woodbridge.
State senator
In 1921, Larson was elected to his first public office as a State Senator from Middlesex County. Though Larson was a Republican, he won three terms in the normally Democratic county. In 1925, he was elevated to Senate Majority Leader, and in 1926, he became Senate President.
As Senator, Larson took a leading role in state transportation reform. The increasing popularity of automobiles in the 1920s, migration to the suburbs, and the resultant obsolescence of the New Jersey road system made transportation reform a salient popular issue. Working with Senators William B. McKay and Arthur N. Pierson of suburban Bergen and Union counties, respectively, Larson won backing for three ambitious transportation projects: the George Washington Bridge, the Outerbridge Crossing, and the Goethals Bridge.
His high profile as a leader on transportation reform also established Larson as a statewide power, enabling his climb through the Republican hierarchy and shore up his standing in his Democratic home county. As Majority Leader in 1925, he reportedly "went along with the majority of members in anything they proposed," effectively building associations with the stronger Republican leaders. He also worked to build allegiances in Middlesex, where he retained a strong personal popularity despite the partisan leanings of the county.
His greatest success as Senator was the passage of the 1927 highway system bill, which he sponsored. His bill provided for 1,700 miles of road improvements for an estimated $162 million. Perhaps more importantly, the Larson bill established a comprehensive plan for the construction of future highways, which put an end to acrimonious debates and pork-barrel highway bills that had stalled modernization.
By 1927, Larson was already seen as a potential contender for Governor. He faced a stiff challenge for re-election from Frederic M. P. Pearse. Despite a vigorous campaign, Larson handily won with the largest plurality in the history of Middlesex County.
Governor of New Jersey
1928 gubernatorial election
As the 1928 election approached, Larson was viewed as a strong potential nominee. The powerful Essex County Republican machine (and thus the state party) was divided between Senator J. Henry Harrison, a candidate for Governor himself, and Fred G. Stickley Jr.
The Republican Party faced an uphill battle in the general election as well; the Democratic Party, under the leadership of Jersey City political boss Frank Hague, had won the three previous elections. One Republican candidate, reformist judge Robert Carey of Jersey City, launched his campaign as an outright attack on Hague, promising to weaken his machine as Governor. Sensing danger, Hague backed Larson's bid for the nomination, believing that he was the weaker candidate and the lesser threat. In the May primary, twenty thousand Hudson County Democrats crossed over to vote for Larson. Larson defeated Carey by roughly 55,000 votes throughout the state.
Early in the general election campaign, Larson ran an amiable, indulgent campaign. He cited water conservation and transportation development as key issues, but did little to stimulate interest in the electorate. In late September, at the urging of Republican leaders, Larson brought Hague into the campaign again, turning the election into a referendum on "Hagueism," graft, and corruption. "If I am elected Governor," he pledged, "I will enter the Capitol at Trenton through the front door and the Hague machine will go out the back door." Though his opponent, William L. Dill, was unquestionably honest, Larson won 824,005 to 671,728. He was the first Republican elected Governor since Walter Evans Edge in 1919 and only the second since 1908, though he ran several thousand votes behind President-elect Herbert Hoover in the state. His seat in the senate was filled by state assemblyman and labor leader Arthur A. Quinn, who defeated Republican-nominee Russell Watson in a special election in 1929.
Term in office: 1929–1932
The Larson administration was quickly plagued by internal party divisions and challenges to his authority, a consistent theme for New Jersey governors through the 1920s and 1930s. Larson in particular struggled despite his party's control of both chambers of the legislature, as he developed an early reputation as a maverick unwilling to cooperate on appointments. He became rapidly unpopular and politically ineffective shortly after taking office.
His first confrontation was over the office of Attorney General, for which he nominated Senator William A. Stevens of Monmouth without consulting leadership. He further upset state leaders by declining to nominate his primary opponent Carey for Hudson County prosecutor. The decision brewed serious controversy, re-raising the implication that Larson was insufficiently willing to attack Hague or the Hudson County machine. He followed the Carey decision by nominating his close friend and ally, Morristown mayor Clyde W. Potts, for another term on the State Board of Health. The Potts nomination outraged the legislature, given that a Senate committee had implicated Potts in a scheme to suppress competition for a state contract, in violation of state law. In response, the Governor only offered that "there didn't seem to be anything that involves his work as a member of the State Board of Health." Under mounting pressure and criticism, the Governor eventually withdrew the nomination. His final appointment in his first year was to nominate Senator Clarence E. Case to the New Jersey Supreme Court. The nomination throttled Case's Senate committee, charged with investigating impropriety in state government.
The Republican legislature spent much of the year stripping the Governor's office of authority to appoint officials, making efficient administration virtually impossible. Larson's problems compounded in when the Great Depression hit the state. In September 1930, he directed the Attorney General to bring an action against alleged discriminatory freight costs in New York Harbor; the case was rejected by the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Though by now a political liability within his state, Larson's second year in office was more successful; he cooperated with Governor of New York Franklin D. Roosevelt to construct the Lincoln Tunnel. His final year in office was the most frustrating. In his third and final annual message to the legislature, Larson prioritized unemployment and called on the legislators to "meet the state's responsibility in the crisis." He backed the creation of the temporary state Emergency Relief Administration.
Later career
After leaving office in 1932, Larson worked as an engineer for the Port of New York Authority. His financial holdings in banks, gas and petroleum collapsed as a result of the Depression.
In 1945, Governor Walter Evans Edge appointed Larson to his cabinet as commissioner of the new Department of Conservation; he remained in office until 1949. He continued on the state payroll as a consulting engineer with the Water Policy and Supply Council.
Personal life
Larson married Jennie Brogger in 1914; their marriage lasted until her death in 1927. He remarried to Adda Schmidt, a native of Denmark and his mother's secretary and companion, during his second year as Governor.
In 1921, Larson's brothers Lawrence and George were killed in a grade-crossing accident. He adopted his brothers' seven children and provided each with a college education.
Death
Larson died March 21, 1961, and was buried in Alpine Cemetery in Perth Amboy.
See also
List of governors of New Jersey
References
External links
Morgan Foster Larson, The Political Graveyard
Dead Governors of New Jersey bio for Morgan F. Larson
1882 births
1961 deaths
Politicians from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
Republican Party governors of New Jersey
Republican Party New Jersey state senators
American Presbyterians
Cooper Union alumni
Presidents of the New Jersey Senate
Burials in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20Foster%20Larson |
Soul to Soul may refer to:
Film and TV
Soul to Soul (film), a 1971 concert by African-American artists in Ghana and a documentary film of the concert
Music
Soul to Soul (soundtrack), a 1971 live album by various artists from the accompanying film
Soul to Soul (album), a 1985 album by American blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan
Soul II Soul, a British dance band popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s
Soul2Soul Tour (2000) or Soul2Soul II Tour (2006–07), co-headlining tours by country music singers Tim McGraw and Faith Hill
Songs
"Soul to Soul", a song by Another Pretty Face 1981
"Soul to Soul", a song by Boz Scaggs 1988
"Soul to Soul", a song by The Cockroaches 1990
"Soul to Soul", a song by Michael Zager 1978
"Soul to Soul", a song by The Temptations 1990
"Soul to Soul", a song by Krokus from To Rock or Not to Be
Organizations
Nefesh B'Nefesh (Hebrew for "Soul to Soul"), a Zionist organization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20to%20Soul |
Maryland Route 267 (MD 267) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs through Charlestown between two intersections with MD 7 in southwestern Cecil County. MD 267, which follows the path of the Old Post Road between Baltimore and Philadelphia, was constructed as a modern highway along that main line in 1915. The highway was bypassed by what is now MD 7 in 1921 to avoid a pair of dangerous bridges across what is now Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line. Those two bridges and adjacent sections of MD 267 were replaced west and east of Charlestown in the mid-1960s and mid-1970s, respectively.
Route description
MD 267 begins at an intersection with MD 7 (Philadelphia Road) west of Charlestown. The state highway heads east as two-lane undivided Baltimore Street, which immediately crosses over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line and enters the town of Charlestown. After intersecting Carpenters Point Road, MD 267 enters the Charlestown Historic District. After passing south of Charlestown Elementary School, the state highway turns north onto Cecil Street and crosses Red Rum Run. The state highway becomes Market Street after making a right-angle turn to the east and passes the Indian Queen Tavern and Black's Store, then turns north again onto Bladen Street. After crossing Peddlers Run Creek, leaving the historic district, and leaving the town limits, MD 267 crosses over the railroad tracks again and reaches its eastern terminus at MD 7 east of Charlestown.
History
MD 267 traces the path of the Old Post Road between Baltimore and Philadelphia blazed during the 18th century, during which Charlestown was the county seat of Cecil County. The Post Road from Perryville to Elkton was part of the state road system proposed by the State Roads Commission in 1909. The highway through Charlestown was constructed as a macadam road in 1915. The highway through Charlestown was bypassed when the Charlestown Cut-Off (later U.S. Route 40, now MD 7) was constructed in 1921, eliminating two dangerous bridges across the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak) from the course of the main highway. The western bridge, named Weber's Bridge or Weavers Bridge, crossed over the railroad perpendicularly east of the current crossing and featured a sharp curve on the south side of the tracks and an intersection with MD 7 immediately to the north. This bridge was reconstructed in 1951. The eastern bridge, named Heisler's Bridge, also crossed the railroad perpendicularly east of the current crossing and had a right-angle turn immediately to the south of the crossing near Clearview Avenue. MD 267 was relocated and Weber's Bridge was replaced in 1966 and 1967. The bypassed piece of highway became MD 913. Heisler's Bridge was replaced and the adjacent state highway relocated between 1973 and 1975. A portion of the bypassed highway east of Charlestown was conveyed from the state to the adjacent property owners in 1974.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 267
MD 267 at AARoads.com
Maryland Roads - MD 267
267
Maryland Route 267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20267 |
Some hold the conspiracy theory which asserts that the conservative Cardinal Giuseppe Siri, then the Archbishop of Genoa, was elected pope in the 1958 papal conclave, taking the name Pope Gregory XVII, but that his election was suppressed. Siri did not associate himself with this idea.
Its exponents claim that a prolonged emission of white smoke on the first day of balloting at the conclave indicated the election of Siri, but that threats applied from outside the conclave caused his election to be reversed, allowing Pope John XXIII to be elected two days later. The source of the threats has been identified as Jews and Freemasons, or as agents of the Soviet Union. Adherents of the Siri theory say that the election of John XXIII was invalid. They regard him and his successors as imposters and antipopes.
1958 conclave
On 25 October 1958, 51 cardinals entered the papal conclave, which was held to elect a successor to Pope Pius XII. Cardinal Giuseppe Siri, then 52 years old, was considered a strong candidate in the election. Siri was viewed then, and throughout his life, as staunchly conservative.
At 11:53a.m. on the morning of 26 October, the first day of balloting, white smoke was seen coming from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel, a traditional signal to the crowds in the square outside that a pope has been elected. It was followed after a few minutes by black smoke. The Italian radio network and the Italian news agency had to retract their initial reports that a pope had been elected. Something similar happened in the afternoon at 5:53p.m. when the smoke again appeared white. At 6p.m., after the smoke had continued white for several minutes, Vatican Radio told the world: "The smoke is white... There is absolutely no doubt. A Pope has been elected." After about half an hour, the smoke turned black, indicating that there was no result. Vatican Radio corrected its report. The New York Times said that "The crowd lingered for more than a half hour, apparently hoping against hope that a new Pope would appear." The paper reported that problems getting the straw to catch fire likely caused the morning’s problem and said "The second signal was misunderstood because it came well after nightfall. The smoke was lighted from below by a spotlight, which made black appear white."
The official responsible for arrangements outside the conclave notified the cardinals that the colour of the smoke had been misread and provided them with "smoke torches from a fireworks factory". The third day's four ballots again failed to select a pope and there was no confusion about the colour of the smoke. On the afternoon of the next day, 28 October, white smoke signalled the election of a pope. On their eleventh ballot the conclave had elected Cardinal Angelo Roncalli, who took the name John XXIII.
While Siri was considered a favourite for election before the conclave, he did not feature in the early voting, and ultimately was never in the running. He was thought too young at 52; a long pontificate would have been anticipated, and this was allegedly felt to be undesirable because a long pontificate would have prevented other cardinals who wanted to be elected pope from having the chance of being elected.
History of the theory
Sometime in the late 1980s, an American traditionalist Catholic named Gary Giuffré began to expound the belief that Siri was the true pope, and that he was being held against his will in Rome. According to Giuffré and supporters of the theory, the white smoke that was seen on 26 October 1958 did indeed mean that a pope had been elected, and that pope was Siri, but he was forced to surrender the papacy in the face of dire threats from outside the conclave. Giuffré speculates the main threat was that Rome would be destroyed with a thermonuclear weapon, effectively wiping out the entire hierarchy of the Church in one blow. With the electors unsure of how to proceed, Roncalli, who they claim was a Freemason, supposedly offered himself as a compromise with the promise that he would call a synod soon after his election to regularize the unusual situation. Roncalli was elected as John XXIII instead of Siri. It is claimed Roncalli purposely chose the same name as Antipope John XXIII as an acknowledgment of his irregular status.
The theory further claims that a similar process occurred at the 1963 conclave that followed John XXIII's death. Once again white smoke was seen indicating that Siri had been elected, and again it turned black and, under threats from outside the conclave, a different cardinal was elected, Giovanni Montini, who took the name Paul VI. During this conclave, it was alleged that the threats of terrible retribution if Siri were elected were passed into the conclave by the B'nai B'rith, working on behalf of a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy.
The assertion that Siri's 1963 election had been set aside after the intervention of the B'nai B'rith was contained in an article written in 1986 by Louis Hubert Remy in a French publication, , and translated into English in 1987 for Dan Jones's newsletter, The Sangre de Cristo Newsnotes. That article made no mention of the 1958 conclave. Malachi Martin, in his apocalyptic 1990 book The Keys of This Blood, said that in the 1963 conclave Siri received sufficient votes for election, but refused it. The reason, according to Martin, was that he believed that "only thus could foreseen possibilities of grave danger be avoided—but whether harm to the Church, his family, or to him personally, is not clear." Siri's refusal, he says, followed a conversation on the subject of Siri's candidacy between a member of the conclave and somebody outside it, who was "an emissary of an internationally based organisation". In a 1997 interview on the radio programme Steel on Steel, hosted by John Loefller, Martin claimed that Siri had also obtained a majority of votes in the first 1978 conclave, but that he had received a written note after his election threatening him and his family with death should he accept. Followers of the theory recognize him as "Gregory XVII", and also refer to him as "the Red Pope".
Paul L. Williams, in a 2003 book entitled The Vatican Exposed, claimed that US State Department documents confirmed that Siri had been elected pope in 1958 as Gregory XVII. According to Williams, however, the election was quashed not by a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy, but by fear of the Soviet Union. Roncalli, he claims, was known as the "pink priest" because of his ties with both the French and Italian Communist parties, while Siri was "rabidly anti-Communist". Siri received the requisite number of votes on the third ballot, and was elected as Gregory XVII, but "the French cardinals annulled the results, claiming that the election would cause widespread riots and the assassination of several prominent bishops behind the Iron Curtain." It was then decided to elect Cardinal Federico Tedeschini, but as he was too ill, Roncalli was elected instead. Williams cited "Department of State secret dispatch, 'John XXIII,' issue date: November 20, 1958, declassified: November 11, 1974" and "Department of State secret file, 'Cardinal Siri,' issue date: April 10, 1961, declassified: February 28, 1994" in support of his claims. In subsequent editions, however, the references were changed to simply "F.B.I. source".
Significance
Traditionalist Catholics oppose the liturgical changes and "modernist" theological positions resulting from the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), which many of them see as a "heretical" council. Sedevacantists are a minority group within traditionalist Catholicism, who maintain that none of the popes from John XXIII (who called the council) onward were true popes, and that therefore the papal seat is vacant (). The idea that John XXIII and Paul VI were not true popes, but antipopes, is neatly explained by the Siri theory: if Siri was elected in 1958, then the election of John, and therefore of all his successors, was invalid. The Catholic magazine Inside the Vatican has referred to adherents of the Siri theory as "sede impeditists", meaning that they believe there was a true pope, but that he was "impeded" by outside forces from taking his office. The magazine estimated that the theory was believed "by hundreds, perhaps thousands of people around the world".
Siri's later career
Siri is not recorded as ever having made reference to the theory, nor was there any mention of it in his New York Times obituary, in the biography written by Raimondo Spiazzi, or in a speech given by Giulio Andreotti on the centenary of Siri's birth in 2006. He was appointed president of the Italian Episcopal Conference by John XXIII in 1959, and remained in the post under Paul VI until 1964. He sat on the Board of Presidency of the Second Vatican Council from 1963 until its close in 1965. He was a candidate for pope in the 1978 conclave that followed the death of Paul VI, where he is thought to have led in the early ballots before being overtaken by Albino Luciani (John Paul I), and again two months later in the October 1978 conclave, where he is also thought to have come within a few votes of election. He was Archbishop of Genoa from 1946 to 1987, and at the time of his retirement he was "the last remaining active cardinal named by Pope Pius XII".
References
Conspiracy theories involving religion
Sedevacantism
Traditionalist Catholicism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal%20election%20of%20Giuseppe%20Siri%20theory |
Chicama is a town in Northern Peru, capital of the district of Chicama of Ascope Province in the region La Libertad. This town is located beside the Pan-American Highway some 33 km north of Trujillo city in the agricultural Chicama Valley.
See also
Ascope Province
Puerto Chicama
Chavimochic
Virú Valley
Virú
Valley of Moche
Huanchaco
References
See also
Chicama Waves
External links
Location of Chicama
Populated places in La Libertad Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicama |
Joseph Charles Molland (born 21 June 1947) is an English songwriter and rock guitarist whose recording career spans five decades. He is best known as a member of Badfinger, the most successful of the acts he performed with. Molland is the last surviving member from the band's classic line-up. He lives in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Career
Originally a member of several rock groups around Liverpool, such as The Assassins and The Profiles, Molland began his recording career in 1965 when he joined The Masterminds. This group released a single on Immediate Records IM 005, consisting of a cover version of Bob Dylan's "She Belongs to Me" backed with a band original, "Taken My Love". After this the group disbanded and Molland joined the backing group of The Merseys. Although never recording with them, he did accompany them on tour.
Molland's recording career began in earnest in 1967 when he joined Gary Walker (formerly of the Walker Brothers) for the group 'Gary Walker & The Rain'. The Rain released several singles, an EP, and an album on the Polydor and Philips labels in the UK and Japan between 1967 and 1969. Titled #1, the album featured four Molland songs and was especially well received in Japan, but a lack of success in their UK homebase caused the band to disband by 1969.
In November 1969, Molland auditioned for The Iveys and was hired. The Iveys were a conspicuous recording group at the time of Apple Records (a label launched by the Beatles). The Iveys changed their name to "Badfinger", then dismissed original bassist Ron Griffiths, moving guitarist Tommy Evans to bass, and starting Molland as guitarist. The group continued an early string of successful singles and albums for the next couple of years. During Molland's association with Apple, he made guest appearances on two George Harrison albums, All Things Must Pass and The Concert For Bangla Desh, and the John Lennon album, Imagine.
Molland left Badfinger in late 1974 due to disagreements over management. In 1975, he joined with Jerry Shirley (formerly of Humble Pie) and formed a group called Natural Gas. The band released their self-titled album on Private Stock Records in 1976, and enjoyed a successful tour with Peter Frampton the following year. According to Molland, a general lack of organisation led to the band's demise late in 1977.
Molland and former Badfinger bandmate Tom Evans recorded two albums under the Badfinger name, Airwaves in 1979, and Say No More in 1981. He and Evans split after Say No More and the two performed in rival touring Badfinger bands until Evans' suicide in 1983.
Molland's career since 1983 has been with various rock groups and duos, and performing tours under the Badfinger name or as "Joey Molland's Badfinger". Earlier versions of these groups sometimes included original Badfinger drummer Mike Gibbins. Molland was instrumental in releasing a 1974 live recording of Badfinger on Rykodisc in 1991, called Day After Day: Live, which received mixed critical reactions due to overdubbing and a rearranged track order.
Molland's solo recordings have been well received. His first, After The Pearl, was released in 1983 on Earthtone Records. His second, The Pilgrim, was released in 1992 on Rykodisc. His third, This Way Up, was independently released in 2001. His 2013 album, Return To Memphis, was released on 13 December. His latest album Be True To Yourself on Omnivore Recordings was released 12 July 2021, featuring the single ″Rainy Day Man."
Molland went back into the studio in 2015 with members of 10,000 Maniacs (Ladies First) to release a new version on the classic song, "Sweet Tuesday Morning" from Badfinger's 1972 album Straight Up. The collaboration, in partnership with HAIL! Fredonia Records of the State University of New York at Fredonia has aimed to "expand support to those in need of help and increase community empowerment" with proceeds supporting global non-for-profit organization, WhyHunger.
In late 2019 Molland toured with Todd Rundgren, Jason Scheff, Micky Dolenz and Christopher Cross in celebration of the Beatles' self-titled double album, under the banner "It Was Fifty Years Ago Today – A Tribute to the Beatles' White Album". Molland performed the Badfinger songs "Baby Blue" and "No Matter What".
Personal life
Molland lives in Minnesota with his girlfriend and her son. He has two grown children, Joseph Charles III and Shaun from his marriage to his late wife Kathie (d.2009). He continues to tour under the name Joey Molland's Badfinger.
Discography
With The Masterminds
"She Belongs to Me" (1965 single)
With Gary Walker & The Rain
Album No. 1 (1968)
With Badfinger
No Dice (1970)
Straight Up (1971)
Ass (1973)
Badfinger (1974)
Wish You Were Here (1974)
Airwaves (1979)
Say No More (1981)
With Natural Gas
Natural Gas (1976)
Solo
After The Pearl (1983)
The Pilgrim (1992)
Basil (also known as "Demo's Old and New") (1997)
This Way Up (2001)
Return to Memphis (2013)
Be True to Yourself (2020)
As a guest artist
The Concert For Bangla Desh (album)
All Things Must Pass by George Harrison (album)
Imagine by John Lennon (album)
Victory Gardens (1991) with folk-duo John & Mary
Wear A New Face by Tim Schools (2008 album; produced by Molland)
Love Her by Tim Schools (2015 album; produced by Molland)
Songs of note
"I Don't Mind" (album track, No Dice co-written with Tom Evans, by Badfinger)
"Better Days" (album track, No Dice co-written with Tom Evans, by Badfinger)
"Watford John" (album track, No Dice co-written with Tom Evans, Mike Gibbins, Pete Ham, by Badfinger)
"Sweet Tuesday Morning" (album track, Straight Up by Badfinger)
"Sometimes" (album track, Straight Up by Badfinger)
"Icicles" (album track, Ass by Badfinger)
"I Can Love You" (album track, Ass by Badfinger)
"Give It Up" (album track, Badfinger)
"Andy Norris" (album track, Badfinger)
"Meanwhile Back at the Ranch/Should I Smoke" (album track, Wish You Were Here LP, co-written with Pete Ham, by Badfinger)
"Love Is Gonna Come at Last" (Billboard chart No. 69 by Badfinger)
"No One Likes The Rain" (album track, The Pilgrim)
"This Time" (album track, Be True to Yourself by Joey Molland)
References
External links
Official Badfinger Site
1947 births
Living people
English male singer-songwriters
English male guitarists
Badfinger members
English rock guitarists
British expatriates in the United States
Musicians from Liverpool
Rhythm guitarists
People from Edge Hill
The Merseybeats members
World Classic Rockers members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey%20Molland |
A speed bump is a bump on a road designed to slow traffic.
Speed bump may also refer to:
Speed Bump, a comic strip by Dave Coverly
A skin rash that may result from injecting methamphetamine
A type of task assigned to teams on the reality TV series The Amazing Race | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20bump%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Jason Carl Botts (born July 26, 1980) is an American former professional baseball left fielder, designated hitter and first baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters.
Early life
As a senior for Paso Robles High School in 1998, Botts had a .413 batting average and went 9-2 as a pitcher with a 2.13 earned-run average, winning San Luis Obispo County Player of the Year honors from the San Luis Obispo Tribune.
He was drafted in the 28th round by Baltimore out of high school before going on to play for Glendale College.
Professional baseball career
Texas Rangers
Botts was called-up after hitting .326 against left-handed pitching while with Oklahoma at the Triple-A level. He made his major league debut for the Texas Rangers on September 14, , against the Baltimore Orioles, and had a total of 27 at-bats in that month. His fortunes at the plate were somewhat mixed: he produced 8 hits and 3 RBI, but also struck out 13 times.
On May 28, , Botts started as the DH against the Oakland Athletics. He hit his first major league home run into the upper deck at Rangers Ballpark in Arlington against A's righthander Kirk Saarloos in the 2nd inning. On August 1, , Botts was called up again by the Texas Rangers to be the designated hitter for the remainder of the 2007 season. Through his first eight games, he had a .219 batting average with one home run and four RBI.
On April 29, , the Rangers designated Botts for assignment, giving them 10 days to trade, release, or outright him to the minors. On May 7, 2008, the Rangers outrighted Botts to Triple-A Oklahoma.
Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters
On June 4, 2008, the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters in Japan's Pacific League acquired him from the Texas Rangers. After the season, he also played in the Mexican Pacific League for the Yaquis de Obregón, Tomateros de Culiacán and most recently for Cañeros de Los Mochis.
Chicago White Sox
Botts was signed to a minor league contract on December 17, 2009, by the Chicago White Sox. Botts was released on March 17, 2010.
Camden River Sharks
Botts started the 2010 season with the Camden River Sharks of the Atlantic League.
Washington Nationals
On June 9, 2010, he was signed to a minor league contract by the Washington Nationals.
Colorado Rockies
On March 26, 2011, Botts signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies. He was released on April 7.
New York Mets
Botts signed with the York Revolution of the Atlantic League for 2011. However, on May 19, he signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets.
Grand Prairie AirHogs
Botts signed with the Grand Prairie AirHogs of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball and played for them during the 2014 season.
Personal
While two more PRHS grads have also reached the MLB level, Botts is one of two major leaguers to have been born in Paso Robles, California, with the other native of the city being Hal Rhyne.
References
External links
Yaquis de Obregón
1980 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Arizona League Rangers players
People from Paso Robles, California
Baseball players from San Luis Obispo County, California
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Camden Riversharks players
Charlotte Rangers players
Frisco RoughRiders players
Glendale Vaqueros baseball players
Grand Prairie AirHogs players
Gulf Coast Rangers players
Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball designated hitters
Mexican League baseball left fielders
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Piratas de Campeche players
Savannah Sand Gnats players
Stockton Ports players
Sugar Land Skeeters players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Texas Rangers players
York Revolution players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Botts |
Up a Road Slowly is a 1966 coming-of-age novel by American writer Irene Hunt, which won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature. This book is about a young child named Julie who grows from 7 to 17 years old with her aunt Cordelia and uncle Haskell in the country.
Plot summary
When seven-year-old Julie's mother dies, she is sent to live with her Aunt Cordelia, an unmarried schoolteacher who lives in a large house several miles outside town. Her uncle Haskell lives in a converted carriage house behind the main house. Haskell is an alcoholic who, like his niece, aspires to be a writer (although he never produces a manuscript). Julie's brother Chris goes to boarding school, leaving her alone with Aunt Cordelia.
At first, grief-stricken Julie finds Aunt Cordelia stern and strict, but as she grows to young adulthood she comes to love her and to see her house as home. She becomes so attached to her that even when she has the chance to move back with her father, who remarries, she declines.
The story follows Julie from the age of seven to seventeen, from elementary school through her high-school graduation, and documents the ordinary events in a child's life: the cruelty of children, jealousy, schoolwork trouble, and first love. Julie also encounters problems in the lives of the adults around her, including alcoholism and mental illness (dementia).
Reception
Kirkus Reviews said of Up a Road Slowly: "The author is adept at distinguishing the genuine from the spurious: Julie is a genuine character, and girls who go up the road with her will share in her growing up." In a retrospective essay about the Newbery Medal-winning books from 1966 to 1975, children's author John Rowe Townsend wrote, "Though not without faults, Julie seems at last just a little too good to be true, and so does the adult world in which she has won her place. That it is not our world is evident, and is not a just cause for complaint; but was the world ever quite like that?"
References
1966 American novels
1966 children's books
American children's novels
Newbery Medal–winning works
Novels about orphans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up%20a%20Road%20Slowly |
Christopher Armstrong (born 5 August 1982) is a former professional footballer, who most recently played for Reading in the Football League Championship. In 2011, he retired due to Multiple sclerosis. He is the younger brother of former Sunderland and Burnley midfielder Gordon Armstrong.
A former England U20s full-back, and Scotland B International, Armstrong was a tough tackler despite only standing at 5 ft 9in (1.75 Metres).
Club career
Bury and Oldham
Armstrong was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. He started his career at Bury as a trainee in August 1999, playing 33 games and scoring 1 goal before joining Oldham Athletic for £200,000 in October 2001, in only his second season as a first-team player. After playing a further 75 games and scoring his second goal, he was signed by Sheffield United for £100,000 in July 2003 during a financial crisis at Oldham.
Sheffield United
Having signed for the Blades in the summer Armstrong made his debut in the first game of the 2003–04 season, a 0–0 draw with Gillingham at Bramall Lane. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 victory over Crewe on 4 November 2003 only to suffer serious injury a few weeks later. He eventually returned to regular first team football after battling back bravely from career-threatening knee injury problems that limited him to just 13 games in his first season with the Blades and ruled him out for the whole of 2004–05.
After a brief spell at Blackpool to improve his match fitness earlier in the season, Armstrong became a valuable member of the team that gained promotion back to the Premiership in 2005–06. He was rewarded with the fan's Player of the Month award for March, the Capital One Young Player of the Year and, in July 2006, a new three-year contract.
Armstrong was a regular starter over the next two seasons but was often asked to fill in across the field, playing both in the centre and out wide in midfield and defence. He succumbed to several injuries which kept him sidelined through this period and missed much of the second half of the 2007–2008 season due to a groin injury. Following his return to fitness he found himself unable to break back into the starting eleven under new manager Kevin Blackwell.
Reading
With his first team options limited at Bramall Lane he was allowed to leave and signed for Reading in August 2008 for an initial fee of £500,000 with the potential for it to rise to £800,000 depending on conditions. Armstrong made his debut for the Royals in the 4–2 home win over Crystal Palace on 30 August 2008. Since then, he has become a first team regular and scored his first league goal for Reading against Watford on 9 January 2009. He was voted Player of the Season for the 2008–09 season with 80% of the votes.
International career
Although born in Newcastle, Armstrong qualifies for Scotland through his grandmother. And despite appearing for England's under-20 side in the 2002 Toulon Tournament, FIFA allowed him to represent Scotland.
Armstrong received an international cap for Scotland B, after being included in the starting eleven in a 1–1 draw, against the Republic of Ireland B team, at the Excelsior Stadium on 20 November 2007.
Retirement
Armstrong announced his retirement from the professional game on 8 March 2011 and revealed that he had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in December 2009.
Career statistics
Honours
Sheffield United
Promotion to the Premier League 2005–06
Fans Player of the Month March 2006
The Capital One Young Player of the Year 2006
Reading
Fans player of the season 2008–09
References
External links
England profile at TheFA
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Newcastle upon Tyne
English men's footballers
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's B international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Bury F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Armstrong%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201982%29 |
William Abraham (1840 – 2 August 1915) was an Irish Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom House of Commons. He was born in Limerick.
Although a Protestant in religion (a Congregationalist), he became active in Irish Nationalist politics. He was involved in the Irish Land League in 1881 and was at one stage imprisoned as a political suspect. He served as Chairman of Limerick Board of Guardians (who administered the Poor Law in their district) 1882–1883 and 1885–1886.
Abraham represented three constituencies at Westminster. He was elected unopposed as MP for West Limerick at the 1885 general election as a Nationalist supporter of the Irish Parliamentary Party, and served until he retired in 1892. In December 1890, he was the proposer of the vote of no confidence in Charles Stewart Parnell as leader in Committee Room 15, and he joined the Anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation. In 1893, he was elected unopposed as an Anti-Parnellite Nationalist at a by-election for North-East Cork, succeeding Michael Davitt, and sat until he was defeated in the January 1910 general election by the dissident Nationalist William O'Brien, by the wide margin of 2,984 votes to 1,510. He was unopposed at the by-election for Dublin Harbour in June 1910, and won comfortably against an O'Brienite Nationalist in the same seat in the general election of December 1910. He represented Dublin Harbour until his death in 1915.
According to the Irish Independent, he was assiduous in his duties at Westminster, and spoke at one time or another in every constituency in Great Britain, including Orkney and Shetland. He was a Treasurer of his party, and a prominent member of the Public Accounts Committee of the House of Commons. However, in Maume's view, his age and lack of local contacts made him ineffective in his final role as a Dublin MP.
References
Sources
Irish Independent, 3 August 1915
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Vol. II 1886-1918, edited by M. Stenton & S. Lees (The Harvester Press 1978)
Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland 1801-1922, edited by Brian M. Walker (Dublin, Royal Irish Academy 1978)
External links
1840 births
1915 deaths
Anti-Parnellite MPs
Irish Congregationalists
Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Limerick constituencies (1801–1922)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cork constituencies (1801–1922)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922)
Politicians from Limerick (city)
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Abraham%20%28Irish%20politician%29 |
Christopher Kurt Bahr (born February 3, 1953) is a former professional American football and soccer player. He was a placekicker in the National Football League (NFL) and played midfielder in the North American Soccer League (NASL).
High school
Bahr attended Neshaminy High School in Langhorne, Pennsylvania.
College
Bahr attended Penn State, where he was named an All-American three times for soccer and once for football. He led the Nittany Lions in scoring in 1975, including four field goals over 50 yards. He averaged 39 yards in punts. Bahr graduated in 1975 with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and later earned a Juris Doctor at Southwestern University School of Law, attending school part-time while still playing with the Raiders.
Soccer
Bahr was the first round draft pick of the Philadelphia Atoms in the 1975 North American Soccer League draft. As a rookie midfielder, he made an immediate impression, tying an NASL scoring record for goals by a locally-born American by netting 11, including two 2-goal games and four game winners. Bahr also netted the first sudden death goal in Atoms history against the New York Cosmos in front of 20,124 at Veterans Stadium. He was named the 1975 NASL Rookie of the Year. Bahr played 22 games for the Atoms, scoring 11 goals before departing for the NFL.
Bahr also joined his Atoms coach, Al Miller, on the 1976 U.S. National Team. He scored both goals for the United States in their 2–0 shutout of Bermuda in the qualifying rounds for the XXI Olympic Games in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
NFL
Bahr switched football codes in 1976, and was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals, becoming their placekicker. He played four seasons for the Bengals before being acquired by the Oakland Raiders in 1980; he played for them for most of the 1980s, following them to Los Angeles in 1982, becoming a stalwart placekicker with them that saw him win two Super Bowl championships. He is the Raiders' second all-time leader in scoring (817 points), and his 162 career field goals was a Raiders record until 2007 when it was surpassed by Sebastian Janikowski. Bahr kicked in two Raiders Super Bowl victories, (1981 and 1984). Perhaps his best year as a pro came in 1983 when he compiled a 78% field goal percentage. He finished his career with a strong season, kicking 17 field goals and 29 PATs for the San Diego Chargers in 1989.
He was named to the All-Rookie team in 1976 and a Sporting News All-AFC in 1977.
Career regular season statistics
Career high/best bolded
Personal
Bahr is the son of Walter Bahr, a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. His mother, Davies Ann, was a champion swimmer at Temple University and a physical education teacher at Penn State. His brother Casey Bahr was an All American soccer player at Navy, played professionally and was a member of the 1972 U.S. Olympic soccer team. His younger brother, Matt Bahr played professional soccer and was also a standout placekicker in the NFL; he and Matt are two of six players to have played in both pro soccer and the NFL. Sister Davies Ann Bahr was an All-American gymnast at Penn State
Bahr holds an annual Chris Bahr Kicking Camp, a 3-day clinic for student in grades 7–12 at Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
After his NFL career, Bahr graduated from Southwestern Law School and practiced law in California and Pennsylvania until 1999 when his license was suspended for failing to pay bar fees. He is currently a financial consultant, managing assets for professional athletes for ProVest Management Group in Columbus, Ohio. He lives in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania with his wife Eve, a corporate attorney, and their two children.
Bahr's son, C.J., is the placekicker for Slippery Rock University.
References
External links
NASL stats
1953 births
Living people
American football placekickers
American men's soccer players
Men's association football midfielders
Cincinnati Bengals players
Los Angeles Raiders players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Oakland Raiders players
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer players
Philadelphia Atoms players
San Diego Chargers players
Southwestern Law School alumni
Footballers who switched code
People from State College, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Soccer players from Pennsylvania
All-American college men's soccer players
Men's association football players that played in the NFL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Bahr |
The following lists events that happened during 1894 in Australia.
Incumbents
Premiers
Premier of New South Wales - George Dibbs (until 2 August) then George Reid
Premier of South Australia - Charles Kingston
Premier of Queensland - Hugh Nelson
Premier of Tasmania - Henry Dobson (until 14 April) then Edward Braddon
Premier of Western Australia - John Forrest
Premier of Victoria - James Patterson (until 27 September) then George Turner
Governors
Governor of New South Wales – Robert Duff
Governor of Queensland – Henry Wylie Norman
Governor of South Australia – Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th Earl of Kintore
Governor of Tasmania – Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston
Governor of Victoria – John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow
Governor of Western Australia – William C. F. Robinson
Events
January - A cyclone hits the north west of Western Australia, killing approximately 50 persons
28 June - A Colonial Conference, held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, resolves to lay a telegraph cable between Canada and Australia.
22 October - Martha Needle is hanged in Melbourne Gaol for the poisoning of her husband, and three children, in an attempt to obtain money from insurance policies.
10 November - Jandamarra, an Indigenous Australian of the Bunuba people, leads one of the few armed insurrections against Europeans.
18 December - South Australia is the first colony to legislate women equal franchise with men, taking effect in 1895.
The Australian Workers' Union is formed from the joining of the Amalgamated Shearers' Union of Australasia and the General Labourers' Union.
Arts and literature
The novel Seven Little Australians is published by Ethel Turner
Sport
Patron wins the Melbourne Cup
South Australia wins the Sheffield Shield
Births
23 February – Harold Horder (died 1978), rugby league footballer
13 April – Arthur Fadden (died 1973), Prime Minister of Australia
30 April – H.V. Evatt (died 1965), politician
14 August – Frank Burge (died 1958), rugby league footballer
25 August – Nick Winter (died 1955), athlete
20 December – Robert Menzies (died 1978), Prime Minister of Australia
Deaths
17 February - John Alexander MacPherson (born 1833), Premier of Victoria
References
Australia
Years of the 19th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894%20in%20Australia |
Gulating () was one of the first Norwegian legislative assemblies, or things, and also the name of a present-day law court of western Norway. The practice of periodic regional assemblies predates recorded history, and was firmly established at the time of the unification of Norway into a single kingdom (900–1030). These assemblies or lagþings were not democratic, but did not merely serve elites either. They functioned as judicial and legislative bodies, resolving disputes and establishing laws.
Gulaþing, along with Norway's three other ancient regional assemblies, the Borgarting, Eidsivating, and Frostating, were joined into a single jurisdiction during the late 13th century, when King Magnus the Lawmender had the existing body of law put into writing (1263–1280). They provided the institutional and legal framework for subsequent legislative and judicial bodies, and remain in operation today as superior regional courts.
History
The Gulaþing was an annual parliamentary assembly which took place in Gulen, on the west coast of Norway north of Bergen, from approximately 900 to 1300 CE and was one of the oldest and largest parliamentary assemblies in medieval Norway. The Gulatinget Millennium Site is a symbol of the history of this Norwegian representative form of parliament, with traditions reaching over a thousand years back in time.
Initially farmers from Western Norway met at Gulen to discuss political matters, things like taxation, the building of roads and churches, and military service. The assembly also passed judgments in civil disputes and criminal cases. Special legislation, Gulatingslova (the Gulaþing law), was drafted to aid the discussions. A fairly complete manuscript of the legislation from around 1250 has survived, Codex Ranzovianus (E don. var. 137 4to at the Danish Royal Library); however, the text represents all the laws adopted and amended by the farmers at the thing over several centuries.
The assembly site was established early in the 10th century and the original legislative area covered the regions of Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane. Initially the Gulaþing was an 'allthing' or common assembly, where all free farmers had the right to participate. Snorri Sturlason’s Heimskringla recounts that Håkon the Good (935–961) took an active part in the parliamentary assemblies at Gulen, and under his rule the regions of Rogaland, Agder and Sunnmøre were brought into the area covered by the thing, with Valdres and Hallingdal also being incorporated later.
The practice of periodic regional assemblies of leading men predates recorded history, and was firmly established at the time of the unification of Norway into a single kingdom (900–1030). These assemblies or lagþings, functioned as judicial and legislative bodies, resolving disputes and establishing laws. The Gulaþing received delegates from Lyngør in the south to north of Ålesund, and its laws were observed from the eastern inland valleys of Valdres and Hallingdal to the Faroe Islands in the west.
The Gulaþing served as the model for the establishment of the legislative assemblies of Iceland (the Althing) and of the Faeroe Islands (the Løgting), areas settled by people from western Norway.
While the Gulating was not a democratic assembly in the modern sense of an elected body, it effectively represented the interests of a large number of people rather than a small elite. The laws were typically crafted as social contracts. §35 for instance states, "None of us shall take goods from others, or take the law into our own hands" (Robbestad, 1969). The laws nevertheless applied for every person inside the "law area" Gulaþingslǫg. If a stranger stole from a Gulaþingsman, that was also in breach of the laws, but the law set no limits to how he could be punished.
Gulaþing, along with Norway's three other ancient regional assemblies, the Borgarting, Eidsivating, and Frostating, were joined into a single jurisdiction during the late Viking Age, and King Magnus the Lawmender had the existing body of law put into writing (1263–1280). They provided the institutional and legal framework for subsequent legislative and judicial bodies, and remain in operation today as superior regional courts.
The assembly site was selected as the millennium site for Sogn og Fjordane county.
Judgments
Violence was dealt with by fines, which were imposed not only on the murderer, but also on his relatives—a practice that distinguishes Old Norse law from the Roman practice of holding only the individual responsible. Homicide of an heir to a property, according to Gulaþing law §218-228, is punished by a collective fee of 189 cattle, where each responsible party's share is spelled out in detail.
See also
Frostathing Law
Medieval Scandinavian law
References
Other sources
Larson, Laurence M. (1939) The Earliest Norwegian Laws: being the Gulathing law and the Frostathing law (New York: Columbia University Press)
Robbestad, Knut (1969) Gulatingloven. (Oslo: Norrøne bokverk. Det Norske Samlaget)
External links
Gulatinget official website
Thingsites.com - Official website for the Northern European Thing sites
Legal history of Norway
Thing (assembly)
Law of Norway
Millennium sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulating |
Eidsivating was the name of one of the original Norwegian popular assemblies or Things. Historically, it was the site of court and assembly for the eastern parts of Norway.
Summary
Traditionally, Eidsivating was the court for the population around Lake Mjøsa. Eidsivating was originally situated at Åker gård, the seat of Vang in Hedmark county, Norway. When Norway was united as a kingdom, the first lagtings were constituted as superior regional assemblies, Eidsivating being one of them. These were representative assemblies at which delegates from the various districts in each region met to award legal judgments and pass laws (Eidsivatingloven). Later, during the time of St. Olav, the court was moved to Eidsvold. The jurisdiction of the court was then extended to include Romerike and Hadeland as well as Hedmark. Later Østerdalen and Gudbrandsdalen were also included.
The ancient regional assemblies – Frostating, Gulating, Eidsivating and Borgarting – were eventually joined into a single jurisdiction. King Magnus Lagabøte had the existing body of law put into writing (1263–1280). In 1274, Magnus promulgated the new national law (Magnus Lagabøtes landslov), a unified code of laws to apply for the Kingdom of Norway, including the Faroe islands and Shetland. This compilation of the codified Gulating laws (Gulatingsloven) applied throughout the realm was exceptional for its time. This code remained in force until Frederik III, king of the Dano-Norwegian personal union, promulgated absolute monarchy in 1660. Peder Schumacher Griffenfeld prepared a document which would form the King's Law (Kongeloven) dated 14 November 1665. This was codified in the King Act of 1665 which functioned as the constitution of the Union of Denmark-Norway until 1814.
See also
Medieval Scandinavian law
References
Other sources
Andersen, Per Sveaas (1977) Samlingen av Norge og kristningen av landet : 800–1130 (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget)
Larson, Laurence Marcellus (2011) The Earliest Norwegian Laws (The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd)
Further reading
Munch P.A. (1846) Norges gamle Love indtil 1387 (Christiania: Chr. Gröndahl)
External links
Åker gård i Hamar
Legal history of Norway
Thing (assembly)
Eidsvoll | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidsivating |
Opération Nez rouge (literally, "Operation Red Nose"), founded in 1984, is an escorting service offered in Quebec and several francophone countries, as well as other places in Canada using both the French name and Operation Red Nose during the Christmas holiday season.
Description
The escorting service is offered to anyone who does not feel capable of driving due to alcohol consumption, fatigue, or any reason. Although it is a free service, donations are accepted.
Each year during the holiday season, an advertising campaign reminds the public to use the service if necessary.
When needing a ride, the client first calls the organization. The client must have his/her own car—it is not a taxi service. An escort team of three volunteers arrives. One volunteer, the 'escort driver', uses his or her own car to drive the other two volunteers to the client's location. The 'designated driver' volunteer then drives the client home in the client's own car. The third volunteer is the 'navigator', and drives with the designated driver and client, collecting any donation that the client should want to make, giving the client a receipt, and making conversation with the client so the client does not bother the driver. When the ride is over, the escort driver picks up the designated driver and the navigator.
Originally donations went to the swimming team of Université Laval, but the organization became so successful that today donations go to 150 organizations. The costs of Operation Nez Rouge are covered by sponsors (such as insurance companies.)
History
Operation Nez Rouge was started in 1984 in Quebec City by Jean-Marie De Koninck, who had two goals. He wanted to finance Université Laval's swimming team and he wanted to do something to fight driving under the influence. He knew that drivers leaving bars refused taxis to bring them home when intoxicated, not because of the cost, but because they wanted to have their own cars the next day. Thus came the idea to simply offer an escorting service.
The service was used 1,205,894 times between 1984 and 2004.
The service was the setting of the 2003 romantic comedy film Red Nose (Nez rouge). In 2020, the only regions in Switzerland that are not served are Basel, Engadin and Upper Valais. In 2021, the total number of people transported since 1990 is 493,000.
References
External links
Official Site in Canada
Official Site in Switzerland
Organizations based in Quebec
Driving under the influence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration%20Nez%20rouge |
Merriman Colbert Harris (July 9, 1846 – May 8, 1921) was a Missionary Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1904, who was active in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Japan.
Birth and family
Merriman was born July 9, 1846, in Beallsville, Ohio, the son of Colbert and Catherine Elizabeth (Crupper) Harris. Merriman married Flora L. Best October 23, 1873, in Meadville, Pennsylvania. They had two daughters, Florence and Elizabeth.
Military service and education
Merriman served for three years as a soldier in the 12th Ohio Cavalry in the American Civil War (1863–65), attaining the rank of corporal. Following the end of the war, he attended the Washington Academy in Ohio, and the Harlem Springs Seminary. He then attended Scio College, earning the B.A. degree (1873) and the M.A. degree (1877) from Allegheny College.
Ordained ministry and missionary service
Merriman entered the ministry of the Pittsburgh Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1869, serving as a pastor and a missionary. He was sent to Japan in 1873 and was stationed at Hakodate on the northern island of Hokkaido. During his first stay in Japan, his converts included Kanzo Uchimura, Inazo Nitobe, and Akira Sato.
He left Japan in 1892, and established Japanese missions on the Pacific Coast of the United States and in Hawaii in areas with large numbers of Japanese emigrants. He became the Superintendent of Japanese missions in San Francisco, California, in 1886. He also served as Superintendent of all Pacific Coast Methodist Japanese missions, including the Hawaiian Islands, in 1890. During this period, Yosuke Matsuoka was one of his converts.
Episcopal ministry
Merriman Colbert Harris was elected a Missionary Bishop by the 1904 General Conference of the M.E. Church. He was assigned Korea and Japan, where he remained until his death. As a Missionary Bishop he served with distinction. He was twice decorated with the Order of the Sacred Treasure by the Emperor of Japan.
In 1919, ten years after the death of his first wife, Flora, he remarried his late wife's first cousin, Elizabeth Best, and lived within the grounds of Aoyama Gakuin, in a home given to him by his Japanese converts. He died May 8, 1921, in Aoyama, Tokyo and his grave is at the Aoyama Cemetery.
Selected writings
Address: Japanese Buddhism, San Francisco, 1887. Typed, in Methodist Bishops' Collection.
Christianity in Japan, 1907.
Save Korea, Quarterly-Centennial Documents, 1910.
Contributor, Japan Proverbs.
Statement in Competent Witnesses on Korea as a Mission Field, Korea Documents, with others.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
Methodism: Ohio Area (1812–1962), edited by John M. Versteeg, Litt.D., D.D. (Ohio Area Sesquicentennial Committee, 1962).
Price, Carl F., Compiler and Editor: Who's Who in American Methodism, New York: E.B. Treat & Co., 1916.
The National Cyclopædia of American Biography, Volume XIV. New York, James T. White & Company, 1910.
The Philadelphia Inquirer, "Bishop Harris, 73, Weds: M. E. Missionary Weds Late Wife's Cousin; Bride, 53, Is Old Friend," Philadelphia, Nov. 13, 1919.
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
Union Army soldiers
People from Beallsville, Ohio
1846 births
1921 deaths
Methodist writers
Methodist missionaries in Japan
American Methodist missionaries
Methodist missionaries in Hawaii
American expatriates in Japan
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure
Burials in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriman%20Colbert%20Harris |
Robert Hendrickson may refer to:
Robert Hendrickson (director) (1944–2016), film director
Robert C. Hendrickson (1898–1964), U.S. Senator from New Jersey
Robert Hendrickson, Rector, St Philip's in the Hills Episcopal Church, Tucson, Arizona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Hendrickson |
"Mansions of the Lord" is a hymn written by Randall Wallace and set to the music of Nick Glennie-Smith. There is a German version called .
Performances
"Mansions" was originally written for the 2002 film We Were Soldiers, and was performed by the United States Military Academy Glee Club and the Metro Voices.
The hymn also served as the recessional in the 2004 funeral of President Ronald Reagan. That rendition was sung by the Armed Forces Chorus with the United States Marine Chamber Orchestra.
The hymn is featured on the CD of the same name by the Morriston Orpheus Choir from Wales.
Lyrics
To fallen soldiers let us sing
Where no rockets fly nor bullets wing
Our broken brothers let us bring
To the Mansions of the Lord
No more bleeding, no more fight
No prayers pleading through the night
Just divine embrace, Eternal light
In the Mansions of the Lord
Where no mothers cry and no children weep
We will stand and guard though the angels sleep
All through the ages safely keep
The Mansions of the Lord
German lyrics
References
Reagan Services's 'Mansions of the Lord' — National Public Radio, June 14, 2004. With lyrics and audio.
American Christian hymns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansions%20of%20the%20Lord |
Carl E. Banks (born August 29, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played from 1984 to 1995 for the New York Giants, the Washington Redskins and the Cleveland Browns. He played college football for the Michigan State Spartans.
Career
Banks played high school football at Beecher High School, graduating in 1980. He was drafted by the New York Giants in the first round of the 1984 NFL Draft with the third overall pick. He made the Pro Bowl in 1987, had 39.5 career quarterback sacks, and was a member of the NFL's 1980's All-Decade Team. He played college football at Michigan State University and was the third overall pick in the 1984 NFL Draft. He was a member of the Giants teams that won Super Bowls XXI and XXV as well as a key part of the Big Blue Wrecking Crew. Banks was a standout in their Super Bowl XXI victory in which he recorded 14 total tackles, including ten solo tackles. In 1993, Banks entered a three-year contract to play for the Washington Redskins. He was released from the Redskins after the 1993 season and spent his final two years with the Cleveland Browns before retiring after the 1995 season.
Post-football career
After retiring from the NFL, Banks was a part-owner of the Arena Football League's New Jersey Red Dogs, along with ex-Giants Joe Morris and Harry Carson. He was Director of Player Development for the New York Jets in 1997. Currently, Banks can be heard as one of the voices of Sirius NFL Radio and WFAN. Starting in 2007, he became an analyst for the radio broadcasts of the New York Giants.
See also
History of the New York Giants (1979–93)
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
American football linebackers
Arena Football League executives
Cleveland Browns players
Michigan State Spartans football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
New York Giants announcers
New York Giants players
People from Watchung, New Jersey
Players of American football from Flint, Michigan
Players of American football from Somerset County, New Jersey
Washington Redskins players
WFAN people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Banks |
Mount Biscoe is a distinctive black peak, the easternmost and largest of two ice-free rock massifs located 6 km south-west of Cape Ann on the coast of Enderby Land in Antarctica. About 700 m in height, it lies 7 km north-west of Wordie Nunatak, and 7 km north-east of Mount Hurley.
Discovery and naming
The mountain was seen from the Discovery by the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (1929-31) and named by Sir Douglas Mawson on 13 March 1931, after explorer John Biscoe who is thought to have discovered the feature a century earlier and called it Cape Ann after his wife. Mawson applied the name Cape Ann to the nearby headland. The mountain's position was fixed by an ANARE survey party in 1957.
Important Bird Area
A 361 ha site covering the beaches, and extending up the lower slopes of the mountain to an altitude of 200 m, has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports about 29,000 breeding pairs of Adélie penguins, based on 2011 satellite imagery. Thousands of Antarctic petrels breed on the slopes above the Adélie colony.
References
Important Bird Areas of Antarctica
Penguin colonies
Mountains of Enderby Land | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Biscoe |
6th of October ( ; ) is a city in the Giza Governorate of Egypt. It is a satellite city, located adjacent to Giza, and is part of the Greater Cairo region. Per the 2017 national census, it had a population of 450,000 people.
The city served as the capital of the now-defunct 6th of October Governorate, which was dissolved in 2011. Established as a new city in the desert, it hosts many local students, as well as foreign students from the Persian Gulf Arab states, Jordan, Nigeria, Cameroon, Syria, Iraq and the Palestinian territories. The city is named for the day that the 1973 Arab–Israeli War broke out.
History
The settlement was established in 1979 by the 504th presidential decree of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. It is 32 km (20 mi) from the center of Cairo and 17 km (11 mi) from the great pyramids of Giza. Despite having many unfinished or vacant buildings, the city has a total area of 482 km² (119,200 acres) and is eventually expected to have 6 million residents.
It was announced as the capital of the 6th of October Governorate in April 2008. Following the governorate's dissolution in April 2011, in the wake of the Egyptian revolution, it was reincorporated into the Giza Governorate, to which it had originally belonged.
The city's name commemorates the commencement of the 1973 Arab–Israeli War on 6 October, 1973, the same date chosen as Egypt's Armed Forces Day.
Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh). Its climate is very similar to Giza and Cairo, owing to its proximity to them. thats being said, some places in 6th of October is a bit colder and windier than central Cairo and Giza city at night for several reasons. This is mainly because buildings as infrastructure tend to be more spaced out accompanied by more empty spaces allows for wind to pick for easily than the densely populated centre of Giza and Cairo. Additionally, the city was built in the desert which tends to be colder and dryer than the damp humid area closer to the
Nile.
Headquarters
6th of October is the headquarters of the Confederation of African Football. It hosts Egypt's Smart Village, the technology park and regional hub for many companies in the IT and financial sectors.
The main office of the UNHCR in Egypt, in addition to its RSD office, is located in that city as well.
Business
6th of October City has one of the largest industrial zones in Egypt, on which the entire city was established. The industrial zone provides jobs for employees within the city as well as from other parts of Giza. It is accompanied by a banking sector that groups branches of all banks in Egypt in an area that is close to the industrial area to serve the needs of the industry and residents.
Some of the largest businesses in 6th of October City are mentioned below:
Bavarian Auto Group
Egyptian German Automotive Company
General Motors Egypt
Shaer Consult Consultant Engineers
Seoudi Group
Stream Global Services
Vodafone Egypt
Industry
6th of October Airport is used for the transport of products and materials to and from the city. The city also houses four industrial zones.
Important factories:
IGA Egyptian-German Car Factory
Suzuki Egypt
Juhayna Food Industries
Daewoo Motors Egypt
Style Team Lighting
Franke Kitchen Systems Egypt
Pepsico Egypt
Aller Aqua Factory
Education facilities
There are seven private universities in 6th of October City, including two private medical schools at Misr University for Science and Technology and October 6 University.
Universities and Institutes
Ahram Canadian University (ACU)
Akhbar El Youm Academy
Cairo University (CU) in Sheikh Zayed City
Culture & Science City
Egyptian Aviation Academy (EAA)
Higher Institute of Applied Arts
Higher Institute for Architecture
Higher Institute of Engineering
Higher Institute of Science and Technology
Higher Technological Institute
Pyramids Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology
Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST)
Modern Sciences and Arts University (MSA)
Nile University (NU)
New Giza University (NGU)
October 6 University (O6U)
Zewail City of Science and Technology
Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport
Information Technology Institute
Secondary schools and international schools
American International School in Egypt West Campus - Sheikh Zayed City
Beverly Hills Schools
British International School in Cairo
International School of Choueifat 6th of October City
Heritage International School
6th of October Stem school
City Language School
Hossary-Azhari Language School
Health services
Dar Al Fouad Hospital, the first accredited cardiac hospital in Africa and the Middle East
Misr University for Science and Technology (Souad Kafafi Memorial) Hospital
October 6 University Teaching Hospital
Religion
Islam
The city is served by many mosques, the largest being El Hosary Mosque on El Tahrir St. built in the honour of an eminent Egyptian Qari, Mahmoud Khalil Al-Hussary.
Christianity
There are several churches in 6th of October city. The most famous of them is Redeem Christian Church of God(RCCG).
See also
Dreamland
Sheikh Zayed City
Smart Village Egypt
Greater Cairo
Haram City
New Borg El Arab
10th of Ramadan (city)
List of cities and towns in Egypt
References
Districts of Greater Cairo
Populated places in Giza Governorate
Populated places established in 1979
1979 establishments in Egypt
Cities in Egypt
New towns started in the 1970s
Planned communities in Egypt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th%20of%20October%20%28city%29 |
Champions Cup may refer to one of many sports competitions:
Association football
A3 Champions Cup, an annual association football, competition involving the league champions of China, Japan and South Korea
Brazilian Champions Cup or Copa dos Campeões, an annual association football competition played in Brazil
CONCACAF Champions Cup, an annual international soccer competition held in the CONCACAF region (North America, Central America and the Caribbean)
Gulf Club Champions Cup, an annual association football, competition for clubs in the Persian Gulf
JFF Champions Cup, the top knockout association football, tournament of Jamaica
Outremer Champions Cup, an annual association football, competition played in France
UEFA Champions League, formerly known as the "European Champions Cup", an association football club tournament in Europe
Champions Youth Cup, the first edition of an annual football tournament
Champions Cup (India), the first edition of an annual international football tournament in India
Champions Cup (All-Ireland), an all-Ireland competition between the league champions of both associations on the island of Ireland
International Champions Cup, an annual club association football exhibition competition
Bandy
FIB Champions Cup, an annual international bandy tournament
Basketball
FIBA European Champions' Cup, now known as EuroLeague
Cricket
Champions Cup 2000–01, a limited overs cricket tournament played from 29 March 2001 to 4 April 2001 in Perth, Australia
Curling
Champions Cup (curling), a men's and women's Grand Slam of Curling event
Field hockey
EuroHockey Club Champions Cup, a field hockey competition for clubs in Europe
Floorball
Champions Cup (floorball), a floorball competition for the clubs from top four ranked floorball countries
Horse racing
Champions Cup (horse race), a prestigious Thoroughbred horse race in Japan, formerly known as the Japan Cup Dirt
Ice hockey
IIHF European Champions Cup, a former annual ice hockey tournament between the champions of national International Ice Hockey Federation competitions
Champions Cup (ice hockey), the former name of the trophy for the post-season champion of the All American Hockey League
Inline hockey
Champions Cup (inline hockey), the trophy awarded to the playoff winners of the American Inline Hockey League's Elite Division
Lacrosse
Champion's Cup, the trophy awarded to the playoff winners in the National Lacrosse League from 1998 to 2017
Rugby union
European Rugby Champions Cup, top-level European club competition
NSCRO Champions Cup, a college rugby championship in the United States
Snooker
Champions Cup (snooker), a professional snooker tournament
Volleyball
Volleyball Grand Champions Cup, one of many indoor volleyball world titles
Sailing
EUROSAF Champions Sailing Cup, series of sailing regattas in Europe
See also
Champions League (disambiguation)
Championship Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champions%20Cup |
Jakob Jóhann Sveinsson (born 24 November 1982 in Reykjavík, Iceland) is a 4-time Olympic swimmer from Iceland who started swimming for S.C. Ægir in 1991. He swam for Iceland at the 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics.
At the 2000 Olympics, he swam to Iceland's high-ever result in Olympic swimming in finishing 25th.
At the 2009 World Championships he swam to new national records in all 3 breaststroke events: 50 (28.03), 100 (1:01.31) and 200 (2:12.39).
References
1982 births
Living people
Jakob Johann Sveinsson
Jakob Johann Sveinsson
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Jakob Johann Sveinsson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob%20J%C3%B3hann%20Sveinsson |
Svetly (masculine), Svetlaya (feminine), or Svetloye (neuter) may refer to:
Svetly Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the Settlement of Svetly in Mirninsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia is incorporated as
Svetloye Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the urban-type settlement of Svetlaya in Terneysky District of Primorsky Krai, Russia is incorporated as
Svetly (inhabited locality), several inhabited localities in Russia
Svetlîi (Svetly), a commune in Gagauzia, Moldova
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetly |
Sonic the Hedgehog is a media franchise created by Sega.
Sonic the Hedgehog may also refer to:
Sonic the Hedgehog (character), the title character and main protagonist of the franchise
Video games
Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game), a 1991 platform video game for the Sega Genesis (Mega Drive)
Sonic the Hedgehog (8-bit video game), a 1991 platform video game for the Sega Master System and Game Gear
Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game), a 2006 platform video game developed by Sonic Team for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3
Printed media
Sonic the Hedgehog (Archie Comics), comic book series published in the United States by Archie Comics
Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing), comic book series published in the United States by IDW Publishing
Film and television
Sonic the Hedgehog (TV series), a 1993 Italian-American animated television series
Sonic the Hedgehog (OVA), a 1996 Japanese original video animation series
Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, a 1993 American animated television series
Sonic the Hedgehog (film), a 2020 action-adventure film
See also
Sonic hedgehog, one of three proteins in a mammalian signaling pathway
Sonic (disambiguation)
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic%20the%20Hedgehog%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Samuel P. Harn Museum of Art is an art museum at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. It is in the UF Cultural Plaza area in the southwest part of campus.
The Harn is a 112,800-square-foot facility, making it one of the largest university art museums in the South. This includes 40,400 square feet of exhibition space, 5 garden spaces, a 250-seat auditorium, a museum store, a study center, a café, and classroom spaces. The museum has a permanent collection and an array of temporary exhibitions. The Harn's permanent collection totals more than 11,300 objects, which are focused on Asian, African, modern and contemporary art, as well as photography. The museum sponsors international and Florida-centric exhibitions. The university sponsors educational programs at the museum including films, lectures, interactive activities, and school and family offerings.
In October 2005, the Harn expanded by more than with the opening of the Mary Ann Harn Cofrin Pavilion, which includes new educational and meeting areas and the Camellia Court Cafe, the first eatery for visitors of the Cultural Plaza.
In August 2021, it was announced that it would be expanding with a new wing of 20,000 square-feet.
The museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. UF offers a virtual tour for prospective visitors.
History
The Harn Museum of Art is named in honor of Samuel Peebles Harn (1893–1957), whose widow, three daughters, sons-in-law, and grandchildren made the founding gift to UF for the museum’s construction. The family pledged more than $3 million for the construction of an arts museum in 1983. The Harn Museum of Art opened September 20, 1990.
In 2000, the family of David A. Cofrin made a gift to fund an 18,000-square-foot addition. The addition, named the Mary Ann Harn Cofrin Pavilion, opened in October 2005. The Cofrin Pavilion features 6,500 feet of exhibition space for international contemporary art, the Camellia Court Café, an outdoor plaza and the Goforth Learning Center, which is used for meetings, programs and educational activities. thumb| Outdoor garden alongside the Asian art wing|alt= On February 6, 2008, Dr. and Mrs. David A. Cofrin made a commitment of $10 million to the University of Florida to fund the addition of a new wing dedicated to Asian art. Opened in 2012 on the northwest side of the museum, the 26,000-square-foot addition features an Asian art gallery, curatorial offices, and art storage and conservation space for the Asian collections. The expansion included an outdoor Asian garden to complement the new wing.
Management
The founding director of the Harn Museum of Art was Budd Harris Bishop, who was previously at the Columbus Museum of Art. He joined in 1987 and selected the architect, hired staff and significantly built up the collection during his tenure. Bishop served as director through 1998.
Rebecca Nagy served as museum director for 16 years until her retirement in 2018.
In July 2018, Lee Anne Chesterfield (from the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts) began serving as the Harn Museum's director.
Architecture
The original architecture for the Harn Museum was designed by Kha Le-Huu, a native of South Vietnam and a 1982 architecture alumni of the University of Florida. Le-Huu reportedly designed the building to include buddhist sensibilities in the entrance garden along with featuring his contemporary aesthetic for geometric elements including use of the tetrahedron. Kha Le-Huu & Partners of Orlando, Florida also designed the additional wing for Asian art, completed in 2011.
The Harn Museum features several outdoor gardens including an Asian Water Garden and an Asian Rock Garden designed by Hoichi Kurisu of Kurisu International. The Arts in Medicine (AIM) program at the University of Florida works together with patients to generate new patterns for the zen rock garden as a form of therapy at the Harn Museum. Two additional gardens, by landscape designer Aaron Lee Wiener, are viewable from the galleries.
Collections
The Harn's collections include over 10,000 works of art, these are displayed at the museum or other institutions through art-loan programs and traveling exhibits. The collection consists of work focused on African, Asian, modern and contemporary art, and photography. The Harn also has Ancient American and Oceanic art, and a collection of pre-1850s prints and drawings.
African Collection
The work in the African collection ranges from the 5th century BCE to the 21st century. The mediums found in this collection range through wood sculpture, textiles, ceramics, leatherwork, beadwork, metalwork, and paintings. The collection is focused on West African art, but contains works from different ethnic groups from West, Central, South, and East Africa. An early and important part of the collection were wooden sculptures, in particular masks and figures.
Asian Collection
The Asian collection ranges from the Neolithic period to contemporary works. The mediums in this collection are ceramics, jades, metalwork, stone sculptures, paintings, and prints. This collection contains over 2,000 works displaying a diverse range of art. It features works from India, Japan, and China, among many other Asian countries.
Contemporary Collection
The works in the Contemporary collection ranges from 1945 to the present day, with the mediums included being paintings, photography, multi-media, installation, and film. This collection contains almost 1,500 items from major contemporary art movements and from emerging artists around the world. The works from this collection are presented using thematic exhibitions.
Modern Collection
The Modern collection ranges from the mid-19th century to the first half of the 20th century. The mediums in this collection are paintings, sculpture, prints, and drawings. The collection contains nearly 1,000 works from Europe and the Americas. Many works represent the major movements in American art, such as Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and early Modernism, among others. The European works represent France, Italy, Germany and Spain. There is also a growing collection of Latin American art from Mexico, Chile, Uruguay, Guatemala, Brazil, and Puerto Rico.
Photography Collection
The Photography collection ranges from the 19th century to contemporary works, with the mediums included going from daguerreotypes to large-scale color prints. The collections' origins began through the acquisition of noted photographers such as Robert Frank and Irving Penn, but as photography became a collecting focus more work from a diverse range of photographers has been acquired. A strong point for the collection is the works of Jerry Uelsmann, who established the University of Florida as a center for the study of photography. The collection also contains the works of many others who either taught or were students at the University of Florida.
Selected artists
Among others, the following artists are represented in the museum:
See also
University of Florida
Buildings at the University of Florida
References
External links
Official Website
Digitized Collections
eMuseum Collections
Virtual Tour
1990 establishments in Florida
Art museums established in 1990
Art museums and galleries in Florida
Buildings at the University of Florida
Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Modern art museums in the United States
Museums in Gainesville, Florida
Tourist attractions in Gainesville, Florida
University museums in Florida
African art museums in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20P.%20Harn%20Museum%20of%20Art |
"Search and Destroy" is a song by American rock band the Stooges, recorded for the group's third album Raw Power (1973). Lead singer Iggy Pop said that the title was derived from a column heading in a Time article about the Vietnam War. In 1997, "Search and Destroy" (along with the rest of the songs on Raw Power) was remixed and remastered by Pop and Bruce Dickinson. The result was far more aggressive and stripped down than the original release, which had been mixed by David Bowie.
In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked "Search and Destroy" at No. 468 on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". In 2009, it was named the 49th best hard rock song of all time by VH1. The song has also been characterized as garage rock, glam rock and proto-punk.
Influence
In a song review for AllMusic, Bill Janovitz commented on the song's influence:
Janovitz also notes that the song has become a popular live punk performance piece for bands such as Red Hot Chili Peppers, Sid Vicious, the Dictators, and KMFDM.
Covers
Finnish band Smack played the song in their gig at Husulan Kasino 26th of September 1986 and it has been recorded on their live album Live Desire.
Former Chemlab vocalist Jared Louche covered the song with The Aliens for his 1999 solo debut Covergirl.
Emanuel covered the song for the Tony Hawk's American Wasteland original soundtrack in 2005.
Skunk Anansie covered the song for the Sucker Punch soundtrack.
Industrial metal band Ministry, joined by guitarist Billy Morrison and bassist David Ellefson, covered the track on their 2021 album Moral Hygiene.
Indie rock band Florence and the Machine covered the song on the deluxe edition of their 2022 album Dance Fever.
Red Hot Chili Peppers covered the song on The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience.
Soundgarden covered the song on Live on I-5.
Personnel
Iggy Pop – vocals
James Williamson – guitar
Ron Asheton – bass guitar
Scott Asheton – drums
References
1973 songs
1973 singles
The Stooges songs
Songs written by Iggy Pop
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Columbia Records singles
Glam rock songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20and%20Destroy%20%28The%20Stooges%20song%29 |
Code of the West may refer to:
Code of the West, an unwritten, socially agreed upon set of informal laws shaping the cowboy culture of the Old West
The Code of the West, a 1934 novel by Zane Grey
Code of the West (1925 film), a 1925 American Western silent film
Code of the West (1947 film), based on the novel by Zane Grey; previously filmed under the same name in 1925; unrelated movies of the same title were filmed in 1921 and 1929
Code of the West (2012 film), an American 2012 documentary film
Code of the West, a novel by Aaron Latham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20of%20the%20West |
Michael "Marcus" Johnson (born December 1, 1981) is a former American football guard. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the second round of the 2005 NFL draft. He played college football at Mississippi.
Johnson has also been a member of the Oakland Raiders, Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Hartford Colonials. He is the younger brother of CFL offensive lineman Belton Johnson. Johnson is currently an offensive line coach for the Mississippi State Bulldogs team, 2018 will be his first season in that role.
References
External links
Duke Blue Devils football coaching bio
1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Greenville, Mississippi
Players of American football from Mississippi
American football offensive tackles
American football offensive guards
Ole Miss Rebels football players
Minnesota Vikings players
Oakland Raiders players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Hartford Colonials players
People from Coffeeville, Mississippi
Duke Blue Devils football coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Johnson%20%28offensive%20lineman%29 |
The Littoral Airborne Sensor/Hyperspectral (LASH) imaging system developed by the United States Navy combines optical imaging hardware, navigation and stabilization, and advanced image processing and algorithms to provide real-time submarine target detection,
classification, and identification in littoral waters. Operating in visible and near infrared spectrum (390 to 710 nm), LASH collects hyperspectral imagery using many spectral channels (colors) to exploit subtle color features associated with targets of interest. Developed as a pod-mounted system, LASH can be operated from a P-3C Orion, SH-60B Seahawk, or other platforms in support of anti-submarine warfare, mine detection, passive bathymetry, near-shore mapping, and land-based detection, discrimination and targeting.
Other applications
LASH technology might have medical applications. Researchers are investigating the camera's ability to detect cancer cells by comparing their minute light variations with surrounding tissue. Its ability to detect cervical cancer has been studied. If successful, it could perform a painless virtual biopsy and provide instantaneous results.
References
summary description taken from an unclassified budget justification sheet and a vendor's description published by the USN, both in the public domain
http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2003/Aug/19/ln/ln23a.html
Equipment of the United States Navy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral%20Airborne%20Sensor/Hyperspectral |
Inti+Quila is the name utilized by the historic Chilean Nueva Canción groups Inti-Illimani and Quilapayún during their recent collaborative artistic efforts. These have included a Latin American and European tour, as well as the release of a CD and a DVD compilation of their joint concerts. The Inti+Quila denomination has been reserved for use by the Santiago, Chile-based "historic" factions of the groups.
Yet another conflict between the "historic" factions and the "new" lineups has erupted with the other Inti-Illimani and the Paris-based Quilapayún currently planning to tour Europe using the Inti+Quila name. In this particular case the term was clearly developed by the Chile-based historic members of both groups. The latter Inti+Quila are planning a Chilean tour in 2006, which could lead to mass confusion as both Inti+Quila collaborations will be performing at the same time. The groups remain extremely popular in both Latin America and Europe often playing to sold out shows wherever they go.
References
External links
Inti-Illimani (new faction) Official Site
Inti-Illimani (historic faction) Official Site
Quilapayún - Official Website (Spanish)
Chilean folk musical groups
Nueva canción musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti%2BQuila |
The Norwegian monarch is the head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The Norwegian monarchy can trace its line back to the reign of Harald Fairhair and the previous petty kingdoms which were united to form Norway; it has been in unions with both Sweden and Denmark for long periods.
The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, Olav V. The heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The crown prince undertakes various public ceremonial functions, as does the king's wife, Queen Sonja. The crown prince also acts as regent in the king's absence. There are several other members of the royal family, including the king's daughter, grandchildren and sister. Since the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden and the subsequent election of a Danish prince as King Haakon VII in 1905, the reigning royal house of Norway has been a branch of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg; originally from Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, agnatically (through Prince Philip) the same royal house as the British (since the accession of Charles III), Danish and former Greek royal families.
Whilst the Constitution of Norway grants important executive powers to the King, these are almost always exercised by the Council of State in the name of the King (King's Council, or cabinet). Formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgment, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. Constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word King in most articles of the constitution from the king personally to the elected government. The powers vested in the monarch are significant but are treated only as reserve powers and as an important security part of the role of the monarchy.
The King does not, by convention, have direct participation in government. He ratifies laws and royal resolutions, receives and sends envoys from and to foreign countries, and hosts state visits. He has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. The annual New Year's Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues. The King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit.
The King has no official role in the Church of Norway, but is required by the Constitution to be a member.
History
The position of King of Norway has been in continuous existence since the unification of Norway in 872. Although Norway has officially been a hereditary kingdom throughout that time, there have been several instances of elective succession: most recently, the people of Norway electorally confirmed the accession of Haakon VII to the position of king through a 1905 plebiscite. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament, though without any likelihood of success. This gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting.
Germanic kingdom
Prior to and in the early phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. These are thought to have followed the same tradition as other Germanic monarchies of the time: the king was usually elected by the high-ranking farmers of the area and served mainly as a judge at popular assemblies, as a priest on the occasion of sacrifices, and as a military leader in time of war.
Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway. The date of the first formation of a unified Norwegian kingdom is set as 872 when he defeated the last petty kings who resisted him at the Battle of Hafrsfjord; however, the consolidation of his power took many years. The boundaries of Fairhair's kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death, the kingship was shared among his sons. Some historians emphasise the actual monarchial control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf, who reigned from 1015 to 1028, was the first king to control the entire country. Olaf is generally held to have been the driving force behind Norway's final conversion to Christianity. Furthermore, he was in 1031 revered as Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae ("Eternal King of Norway"), and subsequently, the 1163 Succession Law stated that all kings after Olaf II's son, Magnus I, were not independent monarchs, but vassals holding Norway as a fief from Saint Olaf.
Middle Ages
In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak. The kingdom included Norway (including the now Swedish provinces of Jemtland, Herjedalen, Særna, Idre and Båhuslen), Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, among others. Large castles such as Haakon's Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built.
In the tradition of Germanic monarchy the king had to be elected by a representative assembly of noblemen. Men eligible for election had to be of royal blood; but the eldest son of the previous king was not automatically chosen. During the civil war era the unclear succession laws and the practice of power-sharing between several kings simultaneously gave personal conflicts the potential to become full-blown wars. Over the centuries kings consolidated their power, and eventually a strict succession law made Norway a principally hereditary kingdom. In practice the king was elected by the Riksråd in a similar way to Denmark. He adhered to a håndfæstning and governed in the council of Norwegian noblemen according to existing laws.
After the death of Haakon VI of Norway in 1380, his son Olav IV of Norway succeeded to the thrones of both Norway and Denmark and was also elected King of Sweden. After his death at the age of 17 his mother Margrethe united the three Scandinavian kingdoms in personal union under one crown, in the Kalmar Union. Olav's death extinguished the Norwegian male royal line; he was also the last Norwegian king to be born on Norwegian soil for the next 567 years.
The Black Death of 1349–51 contributed to the decline of the Norwegian monarchy, as the noble families and the population in general were gravely affected. However, the most devastating factor for the nobility and the monarchy in Norway was the steep decline in income from their holdings. Many farms were deserted and rents and taxes suffered. This left the Norwegian monarchy weakened in manpower, noble support, defensibility and economic power.
Union with Denmark
The Kalmar Union was not only possible due to the complex history of the royal dynasties of Scandinavia but was also, among other things, a direct reaction to the expansive and aggressive policies of the Hanseatic League.
On 6 June 1523 Sweden left the union permanently, leaving Norway in an unequal union with a Danish king already embarked on centralising the government of the union.
In the following centuries the Norwegian monarchs mostly resided abroad. This weakened the monarchical governing structures of Norway: the Riksråd, for example, was gradually undermined as the Norwegian nobles did not have the King's confidence to the same extent as their Danish counterparts. The King was also less able to govern according to Norwegian needs, as the distance meant he and his advisors had less knowledge of conditions in Norway.
Norway was one of few countries where the archdiocese was coterminous with the national territory. The church was an important factor in trying to maintain the separate Norwegian monarchy. In the 16th century the power struggle between the Norwegian nobles and the king culminated at the same time as the Protestant Reformation. This prompted a set of events in which the struggle against Danish dominance in Norway was coupled with the struggle against the Reformation. When both failed the effects were harsh. The Norwegian Catholic bishops were replaced with Danes and the Norwegian church was subdued and made wholly Danish. The Norwegian Riksråd was abolished in 1536, and more and more foreigners were appointed to important positions in Norway.
The Danish nobles pushed the king to reduce Norway to a Danish province in order for them to gain more control in the election of future kings. However, the hereditary nature of the Norwegian monarchy meant that the King had to maintain the basic principle of Norway being a separate and extant kingdom. If the Danish nobles were to elect as king someone other than the next in line to the throne the Union would be dissolved. This gave the king the upper hand in the negotiations for the håndfesting. Potential heirs to Norway were present in both the royal dynasties of Sweden and Schleswig-Holstein, so if the King of Denmark did not assert his position as King of Norway they would.
During this time the Danish kings were more preoccupied with securing the traditionally Danish fringe territories, and therefore paid little attention to and made few attempts at maintaining Norwegian interests. As a result, Jemtland, Herjedalen, Båhuslen, Shetland and Orkney were lost to Sweden and Scotland. In addition all contact with Greenland ceased.
In 1661 Frederick III introduced absolute monarchy in Denmark and Norway and introduced new laws in both countries to that effect. Until then the law of Magnus the law-mender given in 1274 and 1276 had been the law of Norway. Christian IV's Norwegian law was in effect a translation into Danish of that older law. 1661 also marks the point when the last remnants of representational local government were removed and had to be rebuilt. However, that process started almost immediately when local men of means started putting pressure on local governors in order to gain or regain influence on local matters.
Emerging independence
During the Napoleonic Wars the King aligned Denmark–Norway with France. When Napoleon lost the war, the king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden under the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. It was initially proposed that the Norwegian dependencies of Greenland, Iceland and the Faroes would remain with Norway, but that point was dropped during the negotiations, so they became Danish.
On hearing news of the treaty, the Prince of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, Christian Frederick, the resident viceroy in Norway, participated in founding a Norwegian independence movement. The independence movement was successful, partly due to clandestine support from the Danish Crown, but also because of the strong desire for independence in Norway. On 10 April, a national assembly met at Eidsvoll to decide on a constitution. Norway declared independence on 17 May 1814, electing Christian Frederick as King. A short war with Sweden later that year ended with the Convention of Moss. This led to the ousting of Christian Frederick, and the Norwegian Storting electing Charles XIII of Sweden as King of Norway, creating the union between Sweden and Norway. In turn the king recognised the Norwegian constitution, which was only changed to facilitate the union.
The end result was that the Norwegian monarchy became a constitutional monarchy. In this new union the King was much more a King of Norway than under the previous Danish system. The only area of policy not in the hands of the Norwegians was foreign policy.
Norway had been brought along into the new developments of the world as they arrived in Denmark. However, with the break the Norwegians were able to forge a more progressive political development than was the case in Denmark. Denmark introduced a constitutional monarchy 35 years after Norway. Parliamentarism was introduced in Norway 17 years before Denmark and 33 years before Sweden. The union with Denmark also had its adverse effects on the monarchy: among other things it resulted in the Crown of Norway losing territory which today amounts to 2 322 755 km2 (although most of this was uninhabited areas of Greenland). Very little royal activity had been relocated to Norway; the country thus lacks the monumental palaces of the period which can be seen in Copenhagen and other parts of Denmark.
Union with Sweden
The Treaty of Kiel stipulated that Norway was to be ceded by the king of Denmark–Norway to the king of Sweden. This was however rejected in Norway, where calls for self-determination were already mounting. A Norwegian constituent assembly was called, and a liberal constitution was adopted on 17 May 1814. A short war ensued, ending in a new agreement between the Norwegian parliament and the Swedish king.
The Convention of Moss was from a Norwegian point of view a significant improvement over the terms dictated to Denmark-Norway at the treaty of Kiel. Notably, Norway was no longer to be treated as a Swedish conquest but rather as an equal party in a personal union of two independent states. Both the principle and substance of the Norwegian Constitution were preserved, with only such amendments as were required to allow for the union with Sweden. Norway retained its own parliament and separate institutions, except for the common king and foreign service.
The Norwegian Storting would propose Norwegian laws without interference from Sweden, to be approved by the common King in his capacity as King of Norway. The King would occasionally enact laws unfavourable to Sweden. As the Norwegian movement towards full independence gained momentum, the King approved the building of forts and naval vessels intended to defend Norway against a Swedish invasion.
The union was nevertheless marked by the Norwegians' constant and growing discontent with being in a union of any kind. The Storting would propose laws to reduce the king's power or to assert Norwegian independence. These would most often be vetoed by the king, but as he only had the power to veto the same law twice, it would eventually be passed. The constitution of 1814 already specified that Norway would have a separate flag, and the present design was introduced in 1821. The flags of both kingdoms were defaced with the union mark in 1844 to denote their equal status within the union. Despite royal objections, this was removed from the Norwegian flag in 1898. In 1837 local self-government in certain areas of policy was introduced in rural areas as well as towns. A Parliamentary system was introduced in 1884.
The Royal House of Bernadotte tried hard to be a Norwegian royal house as well as a Swedish one. The Royal Palace in Oslo was built during this period. There were separate coronations in Trondheim, as stipulated in the Constitution. The royal princes even had a hunting lodge built in Norway so that they could spend more private time there. King Oscar II spoke and wrote Norwegian fluently.
Full independence
In 1905 a series of disputes between parliament and the King culminated with the matter of separate Norwegian consuls to foreign countries. Norway had grown into one of the world's leading shipping nations, but Sweden retained control of both the diplomatic and consulate corps. Although businessmen needed assistance abroad, the Swedes had little insight into Norwegian shipping, and consulates were not even established in several important shipping cities. The demand for separate Norwegian consuls was seen as very important by the Norwegian parliament and society. The Storting proposed a law establishing a separate Norwegian consulate corps. King Oscar II refused to ratify the law and subsequently the Norwegian cabinet resigned. The king was unable to form any other government that had the support of parliament, and so it was deemed on 7 June that he had failed to function as King of Norway.
In a plebiscite of the Norwegian people on 13 August, there were an overwhelming 368,208 votes (99.95%) in favor of dissolution of the Union, against 184 (0.05%) opposed, with 85% of Norwegian men voting. No women voted, as universal suffrage was not granted until 1913; however Norwegian feminists collected more than 200,000 signatures in favor of dissolution.
During the summer a Norwegian delegation had already approached the 33-year-old Prince Carl of Denmark, the second son of the Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark. The Norwegian parliament had considered other candidates but ultimately chose Prince Carl, partly because he already had a son to continue the line of succession, but more significantly because he was descended from independent Norwegian kings and Carl was also married to Maud of Wales, the daughter of King Edward VII. By bringing in a king with British royal ties, it was hoped that Norway could court Britain's support.
Prince Carl impressed the delegation in many ways, not least because of his sensitivity to the liberal and democratic movements that had led to Norway's independence. Though the Norwegian constitution stipulated that the Storting could choose a new king if the throne were vacant, Carl was aware that many Norwegians – including leading politicians and high-ranking military officers – favored a republican form of government. Attempts to persuade the prince to accept the throne on the basis of Parliament's choice failed; Carl insisted that he would accept the crown only if the Norwegian people expressed their will for monarchy by referendum and if the parliament then elected him king.
On 12 and 13 November, in the second constitutional plebiscite in three months, Norwegian voters decided by a nearly 79% majority (259,563 to 69,264) to keep the monarchy rather than establish a republic. The parliament, by an overwhelming majority, then offered Carl a clear mandate to the Norwegian throne on 18 November. The prince accepted the same evening, choosing the name Haakon, a traditional name used by Norwegian kings. The last king with that name had been Haakon VI, who died in the year 1380.
Thus the new king became Haakon VII, King of Norway. His two-year-old son Alexander, the heir apparent, was renamed Olav and became Crown Prince Olav. The new royal family arrived in the capital Kristiania (later Oslo) on 25 November. Haakon VII was sworn in as king of Norway on 27 November.
A new monarchy
The early years of the new Norwegian monarchy were marked by a shortage of funds. The Norwegian state was poor and funds were needed elsewhere than in the upkeep of a large court. In that sense it was a stroke of good fortune that Prince Carl had set as a condition for accepting the throne that he would not be forced to keep a large court. However, the royal travels and the upkeep of the royal residences, after the initial refurbishment in 1905, were to some extent neglected. One example of the negative financial situation is that Prince Carl had been promised a Royal Yacht when he accepted the throne, but this was not fulfilled until 1947.
One important incident in the early years of the new monarchy was in 1928 when the King appointed the first Labour government. The Norwegian Labour Party was at that time quite radical, and even had the abolition of monarchy as part of their programme. It was the custom for the King to rely on the advice of the previous Prime Minister in deciding whom to give the assignment as new Prime Minister. In this case, the previous conservative Prime Minister was opposed to giving power to the radicals, and advised the appointment of someone else. However, the King adhered to the established practice of parliamentarism and decided to appoint Christopher Hornsrud as the first Labour Prime Minister. The Labour Party later dropped the abolition of monarchy from their programme.
During the German occupation of World War II, the King was an important symbol of national unity and resistance. His steadfast opposition to the German demands of surrender was important for the fighting spirit of the Norwegian population. The constitutional powers granted to the King in the Norwegian monarchial system made his position very important and enabled the government in exile to continue its work with the utmost legitimacy.
After the war, the Norwegian royal house succeeded in maintaining a balance between regality and approachability. King Olav V was deemed the people's king and the spontaneous show of mourning from the population upon his death in 1991 demonstrated the high standing he had among the Norwegian people. Even republicans were among the masses lighting candles in front of the Palace.
In later years the marriages of the then Crown Prince Harald in 1968 and of Crown Prince Haakon in 2001 sparked considerable controversy, but the lasting effect on the popularity of the monarchy has been minimal. Although decreased from its level of above 90 percent after the war, support for the monarchy seems to remain stable around and mostly above the 70 percent mark. In an opinion poll in 2012 93% of the people agreed the current Monarch does a good job for the country.
Constitutional and official role
Although the 1814 constitution grants important executive powers to the King, these are almost always exercised by the Council of State in the name of the King.
Contemporary Norwegian constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word "king" in most articles from the meaning the King-in-person; apart from those dealing with the monarchy specifically, as opposed to those dealing with the apparatus of government and affairs of state at large; to the cabinet of the Prime Minister (also known as the King-in-Council when chaired by the King), which is accountable to the Storting, and thus ultimately to the electorate.
Immunity
Article 5 stated: The King's person is sacred; he cannot be censured or accused. The responsibility rests with his Council.
This article applies to the king personally. The king has legal sovereign immunity, though his status as sacred was dissolved on 8 May 2018.<ref>NTB 2018. 'Fra tirsdag er ikke kongen lenger hellig'. NRK, 7 May. Retrieved on 8 May. https://www.nrk.no/norge/fra-tirsdag-er-ikke-kongen-lenger-hellig-1.14039929</ref>
Article 37 states: The Royal Princes and Princesses shall not personally be answerable to anyone other than the King, or whomever he decrees to sit in judgment on them.This means that the Princes and Princesses also have immunity on the discretion of the king. He could decide to let them be judged by the regular courts or he could decide to judge them himself. This has never been tested in practice.
Council of State
The Council of State consists of the King, Prime Minister and other members, all of whom are appointed by the King on the advice of Prime Minister. The Council of State is the Government of Norway and is chaired by the King. It meets under the King's chairmanship at least once a week usually on Fridays. The King also orders the holding of extraordinary sessions of the council of state in situations that require urgent actions that cannot wait for the next scheduled meeting. Parliamentarism has been in place since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must not have the parliament against it, and that the appointment by the King is a formality. In practice, the monarch will ask the leader of a parliamentary block that has a majority in the Storting to form a government. The King relies on the advice of the previous prime minister and the President of the Storting in this question. The last time the King appointed a new prime minister contrary to the advice of the previous was in 1928 when he appointed the first Labour government.
Article 12 states:The King himself chooses a Council from among Norwegian citizens who are entitled to vote.
[...]The King apportions the business among the Members of the Council of State, as he deems appropriate.Article 30 states: [...] Everyone who has a seat in the Council of State has the duty frankly to express his opinion, to which the King is bound to listen. But it rests with the King to make a decision according to his own judgment. [...]
Veto of laws
The King has to sign all laws in order for them to become valid. He can veto any law. However, if two separate Stortings approve the law, it becomes valid even without the King's consent. The Crown has not vetoed any law since the dissolution of the union with Sweden.
Article 78 states: If the King assents to the Bill, he appends his signature, whereby it becomes law.If he does not assent to it, he returns it to the Storting with a statement that he does not for the time being find it expedient to sanction it. In that case the Bill must not again be submitted to the King by the Storting then assembled. [...]
Church of Norway
Until 2012 the constitutional head of the Church of Norway, also known as the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway, was the King. The Church of Norway professes the Lutheran branch of Christianity, and is a member of the Porvoo Communion.
Since 2012 the Church has been self-governing, although it remains the established state church, which 86% of Norwegians are members of. In accordance with the constitution, the Norwegian King as head of state must be a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway.
Pardoning criminals
Article 20 states: The King shall have the right in the Council of State to pardon criminals after sentence has been passed.A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. It may be given if new information on the crime or criminal has come to light after sentencing has begun. A pardon may entail a complete or partial withdrawal of punishment.
The practical execution of this right has been delegated to the Ministry of Justice which may dismiss an application for a pardon. The formal approval of a pardon has to be done by the King in Council. In 2004 a total of 51 applications for pardon were approved and 274 were denied.
In impeachment proceedings, the King cannot pardon a defendant without the consent of the Storting.
Appointing senior officials
Article 21 states: The King shall choose and appoint, after consultation with his Council of State, all senior civil, and military officials.
The appointment is made by the Monarch after having been advised by the council of state and having received its consent.
Dismissing the government
Article 22 states: The Prime Minister and the other Members of the Council of State, together with the State Secretaries, may be dismissed by the King without any prior court judgment, after he has heard the opinion of the Council of State on the subject.Chivalric orders
Article 23 states: The King may bestow orders upon whomever he pleases, as a reward for distinguished services[...]
Norway has two chivalric orders: the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. In addition the King awards several other distinguished medals for a wide range of accomplishments.
War
Article 25 states: The King is Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the Realm.The King is also Commander-in-Chief of the Norwegian Air Force: but it is not explicitly mentioned because there was no Air Force in 1814.
Article 26 states: The King has the right to call up troops, to engage in hostilities in defence of the Realm and to make peace, to conclude and denounce conventions, to send and to receive diplomatic envoys.The King is treated by the armed forces as their highest commander, but there is, beyond legal fiction, no doubt that the complete control of the armed forces is actually held by the elected government of the day. The Kings of Norway have traditionally received an extensive military training and to some extent pursued a career within the armed forces before acceding to the throne. During World War II the King took a more active role in the decision-making and while the government still had the last word the King's advice was given much weight. On one occasion during the invasion the King was given an ultimatum by the Germans demanding Norway's surrender. King Haakon VII told the government he would abdicate if they decided to accept. In 1944 Crown Prince Olav was appointed Chief of Defence based on his military leadership abilities.
Coronation
From before recorded Norwegian history the monarch would be installed by acclamation, a ceremony held on the ting where the king swore to uphold the laws of the land and the assembled chieftains swore allegiance to him. The first coronation in Norway and in all Scandinavia took place in Bergen in 1163 or 1164. For a long time both ceremonies were used in Norway. That way the king was invested with powers both from the noblemen and from the church. The coronations also symbolised that the king would hold the kingdom in fief to St. Olav the eternal king of Norway. The last acclamation took place on Akershus Castle in 1648. The last medieval coronation in Norway took place 29 July 1514. During the age of absolute monarchy (1660–1814), Norway's kings were crowned in Copenhagen, using the Throne Chair. Today the king still goes through a ceremony similar to the acclamation when he takes the oath of allegiance to the Constitution in the Storting. The Norwegian Constitution of 1814 determined that any Norwegian coronations from that time onward were to take place in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim. This re-established the relationship to the sacred king's burial church. The constitutional article about the coronation was annulled in 1908. When king Olav V ascended the throne in 1957 he still wanted to receive the blessing of the church for his reign and the Benediction of the king was introduced. The benediction is a much simpler ceremony, but it still takes place in Nidaros Cathedral and with the Royal Regalia at the high altar. The regalia is currently located in the old Archbishop's Palace in Trondheim. King Harald V and Queen Sonja also received the benediction in 1991.
The Constitution requires the new King to immediately take an oath before the Storting (or, if the Storting is not in session, before the Council of State and again before the Storting once it is in session). The oath is as follows: "I promise and swear that I will govern the Kingdom of Norway in accordance with its Constitution and Laws; so help me God, the Almighty and Omniscient."
Succession
The order of succession to the Norwegian throne has followed absolute primogeniture since 1990, as is described in article 6 in the Constitution of Norway. Only people descended from the reigning monarch are entitled to succeed to the throne. If the line of succession comes to an end then the Storting may elect a new king or queen.
Finances
The King, Queen, Crown Prince and Crown Princess are exempt from paying any taxes and their personal finances are not revealed to the public. Other members of the royal family have lost that privilege upon marriage. It is believed that only the King has a personal fortune of a notable size.
The royal farms generate some revenue, but this is always re-invested in the farms themselves.
In the Norwegian state budget of 2010 the sum of 142.5 million Norwegian kroner was allocated to the Royal Household. 16.5 million was also given to the monarchs as appanage. 20.9 million was in addition allocated to rehabilitation of royal property. In 2010, the Royal Household of Norway claimed that King Harald V's fortune was close to a 100 million Norwegian kroner. 500 million Norwegian kroner was in the late 1990s allocated to the extensive refurbishments of the royal residences that have been taking place and are still under way. The restoration of the Royal Palace in Oslo went far beyond budget because the structural state of the palace was much worse than expected. However, the large expense was criticised in the media.
Residences
The royal family and the monarch have several residences at their disposal throughout the country. All of the official residences are partially open to the public.
Current residences
Royal Palace
The Royal Palace in Oslo functions as the main official residence of the monarch. Built in the first half of the 19th century as the Norwegian residence of Norwegian and Swedish king Charles III (Carl Johan, Charles XIV of Sweden, reigned 1818–1844), it serves as the official residence of the present Norwegian Monarch.
Gamlehaugen
Gamlehaugen is a mansion and estate which functions as the monarch's residences in Bergen. Originally the home of Prime Minister Christian Michelsen, the estate became the royal family's residence in 1927.
Stiftsgården
Stiftsgården in Trondheim is a large wooden townhouse which has been used by the royal family since the early 1800s. The building has been the setting for the main festivities during coronations, benedictions and weddings which traditionally have taken place in the Nidaros Cathedral.
Ledaal
Ledaal is a large manor house in Stavanger. The manor originally belonged to the influential Kielland family but has been the property of Stavanger Museum since 1936 and a became royal residence in 1949.
Other residences
Bygdøy Royal Estate, the official summer residence, is situated in Oslo. Bygdøy has been under extensive restoration and has therefore not been used regularly since the accession of King Harald V in 1991. The restoration was finalized in 2007 and has been frequently used by the royal family ever since. The Royal Lodge or Kongsseteren is located in Holmenkollen, and used by the Royal Family as a residence for Christmas and Holmenkollen Ski Festival each year. Oscarshall palace, a maison de plaisance,'' also situated in Oslo, but seldom used.
The crown princely couple resides at Skaugum Manor in Asker municipality outside of Oslo, while the three princesses of Norway live on estates in Oslo, Fredrikstad and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Both Skaugum and Bygdøy Royal Estate are working farms producing grain, milk and meat; the profits are re-invested in the farms themselves. In 2004 the King transferred management of the farming activities on Bygdøy to the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History.
The King owns a royal yacht bearing the name HNoMY Norge. Manned and maintained by the Royal Norwegian Navy, it is used both for official and private travels in Norway and abroad. The Norwegian Railway Museum maintains a royal train carriage.
The royal family also possess several other holiday homes of a private nature.
Former and historic residences
Paléet. A magnificent townhouse which was as a royal residence between 1801 and 1849 prior to the construction of the Royal Palace.
Akershus Fortress. The castle in Oslo was converted into a palace by King Christian IV during the union between Denmark and Norway
Bergenhus Fortress. Originally, the medieval castle was a residential palace while Sverresborg provided defence for the city.
Tønsberg Fortress. The castle in Tønsberg was used as a residence by several kings, including Håkon V Magnusson who was the last king of Norway prior to the establishment of the Kalmar Union.
Various Kongsgård estates were used by the Norwegian kings during the Viking Age and early Middle Ages. This includes significant estates like Alrekstad, Avaldsnes Kongsgård estate and the Oslo Kongsgård estate.
Royal coat of arms
The Coat of arms of Norway is one of the oldest in Europe and serves both as the coat of arms of the nation and of the Royal House. This is in keeping with its origin as the coat of arms of the kings of Norway during the Middle Ages.
Håkon the Old (1217–1263) used a shield with a lion. The earliest preserved reference to the colour of the arms is the King's Saga written down in 1220.
In 1280 King Eirik Magnusson added the crown and silver axe to the lion. The axe is the martyr axe of St. Olav, the weapon used to kill him in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030.
The specific rendering of the Norwegian arms has changed through the years, following changing heraldic fashions. In the late Middle Ages, the axe handle gradually grew longer and came to resemble a halberd. The handle was usually curved in order to fit the shape of shield preferred at the time, and also to match the shape of coins. The halberd was officially discarded and the shorter axe reintroduced by royal decree in 1844, when an authorized rendering was instituted for the first time. In 1905 the official design for royal and government arms was again changed, this time reverting to the medieval pattern, with a triangular shield and a more upright lion.
The coat of arms of the royal house as well as the Royal Standard uses the lion design from 1905. The earliest preserved depiction of the Royal Standard is on the seal of Duchess Ingebjørg from 1318. The rendering used as the official coat of arms of Norway is slightly different and was last approved by the king 20 May 1992.
When used as the Royal coat of arms the shield features the insignias of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav around it and is framed by a royal ermine robe, surmounted by the crown of Norway.
The Royal coat of arms is not used frequently. Instead, the king's monogram is extensively used, for instance in military insignia and on coins.
See also
List of Norwegian monarchs
Norwegian Royal Family
Royal coronations in Norway
House of Glücksburg
Politics of Norway
Lèse majesté in Norway
Abel Prize
Republicanism in Norway
References
External links
Video from NRK of the history of the present monarchy
Norwegian royal dynasties
Government of Norway
House of Glücksburg (Norway) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy%20of%20Norway |
George H.W. Bush Field (commonly known as Bush Field, originally Yale Field) is a stadium in West Haven, Connecticut, just across the city line with New Haven, Connecticut. It is primarily used for the Yale University baseball team, the Bulldogs, and, until 2007 was also the home field of the New Haven County Cutters Canadian-American Association of Professional Baseball minor league baseball team. Yale's baseball team has played continuously at the same site since 1885 while the field was constructed and opened in April 1928.
Features
The seats at Bush Field are a mix of standard plastic stadium seats and metal bleachers. The scoreboard is hand operated and the stadium capacity has been reduced from a high of 12,000 to its current 6,200. Bush Field is not located on the school’s campus in downtown New Haven, but about a mile and a half away in neighboring West Haven. Also located at the sports complex is the Yale Bowl, Reese Stadium, the Coxe Cage and the Connecticut Tennis Center.
History
Yale University fielded their first baseball team in 1864. The team played at various sites around campus until 1882, when the university purchased an apple orchard and farm in neighboring West Haven and built a modest ball field on the site. In 1927 the school replaced the open field surrounded by few bleachers with a concrete and steel structure that cost a half million dollars to build.
Yale Field was also the name of the football stadium prior to the Yale Bowl opening in 1914.
In a 1941 game, with Smoky Joe Wood as manager, and Joe Jr. on the mound, the Bulldogs faced Colgate whose roster included two of Smoky Joe's other sons, Steve and Bob Wood. Yale prevailed 11–5.
During President George H.W. Bush's days playing baseball for Yale, the team played in both the 1947 and 1948 College World Series, losing to the University of California in 1947 and to USC in 1948. Yale's manager during this time was former big leaguer Ethan Allen. Yale Field hosted what is believed to be the first game of the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship in 1947 when Yale hosted Clemson.
Yale Field was the site for one of the most famous college baseball games of all time. On May 21, 1981, during a qualifying game for the College World Series, Ron Darling from Yale and Frank Viola from St. Johns dueled through 11 scoreless innings before St. Johns broke through with a run in the 12th inning to win 1–0. Both pitchers went on to have distinguished Major League careers. Darling pitched 11 innings of no-hit ball (still a college playoff record) before surrendering a single in the 12th inning.
In attendance at the game was Yale President and soon-to-be Commissioner of Baseball, A. Bartlett Giamatti as well as pitching great and ex-Yale Baseball Coach, Smoky Joe Wood. Renowned baseball author Roger Angell was also at the game and wrote an article about the game for the New Yorker Magazine, entitled "The Web of the Game"
Ron Darling devoted an entire chapter to this game in his 2009 book; "The Complete Game, Reflections on Baseball, Pitching, and Life on the Mound", published by Alfred A. Knoff, a division of Random House.
On July 8, 1998, the ballpark hosted the Double-A All-Star Game in which a team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeated a team of American League-affiliated All-Stars, 2–1, before 6,248 people in attendance.
In 2021, Yale Field was renamed George H.W. Bush Field in honor of President George H.W. Bush, who captained the team during his senior year.
See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
References
External links
Yale Field Views - Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues
Baseball in New Haven by Sam Rubin
Minor league baseball venues
Yale Bulldogs baseball
Baseball venues in Connecticut
Sports venues in New Haven, Connecticut
Buildings and structures in West Haven, Connecticut
Yale University buildings
Sports venues completed in 1928
1928 establishments in Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush%20Field%20%28Yale%29 |
Ricardo Piglia (November 24, 1941 in Adrogué, Argentina – January 6, 2017 in Buenos Aires) was an Argentine author, critic, and scholar best known for introducing hard-boiled fiction to the Argentine public.
Biography
Born in Adrogué, Piglia was raised in Mar del Plata. He studied history in 1961-1962 at the National University of La Plata.
Ricardo Piglia published his first collection of fiction in 1967, La invasión. He worked in various publishing houses in Buenos Aires and was in charge of the Serie Negra which published well-known authors of crime fiction including Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, David Goodis and Horace McCoy. A fan of American literature, he was also influenced by F. Scott Fitzgerald and William Faulkner, as well as by European authors Franz Kafka and Robert Musil.
Piglia's fiction includes several collections of short stories as well as highly allusive crime novels, among them Respiración artificial (1980, trans. Artificial Respiration), La ciudad ausente (1992, trans. The Absent City), and Blanco nocturno (2010, trans. Nocturnal Target). His criticism has been collected in Criticism and Fiction (1986), Brief Forms (1999) and The Last Reader (2005).
Piglia resided for a number of years in the United States. He taught Latin American literature at Harvard as well as Princeton University, where he was Walter S. Carpenter Professor of Language, Literature, and Civilization of Spain from 2001 to 2011. After retirement he returned with his wife to Argentina.
In 2013 he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; he died of the disease on January 6, 2017, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Awards and honors
During his lifetime Piglia received a number of awards, including the Premio internacional de novela Rómulo Gallegos (2011), Premio Iberoamericano de las Letras (2005), Premio Planeta (1997), and the Casa de las Américas Prize (1967). In 2013 he won Chile's Manuel Rojas Ibero-American Narrative Award, and in 2014 he won the Diamond Konex Award as the best writer of the decade in Argentina. In 2015 Piglia won the Prix Formentor.
On January 4, 2018, his memory was honored in New York City at "Modos infinitos de narrar: Homenaje a Ricardo Piglia," an event at which academics discussed the impact of his work on Latin American literature and intellectual history and his legacy as a literary critic and scholar.
Works
Essays
1986 Criticism and Fiction ("Crítica y ficción")
1993 Argentina in Pieces ("La Argentina en pedazos")
1999 Brief Forms ("Formas breves")
2000 Dictionary of the Novel of Macedonio Fernández ("Diccionario de la novela de Macedonio Fernández")
2005 The Last Reader ("El último lector")
Novels
1980 Artificial Respiration ("Respiración artificial")
1992 The Absent City ("La ciudad ausente")
1997 Burnt Money ("Plata Quemada")
2010 Nocturnal Target ("Blanco nocturno")
2013 The Way Out ("El Camino de Ida")
Short story collections
1967 The Invasion ("La Invasión")
1975 Assumed Name ("Nombre Falso")
1988 Perpetual Prison ("Prisión perpetua")
1995 Moral Tales ("Cuentos morales")
Others
2015 The Diaries of Emilio Renzi: The Formative Years
2016 The Diaries of Emilio Renzi: The Happy Years
2017 The Diaries of Emilio Renzi: A Day in the Life
Bibliography
Roberto Echavarren. "La literariedad: Respiración artificial, de Ricardo Piglia", Revista Iberoamericana, University of Pittsburgh, U.S.A., vol. XLIX, October–December 1983, No. 125, pp. 997–1008.
References
External links
Listing at literature dot org
Review of Piglia's Rómulo Gallegos prize winning novel Target in the Night
1941 births
2017 deaths
Argentine screenwriters
Argentine male screenwriters
Argentine diarists
Latin Americanists
People from Adrogué
People from Mar del Plata
Princeton University faculty
Argentine people of Italian descent
Neurological disease deaths in Argentina
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo%20Piglia |
Campanelli Stadium is a stadium in Brockton, Massachusetts. It is primarily used for baseball and is the home field of the Brockton Rox baseball team of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League summer league. The stadium opened in 2002 and holds 6,000 people.
Campanelli Stadium, along with the Brockton Rox, celebrated its 10th anniversary season in 2011.
During Sunday afternoon home games, family fun festivals are held prior to the first pitch. Activities include face painting, balloon artists, and catch on the field. After the game, children are able to run the bases and receive autographs from the Rox players, who stand along the warning track on the third base side. On Kids Eat Free Mondays, children receive a voucher for food with the purchase of a box seat. The Rox also host Thirsty Thursday at the ballpark, with specials on draft beers in the Right Field Beer Garden for $2. Also, the Rox host Friday Night Fireworks after all Friday night games.
The venue is also used for medium to large scale concerts and other events. Major music acts such as Jack Johnson, Willie Nelson, Bob Dylan, and B52s have all played at Campanelli. Other events, including The Jonas Brothers' Roadogs Softball Game, and Kevin Faulk Celebrity Softball Game are also help at the facility. The stadium also hosts small scale events, such as Boy Scout overnights. The Brockton High School baseball games, select Boston College Eagles baseball games, and the Baseball Beanpot (Boston College, UMass Amherst, Northeastern, and Harvard). In 2005, Campanelli Stadium hosted the 100 Inning Game benefit for Curt Schilling's charity Curt's Pitch for ALS. In 2014, Campanelli Stadium began hosting several of the inaugural MIAA Super Eight baseball games.
Attached to the stadium is the Shaw's Conference Center, a facility which hosts numerous social functions. The combined minor league baseball stadium and banquet facility is one of only two such complexes in the nation.
External links
Ballpark Reviews Webpage on Campanelli Stadium
Baseball venues in Massachusetts
Minor league baseball venues
High school baseball venues in the United States
Buildings and structures in Brockton, Massachusetts
Sports in Brockton, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Futures Collegiate Baseball League ballparks
2002 establishments in Massachusetts
Sports venues completed in 2002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanelli%20Stadium |
Stade Canac is a stadium in Quebec City, Quebec. It is used primarily for baseball and is currently the home stadium for the Quebec Capitales of the independent Frontier League.
Originally opened in 1939, it has a capacity of 4,300 (one site claims 4,297) and is located within the boundaries of Parc Victoria, a municipal park and recreation area located between the St-Roch district of Quebec City and the south shore of the Saint-Charles River.
The ballpark is often informally referred to as simply "Parc Victoria" by local residents even though the field only occupies about a quarter of the park's total area. Modest in capacity relative to the size of the city's population, it has been well-attended during Capitales home games.
History
Section source:
Construction
In 1937, then-Premier of Quebec, Maurice Duplessis, a baseball fan, was invited to throw out the ceremonial first pitch of the Quebec Provincial League season in Trois-Rivières. During his visit, he noticed how severely damaged the stadium had become and decided to allow public funding to be used for the construction of new sport facilities in many Quebec cities. By doing so, he also wanted to create thousands of new jobs during a period of economic struggles.
In 1938, following a demand by a group representing the Quebec Athletics, the government agreed to build a new baseball stadium in Quebec City and in early April 1938, construction work began in Parc Victoria. The stadium would be completed a few months later at the end of the 1938 baseball season.
Early years (1939–1956)
On May 14, 1939, a first baseball game was held at the new stadium. Then-mayor of Quebec City, Lucien Borne, was in attendance, which saw more than 5,000 people attend that game with the Athletics winning their first game at the stadium 6-5 against Trois-Rivières. The first Quebec player to hit a home run at Stade Municipal was Roland Gladu who would go on to play in the Majors for the Boston Braves in 1944. In 1941, the Athletics joined the Canadian–American League and became an affiliate of the Brooklyn Dodgers. From 1943 through 1945, baseball was not played at the stadium due to World War II.
After the end of the war baseball was once again played at Stade Municipal.
Under new ownership, the Athletics were renamed the Alouettes. They became an affiliate of the Chicago Cubs in 1946 and of the New York Giants in 1948. However, from 1946 to 1948, the Alouettes were not successful on the field, finishing last every year.
In 1948, the Alouettes were sold to businessman Ulysse Ste-Marie. Wanting to get his newly acquired team back on track, he began by changing the team's name to the Quebec Braves. Ste-Marie also hired a new manager for his team, Frank McCormick, a former 9-time MLB All-Star for the Cincinnati Reds. During his first year as their manager, the Braves won 90 games, 34 more than the previous year, and clinched the 1949 Canadian–American League pennant, however McCormick quit the team after only one year.
For the 1950 season, Ste-Marie hired a new manager to replace McCormick, George McQuinn, another former MLB All-Star and for a second straight year the Braves won the Canadian–American League championship. That 1950 Braves squad are still considered today as one of the best minor league teams of all time.
In 1951, the Braves quit the Canadian–American League to join the Provincial League, becoming an affiliate of the Boston Braves/Milwaukee Braves.
On July 15, 1953, with Warren Spahn as their starting pitcher, Milwaukee played an exhibition game against Quebec at Stade Municipal. Two years later, on May 31, 1955, Milwaukee came to Stade Municipal to play another exhibition game. This time, they had baseball legend Hank Aaron in their lineup where Aaron was the only player to hit a home run during that game.
In 1955, the Provincial League and the Quebec Braves ceased operations. During their seven year-existence, the Braves were considered a dynasty winning a total of six championships.
Quebec Indiens (1957–1970)
In 1957, Quebec City found itself without a professional baseball team a Minor Leagues in North America were going through a tough time. However, Hugues Beaudoin, a Quebec City resident, founded a new team, the Quebec Indiens. With only amateur players from Quebec in its lineup, the Indiens played their first seasons in the Mauricie League. A few years later, they joined a new version of the Provincial League. During their final year in 1970, the Indiens' lineup was made up of only professional American and Latino players.
Throughout the years, the Quebec Indiens won a total of three championships (1960, 1964, 1969).
Quebec Carnavals/Metros (1971–1977)
In 1969, the Montreal Expos joined Major League Baseball and became the first non-American major baseball team. Two years later, in 1971, they established their Double-A affiliate in Quebec, where the team was named the Québec Carnavals in honour of the famous Carnaval de Québec. After a difficult inaugural season, the Carnavals finished the 1972 season with a 75-64 record, just 2½ games behind the Trois-Rivières Aigles while breaking the existing attendance record for the Eastern League with a total admissions of 142,818 people throughout their season.
In 1973, future Baseball Hall of Fame catcher Gary Carter joined the team and would go on to finish the season with 15 home runs while producing a total of 68 runs batted in. During that same campaign, Quebec City fans were also introduced to another future Expos All-Star player, pitcher Steve Rogers.
The 1974 season was exceptional for the Carnavals. They managed to clinch their division pennant and five of their outfielders would go on to play in Major League Baseball, Warren Cromartie, Jesus Bombo Rivera, Tony Scott, Ellis Valentine and Jerry White.
In 1975, the Carnavals began to experience extreme financial struggles at which François Bonetto became the new team owner and changed the team's name, as the Québec Carnavals became the Quebec Metros.
During the 1976 campaign, young rising star Andre Dawson played in only 40 games in Quebec City, although his impressive performance (.357 AVG, 8 HR, 27 RBI) quickly saw him promoted to the Expos Triple-A affiliate, the Denver Bears, of the Pacific Coast League.
At the end of the 1977 season, the Montreal Expos moved their Double-A affiliate to Memphis, Tennessee, and became known as the Chicks.
Dark years (1978–1998)
For two decades, the stadium was only used for junior baseball and became heavily damaged. In the 1990s, the Stade Municipal was in such bad shape the city council strongly considered demolishing it, however, a group of citizens formed the Comité de Relance in a desperate effort to save the facility. Only minor work would be done by that committee to repair some parts of the aging stadium. Even though the demolition of the building was avoided, a private investor was desperately needed in order to justify some investments by the city.
In 1998, Jean-François Côté who had been promoting the return of professional baseball in Quebec City for a few years already, managed to invite Miles Wolff, the editor of Baseball America, to visit the stadium. Due to the very bad condition of the structure, Wolff did not see any potential for any future professional baseball at this location.
Renovation and baseball comeback (1999–2015)
Following the disappointment of Wolff's visit, the city spent the next 6 months renovating the old facility after which Wolff was invited once again to visit the Stade Municipal at which time his reaction after that second visit in Quebec City was very favorable.
On June 4, 1999, the Quebec Capitales, a new minor professional baseball team, began to play at the stadium and since then, the city has continued to invest important amounts of money to modernize the stadium while keeping its historic side.
Complexe de Baseball Victoria (CBV) Management (2016–present)
In October 2016, a group named Complexe de Baseball Victoria (CBV) officially took over management of the stadium from the city. An estimated 3.3 M$ was slated to be invested to install a synthetic field and fences which can be moved to create 2-3 smaller fields.
The deal between the city and CBV also allowed them to sell the stadium naming rights. In late 2016, a partnership agreement was reached between CBV and Groupe Laberge, owner of the hardware retail chain Canac, to rename the stadium to Stade CANAC.
Retired numbers
References
Sports venues in Quebec City
Minor league baseball venues
Baseball venues in Quebec
Frontier League ballparks
Baseball in Quebec City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20Canac |
Phil Pratt, born George Phillips (born 1942 in Kingston, Jamaica) is a Jamaican reggae singer and record producer.
Career
Phil Pratt worked at Studio One for Coxsone Dodd as a box-loader during the rocksteady period when Lee Perry was operating there, before moving to the United Kingdom in the early 1960s. Pratt returned to Jamaica in 1965, and as a singer, he recorded in 1967 a song called "Safe Travel" together with Hemsley Morris released on his own Wiggle Spoon label. He moved to Ken Lack's label Caltone and recorded a few tunes there. In 1966, Pratt decided to get into production and while at Caltone recorded the young Horace Andy. During the rocksteady period, he recorded singers such as Ken Boothe, John Holt and Pat Kelly, backed by session men such as Lynn Taitt, his productions appearing on the Caltone, Wiggle Spoon and WIRL labels before he launched his own label, Jon Tom.
Throughout the 1970s, Pratt enjoyed successes with Ken Boothe ("Artibella", "I'm Not For Sale"), Al Campbell, Delroy Wilson, Bobby Kalphat, and Keith Poppin, and had a major hit with "My Heart Is Gone" by John Holt, Dennis Brown's "Let Love In" and "Black Magic Woman", and Pat Kelly's "How Long", "Soulful Love" and "They Talk About Love". More particularly, from 1971 to 1975 Pratt produced many DJs including Dennis Alcapone ("This Is Butter"), Dillinger ("Platt Skank"), I-Roy ("My Food Is Ration") or U Roy ("Real Cool") and Jah Woosh ("Psalm 21" and "Zion Sound"), but he remains mostly known for the singles he recorded in 1972 with Big Youth (among his earliest songs), "Tell It Black" and "Phil Pratt Thing".
Pratt mainly recorded in the Channel One Studios, working with the musicians who would later be called The Revolutionaries but also teamed with Lee Perry again, at Black Ark Studios producing among others Linval Thompson's first single. Pratt set up his own label Terminal in London in order to release his productions worldwide. He moved to London by the beginning of the 1980s and opened a restaurant there.
In 1985, he produced the Clash of the Andy's album, featuring Horace Andy and Patrick Andy.
Discography
Phil Pratt – Star Wars Dub – 1978 – Burning Sounds
Various Artists – The Magnificent Seven – 1978 – Burning Music
Various Artists – Hits of the Past – Sun Shot (1994)
Various Artists – Raw Roots volume 1 – 1970–75 – Jet Set Records (1998)
Various Artists – Raw Roots volume 2 – 1971–78 – Jet Set Records (1998)
Various Artists – The Best of Sunshot – 1971–75 – Jet Set Records (1998)
Various Artists – Phil Pratt Thing – Pressure Sounds (1999)
Various Artists – Safe Travel – 1966–68 – Pressure Sounds (2005)
Phil Pratt – Star Wars Dub – 2020 ( Repress in Red vinyl ) – Burning Sounds
References
External links
Phil Pratt Thing
Discography at Discogs
1950 births
Jamaican record producers
Living people
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Jamaican reggae singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Pratt |
Oller () is a common surname in the Catalan language. Variants are Ollé and Olle. Notable people with the surname include:
Adam Oller (born 1994), American baseball player
Denisse Oller (born 1955), Puerto Rican-born broadcaster and journalist
Fidela Oller (1869–1936), Spanish Roman Catholic nun
Francisco Oller (1833-1917), Puerto Rican Impressionist painter
María Teresa Oller (1920-2018), Spanish Valencian composer and folklorist
Narcís Oller (1846–1930), Spanish Catalan author
Joseph Oller (1839-1922), Catalan-born French bookmaker, betting innovator and entertainment entrepreneur
Rico Oller (born 1958), U.S. politician
See also
Ullr
Catalan-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oller |
Paul John McKeever (11 January 1956 – 17 January 2013) was a British police officer. He was born in Germany and was educated at Shaftesbury School, Dorset and read geography at London University. He joined the Metropolitan Police in 1977 and led the Police Federation of England and Wales from 2008 until his death. He died of a suspected embolism and is survived by his wife Charmian and their daughter.
In April 2014 the Metropolitan Police Federation announced that a scholarship for a Master of Science in Research Degree at Canterbury Christ Church University would be launched in his name.
References
1956 births
2013 deaths
Metropolitan Police officers
Alumni of the University of London
Deaths from embolism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20McKeever%20%28police%20officer%29 |
Quoting out of context (sometimes referred to as contextomy or quote mining) is an informal fallacy in which a passage is removed from its surrounding matter in such a way as to distort its intended meaning. Context may be omitted intentionally or accidentally, thinking it to be non-essential. As a fallacy, quoting out of context differs from false attribution, in that the out of context quote is still attributed to the correct source.
Arguments based on this fallacy typically take two forms:
As a straw man argument, it involves quoting an opponent out of context in order to misrepresent their position (typically to make it seem more simplistic or extreme) in order to make it easier to refute. It is common in politics.
As an appeal to authority, it involves quoting an authority on the subject out of context, in order to misrepresent that authority as supporting some position.
Contextomy
Contextomy refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original linguistic context in a way that distorts the source's intended meaning, a practice commonly referred to as "quoting out of context". The problem here is not the removal of a quote from its original context per se (as all quotes are), but to the quoter's decision to exclude from the excerpt certain nearby phrases or sentences (which become "context" by virtue of the exclusion) that serve to clarify the intentions behind the selected words. Comparing this practice to surgical excision, journalist Milton Mayer coined the term "contextomy" to describe its use by Julius Streicher, editor of the infamous Nazi broadsheet Der Stürmer in Weimar-era Germany. To arouse antisemitic sentiments among the weekly's working class Christian readership, Streicher regularly published truncated quotations from Talmudic texts that, in their shortened form, appear to advocate greed, slavery, and ritualistic murder. Although rarely employed to this malicious extreme, contextomy is a common method of misrepresentation in contemporary mass media, and studies have demonstrated that the effects of this misrepresentation can linger even after the audience is exposed to the original, in context, quote.
In advertising
One of the most familiar examples of contextomy is the ubiquitous "review blurb" in advertising. The lure of media exposure associated with being "blurbed" by a major studio may encourage some critics to write positive reviews of mediocre movies. However, even when a review is negative overall, studios have few reservations about excerpting it in a way that misrepresents the critic's opinion.
For example, the ad copy for New Line Cinema's 1995 thriller Se7en attributed to Owen Gleiberman, a critic for Entertainment Weekly, used the comment "a small masterpiece." Gleiberman actually gave Se7en a B− overall and only praised the opening credits so grandiosely: "The credit sequence, with its jumpy frames and near-subliminal flashes of psychoparaphernalia, is a small masterpiece of dementia." Similarly, United Artists contextomized critic Kenneth Turan's review of their flop Hoodlum, including just one word from it—"irresistible"—in the film's ad copy: "Even Laurence Fishburne's incendiary performance can't ignite Hoodlum, a would-be gangster epic that generates less heat than a nickel cigar. Fishburne's 'Bumpy' is fierce, magnetic, irresistible even… But even this actor can only do so much." As a result of these abuses, some critics now deliberately avoid colorful language in their reviews. In 2010, the pop culture magazine Vanity Fair reported that it had been the victim of "reckless blurbing" after the television show Lost had taken a review fragment of "the most confusing, asinine, ridiculous—yet somehow addictively awesome—television show of all time" and only quoted "the most addictively awesome television show of all time" in its promotional material. Carl Bialik recorded an instance of an adverb being applied to a different verb in a 2007 advert for Live Free or Die Hard, where a New York Daily News quote of "hysterically overproduced and surprisingly entertaining" was reduced to "hysterically... entertaining".
In the United States, there is no specific law against misleading movie blurbs, beyond existing regulation over false advertising. The MPAA reviews advertisements for tone and content rather than the accuracy of their citations. Some studios seek approval from the original critic before running a condensed quotation. The European Union's Unfair Commercial Practices Directive prohibits contextomy, and targets companies who "falsely claim accreditation" for their products in ways that are "not being true to the terms of the [original] endorsement". It is enforced in the United Kingdom by the Office of Fair Trading, and carries a maximum penalty of a £5,000 fine or two years imprisonment.
Examples of out of context quotations
The creation–evolution controversy: The term is used by members of the scientific community to describe a method employed by creationists to support their arguments, though it can be and often is used outside of the creation–evolution controversy. Complaints about the practice predate known use of the term: Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote in his famous 1973 essay "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution":
Entertainment: with The Times reporting its frequent abuse by promoters with, for example, "I couldn't help feeling that, for all the energy, razzmatazz and technical wizardry, the audience had been shortchanged" being pared down to "having 'energy, razzmatazz and technical wizardry.
Travel: The Guardian ran an article in May 2013 with the subheading "Sri Lanka has the hotels, the food, the climate and the charm to offer the perfect holiday, says Ruaridh Nicoll. It's just a pity about the increasingly despotic government". A highly edited version of this piece was immediately posted on the official Sri Lankan news portal under the heading "Sri Lanka has everything to offer perfect holiday" [sic].
Pseudohistory: A book review in The New York Times recounts Lerone Bennett Jr.'s "distortion by omission" in citing a letter from Abraham Lincoln as evidence that he "did not openly oppose the anti-immigrant Know-Nothing Party" because, as Lincoln explained, "they are mostly my old political and personal friends", while omitting to mention that the remainder of the letter describes Lincoln's break with these former Whig Party associates of his, and his anticipation of "painful necessity of my taking an open stand against them."
Alternative medicine: Analysis of the evidence submitted by the British Homeopathic Association to the House of Commons Evidence Check on Homeopathy contains many examples of quote mining, where the conclusions of scientific papers were selectively quoted to make them appear to support the efficacy of homeopathic treatment. For example, one paper's conclusion was reported as "There is some evidence that homeopathic treatments are more effective than placebo" without the immediately following caveat "however, the strength of this evidence is low because of the low methodological quality of the trials. Studies of high methodological quality were more likely to be negative than the lower quality studies."
See also
Cherry picking
FactCheck.org
Half-truth
Prooftext
Recontextualization
Notes
Further reading
External links
Informal fallacies
Verbal fallacies
Ambiguity
Deception | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoting%20out%20of%20context |
Medlar Field at Lubrano Park is a 5,570-seat baseball stadium in University Park, Pennsylvania, that hosted its first regular season baseball game on June 20, 2006, when the State College Spikes lost to the Williamsport Crosscutters, 5–3. The Penn State Nittany Lions college baseball team began play at the ballpark in 2007.
Seating capacity is 5,570 people. Events other than baseball games are held at the ballpark, and different seating configurations are available.
This stadium was designed to feature an unobstructed view of Penn State landmark Mount Nittany over the outfield wall.
History
Penn State alumnus Anthony Lubrano first suggested upgrading Penn State baseball facilities to representatives of the university in 1995. After receiving a donation from Lubrano in 2002, the Penn State Board of Trustees voted to name the new stadium Medlar Field at Lubrano Park. In 2003, representatives of the Altoona Curve management group approached Penn State with the idea of sharing a ballpark that both the Altoona Curve and the Penn State baseball team would use as a home field.
Final plans for the new ballpark were approved by the Penn State Board of Trustees on May 13, 2005. Ground was broken for the new ballpark on May 18, 2005. Among the dignitaries on hand for the groundbreaking ceremony were Pennsylvania governor Ed Rendell, Penn State president Graham Spanier, state Senator Jake Corman and Penn State Athletic Director Tim Curley.
The ballpark was named a 2006 Project of the Year in the area of sports by Mid-Atlantic Construction.
Naming
Medlar Field at Lubrano Park is named for two Penn State alumni, Charles Medlar and Anthony Lubrano. Coach Charles "Chuck" Medlar (1918–1999) was an athletic trainer at Penn State for 35 years, and the head Penn State baseball coach from 1963 to 1981. The Charles Medlar Award is given annually in his honor to the outstanding pitcher of the Penn State baseball team.
Anthony Lubrano is a 1982 alumnus of the Penn State Smeal College of Business. Since graduation, Lubrano has established a successful financial services company. His donation of $2.5 million towards this project made him the lead benefactor, and Lubrano received from Penn State the opportunity to name this venue. Lubrano chose to name this venue Medlar Field at Lubrano Park in recognition of Coach Medlar's contributions to Penn State athletics.
Features
The "footprint" of the stadium (outfield dimensions, foul ground, etc.) is identical to PNC Park in Pittsburgh (home of the Pittsburgh Pirates) except for the right field wall. At PNC, the wall is 21 feet tall, but at Medlar Field, it is 18.55 feet tall to commemorate the year that Penn State was founded. The physical plant of this venue includes the stadium, parking areas, and a pedestrian plaza. The stadium has three levels, Field (clubhouse) Level, Concourse Level, and Luxury Suite Level. The street level entrance to the stadium is on the Concourse Level.
Photos of the ballpark
Field level
There are three clubhouses in this stadium, one for the Nittany Lions, one for the State College Spikes, and one for the visiting team. Home team facilities include a weight room and training area for each team, an indoor batting cage, storage areas, and a laundry room. Entrance into the dugouts and onto the playing field for players is from this level.
Concourse level
This level includes a first aid station, a baseball–themed store called Off The Rack Outfitters, a customer service center, and restrooms. The State College Spikes offices are also located on this level.
Amenities on the right field side of this level include the Outfield Bleachers seating area, and the Rail Kings seating area located on the Nittany Embroidery Fun Deck. The food concessions in this area include The Right Field Grill, Coaly's Corner, and The Batter's Eye.
Amenities on the left field side of this level include the Left Field Picnic and a play area for children called the S&A Homes Kids Zone. The food concession stands in this area are The Left Field Grill, The "Grand" Stand, and The Bullpen Café.
Food including Philly cheesesteaks, hot dogs, and ice cream will be sold by the concessions. Beer is sold during Spikes games, but not during Penn State games. Along with the Penn Stater Conference Center and The Nittany Lion Inn, this venue is one of only three Penn State facilities on the University Park campus where alcohol is allowed to be sold.
Wheelchair–accessible seating is located on the concourse behind the Bullpen Box, Field Box, and Diamond Club seating areas. There is a wheelchair lift located in the left field picnic area, connecting the Concourse Level with the Field Level. An elevator also connects all three levels of the stadium, making all areas accessible.
Luxury suite level
The 20 luxury suites and the press box are located on this level. 18 luxury suites are designed to accommodate 20 people each, and two larger suites are designed to accommodate 40 people each. The Press Box consists of three broadcast booths for television and radio media. The Penn State Sports Journalism Center and the Penn State Baseball offices are also located on this level.
Parking
Two parking lots with a total of 502 parking spaces were built as part of this venue. The Porter North lot has 385 parking spaces and the Porter South Lot has 117. Improvements were also made to Parking Lot 44, which this venue shares with Beaver Stadium and the Bryce Jordan Center.
Accessibility
This venue is accessible by foot, bicycle, public transportation, car, and by air travel. As part of this venue's construction, a landscaped pedestrian plaza called Porter Gardens was built along Porter Road, bicycle racks were installed, and a Centre Area Transportation Authority (CATA) bus stop and drop–off zone was added for the Route H and Route P buses. Nearby highways include Pennsylvania Route 26, Interstate 99/U.S. Route 220, U.S. Route 322, and Interstate 80. University Park Airport is located approximately four miles (6.4 km) from the ballpark, and provides air travel connections to several cities.
See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
Pennsylvania State University
References
External links
Stadium Page from GoPSUsports.com
State College Spikes website
Medlar Field at Lubrano Park Views – Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues
Photographs of Medlar Field at Lubrano Park – Rochester Area Ballparks
College baseball venues in the United States
Minor league baseball venues
Pennsylvania State University campus
Penn State Nittany Lions baseball
Sports venues in Pennsylvania
Baseball venues in Pennsylvania
2006 establishments in Pennsylvania
Sports venues completed in 2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medlar%20Field |
Hakan Özoğuz (born 11 October 1976) is a Turkish musician. He is the guitarist of the Turkish ska-punk band Athena. He is the twin brother of fellow band member Gökhan Özoğuz, and a founding member of the band.
Hakan Özoğuz is one of the four jury members in the reality television singing competition O Ses Türkiye aired by TV8, the Turkish version of the television show The Voice.
Hakan Özoğuz represented Turkey with the band Athena in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2004 with "For Real" reaching the 4th place with 195 points.
He went with his twin to London to have musical education there.
References
1976 births
Turkish twins
Living people
Musicians from Istanbul
Turkish rock guitarists
21st-century guitarists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakan%20%C3%96zo%C4%9Fuz |
Little Willie was a prototype in the development of the British Mark I tank. Constructed in the autumn of 1915 at the behest of the Landship Committee, it was the first completed tank prototype in history. Little Willie is the oldest surviving individual tank, and is preserved as one of the most famous pieces in the collection of The Tank Museum, Bovington, England.
Number 1 Lincoln Machine
Work on Little Willie's predecessor was begun in July 1915 by the Landship Committee to meet The United Kingdom's requirement in World War I for an armoured combat vehicle able to cross an trench. After several other projects where single and triple tracks had failed, on 22 July William Ashbee Tritton, director of the agricultural machinery company William Foster & Company of Lincoln, was given the contract to develop a "Tritton Machine" with two tracks. It had to make use of the track assemblies – lengthened tracks and suspension elements (seven road wheels instead of four) – purchased as fully built units from the Bullock Creeping Grip Tractor Company in Chicago.
On 11 August actual construction began; on 16 August Tritton decided to fit a wheeled tail to assist in steering. On 9 September the Number 1 Lincoln Machine, as the prototype was then known, made its first test run in the yard of the Wellington Foundry. It soon became clear that the track profiles were so flat that ground resistance during a turn was excessive. To solve this, the suspension was changed so that the bottom profile was more curved. Then the next problem showed up: when crossing a trench the track sagged and then would not fit the wheels again and jammed. The tracks were also not up to carrying the weight of the vehicle (about 16 tons). Tritton and Lieutenant Walter Gordon Wilson tried several types of alternative track design, including balatá belting and flat wire ropes. Tritton, on 22 September, devised a robust but outwardly crude system using pressed steel plates riveted to cast links and incorporated guides to engage on the inside of the track frame. The track frames as a whole were connected to the main body by large spindles.
This system was unsprung, as the tracks were held firmly in place, able to move in only one plane. This was a successful design and was used on all First World War British tanks up to the Mark VIII, although it limited speed.
Description
The vehicle's 13 litre Daimler-Knight engine, gravity fed by two petrol tanks, was at the back, leaving just enough room beneath the turret. The prototype was fitted with a non-rotatable dummy turret mounting a machine gun; a Vickers 2-pounder (40 mm) Maxim gun ("Pom-pom") was to have been fitted, with as many as six Madsen machine guns to supplement it. The main gun would have had a large ammunition store with 800 rounds. Stern suggested to Tritton that the gun could be made to slide forward on rails, giving a better field of fire, but in the event the turret idea was abandoned and the aperture for the crew plated over. In the front of the vehicle two men sat on a narrow bench; one controlling the steering wheel, the clutch, the primary gear box and the throttle; the other holding the brakes. Overall length of the final version with the lengthened tracks and rear steering wheels in place was . The length of the main unit without the rear steering wheels installed is .
Most mechanical components, including the radiator, had been adapted from those of the Foster-Daimler heavy artillery tractor. As at least four men would have been required to operate the armament, the crew could not have been smaller than six. The maximum speed was indicated by Tritton as being no more than two miles per hour. The vehicle used no real armour steel, just boiler plate; it was intended to use 10 mm plating for production.
Little Willie and Big Willie
Wilson was unhappy with the basic concept of the Number 1 Lincoln Machine, and on 17 August suggested to Tritton the idea of using tracks that ran all around the vehicle. With d'Eyncourt's approval construction of an improved prototype began on 17 September. For this second prototype (later known as "HMLS [His Majesty's Land Ship] Centipede", and, later still, "Mother"), a rhomboid track frame was fitted, taking the tracks up and over the top of the vehicle. The rear steering wheels were retained in an improved form, but the idea of a turret was abandoned and the main armament placed in side sponsons.
Number 1 Lincoln Machine was rebuilt with an extended (90 centimetres longer) track up to 6 December 1915, but merely to test the new tracks in Burton Park, near Lincoln; the second prototype was seen as much more promising. The first was renamed Little Willie, the scabrous name then commonly used by the British yellow press to mock the German Imperial Crown Prince Wilhelm; Mother was for a time known as Big Willie, after his father Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany. That same year the cartoonist William Kerridge Haselden had made a popular comic anti-German propaganda movie: The Adventures of Big and Little Willie. Although Little Willie was demonstrated alongside Mother in January 1916, it was by then peripheral to the development of British tanks.
In June 1916 the tank was transferred to the tank training area near Elveden. After a period at the training area it sent back to its original manuafactures who may have used it for tests relating to the development of the whippet tank. By 1925 it was at Bovington.
Though it never saw combat, Little Willie was a major step forward in military technology, being the first tank prototype to be finished. During the remainder of World War I, some tank crews continued to informally refer to their vehicles as "Willies" or "buses". In 1922 the Royal Tank Regiment adopted a folk song called My Boy Willie as its regimental march.
Today
Little Willie was preserved for posterity after the war, having been saved from being scrapped in 1940. During the second world war it may have been positioned to act as a pill box to defend the camp at Bovington. It is today displayed at The Tank Museum at Bovington. It is essentially an empty hull, without an engine, but still with some internal fittings. The rear steering wheels are not fitted and there is damage to the hull plating around the right–hand vision slit, possibly caused by an attempt at some point to tow the vehicle by passing a cable through the slit. This would have torn the tank's comparatively thin steel plating.
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Little Willie (E1949.322) Museum record for Little Willie]
Little Willie Honoured with Heritage Engineering Award
World War I tanks of the United Kingdom
Trial and research tanks of the United Kingdom
Military vehicles introduced in the 1910s
History of the tank | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Willie |
T. R. Miller High School is a public high school located in Brewton, Alabama educating students in grades 9-12. The school was named for local timber baron Thomas Richard Miller who financially contributed to the construction of the original school building. The school mascot is the T. R. Miller Tiger.
Campus
The current campus, located off Douglas Avenue in the northern section of town, was opened in 1962 after moving from the previous location, now the site of Brewton Elementary School, less than one mile south. The school consisted of three wings of classrooms, a lunch room, a gym, a choir room, an art room, and an office area. The school was expanded to include a fourth wing consisting of four science classrooms in 1994. More recent additions include an auditorium and band room (completed in 1998), a field house for the football program (completed in 2001), a new gym (completed in 2002), and a new football practice field, track, and concession stands (completed in 2011). In 2013, the lunchroom and two wings of classrooms were demolished. In 2014 a new wing consisting of sixteen classrooms and a lunchroom was completed. In 2014 construction also began on a second wing which would include more classrooms, a media center, and an office area. It was completed in 2015. The auditorium, band room, art room, choir room, two gyms, science wing, and field house were not torn down and are still in use. Renovations to the football stadium began in 2015 and included updates to the home bleachers, a new press box, and a new scoreboard. Renovations to the baseball field also began in 2015 and included new dugouts, new batting cages, a new scoreboard, and eventually new bleachers. In 2016, a new stadium was built to be used for track and field and football practice. In 2017, new tennis courts were built.
Competition teams
T. R. Miller's competition teams, such as the Marching Tiger Band, have been successful for many years. They have brought home hundreds of trophies and plaques. The Tiger Band had hosted the Dixieland Band Festival in years past, and in 2011 this annual tradition was brought back to life. Other teams like Scholars' Bowl, Math Team, and EnviroBowl have been successful. Envirobowl placed first in the regional tournament in 2016 and advanced to the state competition. The Scholars' Bowl team has won several tournaments. The math team had three of its members place in the top ten at the 2016 tournament, and seven in 2017. The Spanish Club attended its first competition in 2015.
Sports
T. R. Miller High School has had success in several athletic programs, especially since the mid-1980s. The men's basketball team brought home a mythical state championship in 1952, which is to date the only championship the boys basketball program has won. The athletic program most closely identified with the school is the football team. The Tigers currently have six football state championships (1969, 1984, 1991, 1994, 2000, and 2002.) Most of the success had been under the helm of T. R. Miller graduate turned head coach Jamie Riggs. Under Riggs the Tigers won four state titles. The T. R. Miller football team was considered to be "the winningest football team of the 1990s" in the State of Alabama. In 2015, Riggs won his 300th coaching victory, becoming one of only four coaches in the state to achieve that milestone. On December 14, 2015, Riggs announced his retirement. On January 25, 2016, Riggs announced that he would put off his retirement until a suitable candidate for the position was found. On February 29, 2016, it was announced that Andrew Thomas of Trenton High School in Florida would take over as head football coach and athletic director effective April 1, 2016. Thomas resigned after a 5–5 season in 2017 which TRM failed to make the playoffs for the first time since 1983. On Dec. 22, Keith Etheredge was hired as the new coach for the Tigers. Etheredge comes to TRM from Pell City where he coached two years. He is most known for his winning ways at Leeds High School, outside Birmingham. After one season at Miller Coach Etheredge left and was replaced by Coach Brent Hubbert. His first season at Miller, Hubbert coached the Tigers to the state semifinals. The Tiger track program has won numerous state championships over the last twenty years, most recently in 2009, 2010, and 2011, and the Lady Tiger basketball team brought home state titles in 1995, 1996, 2002, and 2009. T. R. Miller also has a successful baseball team under head coach Andy Lambert, softball team under head coach Haley Lynch, volleyball team under coach Terry Lynne Thompson, tennis teams under head coach Teralyn Kast, golf team under head coach Benson Stonicher, and swim team under head coach Lisa Atkinson.
T.R. Miller's biggest rivalry game is with the W.S. Neal Eagles of East Brewton. The annual football game with the Eagles is called the Battle of Murder Creek. T.R Miller is up 55–23 in the rivalry.
Notable alumni
Dowe Aughtman, former Auburn University football player, former NFL player
Anthony Redmon, former Auburn University football player, former NFL player
Walter Lewis, first black starting quarterback for the University of Alabama, Heisman Trophy nominee, former United States Football League/Canadian Football League player
Meagan White (Cutts) Class of 2007, Alabama Department of Mental Health-Recovery Support Specialist and Court liaison has successfully led more T.R. Miller alumni to their pathway of a successful recovery from all addictions. An outside of the box thinker Mrs. White introduced Harm reduction into rural communities in turn saving hundreds of lives. Mrs. White has overcome her own personal obstacles which she often speaks publicly about, some of those obstacles include addiction, incarceration, and the loss of her youngest son Trayton Gage Adams. In memory of her son she started her own Nonprofit Organization “Trayton’s Heart” in which she helps others for no monetary gain. Mrs. White currently resides in Escambia Alabama with her sons Hayden, Holdyn and Harper. She is currently pursuing her dream to become an attorney, so that she can one day offer free legal assistance to her peers in all walks of life including Law Enforcement Officials, Incarcerated Persons, and Juvenile Offenders. Mrs. White continues to visit students in the school district offering resources to match students needs and their families. She is often asked what she is most proud of and her response is usually this “I’m proud of not only surviving every single obstacle that should have taken me out, but in turn taking what I learned throughout my journey and using it to help others”.
Notes
Public high schools in Alabama
School buildings completed in 1962
Schools in Escambia County, Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20R.%20Miller%20High%20School |
Peter Andrew Banaszak (born May 21, 1944) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for the Oakland Raiders in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes. He played for the Raiders in the AFL from 1966 through 1969, and in the NFL from 1970 through 1978.
Career
Banaszak is from Crivitz, Wisconsin. Before his football career, while still a high school student, he considered becoming a priest.
He finished his three-year career with the Miami Hurricanes with 263 carries for 1,107 yards and nine touchdowns and 35 catches for 356 yards and three touchdowns.
Banaszak finished his NFL career (all with the Raiders from 1966 to 1978) with 3,772 rushing yards, 121 receptions for 1,022 yards, and 51 touchdowns. He was known for "having a nose for the goal line". He was known by his Raider teammates and fans as "Rooster".
Banaszak was a member of the Raiders during their first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl II. He also scored two touchdowns in the Raiders 32-14 win over the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl XI. He was also a part of the 'Holy Roller' play that led to rule changes in the NFL about advancing fumbles. Banaszak appeared to try to recover the ball on the 12-yard line, but could not keep his footing, and pitched the ball with both hands even closer to the end zone.
Banaszak currently resides in the St. Augustine, Florida area and co-hosts the post game radio show for the Jacksonville Jaguars with Cole Pepper. He was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in 1990.
References
External links
National Polish-American Sports HOF profile
1944 births
Living people
People from Crivitz, Wisconsin
Players of American football from Wisconsin
American football running backs
Miami Hurricanes football players
Oakland Raiders players
Jacksonville Jaguars announcers
National Football League announcers
American Football League players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete%20Banaszak |
Gökhan Özoğuz (born 11 October 1976) is the lead vocalist and guitarist of the Turkish ska-punk band Athena. He is the twin brother of fellow band member Hakan Özoğuz, and a founder member of the band. He performs a broad field of music from rhythm and blues to punk rock.
He was born on 14 October 1976 at Fenerbahçe neighborhood of Kadıköy district in Istanbul, Turkey. He completed an open education program at Anadolu University.
He is a son of a pharmacist and nowadays he is living in Caddebostan district in Istanbul.
He represented Turkey at the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 in Istanbul as a part of Athena. The band became 4th with 195 points.
Gökhan Özoğuz is one of the four jury members in the third season of the reality television singing competition O Ses Türkiye aired by TV8, the Turkish version of the television show The Voice.
On 29 December 2012, Gökhan Özoğuz married Melis Ülken. His wife gave birth to a daughter on 4 July 2013, followed by fraternal twins on 7 March 2016.
Discography
Holigan (1992)
One Last Breath (1993)
Tam Zamanı Şimdi (1998)
Mehteran Seferi (EP) (2001)
Her Şey Yolunda (2002)
US (2004)
Athena (2005)
İT (EP) (2006)
100 Şerefli Yıl (EP) (2007)
Pis (2010)
Altüst (2014)
:D (2016)
MLG (2017)
Filmography
O Şimdi Asker, (Athena Gökhan)
O Şimdi Mahkum, (Athena Gökhan)
Tramvay, (Gökhan)
Tatlı Kaçıklar, (visiting actor)
Kirmizi Oda, (actor)
References
Punk rock singers
1976 births
Turkish twins
Living people
Musicians from Istanbul
Anadolu University alumni
21st-century Turkish singers
21st-century Turkish male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6khan%20%C3%96zo%C4%9Fuz |
Parallel universe may refer to:
Science
Many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which implies the existence of parallel universes
Multiverse, the sum of all universes, e.g. everything that exists
Philosophy
Possible world, a construct in metaphysics to bring rigor to talk of logical possibility
Modal realism, an account of possible worlds according to which they are all just as real as the actual world
Extended modal realism, the view that all worlds, possible as well as impossible, are as real as the actual world
Arts and media
Parallel universes in fiction, a hypothetical self-contained plane of existence, co-existing with one's own
List of fiction employing parallel universes
Alternate history, a genre of fiction in which historical events differ from reality
Alternative universe (fan fiction), fiction by fan authors that departs from the fictional universe of the source work
Literature, film, and television
"Parallel Universe" (Red Dwarf), a 1988 TV episode
Parallel Universes (film), a 2001 British TV documentary
Mirror Universe (Star Trek), a fictional parallel universe in the Star Trek franchise
Music
Parallel Universe (4hero album) or the title song, 1994
Parallel Universe (Garnet Crow album), 2010
Parallel Universe, an album by Plain White T's, 2018
"Parallel Universe" (song), by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, 1999
Parallel Dimensions (album), by Perseo Miranda, 2008
See also
Metaverse, a collective virtual shared space
Alternate reality (disambiguation)
Multiverse (disambiguation)
Parallel World (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel%20universe |
is the twenty-ninth single of J-pop group Morning Musume. It was released on March 15, 2006, in two editions—a normal edition, and a limited edition with five photo cards featuring the members in duos and came in special packaging. The single reached a peak of #4 on the weekly Oricon charts, and lasted in the charts for 8 weeks.
Theme, music video and choreography
As suggested by its title and lyric, the song portrays the "feeling of the speed of a spring whirlwind"; the song's protagonist is a princess cruising over the spring ocean.
The Single V was released on March 29, 2006.
Reina Tanaka is shown modelling the choreography for the PV in additional pictures. Part of this dance, the characteristic motion of pointing one's index fingers up in the air, is often imitated by fans at concerts.
Track listings
CD
"Sexy Boy (Soyokaze ni Yorisotte)" (Instrumental)
Single V VD
"Sexy Boy (Soyokaze ni Yorisotte)"
"Sexy Boy (Soyokaze ni Yorisotte) (Dance Shot Ver.)"
Oricon Rank and Sales Charts
CD
Members at time of single
4th generation: Hitomi Yoshizawa
5th generation: Ai Takahashi, Asami Konno, Makoto Ogawa, Risa Niigaki
6th generation: Miki Fujimoto, Eri Kamei, Sayumi Michishige, Reina Tanaka
7th generation: Koharu Kusumi
Personnel
Hitomi Yoshizawa – minor vocals
Ai Takahashi – main vocals
Asami Konno – minor vocals
Makoto Ogawa – minor vocals
Risa Niigaki – minor vocals
Miki Fujimoto – main vocals
Eri Kamei – center vocals
Sayumi Michishige – minor vocals
Reina Tanaka – main vocals
Koharu Kusumi – center vocals
Tsunku – lyrics and composition
Yuichi Takahashi – arrangement
References
External links
Sexy Boy (Soyokaze ni Yorisotte) entry on the Up-Front Works official website
Sexy Boy (Soyokaze ni Yorisotte) entry on Tsunku's official website (with comments; Japanese)
Morning Musume songs
Zetima Records singles
2006 singles
Song recordings produced by Tsunku
Japanese synth-pop songs
Dance-pop songs
Songs written by Tsunku | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy%20Boy%20%28Soyokaze%20ni%20Yorisotte%29 |
Maryland Route 222 (MD 222) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs from MD 7 in Perryville north to U.S. Route 1 (US 1) near Conowingo. MD 222 connects Perryville, Port Deposit, and Conowingo along its route paralleling the Susquehanna River in western Cecil County. Due to limitations in the highway in Port Deposit, including a steep hill and a low-clearance railroad bridge, trucks are directed to use MD 275, MD 276, and US 1 through Woodlawn and Rising Sun to connect Interstate 95 (I-95) with US 222 in Conowingo.
MD 222 was built as MD 268, a number presently assigned to North Street in Elkton. The state highway was paved from Perryville to Port Deposit in the late 1910s and early 1920s. MD 268 was extended north to Conowingo in the early 1930s. In 1938, MD 268 was superseded when US 222 was extended south from US 1 in Conowingo to US 40 in Perryville. US 222 was widened from Perryville to Port Deposit in the early 1940s and rebuilt around 1960. The highway was moved for the construction of I-95 interchange in the early 1960s and rebuilt south to Perryville in the late 1960s. MD 222 was established in 1972 on the portion of US 222 between MD 7 and US 40. The designation was extended from Perryville to Conowingo in 1995 when US 222 was rolled back to its former and present terminus at US 1 in Conowingo.
Route description
MD 222 begins at an intersection with MD 7 (Broad Street) in the town of Perryville. The highway heads north as two-lane undivided Aiken Avenue, which reaches its northern end at US 40 (Pulaski Highway) immediately to the east of the Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge over the Susquehanna River. MD 222 continues northeast past US 40 as Perryville Road, which crosses over CSX's Philadelphia Subdivision railroad line. The highway curves north and leaves the town of Perryville, passing west of Perryville High School. MD 222 intersects the southern end of MD 824 (Reservoir Road) and the entrance to the former Perryville Outlet Center to the west before meeting I-95 (John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway) at a four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange. At the north end of the interchange, the highway briefly re-enters the town of Perryville and intersects the ramps to and from southbound I-95 and Chesapeake Overlook Parkway, which serves as the entrance road to Hollywood Casino Perryville and the Great Wolf Lodge resort to the west. Past here, the road passes west of a park and ride lot before it reaches a four-way intersection with the northern end of MD 824 (Blythedale Road) and the southern end of MD 275 (Perrylawn Drive). At this intersection, MD 222 turns west onto Bainbridge Road toward Port Deposit.
MD 222 heads west through farmland, crossing Happy Valley Branch before passing the entrance to the former United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge, which contains the Edward W. Haviland House and the original campus of the Tome School. The highway descends from a high bluff to the Susquehanna River, during which southbound MD 222 has a climbing lane. Upon entering the town limits of Port Deposit, MD 222's name changes to Main Street and the highway makes a sharp turn to the north to parallel the river and Norfolk Southern Railway's Port Road Branch, both of which are located southwest of the road. The state highway intersects MD 276 (Center Street) in the center of Port Deposit. MD 222 passes the Paw Paw Building and intersects Granite Avenue before crossing Rock Run and passing under a low-clearance railroad bridge to the west side of the tracks. The highway leaves the town of Port Deposit and continues north as Susquehanna River Road, closely paralleling the river and passing through a unit of Susquehanna State Park along the river. Soon after crossing Octoraro Creek, MD 222 reaches its northern terminus at an intersection with US 1 (Conowingo Road) at the eastern end of Conowingo Dam. Following US 1 northeast to the community of Conowingo leads to the southern terminus of US 222.
MD 222 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from US 40 north to MD 275 within Perryville.
History
What is now MD 222 was originally designated MD 268. MD 268 was replaced by a southern extension of US 222 from US 1 at Conowingo to US 40 (now MD 7) in Perryville in 1938. The Susquehanna River Road section of US 222 was transferred from state to county maintenance through a May 8, 1958, road transfer agreement. However, that section was returned to state control through an August 23, 1961, agreement after Cecil County requested it be returned to the state. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved rolling back the southern end of the US 222 designation from US 40 to US 1 at their April 1995 spring meeting. The Maryland State Highway Administration proposed and AASHTO approved the redesignation of US 222 to MD 222 from US 40 to US 1 in February 1996; however, the new designation had already been enacted officially and marked publicly in 1995. The redesignation did not apply to Aiken Avenue; indeed, Aiken Avenue's designation was changed from US 222 to MD 222 in 1972.
The first stretch of the Perryville–Conowingo highway to be improved was in Perryville, where Cecil County constructed with state aid a macadam road from the Aikin station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad south toward the Post Road (now MD 7) by 1910. Cecil County extended the macadam road to the Post Road by 1919. The highway from the Aikin railroad crossing to Port Deposit was paved as a concrete road in two sections: from the railroad to near Port Deposit by 1921 and through Port Deposit by 1923. MD 268 was paved as a concrete road from Port Deposit to US 1 at Conowingo Dam between 1930 and 1933; the construction work included repurposing a railroad bridge across Octoraro Creek as a highway bridge. MD 268's bridge across the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was constructed between 1931 and 1934. The old highway approaching the Aikin grade crossing became MD 449.
MD 268 was proposed to be widened to from US 40 to US 1 in 1934. The portion of US 222 from US 40 to near Port Deposit was expanded to improve access between the U.S. Highway and United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge, east of Port Deposit in 1942 and 1944. US 222 was widened and resurfaced between what is now the MD 222–MD 275—MD 824 intersection and Port Deposit in 1959 and 1960. The U.S. Highway was relocated as part of the construction of its original diamond interchange with I-95 in 1962 and 1963. The old alignment of US 222 east of its I-95 interchange became MD 824. The highway was resurfaced with bituminous concrete from MD 7 to US 40 and reconstructed and widened from US 40 to the southern MD 824 intersection in 1968 and 1969. The widening work included widening US 222's bridge across the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which was removed and replaced between 1987 and 1989. The I-95 interchange was converted from a standard diamond to a four-ramp partial cloverleaf with all four ramps east of MD 222 between 1993 and 1994. Aiken Avenue was reconstructed in an urban streetscape project in 2001 and 2002.
Junction list
Related routes
Former truck route
Maryland Route 222 Truck was a signed truck bypass of MD 222 from MD 222 in Perryville to US 1 and US 222 in Conowingo. The signed route followed MD 275 from MD 222 in Perryville north to MD 276 in Woodlawn. MD 222 Truck continued north on MD 276 from Woodlawn north to US 1 west of Rising Sun. The truck route then headed west on US 1 (in a wrong-way concurrency) to US 222's southern terminus in Conowingo. MD 222 Truck was first signed by 2002. Signs for MD 222 Truck were removed by 2016 and replaced with signs directing trucks to I-95 and US 40 southbound and to US 222 northbound.
Junction list
Auxiliary routes
MD 222 has three auxiliary routes that are maintained by the Maryland Transportation Authority (MDTA) and provide access to the authority's facilities around I-95's interchange with MD 222 and the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway toll plaza to the east of the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge. The highways were created as part of the reconstruction of MD 222's interchange with I-95 in 1993 and 1994.
MD 222A is the designation for Chesapeake Overlook Parkway, a spur west from the intersection of MD 222 and the ramps to and from southbound I-95. This spur intersects MD 222B near its western end and serves as the entrance to Hollywood Casino Perryville and the Great Wolf Lodge resort. MD 222A was assigned in 1994, and the highway received its name in 2010.
MD 222B is the designation for Turnpike Drive, a service road that heads south from MD 222A and veers west to parallel the southbound lanes of I-95. The state highway provides access to the MDTA administration building, the Perryville barracks of the Maryland State Police, and the adjacent truck weigh station on southbound I-95. MD 222B follows part of the course of what was the entrance ramp from MD 222 to southbound I-95.
MD 222C is the designation for G.R. Dawson Drive, a service road that heads west from MD 222 and parallels the northbound lanes of I-95. The state highway provides access to a truck weigh station on northbound I-95. MD 222C follows part of the course of what was the northbound I-95 exit ramp to MD 222. The designation was assigned in 1995, and the highway received its name in 2006.
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 222
MDRoads: US 222
MD 222 at AARoads.com
Maryland Roads - MD 222
222
Maryland Route 222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20222 |
Ozan Musluoğlu is a Turkish musician best known as a former member of the Turkish ska-punk band Athena.
Musluoğlu was born in Germany in 1977 and started playing bass guitar at the age of 16. In 2000, he won a full scholarship to the Bilgi University Music Department, and in 2001, he started his studies with Volkan Hursever, James Lewis, and Kursat And.
He has since then shared the stage with Kerem Gorsev, Vanessa Rubin, Danny Grissett, Dena Derose, Allan Harris, Tuna Otenel, Imer Demirer, Donovan Mixon, Erkan Ogur and Neset Ruacan. He has done workshops with very well known bassists as Marc Johnson, David Friesen, Dominique Lemerie and Robert Balzar. He had the opportunity to play with some musicians like Marcus Miller, Roy Hargrove, Mike Stern, Willy Jones, Eric Reed, Erik Smith, Katy Roberts, Leslie Harrison, Bebel Gilberto, Ilhan Ersahin, EJ Strickland, George Colligan and Bernard Maury in various jam sessions and club dates.
Also, as bassist of the group Athena from 2003–2008, he recorded albums and toured nationally and internationally, including representing Turkey in the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest where they placed 4th.
In January 2009, Ozan Musluoglu enthusiastically released his first album under the Recbyjazz label. In addition to 6 of his own compositions, he included Antonio Carlos Jobim's, “Ligia” in this project. Ozan Musluoglu played bass on the album, with Engin Recepogulları on saxophone, Ulkem Özsezen on piano and Ferit Odman on drums. Turkey's leading trumpet player, Imer Demirer, was a special guest on 2 of the songs.
In February 2009, Ozan finished recording his 2nd album of his original compositions. The musicians in this album are: Jeremy Pelt, voted rising star on the trumpet 5 years in a row by Down Beat Magazine; JD Allen on saxophone, Danny Grissett on piano and Darrell Green on drums.
Currently, Musluoğlu is the bass player for the TRT jazz orchestra led by Neşet Ruacan. At the same time, he produces and presents the weekly jazz radio program titled “Caz Saati” on the national radio TRT every Monday at 11 pm.
Albums
2009 "Coincidence"
2011 "40th Day"
2012 "My Best Friends Are Pianists"
2015 "My Best Friends Are Vocalists"
Discography
2001 Bodrum Jazz Festival
2002 & 2003 Afyonkarahisar Jazz Festival
2003 Istanbul Jazz Festival
2003 Akbank Jazz Days
2004 Baku Jazz Festival
2006 Bratislava Jazz Festival
2008 Alanya Jazz Festival
2010 Istanbul Jazz Festival
2010 Ramadan Jazz Festival
2011 Nublu Jazz Festival
2011 Istanbul Jazz Festival
References
External links
Ozan Musluoglu Official Web Page
Ozan Musluoglu Twitter
Ozan Musluoglu Myspace
Ozan Musluoglu Facebook
Cool jazz double-bassists
1977 births
Turkish jazz musicians
Living people
Turkish jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century male musicians
Male jazz musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozan%20Musluo%C4%9Flu |
"Dream Lover" is a song written by American musician Bobby Darin. Darin recorded his composition on March 5, 1959 and released it as a single the following month. It was produced by Ahmet Ertegun and Jerry Wexler and engineered by Tom Dowd.
Song background
In addition to Darin's vocal, the song features Neil Sedaka on piano. While recording it Darin decided to stretch out some chord changes he found on the piano and add strings and voices. A picture sleeve, featuring a portrait of Darin, was also issued for this record in the U.S.
Chart performance
It was released as a single on Atco Records in the U.S. in 1959, and became a multi-million seller, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week and No. 4 on Billboards Hot R&B Sides chart. "Dream Lover" was kept from the No. 1 spot by "The Battle of New Orleans" by Johnny Horton. It did however reach No. 1 on the UK's New Musical Express chart for four weeks during July 1959. The song also reached No. 5 on Norway's VG-lista, No. 5 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade, No. 12 in Flanders, and No. 21 in Wallonia.
Certifications
Cover versions
In 1961, Dion DiMucci released his version of "Dream Lover" on the album Runaround Sue.
In 1971, Billy "Crash" Craddock released his version of "Dream Lover" as a single. Craddock's version reached No. 1 on Cash Boxs Country Top 65 chart and Record Worlds Country Singles Chart, while reaching No. 5 on Billboards Hot Country Singles chart. Craddock's version was included on his 1972 album You Better Move On.
In 1979, Ricky Nelson released a cover of "Dream Lover". His version reached No. 29 on Billboards Adult Contemporary chart and No. 59 on Billboards Hot Country Singles chart.
Also, in 1979, Australian Glen Shorrock of Little River Band covered it. It was in the Australian Top 10 for 18 weeks, in 1979. See here ()
Country music singers Tanya Tucker and Glen Campbell released a duet of "Dream Lover" as a single on Tucker's 1980 album Dreamlovers.
In 2022, the actress and singer Evan Rachel Wood released her version with her band EVAN + ZANE included on their album "Dream".
References
1959 songs
1959 singles
1971 singles
1982 singles
Songs written by Bobby Darin
Bobby Darin songs
Peter McCann songs
Song recordings produced by Jerry Wexler
Song recordings produced by Ahmet Ertegun
Atco Records singles
Columbia Records singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Billy "Crash" Craddock songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream%20Lover |
Stranger than Fiction is a 2006 American fantasy comedy-drama film directed by Marc Forster, produced by Lindsay Doran, and written by Zach Helm. The film stars Will Ferrell, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Dustin Hoffman, Queen Latifah, and Emma Thompson. The main plot follows Harold Crick (Ferrell), an IRS agent who begins hearing a disembodied voice narrating his life as it happens – seemingly the text of a novel in which it is stated that he, the main character, will soon die – and he frantically seeks to somehow prevent that ending.
The film was shot on location in Chicago, and has been praised for its innovative, intelligent story and fine performances. Ferrell, who came to prominence playing brash comedic parts, garnered particular attention for offering a restrained performance in his first starring dramatic role.
Stranger than Fiction was released by Columbia Pictures on November 10, 2006. Upon release, the film received positive reviews mainly for its themes, humor, and performances.
Plot
Harold Crick is an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) agent living a solitary life of strictly scheduled routine. On the day he is assigned to audit an intentionally tax-delinquent baker named Ana Pascal, Harold begins hearing the voice of a woman narrating his life. When his wristwatch stops working and he resets it using the time from a bystander, the voice narrates that this action will eventually result in Harold's death.
Harold consults a psychiatrist who suggests he see a literary expert if he believes there is a narrator. He visits literature professor Jules Hilbert, who initially dismisses him. However, he recognizes omniscient narrative devices in what Harold claims the voice said, and is intrigued. He tries to help Harold identify the author and determine if his story is a comedy or tragedy.
As Harold audits Ana he develops an attraction to her, but when he obliviously rejects a gift of cookies because it could be considered a bribe, he takes it as a sign he is in a tragedy. Jules tells Harold to spend the day at home doing nothing, and his living room is destroyed by a demolition crew that went to the wrong building. Jules takes such an improbable occurrence as proof that Harold is no longer in control of his own life, and advises he enjoy the time he has left, accepting whatever destiny the narrator has for him.
Harold takes time off work, takes guitar lessons, moves in with his co-worker Dave, and starts dating Ana. Since she loves him, he re-evaluates his story as a comedy. While meeting with Jules, Harold sees a television interview with author Karen Eiffel and recognizes her voice as his narrator's.
Jules, an admirer of Karen's work, says that all of her books are tragedies: the protagonist always dies. Karen has been struggling with writer's block on her next book because she cannot figure out how to kill Harold Crick, but has had a breakthrough and begun writing again.
Harold telephones Karen and stuns her by accurately recounting her book to her. They meet in person and she explains she has outlined the conclusion but not yet typed it in full. Her assistant, Penny, recommends Harold read the outline, but he cannot bring himself to do so, and gives it to Jules. Jules deems it Karen's masterpiece to which Harold's death is integral, and he consoles Harold that death is inevitable, but this death will hold a deeper meaning.
Harold reads the outline and returns it to Karen, telling her the death she has written for him is beautiful and he accepts it. He takes care of some errands and spends his last night with Ana. The next morning Harold goes about his routine again as Karen writes and narrates.
Karen reveals that when Harold reset his wristwatch, the bystander's time was three minutes fast, so he has reached the bus stop early. A boy riding a bicycle falls in front of the bus; Harold runs into the street to save him, and is hit himself. However, Karen, traumatized by the idea that she unwittingly narrated real people to their deaths, cannot bring herself to finish the sentence declaring him dead.
Harold wakes up in a hospital, and learns that shrapnel from his wristwatch – which was destroyed in the collision – blocked his ulnar artery and saved him from bleeding to death. Karen meets Jules and offers him a revised ending, and he finds the new ending weakens the book.
Karen replies the book was about a man who did not know he was going to die, but if Harold knew and accepted his fate, he is the kind of person who deserves to live. Karen's narration closes the film over a montage of Harold's newly invigorated life, ending on the ruined wristwatch that saved his life.
Cast
Will Ferrell as Harold Crick, an IRS agent who starts hearing Eiffel's voice narrating his life
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Ana Pascal, a baker who is being audited by Crick and begins to fall in love with him
Emma Thompson as Karen Eiffel, an author known for killing the protagonists in her novels, but has been suffering from writer's block
Dustin Hoffman as Professor Jules Hilbert, a literature expert advising Crick.
Queen Latifah as Penny Escher, an assistant who helps authors finish their works.
Tony Hale as Dave, Crick's friend from his work
Tom Hulce as Dr. Cayly
Linda Hunt as Dr. Mittag-Leffler, a psychologist whom Crick sees in hopes of solving his narration problem
Kristin Chenoweth as Book Channel Host
Production
Writing
In 2001, writer Zach Helm was working with producer Clarence Helmus on a project they called "The Disassociate". Helm came to Doran with a new idea involving a man who finds himself accompanied by a narrator that only he can hear. Helm next decided that the narrator should state that the man is going to die because, as Helm described, "there's something very poetic about the understanding of one's place in the universe, but it's far more dramatic when such understanding occurs only days before that life ends." Helm and Doran began referring to the new project as "The Narrator Project" and developed the story through a process of Helm's bringing ideas and Doran's asking questions. One of Helm's main ideas involved engaging the movie's form as much as its content.
Helm named each of the film's chief characters after a famous scientist or scientifically influential artist, examples including Crick, Pascal, Eiffel, Escher, and Hilbert. When the character of Dr. Hilbert tells Harold that he has devised a series of 23 questions in order to investigate the narrator, it is a playful reference to Hilbert's 23 problems. The film's title derives from a quote by Lord Byron: "Tis strange—but true; for truth is always strange, Stranger than fiction".
According to Helm, one of the film's major themes is of interconnectivity. Helm stated "Each of these characters ends up doing little things to save one another. There's an underlying theme that the things we take most for granted are often the ones that make life worth living and actually keep us alive."
Photography
The film was shot on location in Chicago, Illinois. Dave's apartment, in which Harold takes residence after his own building is partially demolished, is part of the River City Condominiums. Hilbert's office was in a lecture hall at the University of Illinois at Chicago. The CNA Center at 333 South Wabash Avenue in the Loop served as the location for the IRS office. The bakery that Ana Pascal runs is located in the Little Village neighborhood of Chicago and is called La Catedral Cafe & Restaurant. The movie theatre in the film is the Logan Theatre located in the Logan Square neighborhood. Many downtown Chicago locations were used for scenes involving Karen Eiffel, Penny Escher, and Harold Crick. Columbia Pictures distributed the film.
The film partly was inspired by Playtime (1967), Jacques Tati's visionary comedy about modern urban life, and the cinematography and production design help create a claustrophobic sense of life in the city.
Music
The music for this film includes original scores by the collaborative effort of Britt Daniel (singer/songwriter of Spoon) and Brian Reitzell (composer for Friday Night Lights, The Bling Ring and Hannibal), as well as a mix of indie rock songs from various artists including Spoon. Reitzell is also the film's music supervisor. The soundtrack includes an original recording of "Whole Wide World", the song that Harold plays for Ana, by Wreckless Eric.
Release
Stranger than Fiction was released in the United States on November 10, 2006. It opened at #4 in the box office behind Borat, The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause, and Flushed Away and grossed $13.4 million in 2,264 theaters. Its widest release was 2,270 theaters, across which it grossed $40.7 million. Outside the US, it grossed another $13 million, for a worldwide total of $53.6 million.
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 73% approval rating based on 175 reviews; the average rating is 6.87/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A fun, whimsical tale about an office drone trying to save his life from his narrator, Stranger Than Fiction features a subdued performance from Will Ferrell that contributes mightily to its quirky, mind-bending effect." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 67 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Roger Ebert gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, stating that the film was thought-provoking and moral, and that "Such an uncommonly intelligent film does not often get made...which requires us to enter the lives of these specific quiet, sweet, worthy people", and he also praised Ferrell's performance saying, "Will Ferrell stars, in another role showing that like Steve Martin and Robin Williams he has dramatic gifts to equal his comedic talent".
Rolling Stone rated the film 3 out of 4 stars, stating that though the premise of Ferrell's life being narrated is a set-up for farce, the film is "less self-reflexively clever and more intimate". Todd McCarthy in Variety positively reviewed the film, praising its invention and Ferrell's performance as nuanced: first playing a tight focused caricature of the company man, then exercising more humanity and wit without being "goofy".
Accolades
See also
Metafiction
The Stanley Parable, a 2013 video game with similar themes.
References
External links
2006 films
2000s fantasy comedy-drama films
American fantasy comedy-drama films
Films about writers
Films shot in Chicago
Self-reflexive films
Columbia Pictures films
Mandate Pictures films
Films directed by Marc Forster
Films set in Chicago
Magic realism films
Metafictional works
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger%20than%20Fiction%20%282006%20film%29 |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights in Iceland rank among the highest in the world.
Same-sex couples have had equal access to adoption and IVF since 2006. In February 2009, a minority government took office, headed by Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, the world's first openly gay head of government in modern times. The Icelandic Parliament amended the country's marriage law on 11 June 2010 by a unanimous vote to define marriage as between two individuals, thereby making same-sex marriage legal. The law took effect on 27 June 2010.
In 2019, Iceland made gender-affirming healthcare accessible via informed consent.
Legality of same-sex sexual activity
According to a 2020 study, "scholars have found that it was with modernization and increasing urbanization in the latter half of the nineteenth century that same-sex sexual acts between consenting men became thought of as criminal."
A law criminalizing same-sex sexual activity was repealed in 1940. In 1992, the age of consent was set at 14, and in 2007 it was raised to 15, regardless of gender and sexual orientation.
Recognition of same-sex relationships
Registered partnerships for same-sex couples became legal in 1996. The legislation, known as the Law on Registered Partnerships (), was replaced by a gender-neutral marriage law on 27 June 2010. Upon registering their partnerships, same-sex couples were granted many of the same rights, responsibilities and benefits as marriage, including the ability to adopt stepchildren.
On 23 March 2010, the Government of Iceland presented a bill which would allow same-sex couples to marry. On 11 June 2010, Parliament unanimously approved the bill, 49 votes to 0. The law took effect on 27 June. That day, Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir married her partner Jónína Leósdóttir, becoming one of the first same-sex couples to marry in Iceland.
In October 2015, the Church of Iceland voted to allow same-sex couples to marry in its churches.
Adoption and family planning
On 27 June 2006, Icelandic same-sex couples became eligible to a range of laws including public access to IVF insemination treatment and joint adoption of children. Stepchild adoption (where a person can adopt their partner's biological child) has been permitted in Iceland since 2000.
Discrimination protections
In 1996, the Althing passed amendments to the Icelandic Penal Code, adding sexual orientation to the country's non-discrimination law. This made it illegal to refuse people goods or services on account of their sexual orientation, or to attack a person or group of people publicly with mockery, defamation, abuse or threats because of their sexual orientation. In 2014, the Parliament approved an amendment to the Penal Code, adding gender identity to the list of anti-discrimination grounds.
Since 2008, it has been illegal to discriminate against people on the basis of their sexual orientation in education.
Until 2018, Iceland possessed no laws prohibiting employment discrimination on any grounds. A committee that Welfare Minister Eygló Harðardóttir founded in 2014 handed in its conclusions in November 2016, advising the Parliament to pass a general discrimination law. Such a law would include protections on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and sex characteristics. On 11 June 2018, the Parliament approved a law banning employment discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics, among others. The law, known as the Law on Equal Treatment in the Workplace (), took effect on 1 September 2018.
Transgender and intersex rights
On 11 June 2012, the Icelandic Parliament voted in favor of a new law relaxing rules surrounding gender identity and allowing comprehensive recognition regarding recognition of acquired gender and enacting gender identity protections. These laws were enacted on 27 June 2012. The laws state that the National University Hospital of Iceland is obligated to create a department dedicated to diagnosing gender dysphoria, as well as performing sex reassignment surgery (SRS). After successfully completing an 18-month process, including living 12 months in accordance with their gender, applicants appear before a committee of professionals. If the committee determines that a diagnosis of gender dysphoria is appropriate, the National Registry is informed and the applicant chooses a new name to reflect their gender and is issued a new ID. SRS is not required for an official name change and gender recognition.
In June 2019, the Althing voted 45–0 on a bill to implement a self-determination model, similar to numerous European and South American countries. The new law allows transgender individuals to change their legal gender without having to receive a medical and mental disorder diagnosis, or undergo sterilization and sex reassignment surgery. Minors may also change their legal gender with parental consent. Furthermore, the law allows individuals to choose a third gender option known as "X" on official documents. The law went into effect on 1 January 2020, and finally implemented in January 2021. The original bill included a ban on medical interventions performed on intersex children, but this was dropped to increase the chance of passage in the Althing. Instead, a committee was set up to discuss the issue and report within a year.
Access to medical care
Icelandic law on gender affirming healthcare historically was more restrictive, with trans patients having to go through a minimum of one year of psychiatric evaluation before they're allowed to begin hormone therapy or puberty blockers, and three years or more for surgery.
In 2019, however, a bill was passed to allow trans people to access such healthcare by informed consent, eliminating all of the above requirements for access.
Sex education
Since 2016, the town of Hafnarfjörður has included information about same-sex relationships in its eighth grade (age 14–15) sex education lessons.
The Queer Student Association of Iceland organises several social activities, such as field trips, where students of the University of Iceland can discuss and learn about LGBT issues.
Blood donation
In 2014, a man filed a lawsuit against the blood ban, describing the current policy as a clear example of discrimination.
In October 2015, Health Minister Kristján Þór Júlíusson announced his support for regulatory changes to enable MSM in Iceland to donate blood. It has been announced that sometime in the near future, Iceland will allow gay and bisexual men to donate blood.
In September 2021 it was announced that gay and bi men will be able to legally donate blood after a 4-month deferral period. However, as of June 2023, the decision is still not in effect.
Conversion therapy
The Iceland Parliament passed a bill to ban conversion therapy on 9 June 2023, with a vote of 53–0 with 3 abstentions.
Public opinion
A February 2000 Gallup opinion poll showed that 53% of Icelanders supported the right of lesbians and gay men to adopt children, 12% declared their neutrality and 35% were against the right to adopt.
A July 2004 Gallup poll showed that 87% of Icelanders supported same-sex marriage.
In May 2015, PlanetRomeo, an LGBT social network, published its first Gay Happiness Index (GHI). Gay men from over 120 countries were asked about how they feel about society's view on homosexuality, how do they experience the way they are treated by other people and how satisfied are they with their lives. Iceland was ranked first with a GHI score of 79.
Living conditions
Despite its small population, Iceland has a visible gay scene, particularly in the capital Reykjavík, which has a few bars and cafés, and some places with a mixed gay and straight crowd. Elsewhere in Iceland, however, the sparse population means there is almost no gay scene. Akureyri, the biggest city outside the capital area, does not have any gay bars.
Gay pride parades in Iceland are usually held in August, and are among Iceland's biggest annual events. In 2015, about 100,000 attended the Reykjavík Pride event, representing about 30% of the Icelandic population. In 2016, Icelandic President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson participated in the Reykjavík Pride parade, making him the first president to attend a gay pride parade.
Iceland is frequently referred to as one of the most LGBT-friendly countries in the world. Despite public antipathy towards LGBT people being high up until the 1980s, acceptance has increased significantly since then. Some of the earliest LGBT people to publicly come out include Hörður Torfason and Anna Kristjánsdottir, who both initially faced public discrimination and ridicule. The oldest existing Icelandic LGBT organization is Samtökin '78, which formed in 1978. They organized their first public protests in 1982, with support from sister associations in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. During the 1980s, Iceland came under considerable pressure from other Nordic states to improve the living conditions of LGBT people and pass anti-discrimination legislation; in 1984, the Nordic Council urged its member states to end discrimination against gays and lesbians. Over the following years, LGBT groups and activists began to enter the public eye and raise awareness of their cause and movement. With greater visibility, societal attitudes began to evolve and become more accepting and tolerant. In 1996, registered partnerships were legalised for same-sex couples, making Iceland the fourth country worldwide to provide legal recognition to same-sex couples (after Denmark, Norway, and Sweden). Anti-discrimination laws covering sexual orientation were also enacted, adoption by same-sex couples was legalised, and transgender transition laws were relaxed, allowing transgender people the right to change their legal gender on official documents. In 2010, the Icelandic Parliament voted unanimously to legalise same-sex marriage; Iceland became the ninth country to legalise it, joining the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, and Portugal. In addition, former Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir (2009-2013), the first openly gay head of government of modern times, and her partner Jónína Leósdóttir became one of the first couples to marry in Iceland after the passage of the new law. Opinion polls have found overwhelming public support for same-sex marriage and LGBT rights more broadly. A 2004 poll showed that 87% of Icelanders supported same-sex marriage, the highest in the world at that time. Moreover, in 2015, the Church of Iceland (about two-thirds of Icelanders are members) voted to allow same-sex couples to marry within its churches.
Iceland is a very safe place for both LGBT citizens and travellers. The country is listed in the "Top 10 Gay Wedding Destinations" by Lonely Planet.
Summary table
See also
Human rights in Iceland
LGBT rights in Europe
Notes
References
Further reading | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20rights%20in%20Iceland |
George Sebastian Silzer (April 14, 1870October 16, 1940) was an American attorney, jurist, and Democratic Party politician who served as the 38th Governor of New Jersey from 1923 to 1926.
Biography
George Sebastian Silzer was born on April 14, 1870, to Christina (née Zimmerman) and Theodore C. Silzer, a bar proprietor, in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
He attended local public grammar and high schools before reading law in the offices of J. Kearny Rice. He was admitted to the bar in 1892 and opened his own office in New Brunswick, which because increasingly successful until he became a state judge in 1914.
Early political and judicial career
Silzer was a member of the New Brunswick board of aldermen from 1892 to 1896. For ten years, he was the chair of the Middlesex County Democratic Party.
In 1906, Silzer was elected to represent Middlesex in the New Jersey Senate, aided by the Bishops' Liquor Law. He was re-elected to a second three-year term in 1909.
In the Senate, Silzer was a leading member of the progressive faction. In 1910, Silzer campaigned for governor on a progressive, anti-machine platform and drew 210 votes at the state convention, but finished a distant third behind nominee Woodrow Wilson, who won the general election. Although Democrats were the minority party during his entire tenure in the Senate, Silzer led the passage of several measures during the Wilson administration, including a workmen's compensation law. He was one of Wilson's leading legislative allies.
In 1912, Wilson appointed Silzer to be Middlesex County prosecutor, and he resigned from the Senate. He served as prosecutor for two years until Governor James F. Fielder appointed him to the circuit court.
Governor of New Jersey: 1923–1926
1922 election
Silzer had served as a judge for eight years when he was nominated as the Democratic candidate for Governor in 1922. His nomination was part of a deal engineered by Hudson County boss Frank Hague; in exchange for Silzer's nomination for Governor, Middlesex Democrats backed the outgoing governor, Edward I. Edwards of Jersey City, for U.S. Senate.
The general election campaign was dominated by the issue of Prohibition. Silzer's opponent was a conservative "dry" Republican and fellow judge, William N. Runyon, who backed full enforcement of the Volstead Act, whereas Silzer argued it went "far beyond" the terms of the Eighteenth Amendment. Silzer's victory was universally interpreted as a victory for alcohol liberalization and also confirmed Hague's domination of the New Jersey Democratic Party. Silzer won the state by far less than his margin in Hudson County.
Tenure
Silzer generally pursued a progressive policy agenda while in office, but the legislature passed few of his proposals.
His inaugural address criticized "special privilege" and promised to "put government back into the hands of the people." He proposed stringent public utilities regulation, protective labor legislation, and re-enactment of Wilson era restrictions on the coal industry. In later messages to the legislature, Silzer called for prison and tax reform; expansion of public welfare; strict controls on pollution, firearms, and narcotics; support for a federal anti-lynching law, and state securities regulation.
Unlike other Democratic governors of the period, Silzer avoided close cooperation with Frank Hague. He was also guaranteed a Republican legislature under the per-county apportionment system in place at the time, given that most Democratic votes came from a few urban counties. Though many of Silzer's proposals have been adopted in the century since, in most instances his legislative program failed to rally support. He was successful in winning restrictions on the employment of woman and child laborers and some expansions in the terms of the state workmen's compensation laws.
On occasion, he resorted to purely executive power. In 1923, Silzer directed the state attorney general to bring a suit against the Public Service Corporation amid a labor dispute. Silzer's threat led the public utilities giant to resolve the dispute and resume service.
Development projects
One area on which Silzer did make progress was transportation reform, as all parties agreed it was essential to stimulate population and industrial development in the years following the growth of the automobile and suburbs. Silzer supported extensive construction, though he opposed the bond issues that the legislature and electorate favored to fund these projects. Several of the proposals he backed were eventually completed, including the Delaware River Port Authority, the George Washington Bridge, and the three bridges connecting the state to Staten Island. He also oversaw the completion of the Holland Tunnel and initiated its incorporation into the new Port of New York Authority.
Silzer opened his term by recalling the entire state highway commission from office, a controversial act justified by his judgment that the commission was corrupt and incompetent, having allowed highway construction to become dominated by a few corporations. He named a four-man replacement board consisting of Walter Kidde, Hugh L. Scott, Abraham Jelin, and Percy Hamilton Stewart, but their nominations were blocked by the Senate. Instead, Silzer went directly to the voters and won support for his nominees.
Silzer also defended state zoning laws, stating, "We must also have in mind scientific planning which will make such development as attractive as possible. In these enlightened days, we cannot drift along and permit ugliness to dominate."
Personal life
Silzer married Henrietta T. Waite. He was survived by one son, Parker W. Silzer.
Later life and death
In 1926, his successor A. Harry Moore appointed Silzer as chairman of the Port of New York Authority. He oversaw the groundbreaking ceremonies for the George Washington Bridge and left office in 1928.
In 1933, Silzer published an analysis of state government titled The Government of a State.
Most of Silzer's life after politics was devoted to the law. In 1935, he defended mobster Dutch Schultz on federal income tax evasion charges; Schultz was acquitted but later assassinated by fellow mobsters when he attempted to murder prosecutor Thomas Dewey. In 1937, he was connected to the Lindbergh kidnapping when he counseled Ellis Parker, a Burlington County detective who kidnapped Trenton attorney Paul Wendel and coerced his signed confession.
He died on October 16, 1940, of a heart attack as he was on his way to Pennsylvania Station in Newark from his law offices in that city.
See also
List of governors of New Jersey
References
External links
New Jersey Governor George Sebastian Silzer, National Governors Association
1870 births
1940 deaths
Democratic Party governors of New Jersey
Democratic Party New Jersey state senators
Politicians from New Brunswick, New Jersey
American Episcopalians
Candidates in the 1924 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
Chairmen of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Sebastian%20Silzer |
Ranze may refer to:
Edo Ranze, a 2008 visual novel by QP:flapper
Ranze Eto, a character in the manga series Tokimeki Tonight
Ranze Terade, performer with Japanese girl group AKB48
Ranze Terada, actress known for the Sailor Moon manga series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranze |
Karl Franz Otto Dziatzko (27 January 1842 - 13 January 1903, Göttingen) was a German librarian and scholar, born in Neustadt, Silesia.
Biography
From 1859 to 1863 he studied classical philology at the universities of Breslau and Bonn. At Bonn, he was influenced by philologist Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl and worked as an assistant at the university library. In 1863, he received his doctorate with a thesis on the prologues of Plautus and Terence. Following graduation, he worked as a schoolteacher in Opole and then in Lucerne (from 1865).
In 1871, he became head librarian at the University of Freiburg, where he also obtained his habilitation the same year. After a brief stint as a schoolteacher in Karlsruhe, he was appointed director of the university library at Breslau (1872). Here, he headed a comprehensive reorganization of the library that included rules for a new alphabetical card catalog that became a model for the Preußische Instruktionen. From 1886 until his death, he was director of the university library and professor of library science at the University of Göttingen.
With educator Friedrich Althoff, he strove for reforms pertaining to academic librarianship during the latter part of the 19th century. At Göttingen, he was instrumental in the creation of a professional librarian association (initially a section within the Philologenverbande (Philology Association). Also, he made significant contributions in the fields of "Gutenberg research" and incunabula studies, that included a complete incunabula catalog
Among his publications are a text edition of the comedies of Terence (1884); "Instruction für die Ordnung der Titel im Alphabetischen Zettelkatalog der Königlichen und Universitäts-Bibliothek zu Breslau" (hectographed in 1874, printed in 1886); and "Untersuchungen über ausgewählte Kapitel des antiken Buchwesens" (1900). The publication of 1886 is said to be the basis of K. A. Linderfelt's "Eclectic Card Catalog Rules" (Boston, 1890).
Bibliography
De prologis Plautinis et Terentianis quaestiones selectae (dissertation) Bonn 1863.
Ausgewählte Komödien des P. Terentius Afer : zur Einführung in die Lektüre der altlateinischen Lustspiele. Teubner, Leipzig 1874ff. (viele Neuauflagen) – Selected comedies of P. Terentius Afer: Introduction to the reading of Old Latin comedies.
P. Terenti Afri Comoediae. Tauchnitz. second edition, Leipzig 1884.
Instruction für die Ordnung der Titel im Alphabetischen Zettelkatalog der Königlichen und Universitäts-Bibliothek zu Breslau. Asher, Berlin 1886 – Instruction for the order of titles in the alphabetical card catalog of the Royal Library and the University of Breslau.
Beiträge zur Gutenbergfrage. Asher, Berlin 1889 – Contributions to the Gutenberg question.
Gutenbergs früheste Druckerpraxis. Asher, Berlin 1890.– Gutenberg's earliest printing practice.
Entwickelung und gegenwärtiger Stand der wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken Deutschlands mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Preußens. Spirgatis, Leipzig 1893 – Development and current state of academic libraries: with special consideration to Prussia.
Untersuchungen über ausgewählte Kapitel des antiken Buchwesens. Teubner, Leipzig 1900 – Studies on selected chapters of the ancient bibliology.
Das neue Fragment der Περικειρομένη [Perikeiromene] des Menander. Leipzig: Teubner, 1900 (=Sonderdruck aus dem XXVII. Supplementband der Jahrbücher für classische Philologie, Festschrift C. F. W. Müller, S. 123–134) – A new fragment of Perikeiromene by Menander.
References
German librarians
German classical philologists
1842 births
1903 deaths
University of Bonn alumni
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
People from Prudnik | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Franz%20Otto%20Dziatzko |
Thomas More Stadium is a stadium in Florence, Kentucky. It is primarily used for baseball and is the home field of the Florence Y'alls of the Frontier League, an independent baseball league. It originally opened in 2004 as Champion Window Field and holds 4,500 people.
On November 27, 2012, the then-named Florence Freedom announced that UC Health, the healthcare system of the University of Cincinnati, had signed a 10-year naming rights deal, giving the ballpark its UC Health Stadium name. In May 2021, it was reported that the team was looking for a new naming rights partner after UC Health dropped its sponsorship, and that the team would be using the name Y'alls Ballpark for their home field. In March 2022, the Y'alls announced that Thomas More University had acquired the naming rights, and that the university's baseball team would play at Thomas More Stadium starting in 2023.
History
2004 ownership scandal
In July 2004, shortly after the opening of Champion Window Field, contractors began filing liens against the Florence Freedom, accusing the team of not paying for work done on the stadium. Eventually, 33 liens totaling $4.7 million were filed. In August, Fifth Third Bank sued team part-owner Chuck Hildebrant for failing to repay multiple loans taken out to finance the stadium construction. As part of the lawsuit, it was revealed that Hildebrant had used of land that he did not own as collateral for the loans, and that he had given the bank a forged document as proof of ownership. Hildebrant was later the subject of a federal white collar crime investigation and sentenced to prison in October 2005. The team was sold in November 2004 to a new ownership group led by Clint Brown, who was not associated with Hildebrant's ownership group.
Other uses
From 2006 to 2008, the Northern Kentucky Norse baseball team, then of NCAA Division II, moved from on-campus Bill Aker Baseball Complex to play its home schedule at Champion Window Field. Thomas More Stadium is currently home to the Mount St. Joseph University Lions.
References
Baseball venues in Kentucky
Minor league baseball venues
Frontier League ballparks
Buildings and structures in Boone County, Kentucky
Tourist attractions in Boone County, Kentucky
2004 establishments in Kentucky
Sports venues completed in 2004
Stadium
Florence, Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20More%20Stadium |
Roger A. Hart (born c. 1950) is a child-rights academic, and former Professor of Psychology and Geography at the City University of New York and co-director of the Children's Environments Research Group.
Education
Hart received a B.A. in geography from the University of Hull in England in 1968 and undertook a Masters and PhD in geography at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Teaching
Hart was editor of Childhood City Quarterly for ten years and is on the advisory boards of Child magazine, the Child Development Institute at Sarah Lawrence College, and the Children’s Garden Programs of the American Horticultural Society. He has also taught at UCLA and the Université de Montréal. Roger Hart is the former director of the Center for Human Environments and the Children’s Environments Research Group at the Graduate Center.
Research
Hart's research has focused on understanding the everyday lives of children and youth and, to this end, he has designed many participatory methodologies for working with young people. He has collaborated with others in the application of theory and research to the planning and design of children's environments and to environmental education.
In recent years, his work has been more broadly concerned with finding ways to foster the participation of disadvantaged children in fulfilling their rights. To this end, he has collaborated in numerous countries with international non-governmental agencies. With UNICEF, he has written 2 books on children's participation and co-authored “Cities for Children: Children’s Rights, Poverty and Urban Management”. With the Save the Children Alliance, he has written “The Children’s Clubs of Nepal: A Democratic Experiment” and the video “Mirrors of Ourselves: Tools of Democratic Self Reflection for Groups of Children and Youth”.
Bibliography
Undesigning For Children: Creating Space for Free Play and Informal Learning in Community Gardens (with Selim Iltus and Peter Beeton). New York: Design Trust For Public Spaces, in press.
Cities for Children: Children’s Rights, Poverty and Urban Management (with Bartlett, S., de la Barra, X., Missair, A., and Satterthwaite, D.). New York: UNICEF, and London: Earthscan, Summer, 1999.
Children’s Participation: The Theory And Practice Of Involving Young Citizens In Community Development and Environmental Care. New York: UNICEF, and London: Earthscan, 1997 (Also available in Chinese, Japanese and Spanish).
Environments for Children: Understanding and Acting on the Environmental Hazards That Threaten Infants, Children and Their Parents. (with Satterthwaite, D., Levy C., Ross D., and Stevens, C.). New York: UNICEF, and London: Earthscan, 1997.
Children's Participation: from Tokenism to Citizenship. for UNICEF Innocenti Essays, No. 4, UNICEF/International Child Development Centre, Florence, Italy, 1992. Published by the Latin American office of UNICEF as La Participacion de los Niños: de la participacion simbolica a la Participacion Autentica. (Also published by NGOs in French, Turkish, Japanese and Thai).
Getting in Touch with Play: Creating Play Environments for Children with Visual Impairments. (with Kim Blakely and Maryanne Lang). New York: Lighthouse National Center for Vision and Child Development, 1991.
Land and Life: A World Geography. (with Harm de Blij and Gerald Danzer). Chicago, IL: Scott-Foresman Publishing Company, 1988.
Children's Experience of Place: A Developmental Study. New York.: Irvington Publishers (distributed by Halstead/Wiley Press), 1978. (reviews in Science, Geographical Review, and Contemporary Psychology).
See also
Youth participation
Children's rights
UNICEF
References
External links
Interview with Roger Hart
Children's Environments Research Group
21st-century American psychologists
Environmental psychologists
Clark University alumni
UNICEF people
Living people
1950 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Hart |
Turtle Creek Stadium (formerly Pit Spitters Park and Wuerfel Park) is a 4,660-seat multi-use entertainment facility in Blair Township, Michigan, in the United States that hosted its first regular season baseball game on May 24, 2006, as the tenants of the facility, the Traverse City Beach Bums, took on the Kalamazoo Kings. It was built as a new home of the Beach Bums baseball team, the first in Traverse City in 93 years. In 2018, the Wuerfel's retired and the park sold. In 2019, Wuerfel Park became home to Traverse City's new baseball team, the Traverse City Pit Spitters of the summer collegiate Northwoods League.
History
The ballpark is located on a site adjacent from the Chums Village commerce park, south of Traverse City near the intersection of US 31 and M-37.
The groundbreaking for Wuerfel Park took place in late 2004 and was completed in time for the Beach Bums' inaugural 2006 season. The ballpark's façade resembles that of a resort hotel, a feature unique to baseball stadium architecture. John and Leslye Wuerfel (the namesakes of the ballpark), owners of Wuerfel Resorts and of the Beach Bums, designed Wuerfel Park to reference the region's resort industry and to their own type of business.
In 2018, the Traverse City Beach Bums and Weurfel Park were sold to a new ownership group led by the CEO of the West Michigan Whitecaps in Grand Rapids, Michigan.. A new team, the Traverse City Pit Spitters, began playing at the park beginning in 2019, with the name changed to Pit Spitters Park with the sale.
In 2019, nearby Turtle Creek Casino purchased the naming rights for the park, changing the name to "Turtle Creek Stadium" for the 2020 season.
References
Sports venues completed in 2006
Baseball venues in Michigan
Minor league baseball venues
High school baseball venues in the United States
Sports in Traverse City, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Grand Traverse County, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Grand Traverse County, Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle%20Creek%20Stadium |
The Beaux-Arts Institute of Design (BAID, later the National Institute for Architectural Education) was an art and architectural school at 304 East 44th Street in Turtle Bay, Manhattan, in New York City. It was founded in 1916 by Lloyd Warren for the training of American architects, sculptors and mural painters consistent with the educational agenda of the French École des Beaux-Arts. The building is now home to Egypt's mission to the United Nations.
Origins
BAID grew out of the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects, a formal club of American architects who had attended the Parisian school.
From its beginning in 1894, the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects had been interested in improving architectural education in the U.S.. It took on the task of developing standard architectural "programmes" for design problems to be given as assignments in architecture schools and in independent ateliers. The intent was to raise performance standards, but the effect also was to standardize the way architecture was taught all across the United States. By 1900, most American architecture schools and many independent ateliers were participating. By 1916 the burden of providing problem statements and jurying the work from an increasing number of schools and ateliers exceeded the capacity of the Society, so it established BAID to carry on this work.
Among sculpture professionals, the foundation of BAID ensured a supply of competent decorative sculptors, and allowed the members of the National Sculpture Society to position themselves as fine artists in comparison.
History
The National Sculpture Society deeded over a building at 126 East 75th Street to the newly created BAID. Courses began on September 18, 1916 in three departments. The architecture department was associated with a committee from the Society; the sculpture department with a committee from the National Sculpture Society; and the mural department with a committee from the Society of Mural Painters.
Architect Frederic Charles Hirons of Dennison & Hirons was central to the founding and running of the school. Hirons had attended the Paris school from 1904 through 1909; co-founded BAID in 1916; designed the BAID building in 1928 (won through a competition, in the manner of Beaux-Arts); and served as president of the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects from 1937 through 1939.
Another founder was Lloyd Warren, the brother of Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore. He was instrumental in getting top figures from the sculptural and architectural fields to teach at BAID, and serve on competition panels, for the sake of the profession.
In 1927 the first winner of the annual Whitney Warren architectural competition was Carl Conrad Franz Kressbach, a student at the Graduate School of Architecture at Harvard University (graduate of University of Michigan). His design "An airport for a large city" drew interest among persons concerned with the future of commercial aviation, it depicted a scheme for dispatching and receiving commercial planes.
In 1956 the Institute changed its name to the National Institute for Architectural Education, reflecting a change of focus away from European traditions. In 1995 it was again renamed the Van Alen Institute.
Activities
BAID architectural competitions were published across the country, administered through university architecture schools or independent studios, and the entries all graded by jury at once. The highest number of entries received was in the 1929–1930 year, when 9500 entries came into New York City for judging.
BAID also had on-site instruction and classrooms, with large sculpture studios open long hours and into the evenings for the convenience of working students and part-time teachers.
The school tended to be populated by students who were either immigrants or first-generation Americans. They often came from working-class backgrounds, and their training was towards getting a union job in the building trades, rather than becoming a fine arts sculptor. Many of these students also attended the Art Students League of New York.
Notable alumni
Edmond Romulus Amateis, sculptor, entered BAID in 1915
Beniamino Benvenuto Bufano
Gaetano Cecere, sculptor
Rose Connor, architect in Pasadena, California
Herbert Ferber, sculptor, attended circa 1926
Mitchell Fields, sculptor, attended BAID from 1917–1927
Harold H. Fisher, church architect
Paul Fjelde, sculptor, professor at Pratt Institute
Vincent Glinsky, sculptor; student (1916-1920) and instructor (1931–32; 1940–41)
Chaim Gross, sculptor, attended circa 1922
Stratton Hammon, Colonial Revival domestic architect, Louisville, Kentucky
Milton Hebald, sculptor
Henry Hensche, painter
Oswald Hoepfner, student and instructor c. 1920-1926
Herbert B. Hunter, architect.
Joseph Kiselewski, sculptor
Ibram Lassaw, sculptor, attended circa 1928
Ellamae Ellis League, architect from Macon, Georgia, first woman FAIA from Georgia
John Gaw Meem, architect, Atelier Denver
Arthur C. Morgan, sculptor of mostly Louisiana political and business figures
Jules Olitski, painter, attended BAID from 1940–42
Corrado Parducci, sculptor
David K. Rubins, sculptor
Louis Slobodkin, sculptor and children's book author
Cesare Stea, sculptor
Albert Stewart, sculptor
Robert Edward Weaver, muralist, painter, sculptor, BAID medalist 1935-1936 for mural design
Albert W. Wein, sculptor, attended 1932
Paul R. Williams, architect, Atelier near Los Angeles
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Further reading
Bogart, Michele H., Public Sculpture and the Civic Ideal in New York City: 1890-1930, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1989
Brummé, C. Ludwig, Contemporary American Sculpture, Crown Publishers, New York, 1948
Gurney, George, Sculpture and the Federal Triangle, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1985
Harbeson, John F. The Study of Architectural Design: With Special Reference to the Program of the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design, Pencil Points Press Inc., New York, 1926
Kvaran, Einar Einarsson, Architectural Sculpture in America, unpublished manuscript
External links
Edgar A. Josselyn papers, circa 1889. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.
1916 establishments in New York City
Art schools in New York City
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Universities and colleges established in 1916
Turtle Bay, Manhattan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux-Arts%20Institute%20of%20Design |
Ralph and Debbie Taylor Stadium at Simmons Field (also Taylor Stadium at Simmons Field) is a baseball stadium at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. It is the home field of the Missouri Tigers baseball. It was also the home of the defunct Mid-Missouri Mavericks minor league baseball team of the Frontier League. It originally opened in 2002 and holds 3,031 people. The stadium was named for Mizzou alumnus Ralph Taylor and his wife Debbie, who gave a donation to build the stadium.
Prior to the 2010 season, renovations were completed that included an indoor facility that houses batting cages, two dirt pitching mounds, a team meeting room and a conference room, a new videoboard and scoreboard, a larger home bullpen, a renovated visitors bullpen, new railings in front of each of the dugouts, padded outfield walls, a brick wall that outlines foul territory, and new signage on Devine Pavilion that recognized Mizzou's retired numbers and the Tigers' NCAA postseason appearances.
In 2014, renovation included a new home clubhouse/locker room and coaches offices along the left-field foul line and additional seating along the right-field line. The renovations were completed as part of a $102 million project to renovate Missouri's facilities for its move to the Southeastern Conference.
See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
References
External links
Official website
Minor league baseball venues
College baseball venues in the United States
Missouri Tigers baseball
University of Missouri campus
Sports venues in Columbia, Missouri
Baseball venues in Missouri
Buildings and structures in Columbia, Missouri
2002 establishments in Missouri
Sports venues in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%20Stadium |
Codex Koridethi, also named Codex Coridethianus, designated by siglum Θ or 038 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), ε050 (Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the 9th century CE. The manuscript has several gaps.
Description
The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing an almost complete text of the four Gospels written on 249 parchment leaves (size 29 cm by 24 cm), with the following gaps: Matthew 1:1–9, 1:21–4:4, and 4:17–5:4. The text is written in two columns per page, with 19-32 lines per column.
The letters are written in a rough, inelegant hand in blackish-brown ink. Greek accents (used to indicate voiced pitch changes) are written, but breathing marks (utilised to designate vowel emphasis) are rarely included. The scribe who wrote the text is believed to have been unfamiliar with Greek. The manuscript includes the Ammonian sections, but not always the Eusebian Canons (both early systems of dividing the four Gospels into different sections); lectionary (weekly church reading portions) beginning (αρχη / arche) and ending (τελος / telos) marks are also written.
Quotations from the Old Testament are marked. The tables of contents (known as κεφαλαια / kephalaia) are included before the gospels of Mark, Luke, and John, and a brief subscription is written after the Gospel of John ends.
Text of the codex
The Greek text of the Gospel of Matthew chapters 1-14, and the whole of the Gospel of Luke and Gospel of John is considered to be more or less a representative of the Byzantine text-type, while the text of the Gospel of Mark has been considered to be a representative of the Caesarean text-type. The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine. The Caesarean text-type however (initially identified by biblical scholar Burnett Hillman Streeter) has been contested by several text-critics, such as Kurt and Barbara Aland. The text of Matthew chapters 14-28 has been considered to be a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II of his New Testament manuscript classification system. Category II manuscripts are described as being manuscripts "of a special quality, i.e., manuscripts with a considerable proportion of the early text, but which are marked by alien influences. These influences are usually of smoother, improved readings, and in later periods by infiltration by the Byzantine text." It lacks the text of the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11).
Caesarean text-type?
(See main article the Caesarean text-type)
Streeter based his identification of a new text-type primarily on the readings found on this codex in the Gospel of Mark, and their corresponding appearances in the biblical citations in the writings of the early church father, Origen. He also grouped the manuscripts of ƒ, ƒ, and the minuscules 28, 565 and 700 along with Codex Koridethi, initially designating them as fam. Θ. His reasonings were developed further by biblical scholars Kirsopp Lake, Robert Blake and Silva New, resulting in this fam. Θ being designated the Caesarean Text-type in their joint publication, The Caesarean text of the Gospel of Mark, with Codex Koridethi being considered the Caesarean Text's chief representative. Though further publications sought to establish the Caesarean Text as a definitive text-type, by the end of the 20th century this notion had failed to convince the majority of scholars.
Witness to the Byzantine text-type?
In 2007 the German Bible Society edited The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition. Codex Koridethi is cited in the apparatus, and it says: "Manuscript 038 (Θ) represents a text on the boundary of what might reasonably be considered a manuscript of the Byzantine tradition in John".
Some readings
(Josiah fathered Jehoiakim; Jehoiakim fathered Jeconiah) - Θ M ƒ 33 258 478 661 791 ℓ 54 al
(Josiah fathered Jeconiah) - Majority of manuscripts
(and when the centurion returned to the house in that hour, he found the slave well) - Θ C (N) 0250 ƒ g, sy
omit - Majority of manuscripts
(saying, 'Peace to this house.) - Θ * D L W ƒ 1010 (1424) it vg
(this) - Majority of manuscripts
(But those tenants, looking on as he arrived) - Θ ƒ 28 1071
(and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with)
omit - Θ B D L Z 085 ƒ ƒ it sy sa
incl. - Majority of manuscripts
(Jesus Barabbas) - Θ 700 ƒ
(Jesus) - Majority of manuscripts
(my clothes for themselves, and they cast lots for my cloak) — Θ Δ 0250 ƒ ƒ 537 1424
(for everything shall be consumed by fire) - Θ (singular reading)
(for everything shall be seasoned with fire)- Majority of manuscripts
(donkey, son, or ox) - Θ (singular reading)
(son or ox) - Majority of manuscripts
ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγεν Πάτερ ἄφες αὐτοῖς· οὐ γὰρ οἴδασιν τί ποιοῦσιν (And Jesus said: Father forgive them, they know not what they do.)
omit - Θ B D* W 0124 1241 a d sy sa bo
incl. - Majority of manuscripts
(the sea of Galilee in the region of Tiberius) – Θ D 892 1009 1230 1253
(from Kariot) - Θ ƒ syr
(Iscariot) - Majority of manuscripts
(for everyone who takes the sword shall be destroyed by the sword) – Θ (singular reading)
History
It is commonly believed the text gets its name from the town in which it was discovered, however this is not correct. The first publication of the entire manuscript by Beermann and Gregory states:Kala/Caucasia:In the year 1853 a certain Bartholomeé visited a long abandoned monastery in Kala, a little village in the Caucasian mountains near the Georgian/Russian border (some miles south east of the 5600m high Elbrus). There, in an old church, far off every civilisation, he discovered the MS. The MS rested there probably for several hundred years (Beermann: ca. 1300–1869).Koridethi:Before this time the MS was in a town called Koridethi. This was a village near the Black Sea, near today's Batumi in Georgia. There should still be some ruins of a monastery. Notes in the Gospel indicate dates from ca. 965 CE on. At around this time, according to a note, the book has been rebound. The book was there until around 1300 CE.Further south, Armenia:A Greek inscription mentions the city of Tephrice or Tephrike''' (): "I, Kurines, Comes of the comandant of the city Tephrice came to the castelles and went back to the fort of the Great Martyrs(?)." Even though the content and meaning is not completely clear, the city Tephrice is clear. The town was destroyed in 873. It was on a line between today's Sivas and Malatya in Turkey/Armenia. Beermann's conclusion therefore is (p. 581) that the codex must be older than 873 CE. Beermann speculates that the "fort of the Great Martyrs" (if correctly deciphered) might have been Martyropolis, a town near the Wan Lake, near today's Batman in Turkey.
The codex is now located in Tbilisi, at the Georgian National Center of Manuscripts, Gr. 28.
See also
List of New Testament uncials
Notes
Further reading
Herman C. Hoskier, Collation of Koridethi with Scrivener's Reprint of Stephen III, Bulletin of the Bezan Club 6 (1929), pp. 31–56.
F. G. Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts (4th ed.), London 1939.
External links
R. Waltz, Codex Koridethi at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism'' (2007)
Digital Images of Codex Koridethi online at the CSNTM.
Sakartvélo, Tbilisi, National Center of Manuscripts (olim AN Inst. Kekelidze), gr. 28 Pinakes | Πίνακες, Textes et manuscrits grecs
Greek New Testament uncials
9th-century biblical manuscripts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex%20Koridethi |
Code of the West is a 1947 American Western film directed by William Berke and starring James Warren, Debra Alden, Steve Brodie and Robert Clarke. Written by Norman Houston, it is based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Zane Grey.
Plot
Two cowboys come to the aid of a rancher whose land is being threatened by an unscrupulous businessman.
Cast
James Warren as Bob Wade
Debra Alden as Ruth Stockton
John Laurenz as Chito Rafferty
Steve Brodie as Henchman Steve Saunders
Rita Lynn as Pepita
Robert Clarke as Harry Stockton
Harry Woods as Marshal Nate Hatfield
Carol Forman as Milly Saunders
Raymond Burr as Boyd Carter
Harry Harvey as Banker Henry Stockton
Phil Warren as Henchman Wes
Emmet Lynn as Doc Quinn
References
External links
1947 films
1947 Western (genre) films
Films based on works by Zane Grey
American Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by William A. Berke
RKO Pictures films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20of%20the%20West%20%281947%20film%29 |
The NBC Denis Compton Award was an annual award given to 'The Most Promising Young Player' at each of the 18 first-class counties in England and Wales. The award was made between 1996 and 2011. A player may receive the award more than once.
History
The award was born in 1996 when Neil Burns, the former Somerset wicket-keeper-batsman, and now a director of NBC Sports Management Ltd, met Denis Compton while playing for Sir Paul Getty's XI. Burns put forward his ideas for a structured programme that would see promising young English players sent for coaching in South Africa during the English winter. Compton was interested in the proposals, and after the approval of the TCCB was obtained, the first awards were made that same year.
Recipients
1996
Derbyshire – Andrew Harris
Durham – Jimmy Daley
Essex – Robert Rollins
Glamorgan – Dean Cosker
Gloucestershire – Robert Cunliffe
Hampshire – Jason Laney
Kent – Ben Phillips
Lancashire – Richard Green
Leicestershire – Iain Sutcliffe
Middlesex – Richard Johnson
Northamptonshire – David Sales
Nottinghamshire – Usman Afzaal
Somerset – Marcus Trescothick
Surrey – Ben Hollioake
Sussex – Danny Law
Warwickshire – Ashley Giles
Worcestershire – Vikram Solanki
Yorkshire – Chris Silverwood
1997
Derbyshire – Ben Spendlove
Durham – Melvyn Betts
Essex – Ashley Cowan
Glamorgan – Darren Thomas
Gloucestershire – Chris Read
Hampshire – Simon Renshaw
Kent – Ben Phillips
Lancashire – Andrew Flintoff
Leicestershire – Darren Maddy
Middlesex – Owais Shah
Northamptonshire – David Roberts
Nottinghamshire – Paul Franks
Somerset – Marcus Trescothick
Surrey – Alex Tudor
Sussex – James Kirtley
Warwickshire – Ashley Giles
Worcestershire – Reuben Spiring
Yorkshire – Paul Hutchinson
1998
Derbyshire – Kevin Dean
Durham – Steve Harmison
Essex – Stephen Peters
Glamorgan – Darren Thomas
Gloucestershire – Matt Windows
Hampshire – Alex Morris
Kent – Robert Key
Lancashire – Chris Schofield
Leicestershire – James Ormond
Middlesex – Jamie Hewitt
Northamptonshire – Graeme Swann
Nottinghamshire – Paul Franks
Somerset – Matthew Bulbeck
Surrey – Alex Tudor
Sussex – Robin Martin-Jenkins
Warwickshire – Mark Wagh
Worcestershire – Matthew Rawnsley
Yorkshire – Matthew Hoggard
1999
Derbyshire – Robin Weston
Durham – Gary Pratt
Essex – Tim Phillips
Glamorgan – Mark Wallace
Gloucestershire – Ben Gannon
Hampshire – Derek Kenway
Kent – Alex Loudon
Lancashire – Chris Schofield
Leicestershire – James Ormond
Middlesex – John Maunders
Northamptonshire – Michael Davies
Nottinghamshire – Paul Franks
Somerset – Matthew Bulbeck
Surrey – Michael Carberry
Sussex – Robin Martin-Jenkins
Warwickshire – Ian Bell
Worcestershire – Chris Liptrot
Yorkshire – Ryan Sidebottom
2000
Derbyshire – Luke Sutton
Durham – Nicky Peng
Essex – Andrew McGarry
Glamorgan – Mike Powell
Gloucestershire – Chris Taylor
Hampshire – Chris Tremlett
Kent – David Masters
Lancashire – Chris Schofield
Leicestershire – James Ormond
Middlesex – Edmund Joyce
Northamptonshire – Toby Bailey
Nottinghamshire – David Lucas
Somerset – Peter Trego
Surrey – Michael Carberry
Sussex – Robin Martin-Jenkins
Warwickshire – Ian Bell
Worcestershire – Kabir Ali
Yorkshire – Ryan Sidebottom
2001
Derbyshire – Luke Sutton
Durham – Nicky Peng
Essex – James Foster
Glamorgan – Simon Jones
Gloucestershire – Steven Pope
Hampshire – Chris Tremlett
Kent – Robert Key
Lancashire – Kyle Hogg
Leicestershire – Matthew Whiley
Middlesex – Nick Compton
Northamptonshire – Monty Panesar
Nottinghamshire – Bilal Shafayat
Somerset – Matthew Wood
Surrey – Tim Murtagh
Sussex – Matt Prior
Warwickshire – Ian Bell
Worcestershire – Kadeer Ali
Yorkshire – Richard Dawson
2002
Derbyshire – Luke Sutton
Durham – Gordon Muchall
Essex – Will Jefferson
Glamorgan – Jonathan Hughes
Gloucestershire – Alex Gidman
Hampshire – Jon Francis
Kent – Amjad Khan
Lancashire – James Anderson
Leicestershire – Luke Wright
Middlesex – Nick Compton
Northamptonshire – Robert White
Nottinghamshire – Bilal Shafayat
Somerset – Arul Suppiah
Surrey – Rikki Clarke
Sussex – Matt Prior
Warwickshire – James Troughton
Worcestershire – Kadeer Ali
Yorkshire – Tim Bresnan
2003
Derbyshire – Tom Lungley
Durham – Liam Plunkett
Essex – Alastair Cook
Glamorgan – Adam Harrison
Gloucestershire – Alex Gidman
Hampshire – James Tomlinson
Kent – James Tredwell
Lancashire – Sajid Mahmood
Leicestershire – Tom New
Middlesex – Eoin Morgan
Northamptonshire – Mark Powell
Nottinghamshire – Paul McMahon
Somerset – James Hildreth
Surrey – James Benning
Sussex – Matt Prior
Warwickshire – Graham Wagg
Worcestershire – Shaftab Khalid
Yorkshire – Tim Bresnan
2004
Derbyshire – Nick Walker
Durham – Ben Harmison
Essex – Alastair Cook
Glamorgan – David Harrison
Gloucestershire – Will Rudge
Hampshire – Mitchell Stokes
Kent – Joe Denly
Lancashire – John Simpson
Leicestershire – Tom New
Middlesex – Eoin Morgan
Northamptonshire – Graeme White
Nottinghamshire – Mark Footitt
Somerset – James Hildreth
Surrey – Jade Dernbach
Sussex – Luke Wright
Warwickshire – Moeen Ali
Worcestershire – Steven Davies
Yorkshire – Mark Lawson
2005
Derbyshire – Paul Borrington
Durham – Liam Plunkett
Essex – Alastair Cook
Glamorgan – Mike O'Shea
Gloucestershire – Steven Snell
Hampshire – Kevin Latouf
Kent – Joe Denly
Lancashire – Tom Smith
Leicestershire – Stuart Broad
Middlesex – Billy Godleman
Northamptonshire – Graeme White
Nottinghamshire – Mark Footitt
Somerset – James Hildreth
Surrey – Rory Hamilton-Brown
Sussex – Luke Wright
Warwickshire – Moeen Ali
Worcestershire – Steven Davies
Yorkshire – Greg Wood
2006
Derbyshire – Wayne White
Durham – Ben Harmison
Essex – Alastair Cook
Glamorgan – Ben Wright
Gloucestershire – Vikram Banerjee
Hampshire – Chris Benham
Kent – Joe Denly
Lancashire – Tom Smith
Leicestershire – Stuart Broad
Middlesex – Nick Compton
Northamptonshire – Mark Nelson
Nottinghamshire – Mark Footitt
Somerset – Sam Spurway
Surrey – Rory Hamilton-Brown
Sussex – Ollie Rayner
Warwickshire – Andrew Miller
Worcestershire – Steven Davies
Yorkshire – Adil Rashid
2007
Derbyshire – Paul Borrington
Durham – Graham Onions
Essex – Ravi Bopara
Glamorgan – James Harris
Gloucestershire – Matthew Gitsham
Hampshire – Liam Dawson
Kent – Joe Denly
Lancashire – Tom Smith
Leicestershire – Stuart Broad
Middlesex – Billy Godleman
Northamptonshire – Graeme White
Nottinghamshire – Samit Patel
Somerset – Craig Kieswetter
Surrey – Chris Jordan
Sussex – Luke Wright
Warwickshire – Ian Westwood
Worcestershire – Steven Davies
Yorkshire – Adil Rashid
2008
Derbyshire – John Clare
Durham – Ben Harmison
Essex – Tom Westley
Glamorgan – James Harris
Gloucestershire – William Porterfield
Hampshire – Liam Dawson
Kent – Joe Denly
Lancashire – Karl Brown
Leicestershire – Josh Cobb
Middlesex – Dawid Malan
Northamptonshire – Alex Wakely
Nottinghamshire – Alex Hales
Somerset – Craig Kieswetter
Surrey – Stuart Meaker
Sussex – Ollie Rayner
Warwickshire – Chris Woakes
Worcestershire – Steven Davies
Yorkshire – Adil Rashid
2009
Derbyshire – Dan Redfern
Durham – Scott Borthwick
Essex – Tom Westley
Glamorgan – James Harris
Gloucestershire – Ian Saxelby
Hampshire – James Vince
Kent – Sam Northeast
Lancashire – Stephen Parry
Leicestershire – James Taylor
Middlesex – Steven Finn
Northamptonshire – David Willey
Nottinghamshire – Alex Hales
Somerset – Craig Kieswetter
Surrey – Jade Dernbach
Sussex – Rory Hamilton-Brown
Warwickshire – Chris Woakes
Worcestershire – Moeen Ali
Yorkshire – Jonny Bairstow
2010
Derbyshire – Chesney Hughes
Durham – Ben Stokes
Essex – Tom Westley
Glamorgan – James Harris
Gloucestershire – David Payne
Hampshire – Danny Briggs
Kent – Sam Northeast
Lancashire – Simon Kerrigan
Leicestershire – Nathan Buck
Middlesex – Toby Roland-Jones
Northamptonshire – Rob Newton
Nottinghamshire – Alex Hales
Somerset – Jos Buttler
Surrey – Stuart Meaker
Sussex – Ben Brown
Warwickshire – Chris Woakes
Worcestershire – Alexei Kervezee
Yorkshire – Adam Lyth
2011
Derbyshire – Ross Whiteley
Durham – Ben Stokes
Essex – Reece Topley
Glamorgan – James Harris
Gloucestershire – David Payne
Hampshire – Danny Briggs
Kent – Mat Coles
Lancashire – Simon Kerrigan
Leicestershire – Nathan Buck
Middlesex – John Simpson
Northamptonshire – Alex Wakely
Nottinghamshire – Alex Hales
Somerset – Jos Buttler
Surrey – Tom Maynard
Sussex – Luke Wells
Warwickshire – Chris Woakes
Worcestershire – Alexei Kervezee
Yorkshire – Jonny Bairstow
Source: ESPNcricinfo.
References
External links
NBC Sports Management Ltd
Cricket awards and rankings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC%20Denis%20Compton%20Award |
William Frederick Bates (born June 6, 1961) is an American former professional football player who spent his entire 15-year career as a safety for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). A fan favorite, he was a Pro Bowl selection in 1984, played in Super Bowl XXVIII and Super Bowl XXX, and was on the Cowboys' roster for Super Bowl XXVII. He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers.
Early years
Bates attended Farragut High School in Farragut, Tennessee, where he played under rising head coach Ken Sparks. He recorded over 1,000 return yards, 14 interceptions, and nearly 200 tackles during his high school career where he was known for his hard hitting tackles.
He helped lead the Admirals to the state semi-finals in 1978, in which the Admirals lost to Red Bank by one point. He was all-state in football and basketball his senior year. He also practiced track and field. He was considered the 4th best high school recruit in the state in football.
College career
Bates played college football at the University of Tennessee from 1979 through the 1982 season, where he was a four-year starter, the first two at free safety and the last two at strong safety. As a freshman in 1979, he registered 55 tackles (35 solo), 3 sacks, an interception, and 2 fumble recoveries. In 1980, he had 43 tackles (24 solo), including 3 tackles for a loss, to go along with an interception and 2 fumble recoveries. In 1981, he tallied 71 tackles (48 solo) and a team-leading 4 interceptions. During his senior year in 1982, he registered 86 tackles (61 solo), including 2 tackles for a loss, and 3 interceptions.
On October 20, 1979, Bates recorded 8 tackles, a sack, and 2 fumble recoveries against Alabama, who were ranked number one and would go on to win the national championship that year. At the end of 1979 he was honored by being named to the Freshman All-American team. He also won the team's "hardest hitter" award on several occasions throughout his career. He was named second-team All-SEC as a junior and senior.
During Tennessee's 16–15 loss to eventual national champion Georgia on September 6, 1980, Georgia running back Herschel Walker and Bates met on the 5-yard line in a play that still lives in many college football highlights. Walker ran over Bates to score the first touchdown of his college career. The two would later become teammates for several seasons with the Dallas Cowboys.
In 2021, he was inducted into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Bates went undrafted in the 1983 NFL Draft after he ran the 40-yard dash in a disappointing 4.8 seconds during the NFL Scouting Combine. He was selected by the New Jersey Generals in the 1983 USFL Territorial Draft, but he decided to sign as an undrafted free agent with the Dallas Cowboys, which had been his favorite team growing up. He was a long shot to make the team but he earned a roster spot. From the start he excelled on special teams, being named NFL special teams player of the year and to the NFL All-rookie team. He started in the regular-season against the Seattle Seahawks in the playoffs against the Los Angeles Rams at strong safety, replacing an injured Dextor Clinkscale. He also played as a linebacker in the Cowboys' "4-0" pass defense, posting 84 tackles (seventh on the team), one interception, 4 passes defensed, 4 sacks, one forced fumble and 2 fumble recoveries.
In 1984, he missed 4 games after being placed on the injured reserve list, because of a preseason injury suffered against the Green Bay Packers. He was named the team's special teams captain. He started against the Indianapolis Colts at strong safety, making a team-high 7 tackles, one sack, one interception, one pass defensed and one fumble recovery. He started against the Washington Redskins at outside linebacker. He led the team with 10 defensive tackles in the season finale against the Miami Dolphins. He played as a linebacker in the team's "4-0" pass defense. He posted 52 defensive tackles, one interception and one fumble recovery. He set a club record for defensive backs with 5 sacks. He was selected to the Pro Bowl in just his second year, after influencing the NFL to create a first-time roster spot for special teams players that were non-returners, making Bates the first such player to receive that honor. He was named All-Pro and NFL special teams player of the year.
In 1985, he was used as a punt returner out of necessity, registering 22 returns for 152 yards (6.9-yard avg.). He also had 51 defensive tackles, 4 interceptions and one sack. He started 2 games at strong safety.
In 1986, he became a starter at strong safety and remained there until 1988, after which he was used only in the Nickel defense packages. At the end of the 1989 season, Jimmy Johnson informed Bates that he was going to be left unprotected on the team’s Plan B free agency list. Although the Minnesota Vikings were interested in him, just before the deadline, the Cowboys decided to protect him.
In 1989, he was the leader in special teams tackles with 19. The next year, he led the team again with 23 tackles, becoming the first player in franchise history to do it in consecutive years.
Bates received the team’s Bob Lilly Award four consecutive seasons from 1990 to 1994. This award is selected by a vote of the fans and annually goes to the Cowboy player who displays leadership and character on and off the field. In 1992, he suffered a season-ending knee injury. After the 1993 season, he was selected by his teammates to receive the Ed Block Courage Award for successfully overcoming his injury and leading the team in special teams tackles (25).
Upon his retirement after the 1997 season, he was considered one of the most beloved Cowboys of all time. Over his 15-year career, he had 14 interceptions and 122 return yards.
Bates earned three Super Bowl rings with the Cowboys, playing in Super Bowl XXVIII and Super Bowl XXX. He was on injured reserve during the 1992 season, when the Cowboys played in Super Bowl XXVII, due to a knee injury.
Tom Landry once said, “If we had 11 players on the field who played as hard as Bill Bates does and did their homework like he does, we’d be almost impossible to beat”. He described Bates (Real Kill) and Cliff Harris (Captain Crash) as "the hardest hitters I ever saw." Referring to Bates' reputation as a hard hitter, John Madden stated, "Every game starts with a kick. With Bill Bates on the field, every game begins with a bang!"
Personal life
After his retirement as a player following the 1997 season, Bill was an assistant coach for the Cowboys for five years under head coaches Chan Gailey and Dave Campo. In 2003, Bill spent a year as special teams coach under head coach and former Cowboy linebacker Jack Del Rio. Beginning in 2004, he coached football at his sons' high schools, Nease High School and Ponte Vedra High School in Ponte Vedra Beach, FL.
In 2005, Bates was inducted into the Greater Knoxville Sports Hall of Fame. He was also named to the 100 Year All Tennessee Team. In 2011, Bates was awarded the Tom Landry Legend Award.
Autobiography
Shoot for the Star (1994), co-authored with Bill Butterworth.
References
External links
A Special Teamer Big Hits Have Made Bill Bates a Big Hit With The Cowboy Faithful
Ranking Best Cowboys Safeties In Franchise History
Bill Bates was the ultimate free agent for Cowboys
Dallas Cowboys' Draft Dodgers: Team's All-Time Top 10 Undrafted Players
1961 births
Living people
People from Farragut, Tennessee
Players of American football from Knoxville, Tennessee
American members of the Churches of Christ
American football safeties
Dallas Cowboys players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Jacksonville Jaguars coaches
High school football coaches in Florida
American motivational speakers
Farragut High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Bates |
Thomas Ray Barnhardt (born June 11, 1963) is a former American football punter in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of North Carolina and was selected in the ninth round (223rd overall) of the 1986 NFL Draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
References
External links
Career statistics
1963 births
Living people
American football punters
North Carolina Tar Heels football players
Chicago Bears players
New Orleans Saints players
Washington Redskins players
Carolina Panthers players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
People from China Grove, North Carolina
Players of American football from Rowan County, North Carolina
National Football League replacement players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Barnhardt |
The Reno Silver Sox were a professional baseball team based in Reno, Nevada, in the United States. They were a member of the North Division of the independent Golden Baseball League, which is not affiliated with either Major League Baseball or Minor League Baseball. From 2006 to 2008, they played their home games at William Peccole Park, on the campus of the University of Nevada, Reno.
The team was the descendant of the original Reno Silver Sox minor league baseball team that played with three leagues from 1947 to 1992.
History of the Silver Sox name
For obvious reasons, the name Silver Sox is derived from the nickname of Nevada, the "Silver State". Like MLB's Boston Red Sox and Chicago White Sox, the team has a sock as its logo.
Sunset League/Far West League (1948–1951)
Before they became a part of the GBL, the Silver Sox actually began their legacy as a member of the class-C Sunset League in 1947. They won the league championship in 1948. The team would be downgraded to the Class-D Far West League in 1950 and would play there until 1951 in an overall shoddily run league that would acquire the nickname the Far Worst League before it folded.
California League (1955–1992)
The second incarnation were a member of the single-A California League starting in 1947 as the Ventura Yankees and remained so until 1949. They changed their names several times starting with the Ventura Braves in 1950-52, the Ventura Oilers in 1953, the Channel Cities Oilers in 1954-55, then moved to Reno during 1955 season becoming the Reno Oilers in 1955 and finally became the Reno Silver Sox during that 1955 season. The team won the CL Championship on four occasions before folding in the 1970s. They won the league championship in 1960, 1961, 1975 and 1976 and were listed #55 among MinorLeagueBaseball.com's 100 Best Minor League Baseball Teams. They were a class-C (equivalent to today's single-A) affiliate of the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers.
The third version was another California League team that was an affiliate of the San Diego Padres from 1977 to 1987, then was unaffiliated from 1988 to their final season in 1992. They joined the league as the "new" Silver Sox then changed their name to the Reno Padres in 1982, then back to the Silver Sox when they were dropped as Padres affiliate in 1988. The team made the playoffs on two occasions, losing the CL Championship series in 1987.
Golden Baseball League franchise history
Beginning, Championship & End
The fourth, and current, Silver Sox franchise started as the Mesa Miners in 2005. They played their home games at HoHoKam Park in Mesa, Arizona. They were one of the original eight GBL charter teams along with the Chico Outlaws, Fullerton Flyers, Long Beach Armada and San Diego Surf Dawgs in California; Surprise Fightin' Falcons and Yuma Scorpions in Arizona and the traveling Japan Samurai Bears that began play in May 2005.
In their only year of play in Mesa, the team won the first ever GBL Arizona Division title and played in the Championship Game against the Surf Dawgs. Unfortunately, the Miners had the league's worst overall attendance, and was dropped from the GBL in November 2005. The league also dropped Surprise largely due to not having another team in central Arizona and to give the league an even number of six teams instead of seven. The low attendance numbers both teams received were due largely to the fact that many of their home games were played in the scorching night-time heat of central Arizona.
The GBL has said publicly that they would reconsider the Arizona market (Mesa and Surprise) if the league, the city of Mesa and the concessionaire at HoHoKam Park could agree on a revenue sharing agreement for concessions sales. In 2005 the Miners received none of the sales proceeds from their own games. The Miners were the only team in the league without revenue sharing on concessions.
Much of the Miners' roster and coaching staff were carried over to the league's new Reno Silver Sox team in 2006. Playing at Peccole Park on the University of Nevada campus, the Silver Sox were instrumental in helping the college improve the facility and partnered in adding lights and an artificial all-weather turf field. While much better than the old and run-down Moana Field which housed the former professional Silver Sox, the University stadium still had much to be desired with its inadequate home locker rooms, no visitor locker rooms, and poorly thought out seating design that forced fans to go behind the bleachers to move through the ballpark The Silver Sox opened their inaugural campaign in Reno by winning the 2006 GBL Championship defeating the Fullerton Flyers 3-1 in the championship series. Les Lancaster was named the GBL Manager of the Year for the 2006 season., while the MVP of the team was catcher Marcus Jensen a former major leaguer and member of the 2000 U.S. Olympic Gold medal team. Solid attendance accompanied the championship team with sellout crowds on many occasions, including the series where Jose Canseco came in as a member of Long Beach Armada and appeared at one game and then faked a back injury to skip the next two games so he could stay up all night playing poker at the Grand Sierra Resort. The team sold an independent league record nine players to major league organizations during 2006 and still managed to reload and win the title.
After a disappointing 2007 season when the Sox finished 9 games under .500, Lancester left the team and would be replaced by former San Francisco Giants star Jeffrey Leonard in 2008. They finished the season with an even more disappointing 30-58 record under Leonard. Midway through the season as it became apparent that the Triple-A Pacific Coast League would be re-locating to Reno, the Silver Sox had diminished fan and sponsor support and even saw some of the front office management start to lobby for and then moonlight with the AAA team.
The End of the Reno era
With the pending arrival of the Pacific Coast League's Reno Aces, the Silver Sox were forced out and the search began for a new home ballpark and new owners. There were rumors about the team possibly moving south to Carson City, Nevada, but there was no suitable ballpark to host the team or any interested investors who would bring the team there, so as a result, the franchise was sold to Tucson Baseball LLC and renamed the Tucson Toros, who (like the original Reno Silver Sox) were named after a former minor league team. The identity and history of the GBL Silver Sox remain the property of the league for a future expansion franchise.
Arizona Winter League version
In 2009, the Silver Sox name, uniforms and caps became used by the Arizona Winter League's newest team, the Saskatchewan Silver Sox, who play their home games at Desert Sun Stadium in Yuma, Arizona, the AWL's home base and home stadium of the Yuma Scorpions. Supported by throngs of Saskatchewan residents wintering in Arizona, the dedicated fans who attended the team's games did catch the attention of GBL commissioner Kevin Outcalt. He said, "The Silver Sox are also a bit of a nod by the Golden League that we'd love to be up in Saskatchewan, too, in Saskatoon or in Regina or Moose Jaw, if we had the right ownership group and ballpark."
The Saskatchewan Silver Sox were immensely popular in Arizona and followed by the Saskatoon media and fans from Canada as well. The alliterative allure of the name and the fact that there are significant silver deposits on the Saskatchewan/Manitoba Flin Flon border beneath the Canadian Shield could result in another resurrection of this storied baseball team name in the near future as the GBL continues to expand across Canada.
Season-by-season records
California League
see Reno Silver Sox (minor league version)
Golden Baseball League
1
See also
Reno Silver Sox (original minor league team)
Mesa Miners
Reno Aces
Saskatchewan Silver Sox (AWL team)
References
External links
Golden Baseball League website
Ballpark Watch - New in 2006: Reno Silver Sox
Reno Silver Sox California League statistics and records at The Baseball Cube (1978-1992)
Reno Silver Sox Golden League statistics and records at The Baseball Cube (2006-2007)
Sports in Reno, Nevada
Los Angeles Dodgers minor league affiliates
Professional baseball teams in Nevada
2006 establishments in Nevada
Baseball teams established in 2006
2008 disestablishments in Nevada
Baseball teams disestablished in 2008
Defunct Golden Baseball League teams
Defunct baseball teams in Nevada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno%20Silver%20Sox%20%28Golden%20Baseball%20League%29 |
William Peccole Park is a stadium in Reno, Nevada. It is primarily used for baseball, and is the home field of the University of Nevada, Reno Wolf Pack baseball team. It opened in 1988. It holds 3,000 people. It played host to the Reno Silver Sox professional baseball team of the independent Golden Baseball League from 2006 to 2008.
See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
References
1988 establishments in Nevada
College baseball venues in the United States
Sports venues completed in 1988
Sports venues in Reno, Nevada
Minor league baseball venues
Nevada Wolf Pack baseball
Nevada Wolf Pack sports venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Peccole%20Park |
Nick Brune (born 29 March 1952), is a Canadian educator, historian, and author.
Life
Born in London, England, he received bachelor's degree and a master's degree in honours history and political science from the University of Toronto.
Brune began his teaching career in Lausanne, Switzerland but has taught most of his career in Halton County.
He currently teaches history and civics at Iroquois Ridge High School, Oakville, Ontario, Canada.
Brune is currently the president of the non-profit educational foundation, the Civics Channel, dedicated to research, teaching and learning in the areas of citizenship and society, politics, human rights, and the justice system.
Publications
Brune has co-authored more than half a dozen history and civics textbooks, beginning with Canada: A North American Nation (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1989) and most recently Defining Canada: History, Identity, and Culture (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2003). He is co-author and producer of the Civics Canada Online Textbook, as well as its print version, Civics Canada ().
In addition, he has produced learning resources for a variety of different organizations. He helped found and was the Educational Writer for the award-winning CBC-TV News in Review for its first six years of existence. He has written a number of resources for The Dominion Institute (Our Heroes, The Memory Project, Passages to Canada, and The Democracy Project. For the Hong Kong Commemorative Veterans Association, he wrote Canada in Hong Kong, 1941–1945, The Forgotten Heroes. Working with ALPHA, he co-authored a learning resource that examines human rights abuses in China, 1931–1945.
Brune has given presentations in Canada (Victoria, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax) and beyond (Birmingham, UK, Seoul, South Korea, and Shanghai, China). His themes have included historical as well as pedagogical topics.
Awards
Nick Brune has received the Marshall McLuhan Distinguished Teacher Award (1992) and the Governor General's Award for Excellence in Teaching Canadian History (2002).
He is also co-author and producer of History of Canada Online (HCO), as well as its textbook version, Canada: Our Story, Our People. .
References
External links
Nick Brune Home Pages
The Civics Channel The Civics Channel
20th-century Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Historians of Canada
University of Toronto alumni
People from Oakville, Ontario
1952 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Brune |
Docs may refer to:
Department of Community Services
Display Operator Console System, DOCS (software) package
Docs.com
Colloquial term for Dr. Martens footwear.
Google Docs
See also
DOC (disambiguation)
Dock (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docs |
Sir Ivor Algernon Atkins (29 November 1869 – 26 November 1953) was the choirmaster and organist at Worcester Cathedral from 1897 to 1950, as well as a composer of songs, church music, service settings and anthems. He is best known for editing Allegri's Miserere with the famous top-C part for the treble. He is also well known for "The Three Kings", an arrangement of a song by Peter Cornelius as a choral work for Epiphany.
Born into a Welsh musical family at Llandaff, Atkins graduated with a bachelor of music degree from The Queen's College, Oxford in 1892, and subsequently obtained a Doctorate in Music (Oxford). He was assistant organist of Hereford Cathedral (1890-1893) and organist of St Laurence Church, Ludlow from 1893 to 1897. He directed the triennial Three Choirs Festival from his appointment at Worcester in 1897 through until 1948 (acting as conductor for 12 of them), and he succeeded in the difficult task of reviving the Festival in 1920 after a suspension of six years.
With his friend Edward Elgar he prepared what quickly became the standard edition of Bach's St. Matthew Passion. In 1904 Elgar dedicated the third of his Pomp and Circumstance Marches to him. Atkins also collaborated with Elgar on the cantata Hymn of Faith, which Atkins composed for the 1905 Three Choirs Festival in Worcester. Elgar prepared the text for him from the scriptures and took a great interest in its composition. It was revived in October 1995 at Worcester Cathedral and played by the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra and the Worcester Festival Choral Society, conducted by Donald Hunt. A BBC recording exists. And it was Atkins who later suggested that Elgar's Severn Suite—produced in 1930 as a brass band competition piece, and arranged for orchestra in 1932—should be transcribed for organ; Elgar suggested that Atkins do the arrangement himself. The resulting work—on which Elgar and Atkins worked together—was completed in 1932 and published as Elgar's 'Second Organ Sonata'.
Other compositions included a Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in G (which has been recorded by the Choir of Worcester Cathedral), the anthem If Ye then be Risen with Christ (published Novello, 1904), the Chorale Prelude on the tune 'Worcester''' (published 1924) and songs such as The Shepherdess, The Years at the Spring, and Elleen, in Victorian ballad style. He was knighted in 1921 for services to music and was President of the Royal College of Organists from 1935 to 1936.
Atkins married Katherine Butler in 1899. Katherine became Mayor of Worcester in 1937. She died in 1954. Their ashes were interred in Worcester Cathedral. Their son, Edward Wulstan Ivor Atkins (1904-2003) was an engineer and writer. He was Elgar's godson and wrote The Elgar/Atkins Friendship'' in 1984. Ivor Atkins’ students included composer Florence Margaret Spencer Palmer and the blind pianist and composer Alec Templeton.
References
External links
National Portrait Gallery
Worcester Chorale Prelude, performed by Peter Dyke, Lammas Records (2007)
1869 births
1953 deaths
Welsh classical organists
British male organists
Cathedral organists
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Knights Bachelor
Conductors (music) awarded knighthoods
Musicians awarded knighthoods
People from Llandaff
Male classical organists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor%20Atkins |
The Breathtaking Blue is the third album by German synth-pop band Alphaville, released in April 1989. A companion video, Songlines, was released in September 1989. The CD release of this album was one of the first commercial CD+G format discs. Alphaville released three singles from the album, "Romeos", "Summer Rain" and "Mysteries of Love", the first of which charted internationally.
A remastered and re-released version of the album, on both CD and vinyl, was released on 7 May 2021.
Album production
Production of the album was difficult, singer Marian Gold would later say "the production saw Alphaville in the horrors of permanent crisis. There was an ongoing war between [the band]. ... The furious guitar shrieks during the intro [of lead-off single "Romeos"] being a true indication of the real spirit of the production," and that "'The Breathtaking Blue' was our 'I don't give a shit' album, a self-indulgent arrogant blind shot over the shoulder into the future with our backs to the audience."
The album was re-released on 7 May 2021, and included remastered b-sides, demos, and a DVD with the original CD+G graphics package as well as the video collection Songlines, which had not been available since its original release in 1989. The release was overseen by original band members Gold and Bernhard Lloyd, and was remastered by Lloyd and Stefan Betke.
Album cover
The cover of the album is a composite of two works: the first being The Tower of Babel by Pieter Bruegel; the second being the blue sun. The face in the blue sun is credited to Michelangelo, from a sibyl on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. The halo of sunrays is of unknown origin. The year '1989' (the year the album was released) is displayed in Roman numerals across the bottom of the cover. The back cover has a drawing of Pharaoh Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti.
Reception
Evan Cater, writing for AllMusic, called the album "somewhat disappointing" compared to their previous releases, and notes that "the production, by Klaus Schulze and Alphaville ... is met with mixed success." In particular the reviewer found that the songs suffered due to the band's "experiments with a somewhat richer instrumentation, adding strings, saxophone, trumpet, double bass, electric and even acoustic guitars." Cater did like some of the individual tracks on the album, calling "Heaven or Hell" "one of the album's more interesting efforts", and "For a Million" "as genuine as the band gets." Graeme Kay, writing for Q Magazine, was more positive, calling the album "a highly polished cluster of glimmering technopop" and saying that "the overall effect is accessible and often breathtaking."
Track listing
Original 1989 release
Many of the album's tracks would find their way, in remixed, instrumental or demo form, to 1999's album Dreamscapes.
2021 Remaster
Personnel
Guitars: Blacky Schwarz Ruszczynski, Micael Ryan, Eff Jott Krueger, Manuel Goettsching
Backing vocals: Miriam Stockley, Mae McKenna, Patti Calore, The Lunapark Office Choir, Gabi Becker
String arrangement: Rainer Bloss, Klaus Schulze
Crescendo guitar: Kenneth Ward
Saxophones: Thomas Keller, Friedemann Graef
Drums, additional percussion: Hansi Behrendt
Double bass: Ernst Deuker
Vocoder voices: Julie Ocean
Trumpet: Michael Junker
String and brass arrangement: Rainer Bloss
Musicians Hansi Behrendt, Eff Jott Krueger and Ernst Deuker, who helped with some of the songs on this album, were themselves from the German band Ideal. Gabi Becker recorded with Alphaville again on 2003's CrazyShow.
Charts
References
1989 albums
Alphaville (band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Breathtaking%20Blue |
Jet Set Records is a French record label owned by Enzo Hamilton, which specialized in Jamaican music reissues. It was most active in the 1990s.
Apart from artists' compilations they also focused on record producer works with albums on Leslie Kong, Phil Pratt and Derrick Harriott. Jet Set is particularly noted for its series of CD reissues of original ska and rocksteady LPs from Duke Reid's Treasure Isle label. These were co-ordinated by label manager Patrick Ungur in Paris, and featured the original Jamaican sleeve artwork and graphics
by label's art director Yves Loffredo, with new liner notes by English music journalist Mike Atherton.
Enzo Hamilton had previously worked with UK r&b and soul reissue label Charly Records, and had his own Culture Press label, based in Marlow, Buckinghamshire, before moving to Paris and establishing Lagoon Records, the predecessor of Jet Set.
Discography
Desmond Dekker - Action (1967-1968)
Various Artists - Best Of Sun Shot Volume 1 (1971-1975)
Various Artists - Come Rock With Me In Jamaica: Rock Steady Soul (1968)
Various Artists - Easy Rocksteady Of 1969: Jamaican Hits Go Stereo
The Gaylads - Fire & Rain (1970-1971) - 1999
Ken Boothe - Freedom Street (1970)
Various Artists - Gay Jamaica Independence Time (1970)
Various Artists - Greater Jamaica: Moon Walk Reggay (1966-1970)
Don Drummond - Greatest Hits: Greatest Trombone Player
Various Artists - Greatest Jamaican Beat: Rock Steady Baba Boom Time
Various Artists - Heavy Reggae 1971-1972: Best Of Sioux Label
Desmond Dekker - Intensified (1967-1968)
Don Drummond - Jazz Ska Attack (1964)
Various Artists - Latin Goes Ska (1963-1964)
Various Artists - Leslie Kong's Connection Volume 1 (1969-1971)
Various Artists - Leslie Kong's Connection Volume 2 (1969-1971)
King Sighta - Master Of All (1976) - 1999
The Paragons - On The Beach
Various Artists - Raw Roots Volume 1 (1970-1975) - 1998
Various Artists - Raw Roots Volume 2 (1971-1978)
Rico - Rico's Message: Jamaican Jazz
Various Artists - Rock Steady Beat: Treasure Isle's Greatest Hits (1966-1968)
Various Artists - Soul For Sale: Regay Rock Steady Music (1968-1969)
Toots & the Maytals - Sweet & Dandy
The Skatalites - The Skatalite (1964-1966)
U Roy - Version Galore (1970)
See also
List of record labels
French record labels
Reggae record labels
Reissue record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet%20Set%20Records |
Digimon World DS, known in Japan as , is a role-playing video game for the Nintendo DS developed by BEC and published by Bandai Namco Games. The game was released in Japan on June 15, 2006, and in North America later that year on November 7. Despite its localized title, the game shares no relation to the separate Digimon World series.
The Digimon Story series has spawned several sequels; including Digimon World Dawn and Dusk, Digimon Story Lost Evolution, Digimon Story: Super Xros Wars Red and Blue, Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth and Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth – Hacker's Memory.
Gameplay
In the game, the player controls a Digimon tamer and embarks on a journey to discover, tame, raise, train various Digimon. The player can build Digi-Farms to raise, evolve and communicate with the Digimon. Using Wi-Fi and local DS wireless connection, players can interact by exchanging Digimon, engaging in battles, and pooling resources to create rare types of Digimon.
Plot
The game's plot features characters and settings loosely based on the Digimon Data Squad anime series (known as Digimon Savers in Japan). The story sees player character transported to the Digital World, where he or she raises and befriends Digimon and fights an evil entity calling himself "Unknown-D".
Reception
Famitsu gave the game a relatively positive score of 30/40, receiving cross review scores of 8, 7, 8, and 7, respectively, as well as earning a "must buy" recommendation for the month. It also appeared in Famitsu's list of 100 best selling Nintendo DS games in their December 2006 issue, ranking in at number 33, with 213,770 copies sold.
Reviews in English-speaking countries for Digimon World DS have generally been favorable, averaging at a 72% on GameRankings.
IGN reviewer Jack DeVries claims that "...despite its derivative nature and somewhat mediocre elements, it's still a lot of fun..." and recommends the game "...for players that are dying to get their monster battling RPG fix", also meriting it for its humorous scriptwriting and unique method of collecting Digimon, giving it a final score of 7.5/10. GamePro gives the game a 3.75/5, saying "old Digimon fans will absolutely love this game; it's a repackaging of the older Digimons, but with much more to do." Game Vortex has given the strongest review of 83%, saying that it's "great for Digimon fans."
References
External links
Official site
2006 video games
Bandai Namco games
World DS
Multiplayer online games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection games
Role-playing video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with isometric graphics
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digimon%20World%20DS |
Potter County Memorial Stadium is a baseball-only stadium in Amarillo, Texas. It was most recently home to the Texas AirHogs, a professional baseball team and member of the American Association, and the West Texas A&M Buffaloes baseball team, which is a member of the Division II Lone Star Conference. It was home to the Amarillo Dillas of United League Baseball until 2010. It broke ground in 1948, and opened in 1949. It is nicknamed Dilla Villa, dating back prior to Amarillo National Bank's purchase of naming rights when the Dillas made their first appearance in Amarillo in 1994.
Following the 2016 season it was announced the AirHogs would not be returning to Amarillo citing "deplorable" field conditions.
Pre-Dilla era
The Potter County Memorial Stadium was home to several minor league baseball clubs before hosting the modern Amarillo Dillas squad. In PCMS's first season to host baseball, the Amarillo Gold Sox were in business. The Gold Sox would spend 1959–1965 and 1976–1982 hosting AA professional baseball in the Texas League. The Gold Sox had also played in Class A and B leagues in 1955–1958.
Stadium features
There are several features of the Amarillo National Bank Dilla Villa that are architecturally unique. The stadium however is one of the few classic stadiums left from the older baseball era and unfortunately is dealing with its share of difficulties.
Seating
The Amarillo National Dilla Villa seats 8,500 people, with three levels of seating. It features 17 field level box seat sections. Situated just above the box seats, are the club level seats. These seats range from sections A to M, and house the better majority of the stadiums seats. The stadium features two general admission bleacher sections on the first and third base sides. Directly behind home plate in the upper level are 4 levels of luxury boxes used for groups and parties. On either side of the home plate luxury boxes are sections of the blue fold down seats, the only covered seats that are fold down. Aside from the main grandstand, metal bleachers and box seats sit further down the third base line, and a party deck further down the first base line.
Concourse
The Dilla Villa houses one of the few non-major league stadiums in the country to have an upper and lower level concourse. The lower level concourse is the major one, leading to the main grandstand. It also houses 5 concession stands, 2 bars, and a souvenir shop. The upper level concourse is only accessible from the upper level, or from two staircases at the front of the ballpark. The concourse houses a beer stand, a concession stand, and the stadiums' bathrooms. No smoking is allowed in the ballpark, but there is a designated section behind the metal bleachers along the third base line.
Problems
The Potter County Memorial Stadium underwent a major renovation in the winter of 2005, replacing many of the badly needed renovations. The Central League's Dillas left behind many problems that the United League's Dillas successfully tackled. Numerous seats in the stands were broken, cracked, or were stolen. Bleachers in the upper section had been separated and the paint was chipped. The grass was in poor shape, and the field itself was in bad shape. The backstop behind home plate was wooden, and was also rotting, and there were also numerous holes in the nets. Despite easily redoing these problems for the United League team, problems have begun to plague the Dillas.
Scoreboard
The Dillas were left with a barely active, older electronic scoreboard, which was in use back in the early 1990s. They made do with the scoreboard until the 2007 season, in which they bought a smaller, standard scoreboard just displaying score, inning, and strike-ball-out counts. Before the 2008 season began, a circuit board was stolen out of the scoreboard, which made it inoperable. The manufacturer would not sell the Dillas a new one because the scoreboard had never been paid for. Nonpayment of the scoreboard was due to the bankruptcy of the ULB's President Bradley Wendt.
Electricity
Several problems have existed with the field lighting fixtures and the concourse lighting at the Dilla Villa. Problems became apparent after a game between the Dillas and the Coyotes was cancelled after hurricane-like weather blew in. That night, two of the transformers powering the Dilla Villa exploded. Afterwards, three subsequent games were cancelled due to light failures at the stadium.
New stadium
Rumors of a new ballpark being built along the Interstate 27 and Hollywood Road parts of Amarillo have been spurred by the serious advancement in the revitalization of downtown Amarillo, Texas. Several case studies were conducted on whether or not a new ballpark would be feasible in downtown Amarillo. The study revealed that a multipurpose event venue such as a ballpark would be a feasible investment. Some rendering of a possible downtown set-up have shown a ballpark just south of the Amarillo Civic Center at 8th Avenue and Buchanan St. A ballpark, along with many other projects, have become serious discussion and construction could take place as soon as 2016.
Questionable future
In May 2015, a non-binding referendum was voted on for funding a new baseball stadium, with a margin of 52-48% voting "yes".After the Airhogs departure in 2016, Amarillo was left without a professional baseball team. However, on June 21, 2017, Elsinore Sports Group announced that the San Antonio Missions would be moving to Amarillo as the Colorado Springs Sky Sox were moving to San Antonio, with an understanding that a new stadium would be built. Shortly after the announcement, San Jacinto, a local private school signed a five-year lease to play at the stadium. In February 2018, the new stadium broke ground in downtown Amarillo on the property formerly occupied by Coca-Cola. On May 30, 2018, it was announced that the franchise would be named the Amarillo Sod Poodles. In January 2019, it was announced that the Sod Poodles would begin play at Hodgetown on April 8, 2019 against the Midland RockHounds. As of March 2019, no future plans have been made regarding Potter County Memorial Stadium beyond 2022.
In March 2023 Potter County and Tri-State fair officials that Potter County Memorial Stadium would be demolished by September 2023 just in time for the tri state fair to begin.
References
External links
Photos and Review from BallparkReviews.com
Minor league baseball venues
Buildings and structures in Amarillo, Texas
Sports in Amarillo, Texas
Baseball venues in Texas
1949 establishments in Texas
Sports venues completed in 1949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter%20County%20Memorial%20Stadium |
Schalkwijk () is a small village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It consists of a small village centre on the railway line between Utrecht and 's-Hertogenbosch and a 5 km long ribbon of farms along the small channel Schalkwijksche Wetering.
The statistical district of Schalkwijk had a population of about 1650 in 2004.
History
According to the 19th century historian A.J. van der Aa, Schalkwijk was a heerlijkheid owned by the lords of Culemborg. In 1523, the dike of the Lek river at Schalkwijk broke, and the village was severely damaged by the flooding.
When the current municipal system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1812, Schalkwijk and Tull en 't Waal merged to become a single municipality called Schalkwijk. In 1818, Tull en 't Waal became independent again, and Schalkwijk was a separate municipality until it merged with Houten on 1 January 1962.
The municipality of Schalkwijk included the village of Schalkwijk itself and the surrounding former hamlets Rietveld, Blokhoven, and Pothuizen. Its area was . Most of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic, and went to church in the St. Michael's Church in the village centre.
When the railway line between Utrecht and 's-Hertogenbosch opened in 1868, a station was opened in Schalkwijk, but it was closed in 1935.
Born in Schalkwijk
Ruud Kuijer (b. 1959), sculptor
References
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
Houten | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalkwijk%2C%20Utrecht |
John Shiwak (1889 – November 21, 1917) was a Newfoundland sniper during the First World War. He was a member of the Newfoundland Regiment and noted as one of the best snipers in the British forces during the war.
Shiwak, an Inuk, lived at Cul-de-Sac, a small community near his birthplace of Rigolet, at the entrance to Lake Melville. According to family lore, the family name was changed from Sikoak, an Inuit word meaning newly formed ice, by Harry Paddon of the Grenfell Mission to Shiwak. He was a hunter in the far interior of Labrador and also of the Labrador Sea near his hometown, where he learned to handle a rifle.
Shiwak had joined the Legion of Frontiersmen, a paramilitary organization that had been founded in Great Britain in 1905 and had set up operations in Newfoundland in 1911. In 1915 Shiwak left Rigolet for St. John's and enlisted in the Newfoundland Regiment on July 24. During his time in the war his superiors recognised his abilities as a sharp shooter and, on April 16, 1917, he was promoted to Lance Corporal. On November 21, 1917, he and six fellow soldiers were killed by a shell at Masnières.
Capt R.H. Tait provided the following details about John Shiwak's death in a letter written on February 12, 1918 : "I was present on the morning of Nov. 21st when the above NCO was killed. We had taken part of the village (Masnières) in the attack on the 20th, and remained in our consolidated positions on that night. The next day we were ordered to take up a position on the other end of the village and act as counter attacking battalion if required. We assembled in the Sucrerie and, having formed up, along the canal bank toward another sugar factory where Batt’n HQ was to be located. The enemy at the time were shelling the bank and one shell burst right in the middle of our column and killed seven, amongst whom was L/C Shiwak, and wounded about ten others. Shiwak was buried that afternoon in the village of Masnières and close to the spot where he fell. His loss was keenly felt by the whole Regiment as he was a great favourite with all ranks, an excellent scout and observer, and a thoroughly good and reliable fellow in every way. Shiwak will long be remembered by all who knew him."
In 2014, a new residential wing at Memorial University of Newfoundland was named Shiwak Hall in his honour.
On June 30, 2023, a commemorative plaque honoring Shiwak was unveiled in Masnières, France.
See also
List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
References and notes
External links
The Inuk Sniper : John Shiwak of Labrador was a top marksman in WWI (Up Here Magazine)
John Shiwak, Inuk War Hero
Inuk L/Cpl John Shiwak
Eskimo Hero from Labrador dies in War (Montreal Daily Star 1918-04-26)
John Shiwak Royal Newfoundland Regiment
Indian and Northern Affairs mention of John Shiwak
Inuk WWI veteran remembered as regiment's best sharpshooter
John Shiwak - An Inuit Frontiersman by Dean Bruckshaw, Historian & Archivist (Canada), Legion of Frontiersmen (Countess Mountbatten's Own)
Photo of John Shiwak
Lance Corporal John Shiwak from the "Canadian Great War Project"
1889 births
1917 deaths
Inuit from Newfoundland and Labrador
Legion of Frontiersmen members
People from Labrador
Newfoundland military personnel of World War I
Newfoundland military personnel killed in World War I
Royal Newfoundland Regiment soldiers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Shiwak |
Red Cavalry or Konarmiya () is a collection of short stories by Russian author Isaac Babel about the 1st Cavalry Army. The stories take place during the Polish–Soviet War and are based on Babel's diary, which he maintained when he was a journalist assigned to the Semyon Budyonny's First Cavalry Army.
First published in the 1920s, the book was one of the Russian people's first literary exposures to the dark, bitter reality of the war. During the 1920s, writers of fiction (like Babel) were given a relatively good degree of freedom compared to the mass censorship and totalitarianism that would follow Joseph Stalin's ascent to power, and certain levels of criticism could even be published. But his works would be withdrawn from sale after 1933 and would not return to bookshelves until after Stalin's death twenty years later.
On the advice of Maxim Gorky, the young Babel, his literary career only beginning, set off to join the Soviet Red Cavalry as a war correspondent and propagandist. The violence of Red Cavalry seemed to harshly contrast the gentle nature of the young writer from Odesa. This contrast is also apparent in stories like "My First Goose", where the narrator, on account of his glasses, must prove himself worthy of his fellow soldiers' camaraderie (and deny his "intellectuality") by brutally killing a goose and ordering a woman to cook it.
Antisemitism is another major theme dealt with in the book. Babel chronicles how both the Red and White Armies, while fighting each other, would also both commit horrible atrocities against the Jews in the old Jewish Pale, leading Gedali, a Jewish shopkeeper, to famously ask, "Which is the Revolution and which the counterrevolution?" In stories like "Gedali", the narrator is forced to confront his dual, seemingly contradictory nature as both a Jew and a fighter for the Revolution.
Contemporary American writer Denis Johnson cites the book as an important influence for his collection of short stories Jesus' Son, saying dismissively that the collection was "a rip-off of Isaac Babel’s Red Cavalry" in an interview with New Yorker Fiction Editor Deborah Treisman. Another writer who found inspiration in this work was Frank O'Connor especially in his short story Guests of the Nation.
Translations
Nadia Helstein: Red Cavalry (Knopf, 1929)
Walter Morison, in The Collected Stories (1955). Revised versions of Helstein's translations, except "Argamak".
David McDuff, in Collected Stories (1994, Penguin)
Peter Constantine, in The Complete Works of Isaac Babel (Norton, 2002)
Boris Dralyuk: Red Cavalry (Pushkin Press, 2015)
Val Vinokur, in The Essential Fictions (Northwestern University Press, 2017)
Bibliographic information
Конармия
Isaac Babel, Red Cavalry , W. W. Norton & Company, 2003, . (Google Books link)
References
1926 short story collections
Russian short story collections
Books about the Russian Revolution
Anti-Catholic publications
Short stories by Isaac Babel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Cavalry |
Mental rotation is the ability to rotate mental representations of two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects as it is related to the visual representation of such rotation within the human mind. There is a relationship between areas of the brain associated with perception and mental rotation. There could also be a relationship between the cognitive rate of spatial processing, general intelligence and mental rotation.
Mental rotation can be described as the brain moving objects in order to help understand what they are and where they belong. Mental rotation has been studied to try to figure out how the mind recognizes objects in their environment. Researchers generally call such objects stimuli. Mental rotation is one cognitive function for the person to figure out what the altered object is.
Mental rotation can be separated into the following cognitive stages:
Create a mental image of an object from all directions (imagining where it continues straight vs. turns).
Rotate the object mentally until a comparison can be made (orientating the stimulus to other figure).
Make the comparison.
Decide if the objects are the same or not.
Report the decision (reaction time is recorded when a lever is pulled or a button is pressed).
Assessment
Originally developed in 1978 by Vandenberg and Kuse based on the research by Shepard and Metzler (1971), a Mental Rotation Test (MRT) consists of a participant comparing two 3D objects (or letters), often rotated in some axis, and states if they are the same image or if they are mirror images (enantiomorphs). Commonly, the test will have pairs of images each rotated a specific number of degrees (e.g. 0°, 60°, 120° or 180°). A set number of pairs will be split between being the same image rotated, while others are mirrored. The researcher judges the participant on how accurately and rapidly they can distinguish between the mirrored and non-mirrored pairs.
Notable research
Shepard and Metzler (1971)
Roger Shepard and Jacqueline Metzler (1971) were some of the first to research the phenomenon. Their experiment specifically tested mental rotation on three-dimensional objects. Each subject was presented with multiple pairs of three-dimensional, asymmetrical lined or cubed objects. The experiment was designed to measure how long it would take each subject to determine whether the pair of objects were indeed the same object or two different objects. Their research showed that the reaction time for participants to decide if the pair of items matched or not was linearly proportional to the angle of rotation from the original position. That is, the more an object has been rotated from the original, the longer it takes an individual to determine if the two images are of the same object or enantiomorphs.
Vandenberg and Kuse (1978)
In 1978, Steven G. Vandenberg and Allan R. Kuse developed the Mental Rotations Test (MRT) to assess mental rotation abilities that was based on Shepard and Metzler's (1971) original study. The Mental Rotations Test was constructed using India ink drawings. Each stimulus was a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object drawn by a computer. The image was then displayed on an oscilloscope. Each image was then shown at different orientations rotated around the vertical axis. The original test contained 20 items, demanding the comparison of four figures with a criterion figure, with two of them being correct. Following the basic ideas of Shepard and Metzler's experiment, this study found a significant difference in the mental rotation scores between men and women, with men performing better. Correlations with other measures showed strong association with tests of spatial visualization and no association with verbal ability.
Neuropsychology
In 2000, a study was conducted to find out which part of the brain is activated during mental rotation. Seven volunteers (four males and three females) between the ages of twenty-nine to sixty-six participated in this experiment. For the study, the subjects were shown eight characters 4 times each (twice in normal orientation and twice reversed) and the subjects had to decide if the character was in its normal configuration or if it was the mirror image. During this task, a PET scan was performed and revealed activation in the right posterior parietal lobe.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of brain activation during mental rotation reveal consistent increased activation of the parietal lobe, specifically the inter-parietal sulcus, that is dependent on the difficulty of the task. In general, the larger the angle of rotation, the more brain activity associated with the task. This increased brain activation is accompanied by longer times to complete the rotation task and higher error rates. Researchers have argued that the increased brain activation, increased time, and increased error rates indicate that task difficulty is proportional to the angle of rotation.
A 2006 study observed the following brain areas to be activated during mental rotation as compared to baseline: bilateral medial temporal gyrus, left medial occipital gyrus, bilateral superior occipital gyrus, bilateral superior parietal lobe, and left inferior occipital gyrus during the rotation task.
Development
A study from 2008 suggested that differences may occur early during development. The experiment was done on 3- to 4-month-old infants using a 2D mental rotation task. They used a preference apparatus that consists of observing during how much time the infant is looking at the stimulus. They started by familiarizing the participants with the number "1" and its rotations. Then they showed them a picture of a "1" rotated and its mirror image. It appears that gendered differences may appear early in development, as the study showed that males are more responsive to the mirror image. According to the study, this may mean that males and females process mental rotation differently even as infants. Supporting the presence of such differences early in development, other studies have found that gendered differences in mental rotation tests were visible in all age groups, including young children. Interestingly, these differences emerged much later for other categories of spatial tests.
In 2020, Advances in Childhood Development and Behavior examined mental rotation abilities during very early development. They discovered that an ability to mentally rotate objects can be detected in infants as young as 3 months of age. Also, MR processes in infancy likely remain stable over time into adulthood, indicating an innate, static component to human conception of MR. Additional variables that appeared to influence infants' MR performance include motor activity, stimulus complexity, hormone levels, and parental attitudes.
Factors that affect performance
Color
Physical objects that people imagine rotating in everyday life have many properties, such as textures, shapes, and colors. A study at the University of California Santa Barbara was conducted to specifically test the extent to which visual information, such as color, is represented during mental rotation. This study used several methods such as reaction time studies, verbal protocol analysis, and eye tracking. In the initial reaction time experiments, those with poor rotational ability were affected by the colors of the image, whereas those with good rotational ability were not. Overall, those with poor ability were faster and more accurate identifying images that were consistently colored. The verbal protocol analysis showed that the subjects with low spatial ability mentioned color in their mental rotation tasks more often than participants with high spatial ability. One thing that can be shown through this experiment is that those with higher rotational ability will be less likely to represent color in their mental rotation. Poor rotators will be more likely to represent color in their mental rotation using piecemeal strategies (Khooshabeh & Hegarty, 2008).
Athletic, musical, and artistic skills
Research on how athleticism and artistic ability affect mental rotation has been conducted. Pietsch, S., & Jansen, P. (2012) showed that people who were athletes or musicians had faster reaction times than people who were not. They tested this by splitting people from the age of 18 and higher into three groups. The groups consisted of music students, sports students, and education students. It was found that students who were focused on sports or music did much better than those who were education majors. Also, it was found that the male athletes and education majors in the experiment were faster than the respective females, but male and female musicians showed no significant difference in reaction time.
A 2007 study supported the results that musicians perform better on mental rotation tasks than non-musicians. In particular, orchestral musicians' MRT task performance exhibited aptitude levels significantly higher than the population baseline.
Moreau, D., Clerc, et al. (2012) also investigated if athletes were more spatially aware than non-athletes. This experiment took undergraduate college students and tested them with the mental rotation test before any sport training, and then again afterward. The participants were trained in two different sports to see if this would help their spatial awareness. It was found that the participants did better on the mental rotation test after they had trained in the sports, than they did before the training. This experiment brought to the research that if people could find ways to train their mental rotation skills they could perform better in high context activities with greater ease.
Researchers studied the difference in mental rotation ability between gymnasts, handball, and soccer players with both in-depth and in-plane rotations. Results suggested that athletes were better at performing mental rotation tasks that were more closely related to their sport of expertise.
There is a correlation in mental rotation and motor ability in children, and this connection is especially strong in boys ages 7–8. The study showed that there is considerable overlap between spatial reasoning and athletic ability, even among young children.
A mental rotation test (MRT) was carried out on gymnasts, orienteers, runners, and non athletes. Results showed that non athletes were greatly outperformed by gymnasts and orienteers, but not runners. Gymnasts (egocentric athletes) did not outperform orienteers (allocentric athletes). Egocentric indicates understanding the position of your body as it relates to objects in space, and allocentric indicates understanding the relation of multiple objects in space independently of the self-perspective.
A study investigated the effect of mental rotation on postural stability. Participants performed a MR (mental rotation) task involving either foot stimuli, hand stimuli, or non-body stimuli (a car) and then had to balance on one foot. The results suggested that MR tasks involving foot stimuli were more effective at improving balance than hand or car stimuli, even after 60 minutes.
Contrary to what one might expect, previous studies examining whether artists are superior at mental rotation have been mixed, and a recent study substantiates the null findings. It has been theorized that artists are adept at recognizing, creating, and activating visual stimuli, but not necessarily at manipulating them.
A 2018 study examined the effect of studying various subjects within higher education on mental rotation ability. The researchers found that architecture students performed significantly better than art students, who performed significantly better than both psychology and business majors, with gender and other demographic differences accounted for. These findings make sense intuitively, given that architecture students are highly acquainted with manipulating the orientation of structures in space.
Sex
Following the Vandenberg and Kuse study, subsequent research attempted to assess the presence of gendered differences in mental rotation ability. For the first couple of decades immediately following the research, the topic was addressed in different meta-analyses with inconclusive results. However, Voyer et al. conducted a comprehensive review in 1995, which showed that gender differences were reliable and more pronounced in specific tasks, indicating that sex affects the processes underlying performance in spatial memory tests. Analogous to other types of spatial reasoning tasks, men tended to outperform women by a statistically significant margin among the MR literature.
As mentioned above, many studies have shown that there is a difference between male and female performance in mental rotation tasks. To learn more about this difference, brain activation during a mental rotation task was studied. In 2012, a study was done in which males and females were asked to execute a mental rotation task, and their brain activity was recorded with an fMRI. The researchers found a difference of brain activation: males presented a stronger activity in the area of the brain used in a mental rotation task.
Furthermore, sex-related differences in mental rotation abilities may reflect evolutionary differences. Men assumed the role of hunting and foraging, which necessitates a greater degree of visual-spatial processing than the child-rearing and domestic tasks which women performed. Biologically, males receive higher fetal exposure to androgens than females, and retain these relatively higher levels for life. This difference plays a significant role in human sexual dimorphism, and may be a causal factor in the differences observed regarding mental rotation. Interestingly, women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), who are exposed to higher levels of fetal androgen than control women, tend to perform better on the MRT than women with normal amounts of fetal androgen exposure. Additionally, the significant role of hormonal variation between the sexes was supported by a 2004 study, which revealed that testosterone (a principal androgen) level in young men was negatively correlated with the number of errors and response time in the MRT. Therefore, higher levels of testosterone probably contribute to better performance.
Another study from 2015 was focused on women and their abilities in a mental rotation task and an emotion recognition task. In this experiment they induced a feeling or a situation in which women feel more powerful or less powerful. They were able to conclude that women in a situation of power are better in a mental rotation task (but less performant in an emotion recognition task) than other women. Interestingly, the types of cognitive strategies that men and women typically employ may be a contributing factor. The literature has established that men generally prefer holistic strategies, whereas women prefer analytic-verbal strategies and focus on specific parts of the whole puzzle. Women tended to act more conservatively as well, sacrificing time to double-check the incorrect items more often than men. Consequently, women require more time to execute their technique when completing tasks like the MRT. In order to determine the extent of this variable's significance, Hirnstein et al. (2009) created a modified MRT in which the number of matching figures could vary between zero and four, which, compared to the original MRT, favored the strategy most often employed by women. The research found that gender differences declined somewhat, but men still outperformed women.
Along the same lines, a 2021 study found intriguing results in an attempt to discern the mechanisms behind the established gender disparity. The researchers hypothesized that task characteristics, not only anatomical or social differences, could explain men's advantage in mental rotation. In particular, the objects to be rotated were changed from the typical geometric or spherical shapes to male or female stereotyped objects, such as a tractor and a stroller, respectively. The results revealed significant gender differences only when male-stereotyped objects were used as rotational material. When female-stereotyped rotational material was used, men and women performed equally. This finding may explain underlying causes behind the usual disparate outcomes, in that the male ability to do somewhat better on MRT tests probably stems from the evolutionary applicability of spatial reasoning. Objects that aren't relevant to historical male gender roles, and are consequently generally unfamiliar to men, are much more difficult for men to conceptualize spatially than more familiar shapes. Likewise, other recent studies suggest that difference between Mental rotation cognition task are a consequence of procedure and artificiality of the stimuli. A 2017 study leveraged photographs and three-dimensional models, evaluating multiple approaches and stimuli. Results show that changing the stimuli can eliminate any male advantages found from the Vandenberg and Kuse test (1978).
Studying differences between male and female brains can have interesting applications. For example, it could help in the understanding of the autism spectrum disorders. One of the theories concerning autism is the EMB (extreme male brain). This theory considers autistic people to have an "extreme male brain". In a study from 2015, researchers confirmed that there is a difference between male and female in mental rotation task (by studying people without autism): males are more successful. Then they highlighted the fact that autistic people do not have this "male performance" in a mental rotation task. They conclude their study by "autistic people do not have an extreme version of a male cognitive profile as proposed by the EMB theory".
Current and future research directions
Much of the current and future research directions pertain to expanding on what has been established by the literature and investigating underlying causes behind previous results. Future studies will consider additional factors that could influence MR ability, including demographics, various aptitudes, personality, rare/deviant psychological profiles, among others. Many current and future studies are and will be examining the ways that certain brain abnormalities, including many of those caused by traumatic injuries, affect one's ability to perform mental rotation. There is some evidence that what appears to be mental rotation in depth is actually a response to the properties of flat pictures.
There may be relationships between competent bodily movement and the speed with which individuals can perform mental rotation. Researchers found children who trained with mental rotation tasks had improved strategy skills after practicing. People use many different strategies to complete tasks; psychologists will study participants who use specific cognitive skills to compare competency and reaction times. Others will continue to examine the differences in competency of mental rotation based on the objects being rotated. Participants' identification with the object could hinder or help their mental rotation abilities across gender and ages to support the earlier claim that males have faster reaction times. Psychologists will continue to test similarities between mental rotation and physical rotation, examining the difference in reaction times and relevance to environmental implications.
See also
Mental event
Space mapping
Notes
References
Campos-Juanatey, D., Pérez-Fabello, M. J., & Campos, A. (2018). Differences in image rotation between undergraduates from different university degrees. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 38(2), 173–185.
Cimadevilla, J. M., Piccardi, L., Kranz, G. S. Savic, I. (2020). Spatial Skills. Handbook of Clinical Psychology, 175, 65–79. Retrieved 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64123-6.00006-0.
Drake, J. E., Simmons, S., Rouser, S., Poloes, I., & Winner, E. (2021). Artists excel on image activation but not image manipulation tasks. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 39(1), 3–16.
Halari, R., Sharma, T., Hines, M., Andrew, C., Simmons, A., & Kumari, V. (2006). Comparable fMRI activity with differential behavioural performance on mental rotation and overt verbal fluency tasks in healthy men and women. Experimental Brain Research, 169(1), 1–14.
Hirnstein, M., Bayer, U., & Hausmann, M. (2009). Sex-specific response strategies in mental rotation. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(2), 225-228.
Hooven, C. K., Chabris, C. F., Ellison, P. T., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2004). The relationship of male testosterone to components of mental rotation. Neuropsychologia, 42(6), 782-790.
Moore, D. S., Johnson, S. P., & Benson, J. B. (2020). The development of mental rotation ability across the first year after birth. In Advances in Child Development and Behavior (Vol. 58, pp. 1–33). essay, Science Direct.
Plant, Tony M.; Zeleznik, Anthony J.; Forger, Nancy G.; de Vries, Geert J.; Breedlove, S. Marc (2015). "47". Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction (Fourth Edition). United States: Academic Press. pp. 2109–2155.
Rahe, M., Ruthsatz, V., & Quaiser-Pohl, C. (2021). Influence of the stimulus material on gender differences in a mental-rotation test. Psychological Research, 85(8), 2892-2899.
In Body, Language and Mind, vol. 2. Zlatev, Jordan; Ziemke, Tom; Frank, Roz; Dirven, René (eds.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, forthcoming 2006.
Shepard, R and Cooper, L. "Mental images and their transformations." Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982. .
Sluming, V., Brooks, J., Howard, M., Downes, J. J., & Roberts, N. (2007). Broca's area supports enhanced visuospatial cognition in orchestral musicians. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(14), 3799–3806.
Vandenberg, S., & Kuse, A. (1978). Mental Rotation, a Group Test of Three-Dimensional Spatial Visualization. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47, 599-604.
Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of Sex Differences in Spatial Abilities: A Meta-Analysis and Consideration of Critical Variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 250-270.
External links
Mental rotation lesson using PsyToolkit
"Shepard-Metzler resource pack". An open source collection of items for use in the creation of mental rotation tasks.
Cognitive science
Cognitive tests
Visual thinking
Vision
Spatial cognition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20rotation |
Jarrett J. Krosoczka ( ) (born December 22, 1977, in Worcester, Massachusetts) is the author and illustrator of a several graphic novels and picture books, most famously his Lunch Lady series.
Life
Krosoczka was raised entirely by his maternal grandparents, Joseph and Shirley Krosoczka, who took legal custody of him when he was three because of his mother's drug addiction. He saw his mother only sporadically throughout his childhood, and didn't learn the truth about her addiction until he was in the fourth grade. The "J" in his professional name is in tribute to his late grandfather. He also established the Joseph and Shirley Krosoczka Memorial Youth Scholarships at the Worcester Art Museum in tribute to his grandparents. The scholarships provide tuition to underprivileged children who are in unique familial situations.
Krosoczka later went on to graduate from Rhode Island School of Design, and received his first book contract six months after graduation. (He had been submitting for two years at that point.) His first book, Good Night, Monkey Boy, was published on June 12, 2001, by Random House.
Krosoczka was also an instructor at Montserrat College of Art for four years.
In 2003, Krosoczka was chosen by Print as one of their 20 Top New Visual Artists Under 30. A Universal Studios movie based on Krosoczka's Lunch Lady series was in development with Amy Poehler in the lead role. Additional film and television options for Krosoczka’s work have been with DreamWorks Animation, Walden Media, and MGM. Weston Woods produced an animated adaptation of Krosoczka’s Peanut Butter and Jellyfish.
Hey, Kiddo was a finalist in the 2018 National Book Award for Young People's Literature, and it won the 2019 Harvey Award for Book of the Year.
Books
Good Night, Monkey Boy, 2001, Random House
Baghead, 2002, Random House
Bubble Bath Pirates!, 2003, Viking
Annie Was Warned, 2003, Random House
Max for President, 2004, Random House
Punk Farm, 2005, Random House (through Knopf Books for Young Readers)
Giddy Up, Cowgirl, 2006, Penguin Putnam
My Buddy, Slug, 2006, Random House
Punk Farm on Tour, 2007, Random House
Lunch Lady and the Cyborg Substitute (Lunch Lady, #1), 2009, Knopf Books for Young Readers
Lunch Lady and the League of Librarians (Lunch Lady, #2), 2009, Knopf Books for Young Readers
Lunch Lady and the Author Visit Vendetta (Lunch Lady, #3), 2009, Knopf Books for Young Readers
Lunch Lady and the Summer Camp Shakedown (Lunch Lady, #4), 2010, Knopf Books for Young Readers
Lunch Lady and the Bake Sale Bandit (Lunch Lady, #5), 2010, Knopf Books for Young Readers
Lunch Lady and the Field Trip Fiasco (Lunch Lady, #6), 2011, Knopf Books for Young Readers
Lunch Lady and the Mutant Mathletes (Lunch Lady, #7), 2012, Knopf Books for Young Readers
Lunch Lady and the Picture Day Peril (Lunch Lady, #8), 2012, Knopf Books for Young Readers
Platypus Police Squad: The Frog Who Croaked, 2013, HarperCollins Publishers
Lunch Lady and the Video Game Villain (Lunch Lady, #9), 2013, Knopf Books for Young Readers
Lunch Lady and the Schoolwide Scuffle (Lunch Lady, #10), 2014, Knopf Books for Young Readers
Star Wars Jedi Academy: A New Class, 2016, Scholastic (continuing Jeffrey Brown's Star Wars Jedi Academy series, with brand new characters)
Star Wars Jedi Academy: The Force Oversleeps, 2017, Scholastic
Star Wars Jedi Academy: The Principal Strikes Back, 2018, Scholastic
Hey, Kiddo, 2018, Graphix,
Star Wars Jedi Academy: Revenge of the Sis (A Christina Starspeeder Story), 2019, Scholastic (with co-author/illustrator Amy Ignatow)
Star Wars Jedi Academy: Attack of the Furball (A Christina Starspeeder Story), 2019, Scholastic (with co-author/illustrator Amy Ignatow)
Star Wars Jedi Academy: At Last, Jedi (A Christina Starspeeder Story), 2020, Scholastic (with co-author/illustrator Amy Ignatow)
Sunshine, 2023, Graphix,
References
External links
Studio JJK
An interview with Jarrett J. Krosoczka
Jarrett J. Krosoczka interviewed on NPR's "Here and Now"
Book by Book, The Making of Monkey Man, a humorous video made by Krosoczka
How a boy became an artist (TEDxHampshireCollege 2012)
Why lunch ladies are heroes (TED@NYC 2014)
American children's writers
Writers from Worcester, Massachusetts
1977 births
Living people
Artists from Worcester, Massachusetts
Montserrat College of Art faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrett%20J.%20Krosoczka |
Thomas Michael Ackerman (September 6, 1972) is a former American football center in the NFL. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the fifth round of the 1996 NFL Draft out of Eastern Washington University. He played for the Saints for the next 6 seasons. After the Saints, he signed with the Tennessee Titans and played for them for the next two seasons.
References
External links
Official Bio
SI bio
High School Statistics
1972 births
Players of American football from Washington (state)
American football centers
Eastern Washington Eagles football players
Living people
New Orleans Saints players
Sportspeople from Bellingham, Washington
Tennessee Titans players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Ackerman%20%28American%20football%29 |
Ian Ross Brodie (born July 25, 1967) is a Canadian political scientist and was Chief of Staff in Stephen Harper's Prime Minister's Office from Harper's ascension to the position of prime minister until July 1, 2008. The news that he was leaving the post came days before the release of a report on the Clinton/Obama NAFTA leak controversy. He is currently a professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Calgary.
Early life and education
Brodie attended high school at the University of Toronto Schools. He earned a BA in political science from McGill University in Montreal, and an MA and a PhD from the University of Calgary.
In 1997, he became assistant professor of political science at the University of Western Ontario in London; promotion to tenured associate professor came in 2002. At Western, he specialized in Canadian politics, particularly Canadian conservative politics and law and politics.
His book Friends of the Court: The Privileging of Interest Group Litigants in Canada (State University of New York Press, 2002), a revision of his doctoral dissertation, discussed the treatment of interest groups seeking leave to intervene before the Supreme Court of Canada. Friends posited that the court had come to favor a preferred set of interest groups, and explored the legal theory by which this had come about.
Political career
In 2003, he took leave from Western to become assistant to the chief of staff in the office of the federal leader of the opposition, first under Harper when he led the Canadian Alliance, then under Grant Hill's interim parliamentary leadership in 2004.
When Harper became leader of the successor Conservative Party of Canada, he appointed Brodie its executive director. In August 2005 he appointed Brodie his chief of staff. When Harper became prime minister after the 2006 election, Brodie became PMO chief of staff.
His book At the Centre of Government (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2018) is based in part on his experiences with Harper.
References
External links
Ian Brodie
1967 births
Living people
Canadian political scientists
Writers from Toronto
McGill University alumni
University of Calgary alumni
Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario
Chiefs of staff of the Canadian Prime Minister's Office | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Brodie |
Roy Goodman (born 26 January 1951) is an English conductor and violinist, specialising in the performance and direction of early music. He became internationally famous as the 12-year-old boy treble soloist in the March 1963 recording of Allegri's Miserere with the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, under David Willcocks.
Life and career
Goodman was born in Guildford, studied at the Royal College of Music, and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Organists and Associate of the Royal College of Music. He has also served as Director of Music at the University of Kent in Canterbury and Director of Early music Studies at the Royal Academy of Music.
As a violinist and concertmaster, he played from 1975 to 1985 under the baton of Iván Fischer, John Eliot Gardiner, Charles Mackerras, Roger Norrington, and Simon Rattle (at Glyndebourne Opera). He was viola d'amore soloist with the Academy of St Martin in the Fields under Neville Marriner and the Philharmonia Orchestra under Vladimir Ashkenazy. He has also played as concertmaster or soloist (on baroque violin) with Frans Brüggen, Philippe Herreweghe, Christopher Hogwood, René Jacobs, Trevor Pinnock and Ton Koopman.
In July 1999 Goodman conducted the premiere of Jonas Forssell's Trädgården (The Garden) at the Drottningholm theatre in Stockholm, the first new opera to be premiered there in modern times.
As a conductor, Roy Goodman is known for his special expertise with early music, which he often directed from the violin, harpsichord or organ. He was conductor of Reading Youth Orchestra (1974–1976), founder and director of the Brandenburg Consort (1975–2001), co-director of the Parley of Instruments (1979–1986), Principal Conductor of the Hanover Band (1986–1994) and Music Director of the European Union Baroque Orchestra (1989–2004). He is Principal Guest Conductor of the English Chamber Orchestra and Director Emeritus of the European Union Baroque Orchestra. He has served as Guest Conductor with over 100 other orchestras, ensembles, and opera companies. In 2006 he made his debut with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam and returned to San Francisco Opera to conduct a new production of Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro.
As a conductor Goodman has made over 120 recordings ranging from Monteverdi to Copland. Goodman has also directed more than forty world premières of contemporary music.
In 2003, Goodman pleaded guilty to operating his 24 foot trailer-sailer yacht Royana while under the influence of alcohol. Goodman ran this small yacht aground on Calshot Spit, near Southampton.
Roy Goodman made his New Zealand debut in 2007, performing a series of Baroque concerts. Following the enthusiastic response of audiences and critics, he accepted the position of Principal Guest Conductor for the Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra, which he held until 2011. In 2010, he made his debut at the Sydney Opera House with three concerts, and in 2011 he was affectionately named the "Rafa Nadal of conductors" by Radio New Zealand. He has three children and five grandchildren.
References
External links
Personal website
Hyperion Records: Roy Goodman
Bach-Cantatas.com: Roy Goodman
1951 births
Boy sopranos
English child singers
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
English classical violinists
British male violinists
English classical viola d'amore players
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Academics of the University of Kent
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Musicians from Guildford
Living people
British performers of early music
Musicians from Kent
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century British male musicians
Choristers of the Choir of King's College, Cambridge
Male classical violinists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Goodman |
Neutral theory may refer to one of these two related theories:
Neutral theory of molecular evolution
Unified neutral theory of biodiversity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral%20theory |
Oud-Wulven is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is located just north of the village of Houten, and is part of that municipality.
History
Oud-Wulven was originally a heerlijkheid (fiefdom). In 1545 it was combined with the neighbouring heerlijkheid Waaijen. "Oud-Wulven en Waaijen" remained a separate entity until 1811, when it merged into Houten. This didn't last long: in 1818 they were combined with the heerlijkheden Wulven, Heemstede, Grote Koppel, Kleine Koppel, Maarschalkerweerd, and Slagmaat to a single municipality called "Oud-Wulven.
Johannes Rothe was Lord of Oud-Wulven and Wayen in the Netherlands (1658–1671). He was a prophetic preacher and Fifth Monarchist. He married in 1660 in Goring House.
The municipality Oud-Wulven had an area of about 10.7 km2, and more than 250 inhabitants in the middle of the 19th century. The municipality was merged back with Houten on 8 September 1857.
It was first mentioned between 1381 and 1383 as tot Ouden Wuolven, and uses oud (old) to distinguish from . Oud-Wulven is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Houten. It has no place name signs. In 1840, Oud-Wulven was home to 43 people.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
Houten | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Wulven |
Maya Bouskilla (or Buskila; ; born November 9, 1977) is an Israeli singer.
Early life
Buskila was born Netanya, Israel, to a religious family of Moroccan-Jewish descent. She was discovered by a scout for Helicon Records, one of Israel's best selling labels, who heard her singing in a karaoke bar. Four years later, Roberto Ben-Shushan and Eyal Malul became her managers.
Bouskilla claimed to still be religious when she was called up for mandatory service at the age of 18 and received a deferment. In April 2008, after criticism of her draft-dodging, Bouskilla voluntarily enlisted to the Israeli military for a short period, reportedly so she could set a good example for other young Israeli women. Her enlistment at the age of 30 made her one of the oldest new recruits ever to join the Israel Defense Forces.
Career
Music
In 2004, Bouskilla's debut album, Sold Out Story, sold 20,000 copies in the first three weeks. In February 2005, Maya was awarded for being the "Female Artist of the Year" and "Breaking Artist of the Year" in the Israeli Annual Hebrew Song Chart. Bouskilla was also named "Singer of the Year" in 2005 by the Israeli Music Channel (Channel 24).
In 2006 she released her second album, "Days of Love". Among the songs is the song "Without You", The song originally represented Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 by singer Beth and was named Dime.
Bouskilla was a possible choice to represent Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 but she bowed out at the last minute. She was tipped again to represent Israel at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011. She was also reportedly considered for the 2012 edition in Baku.
Television and film
In 2006, Bouskilla starred as Margalit in Menahem Golan's film Days of Love.
In 2009, she appeared as a contestant on the TV programme HaAh HaGadol VIP 1 on Channel 2, the celebrity season for the Israeli version of Big Brother.
Discography
2004 – Sipur Machur (Sold Out Story)
2006 – Yamim Shel Ahava (Days of Love)
2008 – Shoveret Shtika (Breaking the Silence)
2016 – Noshemet (Breathing)
References
1977 births
20th-century Sephardi Jews
21st-century Sephardi Jews
21st-century Israeli women singers
Israeli Mizrahi Jews
Israeli people of Moroccan-Jewish descent
Living people
People from Netanya
Big Brother (franchise) contestants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya%20Bouskilla |
HMS Pelorus is the designation which has been given to numerous ships of the Royal Navy.
was an 18-gun launched in 1808 and wrecked in 1844 while transporting opium to China.
was a 22-gun wooden screw corvette launched in 1857 and broken up for scrap in 1869.
, a light cruiser launched in 1889 and renamed HMS Mildura in 1890. She served on the Australia Station and was sold for scrap in 1906.
, a protected cruiser launched in 1896 and sold for scrap in 1920.
, an launched in 1943. She was sold to South Africa in 1947, becoming HMSAS Pietermaritzburg. She was scuttled on 12 November 1994 to make an artificial reef at Miller's Point near Simon's Town, South Africa.
Royal Navy ship names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Pelorus |
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is a betaretrovirus which is the causative agent of a contagious lung cancer in sheep, called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
Natural history
JSRV is the virus that is the cause of the contagious lung tumors in sheep called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). The disease has also been called "jaagsiekte", after the Afrikaans words for "chase" (jaag) and "sickness" (siekte), to describe the respiratory distress observed in an animal out of breath from being chased, indicating the breathing difficulty experienced by infected sheep. Transmission of virus is through aerosol spread between sheep.
The exogenous infectious form of JSRV has an endogenous counterpart which is present in the genomes of all sheep and goats. The sheep genome has around 27 copies of endogenous retroviruses (enJSRVs) that are closely related to JSRV. Endogenous JSRV has several roles in the evolution of the domestic sheep as they are able to block the JSRV replication cycle and play a critical role in sheep conceptus development and placental morphogenesis.
Although OPA resembles human lung cancer, human lung cancer is not known to be caused by betaretroviruses. Even though a possibility of a viral cause has been eliminated in bronchoalveolar cancer, understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to the transformation of lung epithelia by JSRV may be of interest in the context of therapeutic approaches in human lung cancers in general and bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma (BAC) in particular.
Classification
JSRV belongs to the family Retroviridae, to the subfamily Orthoretrovirinae and the genus Betaretrovirus.
Pathogenesis
JSRV is transmitted by the respiratory route and may also infect lymphocytes and myeloid cells, in addition to the lung epithelia. Expression of the JSRV Envelope protein activates signalling cascades that promote cellular proliferation and malignant transformation of the cells. Initially, the tumour cells grow along the alveolar walls in a pattern reminiscent of human BAC, but subsequently become more invasive and metastasize to the local lymph nodes. Larger tumours may be necrotic and fibromatous at their centre. As the tumour grows, fluid production in the lung increases and this is likely to promote virus spread to other sheep. Only when the tumour reaches a size large enough to compromise lung function, do clinical signs appear. Critically, the majority of infected animals in endemic areas never show outward signs of infection, but they may be shedding virus, thus promoting inadvertent introduction of the disease into previously unaffected flocks and new geographical areas.
Genome structure
The genome of the exogenous virus is 7462 bases and has the classical "gag", "pol", "env" genome arrangement and is flanked by a long terminal repeat (LTR) on each end. There are 4 genes that encode the viral structural proteins. They are "gag" encoding the structural internal virion proteins comprising "matrix" (MA), "capsid" (CA) and "nucleocapsid"(NC); "pro", which encodes an aspartic protease (PR); "pol", which encodes the" RT" and "integrase"(IN) enzymes; and "env", which encodes the "surface" (SU) and "transmembrane" (TM) envelope glycoproteins. The viral proteins are synthesized initially as large precursors and are later processed into the mature proteins by proteolytic cleavage. An additional open reading frame (ORF) was observed in the viral genome and has been called orfX and its function is undefined.
Replication cycle
The initial attachment of JSRV to its target cell is mediated through the binding of the SU subunit of the Env glycoprotein to a specific cell surface receptor molecule,"Hyal2". The entry of the JSRV core into the cytoplasm activates reverse transcription, during which the single-stranded RNA genome is converted into a double-stranded DNA form and gets integrated as a provirus into the host. Following integration, expression of JSRV RNA from the viral promoter in the LTR is controlled by the host transcriptional machine. Following transcription and translation of the viral genome, the new progeny virus gets assembled at the plasma membrane and bud off from the host cell acquiring a lipid envelope and their "env" glycoproteins. Following release from the cell, the "Gag"-"Pro"-"Pol" polyproteins are cleaved into their mature forms by protease. This step maturation is essential for the formation of infectious particles.
Receptor and entry
The cellular receptor for JSRV is hyaluronidase 2 (Hyal2), a glycophosphatidylinol(GPI)-anchored protein belonging to the hyaluronidase family. Generally, oncogenic retroviruses cause transformation of host cells mostly by insertional activation of a host protooncogene into an oncogene. But JSRV is different in this aspect since its envelope glycoprotein ("env") by itself is an oncogene and this single protein was shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce lung tumors in sheep. Unlike the majority of retroviruses, JSRV entry into the host cell is pH-dependent. Thus oncogenic JSRV has borrowed features of both pH-dependent and pH-independent viruses for entry which involves both the receptor binding and a low pH for fusion transformation of host cells.
Host immune response
An important feature of JSRV infection is the absence of any specific immune response from the host. A likely explanation is that the sheep are immunologically tolerant to JSRV antigens due to the expression of closely related endogenous JSRV proteins in the fetal thymus during T lymphocyte development and any JSRV-reactive T cells should be recognized as ‘anti-self’ and selectively removed. Another hypothesis is that tumor cells downregulate their major histocompatibility class-I expression, possibly being the reason for the absence of any virus-specific cytotoxic T cell response (CTL).
Endogenous jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
During evolution, the sheep genome incorporated parts of the Jaagksiete sheep retrovirus, now known as endogenous Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (enJSRV). There are 27 known copies of enJSRV in the sheep genome, of which five show intact sequences found in all retroviruses. These seem to have been adopted by the sheep genome as enJSRV aids placental development and provides protection against similar retroviruses. In vitro assays have found that enJSRV does this by blocking various stages of the viral replication cycle. An example of this protection is seen in ovine endometrial epithelium where the high expression of enJSVR prevents exogenous JSVR from entering the cells via blocking the common receptor to both, HYAL2. However, Jaagsiekte virus can sometimes mutate to overcome this protection, and there is evidence of this having occurred in the last 200 years. There is also indication that the endogenization of Jaagsiekte virus is still occurring today.
enJSRV mechanism in reproduction
In sheep, enJSRVs are highly expressed in the epithelia lining different reproductive tissues, including the vagina, uterus and oviduct. The RNA of enJSRVs is first detected in the conceptus on day 12. Experiments have found that the enJSRV envelope regulates trophoblast growth and differentiation within the peri-implantation conceptus. It was discovered that enJSRVs are expressed in the trophectoderm cells of the placenta. Their expression coincides with the key events of conceptus elongation and onset of trophoblast giant binucleate cells (BNC) differentiation. Furthermore, it was observed that an injection of morpholinos (an enJSRV envelope production inhibitor) into the uteri of pregnant sheep on day 8 of pregnancy resulted in reduced conceptus elongation and inhibition of trophoblast giant BNC differentiation. Elongation of the sheep conceptus is an essential process as it results in the production of interferon tau (IFNT) which is a pregnancy recognition signal required for conceptus survival. This stimulates both the corpus luteum to continue to secrete progesterone and the onset of implantation. Following the injection of morpholinos, it was observed that pregnancy loss occurred 12 days later. This work supports the hypothesis that enJSRVs are crucial in sheep reproduction and placental morphogenesis.
HYAL2
Hyaluronidase 2 (HYAL2) serves as a cell-surface receptor for both the exogenous and endogenous JSRV envelope (env). HYAL2 mRNA can be detected in the BNCs and multinucleated syncytia of sheep placentomes during pregnancy, but not in the trophectoderm cells or any cells of the endometrium. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that HYAL2 mRNA was only detected in the binucleate cells and multi-nucleated syncytial plaques. It is hypothesised that enJSRV interactions with HYAL2 are vital for placental growth and differentiation. Whilst the cellular and molecular mechanism are still unclear, it is apparent it has a role in protecting the uterus against viral infection and placental morphogenesis.
The co-expression of the enJSRV envelope and HYAL2 in the same cell types supports the hypothesis that HYAL2 binds to enJSRVs env on the binucleate cells and promotes their fusion into multi-nucleated syncytia.
Comparative physiology in humans and mice
Of interest for comparative physiology is that the presence of enJSRV envelope protein expression in the developing sheep placenta is very similar to that observed for syncytin in humans and the mouse. During the formation of the human placenta syncytiotrophoblast, by fusion of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts, human syncytins are specifically expressed. The syncytins are fusogenic when expressed in vitro, supporting the hypothesis that they are involved in placental morphogenesis. These observations support the theory that an ancient retroviral infection had important consequences for mammalian evolution. The involvement of the betaretrovirus enJSRV in the sheep conceptus trophoblasts further argues for its involvement in sheep placentation.
Future directions and summary
Research surrounding endogenous retroviruses supports the idea that they may play critical roles in conceptus growth, placental differentiation and cell fusion in mammals. The morphological aspects of binucleate cell differentiation in ruminants such as sheep are well characterised, but the mechanisms are not well defined - though evidence shows that enJSRV RNA and HYAL2 mRNA are co-expressed in the binucleate cell and multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts throughout gestation.
See also
Enzootic nasal tumor virus
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma
References
Further reading
Animal viral diseases
Betaretroviruses
Sheep and goat diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaagsiekte%20sheep%20retrovirus |
HMS Pelorus was an 18-gun of the British Royal Navy. She was built in Itchenor, England and launched on 25June 1808. She saw action in the Napoleonic Wars and in the War of 1812. On anti-slavery patrol off West Africa, she captured four slavers and freed some 1350 slaves. She charted parts of Australia and New Zealand and participated in the First Opium War (18391842) before becoming a merchantman and wrecking in 1844 while transporting opium to China.
Napoleonic Wars
Pelorus was commissioned in July 1808 under Commander the Honourable James William King, and sailed for the Leeward Islands on 15December. In January 1809 Commander Thomas Huskisson was appointed commander of Pelorus, but did not find out until May. Therefore, he was not her commander at the capture of Martinique in February. (Some accounts have her under the command of Captain Francis Augustus Collier; however, he was commander of .) Under Huskisson she then took part in enforcing the blockade of Guadeloupe. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Martinique" to any surviving crewmen from that campaign that wished to claim it.
On 16 October Pelorus and were in company when they came upon the French privateer schooner Général Ernouf, moored under the guns of the battery of St. Marie on the east coast of the southern part of Guadeloupe. Hazard and Pelorus attempted to send in a cutting out party during the night, but the boats could not find a channel. The British went in again in the daylight despite fire from the battery and the schooner's long 18-pounder pivot-gun and two swivels. Fire from Hazard and Pelorus silenced the batteries but as the British came alongside the French crew, an estimated 80-100 men, fled ashore. There two field guns joined them in firing on the cutting-out party. Because the schooner was aground and chained to the shore the boarding party could not bring her out; instead, they set fire to her. However, a premature explosion injured some of them. In all, Hazard lost three men killed and four wounded; Pelorus lost three killed and five wounded.
In February 1810 Pelorus participated in the capture of Guadeloupe. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Guadaloupe" to any surviving crewmen from that campaign that wished to claim them. Later the same year, under Commander Alexander Kennedy, Pelorus patrolled the Leeward Islands. In May, command transferred to Commander Joshua Rowley. In late December 1811 and early 1812, Pelorus was cruising off Plymouth. On 22 and 23 December 1811 she captured Marianne and Deux Freres. On 6January 1812, she sent in a French chasse maree that she had taken. On 5April Rowley sailed her for the Mediterranean. In September 1812, Commander Robert Gambier took command of Pelorus.
By 1814, her captain was Commander Robert Stow. On 7 March boats from , , and a third British vessel, destroyed the American privateer Mars, of 15 guns and 70 men, off Sandy Hook. Some accounts name Pelorus as the third British vessel, but the prize money notices and most other accounts give the name of the third vessel as . Then by September, Pelorus was under the command of Commander John Gourly. A year later she was paid off at Plymouth where she underwent a Middling Repair before she was laid up.
Return to service
She was fitted for sea from April–August 1823, Commander William Hamley having recommissioned her in April. In 1824, she was at Cork on coast guard duties. On 19 May she captured the smuggling vessel Good Hope. On 9 October, she captured the small smuggling lugger Phoenix, which was carrying a cargo of tobacco and a small amount of tea. Over a period of three years, Hamley captured more smuggling-vessels than any other vessel. On 30 October 1823, a ship ran into Pelorus during the night, and then sailed on. The crash destroyed the bowsprit and sent the foremast over the side; both had to be cut away despite the heavy seas and otherwise bad weather. The crew rigged a jury-mast and bowsprit and Pelorus was able to get back to Plymouth. Had the ship struck Pelorus a few inches further aft the sloop would almost certainly have foundered.
Pelorus was paid off in July 1826. In all, Hamley had seized more than 62,000 weight of tobacco.
From July–October 1826, she underwent alteration from a brig-sloop to a ship-sloop via the addition of a third mast.
Mediterranean
Then in October, Commander Peter Richards recommissioned her. In January 1827, Pelorus was employed in the Mediterranean protecting British trade in the Archipelago, at Alexandria, and around the coasts of Syria and Caramania. Commander Michael Quinn took command from September 1828. On 21 December 1829, she struck a rock at the entrance of Port Mahon, Menorca, Spain; she was refloated on 23 December 1829, but subsequently sank. came from Gibraltar to retrieve her officers and crew. Pelorus was refloated, and by 9 May 1830 she was back in Portsmouth. From December 1830 to December 1831, she underwent repairs and an alteration back to a brig.
Anti-slavery
In 1831, William Wilberforce's anti-slavery law was passed. In September, Captain Richard Meredith recommissioned Pelorus and she joined the West Africa Squadron. Here she patrolled the west coast of Africa to suppress the slave trade. On 9 May 1832, she was at Sierra Leone having brought in the Spanish slaving vessel Segunda Theresa, which was carrying 459 slaves.
On 18 October 1832 Pelorus sailed from the Cape of Good Hope for Simon's Bay. In May 1833 she was back at the Cape, and on the 16th she sailed for Mauritius. She arrived there on 3 June. A month later, on 6 June, she left Mauritius for Colombo with specie to pay the troops in Ceylon. From there she returned to the Cape, from whence she sailed for St Helena, where she arrived on 7 December. She then sailed to Ascension and the west coast of Africa.
On 16 June 1834, Lieutenant Philip de Sausmarez of Pelorus came before a court martial. The charge was that on 18 April 1832, while in command of the prize crew on the Segunda Theresa, Sausmarez had the boatswain's mate of administer 24 lashes to Francis Brown for neglect of duty. Meredith preferred the charges because he had forbidden the lash in written orders. The court supported Suasmarez, who had been under arrest for 18 months before his exoneration.
On 30June, boats from Pelorus captured the Spanish slaver Pepita. At the time of her capture, Pepita had no slaves aboard. Under the terms of the treaty with Spain, the Royal Navy could only seize vessels actually carrying slaves. The boarding party manufactured evidence by putting three slaves aboard Pepita after boarding her. They then brought another 176 slaves that were on shore waiting to be loaded. Meredith accepted responsibility for the manufacturing of evidence. The Court in Sierra Leone therefore had to order Pepita returned to her master. Pepitas master then sued for damages. The Court found against Meredith and charged him £1092 in damages
Pelorus continued to patrol the Bight of Benin and the vicinity of Princees Island.
On 17 December, Pelorus captured the two-gun slaver Sutil. She had 307 slaves aboard, of whom 91 died of dysentery and disease before they could be freed in Sierra Leone.
On 5January 1835, boats from Pelorus captured the Spanish polacca-bark Minerva, which armed with two 18-pounder and two 8-pounder guns. The boats had sailed up the Calabar river and laid in ambush. Skillful handling resulted in the capture of the slaver with no casualties to the boarding party although the vessel's guns were double-shotted and the crew and the boarding party exchanged small arms fire. The vessel had a crew of 37 men, two of whom were cut down. The boarding party consisted of 22 men. The slaver had some 650 slaves aboard, and after her capture, the master arrived with 25 more. In sum, she had 676 aboard, of whom 206 died of disease before they could be freed in Sierra Leone.
On 24 February 1835 she was off Princes Island where Midshipman Judd died.
On 26 September, Pelorous was paid off at Portsmouth. A bounty was paid on both Sutil and Minerva in June 1836.
Far East and Antipodes
On 31 January 1837, Pelorus was recommissioned under Captain Francis Harding who had taken command on 21 January. She then sailed for the Cape of Good Hope on 9 April, having received specie from London that she was to take to Mauritius via the Cape. She arrived at the Cape on 1 June.
Pelorus — under Commander Harding — called at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands on 16December, and stayed for six days. Captain John Clunies-Ross — the "King of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands" — had asked for a visit from a naval vessel to forestall a possible revolt by the inhabitants.
In mid-September 1837, Pelorus sailed to Rangoon to deliver an ultimatum to the mutinous King Tharyarwaddy from the Governor-General of India, Lord Auckland.
Next, she sailed for Western Australia and Van Diemen's Land. On 9 January 1838, she arrived at Fremantle from Calcutta, departing on 19 March for King George Sound carrying a party including Governor of Western Australia Captain James Stirling. While there a boatcrew, under master's mate Charles Forsyth, surveyed the nearby Tor Bay for a potential new anchorage. She returned Stirling to Fremantle, arriving on 9 April, then departing on 7 May for Adelaide, Launceston and Sydney, arriving on 22 June. On 5 July she sailed for New Zealand.
Then in August Pelorus sailed to New Zealand to conduct a survey of the Marlborough Sounds region. On 22 August, Pelorus sailed into Port Underwood, New Zealand, and cast anchor in Oyster Cove. She was under the temporary command of Lt. Phillip Chetwode while Commander Harding was ill. From here, Chetwode surveyed and named Pelorus River and Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere in New Zealand in honour of his ship. He also named the Chetwode Islands, off Pelorus Sound.
Lieutenant Augustus Leopold Kuper was nominated acting commander of Pelorus on 27 July 1839. On 26 August, Pelorus and attempted to scuttle the British merchant ship Lucretia, which had caught fire off Kyardbilly's point, Sydney. The attempt was unsuccessful and the ship exploded and sank.
Wrecked at Port Essington, Coburg Peninsula, Northern Territory
On 25November 1839, while anchored off Port Essington, Australia, a hurricane struck Pelorus, wrecking her. She lost 12 of her crew; a whaleboat from , under Captain Owen Stanley, rescued the survivors. According to Kuper, "Pelorus was buried in the mud for 86 days."
Opium War
On 5 March 1840, Kuper was promoted to command of Alligator, then on 26 December, Lieutenant Kuper was promoted to the rank of commander, his commission being back-dated to when he took command of Pelorus.
After repairs, in late July 1840, Pelorus sailed from Sydney with to take part in the First Opium War. On 23 April 1841, she arrived at Singapore. One month later, Lieutenant W. W. Chambers, of , was appointed and promoted to be acting commander of Pelorus. At the time, Wellesley was at Canton (now Guangzhou) in China.
Disposal and final loss
On 6July 1841, Pelorus was laid up at Singapore and Lieutenant Chambers returned to Britain. The officers and crew transferred to the steam paddle and sail survey cutter , which Commodore Sir J.J.G. Bremer had just purchased and which went on to operations in China. An Admiralty Order of 16 October specified that Pelorus was to be sold, which took place in 1842.
The purchasers may have been Pybus Brothers. On 27 1843, under Captain Triggs, she arrived in Hong Kong with a load of opium.
Pelorus sank on 25December 1844 when she struck a shoal at off the coast of Borneo in the South China Sea. Captain Triggs took her gig and two passengers and sailed to Singapore. From there he led the steamer Victoria to the wreck. Victoria was able to rescue 20 of the crew and save 70 chests of opium.
Commanding officers
Notes
Citations
References
External links
HMS Pelorus website
Cruizer-class brig-sloops
Shipwrecks in the South China Sea
Maritime incidents in December 1829
Maritime incidents in November 1839
Maritime incidents in December 1844
1808 ships
Ships of the West Africa Squadron | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Pelorus%20%281808%29 |
Stanwix is a district of Carlisle, Cumbria in North West England. The ward population (called Stanwix Urban) had a population taken at the 2011 census of 5,934. It is located on the north side of River Eden, across from Carlisle city centre. Although long counted as a suburb it did not officially become part of the city until 1912 when part of the civil parish of Stanwix became part of the parish, city and municipal borough of Carlisle. Further areas were added to the city, which was by then a county borough, in 1934 and 1951. The remaining part of the parish was eventually renamed Stanwix Rural in 1966.
Etymology
'Stanwix' means " 'stone wall(s)', v. 'stǣna', 'wag' or 'veggr'
'Stǣna' is Old English and 'veggr' is Old Norse and cognate with Old English 'wag'.
Stanwix is built on the site of a Roman fort known as Uxelodunum or Petriana, the former meaning "high fort". "Dun" is a Celtic word for fort which is to be found in many place-names.
Location
The former village of Stanwix was centred on its church of St Michael's at the top of a steep bank rising from the river Eden, close to the junction of the main road north (now the A7) with the road to the east (now the B6264).
The area around the church is built on the site of the fort of Uxelodunum (a linear earthwork at the southern end of the churchyard appears to reflect the line of the southern defences).
The fort was the largest on Hadrian's Wall, which adjoined the northwest edge of the fort. The course of Hadrian's Wall runs through the suburb.
Probably most of the Roman masonry was taken to construct other buildings. However, in 2017 a bathhouse was discovered at Carlisle Cricket Club's Edenside ground. This facility is believed to have been for the use of the fort or possibly a mansio.
In the mid nineteenth century the district grew with many large houses built for Carlisle's expanding middle classes. Today Stanwix includes the areas of Edentown, Whiteclosegate, St Anne's Hill and Belah.
Notable buildings
Near the church today is a small parade of shops and other businesses. Morrisons and Aldi supermarkets and a Sainsbury's Local store are located in the area as well. A little further north at Kingstown is a large Asda superstore. The University of Cumbria has a campus on Brampton Road (formerly the main campus of the Cumbria Institute of the Arts). There is also a Roman Catholic private school called Austin Friars St Monica's School located at St. Anne's Hill.
A single bridge, the grade I listed Eden Bridge designed by Robert Smirke, crosses the River Eden to connect Stanwix and other northern reaches of the district to Carlisle city centre. Numerous households in low-lying areas in Stanwix were badly affected by the flooding of the River Eden during the Carlisle Floods of January 2005.
The main road running northwards through Stanwix is Scotland Road, and until 2012 had the dubious distinction of carrying the same daily volume of traffic as the nearby M6 motorway. In 2012 the "northern relief road" opened, around the north-west of Carlisle, which should ease congestion.
External links
Cumbria County History Trust: Stanwix (nb: provisional research only - see Talk page)
References
Areas of Carlisle, Cumbria
Roman sites in Cumbria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanwix |
Gregory Leon Bell (born August 1, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills, Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Raiders, from 1984 to 1990.
Bell played college football at the University of Notre Dame and was drafted by the Bills in the first round of the 1984 NFL Draft. Before going to Notre Dame, he attended South High School in Columbus, Ohio.
College Statistics
1980: 5 carries for 66 yards and one touchdown.
1981: 92 carries for 512 yards and 6 touchdowns. 11 catches for 135 yards. 13 kick returns for 371 yards and 1 touchdown.
1982: 24 carries for 123 yards and 1 touchdown. 3 catches for 20 yards. 3 kick returns for 50 yards. 1 punt return for 12 yards.
1983: 37 carries for 169 yards and 4 touchdowns. 6 catches for 65 yards and 1 touchdown. 5 kick returns for 108 yards. 10 punt returns for 55 yards.
Professional career
Bell was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the first round of the 1984 NFL Draft. He was a one-time Pro Bowler after his rookie year in 1984 with the Bills after having a 1,100 rushing yards and a seven touchdown season. Bell had his best year after the 1988 NFL season with the Rams, in which he had 1,212 rushing yards and led the league with sixteen touchdowns. He had a similar season the year after in which Bell had 1137 rushing yards and fifteen touchdowns, again leading the league. To that point, no other running back had ever led the league in rushing touchdowns in consecutive seasons without entering the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and Bell attempted to hold out for a better contract. The Rams instead traded him to the Raiders, who had a loaded backfield consisting of Marcus Allen, Bo Jackson, and Napoleon McCallum; Bell barely saw the field and was out of the NFL after that season.
NFL career statistics
References
1962 births
Living people
Players of American football from Columbus, Ohio
American football running backs
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Buffalo Bills players
Los Angeles Rams players
Los Angeles Raiders players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's track and field athletes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Bell%20%28running%20back%2C%20born%201962%29 |
HMS Pelorus was a 2,330 ton displacement, 21 gun corvette launched on 5 February 1857 from the Devonport dockyard. It was captained at first by Frederick Beauchamp Paget Seymour, then by Henry Boys, and later William Henry Haswell.
She participated as part of a squadron after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Then she was sent to the China Station during the Second Opium War until May 1859 when she sailed for Australian Station.
In June 1860, as flagship of the Australian Squadron under Captain Frederick Seymour, she participated in the attack on Puketakauere pā during the First Taranaki War. Later that year, the crew landed at Kairau to support British troops under attack from Maori and in January 1861 a gun crew from the ship helped defend the British redoubt at Huirangi against the Maori. She left the Australia Station in July 1862 for Plymouth.
The future admiral, Cyprian Bridge served on Pelorus in the East Indies as a midshipman.
She was decommissioned in 1868 and was broken up for scrap in 1869.
Pelorus Island, a tiny island of the Palm Islands group off North Queensland, is said to be named after the ship.
Citations
References
Pearl-class corvettes
1857 ships
Ships built in Plymouth, Devon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Pelorus%20%281857%29 |
Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark (; 30 October 1789 – 28 March 1864) was a Danish princess, and a princess of Hesse-Kassel by marriage to Prince William of Hesse-Kassel.
Princess Charlotte was a significant figure in her time. She was one of the leading ladies in the country, and when her brother Christian VIII became king in 1839, she was close to the throne. She played an important role in the succession crisis in Denmark in the first half of the 19th century.
Early life
Princess Charlotte was born on 30 October 1789 at Christiansborg Palace, the principal residence of the Danish Monarchy in central Copenhagen. She was a daughter to Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark and Norway, and Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Her father was a younger son of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway, while her mother was a daughter of Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. At birth she had two older siblings, Prince Christian Frederick (who later became King of Norway in 1814 and was King of Denmark as Christian VIII from 1839) and Princess Juliane Sophie. She later had a younger brother, Prince Frederick Ferdinand.
When Princess Charlotte was born, her uncle Christian VII was the monarch of Denmark-Norway. Due to the king's mental illness, however, the real ruler was her cousin, Crown Prince Frederick (later King Frederick VI). Charlotte's family had a strained relationship with Crown Prince Frederick and his family due to the power struggles that the king's mental condition had created, but gradually the relationship between the two branches of the royal family was normalized.
Princess Charlotte spent the first years of her life at the large and magnificent baroque palace of Christiansborg. As a summer residence, the family owned Sorgenfri Palace, located on the shores of the small river Mølleåen in Kongens Lyngby north of Copenhagen.
The year 1794 was an eventful year for the young princess and her family. In February 1794, a fire destroyed Christiansborg Palace, and the family was forced to move to Levetzau's Palace, a rococo palace which forms part of the Amalienborg Palace complex in the district of Frederiksstaden in central Copenhagen. And in november 1794, when Princess Charlotte was five years old, her mother, who was in poor health, died at the age of just 36.
Princess Charlotte was confirmed on 22 May 1803 in the chapel of Frederiksberg Palace along with her brother Prince Christian Frederik and sister Princess Juliane Sophie.
Marriage
On 10 November 1810 in Amalienborg Palace, she married Prince William of Hesse-Kassel. Her spouse was in Danish service from his youth, and the family lived in Denmark. The couple initially settled on Sankt Annæ Plads in central Copenhagen in what was called the Prince William Mansion. Later, the couple moved into the Brockdorff's Palace at Amalienborg. As their country residence they received Charlottenlund Palace, located on the shores of the Øresund Strait 10 kilometers north of Copenhagen.
Later life
Princess Charlotte was described as wise, practical and thrifty, keeping the finances of her household under strict control. She had some interest in art and poetry, and reportedly felt herself to be a Danish patriot. Charlotte played some part in the succession crisis which occurred because her half first cousin, King Frederick VI of Denmark, lacked a male heir. She supported the solution that her branch of the family should succeed to the throne, and because of this, she opposed the Schleswig-Holstein matter.
In 1839, her brother Christian VIII of Denmark succeeded their cousin on the throne, and during his reign, Charlotte had an important position at the Danish royal court in Copenhagen because her brother favored that her line of the family should succeed to the throne after his male line had died out.
In 1848, her brother died and was succeeded by his childless son, her nephew, king Frederick VII of Denmark. In 1850, the Danish government was pressured by the Empire of Russia to discontinue its support of her line in the succession order in favor of the Duke of Oldenburg, her son-in-law. Christian of Oldenburg had displayed anti-Danish sentiment during the recent war, and when gehejmeråd F.C. Dankwart, on behalf of the government, issued the demand that she should renounce her, her son's, and eldest daughter's right to the throne in favor of her second daughter and her husband, she replied: "It is impossible: the Danish people would under no circumstance accept as King a Prince from a house that has made war against Denmark, and that is so hostile toward us". In exchange, she demanded that the House of Oldenburg purchase the Duchy of Hesse and declare it a kingdom, so that her son Frederick could "Switch one Kingdom for another". On 18 July 1851, after having been persuaded that her terms were impossible and that Christian of Oldenburg in fact had good support for his claim, Charlotte agreed to renounce her, her son Frederick's, and her eldest daughter Marie Louise Charlotte's claims to the throne in favour of her second daughter Louise, who in turn renounced her own claim in favor of her spouse, Christian.
Louise Charlotte is the matrilineal great-grandmother of Nicholas II of Russia, William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and
George V.
She died in Christiansborg Palace.
Issue
Princess Caroline Frederica of Hesse-Kassel (15 August 1811 – 10 May 1829)
Princess Marie Luise Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel (9 May 1814 – 28 July 1895) married Prince Frederick Augustus of Anhalt-Dessau.
Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel (7 September 1817 – 29 September 1898) married Christian IX of Denmark.
Frederick William, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (26 November 1820 – 14 October 1884) married first Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia and she died soon after their marriage, and second Princess Anna of Prussia.
Princess Auguste Sophie of Hesse-Kassel (30 October 1823 – 17 July 1889) married Baron Carl Frederik Blixen-Finecke.
Princess Sophie Wilhelmine of Hesse-Kassel (18 January – 20 December 1827)
Ancestry
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
1789 births
1864 deaths
19th-century Danish people
19th-century Norwegian people
Danish princesses
House of Hesse-Kassel
House of Oldenburg in Denmark
Landgravines of Hesse-Kassel
Norwegian princesses
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Charlotte%20of%20Denmark |
The Institute of Jazz Studies (IJS) is the largest and most comprehensive library and archives of jazz and jazz-related materials in the world. It is located on the fourth floor of the John Cotton Dana Library at Rutgers University–Newark in Newark, New Jersey. The archival collection contains more than 100,000 sound recordings on CDs, LPs, EPs, 78- and 75-rpm disks, and 6,000 books. It also houses over 30 instruments used by prominent jazz musicians.
In 2013, the Institute was designated a Literary Landmark by New Jersey's Center for the Book in the National Registry of the Library of Congress. It is the fifth place in New Jersey to be given this designation, after the Newark Public Library, Paterson Public Library, the Walt Whitman House and the Joyce Kilmer Tree, which is located at Rutgers University–New Brunswick.
Major collections housed in the Institute include the Jazz Oral History Project, the Mary Lou Williams collection, the Women In Jazz collection, the Benny Carter Audio collection, and the Benny Goodman Audio collection.
History
In 1952, the Institute of Jazz Studies was founded by Marshall Stearns, a jazz scholar, literature professor, and author. Stearns had a plan for a jazz institute as early as 1949, which he thought to call the "Institute of Modern American Music". It was originally located at his apartment at 108 Waverly Place in New York City. Marshall Stearns described the Institute of Jazz Studies' mission in 1953 as the following:
Stearns negotiated transfer of IJS to Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey, in 1966. He died before the final transfer took place. In 1967 the Institute materials were moved to the Newark campus of Rutgers University in New Jersey. Charles Nanry, a sociologist, worked part-time as its administrator. It was first located in the Dana Library (1972), then moved to Bradley Hall (1975).
The Institute was formally affiliated with the John Cotton Dana Library at Rutgersin 1984. The current expanded facilities in the library opened in 1994. Over its 60 years of existence, the Institute has acquired significant collections of periodicals as well as books, records, and archival materials from several musicians, photographers, and journalists. Major collections include the personal papers of Mary Lou Williams, Victoria Spivey, Abbey Lincoln, Annie Ross, Benny Carter, and James P. Johnson.
Publications
A special column in The Record Changer jazz magazine was the initial, temporary place of publication for the Institute of Jazz Studies scholarship.
The Journal of Jazz Studies (JJS) was published from 1973 to 1979. Annual Review of Jazz Studies (ARJS) publication began in 1981 as a continuation of JJS. Today, the Journal of Jazz Studies is an open-access online journal. The online journal continues and expands upon the tradition of the original JJS/ARJS as the longest running English-language scholarly jazz journal. It is open-access and peer-reviewed.
Studies in Jazz, a monograph series with Scarecrow Press, publishes books related to jazz.
Events and scholarship
In addition to its publications, the institute also hosts Jazz from the Archives, a radio show on WBGO radio that airs every Sunday and a Jazz Research Roundtable.
Jazz Archives fellowship
Since 2012, the Institute has also hosted an annual Jazz Archives Fellowship. The fellowship is open to graduate students of library science or recent graduates with an interest in jazz or African American studies. It is supported by the Morroe Berger - Benny Carter Jazz Research Fund, an endowment established by musician Benny Carter in 1987 to provide grants to facilitate jazz research by students and scholars. The Fellowship Program is also funded by private funds.
In 2014, the fellows focused on the collection of Ismay Duvivier, a dancer, and her son George Duvivier, a bass player.
Morroe Berger–Benny Carter Jazz Research Fund
In 1987, the institute began funding up to ten grants of $1,000 each year. The fund was started by musician Benny Carter in memory of Morroe Berger. Berger was a professor of sociology at Princeton University until his death in 1981. Half of the awards are designated for students in the Rutgers–Newark Master's Program in Jazz History and Research and half are awarded to scholars from other institutions. The awards are for visiting the Institute and performing independent jazz-related research. To date, over 70 awards have been granted.
Original Board of Advisers
Louis Armstrong
Philip W. Barber
Benjamin A. Botkin
Dave Brubeck
Dan Burley
Al "Jazzbo" Collins
Harold Courlander
Stuart Davis
Roger Pryor Dodge
Duke Ellington
Ralph Ellison
Nesuhi Ertegün
Leonard Feather
Norman Granz
Bill Grauer
Maurice R. Green, M.D.
W. C. Handy
Melville J. Herskovits
George Herzog
Langston Hughes
Willis James
Stan Kenton
Lester Koenig
M. Kolinski
Jacob Lawrence
Paul A. McGhee
Alan Morrison
Edward Abbe Niles
Pearl Primus
David Riesman
Curt Sachs
Edward Seeger
Artie Shaw
Edmond Souchon, M.D.
Lorenzo Dow Turner
Clarence Williams
Bernard Wolfe
John Wesley Work III
Clement's Place
In 2016, the Institute of Jazz Studies opened Clement's Place, a jazz lounge open to the public in the neoclassical skyscraper at 15 Washington Street in Newark.
It is home to jazz jam sessions and listening parties. It is named for the late historian and jazz enthusiast Clement Price.
References
Bibliography
The Record Changer, July–August 1953 (special issue).
Kerlew, Clyde, "The Institute of Jazz Studies: From Academic Orphan to National Resource," Public and Access Services Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 1, 1995, pp. 51–74.
Wilson, John S., "Collection of Jazz Recordings and Writings Given to Rutgers," The New York Times, September 3, 1966, p. 12.
External links
Institute of Jazz Studies
Journal of Jazz Studies
New Jersey Center for the Book
Jazz Greats Digital Exhibits
Rutgers University
Libraries in New Jersey
Jazz organizations
Music archives in the United States
Jazz music education
Newark jazz
Culture of Newark, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Jazz%20Studies |
is a 2000 anime OVA based on characters created by Leiji Matsumoto about how the planet La Maetelle becomes the planet Andromeda, also known as Planet Maetel ("the mechanized world"). It serves a link between Matsumoto's previous series Queen Millennia and Galaxy Express 999. Space Symphony Maetel. The OVA and series are supposed to follow Queen Millennia chronologically, and are prequels to Galaxy Express 999.
Cast
External links
Central Media's Site | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maetel%20Legend |
Tull en 't Waal is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Until 1962, it was a separate municipality, but now it is a part of the municipality of Houten. Originally, there were two villages: 't Waal, at the site of the present village; and Tull, more to the south. It also has a ferry connection to the town of Culemborg. It is located close to the Lek River.
History
Tull is first mentioned in 1155 as "in loco qui dicitur Tylle". The etymology is unclear. 't Waal was first mentioned in 1307 as Wale, and means "pool after a dike breach". In 1504, the hamlets are first mentioned as Tul ende tWael. The village is a 12th century peat excavation project along the Waalsewetering. The church is a medieval building which was extensively modified in 1778 and 1890. The hamlet used to be part of the village, but was transferred to Schalkwijk. In 1840, Tull en 't Waal was home to 532 people.
Werk aan de Waalse Wetering is a military fortification as part of the Dutch Water Line. It was constructed in 1815, and has bomb proof barracks. The fort became obsolete after the investion of the air plane. It was later used by the Nederlandse Spoorwegen to store bridging material. In 1999, it was converted into a tea house and camping.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Houten | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tull%20en%20%27t%20Waal |
Chaim Gross (March 17, 1902 – May 5, 1991) was an American sculptor and educator of Ukrainian Jewish origin. Gross studied and taught at the Educational Alliance Art School in New York City’s Lower Manhattan. He summered for many years in Provincetown.
Childhood
Gross was born to a Jewish family in Austrian Galicia, in the village of Wolowa (now known as Mizhhiria, Ukraine), in the Carpathian Mountains. In 1911, his family moved to Kolomyia (which was annexed into the Ukrainian SSR in 1939 and became part of newly independent Ukraine in 1991). During World War I, Russian forces invaded Austria-Hungary; amidst the turmoil, the Grosses fled Kolomyia. They returned when Austria retook the town in 1915, refugees of the war. When World War I ended, Gross and brother Avrom-Leib went to Budapest to join their older siblings Sarah and Pinkas. Gross applied to and was accepted by the art academy in Budapest and studied under the painter Béla Uitz, though within a year a new regime under Miklós Horthy took over and attempted to expel all Jews and foreigners from the country. After being deported from Hungary, Gross began art studies at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Vienna, Austria shortly before immigrating to the United States in 1921.
Emigration from Austria to U.S.
Gross' brother Naftoli had arrived in New York City in 1914. He sent money to his brothers Chaim and Avrom-Lieb, who traveled from Vienna to Le Havre, France, where they took a boat to New York City in March 1921.
Early Career 1921-1933
Gross's studies continued in the United States at the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design, where he studied with Elie Nadelman and others, and at the Art Students League of New York, with Robert Laurent. He also attended the Educational Alliance Art School, studying under Abbo Ostrowsky, at the same time as Moses Soyer, Raphael Soyer, Adolph Gottlieb, and Peter Blume.
In 1926, Gross began teaching at The Educational Alliance, and continued teaching there for the next 50 years. Louise Nevelson was among his students at the Alliance (in 1934), during the time she was transitioning from painting to sculpture.
Gross began exhibiting sculpture in group shows of students at the Educational Alliance, and then at the Jewish Art Center in the Bronx. In the late 1920s and early 1930s he exhibited at the Salons of America exhibitions at the Anderson Galleries and, beginning in 1928, at the Whitney Studio Club (the precursor to the Whitney Museum of American Art).
In 1929, Gross experimented with printmaking, and created an important group of 15 linocuts and lithographs of landscapes, New York City streets and parks, women in interiors, the circus, and vaudeville. The entire suite is now in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Gross returned to the medium of printmaking in the 1960s, and produced approximately 200 works in the medium over the next two decades.
In March 1932, Gross had his first solo exhibition at Gallery 144 in New York City. For a short time they represented Gross, as well as his friends Milton Avery, Moses Soyer, Ahron Ben-Shmuel and others.
Gross was primarily a practitioner of the direct carving method, with the majority of his work being carved from wood. Other direct carvers in early 20th-century American art include William Zorach, Jose de Creeft, and Robert Laurent. Works by Chaim Gross can be found in major museums and private collections throughout the United States, with substantial holdings (27 sculptures) at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. A key work from this era, now at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, is the 1932 birds-eye maple Acrobatic Performers, which is also only one and one quarter inch thick. His work was also part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
Maturity 1933-1957
In 1933 Gross joined the government's PWAP (Public Works of Art Project), which transitioned into the WPA (Works Progress Administration), which Gross worked for later in the 1930s. Under these programs Gross taught and demonstrated art, made sculptures that were placed in schools and public colleges, made work for Federal buildings including the Federal Trade Commission Building, and for the France Overseas and Finnish Buildings at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Gross was also recognized during these years with a silver medal at the Exposition universelle de 1937 in Paris, and in 1942, with a purchase prize at the Metropolitan Museum of Art's "Artists for Victory" exhibition for his wood sculpture of famed circus performer Lillian Leitzel.
In 1938 filmmaker and historian Lewis Jacobs made a 30-minute feature of Gross carving, called Tree Trunk to Head, showing Gross at work in his East Village studio on a portrait of his wife Renee, who models in the film.
In 1949 Gross sketched Chaim Weizmann, President of Israel, at several functions in New York City where Weizmann was speaking. Gross began a portrait in clay and then traveled to Israel in the summer of that year hoping to be able to meet Weizmann and have him sit for a portrait. Weizmann was too ill, but Gross completed the bust in bronze later that year. Gross returned to Israel for three months in 1951 (the second of many trips there in the postwar years) to paint a series of 40 watercolors of life in various cities. This series was exhibited at the Jewish Museum (Manhattan) in 1953.
Chaim Gross, Sculptor by Josef Vincent Lombardo, the first major book on Gross, came out in 1949. It included a catalogue raisonne of his sculpture.
In the 1950s Gross began to make more bronze sculptures alongside his wood and stone pieces, and in 1957 and 1959 he traveled to Rome to work with famed bronze foundries including the Nicci foundry. At the end of the decade Gross was working primarily in bronze, which allowed him to create open forms, large-scale works and of course, multiple casts. Gross's large-scale bronze The Family, donated to New York City in 1991 in honor of Mayor Ed Koch, and installed at the Bleecker Street Park at 11th street, is now a fixture of Greenwich Village.
Later Career 1957-1991
In 1957, Gross published The Techniques of Wood Sculpture, an influential how-to book with photographs of him at work by famed photographer Eliot Elisofon. In 1959, a survey of Gross's sculpture in wood, stone, and bronze was featured in the exhibit Four American Expressionists curated by Lloyd Goodrich at the Whitney Museum of American Art, with work by Abraham Rattner, Doris Caesar, and Karl Knaths. In 1963, Gross and his family moved from their longtime residence at 30 W. 105th Street to Greenwich Village, following the purchase of a four-story historic townhouse and studio at 526 LaGuardia Place. The townhouse is now the Renee and Chaim Gross Foundation, winner of a 2015 Village Award from the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, and open to the public.
In 1974, the Smithsonian American Art Museum held the exhibition, Chaim Gross: Sculpture and Drawings, organized by Janet A. Flint, Smithsonian Curator of Prints and Drawings. In 1976, a selection from Gross's important collection of historic African sculpture, formed since the late 1930s, was exhibited at the Worcester Art Museum in the show The Sculptor's Eye: The African Art Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Chaim Gross.
In 1977, Gross had three retrospective exhibitions: at the Lowe Art Museum at the University of Miami, followed by the Montclair Art Museum; and the Jewish Museum (Manhattan). The Jewish Museum's exhibition catalog featured an important essay on Gross by art historian and modern American sculpture specialist Roberta K. Tarbell, Professor Emeritus at Rutgers University.
Gross received multiple honorary doctorates in the 1970s and 80s: from Franklin and Marshall College (1970); Yeshiva University (1978); Adelphi University (1980); Hebrew Union College (1984); and Brooklyn College (1986). In 1979 Gross was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1981. In 1984, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, with Jacob Lawrence and Lukas Foss. Gross died at Beth Israel Hospital in May 1991 and was buried at Mount Lebanon Cemetery in Queens, New York. In the fall of 1991, Allen Ginsberg gave an important tribute to Gross at the American Academy of Arts and Letters, which is published in their Proceedings. In 1994, Forum Gallery, which now represents the Chaim Gross estate, held a memorial exhibition featuring a sixty-year survey of Gross's work.
Teaching
Gross was a professor of printmaking and sculpture at both the Educational Alliance and the New School for Social Research in New York City, as well as at the Brooklyn Museum Art School, the MoMA art school, the Art Student's League and the New Art School (which Gross ran briefly with Alexander Dobkin, Raphael Soyer and Moses Soyer).
Gross was a member of the New York Artists Equity Association and the Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors. He was a founder and served as the first president of the Sculptors Guild.
Personal life
In 1932 Gross married Renee Nechin (d. 2005), and they had two children, Yehuda and Mimi. Mimi Gross is a New York-based artist. She was married to the artist Red Grooms from 1963-1976.
Gallery
Notes
See also
Chaim Gross A Celebration / American Art
References
Brummé, C. Ludwig, Contemporary American Sculpture, Crown Publishers, New York, 1948
Lombardo, Josef Vincent, Chaim Gross: Sculptor, Dalton House, Inc., New York, 1949
Opitz, Glenn B, Editor, Mantle Fielding’s Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers, Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie NY, 1986
External links
General
The Renee and Chaim Gross Foundation
Bronze sculpture Isaiah by Chaim Gross A gift to the College of the Holy Cross, 1979
1902 births
1991 deaths
People from Kolomyia
Ukrainian Jews
Jewish sculptors
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Art Students League of New York alumni
Austrian Jews
Austrian sculptors
Austrian male sculptors
Ukrainian male sculptors
Austrian emigrants to the United States
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Jewish American artists
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
Sculptors Guild members
Sculptors from New York (state)
Beaux-Arts Institute of Design (New York City) alumni
Olympic competitors in art competitions
20th-century American Jews
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim%20Gross |
Bangladesh Betar (; ), or BB is the state-owned radio broadcaster of Bangladesh, initially established as the Dhaka station of All India Radio in 1939. It was later made part of Radio Pakistan. After the independence of the country in 1971, Radio Pakistan ceased transmissions there and the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra was renamed to Bangladesh Betar, which took full control of all radio stations in the country at the time.
Bangladesh Betar is a sister service to Bangladesh Television, which is also state-owned. It operates several AM and FM stations around Bangladesh. It also broadcasts in six languages, including Bengali, to listeners in the country and overseas. Hosne Ara Talukdar is the Director General of Bangladesh Betar.
History
Early years
Radio transmission in the region now known as Bangladesh commenced in Dhaka on 16 December 1939 during British rule, as a part of All India Radio. Initially, the station was located at the Nazimuddin Road in Old Dhaka. Its maximum transmission range was 45 kilometres. Leila Arjumand Banu performed on the first day of broadcasting. After the territory eventually fell into Pakistani rule in 1947, the station in Dhaka became a part of Radio Pakistan. In 1954, broadcasting started in Rajshahi. On 8 September 1960, the radio station was moved to a modern office in Shahbag with six professional studios. More regional stations were opened in Sylhet in 1961, Savar in 1963, Rangpur in 1967 and in Khulna in 1970.
Independence of Bangladesh
Radio played an important role during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. On 26 March 1971, the broadcasting centre of Radio Pakistan was used to transmit a declaration of independence, which was picked up by a Japanese ship in Chittagong Harbor and retransmitted. On 26 March 1971, as the Pakistan Army took over the radio station in Dhaka, the Swadhin Bangla Biplobi Betar Kendra clandestine radio station was established in a two-storey building in Kalurghat, constantly broadcasting Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's call for independence. The station was later renamed to Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra (Independent Bengal Radio Station). Because of heavy shelling, the station had to be relocated several times. It was first relocated to Tripura on 3 April, and ultimately moved to Kolkata on 25 May, from where it would broadcast until the end of the war.
Post independence
On 6 December, the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra was renamed to Bangladesh Betar, which ultimately replaced Radio Pakistan in Bangladesh. The radio broadcaster was renamed to Radio Bangladesh in 1975, but was reverted back to Bangladesh Betar in 1996. Its current headquarters were completed in 1983 at National Broadcasting House, Agargaon. Bangladesh Betar was the sole radio broadcaster in Bangladesh until the establishment of Radio Metrowave in 1999, which itself was shut down on 27 June 2005. In January 2020, the programming of Bangladesh Betar began to be distributed to India via All India Radio's stations in Kolkata and Agartala, and also on AIR's app.
Stations
Schedule MW
Schedule FM
See also
Telecommunications in Bangladesh
References
External links
Official Website
Bangladesh Betar Traffic Wing, Traffic FM 88.8
International broadcasters
Radio stations in Bangladesh
Radio stations established in 1939
Mass media in Dhaka
1939 establishments in India
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh%20Betar |
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